Up: Part II: Inflection Previous: GENERAL RULES FOR THE ACCENT OF NOUNS Next: COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Stems in ᾱ are masculine or feminine. The feminine nominative singular ends in -ᾱ, -ᾰ, or -η; the masculine nominative singular adds -ς to the stem, and thus ends in -ᾱς or -ης.
Table of the union of the case endings (when there are any) with the final vowel of the stem.
| FEM. SING. | MASC. SING. | MASC. FEM. PL. | MASC. FEM. DUAL | |
| Nom. ᾱ or ᾰ η | ᾱ-ς | η-ς | α-ι | N. A. V. ᾱ |
| Gen. ᾱ-ς or η-ς η-ς | ᾱ-ιο (Hom. ᾱ-ο ) | ῶν (for έ-ων, ά̄-ων ) | G. D. α-ιν | |
| Dat. ᾱ-ι or η-ι η-ι | ᾱ-ι | η-ι | α-ις or α-ισι ( ν ) | |
| Acc. ᾱ-ν or ᾰ-ν η-ν | ᾱ-ν | η-ν | ᾱς (for α-νσ ) | |
| Voc. ᾱ or ᾰ η | ᾱ | ᾰ or η | α-ι |
Observe the shortening of the stem in vocative singular and plural, in nominative and dative plural, and genitive and dative dual.
Accent.—For special rule of accent in the genitive plural, see 208. The genitive plural is always perispomenon since -ῶν is contracted from -έ-ων derived from original (and Hom.) -ά̄-ων (51). Final -αι is treated as short (169).
a. The form of the gen. pl. is taken from the pronominal adjective, i.e. (Hom.) θεά̄ων goddesses follows the analogy of (Hom.) τά̄ων (332 D.) for τᾱ- (σ)ων, cf. Lat. istā-rum deā-rum.
The dialects show various forms.
1. For η, Doric and Aeolic have original ᾱ; thus, νί̄κᾱ, ϝί̄κᾱς, ϝί̄κᾳ, νί̄κᾱν; πολί̄τᾱς, κριτά̄ς, Ἀτρείδᾱς.
2. Ionic has η for the ᾱ of Attic even after ε, ι, and ρ; thus, γενεή, οἰκίη, ἀγορή, μοίρης, μοίρῃ (nom. μοῖρᾰ), νεηνίης. Thus, ἀγορή, -ῆς, -ῇ, -ήν; νεηνίης, -ου, -ῃ, -ην. But Hom. has θεά̄ goddess, Ἑρμείᾱς Hermes.
3. The dialects admit -ᾰ in the nom. sing. less often than does Attic. Thus, Ionic πρύμνη stern, κνί̄ση savour (Att. πρύμνα, κνῖσα), Dor. τόλμᾱ daring. Ionic has η for ᾰ in the abstracts in -είη, -οίη (ἀληθείη truth, εὐνοίη good-will). Hom. has νύμφᾰ oh maiden from νύμφη.
4. Nom. sing. masc.—Hom. has -τα for -της in ἱππότα horseman, ἱππηλάτα driver of horses, νεφεληγερέτα cloud-collector, κῡανοχαῖτα dark-haired; and, with recessive accent, μητίετα counsellor. So in the adj. εὐρύοπα far-sounding. Cp. Lat. poeta, scriba.
5. Gen. sing. masc.—(a) -ᾱο , the original form from ᾱ-(ι)ο, is used by Hom. (Ἀτρείδᾱο). It contracts in Aeolic and Doric to -ᾱ (Ἀτρείδᾱ).
(b) -εω , from ηο (= ᾱο) by 34, is also used by Hom., who makes it a single syllable by synizesis (60), as in Ἀτρείδεω. Hdt. has -εω, as πολί̄τεω (163 a).
(c) -ω in Hom. after a vowel, Βορέω (nom. Βορέης).
6. Accus. sing. masc.—In proper names Hdt. often has -εα borrowed from ς stems (264), as Μιλτιάδεα for Μιλτιάδη-ν.
7. Dual.—Hom. has the nom. dual of masculines only. In the gen. and dat. Hom. has -αιν and also -αιιν.
8. Gen. plur.—(a) -ά̄ων , the original form, occurs in Hom. (μουσά̄ων, ἀγορά̄ων). In Aeolic and Doric -ά̄ων contracts to (b) -ᾶν (ἀγορᾶν). The Doric -ᾶν is found also in the choral songs of the drama (πετρᾶν rocks). (c) -έων , the Ionic form, appears in Homer, who usually makes it a single syllable by synizesis (60) as in βουλέωνν, from βουλή plan. -έων is from -ήων, Ionic for -ά̄ων. (d) -ῶν in Hom. generally after vowels (κλισιῶν, from κλισίη hut).
9. Dat. plur.: -ῃσι(ν), -ῃς, generally before vowels, and (rarely) -αις in Hom. Ionic has -ῃσι, Aeolic -αισι(ν), -αις, Doric -αις.
10. Accus. plur.: -ανς, -ᾰς, ᾱς in various Doric dialects, -αις in Aeolic.
Dative Plural.—The ending -αισι(ν) occurs in Attic poetry (δίκαισι from δίκη right, δεσπόταισι from δεσπότης lord).
a. Attic inscriptions to 420 B. C. have -ῃσι (written -ηισι), -ησι, and (after ε, ι, ρ) -ᾳσι (written -αισι) and -ᾱσι. Thus, δραχμῇσι and δραχμῆσι drachmas, ταμίᾳσι and ταμίᾱσι stewards. -ησι and -ᾱσι are properly endings of the locative case (341).
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| ἡ χώρᾱ | ἡ νί̄κη | ἡ φυγή | ἡ μοῖρα | ἡ γλῶττα | ἡ θάλαττα | |
| (χωρᾱ-) | (νῑκᾱ-) | (φυγᾱ-) | (μοιρᾱ-) | (γλωττᾱ-) | (θαλαττᾱ-) | |
| land | victory | flight | fate | tongue | sea | |
| Nom. | χώρᾱ | νί̄κη | φυγή | μοῖρα | γλῶττα | θάλαττα |
| Gen. | χώρᾱς | νί̄κης | φυγῆς | μοίρᾱς | γλώττης | θαλάττης |
| Dat. | χώρᾳ | νί̄κῃ | φυγῇ | μοίρᾳ | γλῶττα-ν | θαλάττῃ |
| Acc. | χώρᾱ-ν | νί̄κη-ν | φυγή-ν | μοῖρα-ν | γλῶττα-ν | θάλαττα-ν |
| Voc. | χώρᾱ | νί̄κη | φυγή | μοῖρα | γλῶττα | θάλαττα |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | χώρᾱ | νί̄κᾱ | φυγά̄ | μοίρᾱ | γλώττᾱ | θαλάττᾱ |
| G. D. | χώραιν | νί̄καιν | φυγαῖν | μοίραιν | γλώτταιν | θαλάτταιν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | χῶραι | νῖκαι | φυγαί | μοῖραι | γλῶτται | θάλατται |
| Gen. | χωρῶν | νῑκῶν | φυγῶν | μοιρῶν | γλωττῶν | θαλαττῶν |
| Dat. | χώραις | νί̄καις | φυγαῖς | μοίραις | γλώτταις | θαλάτταις |
| Acc. | χώρᾱς | νί̄κᾱς | φυγά̄ς | μοίρᾱς | γλώττᾱς | θαλάττᾱς |
ὥρᾱ season, ἡμέρᾱ day, σκιά̄ shadow, μάχη battle, τέχνη art, γνώμη judgment, τῑμή honor, ἀρετή virtue, μοῦσα muse, πρῶρα prow, ἅμαξα wagon, δόξα opinion.
RULES.—a. If the nominative singular ends in alpha preceded by a vowel (σκιά̄ shadow) or ρ (μοῖρα), alpha is kept throughout the singular.
b. If the nominative singular ends in alpha preceded by a consonant not ρ, alpha is changed to η in the genitive and dative singular.
c. If the nominative singular ends in η, η is kept in all the cases of the singular.
d. When the genitive singular has -ης, final α of the nominative singular is always short; when the genitive singular has -ᾱς, the final α is generally long.
Feminines fall into two classes:
(I) Feminines with ᾱ or η in all the cases of the singular.
After ε, ι, or ρ, ᾱ appears in all the cases of the singular, as in γενεά̄ race, οἰκίᾱ house, χώρᾱ land. Otherwise, η throughout the singular, as νί̄κη victory.
a. After ο, we find both ᾱ and η , as στοά̄ porch, βοή shout, ἀκοή hearing, ὁͅοή current, ῥόᾱ pomegranate. After ρ we have η in κόρη girl, δέρη neck (31).
(II) Feminines with ᾰ in the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular. The quantity of the vowel is generally shown by the accent (163, 164).
In this class are included:
1. Substantives having ς (ξ, ψ, ττ, or σς), ζ, λλ , or αιν before the final α show ᾰ in nom., accus., and voc. sing., and η in gen. and dat. sing. Thus, μοῦσα muse, μούσης, μούσῃ, ἅμαξα wagon, τράπεζα table, γλῶττα tongue, ῥίζα root, ἅμιλλα contest, λέαινα lioness. Others are τόλμα daring, δίαιτα mode of life, ἄκανθα thorn, μυῖα fly.
2. Substantives in ᾰ in nom., accus., and voc. sing., and ᾱ in gen. and dat. sing.
a. Substantives in -εια and -τρια denoting females, as βασίλεια queen (but βασιλείᾱ kingdom), ψάλτρια female harper; so the fem. of adj. in -υς, as γλυκύς, γλυκεῖα sweet.
b. Abstracts in -εια and -οια from adjectives in -ης and -οος, as ἀλήθεια truth (from ἀληθής true), εὔνοια good will (from εὔνους, εὔνοος kind, 290).
c. Most substantives in -ρα after a diphthong or ῡ, as μοῖρα fate, γέφῡρα bridge.
Exceptions to 219, 1: κόρση temple (later κόρρη), ἕρση dew; to 2 b: in Attic poetry, ἀληθείᾱ, εὐνοίᾱ, ἀγνοίᾱ ignorance, which owe their ᾱ to the influence of the genitive and dative ἀληθείᾱς, ἀληθείᾳ, etc.
Most, if not all, of the substantives in ᾰ are formed by the addition of the suffix [ιγλιδε]α or ια (20); thus, γλῶττα from γλωχ-[ιγλιδε]α (cp. γλωχῖν-ες points), γέφῡρα from γεφυρ-[ιγλιδε]α, δότειρα giver from δοτερ-[ιγλιδε]α (and so φέρουσα bearing from φεροντ[ιγλιδε]α), μοῖρα from μορ-[ιγλιδε]α, ψάλτρ-ια.
| SINGULAR | ||||
| ὁ νεᾱνίᾱς | ὁ πολί̄της | ὁ κριτής | Ἀτρείδης | |
| (νεᾱνιᾱ-) | (πολῑτᾱ-) | (κριτᾱ-) | (Ἀτρειδᾱ-) | |
| young man | citizen | judge | son of Atreus | |
| Nom. | νεᾱνίᾱ-ς | πολί̄τη-ς | κριτή-ς | Ἀτρείδη-ς |
| Gen. | νεᾱνίου | πολί̄του | κριτοῦ | Ἀτρείδου |
| Dat. | νεᾱνίᾱι | πολί̄τῃ | κριτῇ | Ἀτρείδῃ |
| Acc. | νεᾱνίᾱ-ν | πολί̄τη-ν | κριτή-ν | Ἀτρείδη-ν |
| Voc. | νεᾱνίᾱ | πολῖτα | κριτά | Ἀτρείδη |
| DUAL | ||||
| N. A. V. | νεᾱνίᾱ | πολί̄τᾱ | κριτά̄ | Ἀτρείδᾱ |
| G. D. | νεᾱνίαιν | πολί̄ταιν | κριταῖν | Ἀτρείδαιν |
| PLURAL | ||||
| N. V. | νεᾱνίαι | πολῖται | κριταί | Ἀτρεῖδαι |
| Gen. | νεᾱνιῶν | πολῑτῶν | κριτῶν | Ἀτρειδῶν |
| Dat. | νεᾱνίαις | πολί̄ταις | κριταῖς | Ἀτρείδαις |
| Acc. | νεᾱνίᾱς | πολί̄τᾱς | κριτά̄ς | Ἀτρείδᾱς |
ταμίᾱς steward, Αἰνείᾱς Aeneas,—ναύτης sailor, τοξότης bowman, στρατιώτης soldier, δεσπότης ruler,—μαθητής pupil, ποιητής poet—Πέρσης Persian.
Accent.—The vocative of δεσπότης lord is δέσποτα.
ᾱ and η .—In the final syllable of the singular ᾱ appears after ε, ι, and ρ; otherwise we find η. Cp. 218.
a. Exceptions are compounds in -μέτρης: γεω-μέτρης measurer of land.
Genitive singular.—The form in -ου is borrowed from the genitive singular of the second declension. A few words in -ᾱς, generally names of persons not Greeks, have -ᾱ, the Doric genitive (214 D. 5): Ἀννίβᾱς Hannibal, gen. Ἀννίβᾱ.
Vocative singular.—Masculines in -ᾱς have the vocative in -ᾱ (νεᾱνίᾱ); those in -της have -ᾰ (πολῖτα), all others in -ης have -η (Ἀτρείδη, Κρονίδη son of Kronos) except names of nations and compounds: Πέρσᾰ Persian, Σκύθᾰ Scythian, γεω-μέτρᾰ (nom. γεω-μέτρης measurer of land), παιδο-τρίβᾰ gymnastic master.
Contracts in ᾱ or η from εᾱ or αᾱ have the circumflex in all the cases: nominative feminine -ᾶ, -ῆ , masculine -ᾶς, -ῆς .
Hdt. has μνέαι, μνεῶν, μνέᾱς, γῆ and γεῶν, Ἑρμῆς, Βορῆς. Hom. has Αθηναίη, γῆ (and γαῖα), σῡκέη, Ἑρμείᾱς 214 D. 2, Βορέης.
| SINGULAR | ||||
| ἡ μνᾶ mina | ἡ σῡκῆ fig tree | ὁ Βορρᾶς Boreas | ὁ Ἑρμῆς Hermes | |
| (μνᾱ- for | (σῡκη- for | (Βορρᾱ- for | (Ἑρμη- for | |
| μναᾱ-) | σῡκεᾱ-) | Βορεᾱ- 117) | Ἑρμεᾱ-) | |
| Nom. | μνᾶ | σῡκῆ | Βορρᾶ-ς | Ἑρμῆ-ς |
| Gen. | μνᾶς | σῡκῆς | Βορροῦ | Ἑρμοῦ |
| Dat. | μνᾷ | σῡκῇ | Βορρᾷ | Ἑρμῆ |
| Acc. | μνᾶ-ν | σῡκῆ-ν | Βορρᾶ-ν | Ἑρμῆ-ν |
| Voc. | μνᾶ | σῡκῆ | Βορρᾶ | Ἑρμῆ |
| DUAL | |||
| N. A. V. | μνᾶ | σῡκᾶ | Ἑρμᾶ |
| G. D. | μναῖν | σῡκαῖν | Ἑρμαῖν |
| PLURAL | |||
| N. V. | μναῖ | σῡκαῖ | Ἑρμαῖ |
| Gen. | μνῶν | σῡκῶν | Ἑρμῶν |
| Dat. | μναῖς | σῡκαῖς | Ἑρμαῖς |
| Acc. | μνᾶς | σῡκᾶς | Ἑρμᾶς |
The dual and plural of Ἑρμῆς mean statues of Hermes.
Other examples: ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ Athena (from Ἀθηνα (ι)ᾱ-), γῆ earth (γεᾱ- or γαᾱ-) with no plural in Attic, ἡ γαλῆ weasel (γαλεᾱ-), ἡ ἀδελφιδῆ niece (ἀδελφιδεᾱ-), ὁ Ἀπελλῆς Apelles (Ἀπελλεᾱ-).
O stems in the nominative add -ς to the stem in masculines and feminines; -ν in neuters. The feminines, of which there are few, are declined like the masculines. In the neuters, nominative, vocative, and accusative singular have the same form (in -ο-ν); in the plural these cases end in -α.
| SINGULAR | DUAL | PLURAL | ||||
| Masc. and Fem. | Neuter | Masc., Fem., and Neuter | Masc. and Fem. | Neuter | ||
| Nom. ο-ς | ο-ν | N. A. V. | ω | Nom. | ο-ι | ᾰ |
| Gen. ου (for ο- ( ι ) ο ) | G. D. | ο-ιν | Gen. | ων | ||
| Dat. ῳ (for ο-ι ) | Dat. | ο-ις or ο-ισι ( ν ) | ||||
| Acc. ο-ν | Acc. | ους (for ο-νσ ) | ᾰ | |||
| Voc. ε | ο-ν | Voc. | ο-ι | ᾰ |
a. Final -οι is treated as short (169).
b. The dat. sing. in -ῳ represents the union of the stem vowel -ο and ai, the original case ending in the I. E. languages. Forms in -οι, as οἴκοι at home, may be locatives (-ο ¨ ι, the locative ending).—The stem vowel ο varies with ε, which appears in the vocative sing., and in πανδημεί (locative) in full force.— N. A. V. dual -ω is for I. E. ōu.—The genitive pl. -ων is due to the union of -ο ¨ ων, which contracted to -ων in the earliest period of the language.—The neuter plural is probably the relic of a feminine collective ending in -ᾱ, which was shortened to -ᾰ.
The dialects show various forms.
1. Gen. sing.— -οιο , the original form, appears in Hom. πολέμοιο. By loss of ι (43) comes -οο , which is sometimes read in Hom. (Αἰόλοο for Αἰόλου κ 36). By contraction of οο comes -ου found in Hom., Ionic, Milder Doric. οο yields ω in Aeolic and Severer Doric (ἵππω).
2. Dual.—-οιιν in Hom. (ἵπποιιν).
3. Dat. pl.—-οισι(ν) Hom., Aeolic, Ionic.
4. Acc. pl.—-ους is from -ον-ς (found in Cretan), that is, the accus. sing. + ς. From -ονς comes -ως Severer Doric, -οις Aeolic, -ος Cretan and in Dor. poetry. -ους is Hom., Ionic, and Milder Doric.
| SINGULAR | ||||
| ὁ ἵππος horse | ὁ ἄνθρωπος man | ἡ ὁδός way | τὸ δῶρον gift | |
| (ἱππο-) | (ἀνθρωπο-) | (ὁδο-) | (δωρο-) | |
| Nom. | ἵππο-ς | ἄνθρωπο-ς | ὁδό-ς | δῶρο-ν |
| Gen. | ἵππου | ἀνθρώπου | ὁδοῦ | δώρου |
| Dat. | ἵππῳ | ἀνθρώπῳ | ὁδῷ | δώρῳ |
| Acc. | ἵππο-ν | ἄνθρωπο-ν | ὁδό-ν | δῶρο-ν |
| Voc. | ἵππε | ἄνθρωπε | ὁδέ | δῶρο-ν |
| DUAL | ||||
| ὁ ἵππος horse | ὁ ἄνθρωπος man | ἡ ὁδός way | τὸ δῶρον gift | |
| (ἱππο-) | (ἀνθρωπο-) | (ὁδο-) | (δωρο-) | |
| N. A. V. | ἵππω | ἀνθρώπω | ὁδώ | δώρω |
| G. D. | ἵπποιν | ἀνθρώποιν | ὁδοῖν | δώροιν |
| PLURAL | ||||
| N. V. | ἵπποι | ἄνθρωποι | ὁδοί | δῶρα |
| Gen. | ἵππων | ἀνθρώπων | ὁδῶν | δώρων |
| Dat. | ἵπποις | ἀνθρώποις | ὁδοῖς | δώροις |
| Acc. | ἵππους | ἀνθρώπους | ὁδούς | δῶρα |
Masculine: λόγος word, δῆμος people, δοῦλος slave, κίνδῡνος danger, πόλεμος war; ἀγρός field, ποταμός river, ἀριθμός number. Feminine: νῆσος island, ἤπειρος mainland; ὁ(ἡ) τροφός nurse. Neuter: ἔργον work, πτερόν wing, δεῖπνον dinner.
Feminines.—a. See 197 for νυός daughter-in-law; see 199 for νῆσος island (cp. 200 c), Δῆλος (the island of) Delos, Κόρινθος Corinth, φηγός (acornbearing) oak, ἄμπελος vine.
b. Some are properly adjectives used substantively: διάλεκτος (scil. γλῶττα speech) dialect, διάμετρος (scil. γραμμή line) diameter, αὔλειος (scil. θύρᾱ door) house-door, σύγκλητος (scil. βουλή council) legislative body, ἔρημος and ἤπειρος (scil. χώρᾱ country) desert and mainland.
c. Words for way: ὁδός and κέλευθος way; and ἁμαξιτός carriage-road, ἀτραπός foot-path, which may be adjectival (b) with ὁδός omitted.
d.
Vocative.—The nominative θεός is used instead of the vocative. ἀδελφός brother retracts the accent (ἄδελφε).
Dative Plural.—The ending -οισι(ν) often appears in poetry, rarely in Attic prose (Plato).
a. In Old Attic inscriptions -οις displaces -οισι(ν) about 444 B.C.
Stems in εο and οο are contracted according to 50, 51. εα in the neuter becomes ᾱ (56).
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| ὁ νοῦς mind | ὁ περίπλους sailing around | τὸ ὀστοῦν bone | ||||
| (νοο-) | (περιπλοο-) | (ὀστεο-) | ||||
| Nom. | (νόο-σ) | νοῦ-ς | (περίπλοοσ) | περίπλου-ς | (ὀστέο-ν) | ὀστοῦ-ν |
| Gen. | (νόου) | νοῦ | (περιπλόου) | περίπλου | (ὀστέου) | ὀστοῦ |
| Dat. | (νόῳ) | νῷ | (περιπλόῳ) | περίπλῳ | (ὀστέῳ) | ὀστῷ |
| Acc. | (νόο-ν) | νοῦ-ν | (περίπλοο-ν) | περίπλου-ν | (ὀστέο-ν) | ὀστοῦ-ν |
| Voc. | (νόε) | νοῦ | (περίπλοε) | περίπλου | (ὀστέο-ν) | ὀστοῦ-ν |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | (νόω) | νώ | (περιπλόω) | περίπλω | (ὀστέω) | ὀστώ |
| G. D. | (νόοιν) | νοῖν | (περιπλόοιν) | περίπλοιν | (ὀστέοιν) | ὀστοῖν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | (νόοι) | νοῖ | (περίπλοοι) | περίπλοι | (ὀστέα) | ὀστᾶ |
| Gen. | (νόων) | νῶν | (περιπλόων) | περίπλων | (ὀστέων) | ὀστῶν |
| Dat. | (νόοισ) | νοῖς | (περιπλόοισ) | περίπλοις | (ὀστέοισ) | ὀστοῖς |
| Acc. | (νόουσ) | νοῦς | (περιπλόουσ) | περίπλους | (ὀστέα) | ὀστᾶ |
ὁ πλοῦς (πλόος) voyage, ὁ ῥοῦς (π̔όος) stream, τὸ κανοῦν (κάνεον) basket.
Homeric and Ionic generally have the open forms. οἰνοχόος winepourer does not contract in Attic since it stands for οἰνοχοϝος.
Accent.—a. The nominative dual is irregularly oxytone: νώ, ὀστώ, not νῶ, ὀστῶ according to 171, N. 2.
b. κανοῦν (κάνεον) basket receives its accent (not κάνουν) from that of the genitive and dative κανοῦ, κανῷ. Cp. 290 c.
c. Compounds retain the accent on the syllable that has it in the nominative singular: ἔκπλους from ἔκπλοος; ἔκπλου (not ἐκπλοῦ) from ἐκπλόου; ἔκπλων (not ἐκπλῶν) from ἐκπλόων.
Some substantives ending in -εως are placed under the Second Declension because they are derived from earlier ο stems preceded by a long vowel (-εως from -ηος, 34). A few others have a consonant before -ως. The vocative has no special form.
N.—This declension is called “Attic” because the words in question generally show -ως in Attic and -ος in the Koinè dialect (p. 3, F).
| SINGULAR | DUAL | PLURAL |
| Nom. νεώ-ς (Ionic νηό-σ) | N. A. νεώ (Ionic νηώ) | Nom. νεῴ (Ionic νηοί) |
| Gen. νεώ (“ νηοῦ) | G. D. νεῴν (“ νηοῖν) | Gen. νεών (“ νηῶν) |
| Dat. νεῴ (“ νηῷ) | Dat. νεῴς (“ νηοῖσ) | |
| Acc. νεών (“ νηό-ν) | Acc. νεώς (“ νηούσ) |
a. So ὁ λεώς people, ὁ Μενέλεως Menelaus, ὁ λαγώς hare. Observe that ω is found in every form, and that it takes ι subscript in the dative of all numbers where an ordinary ο stem has ι.
b. There are no neuter substantives belonging to the Attic declension in standard classical literature; but neuter adjectives (289) end in -ων.
c. νεώς and most words of this declension owe their forms to transfer of quantity (34) or to shortening (39). Thus, νεώς is from νηός ( = Doric νᾱός), νεών from νηόν; νεῴ is from νηῷ. λαγώς is contracted from λαγωός.
d. In the accusative singular some words end in -ω or -ων, as λαγώ or λαγών hare. So ὁ Ἄθως, ἡ Κέως, ἡ Τέως, ἡ Κῶς, ὁ Μί̄νως. ἡ ἕως dawn always has ἕω.
Hom. has νηός temple, λᾱός people, κάλος cable, λαγωός hare, γάλοως sister-in-law, Ἀθόως, Κόως; Hdt. has λεώς, λαγός, Κέος. Hom. and Hdt. have ἠώς, gen. ἠοῦς, dawn, whence Att. ἕως by 39. Hom. has Πετεῶ-ο, the original form of the genitive, from Πετεώς. νεώ is from νεωο out of νηοο.
Accent.—a. The accent of the nominative is kept in all cases. Μενέ0εως (163 a) retains the accent of the earlier Μενέλᾱος.
b. The genitive and dative are oxytone when the final syllable is accented.
N.—The accentuation of the words of this declension is doubtful. Some of the ancients accented λαγώς, λαγών, others λαγῶς, λαγῶν, etc.
This declension includes stems ending in a consonant, in ι, υ, or a diphthong, and some in ω and ο, representing ωϝ and οι.
N.—To determine whether a noun belongs to the third declension it is necessary in most cases to know the stem, which is usually found by dropping -ος of the genitive singular. Stems in ι and υ are classed under the consonant declension because neither of these vowels admits contraction with the case endings beginning with a vowel, herein being like a consonant.
Masculine and feminine stems not ending in ν, ρ, ς and οντ, add ς.
a. A labial (π, β, φ) + ς becomes ψ (97).
b. A dental (τ, δ, θ) + ς becomes σς (98), which is reduced to ς (107).
c. A palatal (κ, γ, χ) or κτ ¨ ς becomes ξ (97).
(The same changes occur in the dative plural.)
γύ̄ψ vulture γῡπ-ός, Ἄραψ Arab Ἄραβ-ος; κακότης baseness κακότητ-ος, ἐλπίς hope ἐλπίδ-ος, ὄρνῑς bird ὄρνῑθ-ος; φύλαξ guard φύλακ-ος, μάστῐξ scourge μάστῑγ-ος, σάλπιγξ trumpet σάλπιγγ-ος, ὄνυξ nail ὄνυχ-ος, νύξ night νυκτ-ός; ἅλ-ς salt ἁλ-ός, ἰχθύ̄ς fish ἰχθύ-ος; ἐλέφᾱς elephant ἐλέφαντ-ος.
Masculine and feminine stems ending in ν, ρ, and ς reject ς and lengthen a preceding vowel if short (ε to η, ο to ω).
δαίμων divinity δαίμον-ος, χειμών winter χειμῶν-ος, λιμήν harbour λιμέν-ος, Ἕλλην Greek Ἕλλην-ος; ῥήτωρ orator ῥήτορ-ος, ἀήρ air ἀέρ-ος, φώρ thief φωρ-ός, τριήρης trireme (stem τριηρεσ-, 263 b), αἰδώς shame (stem αἰδοσ-, 266). On μήν see 259 end. For stems in ες, nominative -ος, see 263 c.
Masculine stems in οντ drop τ (133) and lengthen ο to ω: γέρων old man γέροντ-ος, λέων lion λέοντ-ος.
Hdt. has ὀδών tooth ὀδόντ-ος. Attic ὀδούς has the inflection of a participle in -ους (307).
Neuters show the pure stem, from which final τ and other consonants not standing at the end of a word (133) are dropped: ἅρμα chariot ἅρματ-ος, πρᾶγμα thing πρά̄γματ-ος, γάλα milk γάλακτ-ος (133 b).
Summary.—ς is added to stems ending in a labial, dental, palatal, and in αντ, εντ, υντ; to some stems in ν (as εἷς one ἑν-ός, μέλᾱς black μέλαν-ος); to stems in ευ, αυ, ου; and to masc. and fem. stems in ι and υ. ς is not added to most stems ending in ν, nor to those in οντ, ρ, ες, ας, ος, υ (neut.), ω(ϝ), ο(ι).
Masculines and feminines usually add α to stems ending in a consonant; ν to stems ending in ι or υ.
γῦπ-α, ὄνυχ-α, ἐλέφαντ-α, λιμέν-α, ῥήτορ-α, λέοντ-α; πόλι-ν, ἰχθύ̄-ν, βοῦ-ν from πόλι-ς city, ἰχθύ̄-ς fish, βοῦ-ς ox, cow. Stems in ευ take α (275).
Barytone stems of two syllables ending in ιτ, ιδ, ῑθ usually drop the dental and add ν.
χάρις grace (stem χαριτ-) χάριν, ἔρις strife (ἐριδ-) ἔριν, ὄρνῑς bird (ὀρνῑθ-) ὄρνῑν. So εὔελπις hopeful (εὐελπιδ-) εὔελπιν (292). Oxytones end in α: ἐλπίδ-α, σφρᾱγῖδα (σφρᾱγί̄ς seal).
a. κλεῖς key (κλειδ-), Old Att. κλῄς, has κλεῖν (late κλεῖδα), acc. pl. κλεῖς (late κλεῖδας).
The acc. in α (χάριτα, ἔριδα, ὄρνῑθα) occurs in Hom., Hdt., and in Attic poetry. So κόρυθα and κόρυν (κόρυς helmet) in Hom.
The vocative of masculines and feminines is usually the pure stem.
πόλι (πόλι-ς city), βοῦ (βοῦ-ς ox, cow), Σώκρατες (Σωκράτης). Stems in ιδ and ντ cannot retain final δ and τ (133), hence Ἄρτεμι from Ἄρτεμις (Ἀρτεμιδ-), παῖ from παῖς boy, girl (παιδ-), νεᾶνι from νεᾶνις maiden (νεᾱνιδ-); γέρον from γέρων old man (γεροντ-), γίγαν from γίγᾱς giant (γιγαντ-).
The vocative is the same as the nominative:
a. In stems ending in a stop (16) consonant (except those in ιτ, ιδ, ῑθ; ντ in nouns): ὦ φύλαξ watchman. (Αἴᾱς Ajax (Αἰαντ-) is nom. and voc.)
b. In oxytone stems ending in a liquid and not taking ς to form their nominative (242): ὦ ποιμήν shepherd (ποιμεν-); but ἀνήρ man, πατήρ father have ἄνερ, πάτερ (262). Barytones use the stem as the vocative: δαῖμον, ῥη̈τορ from δαίμων divinity, ῥήτωρ orator.
c. In all participles.
Hom. has ἄνα oh king as well as ἄναξ (ἀνακτ-); Αἶαν from Αἰαντ-. Πουλυδάμᾱ, Λᾱοδάμᾱ (from stems in αντ) are later forms due to analogy.
The dative plural adds -σι to the stem.
Ἄραψ (Ἀραβ-) Ἄραψι, μάστῐξ (μαστῑγ-) μάστιξι, φύλαξ (φυλακ-) φύλαξι, σῶμα (σωματ-) σώμασι (98), ἐλπίς (ἐλπιδ-) ἐλπίσι (98), ὄρνῑς (ὀρνῑθ-) ὄρνῑσι (98), ἐλέφᾱς (ἐλεφαντ-) ἐλέφᾱσι, θήρ (θηρ-) θηρσί.
a. Stems in ντ drop ντ and lengthen the preceding vowel (100): λέων (λεοντ-) λέουσι, γίγᾱς (γιγαντ-) γίγᾱσι.
b. Stems in ν drop ν without lengthening the preceding vowel (if short): δαίμων (δαιμον-) δαίμοσι, ποιμήν (ποιμεν-) ποιμέσι, φρήν mind (φρεν-) φρεσί.
N.—Strictly ν is not dropped, but since the stem of the dat. pl. is weak in form (253 a) the ν stood originally between two consonants and should become α (35 b). Thus, φρασί in Pindar is for φρṇσι. Attic φρεσί borrows its ε from φρένες, φρενῶν, etc. So ποιμέσι, for ποιμασι from ποιμṇσι, because of ποιμένες, etc.
c. ρς is not changed to ρρ (79 a).
1. Hom. has only -οιιν in the gen. and dat. dual.
2. In the dat. pl. Hom. has -σι (βέλεσ-σι, δέπασ-σι), and in a few cases -εσι, reduced from -εσσι (ἀνάκτ-εσι); -σσι occurs after vowels (γένυ-σσι; for γένῡσι?). -εσσι was added both to stems not ending in ς (πόδ-εσσι, βό-εσσι, ἄνδρ-εσσι, ὀΐ-εσσι, 274 D.), and even to stems in ς (έπέ-εσσι). Hom. has also ποσσί, ποσί; Pind. χαρίτεσσι, θέμισσι. Tragedy has this -εσσι (κορύθ-εσσι), and so Aeolic, and the Doric of Corinth.
a. The ending -ας is produced by adding νς to the stem (ν becoming α between two consonants by 35 b). Thus φύλακ-ας is from φυλακ-ṇς. This -ας may be added even to ι and υ stems: Hom. πόλι-ας, ἰχθύ-ας, Hdt. πήχε-ας. Hom. πόλῑς is from πόλι-νς (Cretan).
b. The nominative pl. masc. or fem. is sometimes used instead of the accusative pl.: τριήρεις 264, πόλεις and πήχεις 268.
Accent.—Stems of one syllable accent the case ending in the genitive and dative of all numbers; and -ων and -οιν take the circumflex accent. Thus, φλέψ vein, φλεβ-ός, φλεβ-ῶν; θήρ wild beast, θηρ-ός, θηρ-οῖν, θηρ-ῶν; θρίξ hair, τριχ-ός, τριχ-ῶν.
a. Exceptions. The ending of the gen. dual and pl. is not accented in the case of ὁ, ἡ παῖς boy, girl, ὁ δμώς slave, ὁ θώς jackal, ὁ Τρώς Trojan, ἡ δᾴς torch, τὸ φῶς light, τὸ οὖς ear. Thus, παίδων (but παισί), Τρώων, ὤτων, etc. So ὤν being, ὄντων (305).
b. A trisyllabic form, if contracted, does not show the accent on the case ending: ἦρ-ος for ἔαρ-ος, ἦρ-ι for ἔαρ-ι, from τὸ ἔαρ spring.
Variation of Stem Formation.—Many words of the third declension show traces of an original variation of stem that is due to the influence of a shifting accent which is seen in some of the cognate languages. In Greek this variation has often been obscured by the analogy of other forms. Thus πατέρων, in comparison with Hom. πατρῶν, Lat. patrum, gets its ε from πατέρες.
a. Variation of stem is seen in ων, ον (259); ηρ, ερ, ρα (262); ης, εσ- (264); in stems in ι, ει (270); υ, ευ (270); ευ, ηυ (278); οι, ω (279), etc. Words in ων, ην show a middle form ον, εν, and a weak form in ν (250 N.).
b. Several words ending in ρ show a parallel stem in τ; thus, ὕδωρ water ὕδατ-ος, ἧπαρ liver ἥπατ-ος, φρέᾱρ tank φρέᾱτ-ος (but poet. δάμᾱρ wife δάμαρτ-ος). The reason for this change is uncertain, but ατ is derived from ντ after a consonant (35 b): ὑδντος, ἡπντος, cp. Lat. jecinoris, nom. jecur. ἧπαρ is probably derived from ἡπαρτ (133).
c. -ατος was transferred from such genitives as ὀνόματος, ἥπατος to other neuter words: γόνατος from γόνυ knee, instead of γονϝ-ος, whence Hom. γουνός. φῶς light, for φάος (stem φαεσ-), has taken on the τ inflection (φωτ-ός, etc.).
d. Neuter stems in -ες show -ος in the nominative. Cp. ἔτος year (stem ἐτεσ-) with Lat. vetus, veter-is (for vetes-is).
Variation of Quantity.—a. In poetry the quantity of ι in words in -ις may differ from that of prose; as in tragedy ὄρνῐς bird, κόνῑς dust, ὄφῑς serpent (in prose ὄρνῑς, κόνῐς, ὄφῐς); so in Pind. ἰχθύ̆ς (prose ἰχθύ̄ς) fish.
b. κῆρῠξ herald, Φοῖνῐξ Phoenician, μάστῐξ whip have long υ and ι in the oblique cases except the dat. pl. (κήρῡκος, Φοίνῑκι, μάστῑγα, etc.). ἀλώπηξ fox has ε in the gen. ἀλώπεκος, etc., by analogy to such words as ποιμήν, ποιμένος (ἀλωπήκων occurs in Ionic). πῦρ fire has πῠρός, πῠρί, etc. (285, 25).
Gender.—The gender of substantives of the third declension is frequently known by the last letters of the stem.
1. Masculine are stems ending in
a. ντ : ὀδούς tooth (ὀδοντ-), δράκων serpent (δρακοντ-).
b. ητ, ωτ : πένης day-labourer (πενητ-), γέλως laughter (γελωτ-).
Exceptions. Stems in -τητ (2, b): ἡ ἐσθής dress (ἐσθητ-), τὸ φῶς light (φωτ-).
c. ν: λειμών meadow (λειμον-).
Exceptions. Fem.: stems in γον, δον (2, a), and φρήν mind (φρεν-), ἴ̄ς strength (ἰ̄ν-), ῥί̄ς nose (ῥῑν-), ἀκτί̄ς ray (ἀκτῑν-), γλωχί̄ς arrow-point (γλωχῑν-), ὠδί̄ς birth-pang (ὠδῑν-), εἰκών image (εἰκον-), ἠϊών shore (ἠϊον-), χθών earth (χθόν-), χιών snow (χιον-), ἀλκυών halcyon (ἀλκυον-), etc., ὁ, ἡ χήν goose (χην-).
d. ρ : θήρ wild beast (θηρ-), φώρ thief (φωρ-).
Exceptions. Fem.: χείρ hand (χερ-), κήρ fate (κηρ-), γαστήρ belly (γαστερ-); neut.: stems in αρ (3, a), πῦρ fire (πυρ-), and the indeclinable πέλωρ monster, τέκμωρ (Hom) token, etc.
e. ευ : γονεύς parent, φονεύς murderer.
2. Feminine are stems ending in
a. γον, δον: σταγών drop (σταγον-), χελῑδών swallow (χελῑδον-).
b. τητ, δ, θ: κακότης baseness (κακοτητ-), ἔρις strife (ἐριδ-), ἐλπίς hope (ἐλπιδ-).
Exceptions. Masc.: πούς foot (ποδ-), ὁ, ἡ ὄρνῑς bird (ὀρνῑθ-).
c. ι, υ with nom. in -ις, -υς: πόλι-ς city, ἰσχύ̄-ς strength.
Exceptions. Masc.: ὄφι-ς serpent, ἔχι-ς viper, ὄρχι-ς testicle; βότρυ-ς cluster of grapes, ἰχθύ̄-ς fish, μῦ-ς mouse, νέκυ-ς corpse, στάχυ-ς ear of corn, πέλεκυ-ς axe, πῆχυ-ς fore-arm; and ὁ, ἡ σῦ-ς or ὗ-ς swine.
d. οι : ἠχώ echo, πειθώ pèrsuasion.
3. Neuter are stems ending in
a. ατ, αρ: πρᾶγμα thing (πρᾱγματ-), νέκταρ nectar (νεκταρ-). But ὁ ψά̄ρ starling.
b. ας, ες (with nom. in -ος): κρέας flesh (κρεασ-), γενος race (γενεσ-).
c. ι, υ with nom. in -ι, -υ: σίνᾱπι mustard, ἄστυ city.
N.—No stem ending in π, β, φ or κ, γ, χ is neuter.
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| ὁ Αἰθίοψ | ἡ φλέψ | ὁ φύλαξ | ἡ φάλαγξ | ὁ ἡ αἴξ | ἡ θρίξ | |
| (Αἰθιοπ-) | (φλεβ-) | (φυλακ-) | (φαλαγγ-) | (αἰγ-) | (τριχ-, 125 f) | |
| Ethiopian | vein | watchman | phalanx | goat | hair | |
| Nom. | Αἰθίοψ | φλέψ | φύλαξ | φάλαγξ | αἴξ | θρίξ |
| Gen. | Αἰθίοπ-ος | φλεβ-ός | φύλακ-ος | φάλαγγ-ος | αἰγ-ός | τριχ-ός |
| Dat. | Αἰθίοπ-ι | φλεβ-ί | φύλακ-ι | φάλαγγ-ι | αἰγ-ί | τριχ-ί |
| Acc. | Αἰθίοπ-α | φλέβ-α | φύλακ-α | φάλαγγ-α | αἶγ-α | τρίχ-α |
| Voc. | Αἰθίοψ | φλέψ | φύλαξ | φάλαγξ | αἴξ | θρίξ |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | Αἰθίοπ-ε | φλέβ-ε | φύλακ-ε | φάλαγγ-ε | αἶγ-ε | τρίχ-ε |
| G. D. | Αἰθιόπ-οιν | φλεβ-οῖν | φυλάκ-οιν | φαλάγγ-οιν | αἰγ-οῖν | τριχ-οῖν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | Αἰθίοπ-ες | φλέβ-ες | φύλακ-ες | φάλαγγ-ες | αἶγ-ες | τρίχ-ες |
| Gen. | Αἰθιόπ-ων | φλεβ-ῶν | φυλάκ-ων | φαλάγγ-ων | αἰγ-ῶν | τριχ-ῶν |
| Dat. | Αἰθίο ψι ( ν ) | φλεψί ( ν ) | φύλαξι ( ν ) | φάλαγξι ( ν ) | αἰξί ( ν ) | θριξί( ν ) |
| Acc. | Αἰθίοπ-ας | φλέβ-ας | φύλακ-ας | φάλαγγ-ας | αἶγ-ας | τρίχ-ας |
Masculine: κλώψ thief (κλωπ-), γύ̄ψ vulture (γῡπ-), Ἄραψ Arab (Ἀραβ-), θώρᾱξ breastplate (θωρᾱκ-), ὄνυξ nail (ὀνυχ-). Feminine: κλῖμαξ ladder (κλῑμακ-), μάστῐξ whip (μαστῑγ-, 254 b), σάλπιγξ trumpet (σαλπιγγ-), κατῆλιψ upper story (κατηλιφ-).
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| ὁ θής | ἡ ἐλπίς | ἡ χάρις | ὁ ἡ ὄρνῑς | ὁ γίγᾱς | ὁ γέρων | |
| (θητ-) | (ἐλπιδ-) | (χαριτ-) | (ὀρνῑθ-) | (γιγαντ-) | (γεροντ-) | |
| serf | hope | grace | bird | giant | old man | |
| Nom. | θής | ἐλπίς | χάρις | ὄρνῑς | γίγᾱς | γέρων |
| Gen. | θητ-ός | ἐλπίδ-ος | χάριτ-ος | ὄρνῑθ-ος | γίγαντ-ος | γέροντ-ος |
| Dat. | θητ-ί | ἐλπίδ-ι | χάριτ-ι | ὄρνῑθ-ι | γίγαντ-ι | γέροντ-ι |
| Acc. | θῆτ-α | ἐλπίδ-α | χάριν | ὄρνῑν | γίγαντ-α | γέροντ-α |
| Voc. | θής | ἐλπί | χάρι | ὄρνῑ | γίγαν | γέρον |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | θῆτ-ε | ἐλπίδ-ε | χάριτ-ε | ὄρνῑθ-ε | γίγαντ-ε | γέροντ-ε |
| G. D. | θητ-οῖν | ἐλπίδ-οιν | χαρίτ-οιν | ὀρνί̄θ-οιν | γιγάντ-οιν | γερόντ-οιν |
| PLURAL | |||||||
| N. V. | θῆτ-ες | ἐλπίδ-ες | χάριτ-ες | ὄρνῑθ-ες | γίγαντ-ες | γέροντ-ες | |
| Gen. | θητ-ῶν | ἐλπίδ-ων | χαρίτ-ων | ὀρνί̄θ-ων | γιγάντ-ων | γερόντ-ων | |
| Dat. | θησί ( ν ) | ἐλπίσι ( ν ) | χάρισι ( ν ) | ὄρνῑσι ( ν ) | γίγᾱσι ( ν ) | γέρουσι ( ν ) | |
| Acc. | θῆτ-ας | ἐλπίδ-ας | χάριτ-ας | ὄρνῑθ-ας | γίγαντ-ας | γέροντ-ας |
Masculine: γέλως laughter (γελωτ-), ἐλέφᾱς elephant (ἐλεφαντ-), λέων lion (λεοντ-), ὀδούς tooth (ὀδοντ-), voc. ὀδούς. Feminine: ἐσθής clothing (ἐσθητ-), ἔρις strife (ἐριδ-), ἀσπίς shield (ἀσπιδ-), πατρίς fatherland (πατριδ-), κόρυς helmet (κορυθ-).
a. In πούς foot, Doric πώς (stem ποδ-) ου is irregular.
χρώς skin (χρωτ-) and some other words often show a stem with no τ. Thus, Hom. χροός, χροΐ (also Hdt.), χρόα, and also, but rarely, χρωτός, χρῶτα. Hom. has ἱδρῷ, γέλῳ, ἔρῳ for Att. ἱδρῶτι (ἱδρώς sweat), γέλωτι (γέλως laughter), ἔρωτι (ἔρως love). Hom. has also acc. ἱδρῶ, γέλω (or γέλων), ἔρον (from ἔρος). Some stems in -ιδ are generally ι stems in Ionic, Doric, and Aeolic: Θέτις, Θέτιος (but Θέτιδος Θ 370), Πάρις, Πάριος.
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| σῶμα body | ἧπαρ liver | τέρας portent | κέρας horn | |||
| (σωματ-) | (ἡπατ-) | (τερατ-) | (κερᾱτ-, κερασ-) | |||
| N. A. V. | σῶμα | ἧπαρ | τέρας | κέρας | ||
| Gen. | σώματ-ος | ἥπατ-ος | τέρατ-ος | κέρᾱτ-ος | (κέρα-οσ) | κέρως |
| Dat. | σώματ-ι | ἥπατ-ι | τέρατ-ι | κέρᾱτ-ι | (κέρα-ϊ) | κέραι |
| DUAL | ||||||
| σῶμα body | ἧπαρ liver | τέρας portent | κέρας horn | |||
| (σωματ-) | (ἡπατ-) | (τερατ-) | (κερᾱτ-, κερασ-) | |||
| N. A. V. | σώματ-ε | ἥπατ-ε | τέρατ-ε | κέρᾱτ-ε | (κέρα-ε) | κέρᾱ |
| G. D. | σωμάτ-οιν | ἡπάτ-οιν | τεράτ-οιν | κερά̄τ-οιν | (κερά-οιν) | κερῷν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | σώματ-α | ἥπατ-α | τέρατ-α | κέρᾱτ-α | (κέρα-α) | κέρᾱ |
| Gen. | σωμάτ-ων | ἡπάτ-ων | τεράτ-ων | κερά̄τ-ων | (κερά-ων) | κερῶν |
| Dat. | σώμασι ( ν ) | ἥπασι ( ν ) | τέρασι ( ν ) | κέρᾱσι ( ν ) | ||
| Acc. | σώματ-α | ἥπατ-α | τέρατ-α | κέρᾱτ-α | (κέρα-α) | κέρᾱ |
ὄνομα name (ὀνοματ-), στόμα mouth (στοματ), μέλι honey (μελιτ-), γάλα milk (γαλακτ-, 133 b), φῶς light (φωτ-), κῆρ heart (for κηρδ-, 133 b).
a. Stems in ας (264) drop ς before the endings and contract αο, αω to ω, and αα to ᾱ.
b. κέρας, meaning wing of an army, is declined from the stem κερασ- (ἐπὶ κέρως in single file); in the meaning horn, from the stem κερᾱτ-.
c. For the inflection ἧπαρ, ἥπατ-ος, see 253 b. Of like inflection are ἄλειφαβ fat, φρέᾱρ cistern, δέλεαρ bait, and poetic ἦμαρ day, εἶδαρ food, πεῖραρ end.
d. τέρας, κέρας form their nominative from a stem in ς. So, too, πέρας end πέρατ-ος, φῶς light (contracted from φάος) φωτ-ός (253 c).
The other dialects rarely show the τ forms. Hom. has τέρας, τέραα (τείρεα), τεράων, τεράεσσι, κέρας, κέραος, κέραι, κέρα, κεράων, κέρασι and κεράεσσι. Hdt. has ε for α before a vowel (cp. 264 D. 3) in τέρεος, τέρεα (also τέρατος, τέρατα), κέρεος, κέρει, κέρεα, κερέων. Hom. has πεῖρας πείρατος for πέρας πέρατος. From φάος (φόως), whence φῶς, he has dat. φάει, pl. φά̄εα. φάος is used in tragedy.
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| ὁ θήρ | ὁ ῥήτωρ | ἡ ῥῑς | ἡγεμών | ἀγών | ποιμήν | |
| (θηρ-) | (ῥητορ-) | (ῥῑν-) | (ἡγεμον-) | (ἀγων-) | (ποιμεν-) | |
| wild beast | orator | nose | leader | contest | shepherd | |
| Nom. | θήρ | ῥήτωρ | ῥί̄ς | ἡγεμών | ἀγών | ποιμήν |
| Gen. | θηρ-ός | ῥήτορ-ος | ῥῑν-ός | ἡγεμόν-ος | ἀγῶν-ος | ποιμέν-ος |
| Dat. | θηρ-ί | ῥήτορ-ι | ῥῑν-ί | ἡγεμόν-ι | ἀγῶν-ι | ποιμέν-ι |
| Acc. | θῆρ-α | ῥήτορ-α | ῥῖν-α | ἡγεμόν-α | ἀγῶν-α | ποιμέν-α |
| Voc. | θήρ | ῥῆτορ | ῥί̄ς | ἡγεμών | ἀγών | ποιμήν |
| DUAL | ||||||
| ὁ θήρ | ὁ ῥήτωρ | ἡ ῥῑς | ἡγεμών | ἀγών | ποιμήν | |
| (θηρ-) | (ῥητορ-) | (ῥῑν-) | (ἡγεμον-) | (ἀγων-) | (ποιμεν-) | |
| wild beast | orator | nose | leader | contest | shepherd | |
| N. A. V. | θῆρ-ε | ῥήτορ-ε | ῥῖν-ε | ἡγεμόν-ε | ἀγῶν-ε | ποιμέν-ε |
| G. D. | θηρ-οῖν | ῥητόρ-οιν | ῥῑν-οῖν | ἡγεμόν-οιν | ἀγών-οιν | ποιμέν-οιν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | θῆρ-ες | ῥήτορ-ες | ῥῖν-ες | ἡγεμόν-ες | ἀγῶν-ες | ποιμέν-ες |
| Gen. | θηρ-ῶν | ῥητόρ-ων | ῥῑν-ῶν | ἡγεμόν-ων | ἀγών-ων | ποιμέν-ων |
| Dat. | θηρ-σί ( ν ) | ῥήτορ-σι ( ν ) | ῥῑσί ( ν ) | ἡγεμόσι ( ν ) | ἀγῶσι ( ν ) | ποιμέσι ( ν ) |
| Acc. | θῆρ-ας | ῥήτορ-ας | ῥῖν-ας | ἡγεμόν-ας | ἀγῶν-ας | ποιμέν-ας |
ὁ αἰθήρ upper air (αἰθερ-), ὁ κρᾱτήρ mixing bowl (κρᾱτηρ-), ὁ φώρ thief (φωρ-), τὸ νέκταρ nectar (νεκταρ-), ὁ δελφί̄ς dolphin (δελφῑν-), ὁ Ἕλλην Greek (Ἑλλην-), ὁ δαίμων divinity (δαιμον-), voc. δαῖμον, 249 b. The only λ stem is ὁ ἅλς salt (pl. grains of salt); ἡ ἅλς (poetic) means sea. ὁ μήν month was originally a sigma stem (μηνσ-, cp. mensis).
Late Greek shows δελφί̄ν, ῥί̄ν, θί̄ν shore (Hom. θί̄ς). ἕλμινς worm in Hippocrates has its ν from the oblique cases. Hom. has ἠέρι, ἠέρα from ἀ̄ήρ air; from Κρονί̄ων Hom. has Κρονί̆ωνος and Κρονί̄ονος. μάκαρς is Doric for μάκᾱρ happy. Pind. has φρασί (250 N.). Ionic μείς, Doric μής are from μενς for μηνς (40, 37 D. 1, 2). Aeolic gen. μῆννος is from μηνσ-ος.
Accusative Sing.—Ἀπόλλω and Ποσειδῶ are found as well as Ἀπόλλωνα, Ποσειδῶνα. The shorter forms are regular in inscriptions, and occur especially in expressions of swearing after νὴ τόν, μὰ τόν (1596 b).
κυκεών potion usually has κυκεῶ for κυκεῶνα.
Vocative.—σωτήρ preserver, Ἀπόλλων, Ποσειδῶν (from Ποσειδέων, -ά̄ων, -ᾱϝων) have voc. σῶτερ, Ἄπολλον, Πόσειδον with recessive accent. Recessive accent also occurs in compound proper names in -ων; as Ἀγαμέμνων, Ἀγάμεμνον; Αὐτομέδων, Αὐτόμεδον; Φιλήμων, Φιλῆμον; but not in those in -φρων (Εὐθύφρον). Λακεδαίμων has Λακεδαῖμον.
Several words in -τηρ show three forms of stem gradation: -τηρ strong, -τερ middle, -τρ weak. ρ between consonants becomes ρα (35 b). The vocative has recessive accent. ἀνήρ man has the weak form in ρ even before vowels; between ν and ρ, δ is inserted by 130.
| SINGULAR | ||||
| ὁ πατήρ | ἡ μήτηρ | ἡ θυγάτηρ | ὁ ἀνήρ | |
| (πατερ-) | (μητερ-) | (θυγατερ-) | (ἀνερ- or ἀν(δ)ρ-) | |
| father | mother | daughter | man | |
| Nom. | πατήρ | μήτηρ | θυγάτηρ | ἀνήρ |
| Gen. | πατρ-ός | μητρ-ός | θυγατρ-ός | ἀνδρ-ός |
| Dat. | πατρ-ί | μητρ-ί | θυγατρ-ί | ἀνδρ-ί |
| Acc. | πατέρ-α | μητέρ-α | θυγατέρ-α | ἄνδρ-α |
| Voc. | πάτερ | μῆτερ | θύγατερ | ἄνερ |
| DUAL | ||||
| N. A. V. | πατέρ-ε | μητέρ-ε | θυγατέρ-ε | ἄνδρ-ε |
| G. D. | πατέρ-οιν | μητέρ-οιν | θυγατέρ-οιν | ἀνδρ-οῖν |
| PLURAL | ||||
| N. V. | πατέρ-ες | μητέρ-ες | θυγατέρ-ες | ἄνδρ-ες |
| Gen. | πατέρ-ων | μητέρ-ων | θυγατέρ-ων | ἀνδρ-ῶν |
| Dat. | πατρά-σι ( ν ) | μητρά-σι ( ν ) | θυγατρά-σι ( ν ) | ἀνδρά-σι ( ν ) |
| Acc. | πατέρ-ας | μητέρ-ας | θυγατέρ-ας | ἄνδρ-ας |
a. The accent in the weak forms of μήτηρ, θυγάτηρ in the gen. and dat. sing. follows that of πατρός, πατρί.
b. γαστήρ belly, has γαστρός, etc. Δημήτηρ is inflected Δήμητρος, Δήμητρι, Δήμητρα, Δήμητερ.
c. ἀστήρ star has gen. ἀστέρος, dat. ἀστέρι, dat. pl. ἀστράσι.
Poetry often has πατέρος, πατέρι, μητέρος, μητέρι, etc. Poetical are πατρῶν; θυγατέρι, θύγατρα, θύγατρες, θυγατρῶν, θυγατέρεσσι, θύγατρας, γαστέρος, etc.; and ἀνέρος, ἀνέρι, ἀνέρα, ἀνέρες, ἀνέρων, ἀνέρας all with long α. Hom. has ἄνδρεσσι and ἀνδράσι (with -ασι only in this word), Δήμητρος and Δημήτερος.
Stems in sigma are contracted where ς falls out between the vowel of the stem and the vowel of the ending (120). Thus, γένος race, gen. γενε(σ)-ος γένους, dat. γενε(σ)-ι γένει, cp. Lat. genus gener-is (for genes-is), gener-i.
a. The masculine and feminine accusative plural, when it is contracted, borrows the form of the contracted nominative plural. -εις is not derived from -εας. In the dative plural the union of ς of the stem and ς of the ending produces σς, which is reduced to ς without lengthening the preceding vowel (107).
b. Masculine stems in ες with the nominative in -ης are proper names; the feminine τριήρης trireme is an adjective used substantively (properly, triply fitted; ἡ τριήρης (ναῦς) ‘ship with three banks of oars’).
c. Neuters with stems in ες have -ος in the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular; neuters with stems in ας have -ας in these cases.
d. Some stems in ας have also a stem in ατ or ᾱτ (258).
| ὁ Σωκράτης Socrates | ὁ Δημοσθένης Demosthenes | |||
| (Σωκρατεσ-) | (Δημοσθενεσ-) | |||
| Nom. | Σωκράτης | Δημοσθένης | ||
| Gen. | (Σωκράτε-οσ) | Σωκράτους | (Δημοσθένε-οσ) | Δημοσθένους |
| Dat. | (Σωκράτε-ι) | Σωκράτει | (Δημοσθένε-ι) | Δημοσθένει |
| Acc. | (Σωκράτε-α) | Σωκράτη | (Δημοσθένε-α) | Δημοσθένη |
| Voc. | Σώκρατες | Δημόσθενες |
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| ἡ τριήρης | τὸ γένος | τὸ γέρας | ||||
| (τριηρεσ-) | (γενεσ-) | (γερασ-) | ||||
| trireme | race | prize | ||||
| Nom. | τριήρης | γένος | γέρας | |||
| Gen. | (τριήρε-οσ) | τριήρους | (γένε-οσ) | γένους | (γέρα-οσ) | γέρως |
| Dat. | (τριήρε-ι) | τριήρει | (γένε-ι) | γένει | (γέρα-ι) | γέραι |
| Acc. | (τριήρε-α) | τριήρη | γένος | γέρας | ||
| Voc. | τριῆρες | γένος | γέρας |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | (τριήρε-ε) | τριήρει | (γένε-ε) | γένει | (γέρα-ε) | γέρᾱ |
| G. D. | (τριηρέ-οιν) | τριήροιν | (γενέ-οιν) | γενοῖν | (γερά-οιν) | γερῷν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | (τριήρε-εσ) | τριήρεις | (γένε-α) | γένη | (γέρα-α) | γέρᾱ |
| Gen. | (τριηρέ-ων) | τριήρων | (γενέ-ων) | γενῶν | (γερά-ων) | γερῶν |
| Dat. | (τριήρεσ-σι) | τριήρεσι ( ν ) | (γένεσ-σι) | γένεσι ( ν ) | (γέρασ-σι) | γέρασι ( ν )</ |
| Acc. | τριήρεις | (γένε-α) | γένη | (γέρα-α) | γέρᾱ |
Διογένης Diogenes, Ἱπποκράτης Hippocrates. Neuters: ἔτος year, εὖρος width, ξίφος sword, τεῖχος wall, γῆρας old age, κρέας flesh (for κέρας horn see 258).
a. Proper names in -ης have recessive accent in the vocative.
b. Proper names in -γένης, -κράτης, -μένης, -φάνης, etc., may have an accus. in -ην derived from the first declension. Thus, Σωκράτην, Ἀριστοφάνην, like Ἀτρείδην (222, 282 N.). But names in -κλῆς (265) have only -εᾱ.
c. Proper names in -ης often show -εος, -εα in the lyric parts of tragedy.
d. Neuters in -ος often show open forms (especially -εων) in Attic poetry. -εων is frequent in Xenophon.
e. τριήροιν and τριήρων have irregular accent by analogy to the other forms.
f. A preceding ρ does not prevent the contraction of εα to η, as ὄρη from τὸ ὄρος mountain (cp. 31. 1).
g. The dat. sing. of ας stems is properly -ᾰι; but -ᾳ is often written on the authority of the ancient grammarians. This ᾳ may possibly be due to the analogy of ᾳ in ᾱ stems.
1. Hom. uses the open or the closed forms according to convenience. -ευς occurs in the gen. of a few words in -ος (βέλευς); -εων is often a monosyllable (60), as is the accus. sing. and pl. -εα from nom. -ης or -ος. Hdt. has open -εος, -εα, -εες (?), -εα. In the dat. pl. Hom. has βέλεσσι, βέλεσι, and βελέεσσι (250 D. 2) from βέλος missile.
2. Stems in ας are generally uncontracted in Hom. (γήραος, γήραϊ), but we find -αι in the dat. sing., κρεῶν and κρειῶν in the gen. pl. In the nom. and acc. pl. α is short (γέρᾰ), and this is sometimes the case even in Attic poetry (κρέᾰ). The explanation is obscure (γέρᾰ does not stand for γέρα᾽). Hom. has δέπασσι and δεπάεσσι (δέπας cup).
3. In Hom. and Hdt. several words in -ας show ε for α before a vowel (cp. ὁρέω in Hdt. for ὁράω). Hom.: οὖδας ground, οὔδεος, οὔδεϊ and οὔδει; κῶας fleece, κώεα, κώεσι; Hdt.: γέρας, γέρεος, but κρέας, κρέως, κρεῶν. In Attic poetry: βρέτας image, βρέτεος, βρέτει, etc. Cp. 258 D.
When -εσ- of the stem is preceded by ε, the forms are inflected as follows: τὸ δέος fear (δεεσ-), Περικλῆς from Περικλέης Pericles (Περικλεεσ-):
| Nom. | δέος | (Περικλέησ) | Περικλῆς | |
| Gen. | (δέε-οσ) | δέους | (Περικλέε-οσ) | Περικλέους |
| Dat. | (δέε-ι) | δέει | (Περικλέε-ι) | Περικλεῖ |
| Acc. | δέος | (Περικλέε-α) | Περικλέᾱ | |
| Voc. | δέος | (Περίκλεεσ) | Περίκλεις | |
| So Ἡρακλῆς Heracles, Σοφοκλῆς Sophocles. |
a. After ε, εα contracts to ᾱ (56). On the contraction of -εεος, see 55.
b. δέος is uncontracted because the form was originally δε[ιγλιδε]ος (58).
Hom. has κλέα (for κλέα᾽?), and from -κλῆς: -ῆος, -ῆι; Hdt.: -έος (for -έεος), -έϊ, -εᾰ. For -ῆος, -ῆα the open -έεος, -έεα may be read. Attic poetry often has the open forms -έης (also in prose inscrip.), -έει, -εες.
ἡ αἰδώς shame is the only ος stem in Attic. It is inflected in the singular only. Nom. αἰδώς , Gen. αἰδοῦς (αἰδό-ος), Dat. αἰδοῖ (αἰδό-ι), Acc. αἰδῶ (αἰδό-α), Voc. αἰδώς .
Hom. and Ion. ἡ ἠώς dawn (ἠοσ-) is inflected like αἰδώς. For αἰδοῦς, ἠῶ we may read αἰδόος, ἠόα and some other open forms in Hom. The Attic form ἕως is declined according to 238; but the accus. is ἕω (238 d). Hom. has ἱδρόα from ἱδρώς sweat (usually a τ stem). Cp. 257 D.
Stems in ωϝ have lost vau and appear as ω stems. This ω contracts with the case endings in the dative and accusative singular and in the nominative and accusative plural. Stems in ωϝ are masculine.
| SINGULAR | DUAL | PLURAL | ||
| Nom. | ἥρως hero | N. A. V. | ἥρω-ε | N. V. ἥρω-ες (rarely ἥρωσ ) |
| Gen. | ἥρω-ος | G. D. | ἡρώ-οιν | Gen. ἡρώ-ων |
| Dat. | ἥρω-ι (usually ἥρῳ ) | Dat. ἥρω-σι ( ν ) | ||
| Acc. | ἥρω-α (usually ἥρω ) | Acc. ἥρω-ας (rarely ἥρωσ ) | ||
| Voc. | ἥρως |
Τρώς Trojan (252 a), πάτρως father's brother, μήτρως mother's brother, δμως slave (poetic, cp. 252 a).
a. Forms of the Attic second declension (237) are gen. ἥρω, Μί̄νω, acc. ἥρων; dual ἥρῳν (on an inscription).
Hom. has ἥρωϊ (for ἥρῳ read ἡρω̆ϊ), ἥρωα (or ἥρω᾽), ἥρωες ἥρωας, Μί̄νωα and Μί̄νω. Hdt. has the gen. Μί̄νω and Μί̄νωος, the acc. πάτρων, ἥρων, but μήτρωα.
Most stems in ι and some stems in υ show the pure stem vowel only in the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular. In the other cases they show an ε in place of ι and υ, and -ως instead of -ος in the genitive singular. Contraction takes place when this ε stands before ε, ι, or α of the case ending.
| SINGULAR | |||||
| ἡ πόλις city | ὁ πῆχυς forearm | τὸ ἄστυ town | ἡ σῦς sow | ὁ ἰχθύ̄ς fish | |
| (πολι-) | (πηχυ-) | (ἀστυ-) | (συ-) | (ἰχθυ-) | |
| Nom. | πόλι-ς | πῆχυ-ς | ἄστυ | σῦ-ς | ἰχθύ̄-ς |
| Gen. | πόλε-ως | πήχε-ως | ἄστε-ως | συ-ός | ἰχθύ-ος |
| Dat. | (πόλε-ι) πόλει | (πήχε-ι) πήχει | (ἄστε-ι) ἄστει | συ-ΐ | ἰχθύ-ϊ |
| Acc. | πόλι-ν | πῆχυ-ν | ἄστυ | σῦ-ν | ἰχθύ̄-ν |
| Voc. | πόλι | πῆχυ | ἄστυ | σῦ | ἰχθύ̄ |
| DUAL | |||||
| N.A.V. | (πόλε-ε) πόλει | (πήχε-ε) πήχει | (ἄστε-ε) ἄστει | σύ-ε | ἰχθύ-ε |
| G. D. | πολέ-οιν | πηχέ-οιν | ἀστέ-οιν | συ-οῖν | ἰχθύ-οιν |
| PLURAL | |||||
| N. V. | (πόλε-ες) πόλεις | (πήχε-ες) πήχεις | (ἄστε-α) ἄστη | σύ-ες | ἰχθύ-ες |
| Gen. | πόλε-ων | πήχε-ων | ἄστε-ων | συ-ῶν | ἰχθύ-ων |
| Dat. | πόλε-σι ( ν ) | πήχε-σι ( ν ) | ἄστε-σι ( ν ) | συ-σί ( ν ) | ἰχθύ-σι ( ν ) |
| Acc. | πόλεις | πήχεις | (ἄστε-α) ἄστη | σῦς | ἰχθῦς |
1. ι stems. a. Doric, Aeolic, and New Ionic retain the ι stem without variation in all cases: πόλις, πόλιος, πόλῑ (from πολι-ι) and rarely πόλει in Hdt., πόλιν, πόλι, πόλιες, πολίων, πόλισι, πόλῑς from πόλινς (Cretan), and πόλιας.
b. Hom. has πόλις, πόλιος, πόλῑ, πόλει or -ιϊ (for which some read πόλῑ, as κόνῑ; πόσεϊ is correct) and πτόλεϊ, πόλιν, πόλι; pl. πόλιες, πολίων, πόλεσι (some read instead πόλισι) or πολίεσσι (250 D. 2) ἐπάλξεσιν, πόλῑς or πόλιας (πόλεις appears in some texts).
c. Hom. has also forms with η: πόληος, πόληι, πόληες, πόληας.
2. υ stems. a. Ionic, Doric, and Aeolic have the open forms πήχεες, ἄστεϊ, ἄστεα; in the gen. sing. -ος, never -ως (πήχεος, ἄστεος). In the dat. sing. of words of more than one syllable Hom. has -υϊ or -υι, as νέκυι (νέκυς corpse), but Hdt. does not show -υι.
b. The gen. pl. has the regular accent (πηχέων, ἀστέων). On the dat. πελέκεσσι, νέκυσσι, πίτυσσι (some would read νέκῡσι, πίτῡσι), νεκύεσσι, see 250 D. 2. Hom. has accus. ἰχθῦς and ἰχθύας, Hdt. has ἰχθύας very rarely.
Stems in ι and υ are of two kinds:—
1. a. Stems in ι, with genitive in -εως, as (masc.) μάντις seer, ἔχις viper; (fem.) πόλις city, ποίησις poetry, δύναμις power, στάσις faction, ὕβρις outrage. Neuter nominatives in -ι are not used in classical prose.
b. Stems in ι, with genitive in -ιος, as ὁ κί̄ς weevil, gen. κῑ-ός, dat. κῑ-ί; and so in proper names in -ις, as Λύγδαμις Lygdamis, gen. Λυγδάμιος.
2. a. Stems in υ, with genitive in -υος; as (masc.) μῦς mouse, βότρυς cluster of grapes, ἰχθύ̄ς fish; (fem.) δρῦς oak, ὀφρύ̄ς eyebrow, ἰσχύ̄ς force.
b. Stems in υ, with genitive in -εως: (masc.) πῆχυς forearm, πέλεκυς axe; (neut.) ἄστυ town.
N. 1.—In the nom., acc., and voc. sing. barytone stems in υ have short υ; oxytone substantives (usually) and monosyllables have ῡ; and monosyllables circumflex the ῡ (σῦς, σῦν, σῦ).
N. 2.—ἡ ἔγχελυς eel follows ἰχθύ̄ς in the singular (ἐγχέλυ-ος, etc.), but πῆχυς in the plural (ἐγχέλεις, etc.). But this does not hold for Aristotle.
Stems in ι and υ vary with stronger stems, of which ε in the cases other than nom., acc., and voc. sing. is a survival. Thus:
a. ι, υ, as in πόλι-ς, πῆχυ-ς.
b. ει, ευ, which before vowels lost their ι and υ (43), as in πολε([ιγλιδε])-ι, πολε([ιγλιδε])-ες, πηχε([υγλιδε])-ες; which contract to πόλει, πόλεις, πήχεις.
c. There is also a stem in η, as in Hom. πόλη-ος (268 D. 1, c), whence πόλε-ως.
N. 1.—πόλε-ος in Attic poetry for the sake of the metre is due to the analogy of υ stems with gen. in -ε-ος (ἡδέ-ος, 297). Hom. πήχε-ος is the regular form (from πηχε([υγλιδε])-ος). Attic πήχε-ως follows πόλεως. πόλε-σι and πήχε-σι for πόλι-σι and πήχυ-σι are due to the analogy of forms from stems in ει, ευ (πόλε-ων, πήχε-ων, etc.).
N. 2.—The dual πόλεε occurs in some Mss.
Accent.—Final -ως of the genitive singular does not prevent the acute from standing on the antepenult (163 a). Thus πόλε-ως, πήχε-ως, ἄστε-ως. πόλε-ως retains the accent of the earlier πόλη-ος, which, by transference of quantity (34), became πόλε-ως. The accent of the gen. pl. follows that of the gen. sing.
Accusative plural.—πόλεις, πήχεις are borrowed from the nominative. ἰχθῦς is from ἰχθυν-ς. ἰχθύας occurs in late Greek. Cp. 251 a.
Contraction.—ἰχθῦ (once) for ἰχθύε and ἰχθῦς for ἰχθύες occur in comedy. ἰχθῦ is not a legitimate contraction, as υ cannot contract with ε (51 c). ἰχθῦς (for ἰχθύες) is the accus. form used as the nom. (251 b).
οἶς sheep is declined as follows: οἶς, οἰ-ός, οἰ-ι´, οἶ-ν, οἶ; dual, οἶ-ε, οἰ-οῖν; pl. οἶ-ες, οἰ-ῶν, οἰ-σί, οἶ-ς. Here the stem is οι᾽, representing ὀϝι, which is properly an ι stem: ὀϝι-ς, Lat. ovi-s.
Hom. has ὄϊς, ὀΐος and οἰός, ὄϊν, ὄϊες, ὀΐων and οἰῶν, ὀΐεσσι (οἴεσσι ο 386) and ὄεσσι, ὄϊσ(ῑ).
| SINGULAR | ||||
| ὁ βασιλεύ-ς | ἡ γραῦ-ς | ἡ ναῦ-ς | ὁ, ἡ βοῦ-ς | |
| king | old woman | ship | ox, cow | |
| Nom. | βασιλεύ-ς | γραῦ-ς | ναῦ-ς | βοῦ-ς |
| Gen. | βασιλέ-ως | γρᾱ-ός | νε-ώς | βο-ός |
| Dat. (βασιλέ-ι) | βασιλεῖ | γρᾱ-ΐ | νη-ΐ | βο-ΐ |
| Acc. | βασιλέ-ᾱ | γραῦ-ν | ναῦ-ν | βοῦ-ν |
| Voc. | βασιλεῦ | γραῦ | ναῦ | βοῦ |
| DUAL | ||||
| N. A. V. | βασιλῆ | γρᾶ-ε | νῆ-ε | βό-ε |
| G. D. | βασιλέ-οιν | γρᾱ-οῖν | νε-οῖν | βο-οῖν |
| PLURAL | ||||
| N. V. | ( βασιλῆς , later ) | γρᾶ-ες | νῆ-ες | βό-ες |
| ( βασιλεῖς | ||||
| Gen. | βασιλέ-ων | γρᾱ-ῶν | νε-ῶν | βο-ῶν |
| Dat. | βασιλεῦ-σι ( ν ) | γραυ-σί ( ν ) | ναυ-σί ( ν ) | βου-σί ( ν ) |
| Acc. | βασιλέ-ᾱς | γραῦ-ς | ναῦ-ς | βοῦ-ς |
Like βασιλεύς are declined the masculine oxytones ὁ ἱππεύς horseman, ὁ ἱερεύς priest, ὁ γονεύς parent, ὁ φονεύς murderer; like βοῦς is declined ὁ χοῦς threequart measure (but acc. χόᾱ and χόας).
1. Hom. has βασιλῆος, -ῆι, -ῆα, -εῦ, -ῆες, -εῦσι (and -ήεσσι), -ῆας. Also -έος, -έϊ, -έᾰ, from the stem εϝ ῀ ε[υγλιδε]. -εῦς and -εῖ for -έος and -έϊ are not common. Ἀτρεύς, Τῡδεύς have -έ(ϝ)-ος etc. regularly (Τῡδῆ from Τῡδέα). Hdt. has -έος, -έϊ or -εῖ, -έᾰ, -εῦ, -έες, -έων, -εῦσι, -έᾰς.
2. Hom. has γρηῦς or γρηΰς, γρηΐ, γρηῦ and γρηΰ; the unattic βόεσσι (and βουσί), βόας (and βοῦς), βῶν acc. sing. H 238. The Doric nom. sing. is βῶς, acc. pl. βῶς.
3. The declension of ναῦς in Doric, Homer, and Herodotus is as follows:
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |||||
| Doric | Homer | Hdt. | Doric | Homer | Hdt. | |
| Nom. | ναῦ-ς | νηῦ-ς | νηῦ-ς | νᾶ-ες | νῆ-ες , | νέ-ες |
| νέ-ες | ||||||
| Gen. | νᾱ-ός | νη-ός , | νε-ός | νᾱ-ῶν | νη-ῶν , | νε-ῶν |
| νε-ός | (and νη-όσ ?) | νε-ῶν | ||||
| Dat. | νᾱ-ΐ | νη-ΐ | νη-ΐ | ναυ-σί ( ν ), | νηυ-σί ( ν ) | νηυ-σί |
| νά̄-εσσι ( ν ) | νή-εσσι ( ν ), νέ-εσσι ( ν ) | |||||
| Acc. | ναῦ-ν | νῆ-α , | νέ-α | νᾶ-ας | νῆ-ας , | νέ-ας |
| νέ-α | νέ-ας |
Hom. has ναυσί in ναυσικλυτός.
Substantives in -εύς preceded by a vowel may contract in the gen. and acc. sing. and pl. Thus, ἁλιεύς fisherman has gen. ἁλιέως or ἁλιῶς, acc. ἁλιέᾱ or ἁλιᾶ, gen. pl. ἁλιέων or ἁλιῶν, acc. pl. ἁλιέᾱς or ἁλιᾶς. All other forms are regular. The contracted forms were in use in the fifth century, but in the fourth (especially after 350 B.C.) the open forms are common. So are declined Εὐβοεύς Euboean from Εὐβοιεύς, Παιραιεύς Peiraeus, Πλαταιεύς Plataean.
Other Forms.—a. In the drama from words in -εύς we find rarely -έᾰ in acc. sing., -έᾰς in acc. pl. -έος and -ῆος, -ῆες, -ῆας are occasionally found.
b. The nom. pl. in older Attic ended in -ῆς (βασιλῆς), derived either from -ῆες by contraction or from -έης (once on an inscription) by 34. -ῆς occurs on inscriptions till about 350 B.C., and is the form to be adopted in the texts of authors of the fifth century and in Plato. -έες occurs rarely, but is suspected. βασιλεῖς (regular on inscriptions after 329 B.C.) is from analogy to ἡδεῖς.
c. The acc. pl. βασιλεῖς was not used till the end of the fourth century. -ῆς (the nom. form) is used for the acc. in a few passages (251 b).
Stem Variation.—Stems ending in ευ, αυ, ου lose υ before case endings beginning with a vowel, [υγλιδε] passing into ϝ (43). Stems in ευ show the pure form only in the vocative; other forms are derived from the stronger stem ηυ. ηυ and ᾱυ before a consonant become ευ, ᾰυ (40) as in βασιλεύς, βασιλεῦσι, ναῦς, ναυσί from βασιληυς, νᾱυς, etc. From βασιλῆ(ϝ)-ος, -ῆ(ϝ)-ι, -ῆ(ϝ)-α, -ῆ(ϝ)-ας come, by transfer of quantity (34), the Attic forms. So νεώς is derived from νη(ϝ)-ός. In βασιλέων, νεῶν, ε is shortened from the η of βασιλήων, νηῶν by 39. βο-ός, etc. are from the stem βου- βοϝ-, cp. Lat. bovis.
Stems in οι, with nominative in -ώ, turn ι into unwritten [ιγλιδε] (y) (43) before the endings beginning with a vowel. ἡ πειθώ persuasion is thus declined:
N. πειθώ . G. πειθοῦς (πειθό-ος). D. πειθοῖ (πειθό-ι). A. πειθώ (πειθό-α). V. πειθοῖ . Dual and plural are wanting.
So ἠχώ echo, εὐεστώ well-being, φειδώ sparing, Σαπφώ, Λητώ, Καλυψώ. οι stems are chiefly used for women's names.
a. A stronger form of the stem is ωι, seen in the earlier form of the nominative (Σαπφῴ, Λητῴ). The accusative has the accent of the nominative.
b. When dual and plural occur, they are of the second declension: nom. λεχοί (late) from λεχώ woman in child-bed, acc. γοργούς from γοργώ gorgon.
c. ἡ εἰκών image, ἡ ἀηδών nightingale, properly from stems in ον, have certain forms from this declension (εἰκοῦς, εἰκώ, voc. ἀηδοῖ).
In Ionic the forms are contracted (πειθοῦς, etc.). Hdt. has acc. Ἰ̄οῦν from Ἰ̄ώ, Λητοῦν, but also πειθώ.
Cases in -φι( ν ).—-φι(ν) is often added to noun stems in Hom. to express the relations of the lost instrumental, locative, and ablative, both singular and (more commonly) plural; rarely to express the relations of the genitive and dative cases. From ᾱ stems are made singulars, from ο stems singulars or plurals, from consonant stems almost always plurals. Except in θεό-φιν with the gods -φι(ν) is not added to a stem denoting a person. (a) Instrumental: βίη-φι by might, ἑτέρη-φι with the other (hand), δακρυό-φιν with tears; (b) Locative: θύρη-φι at the door, ὄρεσ-φι on the mountains; (c) Ablative: κεφαλῆ-φιν from off the head; especially with prepositions, as ἐκ ποντό-φιν from off the sea, ἀπὸ ναῦ-φιν from the ships.
The gender in the singular and in the plural may not be the same: ὁ σῖτος grain, τὰ σῖτα; ὁ δεσμός chain, τὰ δεσμά chains (οἱ δεσμοί cases of imprisonment); τὸ στάδιον stade, race-course, pl. τὰ στάδια and οἱ στάδιοι.
Usually the irregularity consists in a word having two different stems.
a. Both stems have a common nominative singular: σκότος darkness, σκότου σκότῳ, etc. (like ἵππου ἵππῳ) or σκότους σκότει (like γένους γένει). So τὸν Ἄθω, and τὸν Ἄθων from Ἄθως (238 d), τὸν Σωκράτη and τὸν Σωκράτην (264 b). These are called heteroclites (ἑτερόκλιτα differently declined).
N. Many compound proper names in -ης (especially names of foreigners) have forms of the 1 and 3 decl., as Τισσαφέρνης, -νους, -νῃ and -νει. So Θεοκρί̄νη (voc.) in Demosth., Λεωνίδην and Λεωνίδεα in Hdt.
b. Certain cases are formed from another stem than that of the nom. singular: ὁ ὄνειρο-ς dream, gen. ὀνείρατ-ος (as if from τὸ ὄνειραρ), or (less freq.) ὀνείρου; so τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα and τὸν Ἀπόλλω (260), τοῦ υἱέος and τοῦ υἱοῦ (285, 27). These are called metaplastic forms (μεταπλασμός change of formation).
Defectives are substantives having, by reason of their meaning or use, only one number or only certain cases. Thus, sing. only: ὁ ἀήρ air, ὁ αἰθήρ upper air; plur. only: τὰ Διονύ̄σια, τὰ Ὀλύμπια the Dionysiac (Olympic) festival, οἱ ἐτησίαι annual winds; in some cases only: ὦ μέλε my good sir or madam; ὄναρ dream; ὄφελος use only in nom.; λιβός λίβα from *λίψ stream, libation.
Indeclinables are substantives having one form for all cases: τὸ χρεών, τοῦ χρεών, etc. fatality, τὸ ἄλφα alpha, τὸ λέγειν to speak, most cardinal numbers (τὸ δέκα ten), several foreign words, as Ἰακώβ Jacob, Δαβίδ David.
1. Ἄρης (ὁ) Ares, stems Ἀρεσ-, Ἀρευ- from Ἀρες ϝ-. G. Ἄρεως (poet. Ἄρεος), D. Ἄρει, A. Ἄρη (poet. Ἄρεα), Ἄρην. Epic G. Ἄρηος, Ἄρεος, D. Ἄρηι, Ἄρεϊ, A. Ἄρηα, Ἄρην. Hdt. Ἄρεος, Ἄρει, Ἄρεα. Aeolic Ἄρευς, Ἄρευος, etc.
2. ἀρήν (ὁ, ἡ) lamb, sheep, stems ἀρεν-, ἀρν-, ἀρνα-. Thus, ἀρν-ός, ἀρν-ί, ἄρν-α, ἄρν-ες, ἀρν-ῶν, ἀρνά-σι (Hom. ἄρν-εσσι), ἄρν-ας (declined like a subst. in -ηρ). Nom. ἀρήν occurs on inscript. but ἀμνός (2 decl.) is commonly used.
3. γάλα (τό) milk (133), γάλακτ-ος, γάλακτ -ι, etc.
4. γέλως (ὁ) laughter, γέλωτ-ος, etc. Attic poets A. γέλωτα or γέλων. Hom. has D. γέλῳ, A. γέλω, γέλων or γέλοι (?) from Aeol. γέλος. Cp. 257 D.
5. γόνυ (τό) knee, γόνατ-ος, etc. Ionic and poetic γούνατ-ος, γούνατ-ι, etc. Epic also γουν-ός, γουν-ί, γοῦν-α, pl. γούν-ων, γούν-εσσι (250 D. 2). The forms in ου are from γονϝ- (37 D. 1, 253 c); cf. Lat. genu.
6. γυνή (ἡ) woman, γυναικ-ός, γυναικ-ί, γυναῖκ-α, γύναι (133); dual γυναῖκ-ε, γυναικ-οῖν; pl. γυναῖκ-ες, γυναικ-ῶν, γυναιξί, γυναῖκ-ας. The gen. and dat. of all numbers accent the last syllable (cp. ἀνήρ). Comic poets have A. γυνήν, γυνάς, N. pl. γυναί.
7. δάκρυον (τό) tear, δακρύου, etc., in prose and poetry. δάκρυ (τό) is usually poetic, D. pl. δάκρυσι.
8. δένδρον (τό) tree, δένδρου, etc. Also D. sing. δένδρει, pl. δένδρη, δένδρεσι. Hdt. has δένδρον, δένδρεον and δένδρος.
9. δέος (τό) fear (δεεσ-), δέους, δέει. Hom. δείους, 55 D. Cp. 265.
10. δόρυ (τό) spear, δόρατ-ος, δόρατ-ι, pl. δόρατ-α, etc. Poetic δορ-ός, δορ-ί (also in prose) and δόρ-ει (like ἄστει). Ionic and poetic δούρατ-ος, etc., Epic also δουρ-ός δουρ-ί, dual δοῦρ-ε, pl. δοῦρ-α, δούρ-ων, δούρ-εσσι (250 D. 2). The forms with ου are from δορϝ- (37 D. 1).
11. ἔρως (ὁ) love, ἔρωτ-ος, etc. Poetical ἔρος, ἔρῳ, ἔρον. Cp. 257 D.
12. Ζεύς (ὁ) Zeus, Δι-ός, Δι-ί, Δί-α, Ζεῦ. Ζεύς is from Διευς, Δι-ός, etc., from Διϝ-. Ionic and poetic Ζηνός, Ζηνί, Ζῆνα.
13. θέμις (ἡ) justice and the goddess Themis (θεμιδ-), θέμιδ-ος, θέμιδ-ι, θέμι-ν. Hom. has θέμιστ-ος, etc. Pind. θέμιτ-ος, θέμι-ν, θέμιτ-ες. Hdt. θέμι-ος. In the phrase θέμις εἶναι fas esse (indic. θέμις ἐστί), θέμις is indeclinable.
14. κάρᾱ (τό) head (poetic) used in Attic only in N. A. V. sing., but dat. κάρᾳ. Other cases are from the stem κρᾱτ-, G. κρᾱτ-ός, D. κρᾱ-τί; also τὸ κρᾶτ-α N. A. sing., κρᾶτ-ας A. pl.
Epic shows the stems κρᾱατ-, κρᾱτ-, καρηατ-, καρητ-. N. κάρη, G. κρά̄ατος, κρᾱτός, καρήατος, κάρητος, D. κρά̄ατι, κρᾱτί, καρήατι, κάρητι, A. κάρ. N. pl. κάρᾱ, κρά̄ατα, καρήατα, and κάρηνα, G. κρά̄των, καρήνων, D. κρᾱσί, A. κρᾶτα.
15. κύων· (ὁ, ἡ) dog, κυν-ός, κυν-ί, κύν-α, κύον; κύν-ε, κυν-οῖν; κύν-ες, κυν-ῶν, κυσί, κύν-ας.
16. λᾶας (ὁ) stone, poetic also λᾶς, G. λᾶος (or λά̄ου), D. λᾶϊ, A. λᾶαν, λᾶα; dual λᾶε; pl. λᾶ-ες, λά̄-ων, λά̄-εσσι, λά̄-εσι.
17. μάρτυς (ὁ, ἡ) witness, μάρτυρ-ος, etc., but D. pl. μάρτυ-σι. Hom. has N. μάρτυρος, pl. μάρτυροι.
18. Οἰδίπους ( ὁ ) Oedipus, G. Οἰδίποδος, Οἰδίπου, Οἰδιπόδᾱ (Dor.), D. Οἰδίποδι, A. Οἰδίπουν, Οἰδιπόδᾱν, V. Οἰδίπους, Οἰδίπου.
19. ὄνειρος (ὁ) and ὄνειρον (τό, Ionic and poetic) dream, ὀνείρου, etc., but also ὀνείρατ-ος, etc. τὸ ὄναρ only in N. A.
20. ὄρνῑς (ὁ, ἡ) bird (257). A. ὄρνῑθα and ὄρνῑν (247). Poetic ὄρνῐς, A. ὄρνῐν; pl. N. ὄρνεις, G. ὄρνεων, A. ὄρνεις or ὄρνῑς. Dor. G. ὄρνῑχ-ος, etc.
21. ὄσσε dual, two eyes, pl. G. ὄσσων, D. ὄσσοις (-οισι).
22. οὖς (τό) ear, ὠτ-ός, ὠτ-ί, pl. ὦτ-α, ὤτ-ων (252 a), ὠσί; from the stem ὠτ- contracted from οὐ(σ)ατ-, whence ο᾽([υγλιδε])ατ-. οὖς is from ὀος, whence also the Doric nom. ὦς. Hom. G. οὔατ-ος, pl. οὔατ-α, οὔασι and ὠσί.
23. Πνύξ (ἡ) Pnyx (128), Πυκν-ός, Πυκν-ί, Πύκν-α, and also Πνυκ-ός, Πνυκ-ί, Πνύκ-α.
24. πρεσβευτής (ὁ) envoy has in the pl. usually the forms of the poetic πρέσβυς old man, properly an adj., old. Thus, N. sing. πρεσβευτής, G. πρεσβευτοῦ, etc., N. pl. πρέσβεις, G. πρέσβεων, D. πρέσβεσι, A. πρέσβεις (rarely πρεσβευταί, etc.). πρέσβυς meaning old man is poetic in the sing. (A. πρέσβυν, V. πρέσβυ) and pl. (πρέσβεις); meaning envoy πρέσβυς is poetic and rare in the sing. (dual πρεσβῆ from πρεσβεύς). πρεσβύ̄της old man is used in prose and poetry in all numbers.
25. πῦρ (τό) fire (πῠρ-, 254 b), πυρ-ός, πυρ-ί, pl. τὰ πυρά watch-fires, 2nd decl.
26. ὕδωρ (τό) water, ὕδατ-ος, ὕδατ-ι, pl. ὕδατ-α, ὑδάτ-ων, etc. Cp. 253 b.
27. υἱός (ὁ) son has three stems: 1. υἱο-, whence υἱοῦ, etc., according to the 2nd decl. 2. υἱυ-, whence υἱέος, υἱεῖ, dual υἱεῖ, υἱέοιν, pl. υἱεῖς, υἱέων, υἱέσι, υἱεῖς. The stems υἱο- and υἱυ-, usually lose their ι (43): ὑοῦ, ὑέος, etc. 3. υἱ- in Hom. G. υἷος, D. υἷι, A. υἷα, dual υἷε, pl. υἷες, υἱάσι, υἷας.
28. χείρ (ἡ) hand, χειρ-ός, χειρ-ί, χεῖρ-α; dual χεῖρ-ε, χερ-οῖν; pl. χεῖρ-ες, χειρ-ῶν, χερ-σί, χεῖρ-ας. Poetic also χερ-ός, χερ-ί, etc.; dual, χειρ-οῖν. Att. inscr. have χειροῖν, χειρσί. Hom. agrees with Att. prose and Hdt. except that he has also χερ-ί, χείρ-εσσι χείρ-εσι.
29. χρώς (ὁ) skin, χρωτ-ός, χρωτ-ί (but χρῷ in the phrase ἐν χρῷ), χρῶτα. Poetic χρο-ός, χρο-ί̄, χρό-α, like αἰδώς, 266.
27. Hom. has also υἱός, υἱοῦ, υἱόν, υἱέ, υἱῶν, υἱοῖσι; υἱέος, υἱέϊ, υἱέα, υἱέες and υἱεῖς, υἱέας. υι sometimes makes a short syllable in υἱός, υἱόν, υἱέ (148 D. 3).
Adjectives of Three Endings.—Most adjectives of the vowel declension have three endings: -ος, -η (or -ᾱ), -ον. The masculine and neuter are declined according to the second declension, the feminine according to the first.
a. When ε, ι, or ρ (30, 218) precedes -ος the feminine ends in -ᾱ, not in -η. But adjectives in -οος (not preceded by ρ) have η. Thus, ὄγδοος, ὀγδόη, ὄγδοον eighth, ἀθρόος, ἀθρόᾱ, ἀθρόον crowded. See 290 e.
ἀγαθός good, ἄξιος worthy, μακρός long are thus declined:
| SINGULAR | |||||||||
| Nom. | ἀγαθός | ἀγαθή | ἀγαθόν | ἄξιος | ἀξίᾱ | ἄξιον | μακρός | μακρά | μακρόν |
| Gen. | ἀγαθοῦ | ἀγαθῆς | ἀγαθοῦ | ἀξίου | ἀξίᾱς | ἀξίου | μακροῦ | μακρᾶς | μακροῦ |
| Dat. | ἀγαθῷ | ἀγαθῇ | ἀγαθῷ | ἀξίῳ | ἀξίᾳ | ἀξίῳ | μακρῷ | μακρᾷ | μακρῷ |
| Acc. | ἀγαθόν | ἀγαθήν | ἀγαθόν | ἄξιον | ἀξίᾱν | ἄξιον | μακρόν | μακράν | μακρόν |
| Voc. | ἀγαθέ | ἀγαθή | ἀγαθόν | ἄξιε | ἀξίᾱ | ἄξιον | μακρέ | μακρά | μακρόν |
| DUAL | |||||||||
| N. A. V. | ἀγαθώ | ἀγαθά̄ | ἀγαθώ | ἀξίω | ἀξίᾱ | ἀξίω | μακρώ | μακρά | μακρώ |
| G. D. | ἀγαθοῖν | ἀγαθαῖν | ἀγαθοῖν | ἀξίοιν | ἀξίαιν | ἀξίοιν | μακροῖν | μακραῖν | μακροῖν |
| PLURAL | |||||||||
| N. V. | ἀγαθοί | ἀγαθαί | ἀγαθά | ἄξιοι | ἄξιαι | ἄξια | μακροί | μακραί | μακρά |
| Gen. | ἀγαθῶν | ἀγαθῶν | ἀγαθῶν | ἀξίων | ἀξίων | ἀξίων | μακρῶν | μακρῶν | μακρῶν |
| Dat. | ἀγαθοῖς | ἀγαθαῖς | ἀγαθοῖς | ἀξίοις | ἀξίαις | ἀξίοις | μακροῖς | μακραῖς | μακροῖς |
| Acc. | ἀγαθούς | ἀγαθά̄ς | ἀγαθά | ἀξίους | ἀξίᾱς | ἄξια | μακρούς | μακράς | μακρά |
ἐσθλός good, κακός bad, σοφός wise, κοῦφος, κούφη, κοῦφον light, δῆλος clear; ἀνδρεῖος, ἀνδρείᾱ, ἀνδρεῖον courageous, δίκαιος just, ὅμοιος like, αἰσχρός, αἰσχρά̄, αἰσχρόν base, ἐλεύθερος free; all participles in -ος and all superlatives.
a. The accent in the feminine nominative and genitive plural follows that of the masculine: ἄξιαι, ἀξίων, not ἀξίαι, ἀξιῶν, as would be expected according to the rule for substantives (205), e.g. as in αἰτίᾱ cause, αἰτίαι, αἰτιῶν.
b. All adjectives and participles may use the mas uline instead of the feminine dual forms: τὼ ἀγαθὼ μητέρε the two good mothers.
In the fem. nom. sing. Ionic has -η, never -ᾱ; in the fem. gen. pl. Hom. has -ά̄ων (less often -έων); Hdt. has -έων in oxytone adjectives and participles, and so probably in barytones.
Adjectives of Two Endings.—Adjectives using the masculine for the feminine are called adjectives of two endings. Most such adjectives are compounds.
ἄδικος unjust (ἀ- without, δίκη justice), φρόνιμος prudent, and ἵ̄λεως propitious are declined thus:
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | ἄδικος | ἄδικον | φρόνιμος | φρόνιμον | ἵλεως | ἵλεων |
| Gen. | ἀδίκου | ἀδίκου | φρονίμου | φρονίμου | ἵλεω | ἵλεω |
| Dat. | ἀδίκῳ | ἀδίκῳ | φρυνίμῳ | φρονίμῳ | ἵλεῳ | ἵλεῳ |
| Acc. | ἄδικον | ἄδικον | φρόνιμον | φρόνιμον | ἵλεων | ἵλεων |
| Voc. | ἄδικε | ἄδικον | φρόνιμε | φρόνιμον | ἵλεως | ἵλεων |
| DUAL | ||||||
| Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | |
| N. A. V. | ἀδίκω | ἀδι´κω | φρονίμω | φρονίμω | ἵλεω | ἵλεω |
| G. D. | ἀδίκοιν | ἀδίκοιν | φρονίμοιν | φρονίμοιν | ἵλεῳν | ἵλεῳν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | ἄδικοι | ἄδικα | φρόνιμοι | φρόνιμα | ἵλεῳ | ἵλεα |
| Gen. | ἀδίκων | ἀδίκων | φρονίμων | φρονίμων | ἵλεων | ἵλεων |
| Dat. | ἀδίκοις | ἀδίκοις | φρονίμοις | φρονίμοις | ἵλεῳς | ἵλεῳς |
| Acc. | ἀδίκους | ἄδικα | φρονίμους | φρόνιμα | ἵλεως | ἵλεα |
a. Like ἄδικος are declined the compounded ἄ-λογος irrational, ἄ-τῑμος dishonoured, ἀ-χρεῖος useless, ἔμ-πειρος experienced, ἐπί-φθονος envious, εὔ-ξενος hospitable, ὑπ-ήκοος obedient. Like φρόνιμος are declined the uncompounded βάρβαρος barbarian, ἥσυχος quiet, ἥμερος tame, λάλος talkative.
b. Like ἵ̄λεως are declined other adjectives of the Attic declension (237), as ἄκερως without horns, ἀξιόχρεως serviceable. For the accent, see 163 a. Adjectives in -ως, -ων have -α in the neut. pl., but ἔκπλεω occurs in Xenophon.
c. πλέως full has three endings: πλέως, πλέᾱ, πλέων, pl. πλέῳ, πλέαι, πλέα, but most compounds, such as ἔμπλεως quite full, have the fem. like the masc. σῶς safe has usually sing. N. σῶς masc., fem. (rarely σᾶ), σῶν neut., A. σῶν; plur. N. σῷ masc., fem., σᾶ neut., A. σῶς masc., fem., σᾶ neut. Other cases are supplied by σῶος, σώᾱ, σῶον. σῶον also occurs in the accusative.
d. In poetry, and sometimes in prose, adjectives commonly of two endings have a feminine form, as πάτριος paternal, βίαιος violent; and those commonly of three endings have no feminine, as ἀναγκαῖος necessary, φίλιος friendly.
Hom. has ἵ̄λᾱος or ἵ̄λᾰος; πλεῖος, πλείη, πλεῖον (Hdt. πλέος, πλέη, πλέον); σῶς (only in this form), and σόος, σόη, σόον, Hom. has N. ζώς, A. ζών living, and ζωός, ζωή, ζωόν living.
Contracted Adjectives.—Most adjectives in -εος and -οος are contracted. Examples: χρύ̄σεος golden, ἀργύρεος of silver, ἁπλόος simple (feminine ἁπλέᾱ).
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| N. V. | (χρύ̄σεοσ) | χρῡσοῦς | (χρῡσέᾱ) | χρῡσῆ | (χρύ̄σεον) | χρῡσοῦν |
| Gen. | (χρῡσέου) | χρῡσοῦ | (χρῡσέᾱσ) | χρῡσῆς | (χρῡσέου) | χρῡσοῦ |
| Dat. | (χρῡσέῳ) | χρῡσῷ | (χρῡσέᾳ) | χρῡσῇ | (χρῡσέῳ) | χρῡσῷ |
| Acc. | (χρύ̄σεον) | χρῡσοῦν | (χρῡσέᾱν) | χρῡσῆν | (χρύ̄σεον) | χρῡσοῦν |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | (χρῡσέω) | χρῡσώ | (χρῡσέᾱ) | χρῡσᾶ | (χρῡσέω) | χρῡσώ |
| G. D. | (χρῡσέοιν) | χρῡσοῖν | (χρῡσέαιν) | χρῡσαῖν | (χρῡσέοιν) | χρῡσοῖν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | (χρύ̄σεοι) | χρῡσοῖ | (χρύ̄σεαι) | χρῡσαῖ | (χρύ̄σεα) | χρῡσᾶ |
| Gen. | (χρῡσέων) | χρῡσῶν | (χρῡσέων) | χρῡσῶν | (χρῡσέων) | χρῡσῶν |
| Dat. | (χρῡσέοισ) | χρῡσοῖς | (χρῡσέαισ) | χρῡσαῖς | (χρῡσέοισ) | χρῡσοῖς |
| Acc. | (χρῡσέουσ) | χρῡσοῦς | (χρῡσέᾱσ) | χρῡσᾶς | (χρύ̄σεα) | χρῡσᾶ |
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| N. V. | (ἀργύρεοσ) | ἀργυροῦς | (ἀργυρέᾱ) | ἀργυρᾶ | (ἀργύρεον) | ἀργυροῦν |
| Gen. | (ἀργυρέου) | ἀργυροῦ | (ἀργυρέᾱσ) | ἀργυρᾶς | (ἀργυρέου) | ἀργυροῦ |
| Dat. | (ἀργυρέῳ) | ἀργυρῷ | (ἀργυρέᾳ) | ἀργυρᾷ | (ἀργυρέῳ) | ἀργυρῷ |
| Acc. | (ἀργύρεον) | ἀργυροῦν | (ἀργυρέᾱν) | ἀργυρᾶν | (ἀργύρεον) | ἀργυροῦν |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | (ἀργυρέω) | ἀργυρώ | (ἀργυρέᾱ) | ἀργυρᾶ | (ἀργυρέω) | ἀργυρώ |
| G. D. | (ἀργυρέοιν) | ἀργυροῖν | (ἀργυρέαιν) | ἀργυραῖν | (ἀργυρέοιν) | ἀργυροῖν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | (ἀργύρεοι) | ἀργυροῖ | (ἀργύρεαι) | ἀργυραῖ | (ἀργύρεα) | ἀργυρᾶ |
| Gen. | (ἀργυρέων) | ἀργυρῶν | (ἀργυρέων) | ἀργυρῶν | (ἀργυρέων) | ἀργυρῶν |
| Dat. | (ἀργυρέοισ) | ἀργυροῖς | (ἀργυρέαισ) | ἀργυραῖς | (ἀργυρέοισ) | ἀργυροῖς |
| Acc. | (ἀργυρέουσ) | ἀργυροῦς | (ἀργυρέᾱσ) | ἀργυρᾶς | (ἀργύρεα) | ἀργυρᾶ |
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| N. V. | (ἁπλόοσ) | ἁπλοῦς | (ἁπλέᾱ) | ἁπλῆ | (ἁπλόον) | ἁπλοῦν |
| Gen. | (ἁπλόου) | ἁπλοῦ | (ἁπλέᾱσ) | ἁπλῆς | (ἁπλόου) | ἁπλοῦ |
| Dat. | (ἁπλόῳ) | ἁπλῷ | (ἁπλέᾳ) | ἁπλῇ | (ἁπλόῳ) | ἁπλῷ |
| Acc. | (ἁπλόον) | ἁπλοῦν | (ἁπλέᾱν) | ἁπλῆν | (ἁπλόον) | ἁπλοῦν |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | (ἁπλόω) | ἁπλώ | (ἁπλέᾱ) | ἁπλᾶ | (ἁπλόω) | ἁπλώ |
| G. D. | (ἁπλόοιν) | ἁπλοῖν | (ἁπλέαιν) | ἁπλαῖν | (ἁπλόοιν) | ἁπλοῖν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | (ἁπλόοι) | ἁπλοῖ | (ἁπλέαι) | ἁπλαῖ | (ἁπλόα) | ἁπλᾶ |
| Gen. | (ἁπλόων) | ἁπλῶν | (ἁπλέων) | ἁπλῶν | (ἁπλόων) | ἁπλῶν |
| Dat. | (ἁπλόοισ) | ἁπλοῖς | (ἁπλέαισ) | ἁπλαῖς | (ἁπλόοισ) | ἁπλοῖς |
| Acc. | (ἁπλόουσ) | ἁπλοῦς | (ἁπλέᾱσ) | ἁπλᾶς | (ἁπλόα) | ἁπλᾶ |
a. So χαλκοῦς, -ῆ, -οῦν brazen, φοινῑκοῦς, -ῆ, -οῦν crimson, πορφυροῦς, -ᾶ, -οῦν dark red, σιδηροῦς, -ᾶ, -οῦν of iron, διπλοῦς, -ῆ, -οῦν twofold, and other multiplicatives in -πλοῦς (354 b). Compounds of two endings (288): εὔνους, -ουν (εὔνοος) well disposed, ἄπλους, -ουν (ἄπλοος) not navigable, εὔρους, -ουν (εὔροος) fair-flowing. These have open οα in the neuter plural.
b. The vocative and dual of contracted adjectives are very rare.
c. Adjectives whose uncontracted form in the nom. sing. has the accent on the antepenult (χρύ̄σεος, πορφύρεος) take in the contracted form a circumflex on their last syllable (χρῡσοῦς, πορφυροῦς) by analogy to the gen. and dat. sing. The accent of the nom. dual masculine and neuter is also irregular (χρῡσώ, not χρῡσῶ).
d. For peculiarities of contraction see 56. ἁπλῆ is from ἁπλέᾱ, not from ἁπλόη.
e. Some adjectives are not contracted: ἀργαλέος difficult, κερδαλέος crafty, νέος young, ὄγδοος eighth, ἀθρόος crowded (usually). (Here εο and οο were probably separated originally by ϝ, 3.)
Such adjectives as belong only to the consonant declension have two endings. Most such adjectives have stems in ες (nominative -ης and -ες) and ον (nominative -ων and -ον). Under ον stems fall comparative adjectives, as βελτί̄ων, βέλτῑον better.
a. There are some compounds with other stems: M. F. ἀπάτωρ, N. ἄπατορ fatherless, G. ἀπάτορος; ἄπολις ἄπολι without a country, ἀπόλιδος; αὐτοκράτωρ αὐτοκράτορ independent, αὐτοκράτορος; ἄρρην (older ἄρσην) ἄρρεν male, ἄρρενος; εὔχαρις εὔχαρι agreeable, εὐχάριτος; εὔελπις εὔελπι hopeful, εὐέλπιδος. For the acc. of stems in ιτ and ιδ see 247. Neut. εὔχαρι and εὔελπι for εὐχαριτ, εὐελπιδ (133).
ἀληθής (ἀληθεσ-) true, εὔ-ελπις (εὐελπιδ-) hopeful are thus declined:
| SINGULAR | |||||
| Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | ||
| Nom. | ἀληθής | ἀληθές | εὔελπις | εὔελπι | |
| Gen. | (ἀληθέ-οσ) | ἀληθοῦς | εὐέλπιδ-ος | ||
| Dat. | (ἀληθέ-ι) | ἀληθεῖ | εὐέλπιδ-ι | ||
| Acc. | (ἀληθέ-α) ἀληθῆ | ἀληθές | εὔελπιν | εὔελπι | |
| Voc. | ἀληθές | ἀληθές | εὔελπι |
| DUAL | |||
| N. A. V. | (ἀληθέ-ε) | ἀληθεῖ | εὐέλπιδ-ε |
| G. D. | (ἀληθέ-οιν) | ἀληθοῖν | εὐελπίδ-οιν |
| PLURAL | ||||
| N. V. | (ἀληθέ-ες) ἀληθεῖς | (ἀληθέ-α) ἀληθῆ | εὐέλπιδ-ες | εὐέλπιδ-α |
| Gen. | (ἀληθέ-ων) | ἀληθῶν | εὐελπίδ-ων | |
| Dat. | (ἀληθέσ-σι 107) | ἀληθέσι ( ν ) | εὐέλπισι ( ν ) | |
| Acc. | ἀληθεῖς | (ἀληθέ-α) ἀληθῆ | εὐέλπιδ-ας | εὐέλπιδ-α |
a. ἄληθες means indeed! Like ἀληθής are declined σαφής clear, εὐτυχής lucky, εὐγενής high-born, ἀσθενής weak, ἐγκρατής self-restrained, πλήρης full.
b. The accusative pl. ἀληθεῖς has the form of the nominative.
c. Compound adjectives in -ης not accented on the last syllable show recessive accent even in the contracted forms. Thus, φιλαλήθης lover of truth, neut. φιλάληθες, αὐτάρκης self-sufficient, neut. αὔταρκες, gen. pl. αὐτάρκων, not αὐταρκῶν.
N.—Except in neuter words in -ῶδες, -ῶλες, -ῶρες, and -ῆρες, as εὐῶδες sweetsmelling, ποδῆρες reaching to the feet. But τριήρων, not τριηρῶν, from τριήρης, 264.
d. εε(σ)α becomes εᾱ, not εη (56): εὐκλεᾶ, ἐνδεᾶ for εὐκλεέα, ἐνδεέα from εὐκλεής glorious, ἐνδεής needy (G. εὐκλεοῦς, ἐνδεοῦς). But ιε(σ)α and υε(σ)α yield ιᾱ or ιη, υᾱ or υη. Thus, ὑγιᾶ or ὑγιῆ (ὑγιής healthy), εὐφυᾶ or εὐφυῆ (εὐφυής comely), cp. 56, 31, 2. The forms in -ῆ are due to the analogy of such forms as ἐμφερῆ (ἐμφερής resembling),
The uncontracted forms of ες stems appear in Hom. and Hdt. -εϊ and -εες are, however, sometimes contracted in Hom., and properly should be written -ει and -εις in Hdt. The acc. pl. masc. and fem. is -εας in Hom. and Hdt. From adj. in -εής Hdt. has ἐνδέᾰ for ἐνδεέα, Hom. ἐυκλεῖας for ἐυκλεέας, ἐυρρεῖος for ἐυρρεέος.
Stems in ον: εὐδαίμων happy, βελτί̄ων better:
| SINGULAR | ||||
| Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | εὐδαίμων | εὔδαιμον | βελτί̄ων | βέλτῑον |
| Gen. | εὐδαίμον-ος | βελτί̄ον-ος | ||
| Dat. | εὐδαίμον-ι | βελτί̄ον-ι | ||
| Acc. | εὐδαίμον-α | εὔδαιμον | βελτί̄ον-α or βελτί̄ω βέλτῑον | |
| Voc. | εὔδαιμον | εὔδαιμον | βέλτῑον | βέλτῑον |
| DUAL | ||
| N. A. V. | εὐδαίμον-ε | βελτί̄ον-ε |
| G. D. | εὐδαιμόν-οιν | βελτῑόν-οιν |
| PLURAL | ||||
| N. V. | εὐδαίμον-ες | εὐδαίμον-α | ( βελτί̄ον-ες | βελτί̄ον-α |
| ( βελτί̄ους | βελτί̄ω | |||
| Gen. | εὐδαιμόν-ων | βελτῑόν-ων | ||
| Dat. | εὐδαίμοσι ( ν ) | βελτί̄οσι ( ν ) | ||
| Acc. | εὐδαίμον-ας | εὐδαίμον-α | ( βελτί̄ον-ας | βελτί̄ον-α |
| ( βελτί̄ους | βελτί̄ω |
a. Like εὐδαίμων are declined μνήμων μνῆμον mindful, ἀγνώμων ἄγνωμον unfeeling, ἄφρων ἄφρον senseless, πέπων πέπον ripe, σώφρων σῶφρον prudent.
b. Like βελτί̄ων are declined μείζων μεῖζον greater, κακί̄ων κάκῑον baser, ἐλά̄ττων ἔλᾱττον less.
c. The neuter nominative and accusative have recessive accent.
d. Comparatives are formed from stems in ον and in ος; cp. Lat. meliōris for meliōs-is. ος appears in βελτί̄ω for βελτῑο(σ)-α, acc. sing. masc. fem. and nom. acc. neut. pl., and in βελτί̄ους for βελτῑο(σ)-ες, nom. pl. masc. fem. The accusative plural borrows the nominative form. Cp. 251 b. The shorter forms were more frequent in everyday speech than in literature.
Adjectives of the consonant declension having a separate form for the feminine inflect the feminine like a substantive of the first declension ending in -ᾰ (216).
The feminine is made from the stem of the masculine (and neuter) by adding the suffix -[ιγλιδε]α (yα), which is combined with the preceding syllable in different ways. The genitive plural feminine is always perispomenon (cp. 208). For the feminine dual, see 287 b.
Stems in υ (-υς, -εια, -υ).—The masculine and neuter have the inflection of πῆχυς and ἄστυ, except that the genitive singular masculine and neuter ends in -ος (not -ως) and -εα in the neuter plural remains uncontracted.
Hom. has usually -εῖα, -είης, -είῃ, etc.; sometimes -έα, -έης, -έῃ, etc. The forms without ι (43) are regular in Hdt. For -ύν Hom. has -έα in εὐρέα πόντον the wide sea. ἡδύς and θῆλυς are sometimes feminine in Hom.
ἡδύς sweet is thus declined:
| SINGULAR | |||
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | ἡδύ-ς | ἡδεῖα | ἡδύ |
| Gen. | ἡδέ-ος | ἡδείᾱς | ἡδέ-ος |
| Dat. | (ἡδέϊ) ἡδεῖ | ἡδείᾳ | (ἡδέϊ) ἡδεῖ |
| Acc. | ἡδύ-ν | ἡδεῖα-ν | ἡδύ |
| Voc. | ἡδύ | ἡδεῖα | ἡδύ |
| DUAL | |||
| N. A. V. | ἡδέ-ε | ἡδείᾱ | ἡδέ-ε |
| G. D. | ἡδέ-οιν | ἡδεί-αιν | ἡδέ-οιν |
| PLURAL | |||
| N. V. | (ἡδέες) ἡδεῖς | ἡδεῖαι | ἡδέ-α |
| Gen. | ἡδέ-ων | ἡδειῶν | ἡδέ-ων |
| Dat. | ἡδέ-σι ( ν ) | ἡδείαις | ἡδέ-σι ( ν ) |
| Acc. | ἡδεῖς | ἡδείᾱς | ἡδέ-α |
So βαθύς deep, γλυκύς sweet, εὐρύς broad, ὀξύς sharp, ταχύς swift.
a. In ἡδεῖα -[ιγλιδε]α has been added to ἡδεϝ- ῀ ἡδε[υγλιδε]-, a stronger form of the stem ἡδυ- (cp. 270). The nominative masculine ἡδεῖς is used for the accusative.
b. The adjectives of this declension are oxytone, except ἥμισυς half, θῆλυς female, and some compounds, as δίπηχυς of two cubits.
Stems in ν (-ᾱς, -αινα, -αν; -ην, -εινα, -εν). μέλᾱς black, τέρην tender are declined as follows:
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| Nom. | μέλᾱς | μέλαινα | μέλαν | τέρην | τέρεινα | τέρεν |
| Gen. | μέλαν-ος | μελαίνης | μέλαν-ος | τέρεν-ος | τερείνης | τέρεν-ος |
| Dat. | μέλαν-ι | μελαίνῃ | μέλαν-ι | τέρεν-ι | τερείνῃ | τέρεν-ι |
| Acc. | μέλαν-α | μέλαινα-ν | μέλαν | τέρεν-α | τέρεινα-ν | τέρεν |
| Voc. | μέλαν | μέλαινα | μέλαν | τέρεν | τέρεινα | τέρεν |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | μέλαν-ε | μελαίνᾱ | μέλαν-ε | τέρεν-ε | τερείνᾱ | τέρεν-ε |
| G. D. | μελάν-οιν | μελαίναιν | μελάν-οιν | τερέν-οιν | τερείναιν | τερέν-οιν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | μέλαν-ες | μέλαιναι | μέλαν-α | τέρεν-ες | τέρειναι | τέρεν-α |
| Gen. | μελάν-ων | μελαινῶν | μελάν-ων | τερέν-ων | τερεινῶν | τερέν-ων |
| Dat. | μέλασι ( ν ) | μελαίναις | μέλασι ( ν ) | τέρεσι ( ν ) | τερείναις | τέρεσι ( ν ) |
| Acc. | μέλαν-ας | μελαίνᾱς | μέλαν-α | τέρεν-ας | τερείνᾱς | τέρεν-α |
Like μέλᾱς is declined one adjective: τάλᾱς, τάλαινα, τάλαν wretched.
a. μέλᾱς is for μελαν-ς by 37, 96. With the exception of μέλᾱς and τάλᾱς, adjective stems in ν reject ς in the nom. sing. μέλασι for μελαν-σι 96 a, 250 N. The feminine forms μέλαινα and τέρεινα come from μελαν-[ιγλιδε]α, τερεν-[ιγλιδε]α by 111. The vocatives μέλαν and τέρεν are rare, the nominative being used instead.
Stems in ντ occur in a few adjectives and in many participles (301). χαρίεις graceful and πᾶς all are declined thus:
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| Nom. | χαρίεις | χαρίεσσα | χαρίεν | πᾶς | πᾶσα | πᾶν |
| Gen. | χαρίεντ-ος | χαριέσσης | χαρίεντ-ος | παντ-ός | πά̄σης | παντ-ός |
| Dat. | χαρίεντ-ι | χαριέσσῃ | χαρίεντ-ι | παντ-ί | πά̄σῃ | παντ-ί |
| Acc. | χαρίεντ-α | χαρίεσσα-ν | χαρίεν | πάντ-α | πᾶσα-ν | πᾶν |
| Voc. | χαρίεν | χαρίεσσα | χαρίεν | πᾶς | πᾶσα | πᾶν |
| DUAL | |||
| N. A. V. | χαρίεντ-ε | χαριέσσᾱ | χαρίεντ-ε |
| G. D. | χαριέντ-οιν | χαριέσσαιν | χαριέντ-οιν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | χαρίεντ-ες | χαρίεσσαι | χαρίεντ-α | πάντ-ες | πᾶσαι | πάντ-α |
| Gen. | χαριέντ-ων | χαριεσσῶν | χαριέντ-ων | πάντ-ων | πᾱσῶν | πάντ-ων |
| Dat. | χαρίεσι ( ν ) | χαριέσσαις | χαρίεσι ( ν ) | πᾶσι ( ν ) | πά̄σαις | πᾶσι ( ν ) |
| Acc. | χαρίεντ-ας | χαριέσσᾱς | χαρίεντ-α | πάντ-ας | πά̄σᾱς | πάντ-α |
Like χαρίεις are inflected πτερόεις winged, φωνήεις voiced, δακρυόεις tearful. Adjectives in -όεις and -ήεις are generally poetical or Ionic. φωνήεντα meaning vowels is always open.
a. χαρίεις, πᾶς are derived from χαριεντ-ς, παντ-ς by 100; χαρίεν from χαριεντ- by 133. The ᾱ of πᾶν (for πᾰν(τ)-) is irregular and borrowed from πᾶς. Compounds have ᾰ: ἅπαν, σύμπαν.
b. From χαριετ- is derived χαρίεσσα with σς, not ττ, by 114 a. χαριετ- is a weak form of the stem χαριεντ-; it appears also in χαρίεσι for χαριετ-σι (98). Participles in -εις (307) form the feminine from the strong stem -εντ ¨ [ιγλιδε]α. πᾶσα stands for παντσα out of παντ-[ιγλιδε]α (113 a). πάντων, πᾶσι are accented contrary to 252; but παντός, παντί, πᾱσῶν are regular.
c. Adjectives in -όεις contract, as μελιτοῦς, μελιτοῦττα, μελιτοῦν, G. μελιτοῦντος, μελιτούττης, etc. (μελιτόεις honied). πτερόεις has πτεροῦντα, πτεροῦσσα. So in names of places: Ἀργεννοῦσσαι Argennusae for -όεσσαι; Ῥαμνοῦς, -οῦντος, for Ῥαμνόεις, -όεντος.
Hom. has αἱματόεσσα bloody, σκιόεντα shadowy, but τῑμῆς and τῑμήεις valuable, τῑμῆντα and τῑμήεντα. Doric has sometimes -ᾶς, -ᾶντος for -ά̄εις, -ά̄εντος, as φωνᾶντα. Attic poetry often has the open forms -όεις, -όεσσα.
Like ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν are inflected all the participles of the middle, and the future passive participle.
Participles of the active voice (except the perfect, 309), and the aorist passive participle have stems in ντ. The masculine and neuter follow the third declension, the feminine follows the first declension.
a. Most stems in οντ make the nom. sing. masc. without ς, like γέρων (243). But stems in οντ in the present and second aorist of μι-verbs (διδούς, δούς), and all stems in αντ, εντ, υντ, add ς, lose ντ (100), and lengthen the preceding vowel (-ους, -ᾱς, -εις, -ῡς, 37). In like manner the dat. pl. is formed: -οντ-σι ῀ -ουσι, etc.
N.—The stem of participles in -ων, -οντος was originally ωντ. γέρων was orignally a participle.
b. The nominative neuter of all participles drops final τ of the stem (133).
c. The perfect active participle (stem οτ) has -ως in the masculine, -ος in the neuter. -ως and -ος are for -ϝωτ-ς, -ϝοτ-ς.
d. The feminine singular is made by adding [ιγλιδε]α to the stem. Thus, λύ̄ουσα (λῡοντ-[ιγλιδε]α), οὗσα (ὀντ-[ιγλιδε]α), ἱστᾶσα (ἱσταντ-[ιγλιδε]α), τιθεῖσα (τιθεντ-[ιγλιδε]α). The perfect adds -υ(σ)-[ιγλιδε]α, as in εἰδ-υῖα.
The vocative of all participles is the same as the nominative.
Participles in -ων, -ᾱς, -εις, -ους, -ῡς frequently use the masculine for the feminine in the dual.
The accent of monosyllabic participles is an exception to 252: ὤν, ὄντος (not ὀντός), στά̄ς, στάντος.
Participles in -ων, -ουσα, -ον (ω-verbs): λύ̄ων loosing (stem λῡοντ-), ὤν being (stem ὀντ-).
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| N. V. | λύ̄ων | λύ̄ουσα | λῦον | ὤν | οὖσα | ὄν |
| Gen. | λύ̄οντ-ος | λῡούσης | λύ̄οντ-ος | ὄντ-ος | οὔσης | ὄντ-ος |
| Dat. | λύ̄οντ-ι | λῡούσῃ | λύ̄οντ-ι | ὄντ-ι | οὔσῃ | ὄντ-ι |
| Acc. | λύ̄οντ-α | λύ̄ουσα-ν | λῦον | ὄντ-α | οὖσα-ν | ὄν |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | λύ̄οντ-ε | λῡούσᾱ | λύ̄οντ-ε | ὄντ-ε | οὔσᾱ | ὄντ-ε |
| G. D. | λῡόντ-οιν | λῡούσαιν | λῡόντ-οιν | ὄντ-οιν | οὔσαιν | ὄντ-οιν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | λύ̄οντ-ες | λύ̄ουσαι | λύ̄οντ-α | ὄντ-ες | οὖσαι | ὄντ-α |
| Gen. | λῡόντ-ων | λῡουσῶν | λῡόντ-ων | ὄντ-ων | οὐσῶν | ὄντ-ων |
| Dat. | λύ̄ουσι ( ν ) | λῡούσαις | λύ̄ουσι ( ν ) | οὖσι ( ν ) | οὔσαις | οὖσι ( ν ) |
| Acc. | λύ̄οντ-ας | λῡούσᾱς | λύ̄οντ-α | ὄντ-ας | οὔσᾱς | ὄντ-α |
So are inflected παιδεύων educating, γράφων writing, φέρων bearing.
a. All participles in -ων are inflected like λύ̄ων, those in -ών having the accent of ὤν, ὄντος, etc.; as λιπών, λιποῦσα, λιπόν having left. Such participles are from ω-verbs, in which ο is a part of the tense suffix.
b. Like participles are declined the adjectives ἑκών, ἑκοῦσα, ἑκόν willing, ἄ̄κων, ἄ̄κουσα, ἀ̂̄κον unwilling (for ἀέκων, etc.), G. ἄ̄κοντος, ἀ̄κούσης, ἄ̄κοντος.
In the feminine of participles from stems in οντ, αντ (306), Aeolic has -οισα, -αισα (λύ̄οισα. λύ̄σαισα), and -αις in the masculine (λύ̄σαις).
Participles in -ᾱς, -ᾱσα, -αν: λύ̄σᾱς having loosed, ἱστά̄ς setting.
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| N. V. | λύ̄σᾱς | λύ̄σᾱσα | λῦσαν | ἱστά̄ς | ἱστᾶσα | ἱστάν |
| Gen. | λύ̄σαντ-ος | λῡσά̄σης | λύ̄σαντ-ος | ἱστάντ-ος | ἱστά̄σης | ἱστάντ-ος |
| Dat. | λύ̄σαντ-ι | λῡσά̄σῃ | λύ̄σαντ-ι | ἱστάντ-ι | ἱστά̄σῃ | ἱστάντ-ι |
| Acc. | λύ̄σαντ-α | λύ̄σᾱσα-ν | λῦσαν | ἱστάντ-α | ἱστᾶσα-ν | ἱστάν |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | λύ̄σαντ-ε | λῡσά̄σᾱ | λύ̄σαντ-ε | ἱστάντ-ε | ἱστά̄σᾱ | ἱστάντ-ε |
| G. D. | λῡσάντ-οιν | λῡσά̄σαιν | λῡσάντ-οιν | ἱστάντ-οιν | ἱστά̄σαιν | ἱστάντ-οιν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | λύ̄σαντ-ες | λύ̄σᾱσαι | λύ̄σαντ-α | ἱστάντ-ες | ἱστᾶσαι | ἱστάντ-α |
| Gen. | λῡσάντ-ων | λῡσᾱσῶν | λῡσάντ-ων | ἱστάντ-ων | ἱστᾱσῶν | ἱστάντ-ων |
| Dat. | λύ̄σᾱσι ( ν ) | λῡσά̄σαις | λύ̄σᾱσι ( ν ) | ἱστᾶσι ( ν ) | ἱστά̄σαις | ἱστᾶσι ( ν ) |
| Acc. | λύ̄σαντ-ας | λῡσά̄σας | λύ̄σαντ-α | ἱστάντ-ας | ἱστά̄σᾱς | ἱστάντ-α |
So are declined παιδεύσᾱς having educated, στήσᾱς having set.
Participles in -εις, -εισα, -εν; -ους, -ουσα, -ον (μι-verbs): τιθείς placing, διδούς giving.
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| N. V. | τιθείς | τιθεῖσα | τιθέν | διδούς | διδοῦσα | διδόν |
| Gen. | τιθέντ-ος | τιθείσης | τιθέντ-ος | διδόντ-ος | διδούσης | διδόντ-ος |
| Dat. | τιθέντ-ι | τιθείσῃ | τιθέντ-ι | διδόντ-ι | διδούσῃ | διδόντ-ι |
| Acc. | τιθέντ-α | τιθεῖσα-ν | τιθέν | διδόντ-α | διδοῦσα-ν | διδόν |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | τιθέντ-ε | τιθείσᾱ | τιθέντ-ε | διδόντ-ε | διδούσᾱ | διδόντ-ε |
| G. D. | τιθέντ-οιν | τιθείσαιν | τιθέντ-οιν | διδόντ-οιν | διδούσαιν | διδόντ-οιν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | τιθέντ-ες | τιθεῖσαι | τιθέντ-α | διδόν-τες | διδοῦσαι | διδόντ-α |
| Gen. | τιθέντ-ων | τιθεισῶν | τιθέντ-ων | διδόντ-ων | διδουσῶν | διδόντ-ων |
| Dat. | τιθεῖσι ( ν ) | τιθείσαις | τιθεῖσι ( ν ) | διδοῦσι ( ν ) | διδούσαις | διδοῦσι ( ν ) |
| Acc. | τιθέντ-ας | τιθείσᾱς | τιθέντ-α | διδόντ-ας | διδούσᾱς | διδόντ-α |
So are inflected θείς having placed, παιδευθείς having been educated, λυθείς having been loosed, δούς having given.
a. In participles with stems in οντ of μι-verbs the ο belongs to the verb-stem.
Participles in -ῡς, -ῡσα, -υν: δεικνύ̄ς showing, φύ̄ς born.
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| N. V. | δεικνύ̄ς | δεικνῦσα | δεικνύν | φύ̄ς | φῦσα | φύν |
| Gen. | δεικνύντ-ος | δεικνύ̄σης | δεικνύντ-ος | φύντ-ος | φύ̄σης | φύντ-ος |
| Dat. | δεικνύντ-ι | δεικνύ̄σῃ | δεικνύντ-ι | φύντ-ι | φύ̄σῃ | φύντ-ι |
| Acc. | δεικνύντ-α | δεικνῦσα-ν | δεικνύν | φύντ-α | φῦσα-ν | φύν |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | δεικνύντ-ε | δεικνύ̄σᾱ | δεικνύντ-ε | φύντ-ε | φύ̄σᾱ | φύντ-ε |
| G. D. | δεικνύντ-οιν | δεικνύ̄σαιν | δεικνύντ-οιν | φύντ-οιν | φύ̄σαιν | φύντ-οιν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | δεικνύντ-ες | δεικνῦσαι | δεικνύντ-α | φύντες | φῦσαι | φύντ-α |
| Gen. | δεικνύντ-ων | δεικνῡσῶν | δεικνύντ-ων | φύντων | φῡσῶν | φύντ-ων |
| Dat. | δεικνῦσι ( ν ) | δεικνύ̄σαις | δεικνῦσι ( ν ) | φῦσι ( ν ) | φύ̄σαις | φῦσι ( ν ) |
| Acc. | δεικνύντ-ας | δεικνύ̄σᾱς | δεικνύντ-α | φύντ-ας | φύ̄σᾱς | φύντ-α |
Perfect active participles in -ως, -υια, -ος: λελυκώς having loosed, εἰδώς knowing.
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| N. V. | λελυκώς | λελυκυῖα | λελυκός | εἰδώς | εἰδυῖα | εἰδός |
| Gen. | λελυκότ-ος | λελυκυίᾱς | λελυκότ-ος | εἰδότ-ος | εἰδυίᾱς | εἰδότ-ος |
| Dat. | λελυκότ-ι | λελυκυίᾳ | λελυκότ-ι | εἰδότ-ι | εἰδυίᾳ | εἰδότ-ι |
| Acc. | λελυκότ-α | λελυκυῖα-ν | λελυκός | εἰδότ-α | εἰδυῖα-ν | εἰδός |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | λελυκότ-ε | λελυκυίᾱ | λελυκότ-ε | εἰδότ-ε | εἰδυίᾱ | εἰδότ-ε |
| G. D. | λελυκότ-οιν | λελυκυίαιν | λελυκότ-οιν | εἰδότ-οιν | εἰδυίαιν | εἰδότ-οιν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | λελυκότ-ες | λελυκυῖαι | λελυκότ-α | εἰδότ-ες | εἰδυῖαι | εἰδότ-α |
| Gen. | λελυκότ-ων | λελυκυλῶν | λελυκότ-ων | εἰδότ-ων | εἰδυιῶν | εἰδότ-ων |
| Dat. | λελυκόσι ( ν ) | λελυκυίαις | λελυκόσι ( ν ) | εἰδόσι ( ν ) | εἰδυίαις | εἰδόσι ( ν ) |
| Acc. | λελυκότ-ας | λελυκυίᾱς | λελυκότ-α | εἰδότ-ας | εἰδυίᾱς | εἰδότ-α |
So are inflected πεπαιδευκώς, πεπαιδευκυῖα, πεπαιδευκός having educated; γεγονώς, γεγονυῖα, γεγονός born.
a. ἑστώς standing (contracted from ἑσταώς) is inflected ἑστώς, ἑστῶσα, ἑστός, G. ἑστῶτος (with irregular accent, from ἑσταότος), ἑστώσης, ἑστῶτος; pl. N. ἑστῶτες, ἑστῶσαι, ἑστῶτα, G. ἑστώτων, ἑστωσῶν. So τεθνεώς, τεθνεῶσα, τεθνεός dead.
Hom. has ἑσταώς, ἑσταῶσα, ἑσταός, G. ἑσταότος, etc., Hdt. ἑστεώς, ἑστεῶσα, ἑστεός, G. ἑστεῶτος, etc. Some editions have ἑστεῶτα in Hom.
N.—ἑστός (the usual spelling in the neut. nom.) has -ός (not -ώς) in imitation of εἰδός and of forms in -κός, thus distinguishing the neuter from the masculine.
Contracted Participles.—The present participle of verbs in -αω, -εω, -οω, and the future participle of liquid verbs (401) and of Attic futures (538) are contracted. τῑμῶν honouring, ποιῶν making, are thus declined:
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| N. V. | (τῑμάων) | τῑμῶν | (τῑμάουσα) | τῑμῶσα | (τῑμάον) | τῑμῶν |
| Gen. | (τῑμάοντοσ) | τῑμῶντ-ος | (τῑμαούσησ) | τῑμώσης | (τῑμάοντοσ) | τῑμῶντ-ος |
| Dat. | (τῑμάοντι) | τῑμῶντ-ι | (τῑμαούσῃ) | τῑμώσῃ | (τῑμάοντι) | τῑμῶντ-ι |
| Acc. | (τῑμάοντα) | τῑμῶντ-α | (τῑμάουσαν) | τῑμῶσα-ν | (τῑμάον) | τῑμῶν |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | (τῑμάοντε) | τῑμῶντ-ε | (τῑμαούσᾱ) | τῑμώσᾱ | (τῑμάοντε) | τῑμῶντ-ε |
| G. D. | (τῑμαόντοιν) | τῑμώντ-οιν | (τῑμαούσαιν) | τῑμώσαιν | (τῑμαόντοιν) | τῑμώντ-οιν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | (τῑμάοντεσ) | τῑμῶντ-ες | (τῑμάουσαι) | τῑμῶσαι | (τῑμάοντα) | τῑμῶντ-α |
| Gen. | (τῑμαόντων) | τῑμώντ-ων | (τῑμαουσῶν) | τῑμωσῶν | (τῑμαόντων) | τῑμώντ-ων |
| Dat. | (τῑμάουσι) | τῑμῶσι ( ν ) | (τῑμαούσαισ) | τῑμώσαις | (τῑμάουσι) | τῑμῶσι ( ν ) |
| Acc. | (τῑμάοντασ) | τῑμῶντ-ας | (τῑμαούσᾱσ) | τῑμώσᾱς | (τῑμάοντα) | τῑμῶντ-α |
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| N. V. | (ποιέων) | ποιῶν | (ποιέουσα) | ποιοῦσα | (ποιέον) | ποιοῦν |
| Gen. | (ποιέοντοσ) | ποιοῦντ-ος | (ποιεούσησ) | ποιούσης | (ποιέοντοσ) | ποιοῦντ-ος |
| Dat. | (ποιέοντι) | ποιοῦντ-ι | (ποιεούσῃ) | ποιούσῃ | (ποιέοντι) | ποιοῦντ-ι |
| Acc. | (ποιέοντα) | ποιοῦντ-α | (ποιέουσαν) | ποιοῦσα-ν | (ποιέον) | ποιοῦν |
| DUAL | ||||||
| N. A. V. | (ποιέοντε) | ποιοῦντ-ε | (ποιεούσᾱ) | ποιούσᾱ | (ποιέοντε) | ποιοῦντ-ε |
| G. D. | (ποιεόντοιν) | ποιούντ-οιν | (ποιεούσαιν) | ποιούσαιν | (ποιεόντοιν) | ποιούντ-οιν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | (ποιέοντεσ) | ποιοῦντ-ες | (ποιέουσαι) | ποιοῦσαι | (ποιέοντα) | ποιοῦντ-α |
| Gen. | (ποιεόντων) | ποιούντ-ων | (ποιεουσῶν) | ποιουσῶν | (ποιεόντων) | ποιούντ-ων |
| Dat. | (ποιέουσι) | ποιοῦσι ( ν ) | (ποιεούσαισ) | ποιούσαις | (ποιέουσι) | ποιοῦσι ( ν ) |
| Acc. | (ποιέοντασ) | ποιοῦντ-ας | (ποιεούσᾱσ) | ποιούσᾱς | (ποιέοντα) | ποιοῦντ-α |
a. The present participle of δηλῶ (δηλόω) manifest is inflected like ποιῶν: thus, δηλῶν, δηλοῦσα, δηλοῦν, G. δηλοῦντος, δηλούσης, δηλοῦντος, etc.
Aeolic has also τί̄μαις, ποίεις, δήλοις from τί̄μᾱμι, ποίημι, δήλωμι.
The irregular adjectives μέγας great (stems μεγα- and μεγαλο-) and πολύς much (stems πολυ- and πολλο-) are thus declined:
| SINGULAR | ||||||
| Nom. | μέγας | μεγάλη | μέγα | πολύς | πολλή | πολύ |
| Gen. | μεγάλου | μεγάλης | μεγάλου | πολλοῦ | πολλῆς | πολλοῦ |
| Dat. | μεγάλῳ | μεγάλῃ | μεγάλῳ | πολλῷ | πολλῇ | πολλῷ |
| Acc. | μέγαν | μεγάλην | μέγα | πολύν | πολλήν | πολύ |
| Voc. | μεγάλε | μεγάλη | μέγα |
| DUAL | |||
| N. A. V. | μεγάλω | μεγάλᾱ | μεγάλω |
| G. D. | μεγάλοιν | μεγάλαιν | μεγάλοιν |
| PLURAL | ||||||
| N. V. | μεγάλοι | μεγάλαι | μεγάλα | πολλοί | πολλαί | πολλά |
| Gen. | μεγάλων | μεγάλων | μεγάλων | πολλῶν | πολλῶν | πολλῶν |
| Dat. | μεγάλοις | μεγάλαις | μεγάλοις | πολλοῖς | πολλαῖς | πολλοῖς |
| Acc. | μεγάλους | μεγάλᾱς | μεγάλα | πολλούς | πολλά̄ς | πολλά |
a. Except in the forms μέγας, μέγαν, μέγα, the adjective μέγας is inflected as if the nominative sing. masc. were μεγάλος. μέγας is sometimes found in the voc. sing. Except in πολύς, πολύν, πολύ, the adjective πολύς is inflected as if the nominative sing. masc. were πολλός.
b. The stem πολλο- is from πολ[υγλιδε]ο-, i.e. πολϝο-, λϝ being assimilated to λλ.
c. πρᾷος mild forms its masc. and neuter sing. and dual from the stem πρᾳο-; its fem. in all numbers from the stem πρᾱϋ-, as nom. πρᾱεῖα for πρᾱε[υγλιδε]-ια formed like ἡδεῖα (297 a). Thus πρᾷος, πρᾱεῖα, πρᾷον, G. πρᾴου, πρᾱείᾱς, πρᾴου, etc. In the plural we have
| N. V. | πρᾷοι or πρᾱεῖς | πρᾱεῖαι | πρᾷα or πρᾱέα |
| Gen. | πρᾴων or πρᾱέων | πρᾱειῶν | πρᾴων or πρᾱέων |
| Dat. | πρᾴοις or πρᾱέσι ( ν ) | πρᾱείαις | πρᾴοις or πρᾱέσι ( ν ) |
| Acc. | πρᾴους | πρᾱείᾱς | πρᾷα or πρᾱέα |
d. Some compounds of πούς foot (ποδ-) have -ουν in the nom. sing. neut. and sometimes in the acc. sing. masc. by analogy to ἁπλοῦς (290). Thus, τρίπους three-footed, τρίπουν (but acc. τρίποδα tripod).
Hom. has some forms from the stem πολυ- (πουλυ-) which are not Attic: G. πολέος, N. pl. πολέες, G. πολέων, D. πολέεσσι (250 D. 2), πολέσσι and πολέσι, A. πολέας. Hom. has also πολλός, πολλή, πολλόν (like ἀγαθός), and these forms are commonly used by Hdt. πουλύς (for πολύς) is sometimes fem. in Hom.
Adjectives of one ending have the same termination for masculine and feminine. The neuter (like masc. and fem.) sometimes occurs in oblique cases. Examples: ἀγνώς ἀγνῶτ-ος unknown or unknowing, ἄπαις ἄπαιδ-ος childless, ἀργής ἀργῆτ-ος white, ἅρπαξ ἅρπαγ-ος rapacious, μάκαρ μάκαρ-ος blessed, ἀκάμᾱς ἀκάμαντ-ος unwearied. Here belong also certain other adjectives commonly used as substantives, as γυμνής γυμνῆτ-ος light armed, πένης πένητ-ος poor, φυγάς φυγάδ-ος fugitive, ἧλιξ ἥλικ-ος comrade, ἀλαζών ἀλαζόν-ος flatterer. Some are masculine only, as ἐθελοντής (-οῦ) uolunteer. Adj. in -ίς -ίδος are feminine only. Ἑλληνίς Greek, πατρίς (scil. γῆ) fatherland, συμμαχίς (πόλις) an allied state.


Versutian
Sign In
Sign In
Forums
Elections
Welcomers' Guild
Polls
Versutian
Sign In
The universal sign in page for all Versutian web services.
Collapse
Loading...


NEWS
Funeral details announced for Tipperary road crash victim
by ReporterThe funeral of Tipperary road crash victim Wayne Moylan will take place this weekend.
Mr Moylan, of 27 College Green, Thurles, died following a collision near Thurles in the early hours of Tuesday morning, November 26.
He is deeply regretted by his heartbroken parents Gerry and Margaret, sons Tristan, Keelan and Corey, sister Lisa Marie, Lisa Marie's partner Shane, niece Fíadh, aunts, uncles, cousins, relatives, neighbours and a wide circle of friends.
Reposing at his parent's residence, 27 College Green on Saturday evening, November 30, from 5pm to 7pm.
Arriving at Bohernanave Church on Sunday morning, December 1, for funeral Mass at 11.30am. Burial after mass in St. Patrick's Cemetery.


Disney tops earnings estimates ahead of streaming launch
DUBAI: Chrissy Teigen hit the red carpet on Saturday night for the 2019 Baby2Baby gala in Los Angeles donning a design by Lebanese couturier Georges Hobeika. The model and author sizzled in an emerald gown that featured sequin details on the bodice and a thigh high slit. The asymmetrical dress also boasted a sheer cape that manifested into a train.
She elevated the ensemble with diamond jewelry, strappy stilettos and a matching box clutch. The 33-year-old donned brushed-out waves parted to one side, kohl-rimmed eyes and rose lipstick.
Chrissy Teigen wears Georges Hobeika at the Baby2Baby gala in Los Angeles. (Photo: AFP)
She and her husband of seven-years American singer John Legend celebrated the star-studded event with guests that included Paula Abdul and Kate Hudson to name a few. Also finding favor in Arab designers was Gina Rodriguez, who stepped out in an embroidered, powder blue number from Zuhair Murad.
The celebrity-filled event helped raise funds for the Baby2Baby non-profit organization, which provides resources to children who are living in poverty.


Working with Flag Value Sources
The Vexil FlagPole
supports multiple backend flag sources, and ships with the following sources built-in:
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
UserDefaults |
Any UserDefaults instance automatically conforms to FlagValueSource |
Snapshot |
All snapshots taken of a FlagPole can be used as a source. |
Initialisation ¶
When initialising a FlagPole
, it will default to a single source: UserDefaults.standard
.
You can always be explicit if you want to use a different set of sources:
let source = MyCustomFlagValueSource()
let pole = FlagPole(hoist: MyFlags.self, sources: [ source ])
Source hierarchy ¶
Sources are maintained in an Array
on the FlagPole
, and the order of the array is important – when a flag is accessed it walks the array of sources and returns the first non-nil value.
This means you can support multiple flag value sources and decide their priority. For example, you might use a remote flag value provider like Firebase Remote Config but still want to use Vexillographer or the Settings bundle to let support local testers.
Another common usage is to support “Environment”-based Snapshots.
let pole = FlagPole (
hoist: MyFlags.self,
sources: [
UserDefaults.standard, // allow local overrides
environment.flags, // any flags specific to your environment (eg. dev/test/prod)
MyRemoteFlagProvider() // remote flags
]
)
Remember, if all of your sources return nil
the Flag’s default value is used.
Updating sources ¶
Vexil, and Vexillographer , also provide a means to update or save flag values into their store using Snapshots.
import Vexil
let flagPole = FlagPole(hoist: AppFlags.self)
let snapshot = flagPole.emptySnapshot()
snapshot.profile.password.changePassword = false
// save that to our user defaults, or any FlagValueSource
flagPole.save(snapshot: snapshot, to: UserDefaults.standard)
Custom sources ¶
To implement your own source you need only conform to the FlagPoleSource
protocol and implement its two key methods:
public protocol FlagValueSource {
/// Give the source a name (for Vexillographer)
var name: String { get }
/// Provide a way to fetch values
func flagValue<Value> (key: String) -> Value? where Value: FlagValue
/// And to save values – if your source does not support saving just do nothing
func setFlagValue<Value> (_ value: Value?, key: String) throws where Value: FlagValue
#if !os(Linux)
/// If you're running on a platform that supports Combine you can optionally support real-time
/// flag updates
///
var valuesDidChange: AnyPublisher<Void, Never>? { get }
#endif
}
See our full guide on Creating Custom FlagValueSources for more.


influenceR: Software Tools to Quantify Structural Importance of Nodes in a
Network
Provides functionality to compute various node centrality measures on networks.
Included are functions to compute betweenness centrality (by utilizing Madduri and Bader's
SNAP library), implementations of Burt's constraint and effective
network size (ENS) metrics, Borgatti's algorithm to identify key players, and Valente's
bridging metric. On Unix systems, the betweenness, Key Players, and
bridging implementations are parallelized with OpenMP, which may run
faster on systems which have OpenMP configured.
Downloads:
Reverse dependencies:
Linking:
Please use the canonical form
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=influenceR
to link to this page.


Explore U.S. EPA National Lakes Assessment (NLA) data in an R (and people) friendly format. I’m still adding indicators so check back later for the complete data!
Some notable differences from the raw data:
Not included in {Year}
rather than with NA
If you’re after the raw date, check out the narsscrapr package.
nationallakes contains survey data organized by Indicator and survey_year
. Available survey years include 2007, 2012, and 2017. However, not all indicators were collected in every survey and only partial results are currently available for 2017.
Available indicators include:
#> [1] "algal_toxins" "benthic_counts"
All indicator data are available when nationallakes is loaded. To access a particular dataset, simply access it via it’s name:
library(nationallakes)
dplyr::glimpse(algal_toxins)
#> Rows: 3,606
#> Columns: 27
#> $ survey_year <dbl> 2017, 2017, 2017, 2017, 2017, 2017, 2017, 2017, 2017~
#> $ publication_date <date> 2021-04-28, 2021-04-28, 2021-04-28, 2021-04-28, 202~
#> $ unique_id <dbl> 2010177, 2010177, 2010177, 2010178, 2010178, 2010178~
#> $ site_id <chr> "NLA17_NV-10018", "NLA17_NV-10018", "NLA17_NV-10018"~
#> $ date_collected <date> 2017-05-30, 2017-05-30, 2017-05-30, 2017-05-31, 201~
#> $ visit_number <dbl> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1~
#> $ sample_type <chr> "MICX", "MICX", "MICZ", "MICX", "MICX", "MICZ", "MIC~
#> $ not_collected <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, ~
#> $ lab <chr> "EnviroScience", "EnviroScience", "EnviroScience", "~
#> $ analysis_material <chr> "WATER", "WATER", "WATER", "WATER", "WATER", "WATER"~
#> $ sample_code <chr> "REGULAR", "REGULAR", "REGULAR", "REGULAR", "REGULAR~
#> $ analyte <chr> "CYLSPER", "MICX", "MICZ", "CYLSPER", "MICX", "MICZ"~
#> $ batch_id <chr> "JC11_31JUL2017", "JX5_20JUL2017", "JZ2_NA", "JC14_3~
#> $ sample_id <dbl> 834962, 834962, 834980, 834932, 834932, 834950, 8344~
#> $ result <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 0.447, 0.290, 0.248, NA,~
#> $ result_units <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, "UG/L", "UG/L", "UG/L", ~
#> $ reporting_limit <dbl> 0.10, 0.15, 0.10, 0.10, 0.15, 0.10, 0.10, 0.15, 0.10~
#> $ mdl <dbl> 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15~
#> $ absorbance <dbl> 1.033, 1.575, 1.590, 0.962, 1.556, 1.757, 1.062, 1.0~
#> $ absorbance_units <chr> "STD. UNITS", "STD. UNITS", "STD. UNITS", "STD. UNIT~
#> $ date_received <date> 2017-07-12, 2017-07-12, 2017-07-12, 2017-07-12, 201~
#> $ date_analyzed <date> 2017-07-31, 2017-07-20, NA, 2017-07-31, 2017-07-26,~
#> $ condition_code <chr> "ok", "ok", "ok", "ok", "ok", "ok", "ok", "ok", "ok"~
#> $ analyst <chr> "KH", "KH", "KH", "KH", "KH", "KH", "KH", "KH", "KH"~
#> $ dilution_factor <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, ~
#> $ kit_id <chr> "JC11", "JX5", "JZ2", "JC14", "JX6", "JZ2", "JC13", ~
#> $ nars_flag <chr> "ND", "ND", "ND", "ND", "ND", "ND", "ND", NA, NA, NA~
You can install the development version of nationallakes from GitHub with:
# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("corysauve/nationallakes")
I welcome any contributions or suggestions for improving this package! Please open an issue to do so.
The nationallakes package is licensed under the MIT License. Please see the LICENSE for more details.
The National Lakes Assessment Data (2007, 2012, 2017) data were a result of the collective efforts of dedicated field crews, laboratory staff, data management and quality control staff, analysts and many others from EPA, states, tribes, federal agencies, universities, and other organizations. Please contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>with any questions.


Before Change
Clipped batch of actions.
if isinstance(space, gym.spaces.Box):
return np.clip(action, space.low, space.high)
elif isinstance(space, gym.spaces.Tuple):
if type(action) not in (tuple, list):
raise ValueError("Expected tuple space for actions {}: {}".format(
action, space))
out = []
for a, s in zip(action, space.spaces):
out.append(clip_action(a, s))
return out
else:
return action
After Change
a = np.clip(a, s.low, s.high)
return a
return tree.map_structure(map_, action, action_space)


From
To
As a precaution, please check your valuables including the card you will use for exit before leaving the train.


We're sorry but p0rtal doesn't work properly without JavaScript enabled.Please enable it to continue.