This page gives some hints and ideas for what to do when you experience trouble running CFL3D. This page is far from all-inclusive; it is only a modest attempt to capture some of the experience from running the code.
CFL3D is designed to recognize when obvious mistakes in input are made: these errors will be reported to you either in the file cfl3d.error, precfl3d.out, or in the standard output file (usually called cfl3d.out, but set by the user). Even when the code runs successfully, the user should always check the standard output file for WARNING messages, geometric mismatches, and other messages and/or error reports.
The ideas given below are mostly for when the code blows up, and the code's output "advice" is not very helpful (floating point exception, NaN detected, etc.). Additional troubleshooting ideas are also given in the Version 5.0 manual in Chapter 10, which can be reached by clicking on the "Version 5.0 Manual" button in the Index list at left.
Most of the time, problems running the code can be traced to the use of a poor grid. The grid should look "nice." There should be "gentle" stretching factors, the grid should be as orthogonal looking as possible, and dramatic changes in distance or orientation from one grid line to the next should be avoided. Furthermore, the grid minimum spacing (at walls) should be appropriate to the problem you are running. For turbulent computations, this means having a minimum y+ level less than or roughly 1. Wall functions can also be employed for grids coarser than this, but wall functions are not recommended in general. The grid far-field extent (for freestream type calculations) should be far enough from the body of interest. Depending on the case, this can be at least 50 chords or body-lengths away.
The first thing to try after a case blows up is to lower the magnitude of the CFL number or time step (dt in the input file). Typically you want CFL number to be somewhere between 2-5, but sometimes you need to lower it to get a solution going. If you have to lower CFL number to less than 0.2, then something else is probably wrong and you might want to try a different strategy. If you are running time-accurately, then lowering the time step can help, but if it has to be lowered so far that the solution hardly progresses in a reasonable time, then you might want to try a different strategy, like using a different number of subiterations (set by ncyc for time-accurate runs) or using a different time-stepping scheme (set by ita).
Running on a coarser level of the grid sometimes helps get the solution going (i.e., using mseq as described in the Manual).
For turbulent computations, try running a more robust turbulence model first (such as SA (ivisc=5)), then restarting from that.
For turbulent computations that blow up, there are many Keyword inputs that can be employed (see "New Features" page for more information). Changing some of these may help when a turbulent computation fails. The default parameters in CFL3D have been set to work for a wide variety of typical cases, but there are no guarantees, of course. Playing with some of the turbulence model parameters may help for particular problems. For example, setting the Keyword input tur1cut and/or tur2cut to -1.0 may help by keeping the particular 2-equation turbulent quantity at a reasonable level, rather than allowing it to take on a very low limited level in regions of troublesome convergence. The Keyword input nfreeze can sometimes help by freezing the turbulence levels for a while. The Keyword input nsubturb can be used to perform additional turbulence model inner iterations during each time step (or subiteration).
For very high Mach number hypersonic flows that blow up, first be sure that the flux limiter iflim is turned on (e.g., iflim(i) = iflim(j) = iflim(k) = 4). Also, try setting the Keyword input epsa_r to 0.3 or so (entropy fix). Other strategies include running with flux-vector splitting (ifds=0), creeping up on the Mach number, and/or using mesh sequencing.
For very low Mach number flows (M < 0.05 or so) that blow up, or for flows that have large regions of very low Mach number flow, try preconditioning (described on the "New Features" web page).
Finally, be sure you have the latest version of CFL3D, and keep up with the important Updates posted on the "Updates" web page.
Responsible NASA Official:
Christopher Rumsey
Page Curator:
Christopher Rumsey
Last Updated: 03/29/2013


Using the signal API
The signal API opens an intermediate access inside the Faust compilation chain. In this tutorial, we present it with examples of code. The goal is to show how new audio DSP languages (textual or graphical) could be built on top of the signal API, and take profit of part of the Faust compiler infrastructure.
Faust compiler structure
The Faust compiler is composed of several steps:
Starting from the DSP source code, the Semantic Phase produces signals as conceptually infinite streams of samples or control values. Those signals are then compiled in imperative code (C/C++, LLVM IR, WebAssembly, etc.) in the Code Generation Phase.
The Semantic Phase itself is composed of several steps:
The initial DSP code using the Block Diagram Algebra (BDA) is translated in a flat circuit in normal form in the Evaluation, lambda-calculus step.
The list of output signals is produced by the Symbolic Propagation step. Each output signal is then simplified and a set of optimizations are done (normal form computation and simplification, delay line sharing, typing, etc.) to finally produce a list of output signals in normal form.
The Code Generation Phase translates the signals in an intermediate representation named FIR (Faust Imperative Representation) which is then converted to the final target language (C/C++, LLVM IR, WebAssembly,etc.) with a set of backends.
Accessing the signal stage
A new intermediate public entry point has been created in the Semantic Phase to allow the creation of a signal set (as a list of output signals), then beneficiate of all remaining parts of the compilation chain. The signal API (or the C signal API version) allows to programmatically create the list of output signals, then compile it to create a ready-to-use DSP as a C++ class, or LLVM, Interpreter or WebAssembly factories, to be used with all existing architecture files. Several optimizations done at the signal stage will be demonstrated looking at the generated C++ code.
Note that the box API allows to access another stage in the compilation stage.
Compiling signal expressions
To use the signal API, the following steps must be taken:
-
creating a global compilation context using the
createLibContext
function -
creating signals outputs using the signal API, progressively building more complex expressions by combining simpler ones
-
compiling the list of outputs using the
createCPPDSPFactoryFromSignals
function to create a DSP factory (or createDSPFactoryFromSignals to generate a LLVM embedding factory, or createInterpreterDSPFactoryFromSignals to generate an Interpreter embedding factory) -
finally destroying the compilation context using the
destroyLibContext
function
The DSP factories allow the creation of DSP instances, to be used with audio and UI architecture files, outside of the compilation process itself. The DSP instances and factory will finally have to be deallocated when no more used.
Tools
Let's first define a compile
function, which uses the createCPPDSPFactoryFromSignals
function and print the generated C++ class:
static void compile(const string& name,
tvec signals,
int argc = 0,
const char* argv[] = nullptr)
{
string error_msg;
dsp_factory_base* factory = createCPPDSPFactoryFromSignals(name,
signals,
argc,
argv,
error_msg);
if (factory) {
// Print the C++ class
factory->write(&cout);
delete(factory);
} else {
cerr << error_msg;
}
}
A macro to wrap all the needed steps:
#define COMPILER(exp) \
{ \
createLibContext(); \
exp \
destroyLibContext(); \
} \
Examples
For each example, the equivalent Faust DSP program and SVG diagram is given as helpers. The SVG diagram shows the result of the compilation propagate step (so before any of the signal normalization steps) and clearly shows how each output signal expression has to be created. All presented C++ examples (as well as some more) are defined in the signal-tester tool, to be compiled with make signal-tester
in the tools/benchmark folder.
Simple constant signal
Let's create a program generating the 0.5 constant value. Here is the Faust DSP code:
The following code creates a vector of output signals (with the tvec
type), containing the single sigReal(0.5)
signal, then compile it and display the C++ class:
static void test1()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
signals.push_back(sigReal(0.5));
compile("test1", signals);
)
}
The compute
method is then:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** outputs)
{
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = outputs[0];
for (int i0 = 0; (i0 < count); i0 = (i0 + 1)) {
output0[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(0.5f);
}
}
Doing some mathematical operations on an input signal
Here is a simple program doing a mathematical operation on an signal input:
The first audio input is created with sigInput(0)
signal, then transformed using sigAdd
and sigMul
signal operators to produce two outputs:
static void test2()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
Signal in1 = sigInput(0);
signals.push_back(sigAdd(in1, sigReal(0.5)));
signals.push_back(sigMul(in1, sigReal(1.5)));
compile("test2", signals);
)
}
The compute
method is then:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** outputs)
{
FAUSTFLOAT* input0 = inputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = outputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output1 = outputs[1];
for (int i0 = 0; (i0 < count); i0 = (i0 + 1)) {
float fTemp0 = float(input0[i0]);
output0[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT((fTemp0 + 0.5f));
output1[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT((1.5f * fTemp0));
}
}
Note that accessing input N is simply done using the sigInput(N)
expression.
Defining delayed signals
Here is a simple program using a signal input and doing mathematical operations on it, then delaying the signals:
The sigDelay(x, y)
operator is used to delay the x
first parameter with the second y
parameter, here with constant values:
static void test3()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
Signal in1 = sigInput(0);
signals.push_back(sigDelay(sigAdd(in1, sigReal(0.5)), sigInt(500)));
signals.push_back(sigDelay(sigMul(in1, sigReal(1.5)), sigInt(3000)));
compile("test3", signals);
)
}
The compute
method is then:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** outputs)
{
FAUSTFLOAT* input0 = inputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = outputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output1 = outputs[1];
for (int i0 = 0; (i0 < count); i0 = (i0 + 1)) {
float fTemp0 = float(input0[i0]);
fVec0[(IOTA & 4095)] = fTemp0;
fVec1[(IOTA & 511)] = (fTemp0 + 0.5f);
output0[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(fVec1[((IOTA - 500) & 511)]);
output1[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT((1.5f * fVec0[((IOTA - 3000) & 4095)]));
IOTA = (IOTA + 1);
}
}
Several options of the Faust compiler allow control of the generated C++ code. By default computation is done sample by sample in a single loop. But the compiler can also generate vector and parallel code. The following code show how to compile in vector mode:
static void test5()
{
createLibContext();
tvec signals;
Signal in1 = sigInput(0);
signals.push_back(sigDelay(sigAdd(in1, sigReal(0.5)), sigInt(500)));
signals.push_back(sigDelay(sigMul(in1, sigReal(1.5)), sigInt(3000)));
// Vector compilation
compile("test5", signals, 3, (const char* []){ "-vec", "-lv", "1" });
destroyLibContext();
}
The compute
method is then:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** outputs)
{
FAUSTFLOAT* input0_ptr = inputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output0_ptr = outputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output1_ptr = outputs[1];
for (int vindex = 0; (vindex < count); vindex = (vindex + 32)) {
FAUSTFLOAT* input0 = &input0_ptr[vindex];
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = &output0_ptr[vindex];
FAUSTFLOAT* output1 = &output1_ptr[vindex];
int vsize = std::min<int>(32, (count - vindex));
/* Vectorizable loop 0 */
/* Pre code */
fYec0_idx = ((fYec0_idx + fYec0_idx_save) & 4095);
/* Compute code */
for (int i = 0; (i < vsize); i = (i + 1)) {
fYec0[((i + fYec0_idx) & 4095)] = float(input0[i]);
}
/* Post code */
fYec0_idx_save = vsize;
/* Vectorizable loop 1 */
/* Pre code */
fYec1_idx = ((fYec1_idx + fYec1_idx_save) & 1023);
/* Compute code */
for (int i = 0; (i < vsize); i = (i + 1)) {
fYec1[((i + fYec1_idx) & 1023)] = (float(input0[i]) + 0.5f);
}
/* Post code */
fYec1_idx_save = vsize;
/* Vectorizable loop 2 */
/* Compute code */
for (int i = 0; (i < vsize); i = (i + 1)) {
output0[i] = FAUSTFLOAT(fYec1[(((i + fYec1_idx) - 500) & 1023)]);
}
/* Vectorizable loop 3 */
/* Compute code */
for (int i = 0; (i < vsize); i = (i + 1)) {
output1[i] = FAUSTFLOAT((1.5f * fYec0[(((i + fYec0_idx) - 3000) & 4095)]));
}
}
}
And can possibly be faster if the C++ compiler can auto-vectorize it.
If the delay operators are used on the input signal before the mathematical operations, then a single delay line will be created, taking the maximum size of both delay lines:
And built with the following code:
static void test4()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
Signal in1 = sigInput(0);
signals.push_back(sigAdd(sigDelay(in1, sigInt(500)), sigReal(0.5)));
signals.push_back(sigMul(sigDelay(in1, sigInt(3000)), sigReal(1.5)));
compile("test4", signals);
)
}
In the compute
method, the single fVec0
delay line is read at 2 differents indexes:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** outputs)
{
FAUSTFLOAT* input0 = inputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = outputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output1 = outputs[1];
for (int i0 = 0; (i0 < count); i0 = (i0 + 1)) {
float fTemp0 = float(input0[i0]);
fVec0[(IOTA & 4095)] = fTemp0;
output0[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT((fVec0[((IOTA - 500) & 4095)] + 0.5f));
output1[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT((1.5f * fVec0[((IOTA - 3000) & 4095)]));
IOTA = (IOTA + 1);
}
}
Equivalent signal expressions
It is really important to note that syntactically equivalent signal expressions will be internally represented by the same memory structure (using hash consing), thus treated in the same way in the further compilations steps. So the following code where the s1
variable is created to define the sigAdd(sigDelay(sigInput(0), sigInt(500)), sigReal(0.5))
expression, then used in both outputs:
static void equivalent1()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
Signal s1 = sigAdd(sigDelay(sigInput(0), sigInt(500)), sigReal(0.5))
signals.push_back(s1);
signals.push_back(s1);
compile("equivalent1", signals);
)
}
Will behave exactly the same as the following code, where the sigAdd(sigDelay(sigInput(0), sigInt(500)), sigReal(0.5))
expression is used twice:
static void equivalent2()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
signals.push_back(sigAdd(sigDelay(sigInput(0), sigInt(500)), sigReal(0.5)));
signals.push_back(sigAdd(sigDelay(sigInput(0), sigInt(500)), sigReal(0.5)));
compile("equivalent2", signals);
)
}
It can be a property to remember when creating a DSL on top of the signal API.
Using User Interface items
User Interface items can be used, as in the following example, with a vslider
:
Built with the following code:
static void test8()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
Signal in1 = sigInput(0);
Signal s = sigVSlider("Vol", sigReal(0.5), sigReal(0.), sigReal(1.), sigReal(0.01));
signals.push_back(sigMul(s, sigDelay(sigAdd(in1, sigReal(0.5)), sigInt(500))));
compile("test8", signals);
)
}
The buildUserInterface
method is generated, using the fVslider0
variable:
virtual void buildUserInterface(UI* ui_interface)
{
ui_interface->openVerticalBox("test8");
ui_interface->addVerticalSlider("Vol", &fVslider0,
FAUSTFLOAT(0.5f),
FAUSTFLOAT(0.0f),
FAUSTFLOAT(1.0f),
FAUSTFLOAT(0.00999999978f));
ui_interface->closeBox();
}
The compute
method is then:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** outputs)
{
FAUSTFLOAT* input0 = inputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = outputs[0];
float fSlow0 = float(fVslider0);
for (int i0 = 0; (i0 < count); i0 = (i0 + 1)) {
fVec0[(IOTA & 511)] = (float(input0[i0]) + 0.5f);
output0[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT((fSlow0 * fVec0[((IOTA - 500) & 511)]));
IOTA = (IOTA + 1);
}
}
User Interface layout can be described with hgroup, or vgroup or tgroup. With the signal API, the layout can be defined using the labels-as-pathnames syntax, as in the following example:
import("stdfaust.lib");
freq = vslider("h:Oscillator/freq", 440, 50, 1000, 0.1);
gain = vslider("h:Oscillator/gain", 0, 0, 1, 0.01);
process = freq*gain;
Built with the following code:
static void test9()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
Signal freq = sigVSlider("h:Oscillator/freq",
sigReal(440), sigReal(50),
sigReal(1000), sigReal(0.1));
Signal gain = sigVSlider("h:Oscillator/gain",
sigReal(0), sigReal(0),
sigReal(1), sigReal(0.011));
signals.push_back(sigMul(freq, sigMul(gain, sigInput(0))));
compile("test9", signals);
)
}
The buildUserInterface
method is generated with the expected openHorizontalBox
call:
virtual void buildUserInterface(UI* ui_interface)
{
ui_interface->openHorizontalBox("Oscillator");
ui_interface->addVerticalSlider("freq", &fVslider0,
FAUSTFLOAT(440.0f),
FAUSTFLOAT(50.0f),
FAUSTFLOAT(1000.0f),
FAUSTFLOAT(0.100000001f));
ui_interface->addVerticalSlider("gain", &fVslider1,
FAUSTFLOAT(0.0f),
FAUSTFLOAT(0.0f),
FAUSTFLOAT(1.0f),
FAUSTFLOAT(0.0109999999f));
ui_interface->closeBox();
}
Defining recursive signals
Recursive signals can be defined using the sigRecursion
function to build the recursion, and the sigSelf
function to refer to the recursive signal itself. A one sample delay is automatically created to produce a valid computation. Here is a simple example:
Built with the following code:
static void test10()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
Signal in1 = sigInput(0);
signals.push_back(sigRecursion(sigAdd(sigSelf(), in1)));
compile("test10", signals);
)
}
The compute
method shows the fRec0
variable that keeps the delayed signal:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** outputs)
{
FAUSTFLOAT* input0 = inputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = outputs[0];
for (int i0 = 0; (i0 < count); i0 = (i0 + 1)) {
fRec0[0] = (float(input0[i0]) + fRec0[1]);
output0[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(fRec0[0]);
fRec0[1] = fRec0[0];
}
}
The same equivalent code can be defined using the more general sigRecursionN
and sigSelfN
functions which allow to build a list of (possibly mutually dependent) recursive signals:
static void test10bis()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
Signal in1 = sigInput(0);
signals.push_back(sigRecursionN(sigAdd(sigSelfN(0), in1)));
compile("test10", signals);
)
}
Here is an example of the definition of mutually dependent recursive signals:
static void test10ter()
{
COMPILER
(
Signal in0 = sigInput(0);
Signal in1 = sigInput(1);
tvec ins;
ins.push_back(sigAdd(sigMul(sigSelfN(1), sigReal(0.5)), in0));
ins.push_back(sigAdd(sigMul(sigSelfN(0), sigReal(0.9)), in1));
tvec outs = sigRecursionN(ins);
compile("test10ter", outs);
)
}
With the following compute
method:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** RESTRICT inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** RESTRICT outputs) {
FAUSTFLOAT* input0 = inputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* input1 = inputs[1];
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = outputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output1 = outputs[1];
for (int i0 = 0; i0 < count; i0 = i0 + 1) {
fRec0[0] = float(input0[i0]) + 0.5f * fRec1[1];
fRec1[0] = float(input1[i0]) + 0.9f * fRec0[1];
output0[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(fRec0[0]);
output1[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(fRec1[0]);
fRec0[1] = fRec0[0];
fRec1[1] = fRec1[0];
}
}
Accessing the global context
In Faust, the underlying audio engine sample rate and buffer size is accessed using the foreign function and constant mechanism. The values can also be used in the signal language with the following helper functions:
// Reproduce the 'SR' definition in platform.lib
// SR = min(192000.0, max(1.0, fconstant(int fSampleFreq, <dummy.h>)));
inline Signal SR()
{
return sigMin(sigReal(192000.0),
sigMax(sigReal(1.0),
sigFConst(SType::kSInt, "fSampleFreq", "<dummy.h>")));
}
// Reproduce the 'BS' definition in platform.lib
// BS = fvariable(int count, <dummy.h>);
inline Signal BS()
{
return sigFVar(SType::kSInt, "count", "<dummy.h>");
}
So the following DSP program:
Can be written at the signal API level with:
static void test11()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
signals.push_back(SR());
signals.push_back(BS());
compile("test11", signals);
)
}
And the resulting C++ class contains:
virtual void instanceConstants(int sample_rate)
{
fSampleRate = sample_rate;
fConst0 = std::min<float>(192000.0f, std::max<float>(1.0f, float(fSampleRate)));
}
and:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** outputs)
{
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = outputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output1 = outputs[1];
int iSlow0 = count;
for (int i0 = 0; (i0 < count); i0 = (i0 + 1)) {
output0[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(fConst0);
output1[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(iSlow0);
}
}
Creating tables
Read only and read/write tables can be created. The read only table signal is created with sigReadOnlyTable
and takes:
- a size first argument
- a content second argument
- a read index third argument (between 0 and size-1)
and produces the indexed table content as its single output. The following simple DSP example:
Can be written with the code:
static void test20()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
signals.push_back(sigReadOnlyTable(sigInt(10), sigInt(1), sigIntCast(sigInput(0))));
compile("test20", signals);
)
}
The resulting C++ code contains the itbl0mydspSIG0
static table definition:
static int itbl0mydspSIG0[10];
The table filling code that will be called once at init time:
void fillmydspSIG0(int count, int* table)
{
for (int i1 = 0; (i1 < count); i1 = (i1 + 1)) {
table[i1] = 1;
}
}
An the compute
method that access the itbl0mydspSIG0
table:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** outputs)
{
FAUSTFLOAT* input0 = inputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = outputs[0];
for (int i0 = 0; (i0 < count); i0 = (i0 + 1)) {
output0[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(itbl0mydspSIG0[int(float(input0[i0]))]);
}
}
The read/write table signal is created with sigWriteReadTable
and takes:
- a size first argument
- a content second argument
- a write index a third argument (between 0 and size-1)
- the input of the table as fourth argument
- a read index as fifth argument (between 0 and size-1)
and produces the indexed table content as its single output. The following DSP example:
Can be written with the code:
static void test20()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
signals.push_back(sigWriteReadTable(sigInt(10),
sigInt(1),
sigIntCast(sigInput(0)),
sigIntCast(sigInput(1)),
sigIntCast(sigInput(2))));
compile("test21", signals);
)
}
The resulting C++ code contains the itbl0
definition as a field in the mydsp
class:
int itbl0[10];
The table filling code that will be called once at init time:
void fillmydspSIG0(int count, int* table)
{
for (int i1 = 0; (i1 < count); i1 = (i1 + 1)) {
table[i1] = 1;
}
}
An the compute
method that reads and writes in the itbl0
table:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** outputs)
{
FAUSTFLOAT* input0 = inputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* input1 = inputs[1];
FAUSTFLOAT* input2 = inputs[2];
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = outputs[0];
for (int i0 = 0; (i0 < count); i0 = (i0 + 1)) {
itbl0[int(float(input0[i0]))] = int(float(input1[i0]));
output0[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(itbl0[int(float(input2[i0]))]);
}
}
Creating waveforms
The following DSP program defining a waveform:
Can be written with the code, where the size of the waveform is the first output, and the waveform content itself is the second output created with sigWaveform
, to follow the waveform semantic:
static void test12()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec waveform;
// Fill the waveform content vector
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
waveform.push_back(sigReal(100*i));
}
tvec signals;
signals.push_back(sigInt(waveform.size())); // the waveform size
signals.push_back(sigWaveform(waveform)); // the waveform content
compile("test12", signals);
)
}
With the resulting C++ code, where the fmydspWave0
waveform is defined as a static table:
const static float fmydspWave0[5] = {0.0f,100.0f,200.0f,300.0f,400.0f};
And using in the following compute
method:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** outputs)
{
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = outputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output1 = outputs[1];
for (int i0 = 0; (i0 < count); i0 = (i0 + 1)) {
output0[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(5);
output1[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(fmydspWave0[fmydspWave0_idx]);
fmydspWave0_idx = ((1 + fmydspWave0_idx) % 5);
}
}
Creating soundfile
The soundfile primitive allows the access of a list of externally defined sound resources, described as the list of their filename, or complete paths. It takes:
- the sound number (as a integer between 0 and 255 as a constant numerical expression)
- the read index in the sound (which will access the last sample of the sound if the read index is greater than the sound length)
The generated block has:
- two fixed outputs: the first one is the currently accessed sound length in frames, the second one is the currently accessed sound nominal sample rate
- several more outputs for the sound channels themselves, as a constant numerical expression
The soundfile block is created with sigSoundfile
, but cannot be used directly. It has to be used with:
sigSoundfileLength
to access the sound length in framessigSoundfileRate
to access the sound rate in HzsigSoundfileBuffer
to access the actual samples
Thus the following DSP code:
Will be created using the signal API with:
static void test19()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
// Soundfile definition
Signal sf = sigSoundfile("sound[url:{'tango.wav'}]");
// Simple read index of 0 to simplify the code
Signal rdx = sigInt(0);
// Part 0
Signal part = sigInt(0);
// Wrapped index to avoid reading outside the buffer
Signal wridx = sigIntCast(sigMax(sigInt(0),
sigMin(rdx, sigSub(sigSoundfileLength(sf,
sigInt(0)),
sigInt(1)))));
// Accessing part 0
signals.push_back(sigSoundfileLength(sf, part));
// Accessing part 0
signals.push_back(sigSoundfileRate(sf, part));
// Accessing chan 0 and part 0, with a wrapped read index
signals.push_back(sigSoundfileBuffer(sf, sigInt(0), part, wridx));
compile("test19", signals);
)
}
And the following compute
method is generated:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** outputs)
{
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = outputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output1 = outputs[1];
FAUSTFLOAT* output2 = outputs[2];
Soundfile* fSoundfile0ca = fSoundfile0;
int* fSoundfile0ca_le0 = fSoundfile0ca->fLength;
int iSlow0 = fSoundfile0ca_le0[0];
int* fSoundfile0ca_ra0 = fSoundfile0ca->fSR;
int iSlow1 = fSoundfile0ca_ra0[0];
int iSlow2 = std::max<int>(0, std::min<int>(0, (iSlow0 + -1)));
int* fSoundfile0ca_of0 = fSoundfile0ca->fOffset;
float** fSoundfile0ca_bu0 = static_cast<float**>(fSoundfile0ca->fBuffers);
float* fSoundfile0ca_bu_ch0 = fSoundfile0ca_bu0[0];
for (int i0 = 0; (i0 < count); i0 = (i0 + 1)) {
output0[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(iSlow0);
output1[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(iSlow1);
output2[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(fSoundfile0ca_bu_ch0[(fSoundfile0ca_of0[0] + iSlow2)]);
}
fSoundfile0 = fSoundfile0ca;
}
Defining more complex expressions: phasor and oscillator
More complex signal expressions can be defined, creating signals using auxiliary definitions. So the following DSP program:
import("stdfaust.lib");
process = phasor(440)
with {
decimalpart(x) = x-int(x);
phasor(f) = f/ma.SR : (+ : decimalpart) ~ _;
};
Can be built using the following helper functions, here written in C:
static Signal decimalpart(Signal x)
{
return sigSub(x, sigIntCast(x));
}
static Signal phasor(Signal f)
{
return sigRecursion(decimalpart(sigAdd(sigSelf(), sigDiv(f, SR()))));
}
And the main function combining them:
static void test17()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
signals.push_back(phasor(sigReal(440.0)));
compile("test17", signals);
)
}
Which produces the following compute
method:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** outputs)
{
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = outputs[0];
for (int i0 = 0; (i0 < count); i0 = (i0 + 1)) {
fRec0[0] = (fConst0 + (fRec0[1] - float(int((fConst0 + fRec0[1])))));
output0[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(fRec0[0]);
fRec0[1] = fRec0[0];
}
}
Now the following oscillator:
import("stdfaust.lib");
process = osc(440), osc(440)
with {
decimalpart(x) = x-int(x);
phasor(f) = f/ma.SR : (+ : decimalpart) ~ _;
osc(f) = sin(2 * ma.PI * phasor(f));
};
Can be built with:
static Signal osc(Signal f)
{
return sigSin(sigMul(phasor(f), sigMul(sigReal(2.0), sigReal(3.141592653))));
}
static void test18()
{
COMPILER
(
tvec signals;
signals.push_back(osc(sigReal(440.0)));
signals.push_back(osc(sigReal(440.0)));
compile("test18", signals);
)
}
Which produces the following compute
method, where one can see that since the same oscillator signal is used on both outputs, it is actually computed once and copied twice:
virtual void compute(int count, FAUSTFLOAT** inputs, FAUSTFLOAT** outputs)
{
FAUSTFLOAT* output0 = outputs[0];
FAUSTFLOAT* output1 = outputs[1];
for (int i0 = 0; (i0 < count); i0 = (i0 + 1)) {
fRec0[0] = (fConst0 + (fRec0[1] - float(int((fConst0 + fRec0[1])))));
float fTemp0 = std::sin((6.28318548f * fRec0[0]));
output0[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(fTemp0);
output1[i0] = FAUSTFLOAT(fTemp0);
fRec0[1] = fRec0[0];
}
}
Using the generated code
Using the LLVM or Interpreter backends allows to generate and execute the compiled DSP on the fly.
The LLVM backend can be used with createDSPFactoryFromSignals
(see llvm-dsp.h) to produce a DSP factory, then a DSP instance:
string error_msg;
llvm_dsp_factory* factory = createDSPFactoryFromSignals("FaustDSP",
signals, 0,
nullptr, "",
error_msg);
// Check factory
dsp* dsp = factory->createDSPInstance();
// Check dsp
...
// Use dsp
...
// Delete dsp and factory
delete dsp;
deleteDSPFactory(factory);
The Interpreter backend can be used with createInterpreterDSPFactoryFromSignals
(see interpreter-dsp.h) to produce a DSP factory, then a DSP instance:
string error_msg;
interpreter_dsp_factory* factory = createInterpreterDSPFactoryFromSignals("FaustDSP",
signals, 0,
nullptr, "",
error_msg);
// Check factory
dsp* dsp = factory->createDSPInstance();
// Check dsp
...
// Use dsp
...
// Delete dsp and factory
delete dsp;
deleteInterpreterDSPFactory(factory);
Connecting the audio layer
Audio drivers allow to render the DSP instance. Here is a simple code example using the dummyaudio audio driver:
// Allocate the audio driver to render 5 buffers of 512 frames
dummyaudio audio(5);
audio.init("Test", dsp);
// Render buffers...
audio.start();
audio.stop();
A more involved example using the JACK audio driver:
// Allocate the JACK audio driver
jackaudio audio;
audio.init("Test", dsp);
// Start real-time processing
audio.start();
....
audio.stop();
Connecting the controller layer
Controllers can be connected to the DSP instance using GUI architectures. Here is a code example using the GTKUI interface:
GUI* interface = new GTKUI("Test", &argc, &argv);
dsp->buildUserInterface(interface);
interface->run();
And all other standard controllers (MIDI, OSC, etc.) can be used as usual.
Example with audio rendering and GUI control
Here is a more complete example, first with the DSP code:
import("stdfaust.lib");
process = osc(f1), osc(f2)
with {
decimalpart(x) = x-int(x);
phasor(f) = f/ma.SR : (+ : decimalpart) ~ _;
osc(f) = sin(2 * ma.PI * phasor(f));
f1 = vslider("Freq1", 300, 100, 2000, 0.01);
f2 = vslider("Freq2", 500, 100, 2000, 0.01);
};
Then with the C++ code using the signal API:
// Using the Interpreter backend.
static void test23(int argc, char* argv[])
{
interpreter_dsp_factory* factory = nullptr;
string error_msg;
createLibContext();
{
tvec signals;
signals.push_back(osc(sigHSlider("v:Oscillator/Freq1",
sigReal(300),
sigReal(100),
sigReal(2000),
sigReal(0.01))));
signals.push_back(osc(sigHSlider("v:Oscillator/Freq2",
sigReal(500),
sigReal(100),
sigReal(2000),
sigReal(0.01))));
factory = createInterpreterDSPFactoryFromSignals("FaustDSP",
signals, 0,
nullptr, error_msg);
}
destroyLibContext();
// Use factory outside of the createLibContext/destroyLibContext scope
if (factory) {
dsp* dsp = factory->createDSPInstance();
assert(dsp);
// Allocate audio driver
jackaudio audio;
audio.init("Test", dsp);
// Create GUI
GTKUI gtk_ui = GTKUI("Organ", &argc, &argv);
dsp->buildUserInterface(>k_ui);
// Start real-time processing
audio.start();
// Start GUI
gtk_ui.run();
// Cleanup
audio.stop();
delete dsp;
deleteInterpreterDSPFactory(factory);
} else {
cerr << error_msg;
}
}
Polyphonic MIDI controllable simple synthesizer
Here is a MIDI controllable simple synthesizer, first with the DSP code:
import("stdfaust.lib");
process = organ, organ
with {
decimalpart(x) = x-int(x);
phasor(f) = f/ma.SR : (+ : decimalpart) ~ _;
osc(f) = sin(2 * ma.PI * phasor(f));
freq = nentry("freq", 100, 100, 3000, 0.01);
gate = button("gate");
gain = nentry("gain", 0.5, 0, 1, 0.01);
organ = gate * (osc(freq) * gain + osc(2 * freq) * gain);
};
Then with the C++ code using the signal API:
// Simple polyphonic DSP.
static void test24(int argc, char* argv[])
{
interpreter_dsp_factory* factory = nullptr;
string error_msg;
createLibContext();
{
tvec signals;
// Follow the freq/gate/gain convention,
// see: https://faustdoc.grame.fr/manual/midi/#standard-polyphony-parameters
Signal freq = sigNumEntry("freq",
sigReal(100),
sigReal(100),
sigReal(3000),
sigReal(0.01));
Signal gate = sigButton("gate");
Signal gain = sigNumEntry("gain",
sigReal(0.5),
sigReal(0),
sigReal(1),
sigReal(0.01));
Signal organ = sigMul(gate, sigAdd(sigMul(osc(freq), gain),
sigMul(osc(sigMul(freq, sigInt(2))), gain)));
// Stereo
signals.push_back(organ);
signals.push_back(organ);
factory = createInterpreterDSPFactoryFromSignals("FaustDSP",
signals,
0, nullptr,
error_msg);
}
destroyLibContext();
// Use factory outside of the createLibContext/destroyLibContext scope
if (factory) {
dsp* dsp = factory->createDSPInstance();
assert(dsp);
// Allocate polyphonic DSP
dsp = new mydsp_poly(dsp, 8, true, true);
// Allocate MIDI/audio driver
jackaudio_midi audio;
audio.init("Organ", dsp);
// Create GUI
GTKUI gtk_ui = GTKUI("Organ", &argc, &argv);
dsp->buildUserInterface(>k_ui);
// Create MIDI controller
MidiUI midi_ui = MidiUI(&audio);
dsp->buildUserInterface(&midi_ui);
// Start real-time processing
audio.start();
// Start MIDI
midi_ui.run();
// Start GUI
gtk_ui.run();
// Cleanup
audio.stop();
delete dsp;
deleteInterpreterDSPFactory(factory);
} else {
cerr << error_msg;
}
}
Examples with the C API
The signal API is also available as a pure C API. Here is one of the previous example rewritten using the C API to create signals, where the LLVM backend is used with the C version createCDSPFactoryFromSignals
function (see llvm-dsp-c.h) to produce a DSP factory, then a DSP instance:
/*
import("stdfaust.lib");
process = phasor(440)
with {
decimalpart(x) = x-int(x);
phasor(f) = f/ma.SR : (+ : decimalpart) ~ _;
};
*/
static Signal decimalpart(Signal x)
{
return CsigSub(x, CsigIntCast(x));
}
static Signal phasor(Signal f)
{
return CsigRecursion(decimalpart(CsigAdd(CsigSelf(), CsigDiv(f, SR()))));
}
static void test1()
{
createLibContext();
{
Signal signals[2];
signals[0] = phasor(CsigReal(2000));
signals[1] = NULL; // Null terminated array
char error_msg[4096];
llvm_dsp_factory* factory = createCDSPFactoryFromSignals("test1",
signals,
0, NULL,
"",
error_msg,
-1);
if (factory) {
llvm_dsp* dsp = createCDSPInstance(factory);
assert(dsp);
// Render audio
render(dsp);
// Cleanup
deleteCDSPInstance(dsp);
deleteCDSPFactory(factory);
} else {
printf("Cannot create factory : %s\n", error_msg);
}
}
destroyLibContext();
}
Here is an example using controllers and the PrintUI
architecture to display their parameters:
/*
import("stdfaust.lib");
freq = vslider("h:Oscillator/freq", 440, 50, 1000, 0.1);
gain = vslider("h:Oscillator/gain", 0, 0, 1, 0.01);
process = freq * gain;
*/
static void test3()
{
createLibContext();
{
Signal signals[2];
Signal freq = CsigVSlider("h:Oscillator/freq",
CsigReal(440),
CsigReal(50),
CsigReal(1000),
CsigReal(0.1));
Signal gain = CsigVSlider("h:Oscillator/gain",
CsigReal(0),
CsigReal(0),
CsigReal(1),
CsigReal(0.011));
signals[0] = CsigMul(freq, CsigMul(gain, CsigInput(0)));
signals[1] = NULL; // Null terminated array
char error_msg[4096];
llvm_dsp_factory* factory = createCDSPFactoryFromSignals("test3",
signals, 0,
NULL, "",
error_msg,
-1);
if (factory) {
llvm_dsp* dsp = createCDSPInstance(factory);
assert(dsp);
printf("=================UI=================\n");
// Defined in PrintCUI.h
metadataCDSPInstance(dsp, &mglue);
buildUserInterfaceCDSPInstance(dsp, &uglue);
// Cleanup
deleteCDSPInstance(dsp);
deleteCDSPFactory(factory);
} else {
printf("Cannot create factory : %s\n", error_msg);
}
}
destroyLibContext();
}
All presented C examples (as well as some more) are defined in the signal-tester-c tool, to be compiled with make signal-tester-c
in the tools/benchmark folder.
Creating a signal language based on this API
Generating complex expressions by directly using the signal API can quickly become really tricky and unpracticable. So a language created on top of the signal API is usually needed. This is exactly what the Block Diagram Algebra is all about, and the entire Faust language itself.
But some other approaches can possibly be tested. The Elementary audio language for instance is built over a similar signal language and uses JavaScript as the upper layer language to help create a complex list of output signals programmatically. Other approaches using graphical based tools could certainly be tested.


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Password has been reset to:
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CRIDAddToMailOwnerModal
app.CRIDs
Controller for modal View to add USPS CRID to a given Mail Owner
lbServices
(Loopback API service)
perform 'ADD' processing (Add CRID data to the database, then close the dialog)
perform 'CANCEL' processing (dismiss the Modal)


Queen II (Deluxe Edition 2011 Remaster)
Queen 1974 . 16 SONGS
-
Queen
Procession - Remastered 2011
1:11
-
Queen
Father To Son - Remastered 2011
6:11
-
Queen
White Queen (As it Began) - Remastered 2011
3:55
-
Queen
Some Day One Day - Remastered 2011
4:22
-
Queen
The Looser in The End - Remastered 2011
4:01
-
Queen
Ogre Battle - Remastered 2011
4:06
-
Queen
The Fairy Feller's Master Stroke - Remastered 2011
2:40
-
Queen
Nevermore - Remastered 2011
1:18
-
Queen
The March of The Black Queen - Remastered 2011
6:32
-
Queen
Funny How Love is - Remastered 2011
2:49
-
Queen
Seven Seas of Rhye - Remastered 2011
2:48
-
Queen
See What a Fool I've Been - Live BBC Session, London / July 1973 / 2011 Remix
4:22
-
Queen
White Queen (As it Began) - Live At Hammersmith Odeon, London / December 1975
3:55


Work-out stop watch is a web application which supports your work out by enabling you to define and combining different time intervals. Further more you can choose between sound and color effects(not yet implemented). And for your convenience, this application will also look nice on your mobile phone.


ArrayOfFilterNames
1.0
*
:: ( Name | =
"ASCIIHexDecode"
or =
"ASCII85Decode"
or =
"LZWDecode"
or =
"FlateDecode"
or =
"RunLengthDecode"
or =
"CCITTFaxDecode"
or =
"JBIG2Decode"
or =
"DCTDecode"
or =
"JPXDecode"
or =
"Crypt"
)


It's Artipie central repository manager. This is a list of public repositories:
To use Artipie maven repository add these settings to your pom.xml
file
or configure
via settings.xml
:
<project>
[...]
<pluginRepositories>
<pluginRepository>
<id>artipie</id>
<name>artipie plugins</name>
<url>http://central.artipie.com/maven</url>
</pluginRepository>
</pluginRepositories>
<repositories>
<repository>
<id>artipie</id>
<name>artipie builds</name>
<url>http://central.artipie.com/maven</url>
</repository>
</repositories>
</project>
NPM proxy for registry.npmjs.org may be useful for caching artifacts. Even if somebody
removes its artifact from npmjs, Artipie will keep this dependency in cache. To download a package
from Artipie use: npm install --registry=http://central.artipie.com/npmjs <package name>
or set it as default repository: npm set registry http://central.artipie.com/npmjs
Binary storage used by C or C++ developers to share binary libraries. To download library send GET
request to http://central.artipie.com/bin/<library-name>
.


Wouter Blancquaert
My "Career" In a nutshell
Where it all started (°24/12/1985)
1997-2003: Latin - Mathematics (8h)
2003-2007: Computer Science
2007-2015: ICTRA - Infrabel
Software Developer - Artemis
- Advanced Railway Traffic Environment Management Information System
- Mostly coding and some analysis
- Waterfall...
- ...but in a very agile team
Software Architect - Artemis
- An architect makes decisions that are difficult to revert
- Oversees and safeguards the bigger picture
- Still a lot of coding
- But also mentoring and coaching
Software Architect - UDS to Java Migration
- Technical project
- First introduction to SCRUM
- Thinking about strategies
- And still a lot of coding
Software Architect - ARS
- Automated Route Setting
- Very impacting challenge
- No I am not the source of train delay...
- ...or at least not the only one
- And still a lot of coding
Solution Architect - NewTM
- Spans multiple projects
- Less coding
- A lot of communication and discussions
- Very frustrating experience
- Wasn't my cup of tea
Software Architect - INT
- Infrabel Network Topology
- Again a lot of coding :-)
2015-...: TomTom
Expert Software Engineer - Neptune
- QA for maps
- Different way of working
- Inner sourcing - Pull Requests
- User Stories might span multiple software projects
- Developer vs Engineer
Expert Software Engineer - Yellow
- Flux - Workflow Engine
- Started as a secret project
- Multiple POCs
Expert/Principle Software Engineer - Hellbenders
- PRC - Workflow Engine
- As a principle you can think more along about business strategies and decisions
- Senior - Expert - Principle: non-technical difference
What's Next
- I like to work with people
- I like coaching
- ...we'll see
Key Takeaways
- IT is more than coding
- IT is a social job
- IT is team-work
- IT is fun


#include <GrSceneTraverser.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| virtual | ~GrSceneTraverser ()=0 |
| virtual bool | OnNode (const MAABox &box)=0 |
| virtual void | OnMeshInstRange (GrMeshInst *meshInst, unsigned int range)=0 |
| this is called when there is a mesh instance range. |
Definition at line 22 of file GrSceneTraverser.h.
| virtual GrSceneTraverser::~GrSceneTraverser | ( | ) | [inline, pure virtual] |
Definition at line 25 of file GrSceneTraverser.h.
| virtual void GrSceneTraverser::OnMeshInstRange | ( | GrMeshInst * | meshInst, | |
| unsigned int | range | |||
| ) | [pure virtual] |
this is called when there is a mesh instance range.
| virtual bool GrSceneTraverser::OnNode | ( | const MAABox & | box | ) | [pure virtual] |
these methods should return true if children should be traversed. This is called for BSP splits and models when traversing the scene. It is abstracted out to allow for alteration of the BSP-tree and the model higherarchy.


Welcome to the BusMall Survery!
Hello, and welcome to our BusMall survery! We would like to get more familiar with our customers buy finding out what it is they like.
Displayed below are 3 pictures of some cool products and we would like you to tell us which one is your favorite! After going through a cycle of 25 choices a chart will display your results! Have fun with your choices and feel free to check out the rest of our site when you are done.
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EastEnders admission, Corrie burglary and 8 more soap spoilers
It’s another intense week of drama in soapland, as Max Branning (Jake Wood) readies himself to propose to Ruby Allen (Louisa Lytton) in EastEnders, while Daniel Osbourne (Rob Mallard) bids farewell to his beloved Sinead Tinker (Katie McGlynn) in Coronation Street.
In Emmerdale, David Metcalfe (Matthew Wolfenden) faces a horrifying reality, while in Hollyoaks, Ste Hay (Kieron Richardson) faces a terrifying ordeal.
Ben makes an admission in EastEnders
When Martin learns that Callum wants to join the police, he proceeds to wind Ben up about it. As a result, Ben ends up admitting to Callum that he’s not sure if they could remain together if Callum was to become an officer of the law — a revelation which leaves Callum upset.
One to watch: Monday 18thNovember at 8pm on BBC One
Daniel is devastated after burglary in Coronation Street
Daniel returns to Weatherfield just in time for Sinead’s funeral. However, after the service he decides to heads off back to the flat and watch the videos she recorded for Bertie — but little does he know he’s being burgled, and the thief makes off with the laptop featuring Sinead’s videos.
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One to watch: Monday 18thNovember at 7:30pm on ITV
Lydia receives devastating news in Emmerdale
Lydia’s devastated when long-lost mum Agatha reveals that her father died of Huntington’s disease, which means that there’s a chance Lydia could have the same thing. After giving it some thought, Lydia shares this news with her family, but she remains unsure of whether or not she should take the Huntington’s test.
 Later, Jonny takes Ste to a taxi that’s waiting in The Dog carpark, but he’s horrified when she realises that the driver of said vehicle is none other than Stuart.
One to watch: Friday 15th November at 7pm on E4.
Max proposes to Ruby in EastEnders
Max decides that he’s going to propose to Ruby in an attempt to prove just how serious he is about her. However, when Ian gets wind of the situation, he ensures everyone is there to witness Max’s big moment, which leaves him with no other choice to carry on and propose. But what will Ruby have to say?
One to watch: Friday 22ndNovember at 8pm on BBC One
Paul reveals the truth in Coronation Street
When Bernie and Gemma do some investigating in Kel’s flat, they find not only Daniel’s laptop but they also find photos of a younger Paul. Paul is horrified to discover what they’ve found, but he ends up discussing his memories of Kel, before revealing how he sexually abused him when he was a teenager. Bernie and Gemma are shocked at what Paul’s said, and Gemma encourages him to go to the police.
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One to watch: Friday 22ndNovember at 8:30pm on ITV
David learns that Maya has been released in Emmerdale
David and Leyla are left shell-shocked when they learn that Maya has been released from prison. They deliberate over what to do for the best, but they eventually agree to inform Jacob. He’s composed upon learning the news, but when he disappears, David and Leyla are worried he’s gone to meet with Maya.
One to watch:
Jack is forced to intervene in EastEnders
Jack finds himself caught in the middle of a high-octane situation in a courtroom, and is forced to make an arrest as a result. But just who is it that he puts in cuffs?
One to watch: Thursday 21stNovember at 7:30pm on BBC One.
Ollie is left heartbroken in Hollyoaks
Ollie’s left heartbroken when Brooke informs him that she wants Sienna to attend the next scan with her instead of him. However, Sienna knows that something is up — but she’s later distracted with joy when she realises that the baby is a boy.
One to watch: Wednesday 20th November at 7pm on E4.
Michael’s secret comes to light in Coronation Street
When James doesn’t return home, Ed thinks he’s spent the night with Bethany — much to Aggie and Michael’s dismay. However, when James does show up, he reveals to Michael that he spent the night with a man named Dan — and that he’s lost his phone. Michael agrees to help him find it, but upon doing so, he encounters his ex, Grace — and his daughter!
One to watch: Wednesday 20thNovember at 8:30pm on ITV


Hello Friend, I am Barrister John Fisher, of BJF CHAMBERS. This mail is written and intended to solicit your assistance to be presented as NEXT OF KIN to my Late Client. My Deceased Client Willie Jackson Sr., 61 years, of Scotch Plains, N.J., and Orlando, Florida USA made a fixed Deposit of Fund valued at USD15M (Fifteen Million United States Dollars Only) with a Bank here in London,and unfortunately lost his life aboard Egypt Air Flight 990, which crashed into the Atlantic Ocean on October 31, 1999 (View: ttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/502503.stm) and left no clear beneficiary as Next of Kin except some vital documents related to the Deposit still with me. The Governing Body of the BANK has contacted me on this matter and I am yet to provide the Next of Kin to lay claims to the Fund. Under a clear and legitimate agreement with you, I shall seek your consent to be presented as the next of Kin so that my late Clients Fund will not be confiscated by the Government. For the sake of transparency on this matter, you are free to make immediate contact with me through my e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for further information related to this matter. Thank you very much for your anticipated acceptance while we expect your prompt response. Yours faithfully, John Fisher Esq.


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[gecode-users] Unary and Cumulative constraints
David Rijsman
David.Rijsman at quintiq.com
Tue Aug 10 11:44:23 CEST 2010
Hi Guido,
would it make more sense to always propagate when mandatory argument is not part of the argument list. When we allow a task not to be mandatory only enforce s = p + e when mandatory becomes true and make mandatory false when s = p + e can no longer be enforced (reify s = p + e on mandatory)?
This way we can model a task which can require one or more resources using the sum of the mandatory variables for the different constraints as the minimum and maximum constraints without having to worry about the temporal constraints within a task?
David
>>>
From: Guido Tack <tack at gecode.org>
To: David Rijsman <David.Rijsman at quintiq.com>
CC: <users at gecode.org>
Date: 8/10/2010 11:07 AM
Subject: Re: [gecode-users] Unary and Cumulative constraints
David Rijsman wrote:
> Hi,
>
> First of all compliments for another very nice version. I am looking at the new scheduling constraints introduced in version 4.3.0, and I trying to understand why you have decided the following for some of the new cumulative and unary constraints:
>
> "The propagator does not enforce s = p + e, this constraint has to be posted in addition to ensure consistency of the task bounds."
>
> I can not figure out what a use case would be where you do not want s = p + e enforced. If there are use cases why is it enforced in some of the constraints?
The reason is that you can have the same task on several resources at once, which would cause an overhead if each resource constraint in addition propagated s=p+e. Currently, the interface is a bit inconsistent, as the cumulatives constraint does propagate s=p+e.
We plan to add modeling support for scheduling constraints in the future (I'm working on it), where you would declare task variables that encapsulate the s=p+e propagation. In fact, there would be one propagator for all the simple temporal constraints (such as task A is before task B, which translates to e(A) <= s(B) ), which gives strictly stronger propagation than the individual constraints.
The resource constraints can then be posted in terms of these task variables.
Cheers,
Guido
--
Guido Tack, http://people.cs.kuleuven.be/~guido.tack/
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pack geometry manager
alternatives to
columns, spanning
layout system
rows, spanning
widgets, resizing
2nd
anchor option
clipping
expansion
pack()
clock widget
pack__forget, clock widget
packages, importing
PackDialog class
packer, FTP client frontend and
parent processes, forking servers and
parse tree interpreter adding to parsers
exploring
structure
parsing rule strings
passwords in hyperlinks, encrypted
on POP page
2nd
email client and
encrypting
utility module
escaping in HTML
PATH
CGI scripts and
performance
2nd
C extension files
email browser
forking and
HTMLgen and
CGI and
JPython
Python profiler
scripts integrated with C/C++
reading from files
sets
stacks
threads and
Perl, Python compared to
2nd
permissions Administrator
CGI scripts and
HTML files
permute()
persistence
zzz
[See also databases][See also databases] object viewer
pickled objects
Python and
Persistent class
pickle module
2nd
shelve module and
zz
[See also cPickle module][See also cPickle module] pickle.dump()
pickle.dumps()
pickle.load()
pickle.loads()
pickle.Pickler()
PickleDictionary class
Pickler class
constraints
PIL
ping command
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from browser
servers, connecting to
pop()
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email client
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port numbers
clients
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client connections and
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servers
portability email browser
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sending
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Python versions
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select() and
signal handlers and
threading and
threads and
Post Office Protocol
[See POP] ppembed API
running code strings with
running customizable validations
running objects with
print statement
privacy constraints
private members
processes child exiting from
forking servers and
parent, forking servers and
zombies killing
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expression grammar
tree interpreter, adding
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summing columns
programming mathematical operations
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on Windows
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Java and
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OpenSSL
persistent data and
profiler, performance and
programs importing
loading
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scripts run on startup
versions
changes in
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Python version changes
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Python Software Activity (PSA)
Python.h header file
2nd
pythoncom.CreateGuid()
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Some of my favorite quotes! in no particular order
In fact, I predict one day Amazon will fail. Jeff Bazos
I think it's in my basement... let me go upstairs and check.M.C Escher
The three most harmful addictions are heroin, carbohydrates, and a monthly salary.  Jason Fried
You will never fulfill your destiny until you let go of the illusion of control. Master Oogway Kung Fu Panda
If your not having fun, you're doing something wrong. Grocho Marx
The most basic way to get someone's attention is this: Break a pattern. Chip and Dan Heath
We have two ears and one mouth and we should use them proportionally. Susan Cain
we usually think of ourselves as sitting the driver's seat, with ultimate control over the decisions we made and the direction our life takes; but, alas, this perception has more to do with our desires-with how we want to view ourselves-than with reality Dan Ariely
We stigmatize mistakes. And we're now running national educational systems where mistakes are the worst thing you can make -- and the result is that we are educating people out of their creative capacities. Sir Ken Robbinson


Time Remaining: 60
Commonly used data types DO NOT include:
This is a quiz for Javascript students, exclusively at Cal. If you go to Stanford, well, you've already failed.
For each question you answer correctly, you will receive 1 point. If you answer a question incorrectly, 10 seconds will be deducted from the time remaining.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Serves 4-6
Preheat the oven to 180C/350F/Gas 4.
Blanch the artichokes in boiling water, flavoured with salt and lemon juice, for 10-15 minutes, until soft.
In a hot pan, sear the sausages, drained artichokes, garlic and onion. When slightly brown, remove from the heat and place on four, individual squares of foil (about 50cm x 50cm).
Drizzle with olive oil, add some lemon zest and paprika to each parcel, then fold over the edges to create a foil parcel and cook at 180C/360/Gas 4 for 20 minutes.
To make the mustard dressing, whisk all the ingredients together, then season to taste.
To make the buttered spinach, soften the butter in a pan, add the garlic and spinach and cook down until soft.
Grate in some nutmeg and serve with the sausages and artichokes.
Drizzle over the dressing and serve.


{% extends "layout.html" %}
{% set title = "Sorting and filtering columns" %}
{% set version = "1" %}
{% block page_title %}
{{title}}
{% endblock %}
{% block service_name %}
Check and challenge your business rates valuation
{% endblock %}
{% block head %}
{% include "includes/head.html" %}
{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
{% include "includes/phase_banner_prototype.html" %}
{{title}}
Your properties
| Address |
Local authority reference |
Status |
Appointed Agents |
Actions |
|
|
|
|
|
{% include "includes/get_help.html" %}
{% endblock %}
{% block body_end %}
{% include "includes/" + version +"/scripts.html" %}
{% endblock %}


{% extends "general/two-column.html" %} {% set title = "Software | MITRE ATT&CK™" %} {% set parsed = page.data | from_json %} {% set active_page = "software" -%} {% import 'macros/navigation.html' as navigation %} {% block innerleft %}
Software is a generic term for custom or commercial code, operating system utilities, open-source software, or other tools used to conduct behavior modeled in ATT&CK. Some instances of software have multiple names associated with the same instance due to various organizations tracking the same set of software by different names. The team makes a best effort to track overlaps between names based on publicly reported associations, which are designated as “Associated Software” on each page (formerly labeled “Aliases”), because we believe these overlaps are useful for analyst awareness.
Software entries include publicly reported technique use or capability to use a technique and may be mapped to Groups who have been reported to use that Software. The information provided does not represent all possible technique use by a piece of Software, but rather a subset that is available solely through open source reporting.
| Name | Associated Software | Description |
|---|---|---|
| {{row.name}} | {{row.aliases_list|join(", ")}} | {% if row.deprecated %} ****Deprecation Warning**** {% endif %} {{row.descr}} |


THE MIRROR HAS TWO FACES A film review by Tim Voon Copyright 1997 Tim Voon
Cast: Barbra Streisand, Jeff Bridges, Lauren Bacall, Pierce Brosnan, Mimi Rogers, George Segal, Brenda Vaccaro, Austin Pendleton Director: Barbra Streisand Screenplay: Richard LaGravenese
The mirror has two faces, the reflection that you see, and the person who you are behind that reflection.
I had a friend who once told me that it was better to be happily single, than to settle for second best. I couldn't agree more. Don't settle for second best. To find someone who loves you so much that it aches, well that's worth waiting for.
This, in part, is one of the many themes in this movie. A single, middle-aged professor of literature (Streisand), is always the bridesmaid and never the bride. A single, middle-aged professor of mathematics (Bridges), has unusual theories about the universe and sex - that a lasting relationship with a woman, only requires friendship and common interests. They get married, become best friends, but the marriage is never consummated. It is then that Streisand's character realises that she wants more; she wants it all, the flowers, the romance, the passion and fireworks -- and not second best.
Great subject material for a movie. Well chosen by Streisand, who I am sure directs from personal experience; and a cast well suited to their roles.
Comment: A good view.
Timothy Voon e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
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Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Preparation time
overnight
Cooking time
less than 10 mins
Serves
Serves 4
This refreshing combination of prepared watermelon, raw tuna and zingy lemon dressing makes a head-turning dinner party starter. You need to prepare the melon well in advance for the full effect.
Scoop all of the watermelon slices into a re-sealable food bag. Add a pinch of salt and chill in the fridge for 2-3 days.
When the watermelon is ready, preheat the oven to 150C/130C Fan/Gas 4.
Toast the bread, then slice each in half widthways to create four slices, each with one toasted side and one untoasted side. Sandwich them between 2 clean baking trays. Bake in the oven for 5 minutes, or until hard and crisp. Remove the trays from the oven and set the bread aside to cool, still sandwiched between the trays.
Lay a sheet of cling film onto a clean work surface. Place the tuna steaks on top and cover with a second sheet of cling film. Flatten the tuna steaks to a thickness of 2mm using a meat mallet or rolling pin. (Do this one steak at a time if it is easier.)
Trim each piece of flattened tuna into a circle, using an upturned bowl as a guide. Set aside.
Chop the tuna trimmings very finely and place them into a bowl. Squeeze over half of the lemon juice and add the chives and shallots. Season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper, then mix well.
Heat the butter in a frying pan over a high heat until it starts to brown. Chop the watermelon slices into small pieces and add them to the pan in batches, frying for 1-2 minutes on each side, or until caramelised and heated through. Season with a pinch of salt. Remove from the pan and set aside on a warmed plate while you fry the remaining watermelon.
To serve, spoon some of the tuna tartare onto each piece of toast. Place onto the serving plates and top with a piece of cooked watermelon. Turn over each circle of flattened tuna carpaccio, discarding the cling film, and place one circle alongside each toast.


 If you set yourself to "view", you cannot undo it by yourself. You would no longer be able to edit any answers in the plan, and you won't be able change the access of anyone else.
{% crispy form %}


{$extend "/modern-era" $}
{$define "#content" }
Mario and Luigi's tug-of-war between cooperation and competition finally returned in the New Super Mario Bros. games. Sure, Luigi had been selectable as an alternative to his brother in several of these games' single-player modes – but co-op wasn't an option until now.
And it didn't stop with just the brothers, either. Two nameless Toads jumped into the action as well, creating a four-player free-for-all that either ended with all in attendance working together toward a common goal, or descended into utter chaos as all four jockeyed for position against each other, trying to sabotage everyone else.
{$}


Intellectual Humans
Full length Theme Soudtrack Album containing 20 tracks will be out by the end of the year. Sample Music will be updated here by the end of fall.
ℜ
©Dr Rahul Vaghela Music ™
℗Rahul Shailesh Vaghela


EDUCATION
Bachelor of Technology
Information Technology
GRAPHIC ERA HILL UNIVERSITY
2016-2020
Dehradun
Bachelor of Technology
Information Technology
GRAPHIC ERA HILL UNIVERSITY
2016-2020
Dehradun


Resume Nick Thoelen
General Information
Name:
Nick Thoelen
Address:
Monsstraat 38
Date of Birth:
21 March 1993
Gender:
Male
Marital Status:
Single
Nationality:
Besmian
Telephone:
0496365782


FBREADER(1) FBREADER(1) NAME FBReader - e-book reader SYNOPSIS FBReader [-zlui ui-type] [ui-specific options] [-lang language] [e-book] DESCRIPTION FBReader is an e-book reader. It supports most open e-book formats, and can read compressed e-book archives. For more information on using the program, see the "About FBReader" but‐ ton on its toolbar. OPTIONS -zlui ui-type Try to start FBReader with the specified uu type. Supported ui types are gtk (to use Gtk+ library), qt (Qt 3 library) and qt4 (Qt 4 library). ui-specific options Standard options from the UI library you use (Gtk+, Qt3 or Qt4). -lang language Language for user interface. Current version (0.12.0) of fbreader supports Arabic (specify -lang ar option), Chinese (-lang zh), Czech (-lang cs), Dutch (-lang nl), English (-lang en), Finnish (-lang fi), French (-lang fr), German (-lang de), Hungarian (-lang hu), Indonesian (-lang id), Italian (-lang it), Lithuanian (-lang lt), Russian (-lang ru), Spanish (-lang es) and Swedish (-lang sv) and Ukrainian (-lang uk). e-book Name of file to open. If this parameter is missing or if FBReader cannot open the specified file, the last opened file will be reopened. If you start FBReader for the first time or the last opened file is missing, "About FBReader" text will be opened. AUTHOR This man page was written by Joey Hess<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and Nikolay Pultsin<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for the Debian system, but may be freely reused on other systems. FBREADER(1)


Such classes are an indication of ad-hoc or incoherent modularisation strategies, and may often profitably be moved.
Available only from Code | Inspect Code or Code | Analyze Code | Run Inspection by Name and isn't reported in the editor.


TONY JIANG
Tony Jiang, executive director of Greentree, responsi- ble for project identification, project negotiation and strategic relationships. Tony Jiang was a member of the board of directors of Zhongyuan group and was the founder and GM of 6,000 employee Baoyuan Real estate, a Zhongyuan Group sister company. Baoyuan had 60 billion in sales on over 1000+ developer projects from 2007 to 2016. After leaving Baoyuan, he invested in ~18 sales representative companies in east China. Since 2016 Tony Jiang and related sales rep companies have represented developers on over 300 projects in the Yangtze River region and has sold 22,000 residen- tial property deeds and 2.4 million sqm of commercial projects. He is an industry leader in the sales and real estate industry.
ISAAC ROSENTHAL
Isaac Rosenthal, operating director of Greentree is res- ponsible for investor relations, corporate strategy, in- ternal SOPs and IT. Isaac is a serial entrepreneur who started a real estate leasing and management company Link People at the age of 23. Link People had 300 share flat apartments with 1500 tenants under management rented to young expat professionals in downtown Sha- nghai. In 2016, Link People was sold to Dothink Group, a top 50, Hong Kong listed Chinese real estate develo- per. Since 2017, Isaac, focused on capital fundraising and real estate acquisition projects for Dothink before joining Greentree.
CHARLES FANG
Charles Fang acquisition director at Greentree is res- ponsible for project underwriting, audit and acquisi- tion. A graduate of Singapore Management University, Charles has passed CFA level 2 exam. Charles was the head of investment and M&A of a Shanghai Stock Ex- change publicly listed company. While at HNA he led 10 billion RMB of mergers and acquisitions of residen- tial, commercial and entertainment real estate. Addi- tionally, he internally restructured 5 billion RMB of re- lated group assets and spearheaded the establishment of many new subsidiary companies at HNA. He has over 10 years of real estate M and A experience and 5 years of experience in corporate governance, corpora- te structuring and financial management.
CHEN CHENG
Chen Cheng, investment manager at Greentree, is res- ponsible for investor and government relations. He was the former vice president of Minsheng Bank – Jingan sub branch. He has participated in the acquisition of 3 billion of real estate assets, 800 million of real estate NPLs, and fundraising of 1 billion. He has 5 years of ex- perience in asset management, acquisition of non-per- forming assets and investment fundraising.


Thanks to discoveries by Niels Bohr, Ernest Rutherford, Arnold Sommerfeld, Joseph Thomson and James Chadwick, we know that rocks and minerals are made of atoms, atoms are made of a nucleus and an electron cloud, and the nucleus is made of nucleons of which there are two kinds: protons and neutrons. The total number of nucleons in the atomic nucleus is called the mass number (A). The number of protons (which equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom) is called the atomic number (Z). The chemical properties of a nuclide solely depend on the atomic number, which therefore forms the basis of the Periodic Table of Elements. The number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus may take on a range of values for any given element, corresponding to different isotopes of said element. For example, 816O is an isotope of oxygen with 16 nucleons of which 8 are protons (and N = A-Z = 16-8 = 8 are neutrons). Adding one extra neutron to the nucleus produces a second oxygen isotope, 817O, with identical chemical properties as 816O, but slightly different physical properties (e.g. boiling temperature). Adding another neutron produces 818O which, with 8 protons and 10 neutrons, is more than 10% heavier than 816O. Due to this mass difference, the 818O/ 816O ratio undergoes mass fractionation by several natural processes, forming the basis of 818O/ 816O palaeothermometry (see the second half of this course). When we try to add yet another neutron to the atomic nucleus of oxygen, the nucleus becomes unstable and undergoes radioactive decay. Therefore, no 819O exists in Nature.
As mentioned before, the Periodic Table of Elements (aka ‘Mendeleev’s Table’) arranges the elements according to the atomic number and the configuration of the electron cloud. The equally important Chart of Nuclides uses both the number of protons and neutrons as row and column indices. At low masses, the stable nuclides are found close to the 1 ÷ 1 line (N ≈ Z), with the radionuclides found at higher and lower ratios. At higher atomic numbers, the stable nuclides are found at higher mass numbers, reflecting the fact that more neutrons are required to keep the protons together. For example, 82208Pb, which is the heaviest stable nuclide, has 44 more neutrons than protons. The unstable nuclides (or radionuclides), such as 82209Pb or 819O may survive for time periods of femtoseconds to billions of years depending on the degree of instability, which generally scales with the ‘distance’ from the curve of stable nuclides. Radionuclides eventually disintegrate to a stable form by means of a number of different mechanisms:
|
| (2.1) |
Note that every neutron on the left hand side of this formula generates three neutrons on the right hand side. The latter may react with further 235U nuclei and generate a chain reaction which forms the basis of nuclear reactors, the atom bomb and the ‘external detector’ method (Section 7.2).
A characteristic property of radioactive decay is its absolute independence of external physical and chemical effects. In other words, it is not affected by changes in pressure, temperature, or the molecular bonds connecting a radioactive nuclide to neighbouring atoms. This means that the rate at which a radioactive parent atom (P) decays to a radiogenic daughter (D) per unit time, i.e. dNP∕dt only depends on NP, the number of parent atoms present. The decay constant λ expresses the likelihood that a radioactive disintegration takes place in any given time (i.e., λ has units of atoms per atoms per year). This can be expressed mathematically with the following differential equation:
|
| (2.2) |
Integrating this equation over time yields:
|
| (2.3) |
where (NP)∘ is the number of parent atoms present at time t = 0. Since this number is generally unknown (one exception is 14C, see Section 4.1), Equation 2.3 generally cannot be used in this form. We can, however, measure the present number of parent and daughter nuclides in the sample. Rewriting Equation 2.3:
|
| (2.4) |
and bearing in mind that ND = (NP)∘− NP, we obtain:
|
| (2.5) |
This equation forms the foundation of most geochronological methods. It can be rewritten explicitly as a function of time:
|
| (2.6) |
The degree of instability of a radioactive nuclide can be expressed by λ or by the half life t1∕2, which is the time required for half of the parent nuclides to decay. This follows directly from Equation 2.3:
|
| (2.7) |
As a rule of thumb, the detection limit of a radiometric geochronometer is reached after about 10 half lives. Thus, 14C goes back ∼50,000 years, 10Be 10 million and 40K 10 billion years.
Sometimes the radiogenic daughter (D1) of a radioactive parent is radioactive as well, decaying to a daughter of its own (D2), which may be radioactive again etc., until a stable daughter (D∗) is reached. Considering the simplest case of one intermediate daughter:
|
| (2.8) |
The increase (or decrease) of the number of atoms per unit time for each of the nuclides is given by:
| for P | : dNP∕dt = −λPNP | (2.9) |
| for D1 | : dND1∕dt = λPNP − λ1ND1 | (2.10) |
| for D∗ | : dND∗∕dt = −λ1ND1 | (2.11) |
The number of atoms NP can be written as a function of t:
|
| (2.12) |
Plugging Equation 2.12 into 2.10 yields
|
| (2.13) |
Solving this differential equation yields the evolution of D1 with time. Assuming that ND1 = 0 at t = 0:
|
| (2.14) |
If λP ≪ λ1 (by a factor of 10 or greater), then e−λ1t becomes vanishingly small relative to e−λPt after a sufficiently long time so that Equation 2.14 can be simplified:
|
| (2.15) |
or, alternatively:
|
| (2.16) |
This means that the ratio of ND1 and NP remains constant through time. If λP ≪ λ1, then λ1 − λP ≈ λ1, from which it follows that:
|
| (2.17) |
Rearranging:
|
| (2.18) |
or, equivalently:
|
| (2.19) |
This is the secular equilibrium in which the number of atoms of both radioactive members is proportional to their respective half lives. In the geochronological isotope systems 235U/207Pb, 238U/206Pb and 232Th/207Pb, the lead isotopes are the end points of a long decay series comprised of several α and β− disentegrations, in which the decay constants of the parent nuclide is orders of magnitude shorter than the other nuclides in the chain. For a decay series like that, Equation 2.18 can be generalised to:
|
| (2.20) |
This means that the entire series is in equilibrium, so that all members occur in mutually constant proportions. The number of atoms of the stable end member D∗ is given by:
|
| (2.21) |
Using Equation 2.20, this becomes:
|
| (2.22) |
or
|
| (2.23) |
Since each of the ratios λP∕λ1, λP∕λ2, etc. are vanishingly small, we can simplify Equation 2.23 as:
|
| (2.24) |
This means that the accumulation of the final Pb isotope of the aforementioned three decay series is only a function of the decay of the parent isotope. All intermediate decay steps are therefore inconsequential. In rare cases, however, the isotopic equilibrium is disturbed by a dissolution or recrystallisation event, say. The intermediate parent/daughter pairs can then be used to date phenomena occuring over much shorter time scales than those probed by the U-Pb method (Section 9).


Sunspot::Rails
Sunspot::Rails is a Rails plugin that provides drop-in integration of the Sunspot Solr search library with Rails. It provides the following features:
- Configure Sunspot using config/sunspot.yml
- Extend ActiveRecord for easy index configuration, search, and indexing
- Automatically index ActiveRecord objects when they are saved, and remove them from the index when they are destroyed (can be disabled)
- Automatically commit Solr changes at the end of each request (can be disabled)
- Provide utility methods to find and fix orphaned documents and rebuild the Solr index for a given class
- Provide rake tasks for starting and stopping the development Solr instance, using the configuration in sunspot.yml
Sunspot::Rails has been tested with Rails versions 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3
Installation
For recent versions of Rails, In your project’s config/environment.rb, add the following gem dependencies:
config.gem 'sunspot', :lib => 'sunspot' config.gem 'sunspot_rails', :lib => 'sunspot/rails'
Install the gems with:
rake gems:install
If you are using an older version of Rails that doesn’t support plugins-as-gems, install the gems manually and install the plugin:
sudo gem install sunspot sunspot_rails --source=http://gems.github.com script/plugin install git://github.com/outoftime/sunspot_rails.git
Generate the file config/sunspot.yml:
script/generate sunspot
Rails doesn’t automatically load rake tasks from plugins installed as gems (rails.lighthouseapp.com/projects/8994/tickets/59). If you installed Sunspot::Rails as a gem, add the following line to your project’s Rakefile:
require 'sunspot/rails/tasks'
If you wish to make modifications to the Solr schema, you can create a custom Solr home in your project directory. In order to do so, create the directory RAILS_ROOT/solr/conf, and copy in the contents of the Solr gem’s solr/solr/conf directory. If the files are in the right place, Sunspot::Rails will detect them and tell Solr to use your local configurations. Use caution when modifying schema.xml - Sunspot relies on the field naming scheme in the packaged schema file.
To start up a Solr instance, issue the following:
rake sunspot:solr:start
Note that using the built-in Solr instance packaged with Sunspot is great for development, but is not recommended for production. See the Sunspot documentation for more information.
Usage
Setup
In order for an ActiveRecord model to be indexable and searchable, it must be configured for search. For example:
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base searchable do text :title, :body integer :blog_id time :updated_at string :sort_title do title.downcase.sub(/^(an?|the) /, '') end end end
See the documentation for Sunspot.setup for full details on what can go in the configuration block.
Indexing
By default, models are indexed whenever they are saved, and removed from the index whenever they are destroyed. This behavior can be disabled:
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base searchable :auto_index => false, :auto_remove => false do # setup... end end
Note that using the :auto_remove option is not recommended , as destroying an object without removing it from the index will create an orphaned document in the index, which is a Bad Thing.
If you have disabled lifecycle indexing hooks, you can invoke indexing operations directly on your model:
post = Post.create post.index post.remove_from_index
Committing
When data is changed in Solr, it is initially stored in memory and not made available to the currently running searcher instance. Issuing a commit to Solr will cause it to write the changes to disk, and instantiate a new searcher instance. This operation is fairly expensive, so rather than issuing a commit every time a document is added or removed, Sunspot::Rails issues a commit at the end of any request where data has been added to or removed from Solr. If you need to immediately issue a commit, bang!-versions of the methods are available:
post = Post.create post.index! # this is the same as... post.index Sunspot.commit
When writing tests outside of the context of a controller request, you will want to use one of these two approaches.
Searching
Do it like this:
Post.search do with :blog_id, 1 with(:updated_at).greater_than(Time.now - 2.weeks) order :sort_title, :asc paginate :page => 1, :per_page => 15 end
See the documentation for Sunspot.search for all the options available in the search block, and the information available in the result block.
Searching for IDs
In some situations, you may want to get the IDs for models returned by a search without actually loading the models out of the database. For that, you can call search_ids, using the same block format as search. This will return an array of IDs.
Searching for multiple types
Sunspot is entirely agnostic about whether searches are for one or more types; the only restriction is that columns used for restriction, ordering, etc. are defined in the same way for all types being searched. Sunspot::Rails does not provide any additional support for this, since there is not anything useful to be added, so just use the interface provided by Sunspot:
Sunspot.search(Post, Comment) do with :blog_id, 1 order :created_at, :asc end
Be sure to check out the Sunspot documentation for all the details.
Adding search functionality in mixins
Sunspot does not require that search setup for a given class happen all in one place; it is perfectly acceptable to call the Sunspot.setup method more than once. This capability is particularly useful for adding search functionality in mixins. For instance, if you have a Ratable module, you may wish to add additional search fields for searchable classes that mix in that module. For example:
module Ratable def self.included(base) if base.searchable? base.searchable do float :average_rating do ratings.average(:value) end end end end end
Note the use of base.searchable? - this ensures that only classes that already have search enabled will have the additional configuration added. The above pattern requires that the class be declared searchable before the module is mixed in; other patterns (such as passing a :searchable option to an acts_as_-style declaration) may be more flexible.
Utility methods
If you need to completely reindex all of the instances of a given model class, you can issue:
Post.reindex
If for some reason models get deleted from the database, but not from the index, they will become index orphans - not a good situation. To get IDs that exist in the index but not the database, you can use the index_orphans method; to remove those documents from the index, use clean_index_orphans. Note that neither of these operations should be needed if Sunspot and Sunspot::Rails are used as intended.
Testing Solr integration using RSpec
To disable the sunspot-solr integration for your active record models, require the file `sunspot/rails/spec_helper`
Then, in your spec, use the disconnect_sunspot method:
require 'sunspot/rails/spec_helper' describe Post do disconnect_sunspot it 'should have some behavior' # ... end end
In all of the examples in this group, all Sunspot calls will be stubbed out. The Sunspot#search method will return a stub search object that mimics a search with no results.
Further Reading
Reading the Sunspot documentation is highly recommended. Sunspot::Rails exists to wrap Sunspot with a Rails-friendly API, but almost all of the functionality you use in Sunspot::Rails is implemented in Sunspot.
Posts about Sunspot on my blog are available at outofti.me/tagged/sunspot
Bugs
Please submit bug reports to outoftime.lighthouseapp.com/projects/20339-sunspot
Contributors
- Mat Brown<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Peer Allan<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Michael Moen<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Benjamin Krause<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Adam Salter<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Brandon Keepers<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Paul Canavese<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- John Eberly<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Gert Thiel<EMAIL_ADDRESS>License
Sunspot::Rails is distributed under the MIT License, copyright © 2009 Mat Brown


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Installing Apicurio Registry storage on OpenShift
This chapter explains how to install and configure your chosen registry storage option: Strimzi, embedded Infinispan, or PostgreSQL database.
Installing Strimzi from the OpenShift OperatorHub
If you do not already have Strimzi installed, you can install the Strimzi Operator on your OpenShift cluster from the OperatorHub. The OperatorHub is available from the OpenShift Container Platform web console and provides an interface for cluster administrators to discover and install Operators. For more details, see the OpenShift documentation.
-
You must have cluster administrator access to an OpenShift cluster
-
In the OpenShift Container Platform web console, log in using an account with cluster administrator privileges.
-
Change to the OpenShift project in which Apicurio Registry is installed. For example, from the Project drop-down, select
my-project
. -
In the left navigation menu, click Operators > OperatorHub.
-
In the Filter by keyword text box, enter
Strimzi
to find the Strimzi Operator. -
Read the information about the Operator, and click Install to display the Operator subscription page.
-
Select your subscription settings, for example:
-
Update Channel > stable
-
Installation Mode > A specific namespace on the cluster > my-project
-
Approval Strategy > Manual
-
-
Click Install, and wait a few moments until the Operator is ready for use.
Configuring Apicurio Registry with Strimzi storage on OpenShift
This section explains how to configure Kafka-based storage for Apicurio Registry using Strimzi on OpenShift. This storage option is suitable for production environments when persistent
storage is configured for the Kafka cluster on OpenShift. You can install Apicurio Registry in an existing Kafka cluster or create a new Kafka cluster, depending on your environment.
-
You must have an OpenShift cluster with cluster administrator access.
-
You must have already installed Apicurio Registry. See Installing Apicurio Registry on OpenShift.
-
You must have already installed Strimzi. See Installing Strimzi from the OpenShift OperatorHub.
-
In the OpenShift Container Platform web console, log in using an account with cluster administrator privileges.
-
If you do not already have a Kafka cluster configured, create a new Kafka cluster using Strimzi. For example, in the OpenShift OperatorHub:
-
Click Installed Operators > Strimzi.
-
Under Provided APIs > Kafka, click Create Instance to create a new Kafka cluster.
-
Edit the custom resource definition as appropriate, and click Create.
The default example creates a cluster with 3 Zookeeper nodes and 3 Kafka nodes with ephemeral
storage. This temporary storage is suitable for development and testing only, and not for production. For more details, see Using AMQ Streams on OpenShift.
-
-
After the cluster is ready, click Provided APIs > Kafka > my-cluster > YAML.
-
In the
status
block, make a copy of thebootstrapServers
value, which you will use later to deploy Apicurio Registry. For example:status: conditions: ... listeners: - addresses: - host: my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap.my-project.svc port: 9092 bootstrapServers: 'my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap.my-project.svc:9092' type: plain ...
-
Create a Kafka topic to store the Apicurio Registry artifacts:
-
Under Provided APIs > Kafka Topic, click Create topic.
-
Change the default topic name from
my-topic
to the requiredstorage-topic
.
-
-
Create a Kafka topic to store the Apicurio Registry global IDs:
-
Under Provided APIs > Kafka Topic, click Create topic.
-
Change the default topic name from
my-topic
to the requiredglobal-id-topic
.
-
-
Click Installed Operators > Apicurio Registry > ApicurioRegistry > Create ApicurioRegistry.
-
Paste in the following custom resource definition, but use your
bootstrapServers
value that you copied earlier:apiVersion: apicur.io/v1alpha1 kind: ApicurioRegistry metadata: name: example-apicurioregistry spec: configuration: persistence: "streams" streams: bootstrapServers: "my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap.my-project.svc:9092"
-
Click Create and wait for the Apicurio Registry route to be created on OpenShift.
-
Click Networking > Route to access the new route for the Apicurio Registry web console. For example:
http://example-apicurioregistry.my-project.my-domain-name.com/
For more details on installing Strimzi and on creating Kafka clusters and topics, see https://strimzi.io/docs/overview/latest/
Kafka topic name configuration
The default Kafka topic names that Apicurio Registry uses to store data in Kafka are storage-topic
and global-id-topic
. You might be required to change these topic names if you are sharing your Kafka cluster with other applications that already use topics named storage-topic
or global-id-topic
.
You can override the default topic names by setting the appropriate environment variables or Java system properties:
| Default topic name | Environment variable | Java system property |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Configuring Apicurio Registry with embedded Infinispan storage on OpenShift
This section explains how to configure Infinispan cache-based storage for Apicurio Registry on OpenShift. This storage option is based on Infinispan community Java libraries embedded in the Quarkus-based Apicurio Registry server. You do not need to install a separate Infinispan server using this storage option. This option is suitable for development or demonstration only, and is not suitable for production environments.
-
You must have an OpenShift cluster with cluster administrator access.
-
You must have already installed Apicurio Registry. See Installing Apicurio Registry on OpenShift.
-
In the OpenShift Container Platform web console, log in using an account with cluster administrator privileges.
-
Click Installed Operators > Apicurio Registry > ApicurioRegistry > Create ApicurioRegistry.
-
Paste in the following custom resource definition:
apiVersion: apicur.io/v1alpha1 kind: ApicurioRegistry metadata: name: example-apicurioregistry spec: configuration: persistence: "infinispan" infinispan: # Currently uses embedded version of Infinispan clusterName: "example-apicurioregistry" # ^ Optional
-
Click Create and wait for the Apicurio Registry route to be created on OpenShift.
-
Click Networking > Route to access the new route for the Apicurio Registry web console. For example:
http://example-apicurioregistry.my-project.my-domain-name.com/
-
For more details on configuring Infinispan clusters, see the example custom resources available from the Apicurio Registry demonstration.
-
For more details on Infinispan, see https://infinispan.org/
Installing a PostgreSQL database from the OpenShift OperatorHub
If you do not already have a PostgreSQL database Operator installed, you can install a PostgreSQL Operator on your OpenShift cluster from the OperatorHub. The OperatorHub is available from the OpenShift Container Platform web console and provides an interface for cluster administrators to discover and install Operators. For more details, see the OpenShift documentation.
-
You must have cluster administrator access to an OpenShift cluster.
-
In the OpenShift Container Platform web console, log in using an account with cluster administrator privileges.
-
Change to the OpenShift project in which Apicurio Registry is installed. For example, from the Project drop-down, select
my-project
. -
In the left navigation menu, click Operators > OperatorHub.
-
In the Filter by keyword text box, enter
PostgreSQL
to find an Operator suitable for your environment, for example, Crunchy PostgreSQL for OpenShift or PostgreSQL Operator by Dev4Ddevs.com. -
Read the information about the Operator, and click Install to display the Operator subscription page.
-
Select your subscription settings, for example:
-
Update Channel > stable
-
Installation Mode > A specific namespace on the cluster > my-project
-
Approval Strategy > Manual
-
-
Click Install, and wait a few moments until the Operator is ready for use.
You must read the documentation from your chosen PostgreSQL Operator for details on how to create and manage your database.
Configuring Apicurio Registry with PostgreSQL database storage on OpenShift
This section explains how to configure Java Persistence API-based storage for Apicurio Registry on OpenShift using a PostgreSQL database Operator. You can install Apicurio Registry in an existing database or create a new database, depending on your environment. This section shows a simple example using the PostgreSQL Operator by Dev4Ddevs.com.
-
You must have an OpenShift cluster with cluster administrator access.
-
You must have already installed Apicurio Registry. See Installing Apicurio Registry on OpenShift.
-
You must have already installed a PostgreSQL Operator on OpenShift. For example, see Installing a PostgreSQL database from the OpenShift OperatorHub.
-
In the OpenShift Container Platform web console, log in using an account with cluster administrator privileges.
-
Change to the OpenShift project in which Apicurio Registry and your PostgreSQL Operator are installed. For example, from the Project drop-down, select
my-project
. -
Create a PostgreSQL database for your Apicurio Registry storage. For example, click Installed Operators > PostgreSQL Operator by Dev4Ddevs.com > Create database > YAML.
-
Edit the database settings as follows:
-
name
: Change the value toregistry
-
image
: Change the value tocentos/postgresql-10-centos7
-
-
Edit any other database settings as needed depending on your environment, for example:
apiVersion: postgresql.dev4devs.com/v1alpha1 kind: Database metadata: name: registry namespace: my-project spec: databaseCpu: 30m databaseCpuLimit: 60m databaseMemoryLimit: 512Mi databaseMemoryRequest: 128Mi databaseName: example databaseNameKeyEnvVar: POSTGRESQL_DATABASE databasePassword: postgres databasePasswordKeyEnvVar: POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD databaseStorageRequest: 1Gi databaseUser: postgres databaseUserKeyEnvVar: POSTGRESQL_USER image: centos/postgresql-10-centos7 size: 1
-
Click Create Database, and wait until the database is created.
-
Click Installed Operators > Apicurio Registry > ApicurioRegistry > Create ApicurioRegistry.
-
Paste in the following custom resource definition, and edit the values for the database
url
and credentials to match your environment:apiVersion: apicur.io/v1alpha1 kind: ApicurioRegistry metadata: name: example-apicurioregistry spec: configuration: persistence: "jpa" dataSource: url: "jdbc:postgresql://SERVICE_NAME.NAMESPACE.svc:5432/" # e.g. url: "jdbc:postgresql://acid-minimal-cluster.my-project.svc:5432/" userName: "postgres" password: "PASSWORD" # ^ Optional
-
Click Create and wait for the Apicurio Registry route to be created on OpenShift.
-
Click Networking > Route to access the new route for the Apicurio Registry web console. For example:
http://example-apicurioregistry.my-project.my-domain-name.com/