 — Daniel Dennet, 1978
This chapter:
From the Incomplete Nature glossary:
Homunculus: Any tiny or cryptic human-like form or creature, something slightly less than human, though exhibiting certain human attributes. In recent scientific literature, “homunculus” has also come to mean the misuse of teleological assumptions: the unacknowledged gap-fillers that stand behind, outside, or within processes involving apparent teleological processes, such as many features of life and mind, and pretend to be explanations of their function
From Wikipedia: Homunculus
Homunculus (masculine, Latin for "little man", plural: "homunculi"; from the diminutive of homo) is a term used, generally, in various fields of study to refer to any representation of a human being. Popularized in sixteenth century alchemy and nineteenth century fiction, it has historically referred to the creation of a miniature, fully formed human. The concept has roots in preformationism as well as earlier folklore and alchemic traditions. Currently, in scientific fields, a homunculus may refer to any scale model of the human body that, in some way, illustrates physiological, psychological, or other abstract human characteristics or functions.
Explanations: [page:Homunculus Homunculus]
This section:
Key words: Osmosis Jones, homunculus, BF Skinner, behaviorism, homunculus fallacy[argument], Wizard of Oz,
Topics covered: psychology, humanities
Parable: If there is the little man that looks like Einstein standing at a control panel inside the brain, then there would have to be a little man inside his head. p45-46
Homunculus: a form of explanation offering a mechanistic account of some living or mechanical phenomena, but instead only appeals to another cryptically equivalent process at some lower level. p46
Lower level components are often no simpler. Recursion is not an answer. The use of an homunculus postpones the full analysis. p47
B F Skinner and Behaviorism: motivation: avoid mental concepts in explaining why we act the way we do. Invoking mental states, such as beliefs and desires, assigns major parts of the explanation of human behavior to unobservable and unanalyzed causes. p47
B F Skinner and Behaviorism: first attempts designed to avoid the homunculus fallacy - though their cure worse than bite. p48
Familiar example of an homunculus : Wizard's image in Wizard of Oz. p48
Exposed homunculus: reveals little, but leaves you wiser. Nothing gets explained but the trick itself
This section:
Key words: homunculus, preformationism, map-like patterns, Christof Koch, Francis Crick, Samuel Butler / erewhon, Aristotle, entelechy, vitalism, Hans Driesch, élan vital
Topics covered: humanities, biology, philosophy
The term homunculus ('little man') has a lengthy history. p50
Homunculus in:
Preformationism - the form was already present in some minimal way, offered a materialist/mechanistic solution to development. p50
But: does not answer where the minimal form itself came from. p50
Neurologists create images that map the brain to specific regions of the body. p50
Maps are representations not the territory. Similar but not intrinsically meaningful. The 'reader', is extrinsic. p51
We need to know about the process of interpreting. Homunculus are unacknowledged gap-fillers. Can impede our efforts - p52
Koch and Crick / Butler Erewhon: invoke an homunculus. p52
Homunculus ancestors were the gods and fairies. - p53
Homunculus in science today leads to misleading explanations, gap-fillers that obscure, gremlins that mask - p53
Aristotle's notion of entelechy - a formative principle that tends to realize itself - goal-directed. p53
Vitalism / élan vital are homucular at their core - p55
Homunculus is:
The thing that the homuculus has is that it has a life of its own. p55
This section:
Key words: homuculus, [page:Ententional Ententional], final cause
Topics covered: philosophy
The homunculus is a challenge for science. It is the marker for what is not there, the ententional. p55
Homunculus not recognized, hidden, forgotten - not recognized for being placeholders This tendency perhaps derives from the familiarity of also not knowing the thoughts and motivations of the people around us. p56
The ententional gets forgotten. p56
The incredible shrinking homuculus. Science provides more & more mechanistic explanations. Extrapolate and the homuculi all get replaced by complex mechanical explanations. [Go to zero?] p56
Why do ententional explanations tend to get eliminated?
Teleological explanations point to a locus or origin but leave the mechanism of causal efficiency incomplete.
This it is difficult to ascribe energy, materiality or physical extension to the ententional. p57
In this age of 'life is just chemistry', there is still no explanation on the origins of life and consciousness. Saying there are explanations is premature. p57
The homunculus symbolizes what science still cannot explain. The 'black box'. They are markers and can offer clues. p58
This section:
Key words: Aristotle, final causality
Topics covered: philosophy
In history: the homunculus is a placeholder for Aristotle's 'final causality'. p58
All designed objects exist in futuro and are thus incomplete. p59
Final causality is logically incoherent. Thought is a possible future and has no material existence - and is essentially homuncular. p59
Today, in science: The term homunculus has become pejorative - often applied to errors in thinking.
But it is OK to use the homuculus, provisional homunculi, as a marker for unfinished business. - as long as there is full disclosure, recognized for what they are, and slated for replacement ASAP. p60
This section:
Key words: Intelligent design, Evolutionary biology, Homunculus argument, Molière
Topics covered: humanities, philosophy
Intelligent Design(ID) - inherits homunculus assumptions. p61
ID: certain structures are irreducibly complex. p61
If the mechanistic theory is incomplete, should you bring in the humunculi? p61
ID:the black box you are never allowed to open. p62
Allow the demons to enter and science falls apart. p62
People mix the incompatible. Homunculi get smuggled in. p63
Homunculus argument: ententional property presumed to be explained by its existence and its inexplainability. p63
Molière/La Malade Imaginaire: Homunculus not an explanation, but an evasion. p64
This section:
Key words: Epigenetics, Preformationists, Élan vital, Sensationalism [Sensualism?], Erasmus Darwin, Jean-Baptiste Lamark, Charles Darwin, Ernst Haeckel
Topics covered: biology
History of theories of the development of cell form
Preformationist: material / at least some form of form is present from the get-go. p64
Epigenisis: intangible / form not materially present at conception. Form acquired and shaped by some intangible influence. p64
Arguments against epigenesis: p65
Arguments against Preformationism: Which came first? The chicken? Or the egg? p65
Erasmus Darwin: Sensationalism - form came from the environment/the womb - another aborted theory. p66
Lamark offered a middle ground: plans of cell were inherited, but modified by circumstance. p67
Darwin's natural selection: added tweaks and disembowels the concept of preformation. Offers a homunculus free theory of cell-development.
But natural selection has little to say directly about the development of cell form.
Ernst Haeckel postulated: p67
Present considerations on the development of form
Both concepts contributed to the progress in our current understanding of cell development, p68
The term Epigenesis now used to describe extragenomic contributions to cell form. p69
The information to create an organism is recreated each time a new organism comes into existence. p69
This section:
Key words: Universal grammar, Noam Chomsky, Steve Pinker, Roger Bacon, William of Occam, Jerry Fodor
Topics covered: linguistics, philosophy
Noam Chomsky/Universal grammar: may be a homuncular theory. p69
Language is dependent on structures in the brain that are much older than the brain. p70
- and it may not be the only game in town.
Universal grammar: It's a map, not the territory itself. p70
Pinker (also Bacon, Occam and Fodor): 'mentalese' is a homunculus. p71
By ignoring the problems of explaining the representation and interpretation, these theories shift the mysteries of language from psychology and linguistics to evolutionary biology and neuroscience. But language has intentional properties, whereas brain structures do not. p72
This section:
Key words: Stephen Hawking, 'turtles all the way down', Panpsychism, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Seth Lloyd, Anthropic principle, Alfred North Whitehead, Prehension, Concresence
Topics covered: philosophy, cognitive science
Parable: 'But it's turtles all the way down! p72
Panpsychism - attenuated mental attributes inherently everywhere. A vestige of mental phenomenology is present in every event, suffused through the cosmos. p73
Can ententional phenomena be viewed as panpsychic? p73
Bohr: events lack existence unless they are observed. p73
Seth Lloyd: universe as an immense quantum computer. p74
Computation began with the Big Bang. p74
Lloyd uses restricted definition of information. p75
Anthropic principle - we are here only because a handful of physical constants are precisely balanced and tuned p76.
There could have been many other failed universes/Big Bangs. Or the universe might be self-organizing. p76
Whitehead/Prehension - processes with tendencies. p77
Whitehead has some good bits - but does not explain the difference/the separation between organic and inorganic. p78
Panpsychism does not well explain how the processes of life and mind differ so radically from the rest of physics. p79


The Annotation class¶
A pylidc.Annotation
object belongs to a pylidc.Scan
object:
import pylidc as pl
ann = pl.query(pl.Annotation).first()
print(ann.scan.patient_id)
# => LIDC-IDRI-0078
Querying and assigned characteristic values¶
The queryable attributes for Annotation objects are the characteristic values assigned by the particular annotating radiologist:
anns = pl.query(pl.Annotation).filter(pl.Annotation.spiculation == 5,
pl.Annotation.malignancy == 5)
print(anns.count())
# => 91
Note
Not all of the class attributes are queryable! Some attributes are actually computed properties. You can determine this by, for example, examining the object type for the class:
print(type(pl.Annotation.lobulation))
# => <class 'sqlalchemy.orm.attributes.InstrumentedAttribute'>
# => ^^^ queryable because it's an sqlalchemy attribute.
# Whereas ...
print(type(pl.Annotation.Lobulation))
# => <type 'property'>
# ^^^ not queryable because it's a computed property
The lobulation attribute is the numerical value assigned by the annotating radiologist, whereas the Lobulation attribute is a property that encodes the numerical value to the semantic string representation.
Each of the characteristic values are the numerical values assigned by the annotating radiologist:
ann = pl.query(pl.Annotation)\
.filter(pl.Annotation.malignancy == 5).first()
print(ann.malignancy, ann.Malignancy)
# => 5, 'Highly Suspicious'
print(ann.margin, ann.Margin)
# => 2, 'Near Poorly Defined'
The names of these characteristics are found in pl.annotation_feature_names:
('subtlety',
'internalStructure',
'calcification',
'sphericity',
'margin',
'lobulation',
'spiculation',
'texture',
'malignancy')
All of these characteristics can be quickly viewed by:
ann.print_formatted_feature_table()
# => Feature Meaning #
# => - - -
# => Subtlety | Obvious | 5
# => Internalstructure | Soft Tissue | 1
# => Calcification | Absent | 6
# => Sphericity | Ovoid/Round | 4
# => Margin | Near Poorly Defined | 2
# => Lobulation | Near Marked Lobulation | 4
# => Spiculation | No Spiculation | 1
# => Texture | Solid | 5
# => Malignancy | Highly Suspicious | 5
We can also query directly for the attributes themselves, rather than the entire Annotation object:
svals = pl.query(pl.Annotation.spiculation)
svals = anns.filter(pl.Annotation.spiculation > 3)
print(svals[0])
# => (4,)
print(all([s[0] > 3 for s in sval]))
# => True
Contour data¶
The pylidc.Contour
class is almost never used directly, but only
through the pylidc.Annotation
object to which the contours belong.
They can be accessed directly, however, via:
ann = pl.query(pl.Annotation).firsT()
contours = ann.contours
print(contours[0])
# => Contour(id=21,annotation_id=4)
The diameter, surface_area, and volume attributes are all, for example, computed properties that use the contour data for a particular Annotation:
# units: mm, mm^2, mm^3
print("%.2f, %.2f, %.2f" % (ann.diameter, ann.surface_area, ann.volume))
# => 32.81, 2228.53, 5230.34
The contour data are also used to compute the bounding box indexes


ABOUT ME
I completed Batchelor's Engineering degree in Computer Science from College of Engineering, Guindy in 2015. Before joining MBA, I worked in Zoho for 11 months from June 2015 to May 2016 as a Member Technical Staff. I worked in backends of Zoho Social and Zoho CRM. Alongside MBA, I am freelancing in Upwork. Till date, I have published 4 apps to Play store with a combined downloads of more than 25000.


Tutorials
ChocolateChip-UI version 3.5.3
Tab Bar
ChocolateChip-UI provides the tab bar module as a convient way to implement an app with a limited set of screens through which the user can toggle. Unlike a navigation list, which allows the user to drill down to other screens, the tab bar interface presents the user with a small set of screen that are toggled by pressing the tab bar buttons. If you have used the iTunes app on iOS, this is the same experience.
The tab bar interface is implemented differently for each operating system. On iOS the tab bar is always at the bottom of the screen and its buttons have text and icons. Android and Windows Phone 8 always display the tab bar at the top of the screen and without icons. When you initialize the tab bar interface, ChocolateChip-UI takes care of making the appropriate adjustments for each OS.
Be aware that the portrait mode of mobile devices is quite limited. As such we recommend you do not try to put more than five tabs into a tab bar app. If you need more than for tabs, consider making your last tab a paging control. That will allow the user to page through multiple sections within that same article. See the paging tutorial for information about how to implement it. If you do implement a paging article, we strongly suggest you make it the last tab for a better user experience.
To create a tab bar interface, just put together your app with the typical structure of navs and articles, which will constitute the screens the tab bar toggles. Then, in your script tag, include an initialization script to set the tab bar up. The tab bar method expects the following values:
- the number of tabs (an integer)
- the labels for the tabs (an array of quoted strings)
- the path to where you have icons for the tab buttons stored (a valid url)
- a name for each icon (this will allow you to style each tab button with an icon)
a selected tab (one-based, if no value is provided, the first tab will be selected)
$(function() {
var opts = {
tabs : 5,
icons : ["music", "pictures", "documents", "downloads", "favorites"],
labels : ["Music", "Pictures", "Documents", "Downloads", "Favorites"],
selected : 1
};
$.UITabbar(opts);
});
Based on the above code, here is some CSS to style the tab buttons:
.tabbar > .button.music > .icon {
-webkit-mask-image: url('../images/icons/Head_phones.svg');
}
.tabbar > .button.pictures > .icon {
-webkit-mask-image: url('../images/icons/Camera.svg');
}
.tabbar > .button.documents > .icon {
-webkit-mask-image: url('../images/icons/Documents.svg');
}
.tabbar > .button.downloads > .icon {
-webkit-mask-image: url('../images/icons/Download.svg');
}
.tabbar > .button.favorites > .icon {
-webkit-mask-image: url('../images/icons/Favorite.svg');
}
You have several options of how to implement icons in the tab bar buttons. You could just use a colored png image. You could use a gray scale image as an mask image with a background color. This allows you to easily change the color of the icon on hover/touch. Of you could use an SVG image in either of these way. We recommend SVG for icons because they are vector-based, resolution independent and scalable.
Using a Nav List with Tab Bar
If you have more screens that can fit in the limit of five tabs, you can make the last tab a navigation list. For the tab label put 'More' and for the icon name put 'more', ChocolateChip-UI will automatically provide the icon for this tab. Then, for that tab, put in a navigation list that directs the user to the extra screens. Because this is a navigation list, each article that it points to should have a 'Back' button in its nav so that the user can return to the navigation list. Please examine the tabbar-nav.html
file in the examples folders to see how this is put together.
The icon for the 'More' tab is an SVG data url on Android and iOS. On Windows it is part of the system font 'SegoeUI Symbol'. Here is how to change the color of the 'More' tab icon to whatever you want:
/* Android: */
.tabbar > .button.more::before {
background-color: red;
}
/* iOS: */
.tabbar > .button.more > .icon {
background-color: red;
}
/* Windows Phone 8: */
.tabbar > .button.more::before {
color: red;
}
Note
Tab bar icons will not be displayed on Android or Windows Phone 8. Icons in tab bar buttons is an iOS only feature. Changing the tab bar interface to show icons in the tab bar buttons on Android and Windows Phone 8 is a direct violation of the Human Interface Guidelines of both Google and Microsoft. However, if you add a 'More' tab for a navigation list, the 'more' icon will be displayed instead of the text label. On iOS, both the icon and the text will appear as with other tabs.
Example
Try out this live example on Codepen
Pub/Sub
When toggling tabs, ChocolateChip-UI publishes to two channels which you can subscribe to using the built-in sub/sub methods. The channels are:
- chui/navigate/leave
- chui/navigate/enter
By subscribing to these, you can get the ids of the article you are leaving and the article you are bringing forward.
$(function() {
// Function for forward navigation:
var subscribeNavForward = function(topic, id) {
var article = $('#' + id).prev().find('h1').text();
alert('Welcome to ' + article);
}
// Function for back navigation:
var subscribeNavReturn = function(topic, id) {
var article = $('#' + id).prev().find('h1').text();
alert('Welcome back to ' + article);
};
// Subscribe to forward enter channel:
var navForwardSubscription = $.subscribe('chui/navigate/enter', subscribeNavForward);
// Subscribe to back enter channel:
var navReturnSubscription = $.subscribe('chui/navigateBack/enter', subscribeNavReturn);
});


Relational Database Models & Query Builder for Node JS
~ $
Insert, select, update & delete Data from Postgresql and MySQL with complex nested where conditions.
Create class-based models for your tables with built-in features.
Designed to perform complex and nested where statements, ordering and grouping.
Specify certain fields to be selectable, allow HTML tags to be stored in database for certain fields, add default values on insert and update, and more.
Extract data in various ways: list, select one column, first item, slicing, chunking, pagination.
This package is light and can be added on APIs, web workers, .. etc.
Read our documentation to know how to optimize this awesome features.
Documentationraw()
function to pass raw queries.distinct
function to pass a column to DISTINCT ON(col)
primaryKey
property in Model class.


Gateway
BOT
03-Aug-18 03:36 AM
[telegram] <Dmanx> Imagine if you have half trillion Cap and no shitcoins, price will be 100 easy (re @N21_0: i hope that bro for serious tokens need to move for STO's and left all other ico's die alone)
[telegram] <N21_0> yes so true (re @Dmanx: Imagine if you have half trillion Cap and no shitcoins, price will be 100 easy)
[telegram] <N21_0> i think CMC and other's need make a filtre for shitcoin and remove all of them
[telegram] <Dmanx> Honesty I am looking into other coins to invest all the time, but there is nothing like KMD
[telegram] <N21_0> i'm all in now in KMD no 0.00001$ in my bag lol (re @Dmanx: Honesty I am looking into other coins to invest all the time, but there is nothing like KMD)
[telegram] <Dmanx> Maybe this is what is going on right now , that's why dump (re @N21_0: i think CMC and other's need make a filtre for shitcoin and remove all of them)
[telegram] <N21_0> Dump because big boys surpressing gold, silver, USD and crypto. FED is buying bonds like crazy and keep intrest rates at zero. They want money go in only 1 thing: Stocks. Bevor this fat - gigantic bubble burst. (re @Dmanx: Maybe this is what is going on right now , that's why dump)
[telegram] <Dmanx> Yeap (re @N21_0: Dump because big boys surpressing gold, silver, USD and crypto. FED is buying bonds like crazy and keep intrest rates at zero. They want money go in only 1 thing: Stocks. Bevor this fat - gigantic bubble burst.)
[telegram] <N21_0> they are still in massive profite
[telegram] <Dmanx> BTC price is up, alts down, it means everybody is going to bitcoin for safety
[telegram] <N21_0> yup (re @Dmanx: BTC price is up, alts down, it means everybody is going to bitcoin for safety)
[telegram] <N21_0> also alot of people got rich fast on crypto and has no idea what they're doing
[telegram] <Dmanx> True (re @N21_0: also alot of people got rich fast on crypto and has no idea what they're doing)
[telegram] <N21_0> they dont care if they lose 20% of their small investment of 50k in BTC but they dump if they lost 5% in KMD
[telegram] <N21_0> BTC Dominance: 48.7% every alt is in trouble nothing new
[telegram] <Dmanx> All we have to do is wait and buy some more at lowest prices
[telegram] <Dmanx> Maybe I'm too optimistic, but like I said its the technology of Komodo that I still believe in it
[telegram] <N21_0> yes, in my case i remove the selling idea from my mind till see market cross 2T$ cap (re @Dmanx: All we have to do is wait and buy some more at lowest prices)
[telegram] <N21_0> JL777 have strong and long vision to make KMD in top 5 crypto in all the space i trust him (re @Dmanx: Maybe I'm too optimistic, but like I said its the technology of Komodo that I still believe in it)
[telegram] <Dmanx> Yes but 2T$ and 20,000 shitcoins? What you think the price would be? (re @N21_0: yes, in my case i remove the selling idea from my mind till see market cross 2T$ cap)
[telegram] <N21_0> True bro (re @Dmanx: Yes but 2T$ and 20,000 shitcoins? What you think the price would be?)
[telegram] <Dmanx> I really think this is a good thing what's going on now, but I might be wrong (re @N21_0: JL777 have strong and long vision to make KMD in top 5 crypto in all the space i trust him)
[telegram] <N21_0> no worry's BTC drive the crypto world and sat never know (re @Dmanx: I really think this is a good thing what's going on now, but I might be wrong)
[telegram] <N21_0> Sometimes i think JL777 is a group not a single Qtum person
(edited)
[telegram] <Dmanx> Deep down we all know that he's connected somehow to Satisfy,
[telegram] <Dmanx> Satoshi
[telegram] <N21_0> maybe who know (re @Dmanx: Satoshi)
[telegram] <Dmanx> Just saying
[telegram] <N21_0> lol (re @Dmanx: Just saying )
[telegram] <N21_0> tell me
[telegram] <N21_0> did you got your KMD Mastercard ?
[telegram] <Dmanx> Not yet, I'm in US
[telegram] <Dmanx> I don't think I can over here
[telegram] <N21_0> umm you need to wait for next days (re @Dmanx: Not yet, I'm in US)
[telegram] <Dmanx> Where you from bro
[telegram] <N21_0> about us i think you can use drop adress in eurpa to re-send for us (re @Dmanx: I don't think I can over here)
[telegram] <N21_0> Fr (re @Dmanx: Where you from bro)
[telegram] <N21_0> France (re @Dmanx: Where you from bro)
[telegram] <Dmanx> I do own property in Europe
[telegram] <N21_0> Great you'r lucky (re @Dmanx: I do own property in Europe)
[telegram] <N21_0>
[telegram] <Dmanx> Yeah over here gov knows better what's good for you
[telegram] <N21_0> yup (re @Dmanx: Yeah over here gov knows better what's good for you)
[telegram] <N21_0> Nice to meet you here DManX
[telegram] <Dmanx> Same here nice to meet you


--- layout: default title: About --- .
I'm an analyst working in baseball research and development with the Boston Red Sox.
Formerly, I was a postdoctoral researcher at Argonne National Laboratory where I worked to develop simulation and machine learning for particle physics on the first US exascale computer, Aurora.
In my Ph.D I worked on the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. My analysis was studying di-Higgs production - rare interactions that result in the production of 2 Higgs bosons. My work heavily focused on studying the Vector Boson Fusion production mode. I additionally worked on developing machine learning techniques to classify photons in the electromagnetic calorimeter as a DOE's SCGSR Fellow. Last, I worked on the FastTracKer upgrade experiment, developing online and offline software, as well as testing and commissioning a massively parallel hardware tracker.
In my free time, I enjoy music (particularly jazz), baking bread, and running. For more information on all of these, feel free to check out the blog component of this page.