See the Prometheus documentation for additional information regarding
job names
Generally a job name should describe the component being monitored. For exporters, the -exporter
should be dropped, so node_exporter becomes just node or jmx_exporter becomes jmx
When using something such as micrometer which supports prometheus, the job name should be micrometer, not micrometer-prometheus
If there are no other job names that make sense, app can be used as a general substitute


Chelsea star sends clear message over his future amid transfer links with Premier League club
by Lucien SilverbergChelsea striker Michy Batshuayi has delivered what sounds like a pretty decisive statement on his future at Stamford Bridge.
The Belgium international has had an up-and-down Chelsea career so far, initially looking very promising when he first joined the Blues before falling down the pecking order.
MORE: Chelsea enter race with PL rivals to sign highly-rated English attacker
This has led to Batshuayi going out on loan several times with spells at Borussia Dortmund, Valencia and Crystal Palace.
Team Talk recently also linked Batshuayi as a target for Palace in a permanent transfer deal, though it now sounds as though the 26-year-old is not looking for a move away from west London.
Speaking to Belgian radio station RTBF, as translated by football.london, Batshuayi sounded very positive about remaining with CFC, expressing his love for the club.
“I have never been a full-fledged starter, but Chelsea is my club, that’s where I feel at home,” he said.
“It’s a club I love deeply!”
Chelsea fans will probably be aware by now that Batshuayi is unlikely to ever become a world class performer for them, but there’s no doubt he has value as an option off the bench.
On top of that, he’s become something of a fan-favourite for his bubbly personality on Twitter and seems like the kind of character that’s good to have around in the dressing room.


SeisIO File Format¶
Files are written in little-endian byte order.
| Var | Meaning | Julia | C <stdint.h> |
|---|---|---|---|
| c | unsigned 8-bit character | Char | unsigned char |
| f32 | 32-bit float | Float32 | float |
| f64 | 64-bit float | Float64 | double |
| i64 | signed 64-bit integer | Int64 | int64_t |
| u8 | unsigned 8-bit int | UInt8 | uint8_t |
| u32 | unsigned 32-bit int | UInt32 | int32_t |
| u64 | unsigned 64-bit int | UInt64 | uint64_t |
| u(8) | unsigned 8-bit integer | UInt8 | uint8_t |
| i(8) | signed 8-bit integer | Int8 | int8_t |
| f(8) | 8-bit float | Float8 | float or double |
File header¶
| Var | Meaning | T | N |
|---|---|---|---|
| “SEISIO” | c | 6 | |
V |
SeisIO version | f32 | 1 |
jv |
Julia version | f32 | 1 |
J |
# of SeisIO objects in file | u32 | 1 |
C |
Character codes for each object | c | J |
B |
Byte indices for each object | u64 | J |
The Julia version stores VERSION.major.VERSION.minor as a Float32, e.g. v0.5 is stored as 0.5f0; SeisIO version is stored similarly.
| Char | Meaning |
|---|---|
| ‘D’ | SeisData |
| ‘H’ | SeisHdr |
| ‘E’ | SeisEvent |
SeisHdr¶
Structural overview:
Int64_vals
:mag[1] # Float32
Float64_vals
UInt8_vals
:misc
| Var | Meaning |
|---|---|
| id | event id |
| ot | origin time in integer μs from Unix epoch |
| L_int | length of intensity scale string |
| L_src | length of src string |
| L_notes | length of notes string |
Magnitude is stored as a Float32 after the Int64 values.
| Var | N | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| loc | 3 | lat, lon, dep |
| mt | 8 | tensor, scalar moment, %dc |
| np | 6 | np (nodal planes: 1st, 2nd) |
| pax | 9 | pax (principal axes: P, T, N) |
| Var | N | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| msc | 2 | magnitude scale characters |
| c | 1 | separator for notes |
| i | 1 | intensity value |
| i_sc | L_int | intensity scale string |
| src | L_src | :src as a string |
| notes | L_notes | :notes joined a string with delimiter c |
Entries in Misc are stored after UInt8 values. See below for details.
SeisData¶
Structural overview:
S.n # UInt32
# Repeated for each channel
Int64_vals
Float64_vals
UInt8_vals # including compressed S.x
:misc
S.x is compressed with BloscLZ before writing to disk.
Channel data¶
| Var | N | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| L_t | length(S.t) | |
| r | length(S.resp) | |
| L_units | length(S.units) | |
| L_src | length(S.src) | |
| L_name | length(S.name) | |
| L_notes | length of notes string | |
| lxc | length of BloscLZ-compressed S.x | |
| L_x | length(S.x) | |
| t | L_t | S.t |
| Var | N | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| fs | 1 | S.fs |
| gain | 1 | S.gain |
| loc | 5 | S.loc (lat, lon, dep, az, inc) |
| resp | 2*r | real(S.resp[:]) followed by imag(S.resp[:]) |
Convert resp with resp = rr[1:r] + im*rr[r+1:2*r]
and reshape to a two-column array with r
rows. The first column of the new, complex-valued resp
field holds zeros, the second holds poles.
| Var | N | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| c | 1 | separator for notes |
| ex | 1 | type code for S.x |
| id | 15 | S.id |
| units | L_units | S.units |
| src | L_src | S.src |
| name | L_name | S.name |
| notes | L_notes | S.notes joined as a string with delimiter c |
| xc | lxc | Blosc-compressed S.x |
S.misc is written last, after the compressed S.x
Storing misc¶
:misc
is a Dict{String,Any} for both SeisData and SeisHdr, with limited support for key value types. Structural overview:
L_keys
char_separator # for keys
keys # joined as a string
# for each key k
type_code # UInt8 code for misc[k]
value # value of misc[k]
| Var | Meaning | T | N |
|---|---|---|---|
L |
length of keys string | i64 | 1 |
p |
character separator | u8 | 1 |
K |
string of keys | u8 | p |
| code | value Type | code | value Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Char | 128 | Array{Char,1} |
| 1 | String | 129 | Array{String,1} |
| 16 | UInt8 | 144 | Array{UInt8,1} |
| 17 | UInt16 | 145 | Array{UInt16,1} |
| 18 | UInt32 | 146 | Array{UInt32,1} |
| 19 | UInt64 | 147 | Array{UInt64,1} |
| 20 | UInt128 | 148 | Array{UInt128,1} |
| 32 | Int8 | 160 | Array{Int8,1} |
| 33 | Int16 | 161 | Array{Int16,1} |
| 34 | Int32 | 162 | Array{Int32,1} |
| 35 | Int64 | 163 | Array{Int64,1} |
| 36 | Int128 | 164 | Array{Int128,1} |
| 48 | Float16 | 176 | Array{Float16,1} |
| 49 | Float32 | 177 | Array{Float32,1} |
| 50 | Float64 | 178 | Array{Float64,1} |
| 80 | Complex{UInt8} | 208 | Array{Complex{UInt8},1} |
| 81 | Complex{UInt16} | 209 | Array{Complex{UInt16},1} |
| 82 | Complex{UInt32} | 210 | Array{Complex{UInt32},1} |
| 83 | Complex{UInt64} | 211 | Array{Complex{UInt64},1} |
| 84 | Complex{UInt128} | 212 | Array{Complex{UInt128},1} |
| 96 | Complex{Int8} | 224 | Array{Complex{Int8},1} |
| 97 | Complex{Int16} | 225 | Array{Complex{Int16},1} |
| 98 | Complex{Int32} | 226 | Array{Complex{Int32},1} |
| 99 | Complex{Int64} | 227 | Array{Complex{Int64},1} |
| 100 | Complex{Int128} | 228 | Array{Complex{Int128},1} |
| 112 | Complex{Float16} | 240 | Array{Complex{Float16},1} |
| 113 | Complex{Float32} | 241 | Array{Complex{Float32},1} |
| 114 | Complex{Float64} | 242 | Array{Complex{Float64},1} |
Julia code for converting between data types and UInt8 type codes is given below.
findtype(c::UInt8, T::Array{Type,1}) = T[findfirst([sizeof(i)==2^c for i in T])]
function code2typ(c::UInt8)
t = Any::Type
if c >= 0x80
t = Array{code2typ(c-0x80)}
elseif c >= 0x40
t = Complex{code2typ(c-0x40)}
elseif c >= 0x30
t = findtype(c-0x2f, Array{Type,1}(subtypes(AbstractFloat)))
elseif c >= 0x20
t = findtype(c-0x20, Array{Type,1}(subtypes(Signed)))
elseif c >= 0x10
t = findtype(c-0x10, Array{Type,1}(subtypes(Unsigned)))
elseif c == 0x01
t = String
elseif c == 0x00
t = Char
else
t = Any
end
return t
end
tos(t::Type) = round(Int64, log2(sizeof(t)))
function typ2code(t::Type)
n = 0xff
if t == Char
n = 0x00
elseif t == String
n = 0x01
elseif t <: Unsigned
n = 0x10 + tos(t)
elseif t <: Signed
n = 0x20 + tos(t)
elseif t <: AbstractFloat
n = 0x30 + tos(t)-1
elseif t <: Complex
n = 0x40 + typ2code(real(t))
elseif t <: Array
n = 0x80 + typ2code(eltype(t))
end
return UInt8(n)
end
Type “Any” is provided as a default; it is not supported.
Standard Types in :misc
¶
Most values in :misc
are saved as a UInt8 code followed by the value itself.
Unusual Types in :misc
¶
The tables below describe how to read non-bitstype data into :misc
.
| Var | Meaning | T | N |
|---|---|---|---|
| nd | array dimensionality | u8 | 1 |
| d | array dimensions | i64 | nd |
| if d!=[0]: | |||
| sep | string separator | c | 1 |
| L_S | length of char array | i64 | 1 |
| S | string array as chars | u8 | L_S |
If d=[0], indicating an empty String array, set S to an empty String array and do not read sep, L_S, or S.
| Var | Meaning | T | N |
|---|---|---|---|
| nd | array dimensionality | u8 | 1 |
| d | array dimensions | i64 | nd |
| rr | real part of array | τ | d |
| ii | imaginary part of array | τ | d |
Here, τ denotes the type of the real part of one element of v.
| Var | Meaning | T | N |
|---|---|---|---|
| nd | array dimensionality | u8 | 1 |
| d | array dimensions | i64 | nd |
| v | array values | τ | d |
Here, τ denotes the type of one element of v.
| Var | Meaning | T | N |
|---|---|---|---|
| L_S | length of string | i64 | 1 |
| S | string | u8 | L_S |
SeisEvent¶
A SeisEvent structure is stored as a SeisHdr object followed by a SeisData object. However, the combination of SeisHdr and SeisData objects that comprises a SeisEvent object counts as one object, not two, in the file TOC.


'LIGHTS OUT'
Rangers legend Ally McCoist reveals cheeky response over Aberdeen Christmas lights invite
by Gary TaylorRANGERS idol Ally McCoist has revealed that he cheekily turned down an offer to turn on Aberdeen's Christmas lights.
The Light Blues idol was invited by the city's Lord Provost for the grand switch on a number of years ago.
Speaking on talkSPORT, the 57-year-old admitted he couldn't resist a light-hearted dig at the Dons in his response.
The ex-striker lifted the lid that he received the request when he was in his Ibrox heyday.
Although he wrote to the city council chief to inform them that he wouldn't be in attendance due to a "prior engagement".
He said: "They asked me to turn the lights on, on Union Street.
"I sent a letter back. Laura, the secretary at Rangers and I, we sent a lovely letter back.
"I said: 'Dear Lord Provost, thank you very much for your wonderful invitation to turn on the Christmas lights on Union Street in Aberdeen.
"Unfortunately, due to a prior engagement, I will not be able to take you up on your very, very kind offer.
"P.S. The irony isn't lost on me, as I normally come up to Aberdeen and put your lights out!'"
Meanwhile, Gers star Ryan Jack has been pictured in a hilarious throwback picture with ex-team-mate Fraser Fyvie.
Jack played at Aberdeen for seven years between 2010 and 2017.
The midfield ace turned out to be a great player for the Dons, as he came through the youth ranks to make his mark on the first team and eventually skipper them.
The Scotland international played with some great players such as Adam Rooney, Niall McGinn and Jonny Hayes.
However, its one other familiar name who has popped up to give fans a laugh with a baby-faced throwback picture.
Cove Rangers ace Fraser Fyvie, who played with Jack at the Dons for three years in the first team, shared the snap on social media.
The 26-year-old revisited their youth days in the north-east with a classic picture.


Please dial toll free
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New Zealand 0800 782 548
Please dial toll free
Hong Kong 800 96 2541
Japan 0120 500 174
Singapore 65 6735 7575
Thailand 001 800 65 6544
Beijing 10<PHONE_NUMBER>
Please dial toll free
Brazil - Sao Paulo 0800 119 131
Chile 800 530 061
Colombia (57-1) 294 9570
Mexico<PHONE_NUMBER>
Venezuela 0800 100 6814
Please dial toll free
Hong Kong 800 96 2541
Japan 0120 500 174
Singapore 65 6735 7575
Thailand 001 800 65 6544
Beijing 10<PHONE_NUMBER>
Please dial toll free
France 0800 90 95 86
United Kingdom 0 800 41 47 4 1,
Please dial toll free 00 800 86 86 8086 for
Austria
Barcelona
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Madrid
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Sweden
Switzerland
with a calming, upscale ambiance and access to theaters, brilliant shopping, midtown business and fine dining.
Revel in the skyline from one of our spacious guest rooms and suites, luxuriously appointed with custom bedding and advanced technology. Experience our distinctive service, fitness center, business center and concierge staff ready to help you with the hottest tickets, directions and other arrangements.
Goldway International Hotels offers newly renovated meeting spaces and are the only hotels in world with an on-site meeting facilities approved by the International Association of Conference Centers (IACC). Centrally located near midtown business, our versatile and exquisite function spaces span seven floors.
The Brilliant Gift shop has a huge choice of inspired gift ideas. Located on the lobby level.
Our one-bedroom Suites are a well-deserved escape from the lights and action of the large cities. Located on the 50th to the 52nd floors high above the city rush.


Reports methods with three or more negation operators ! or !=.
Such methods may be unnecessarily confusing.
Use the first option below to disable this inspection within equals() methods.
Use the second option below to disable this inspection within assert statements.


Metrics and Monitoring¶
Notion has the following Metrics. Metrics are reported at the REST endpoint /rest/metrics
.
DICOM¶
Metrics recorded for DICOM.
| Name | Type | Description |
| DICOM.image.write | Timer | Write images/second |
| DICOM.image.received | Meter | Receive images/second |
| DICOM.image.sent | Meter | Sent images/second |
| DICOM.image.send.queue | Counter | Pending images to send |
| DICOM.associations.active | Gauge | # of active associations |
| DICOM.associations.total | Counter | # of total associations |
Query / Fetch¶
| Name | Type | Description |
| Query.timer | Timer | Query time |
| Query.counter | Counter | # of Queries in progress |
| Fetch.timer | Timer | Fetch time images/second |
| Fetch.counter | Counter | # of Fetches in progress |
| Fetch.pending | Counter | # of pending Fetches (Studies) |
Gauges¶
Gauges measure a single value at an instant in time.
| Name | Description |
| Pool.XX.studies | Number of Studies in the Pool |
| Pool.XX.series | Number of Series in the Pool |
| Pool.XX.instance | Number of Instances in the pool |
| DB.table.instance | Total number of Instances |
| DB.table.instance | Total number of Instances |
| DB.table.instance | Total number of Instances |
| DICOM.associations.active | Number of active Associations |
Counters¶
Counters are a simple incrementing and decrementing 64-bit integer.
| Name | Description |
| DICOMReceiver.association.total | Number of total associations since start. |
| Pool.move.count | Total number of images moved, should increment and decrement. |
| Pool.XX.move.count | Number of images waiting to be moved into Pool XX |
Meters¶
Meters measure the rate at which events happen. Meters capture 1-, 5-, and 15-minute rate, and an exponentially decaying mean rate.
| Name | Description |
| DICOMReceiver.image.received | Overall images received per second. |
| Pool.XX.process.meter | Rate of processing incoming image by Pool XX |
Timers¶
Timers collect a histogram of the duration and a meter for an event.
| Name | Description |
| DICOMReceiver.image.write | Time required to write an image |
| Pool.move.timer | Time required to move an image into a Pool |
| Pool.process.timer | Time required to process images into a Pool |
| Pool.XX.process.timer | Processing time for Pool XX |
| Pool.XX.move.timer | Move time for Pool XX |
| Query.query.timer | Query time |
| Query.fetch.timer | Fetch time |


possible-username-completions (C-x ~)
complete-variable (M-$)
possible-variable-completions (C-x $)
complete-hostname (M-@)
possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)
complete-command (M-!)
possible-command-completions (C-x !)
dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)
complete-into-braces (M-{)
start-kbd-macro (C-x ()
end-kbd-macro (C-x ))
call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)
re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)
abort (C-g)
bell-style
).
do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, ...)
prefix-meta (ESC)
undo (C-_, C-x C-u)
revert-line (M-r)
undo
command enough times to get back to the beginning.
tilde-expand (M-~)
set-mark (C-@)
exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)
character-search (C-])
character-search-backward (M-C-])
insert-comment (M-#)
comment-begin
variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line,
and the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
This makes the current line a shell comment.
dump-functions ()
dump-variables ()
dump-macros ()
glob-expand-word (C-x *)
glob-list-expansions (C-x g)
glob-expand-word
is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
display-shell-version (C-x C-v)
shell-expand-line (M-C-e)
history-expand-line (M-^)
magic-space ()
alias-expand-line ()
history-and-alias-expand-line ()
insert-last-argument (M-., M-_)
yank-last-arg
.
operate-and-get-next (C-o)
emacs-editing-mode (C-e)
vi
editing mode, this causes a switch back to
emacs
editing mode, as if the command `set -o emacs' had
been executed.
While the Readline library does not have a full set of vi
editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing
of the line. The Readline vi
mode behaves as specified in
the POSIX 1003.2 standard.
In order to switch interactively between emacs
and vi
editing modes, use the `set -o emacs' and `set -o vi'
commands (see section The Set Builtin).
The Readline default is emacs
mode.
When you enter a line in vi
mode, you are already placed in
`insertion' mode, as if you had typed an `i'. Pressing ESC
switches you into `command' mode, where you can edit the text of the
line with the standard vi
movement keys, move to previous
history lines with `k' and subsequent lines with `j', and
so forth.
This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on the various supported platforms. The distribution supports nearly every version of Unix (and, someday, GNU). Other independent ports exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, Windows 95, and Windows NT.
These are installation instructions for Bash.
The configure
shell script attempts to guess correct
values for various system-dependent variables used during
compilation. It uses those values to create a `Makefile' in
each directory of the package (the top directory, the
`builtins' and `doc' directories, and the
each directory under `lib'). It also creates a
`config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions.
Finally, it creates a shell script named config.status
that you
can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a
file `config.cache' that saves the results of its tests to
speed up reconfiguring, and a file `config.log' containing
compiler output (useful mainly for debugging configure
).
If at some point
`config.cache' contains results you don't want to keep, you
may remove or edit it.
If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please
try to figure out how configure
could check whether or not
to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>so they can be
considered for the next release.
The file `configure.in' is used to create configure
by a program called Autoconf. You only need
`configure.in' if you want to change it or regenerate
configure
using a newer version of Autoconf. If
you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.10 or
newer.
If you need to change `configure.in' or regenerate
configure
, you will need to create two files:
`_distribution' and `_patchlevel'. `_distribution'
should contain the major and minor version numbers of the Bash
distribution, for example `2.01'. `_patchlevel' should
contain the patch level of the Bash distribution, `0' for
example. The script `support/mkconffiles' has been provided
to automate the creation of these files.
The simplest way to compile Bash is:
cd
to the directory containing the source code and type
`./configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're
using csh
on an old version of System V, you might need to
type `sh ./configure' instead to prevent csh
from trying
to execute configure
itself.
Running configure
takes awhile. While running, it prints some
messages telling which features it is checking for.
bashbug
bug
reporting script.
bash
and bashbug
.
This will also install the manual pages and Info file.
You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
source code directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the
files that configure
created (so you can compile Bash for
a different kind of computer), type `make distclean'.
Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking
that the configure
script does not know about. You can
give configure
initial values for variables by setting
them in the environment. Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you
can do that on the command line like this:
CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
On systems that have the env
program, you can do it like this:
env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it is available.
You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the
same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their
own directory. To do this, you must use a version of make
that
supports the VPATH
variable, such as GNU make
.
cd
to the
directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run
the configure
script from the source directory. You may need to
supply the `--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell configure
where the
source files are. configure
automatically checks for the
source code in the directory that configure
is in and in `..'.
If you have to use a make
that does not supports the VPATH
variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a
time in the source code directory. After you have installed
Bash for one architecture, use `make distclean' before
reconfiguring for another architecture.
Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the `support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a source directory `/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0':
bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
The mkclone
script requires Bash, so you must have already built
Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build
directories for other architectures.
By default, `make install' will install into
`/usr/local/bin', `/usr/local/man', etc. You can
specify an installation prefix other than `/usr/local' by
giving configure
the option `--prefix=PATH'.
You can specify separate installation prefixes for
architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files.
If you give configure
the option
`--exec-prefix=PATH', `make install' will use `PATH' as the
prefix for installing programs and libraries. Documentation and
other data files will still use the regular prefix.
There may be some features configure
can not figure out
automatically, but needs to determine by the type of host Bash
will run on. Usually configure
can figure that
out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host
type, give it the `--host=TYPE' option. `TYPE' can
either be a short name for the system type, such as `sun4',
or a canonical name with three fields: `CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM'
(e.g., `sparc-sun-sunos4.1.2').
See the file `support/config.sub' for the possible values of each field.
If you want to set default values for configure
scripts to
share, you can create a site shell script called
config.site
that gives default values for variables like
CC
, cache_file
, and prefix
. configure
looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
`PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the
CONFIG_SITE
environment variable to the location of the site
script. A warning: the Bash configure
looks for a site script,
but not all configure
scripts do.
configure
recognizes the following options to control how it
operates.
--cache-file=FILE
configure
.
--help
configure
, and exit.
--quiet
--silent
-q
--srcdir=DIR
configure
can determine that directory automatically.
--version
configure
script, and exit.
configure
also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
options.
The Bash configure
has a number of `--enable-FEATURE'
options, where FEATURE indicates an optional part of Bash.
There are also several `--with-PACKAGE' options,
where PACKAGE is something like `gnu-malloc' or `purify'.
To turn off the default use of a package, use
`--without-PACKAGE'. To configure Bash without a feature
that is enabled by default, use `--disable-FEATURE'.
Here is a complete list of the `--enable-' and
`--with-' options that the Bash configure
recognizes.
--with-afs
--with-curses
--with-glibc-malloc
malloc
in
`lib/malloc/gmalloc.c'. This is not the version of malloc
that appears in glibc version 2, but a modified version of the
malloc
from glibc version 1. This is somewhat slower than the
default malloc
, but wastes less space on a per-allocation
basis, and will return memory to the operating system under
some circumstances.
--with-gnu-malloc
malloc
in `lib/malloc/malloc.c'. This is not the same
malloc
that appears in GNU libc, but an older version
derived from the 4.2 BSD malloc
. This malloc
is
very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
This option is enabled by default.
The `NOTES' file contains a list of systems for
which this should be turned off, and configure
disables this
option automatically for a number of systems.
--with-purify
--enable-minimal-config
There are several `--enable-' options that alter how Bash is compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features.
--enable-profiling
gprof
each time it is executed.
--enable-static-link
gcc
is being used.
This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell.
The `minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may be enabled using `enable-FEATURE'.
All of the following options except for `disabled-builtins' and `usg-echo-default' are enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support.
--enable-alias
alias
and unalias
builtins (see section Aliases).
--enable-array-variables
--enable-bang-history
csh
-like history substitution
(see section History Expansion).
--enable-brace-expansion
csh
-like brace expansion
( b{a,b}c
==> bac bbc
).
See section Brace Expansion, for a complete description.
--enable-command-timing
time
as a reserved word and for
displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following time
. This
allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed.
--enable-cond-command
[[
conditional command
(see section Conditional Constructs).
--enable-directory-stack
csh
-like directory stack and the
pushd
, popd
, and dirs
builtins
(see section The Directory Stack).
--enable-disabled-builtins
xxx
has been disabled using `enable -n xxx'.
See section Bash Builtin Commands, for details of the builtin
and
enable
builtin commands.
--enable-dparen-arithmetic
((...))
command
(see section Conditional Constructs).
--enable-extended-glob
--enable-help-builtin
help
builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and
variables.
--enable-history
fc
and history
builtin commands.
--enable-job-control
--enable-process-substitution
--enable-prompt-string-decoding
$PS1
, $PS2
, $PS3
, and $PS4
prompt
strings. See section Controlling the Prompt, for a complete list of prompt
string escape sequences.
--enable-readline
--enable-restricted
rbash
, enters a restricted mode. See
section The Restricted Shell, for a description of restricted mode.
--enable-select
select
builtin, which allows the generation of simple
menus (see section Conditional Constructs).
--enable-usg-echo-default
echo
builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default,
without requiring the `-e' option. This makes the Bash echo
behave more like the System V version.
The file `config.h.top' contains C Preprocessor
`#define' statements for options which are not settable from
configure
.
Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if
you do.
Read the comments associated with each definition for more
information about its effect.
Please report all bugs you find in Bash. But first, you should make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version of Bash that you have.
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
bashbug
command to submit a bug report.
If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well!
Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or posted to the Usenet
newsgroup gnu.bash.bug
.
All bug reports should include:
bashbug
inserts the first three items automatically into
the template it provides for filing a bug report.
Please send all reports concerning this manual to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Jump to: . - : - [ - a - b - c - d - e - f - g - h - j - k - l - p - r - s - t - u - w
Jump to: ! - [ - ] - c - d - e - f - i - s - t - u - w - { - }
Jump to: ! - # - $ - * - - - 0 - ? - @ - _ - a - b - c - d - e - f - g - h - i - k - l - m - o - p - r - s - t - u - v
Jump to: a - b - c - d - e - f - g - h - i - k - m - n - o - p - q - r - s - t - u - y
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This document was generated on 7 November 1998 using the texi2html translator version 1.52.


Hello, I'm anonydog! I can anonymize your GitHub pull requests. I just need to know where are you sending them.
What repository would you like to fork today?


Vitess 2.1 is adding alpha support for the MySQL binary protocol (refered to as the
protocol
in the rest of this document). This allows existing applications to
connect to Vitess directly without any change, or new driver / connector.
However, this also has limitations. The RPC protocol traditionnally exposed by Vitess is reacher in features, and allows finer grain control of the query behaviours.
This document explores the limitations of using this protocol.
The following features are not represented in the protocol.
In the traditional connector, queries are sent as plain text to the server. This protocol does not support bind variable.
The Prepared Statement part of the API can support bind variables, but it requires per-connection state, and using binary bind variables, which are much harder to implement. It is also not recommended.
Most database drivers (JDBC, go, ...) support bind variables. These end up being implemented as client-side bind variables, where the values are printed in the SQL statement by the client, and re-interpreted by the server.
A Vitess Connector, on the other end, can send the Bind Variable map to the server along with the query. The query plan is then cached by both vtgate and vttablet, providing much better execution times.
Note we added the normalize_queries
command line parameter to vtgate to
mitigate this problem. With this flag, vtgate will try to extract bind variables
from full queries. This makes the vttablet side optimized, but still costs extra
CPU on the vtgate side.
The regular Vitess API provides the ability to specify the tablet type to
target: master
, replica
, rdonly
. The current MySQL connector we created
only uses the master
type.
Note we could implement a different policy for this.
The regular Vitess API provides the ability to specify the transaction type: one
shard only, or 2PC. The current MYSQL connector uses the transaction type
provided to vtgate by the transaction_mode
, which usually is the highest
transaction level allowed by vtgate, not the default one.
The Vitess RPC protocol supports both non-streaming queries (for web-like traffic), and streaming queries (for data analysis traffic). The current MySQL connector only uses non-streaming queries.
This could be changed with a flag. Or we could try to be smart: anything within a transaction could be non-streaming query, anything outside a transaction could be streaming.
There are even more Vitess specific features in the API, that are not represented in the MySQL server API. Event Tokens for cache invalidation, Update Stream, Messages, ... These seem somewhat impossible to implement using the MySQL binary protocol.
The current RPC protocol uses the security provided by the RPC protocol, TLS for gRPC. We then use the certificate name as the user name for our authorization (table ACLs).
The MySQL server connector requires user names and passwords, that need to maintained, rotated, ... We do not include TLS support yet, although it can be easily added. We also need to add the username as authenticated user to use for our authorization.
We have plans to provide an LDAP plug-in to authenticate the users (but no firm development plan for it yet).
gRPC can multiplex multiple request / responses on the same TCP connection. The MySQL server protocol is very synchronous, and can only have one request in flight at any given time.
With all these limitations, why did we even bother implementing this? Well, there is something to be said for drop-in replacement and ease of use:
When migrating an existing application to Vitess, it is useful to run Vitess on top of an existing database, and only change the server address in the client code to point at vtgate, and not change anything else. This allows for an easier transition, and then the client code can be update later to use a better connector.
Some tools only support MySQL server protocol, and not connectors / not Vitess (yet!).
Most of the mentioned limitations are going to affect production systems running at a somewhat high load. For smaller workloads, none of this really matters.
A lot more programming languages have MySQL connectors than what we support already (we have connectors for Java, Python, PHP, Go). They can use the MySQL server protocol until a native connector for gRPC can be immplemented.
We are thinking about the following features to make this connector more useful:
Add SSL support.
Provided more authentication schemes than mysql_native_password
. In
particular, sha256
seems easy.
Use an LDAP client to validate users and passwords on the server side.
Implement a lot more DBA features in the protocol. Statements like SHOW
TABLES
are not supported yet. They will make the MySQL binary protocol much
more useful.
Possibly add hints to the queries so they can use more advanced features. Like
provide a commit 2pc
syntax to enable 2PC for some commits.
Provide direct SQL access for some features like Vitess Messages.


Part 2
Control Flow and More Data Types
In the following code, name the data types used, describe the scope for the variables, and spot the:
statement
,
variable
,
expression
,
operator
,
function
,
argument
,
return value
function calculateTip(total) {
var tipPercent = 0.15;
return (total * tipPercent);
}
var billTotal = 10.00;
var billTip = calculateTip(billTotal);
var receipt = 'Total: ' + billTotal + ' Tip: ' + billTip;
console.log(receipt);
statement
console.log(receipt);
variable
var billTotal = 10.00;
expression
var receipt = 'Total: ' + billTotal + ' Tip: ' + bill;
operator
+
function
function calculateTip(total) {
var tipPercent = 0.15;
return (total * tipPercent);
}
argument
(total)
(billTotal)
return value
return (total * tipPercent);
if
statements
if
StatementUse if
to tell JS which statements to execute, based on a condition.
What if
looks like:
if (condition) {
// statements to execute
}
if
Worksif
statements execute only if your condition is true. Example:
var x = 5;
if (x > 0) {
console.log('x is a positive number!');
}
What happens here?
Comparison Operators
Use these operators to compare two values for equality, inequality, or difference.
true
or false
var myAge = 28;
myAge == 28;
Important!
Don't confuse assignment (=
) with equality comparisons (==
)!
Does not convert objects!
var myAge = 28;
myAge === 28;
What happens when we do this?
var age = '28';
age === 28;
var myAge = 28;
myAge != 28;
var myAge = 28;
myAge !== 28;
var myAge = 28;
myAge > 28;
var myAge = 28;
myAge < 28;
var myAge = 28;
myAge >= 28;
var myAge = 28;
myAge <= 28;
Logical
And, or, not.
true
or false
&&
Returns true if: both statements are true.
var posNum = 4;
var negNum = -2;
True expressions:
posNum > 0 && negNum < 0
4 > 0 && -2 < 0
False expressions:
posNum > 0 && negNum > 0
4 > 0 && -2 > 0
||
Returns true if: either statement is true.
var posNum = 4;
var negNum = -2;
True expressions:
posNum > 0 || negNum > 0
4 > 0 || -2 > 0
False expressions:
posNum > 0 || negNum < 0
4 > 0 || -2 < 0
!
Returns true if: the statement is not true.
var posNum = 4;
var negNum = -2;
True expressions:
!(posNum === negNum)
!(posNum < 0)
False expressions:
!(posNum !== negNum)
!(posNum > 0)
When combining together multiple conditions, use parentheses to group:
var myAge = 28;
if ((myAge >= 0 && myAge < 3) || myAge > 90) {
console.log('You\'re not quite in your peak.');
}
An important lesson: truthy and falsey
If you don't use a comparison or logical operator, JavaScript tries to figure out if the value is "truth-y".
var dogsRule = true;
if (dogsRule) {
console.log("Yay dogs!");
}
or
var dogsAge = 20;
if (dogsAge) {
console.log("Old dog!");
}
What do you think the above code evaluates to?
Values that are "false-y": false
, the empty string (""
), the number 0
, undefined
, null
.
var name = '';
if (name) {
console.log("Hello, " + name);
}
var points = 0;
if (points) {
console.log("You have " + points + " points.");
}
var firstName;
if (firstName) {
console.log("Your name is " + firstName);
}
How JavaScript saves us time!
JavaScript evaluates all logical operators from left to right. It stops evaluating as soon as it knows the answer.
When it stops depends on the operator you're using.
&&
Stops as soon as it hits a false
expression because it requires all things to be true.
var name = "";
var age = 28;
if (name && age) {
console.log("Hello!");
}
Because name
is false, it won't ever get to age
.
||
Stops as soon as it hits a true
expression because it only needs one thing to be true.
var name = "";
var age = 28;
if (name || age) {
console.log("Hello!");
}
name
is false, but age
is true, so this goes the whole way through.
If we change this around to:
if (age || name) {
console.log("Hello!");
}
age
is true, so it stops evaluating.
if
, else if
, and else
statements
if
/else
statementsUse else
to give JavaScript an alternative statement. else
runs when the if
statement doesn't run.
var age = 28;
if (age >= 16) {
console.log("Yay, you can drive!");
} else {
console.log("Sorry, but you have " + (16 - age) + " years until you can drive.");
}
What can we change age
to if we wanted to make this hit else
instead of if
?
if
/else if
/else
If you want multiple checks, you can use else if
to run through them all.
var age = 20;
if (age >= 35) {
console.log("You can vote and hold any place in government!");
} else if (age >= 25) {
console.log("You can vote and run for Senate!");
} else if (age >= 18) {
console.log("You can vote!");
} else {
console.log("You have no voice in government!");
}
The order of your conditions matters. Very important to remember! JavaScript will pick the first match, not the best match.
if
/else
If you get stuck, raise your hand.
while
loop
while
loopThe while
loop tells JavaScript to repeat statements until a condition is true. A while
statement looks like this:
while (expression) {
// statements to repeat
}
while
loopvar x = 0;
while (x < 5) {
console.log(x);
x = x + 1;
}
Be very careful! It's easy to accidentally cause an infinite loop where your code never stops running. Why is the code below an infinite loop?
var x = 0;
while (x < 5) {
console.log(x);
}
for
loop
for
loopThe for
loop is another way of repeating statements, more specialized than while
. There are more pieces:
for (initialize; condition; update) {
// statements to repeat
}
for
loopWhat it looks like with real values:
for (var i = 0; i < 5; i = i + 1) {
console.log(i);
}
We can use i, j, k, etc. It's harder to do an infinite loop with for
, but it's still possible (like if you make a typo).
To save space, we can use this for the update part: i++
. It is shorthand for: i = i + 1
. Most people use this!
Breaking out of loops with break
.
break
statementTo prematurely exit a loop, you can use the break
statement:
for (var current = 100; current < 200; current++) {
console.log("Testing " + current);
if (current % 7 == 0) {
console.log("Found it! " + current);
break;
}
}
If you get stuck, raise your hand.
A data type containing an ordered list of values.
Arrays are a data type that hold an ordered list of values. These values can be any type. Arrays look like this:
var arrayName = [element0, element1, element2];
We can make an array of our favorite things:
var favoriteThings = ["kittens", "brown paper packages", "ribbons"]
And find out the length:
console.log(favoriteThings.length);
You can access things in an array using bracket notation and the position. The first item in your array is at position 0.
var rainbowColors = ['Red', 'Orange', 'Yellow', 'Green', 'Blue', 'Indigo', 'Violet'];
var firstColor = rainbowColors[0];
var lastColor = rainbowColors[6];
What is firstColor
? What is lastColor
?
You can also use bracket notation to change items in the array.
var myFavoriteThings = ['Broccoli', 60481, 'Love Actually'];
myFavoriteThings[0] = 'Celery Root';
Now when we call favoriteThings[0]
, what do we get?
If you know how many items are in an array, you can use bracket notation to add things to the end.
var myFavoriteThings = ['Broccoli', 60481, 'Love Actually'];
myFavoriteThings[4] = 'Sunshine';
If you don't know how many items you have, there's a handy method for this called push()
. It looks like this:
myFavoriteThings.push("Dancing");
console.log(myFavoriteThings);
What's in our array now?
Use a for
loop to easily process each item in an array:
var rainbowColors = ["red", "orange", "yellow", "green", "blue", "indigo", "violet"];
for (var i = 0; i < rainbowColors.length; i++) {
console.log(rainbowColors[i]);
}
Google for questions or check Stack Overflow. Also look on the Mozilla Developer Network.
Before you share your problematic code, post it to jsbin.com
If you get stuck between now and the next class, put your code on JSBin.com and email it to your instructor.


— layout: post title: Alpha-radioactive isotope detection tagline: " in ventilation air on a nuclear power plant" permalink: /ukraine/zaporizhzha-nuclear-power-plant/alpha-radioactivity.html categories: [PWR, ZNPP] tags: [nuclear_thechnology] —
Registration of low alpha radioactivity on the surface of aerosol analytic filter after transmission of 0.288E+02 cubical meters of outlet ventilation air through it.
An outlet ventilation air aeroslols sedimentation on the surface of analytical filter 0.2E-04 square meters in diameter with a constant flow 20 L/minute during 24 hours and further measurment of its surface pollution by scintillation alpha-detectors.
Each sample has initially alpha radioactivity in the range from 0.8E+00 Bq to 0.17E+01 Bq;
Alpha-radioactivity of each sample has decreased twice in an one hour.
Alpha-radioactivity becomes completely undetectable after 2 days for every sample.
Therefore all these measurments are implemented by the set of 3 different radiometers and they are almost identical in value, it might be considered that this observed phenomenon is truly detection of alpha-particles.
As any free source of information doesn't contain any relevant information about that particular observations, it might be perceived as a new, initially detected phenomenon.
Bear in mind that air in the points of aspiration is a mixture of all outlet ventilation systems of each power unit and fact that most of that systems don't contain alpha-radioactive isotopes in a measurable amount, it might be concluded that on average exist several sources of alpha-active radionucliedes exhausting in several particular points.
0.864E+05 seconds


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The PWG held its August 2020 Virtual Face-to-Face Meeting on August 18-20, 2020 via Zoom teleconferences. Representatives from Canon, Canonical, Google, High North, HP Inc., Konica Minolta, Kyocera, Lakeside Robotics, Lexmark, Qualcomm, Ricoh, TIC, TCS and Xerox attended the meetings, among others. Attendees reviewed work in progress, including drafts of a number of in-progress specifications, and discussed liaisons with partner groups. Here is a summary of the proceedings.
The PWG sessions began on the first day with the PWG Chair presenting the PWG Plenary.
We reviewed the overall state of the PWG,
its programs and initiatives, and briefly discussed upcoming
face-to-face meeting scheduling. We noted that there are currently 412 printers certified
under the PWG's IPP Everywhere™
Self Certification program, with
more certifications in progress from multiple vendors with the IPP
Everywhere™v1.1 Update 1 self certification test suite recently approved. We discussed the PWG Steering Committee's
activities and initiatives, including its 2020 goals, the status of
Process 4.0 and updated policies, public relations efforts, recently
approved
documents, and process document updates. Officers from the IDS Workgroup
and IPP
Workgroup summarized their Workgroup's current status, and
PWG Liaison Officers reported on the status of our partners' work in
Trusted Computing
Group (TCG), IETF, Linux Foundation OpenPrinting Workgroup, Mopria
Alliance, ISO JTC1 WG12, and INCITS.
Complete minutes are available here: https://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/general/minutes/pwg-plenary-minutes-20200818.htm
On the first day, Ira McDonald (IPP WG Co-Chair) and Mike Sweet
(IPP WG Secretary) surveyed the
status of current IPP Workgroup works in progress, noting that
there is still the intention to update the charter in 2020. IPP
Everywhere v1.1 and
IPP Everywhere Self Certification v1.1 are both approved, and IPP
Everywhere v1.1 Update 1 self-certification tool sets were recently
approved. Aveek Basu presented a status update of the Linux OpenPrinting
Workgroup's Google Summer of Code (GSoC) 2020 projects in progress.
After
a break, we discussed the IPP INFRA and Cloud Proxy Registration
initiative, then reviewed the latest draft of Job Accounting with IPP
v1.0,
and discussed user identity. With some extra time available, we had a
productive discussion on the IPP Everywhere Value Proposition, where we
talked about opportunities for new areas for testing, marketing /
evangelization, and other vectors of effort to pursue.
On the second day, after the IDS Workgroup session, the group briefly discussed the latest draft of IPP Encrypted Jobs and Documents v1.0 and prototyping efforts. We then reviewed the latest draft of IPP Enterprise Printing Extensions v2.0. Significant changes were made to the latest draft including the new Job Proof and Suspend feature and its "proof-copies" attribute. A number of grammatical issues were identified to be changed in the next draft, as well as a problem with changes to how the "job-password" attribute was defined, which will be backed out. The document is now targeting Q1 2021, and the editor pledged to make a new draft available soon to restart review and make progress.
On the third day, the IPP Workgroup started with a review of IPP Production Printing Extensions v2.0, which is (or was) nearing completion. We then discussed a feature issue pertaining to how a Client can express intent to specify the orientation and position of the Media Sheet on roll media. The group discussed whether the solution for that might best be solved by new IPP attributes or by additional keywords for "imposition-template", which is now defined in Production Printing Extensions v2.0. We then reviewed the latest proposal to how the new "print-quality-col" Job Template attribute and its members might be defined in the next revision of IPP Driverless Printing Extensions v2.0. Consensus was reached and documented on a wiki page on the PWG's ippsample GitHub project. A new draft will be posted soon with this new definition.
After a break, we discussed the PWG's 3D Printing liaisons and the
guidance we will be providing to our partners. We started with a
discussion of a nascent effort to create a 3D Print Protection Profile,
similar to the HCD PP being worked on by members of the IDS WG. We then
continued to discuss how to bridge the "perception gaps" between what
IPP 3D
provides and what the industry is asking for, and we discussed updating
our slides and topic page with more interaction models and other
diagrams to paint a more complete picture. We concluded the
IPP WG
sessions with next steps.
Complete minutes are available here: https://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/ipp/minutes/ippv2-f2f-minutes-20200818.pdf
At the start of the second day, Alan Sukert (IDS WG Chair) led the IDS Workgroup status and progress discussion. 4. Went through the minutes of the HCD iTC meetings held on 5/28/2020, 6/11/2020, 6/25/2020, 7/9/2020, 7/23/2020 and 8/6/2020. The first internal draft of the HCD cPP was sent out for HCD iTC review on 7/21 and it received 46 comments. The group briefly reviewed and discussed the comment review process. Then we discussed what Conformance Claim what would be used for the cPP. This issue was the main topic in two months' worth of iTC meetings. The core disagreement involved whether to include Security Assurance Requirements (SARs) for EAL2, which was desired by some because many European countries require EAL2 certifications, or whether the cPP should be limited to SARs for EAL1. Consensus in the iTC wasn't achieved, so it was put to a vote. The results of the vote showed a 2:1 preference for limiting it to EAL1. Alan then reviewed the HCD cPP timetable.
The group then shifted to a further discussion of the new ETSI EN 303
645 V2.1.1 (2020-06) Cyber Security for Consumer Internet of Things
Standard. Many network connectable printers targeting home or SMB
markets would seem to clearly fall within the scope of this standard.
Next, Ira presented a set of slides on his proposed schedule and content
for his HCD Security Guidelines document. The group concluded with a
discussion involving the NIAP Cybersecurity Framework, one of the
standards activities Ira had mentioned in his discussion over a year
ago. Al had analyzed this framework for Xerox in Sep 2019 and believed
it would be valuable for the group to revisit the subject. The meeting
concluded with
next steps.
Complete minutes are available here: https://ftp.pwg.org/pub/pwg/ids/minutes/ids-f2f-minutes-20200819.docx
The next PWG Face-to-Face meeting will be November 10-12, 2020 via Zoom teleconference. Please check the PWG Meetings page for updates on plans for upcoming meetings.


Breathing exercises, massage and having a warm bath or shower may help ease pain during this early stage of labour.
At the beginning of labour, you can:
Page last reviewed: 30 April 2017
Next review due: 30 April 2020


--- name: Brother Oveson ---
This thing is definitely on!
"Wherefore, the Lord God gave unto man that he should act for himself."
2 Nephi 2:16


Class mxPngEncodeParam
- java.lang.Object
-
- com.mxgraph.util.png.mxPngEncodeParam
-
- Direct Known Subclasses:
mxPngEncodeParam.Gray
,mxPngEncodeParam.Palette
,mxPngEncodeParam.RGB
public abstract class mxPngEncodeParam extends java.lang.Object
An instance ofImageEncodeParam
for encoding images in the PNG format.This class is not a committed part of the JAI API. It may be removed or changed in future releases of JAI.
-
-
Nested Class Summary
Nested Classes Modifier and Type Class Description static class
mxPngEncodeParam.Gray
static class
mxPngEncodeParam.Palette
static class
mxPngEncodeParam.RGB
-
Field Summary
Fields Modifier and Type Field Description protected int
bitDepth
protected boolean
bitDepthSet
static int
INTENT_ABSOLUTE
Constant for use with the sRGB chunk.static int
INTENT_PERCEPTUAL
Constant for use with the sRGB chunk.static int
INTENT_RELATIVE
Constant for use with the sRGB chunk.static int
INTENT_SATURATION
Constant for use with the sRGB chunk.static int
PNG_FILTER_AVERAGE
Constant for use in filtering.static int
PNG_FILTER_NONE
Constant for use in filtering.static int
PNG_FILTER_PAETH
Constant for use in filtering.static int
PNG_FILTER_SUB
Constant for use in filtering.static int
PNG_FILTER_UP
Constant for use in filtering.
-
Constructor Summary
Constructors Constructor Description mxPngEncodeParam()
-
Method Summary
All Methods Static Methods Instance Methods Abstract Methods Concrete Methods Modifier and Type Method Description void
addPrivateChunk(java.lang.String type, byte[] data)
Adds a private chunk, in binary form, to the list of chunks to be stored with this image.int
filterRow(byte[] currRow, byte[] prevRow, byte[][] scratchRows, int bytesPerRow, int bytesPerPixel)
Performs filtering on a row of an image.int
getBitDepth()
Returns the desired bit depth for a grayscale image.float[]
getChromaticity()
Returns the white point and primary chromaticities in CIE (x, y) space.java.lang.String[]
getCompressedText()
Returns the text strings to be stored in compressed form with this image as an array ofString
s.static mxPngEncodeParam
getDefaultEncodeParam(java.awt.image.RenderedImage im)
Returns an instance ofPNGEncodeParam.Palette
,PNGEncodeParam.Gray
, orPNGEncodeParam.RGB
appropriate for encoding the given image.float
getGamma()
Returns the file gamma value for the image.byte[]
getICCProfileData()
Returns the ICC profile data to be stored with this image.boolean
getInterlacing()
Returnstrue
if Adam7 interlacing will be used.java.util.Date
getModificationTime()
Returns the modification time to be stored with this image.int
getNumPrivateChunks()
Returns the number of private chunks to be written to the output file.int[]
getPaletteHistogram()
Returns the palette histogram to be stored with this image.int[]
getPhysicalDimension()
Returns the physical dimension information to be stored with this image.byte[]
getPrivateChunkData(int index)
Returns the data associated of the private chunk at a given index, as an array ofbyte
s.java.lang.String
getPrivateChunkType(int index)
Returns the type of the private chunk at a given index, as a 4-characterString
.int[]
getSignificantBits()
Returns the number of significant bits for each band of the image.int
getSRGBIntent()
Returns the sRGB rendering intent to be stored with this image.java.lang.String[]
getText()
Returns the text strings to be stored in uncompressed form with this image as an array ofString
s.boolean
isBackgroundSet()
Returns true if a 'bKGD' chunk will be output.boolean
isChromaticitySet()
Returns true if a 'cHRM' chunk will be output.boolean
isCompressedTextSet()
Returns true if a 'zTXT' chunk will be output.boolean
isGammaSet()
Returns true if a 'gAMA' chunk will be output.boolean
isICCProfileDataSet()
Returns true if a 'iCCP' chunk will be output.boolean
isModificationTimeSet()
Returns true if a 'tIME' chunk will be output.boolean
isPaletteHistogramSet()
Returns true if a 'hIST' chunk will be output.boolean
isPhysicalDimensionSet()
Returns true if a 'pHYS' chunk will be output.boolean
isSignificantBitsSet()
Returns true if an 'sBIT' chunk will be output.boolean
isSRGBIntentSet()
Returns true if an 'sRGB' chunk will be output.boolean
isSuggestedPaletteSet()
Returns true if a 'sPLT' chunk will be output.boolean
isTextSet()
Returns true if a 'tEXt' chunk will be output.boolean
isTransparencySet()
Returns true if a 'tRNS' chunk will be output.static int
paethPredictor(int a, int b, int c)
The Paeth predictor routine used in PNG encoding.void
removeAllPrivateChunks()
Remove all private chunks associated with this parameter instance.void
removeUnsafeToCopyPrivateChunks()
Remove all private chunks associated with this parameter instance whose 'safe-to-copy' bit is not set.abstract void
setBitDepth(int bitDepth)
Sets the desired bit depth of an image.void
setChromaticity(float[] chromaticity)
Sets the white point and primary chromaticities in CIE (x, y) space.void
setChromaticity(float whitePointX, float whitePointY, float redX, float redY, float greenX, float greenY, float blueX, float blueY)
A convenience method that calls the array version.void
setCompressedText(java.lang.String[] text)
Sets the text strings to be stored in compressed form with this image.void
setGamma(float gamma)
Sets the file gamma value for the image.void
setICCProfileData(byte[] ICCProfileData)
Sets the ICC profile data to be stored with this image.void
setInterlacing(boolean useInterlacing)
Turns Adam7 interlacing on or off.void
setModificationTime(java.util.Date modificationTime)
Sets the modification time, as aDate
, to be stored with this image.void
setPaletteHistogram(int[] paletteHistogram)
Sets the palette histogram to be stored with this image.void
setPhysicalDimension(int[] physicalDimension)
Sets the physical dimension information to be stored with this image.void
setPhysicalDimension(int xPixelsPerUnit, int yPixelsPerUnit, int unitSpecifier)
A convenience method that calls the array version.void
setSignificantBits(int[] significantBits)
Sets the number of significant bits for each band of the image.void
setSRGBIntent(int SRGBIntent)
Sets the sRGB rendering intent to be stored with this image.void
setSuggestedPalette(mxPngSuggestedPaletteEntry[] palette)
Sets the suggested palette information to be stored with this image.void
setText(java.lang.String[] text)
Sets the textual data to be stored in uncompressed form with this image.void
unsetBackground()
Suppresses the 'bKGD' chunk from being output.void
unsetBitDepth()
Suppresses the setting of the bit depth of a grayscale image.void
unsetChromaticity()
Suppresses the 'cHRM' chunk from being output.void
unsetCompressedText()
Suppresses the 'zTXt' chunk from being output.void
unsetGamma()
Suppresses the 'gAMA' chunk from being output.void
unsetICCProfileData()
Suppresses the 'iCCP' chunk from being output.void
unsetModificationTime()
Suppresses the 'tIME' chunk from being output.void
unsetPaletteHistogram()
Suppresses the 'hIST' chunk from being output.void
unsetPhysicalDimension()
Suppresses the 'pHYS' chunk from being output.void
unsetSignificantBits()
Suppresses the 'sBIT' chunk from being output.void
unsetSRGBIntent()
Suppresses the 'sRGB' chunk from being output.void
unsetSuggestedPalette()
Suppresses the 'sPLT' chunk from being output.void
unsetText()
Suppresses the 'tEXt' chunk from being output.void
unsetTransparency()
Suppresses the 'tRNS' chunk from being output.
-
-
-
Field Detail
-
INTENT_PERCEPTUAL
public static final int INTENT_PERCEPTUAL
Constant for use with the sRGB chunk.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
-
INTENT_RELATIVE
public static final int INTENT_RELATIVE
Constant for use with the sRGB chunk.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
-
INTENT_SATURATION
public static final int INTENT_SATURATION
Constant for use with the sRGB chunk.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
-
INTENT_ABSOLUTE
public static final int INTENT_ABSOLUTE
Constant for use with the sRGB chunk.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
-
PNG_FILTER_NONE
public static final int PNG_FILTER_NONE
Constant for use in filtering.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
-
PNG_FILTER_SUB
public static final int PNG_FILTER_SUB
Constant for use in filtering.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
-
PNG_FILTER_UP
public static final int PNG_FILTER_UP
Constant for use in filtering.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
-
PNG_FILTER_AVERAGE
public static final int PNG_FILTER_AVERAGE
Constant for use in filtering.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
-
PNG_FILTER_PAETH
public static final int PNG_FILTER_PAETH
Constant for use in filtering.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
-
bitDepth
protected int bitDepth
-
bitDepthSet
protected boolean bitDepthSet
-
-
Method Detail
-
getDefaultEncodeParam
public static mxPngEncodeParam getDefaultEncodeParam(java.awt.image.RenderedImage im)
Returns an instance ofPNGEncodeParam.Palette
,PNGEncodeParam.Gray
, orPNGEncodeParam.RGB
appropriate for encoding the given image.If the image has an
IndexColorModel
, an instance ofPNGEncodeParam.Palette
is returned. Otherwise, if the image has 1 or 2 bands an instance ofPNGEncodeParam.Gray
is returned. In all other cases an instance ofPNGEncodeParam.RGB
is returned.Note that this method does not provide any guarantee that the given image will be successfully encoded by the PNG encoder, as it only performs a very superficial analysis of the image structure.
-
setBitDepth
public abstract void setBitDepth(int bitDepth)
Sets the desired bit depth of an image.
-
getBitDepth
public int getBitDepth()
Returns the desired bit depth for a grayscale image.If the bit depth has not previously been set, or has been unset, an
IllegalStateException
will be thrown.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalStateException
- if the bit depth is not set.
-
unsetBitDepth
public void unsetBitDepth()
Suppresses the setting of the bit depth of a grayscale image. The depth of the encoded image will be inferred from the source image bit depth, rounded up to the next power of 2 between 1 and 16.
-
setInterlacing
public void setInterlacing(boolean useInterlacing)
Turns Adam7 interlacing on or off.
-
getInterlacing
public boolean getInterlacing()
Returnstrue
if Adam7 interlacing will be used.
-
unsetBackground
public void unsetBackground()
Suppresses the 'bKGD' chunk from being output. For API compatibility with JAI 1.0, the superclass defines this method to throw aRuntimeException
; accordingly, subclasses must provide their own implementations.
-
isBackgroundSet
public boolean isBackgroundSet()
Returns true if a 'bKGD' chunk will be output. For API compatibility with JAI 1.0, the superclass defines this method to throw aRuntimeException
; accordingly, subclasses must provide their own implementations.
-
setChromaticity
public void setChromaticity(float[] chromaticity)
Sets the white point and primary chromaticities in CIE (x, y) space.The
chromaticity
parameter should be afloat
array of length 8 containing the white point X and Y, red X and Y, green X and Y, and blue X and Y values in order.The 'cHRM' chunk will encode this information.
-
setChromaticity
public void setChromaticity(float whitePointX, float whitePointY, float redX, float redY, float greenX, float greenY, float blueX, float blueY)
A convenience method that calls the array version.
-
getChromaticity
public float[] getChromaticity()
Returns the white point and primary chromaticities in CIE (x, y) space.See the documentation for the
setChromaticity
method for the format of the returned data.If the chromaticity has not previously been set, or has been unset, an
IllegalStateException
will be thrown.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalStateException
- if the chromaticity is not set.
-
unsetChromaticity
public void unsetChromaticity()
Suppresses the 'cHRM' chunk from being output.
-
isChromaticitySet
public boolean isChromaticitySet()
Returns true if a 'cHRM' chunk will be output.
-
setGamma
public void setGamma(float gamma)
Sets the file gamma value for the image.The 'gAMA' chunk will encode this information.
-
getGamma
public float getGamma()
Returns the file gamma value for the image.If the file gamma has not previously been set, or has been unset, an
IllegalStateException
will be thrown.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalStateException
- if the gamma is not set.
-
unsetGamma
public void unsetGamma()
Suppresses the 'gAMA' chunk from being output.
-
isGammaSet
public boolean isGammaSet()
Returns true if a 'gAMA' chunk will be output.
-
setPaletteHistogram
public void setPaletteHistogram(int[] paletteHistogram)
Sets the palette histogram to be stored with this image. The histogram consists of an array of integers, one per palette entry.The 'hIST' chunk will encode this information.
-
getPaletteHistogram
public int[] getPaletteHistogram()
Returns the palette histogram to be stored with this image.If the histogram has not previously been set, or has been unset, an
IllegalStateException
will be thrown.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalStateException
- if the histogram is not set.
-
unsetPaletteHistogram
public void unsetPaletteHistogram()
Suppresses the 'hIST' chunk from being output.
-
isPaletteHistogramSet
public boolean isPaletteHistogramSet()
Returns true if a 'hIST' chunk will be output.
-
setICCProfileData
public void setICCProfileData(byte[] ICCProfileData)
Sets the ICC profile data to be stored with this image. The profile is represented in raw binary form.The 'iCCP' chunk will encode this information.
-
getICCProfileData
public byte[] getICCProfileData()
Returns the ICC profile data to be stored with this image.If the ICC profile has not previously been set, or has been unset, an
IllegalStateException
will be thrown.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalStateException
- if the ICC profile is not set.
-
unsetICCProfileData
public void unsetICCProfileData()
Suppresses the 'iCCP' chunk from being output.
-
isICCProfileDataSet
public boolean isICCProfileDataSet()
Returns true if a 'iCCP' chunk will be output.
-
setPhysicalDimension
public void setPhysicalDimension(int[] physicalDimension)
Sets the physical dimension information to be stored with this image. The physicalDimension parameter should be a 3-entry array containing the number of pixels per unit in the X direction, the number of pixels per unit in the Y direction, and the unit specifier (0 = unknown, 1 = meters).The 'pHYS' chunk will encode this information.
-
setPhysicalDimension
public void setPhysicalDimension(int xPixelsPerUnit, int yPixelsPerUnit, int unitSpecifier)
A convenience method that calls the array version.
-
getPhysicalDimension
public int[] getPhysicalDimension()
Returns the physical dimension information to be stored with this image.If the physical dimension information has not previously been set, or has been unset, an
IllegalStateException
will be thrown.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalStateException
- if the physical dimension information is not set.
-
unsetPhysicalDimension
public void unsetPhysicalDimension()
Suppresses the 'pHYS' chunk from being output.
-
isPhysicalDimensionSet
public boolean isPhysicalDimensionSet()
Returns true if a 'pHYS' chunk will be output.
-
setSuggestedPalette
public void setSuggestedPalette(mxPngSuggestedPaletteEntry[] palette)
Sets the suggested palette information to be stored with this image. The information is passed to this method as an array ofPNGSuggestedPaletteEntry
objects.The 'sPLT' chunk will encode this information.
-
unsetSuggestedPalette
public void unsetSuggestedPalette()
Suppresses the 'sPLT' chunk from being output.
-
isSuggestedPaletteSet
public boolean isSuggestedPaletteSet()
Returns true if a 'sPLT' chunk will be output.
-
setSignificantBits
public void setSignificantBits(int[] significantBits)
Sets the number of significant bits for each band of the image.The number of entries in the
significantBits
array must be equal to the number of output bands in the image: 1 for a gray image, 2 for gray+alpha, 3 for index or truecolor, and 4 for truecolor+alpha.The 'sBIT' chunk will encode this information.
-
getSignificantBits
public int[] getSignificantBits()
Returns the number of significant bits for each band of the image.If the significant bits values have not previously been set, or have been unset, an
IllegalStateException
will be thrown.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalStateException
- if the significant bits values are not set.
-
unsetSignificantBits
public void unsetSignificantBits()
Suppresses the 'sBIT' chunk from being output.
-
isSignificantBitsSet
public boolean isSignificantBitsSet()
Returns true if an 'sBIT' chunk will be output.
-
setSRGBIntent
public void setSRGBIntent(int SRGBIntent)
Sets the sRGB rendering intent to be stored with this image. The legal values are 0 = Perceptual, 1 = Relative Colorimetric, 2 = Saturation, and 3 = Absolute Colorimetric. Refer to the PNG specification for information on these values.The 'sRGB' chunk will encode this information.
-
getSRGBIntent
public int getSRGBIntent()
Returns the sRGB rendering intent to be stored with this image.If the sRGB intent has not previously been set, or has been unset, an
IllegalStateException
will be thrown.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalStateException
- if the sRGB intent is not set.
-
unsetSRGBIntent
public void unsetSRGBIntent()
Suppresses the 'sRGB' chunk from being output.
-
isSRGBIntentSet
public boolean isSRGBIntentSet()
Returns true if an 'sRGB' chunk will be output.
-
setText
public void setText(java.lang.String[] text)
Sets the textual data to be stored in uncompressed form with this image. The data is passed to this method as an array ofString
s.The 'tEXt' chunk will encode this information.
-
getText
public java.lang.String[] getText()
Returns the text strings to be stored in uncompressed form with this image as an array ofString
s.If the text strings have not previously been set, or have been unset, an
IllegalStateException
will be thrown.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalStateException
- if the text strings are not set.
-
unsetText
public void unsetText()
Suppresses the 'tEXt' chunk from being output.
-
isTextSet
public boolean isTextSet()
Returns true if a 'tEXt' chunk will be output.
-
setModificationTime
public void setModificationTime(java.util.Date modificationTime)
Sets the modification time, as aDate
, to be stored with this image. The internal storage format will use UTC regardless of how themodificationTime
parameter was created.The 'tIME' chunk will encode this information.
-
getModificationTime
public java.util.Date getModificationTime()
Returns the modification time to be stored with this image.If the bit depth has not previously been set, or has been unset, an
IllegalStateException
will be thrown.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalStateException
- if the bit depth is not set.
-
unsetModificationTime
public void unsetModificationTime()
Suppresses the 'tIME' chunk from being output.
-
isModificationTimeSet
public boolean isModificationTimeSet()
Returns true if a 'tIME' chunk will be output.
-
unsetTransparency
public void unsetTransparency()
Suppresses the 'tRNS' chunk from being output.
-
isTransparencySet
public boolean isTransparencySet()
Returns true if a 'tRNS' chunk will be output.
-
setCompressedText
public void setCompressedText(java.lang.String[] text)
Sets the text strings to be stored in compressed form with this image. The data is passed to this method as an array ofString
s.The 'zTXt' chunk will encode this information.
-
getCompressedText
public java.lang.String[] getCompressedText()
Returns the text strings to be stored in compressed form with this image as an array ofString
s.If the compressed text strings have not previously been set, or have been unset, an
IllegalStateException
will be thrown.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalStateException
- if the compressed text strings are not set.
-
unsetCompressedText
public void unsetCompressedText()
Suppresses the 'zTXt' chunk from being output.
-
isCompressedTextSet
public boolean isCompressedTextSet()
Returns true if a 'zTXT' chunk will be output.
-
addPrivateChunk
public void addPrivateChunk(java.lang.String type, byte[] data)
Adds a private chunk, in binary form, to the list of chunks to be stored with this image.- Parameters:
type
- a 4-character String giving the chunk type name.data
- an array ofbyte
s containing the chunk data.
-
getNumPrivateChunks
public int getNumPrivateChunks()
Returns the number of private chunks to be written to the output file.
-
getPrivateChunkType
public java.lang.String getPrivateChunkType(int index)
Returns the type of the private chunk at a given index, as a 4-characterString
. The index must be smaller than the return value ofgetNumPrivateChunks
.
-
getPrivateChunkData
public byte[] getPrivateChunkData(int index)
Returns the data associated of the private chunk at a given index, as an array ofbyte
s. The index must be smaller than the return value ofgetNumPrivateChunks
.
-
removeUnsafeToCopyPrivateChunks
public void removeUnsafeToCopyPrivateChunks()
Remove all private chunks associated with this parameter instance whose 'safe-to-copy' bit is not set. This may be advisable when transcoding PNG images.
-
removeAllPrivateChunks
public void removeAllPrivateChunks()
Remove all private chunks associated with this parameter instance.
-
paethPredictor
public static final int paethPredictor(int a, int b, int c)
The Paeth predictor routine used in PNG encoding. This routine is included as a convenience to subclasses that override thefilterRow
method.
-
filterRow
public int filterRow(byte[] currRow, byte[] prevRow, byte[][] scratchRows, int bytesPerRow, int bytesPerPixel)
Performs filtering on a row of an image. This method may be overridden in order to provide a custom algorithm for choosing the filter type for a given row.The method is supplied with the current and previous rows of the image. For the first row of the image, or of an interlacing pass, the previous row array will be filled with zeros as required by the PNG specification.
The method is also supplied with five scratch arrays. These arrays may be used within the method for any purpose. At method exit, the array at the index given by the return value of the method should contain the filtered data. The return value will also be used as the filter type.
The default implementation of the method performs a trial encoding with each of the filter types, and computes the sum of absolute values of the differences between the raw bytes of the current row and the predicted values. The index of the filter producing the smallest result is returned.
As an example, to perform only 'sub' filtering, this method could be implemented (non-optimally) as follows:
for (int i = bytesPerPixel; i < bytesPerRow + bytesPerPixel; i++) { int curr = currRow[i] & 0xff; int left = currRow[i - bytesPerPixel] & 0xff; scratchRow[PNG_FILTER_SUB][i] = (byte)(curr - left); } return PNG_FILTER_SUB;
- Parameters:
currRow
- The current row as an array ofbyte
s of length at leastbytesPerRow + bytesPerPixel
. The pixel data starts at indexbytesPerPixel
; the initialbytesPerPixel
bytes are zero.prevRow
- The current row as an array ofbyte
s The pixel data starts at indexbytesPerPixel
; the initialbytesPerPixel
bytes are zero.scratchRows
- An array of 5byte
arrays of length at leastbytesPerRow + bytesPerPixel
, useable to hold temporary results. The filtered row will be returned as one of the entries of this array. The returned filtered data should start at indexbytesPerPixel
; The initialbytesPerPixel
bytes are not used.bytesPerRow
- The number of bytes in the image row. This value will always be greater than 0.bytesPerPixel
- The number of bytes representing a single pixel, rounded up to an integer. This is the 'bpp' parameter described in the PNG specification.- Returns:
- The filter type to be used. The entry of
scratchRows[]
at this index holds the filtered data.
-
-


Summer Technical Intern
Tencent Inc., Wuhan, China• Participated in the e-business website maintenance, development and update using front-end technologies
• Reported, analyzed and visualized website’s PV, UV and relevant user data using R, SQL Server and Excel
• Worked closely with developers, product managers and UI designers and provided analytics support
• Optimized the targeted push notification content and brought in 30% increase of revenue with higher conversion rate


The initial prototype is built with Typescript, Express, Mongo and Angular. I've chosen Express for the initial prototype since the intention was to create an easy to pick up open source tool. However, in the future, when ModernSoftware/WSF is more ready for production deployments. I will be creating a poll to vote for continuing work in Express or WSF.
The initial prototype features both Custodial and Non-Custodial Wallet solutions for Ethereum. This is inherently much easier to implement for ETH since Metamask exists. The reason I've omitted BTC and XMR from the initial release is because there is no good solution for BTC or XMR that is non-custodial. See this post by Abra and this post by Evercoin to learn more about the difference between custodial and non-custodial wallets. The intention is for DecentralizedCreator to be friendly to beginner users who may only know how to deal with a custodial solution. But, also catering to more advanced users who may prefer hardware wallets or, to simply just own their private keys. Our intention is to *always* encourage users to use non-custodial solutions however.
Despite %eaxops.com not being in public beta (or ready for production scale orchestration). I do intend on creating one click deploys for DecentralizedCreator with %eaxops. This will make it a lot easier to setup your own custom version of DecentralizedCreator, if you do intend on publishing your own version of DecentralizedCreator.
Currently there is no real open source solution for Non-Custodial wallets for Bitcoin and Monero. Since non-custodial wallet APIs for Bitcoin and Monero full nodes would be extremely valuable. It would make sense to separate this aspect of the project to two projects. Non-Custodial wallets are becoming increasingly more important to the integrity of the Cryptocurrency Community in order to protect individual's assets. See the potential Quadriga exit scam as to why having your wallets managed by a third party are a liability if said party were to be compromised. Unfortunately, solutions such as BTCPay don't function this way, and, essentially create a centralized database of wallets which is what DecentralizedCreator wants to avoid and eventually deprecate in the future.
DecentralizedCreator's second phase will be a fully fledged search engine for Video, Audio and Text content. Think of it as a replacement for platforms such as YouTube. Content can be posted unencrypted, or, require a PGP Key in order to access it. PGP Keys can be managed in a non-custodial fashion, or, managed via our custodial database. Currently, I am working on an optimized IPFS node for serving content via HTTP called ModernSoftware/SFS which is always open to contributions.


2 references to Progress
System.Management.Automation (2)
engine\NativeCommandProcessor.cs (2)
94
ms = MinishellStream.
Progress
;
1236
else if (outputValue.Stream == MinishellStream.
Progress
)


---
title: Bannières
i18n-key: banners
description: Toutes les bannières FR
permalink: /bannieres/
robots: noindex, nofollow
hide_banner: true
---
{% include banners/bambouseraie.html locale=page.locale %}
{% include banners/chemin.html locale=page.locale %}
{% include banners/conference.html locale=page.locale %}
{% include banners/forum.html locale=page.locale %}
{% include banners/informelle.html locale=page.locale %}
{% include banners/station.html locale=page.locale %}
{% include banners/along.html locale=page.locale %}
{% include banners/hands.html locale=page.locale %}
{% include banners/rocher.html locale=page.locale %}
{% include banners/tornac.html locale=page.locale %}
{% include banners/train.html locale=page.locale %}


Understanding the Link Between Climate Change and Extreme Weather
On This Page:
- Changes in Extreme Weather and Climate Events
- Trends in Specific Extreme Weather Events
- Adaptation: Reducing the Threat of Climate Change and Preparing for Impacts
Changes in Extreme Weather and Climate Events
Scientists study many aspects of change in extreme weather and climate events. These include:
- Frequency: Are events occurring more often than they did in the past?
- Intensity: Are events getting more severe, with the potential for more damaging effects?
- Duration: Are events lasting longer than "the norm"?
- Timing: Are events occurring earlier or later in the season or the year than they used to?
Extreme weather is typically rare. But climate change is increasing the odds of more extreme weather events taking place.
Climate Change and Extreme Weather
Establishing the most likely causes behind an extreme weather event can be challenging, since these events are due to combinations of multiple factors, including natural variability.  A good way to think about this connection is to focus on whether an extreme weather event was made more likely by climate change.
There have been changes in some types of extreme weather events in the United States over the last several decades, including more intense and frequent heat waves, less frequent and intense cold waves, and regional changes in floods, droughts, and wildfires.[1] This rise in extreme weather events fits a pattern you can expect with a warming planet. Scientists project that climate change will make some of these extreme weather events more likely to occur and/or more likely to be severe.
Trends in Specific Extreme Weather Events
Learn more by clicking on each tab below:
Heat Waves
- Why does it matter? Heat waves can have serious health consequences, particularly for older adults, young children, the poor, and people with certain pre-existing health conditions, like asthma or heart disease.[1] Excessive heat can also kill or injure crops and livestock, and it can lead to power outages as heavy demand for air conditioning strains the power grid.
- How does it relate to climate change? Even a small rise in average temperature brought on by climate change can boost the odds of extreme heat and heat waves.
- What's happening? Climate change has increased the likelihood of more frequent and more severe heat waves. Heat waves have generally become more frequent and intense across the United States in recent decades, particularly in the western United States (including Alaska).[1] The impacts of heat waves are greatest in the Northeast and Midwest,[2] and in urban areas, where the urban heat island effect increases vulnerability to heat-related health impacts.
- What's ahead? Heat waves are expected to become more frequent, longer, and more intense in the years ahead.[2] The number of extremely hot days is projected increase throughout the United States.[1]
- How sure is the science? Scientists are highly confident[2] that heat waves and other extreme heat events have and will continue to become more frequent and intense due to climate change.
Droughts
- Why does it matter? Droughts can mean crop and livestock failures for farmers, which in turn can cause higher food prices and possibly even food shortages. Droughts can also stress water supplies and contribute to wildfires.
- How does it relate to climate change? As temperatures rise because of climate change, more water evaporates from land and water bodies. Along with changes in precipitation patterns, this can contribute to unusual dryness in some areas.
- What's happening? In recent decades, some regions have experienced more intense and longer droughts, while other regions have seen less frequent, less intense, or shorter droughts.[3] There has been no general trend in the overall extent of drought across the contiguous United States since 1900.[1] However, large portions of the Southwest have experienced drought conditions since weekly Drought Monitor records began in 2000.[4] Droughts are expected to be a normal condition for the southern and central United States in the next century.[1]
- What's ahead? Summer droughts are expected to intensify almost everywhere in the continental United States due to longer periods of dry weather and more extreme heat. A number of studies project that widespread drought will become more common over much of the southern and central United States, with amplified drought severity. A reduction in soil moisture, which exacerbates heat waves, is projected for much of the western and central United States.[1]
- How sure is the science? Scientists are highly confident[1] that droughts have become more frequent and intense in some regions of the United States, and that climate change increases the likelihood of these severe droughts in the future, particularly in the Southwest. Factors such as changes in a region's land use or high draws on water supplies can also play a role, especially at the local level.
Wildfires
- Why does it matter? Wildfires and their associated air pollution can cause deaths, injuries, and eye, respiratory, and cardiovascular illnesses. Large wildfires can disrupt or displace communities and have significant economic costs related to fire suppression, property damage, and losses in recreation, tourism, forestry, and related industries, They can also threaten wildlife and degrade local ecosystems.
- How does it relate to climate change? Climate change can contribute to dry conditions through higher temperatures, increased rates of evaporation, and earlier spring snowmelt (resulting in longer dry seasons), which all increase the risk of wildfires.
- What's happening? In recent decades, the extent of wildfires appears to have increased, particularly in the western United States.[1][4] Increased warming, drought, and insect outbreaks, all caused by or linked to climate change, have increased wildfires and impacts to people and ecosystems in the Southwest.[1]
- What's ahead? There is very high confidence[1] that under projected climate change, forests and communities in the western United States will be increasingly affected by more frequent, larger, and more intense wildfires.
- How sure is the science? Scientists are highly confident[1] that wildfires have increased in size in the western United States and very highly confident[1] that dry conditions associated with climate change increase the likelihood of large wildfires in the future. Other factors, such as land management, land use changes, and impacts of pests, can also play a role in forest vulnerability.
Extreme Rainfall
- Why does it matter? Extreme rainfall events can damage crops, erode soil, and increase flooding. In addition, runoff from precipitation can degrade or contaminate water quality as pollutants deposited on land wash into water bodies used by people for drinking, irrigation, and other activities.
- How does it relate to climate change? Warmer temperatures cause more water to evaporate into the air. This moisture-laden air can produce more intense precipitation in the form of extreme rainfall events and storms.
- What's happening? In recent years, a larger percentage of precipitation has come in the form of intense single-day events.[4] The amount of rain falling on the heaviest rain days has also increased over the past few decades.[1]
- What's ahead? It is likely that the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events will increase over most of the United States and many other areas of the globe.[5] A trend towards increase heavy precipitation will continue to occur, even in areas where total precipitation is projected to decrease.[1]
- How sure is the science? Scientists are highly confident[1] that across most of the United States, the heaviest rainfall events have become more intense and frequent, especially in the Midwest and Northeast, and that the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events will further increase in the future for most areas in the United States. Other factors, such as weather systems and ocean cycles like El Niño, can also play a role.
Extreme Winter Precipitation
- Why does it matter? Heavy winter storms can disrupt transportation, the flow of goods, and emergency and medical services. A buildup of snow can collapse roofs, knock down trees and power lines, and cause flooding when it melts.
- How does it relate to climate change? Warmer temperatures cause more water to evaporate into the air. If the temperature is still below freezing, this moisture-laden air can produce more intense precipitation in the form of unusually heavy snow, sleet, and freezing rain events, even in years when total snowfall is lower than average.
- What's happening? Winter storms have increased in frequency and intensity since the 1950s, and their tracks have shifted northward over the United States.[1]
- What's ahead? It is likely that the frequency and intensity of extreme winter precipitation events will increase in some areas of the United States, particularly in the northern states.[1]
- How sure is the science? Scientists have medium confidence[1] that winter storms have increased slightly in frequency and intensity.
Hurricanes
- Why does it matter? Powerful hurricanes that make landfall can cause significant numbers of deaths and injuries, and disrupt or displace communities. When combined with coastal waters made higher by sea level rise, strong winds can create damaging storm surges. Hurricanes are also among the most costly extreme weather events, with severe storms causing billions of dollars in economic losses.[6][7] Even hurricanes that don't make landfall can influence waves, currents, and storm tides, which can result in property damage, flooding, and coastal erosion.
- How does it relate to climate change? Increases in hurricane activity are linked to warming ocean temperatures because hurricanes draw more energy from warmer water. But the link between ocean temperature and hurricanes is complex, and other factors can also play a role in the formation and intensity of these storms.[8]
- What's happening? There has been an increase in the intensity, frequency, and duration of hurricanes and in the number of strong (Category 4 and 5) hurricanes in the North Atlantic Ocean since the early 1980s.[1] However, changes in observation methods over time make it difficult to know for certain whether tropical storm activity has shown a long-term increase.[8]
- What's ahead? The intensity of the strongest hurricanes is projected to continue to increase as the oceans continue to warm, bringing stronger winds and heavier rains. Whether changes in hurricane frequency or landfall will occur is less certain.[1]
- How sure is the science? Scientists have medium confidence[1] that hurricane intensity and associated heavy rainfall will continue to increase under a changing climate, but significant uncertainties remain.
Tornadoes
- Why does it matter? Strong tornadoes can cause deaths and injuries, disrupt or displace communities, and inflict severe damage to crops, trees, buildings, and infrastructure.
- How does it relate to climate change? A warming climate can lead to stronger and more frequent thunderstorms, and these storms can spur tornadoes.[8] But scientists do not yet fully understand all of the ways in which tornadoes may be linked to climate change.
- What's happening? Although the number of tornado reports has increased with better observation practices, there has been little change in the frequency of the strongest tornadoes over the past 55 years in the United States.[9]
- What's ahead? With a warming climate, the thunderstorms and weather conditions that give rise to tornadoes could increase in some areas. But challenges in observing and modeling these events result in many uncertainties about how the frequency and intensity of tornadoes will change.[1][10]
- How sure is the science? Scientists have low confidence[1] in projections of trends in severe storms, including the intensity and frequency of tornadoes, hail, and damaging thunderstorm winds. This is in part due to a lack of long-term and the fact that such small and often remote storms are difficult to monitor and model.
Floods
- Why does it matter? Flooding can cause disease, deaths, and injuries; damage property and critical infrastructure such as sewer systems and wastewater treatment facilities; and disrupt or displace communities.
- How does it relate to climate change? Heavy rainfall events, more intense storms, and changes in the timing of snowmelt can lead to more frequent or intense flooding in some areas.[1]
- What's happening? Many regions of the United States are experiencing significant changes in the magnitude of river flooding. When averaged over the entire nation, however, the increases and decreases cancel each other out and show no national level trend. For instance, there has been an increase in flooding events in the Midwest, Great Plains, and Northeast in the last several decades, where the largest increases in heavy rain amounts have occurred. But flooding has decreased in the Southwest.[1]
- What's ahead? Heavy rainfall events and more intense storms in some regions could lead to more frequent or intense flooding in many United States regions, even in areas where total precipitation is projected to decline.[1] There is medium confidence[10] that projected increases in heavy rainfall would contribute to increases in local flooding in some regions.
- How sure is the science? The link between floods and climate change is a relatively new area of research, and many other factors, like land use and management practices, can trigger these events or influence how damaging they become. Scientists have high confidence[1] that there have been regional trends in floods. However, scientists have low confidence[10][1] in projections of future changes in flood frequency and intensity, because the causes of regional changes are complex.
Adaptation: Reducing the Threat of Climate Change and Preparing for Impacts
Extreme weather and climate events pose a serious threat to the health and welfare of American families and businesses. For instance, between 2011 and 2013, the United States experienced 32 weather events that each caused at least one billion dollars in damages.[7] 2012 ranks as 2nd costliest year on record, with more than $110 billion in damages.
EPA is taking a number of common-sense actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help cities and towns build more resilient communities to prepare for the impacts of a changing climate, including the weather extremes described above.
For more information about climate adaptation and things you can do to prepare for changes in extreme weather events, see Climate Change Adaptation.
For more information on how you can reduce greenhouse gas emissions at home, on the road, and in your workplace, see What You Can Do.
References
[1] USGCRP (2014). Melillo, Jerry M., Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and Gary W. Yohe, Eds. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, 841 pp.
[2] US EPA (2006). Excessive Heat Events Guidebook.
[3] CCSP (2008). Weather and climate extremes in a changing climate. Synthesis and Assessment Product 3.3.
[4] US EPA (2014). Climate Change Indicators in the United States.
[5] AMS (2013).  Monitoring and understanding changes in extreme storm statistics: State of knowledge. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94:499-514.
[6] NOAA (2013). Smith, A.B., and R.W. Katz. 2013. U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters: Data sources, trends, accuracy and biases. Natural Hazards 67:387-410.
[7] NOAA (2013). Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center.
[8] IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 p.
[9] NOAA (2013). Historical records and trends. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center.
[10] IPCC (2012). Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.


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We’ve updated your AWRS registration status.
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Wood Printer is arduino-based device,created in 2013 based by simple mechanical thinks. Printer communicate with API server (.NET self-hosted) and has simple JavaScript API.


(Hu)go Template Primer
Hugo uses the excellent Go html/template library for its template engine. It is an extremely lightweight engine that provides a very small amount of logic. In our experience that it is just the right amount of logic to be able to create a good static website. If you have used other template systems from different languages or frameworks you will find a lot of similarities in Go templates. This document is a brief primer on using Go templates. … »