Music fans need more choice from streaming platforms, according to new report
The online market could be doubled if changes are made
Music fans aren’t being offered enough choice from streaming platforms like Spotify and Apple Music, a new report claims.
Findings from Entertainment Retailers Association claims that online music services are too similar, giving consumers the same content with little difference in pricing.
They suggest that the value of the streaming market, which is currently at £829m, could be doubled (£1.6bn) by 2023 if music companies introduced “super-premium” packages and catered for older listeners.
Apple Music director Jimmy Iovine
Pedro Sanches, from OC&C who conducted the study, said that “there’s a major prize at stake”. He went on the say that the “all-you-can-eat” model currently offered by the major platforms had “enjoyed enormous success, in part because of its simplicity.”
However, he argued that “further innovation will drive more growth” for the companies.
The report also highlighted a number of potential new moves that could help push platforms forward. These included offering exclusive content and products as part of premium subscriptions, while catering for audiences outside of the family and student plans currently available.
This comes after it was revealed that Apple Music now has more paid subscribers that its main competitor, Spotify. A report published in February showed that Apple Music had 28 million paid members in the US, compared to Spotify’s 26 million.
Apple Music director Jimmy Iovine shared his thoughts on how he thinks music streaming services are too similar last year, arguing that something had to change in the industry. The boss hinted at a move towards more exclusives for the company.
In April, The Strokes’ frontman Julian Casablancas called streaming services “a waste of time” and blamed the advances of streaming technology for music having “gone so backwards”.
“They’re all just ripping everyone off,” he said.


Set the period of CPUs to limit the container’s CPU usage.
The default CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period is 100000us.
Consult Docker Run Documentation for further information.


Exodus 36:13
And he made fifty taches of gold, and coupled the curtains one unto another with the taches: so it became one tabernacle.


--- layout: page color: purple title: Venue & accomodations ---
Building Q
Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel
The Vrije Universiteit Brussel is the offshoot of the French-speaking Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) that was founded in 1834 by a Brussels lawyer with Flemish origins, Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen. He wanted to establish a university that would be independent from the state and the church and where academic freedom would reign.
VUB WebsiteThis year we have partnered with the Brussels Booking Desk to provide reduced hotel rates for State of the Map. And the OSM community is collecting details on more local accommodation options on the wiki.
For Brussels Booking Desk, it's simple to book through the dedicated reservation website. They are also on hand to assist with any accommodation enquiries you may have before, during and after your stay! These pre-booked rates are limited so we ask that you book as early as possible.
For additional assistance:
STIB-MIVB run buses, trams and the metro service across Brussels. It is recommended that you buy your tickets before boarding (essential to travel by metro), as buying tickets after boarding will cost you more. The GO ticket vending machines are present in every metro station and the most important bus and tram stops all over Brussels.
There are 4 ticket types:
Return tickets and 48hr/72hr tickets are also available however you will need to buy a MOBIB reloadable card at a cost of €5.00 (unloaded). Unless you intend to do a lot of travel in Brussels we do not recommend this.
A reduced night service is also available on Friday and Saturday until 3am.
Villo runs a bike sharing network that has over 2,500 bicycles available at over 200 bike stations throughout the city. Users can take a bike from any station and return it to a different station. Membership fees are €1.60/day or €7.90 per week, payable by card at the automated kiosks attached to every station. On top of membership fees, usage fees vary, but the first 30 minutes are free.
There is parking available at the venue but it requires a security code, email the team if you want access. There is also free parking in Brussels at seven Park+Rides, which allow for unlimited stay and are well connected to public transport. More info here [1] (check Transit Parkings). The nearest to the venue is at Delta [2]


The COVID-19 pandemic in China has been basically controlled, and the number of newly-increased daily infections has been significantly reduced. Many provinces have achieved zero infection. In view of this situation, this website ceases to update the information and predictions on the pandemic situation in China.
The website focuses on the development of pandemic situation and information of pandemic prevention products/materials in countries around the world.
Please stay tuned to our website.


FULL-TIME CARE
Nastsea labore et dolore magames niausy aliquam quaerat voluptatem.
His primis omittam intellegat cu, voluptua appetere mea ad, eu harum oporteat vix. Et vel quod legimus, graeci electram ocurrere.
Read MoreHis primis omittam intellegat cu, voluptua appetere mea ad, eu harum oporteat vix. Et vel quod legimus, graeci electram ocurrere.
Read MoreHis primis omittam intellegat cu, voluptua appetere mea ad, eu harum oporteat vix. Et vel quod legimus, graeci electram ocurrere.
Read MoreHis primis omittam intellegat cu, voluptua appetere mea ad, eu harum oporteat vix. Et vel quod legimus, graeci electram ocurrere.
Read MoreThis is the story of my proposal. I got down on one knee, knees shaking, voice trembling and said: ???Will you marry me, please????. She started loughig, then crying. Then she replied: ???Of course, I will!???
A waft of wind came sweeping down the laurel-walk, and trembled through the boughs of the chestnut: it wandered away???away???to an indefinite distance???it died.A waft of wind came sweeping down the laurel-walk, and trembled through the boughs of the chestnut: it wandered away???away???to an indefinite distance???it died.A waft of wind came sweeping down the laurel-walk, and trembled through the boughs of the chestnut: it wandered away???away???to an indefinite distance???it died.A waft of wind came sweeping down the laurel-walk, and trembled through the boughs of the chestnut: it wandered away???away???to an indefinite distance???it died.


#include <ProgressHandler.hpp>
Public Member Functions | |
| virtual | ~ProgressHandler () |
| Virtual destructor. | |
| virtual bool | Update (float percentage=-1.f)=0 |
| Progress callback. | |
| virtual void | UpdateFileRead (int currentStep, int numberOfSteps) |
| Progress callback for file loading steps. | |
| virtual void | UpdatePostProcess (int currentStep, int numberOfSteps) |
| Progress callback for post-processing steps. | |
Protected Member Functions | |
| ProgressHandler () | |
| Default constructor. |
Each Importer instance maintains its own ProgressHandler. The default implementation provided by Assimp doesn't do anything at all.
Definition at line 58 of file ProgressHandler.hpp.
| virtual bool Assimp::ProgressHandler::Update | ( | float | percentage = -1.f |
) | [pure virtual] |
Progress callback.
| percentage | An estimate of the current loading progress, in percent. Or -1.f if such an estimate is not available. |
| virtual void Assimp::ProgressHandler::UpdateFileRead | ( | int | currentStep, | |
| int | numberOfSteps | |||
| ) | [inline, virtual] |
Progress callback for file loading steps.
| numberOfSteps | The number of total post-processing steps | |
| currentStep | The index of the current post-processing step that will run, or equal to numberOfSteps if all of them has finished. This number is always strictly monotone increasing, although not necessarily linearly. |
Definition at line 103 of file ProgressHandler.hpp.
00103 { 00104 float f = numberOfSteps ? currentStep / (float)numberOfSteps : 1.0f; 00105 Update( f * 0.5f ); 00106 }
| virtual void Assimp::ProgressHandler::UpdatePostProcess | ( | int | currentStep, | |
| int | numberOfSteps | |||
| ) | [inline, virtual] |
Progress callback for post-processing steps.
| numberOfSteps | The number of total post-processing steps | |
| currentStep | The index of the current post-processing step that will run, or equal to numberOfSteps if all of them has finished. This number is always strictly monotone increasing, although not necessarily linearly. |
Definition at line 117 of file ProgressHandler.hpp.
00117 { 00118 float f = numberOfSteps ? currentStep / (float)numberOfSteps : 1.0f; 00119 Update( f * 0.5f + 0.5f ); 00120 }


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class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Welcome! ### Applied Machine Learning with R
Basel R Bootcamp
### January 2019 --- layout: true
        www.therbootcamp.com      Applied Machine Learning with R | January 2019
 --- .pull-left4[

 # Welcome to the
<high>Basel R Bootcamp!</high> ### Applied Machine Learning with R ### January, 2019 ] .pull-right6[

 myswitzerland.com ] --- .pull-left45[

 # Schedule and Materials Click the "Bootcamp running" link on our homepage! www.therbootcamp.com

 ] .pull-right5[

  ] --- .pull-left6[

 # Aim >###The aim of this workshop is enable you to thoughtfully implement machine learning methods, using R, to make data--driven decisions. ] .pull-right4[

 ] --- .pull-left45[ # Setting expectations
What we will cover
 - Intro to the fundamentals of ML - Intro to using R for ML - Intro to common ML models - Opportunity to learn by doing - Opportunity to discuss and share knowledge.
What we will NOT cover
 - In depth, advanced discussions of any of these topics. ] .pull-right45[

 <img src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1200/1*zkCV5S7wgkghdp0r5DNWLw.png" alt="blog.usejournal.com" width="80%" />
blog.usejournal.com

 <img src="https://www.rivs.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2013/05/Interview-Expectations.jpg" alt="RIVS.com" width="80%" />
RIVS.com

 ] --- .pull-left6[ # Schedule We have an <high>ambitious schedule</high>! - 2 days, 3 sessions per day, 1.5 - 2 hours per session, on a variety of topics. - Each session contains a slide-based <high>introduction</high> and a hands-on <high>programming interactive or practical</high>
 ] .pull-right4[

  ] --- .pull-left45[ # Introduction <high>30 - 60 minutes</high> slide based introduction to help you understand the basic concepts, including:

   1 - Theory
   2 - Code examples
   3 - Live demonstrations

 <high>All available online</high>. Follow along, and don't worry about memorizing

 This is a Link to our materials.

 Be interactive! Ask questions! ] .pull-right55[

 <img src="https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/business-presentation_23-2147511785.jpg?size=338&ext=jpg" alt="Freepik.com" width="45%" />
Freepik.com

  ] --- .pull-left45[ # Practicals <high>Write your own R scripts!</high> - Anywhere from 10 ~ 30 programming tasks. - Starts easy, gets progressively more challenging. - Go at your own pace and finish as much as you can. - We have a diverse group with different backgrounds and interests, we love that! - Be active! Ask questions! - We'll give you all the answers later. ] .pull-right5[
  Example: Fitting Practical  ] --- .pull-left45[
 # Stay positive and ask for help! - Learning a computer language is <high>hard</high>. - Learning the basics of machine learning can be just as <high>hard</high>. - <high>Take breaks when you need them</high>, and don't get discouraged! - We're here to help! ] .pull-right5[

 <img src="http://www.repairedcomputer.com/i/68/c/14/quality-computer-repair.1360h.jpg" alt="repairedcomputer.com" width="60%" />
repairedcomputer.com

 <img src="https://cdn.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/content-block/BoxGridWithImages_ImageBlock/D771F505B1D44CB9A9C34653E19EA026/_3JB3522.jpg_SIA_JPG_fit_to_width_MEDIUM.jpg" alt="University of Southampton" width="60%" />
University of Southampton

 ] --- # Cheatsheets

Base R

Data Import

Data Transformation

Caret

 <img border="0" alt="W3Schools"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>height="180">

 --- .pull-left4[

 # Breaks and refreshments - We will take short breaks between sessions depending on need. - Help yourself to refreshments (especially the oat cookies!) - 1h lunch on your own or together at Tibits ] .pull-right6[

Tibits

     ] --- .pull-left5[ # Introductions 1. What is your name? 2. Where are you from? 3. What is your current profession? 4. What is your programming experience with R and in general? 5. What is your experience with ML? 6. What would you most like to do with ML? 7. Coffee or tea? 8. Pizza or pasta? 9. Beer or wine? 10. Berlin or Paris? ] .pull-right45[

 artofmanliness.com ] --- class: middle, center
Schedule


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Rise, Release, & DANCE!
Some of you have asked if we’re still encouraging people to dance for
One Billion Rising for Justice and the answer is a resounding YES!
We encourage you all to incorporate dance into your 14 February
events. We encourage you to use the music that will inspire your
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culture, local music, instruments, languages, and dances! You can also
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corresponding choreography by Debbie Allen and create a flash mob in
your community, and incorporate the dance into your Rising.
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NEW: State Of Female Justice: Los Angeles 2/6
Los Angeles activists don’t miss The State of Female Justice: LA
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Join us as we explore why women experience economic, racial, and
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for women in America?
WHAT: THE STATE OF FEMALE JUSTICE: Los Angeles
WHEN: Thursday, 6 February, Doors: 7:00pm, Program: 7:30pm
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* Student Tickets are available for free, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>JUST ANNOUNCED: JustLove Featuring Eve Ensler, Dr. Christiane
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Meggan Watterson, for this incredible day-long event providing women
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To use ConCoord and distribute your Python objects first you need to create the local Python object. Once the object is created, ConCoord will automatically create a proxy object and you will be able to do remote method invocations when your object is distributed. For these remote method invocations, a round of Paxos Consensus Protocol is run by ConCoord to provide consistency between different copies of the object.
To walk you through the ConCoord approach, we will use the example Counter coordination object we provided. In the source distribution you can locate the Counter object under concoord/object/counter.py. Once you install ConCoord, you can create coordination objects and save them anywhere in your filesystem. To demonstrate this, we will save counter.py under /foo/counter.py.
class Counter:
def __init__(self, value=0):
self.value = value
def decrement(self):
self.value -= 1
def increment(self):
self.value += 1
def getvalue(self):
return self.value
def __str__(self):
return "The counter value is %d" % self.value
Once you have created the object, update your PYTHONPATH accordingly, so that the objects can be found and imported:
$ export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:/foo/
Clients will use a proxy object to do method calls on the To create a proxy for the ConCoord object, run the following command:
$ concoord object -o counter.Counter
Usage: concoord object [-h] [-o OBJECTNAME] [-t SECURITYTOKEN] [-p PROXYTYPE] [-s] [-v]
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-o OBJECTNAME, --objectname OBJECTNAME client object dotted name module.Class
-t SECURITYTOKEN, --token SECURITYTOKEN security token
-p PROXYTYPE, --proxytype PROXYTYPE 0:BASIC, 1:BLOCKING, 2:CLIENT-SIDE BATCHING, 3:SERVER-SIDE BATCHING
-s, --safe safety checking on/off
-v, --verbose verbose mode on/off
This script will create a proxy file under the directory that the object resides (i.e. /foo/):
/foo/counterproxy.py := the proxy that can be used by the client
IMPORTANT NOTE: ConCoord objects treat __init__ functions specially in two ways:
To distribute your object you should start at least one replica and one acceptor.
To start the replica node, use the following command:
$ concoord replica -o counter.Counter
To start replica nodes to join an active ConCoord instance, use the following command to connect to a bootstrap replica with ipaddr:port:
$ concoord replica -o counter.Counter -b ipaddr:port
To start an acceptor node that connects to the bootrstrap replica at ipaddr:port, use the following command:
$ concoord acceptor -b ipaddr:port
Note that you can specify the port and the address of any node with options -p and -a respectively. The nodes can also be run in the debug and interactive modes or with a logger with the commands shown below:
Usage: concoord [-h] [-a ADDR] [-p PORT] [-b BOOTSTRAP] [-o OBJECTNAME] [-l LOGGER] [-d] [-i] where,
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-a ADDR, --addr ADDR addr for the node
-p PORT, --port PORT port for the node
-b BOOTSTRAP, --boot BOOTSTRAP address:port tuple for the bootstrap peer
-o OBJECTNAME, --objectname OBJECTNAME client object dotted name
-l LOGGER, --logger LOGGER logger address
-d, --debug debug on/off
-i, --interactive interactive shell on/off
You can dynamically locate nodes in a given ConCoord instance using DNS queries if the instance includes nameserver nodes. There are three ways you can run a ConCoord Nameserver.
Before starting a standalone nameserver node manually, first make sure that you have at least one replica and one acceptor running. Once your replica and acceptor nodes are set up, you can start the nameserver to answer queries for counterdomain as follows:
$ sudo concoord nameserver -n counterdomain -o counter.Counter -b ipaddr:port -t 1
When you set up the nameserver delegations, you can send queries for counterdomain and see the most current set of nodes as follows:
$ dig -t a counterdomain # returns set of Replicas
$ dig -t srv _concoord._tcp.counterdomain # returns set of Replicas with ports
$ dig -t txt counterdomain # returns set of all nodes
$ dig -t ns counterdomain # returns set of nameservers
If you want to run the nameserver without proper delegation setup, you can query the nameserver bound to nsipaddr specifically as follows:
$ dig -t a counterdomain @nsipaddr # returns set of Replicas
Before starting a slave nameserver node manually, you should have a master nameserver set up and running. The master nameserver should be set up to answer the queries for its slave nameservers. We provide OpenReplica Nameserver as a ready to deploy master nameserver and a Nameserver Coordination Object in our example objects set to keep track of slave nameserver information. Using this coordination object, the master nameserver can keep track of its slave nameserver delegations and the slave nameserver can update the master every time the view of its system changes.
Once your master nameserver is set up, you can start the slave nameserver as follows:
$ concoord nameserver -n counterdomain -o counter.Counter -b ipaddr:port -t 2 -m masterdomain
When the slave nameserver starts running, you can send queries for counterdomain and see the most current set of nodes as follows:
$ dig -t a counterdomain # returns set of Replicas
$ dig -t srv _concoord._tcp.counterdomain # returns set of Replicas with ports
$ dig -t txt counterdomain # returns set of all nodes
$ dig -t ns counterdomain # returns set of nameservers
Before starting a nameserver connected to Amazon Route 53, you should have a Route 53 account set up and ready to receive requests. After your Route 53 account is ready, the nameserver can update the master every time the view of its system changes automatically.
To use Amazon Route 53 you can pass your credentials into the methods that create connections or edit them in the configuration file.
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID - Your AWS Access Key ID AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY - Your AWS Secret Access Key
Once you make sure that your Route53 account is set up and your credentials are updated, you can start the nameserver as follows:
$ concoord nameserver -n counterdomain -o counter.Counter -b ipaddr:port -t 3 -o configfilepath
Once you have a ConCoord instance running with your object, it is easy to access your object.
Now we will use the proxy object we generated. You can import and use this proxy object in your code. Depending on how you set your nameserver node up, you can access your object with the ipaddr:port pair or the domainname.
>>> from counterproxy import Counter
>>> c = Counter(domainname)
>>> c.increment()
>>> c.increment()
>>> c.getvalue()
2
At any point to reinitialize an object after it is deployed on replicas, you should call __concoordinit__ function:
>>> from counterproxy import Counter
>>> c = Counter(domainname)
>>> c.increment()
>>> c.__concoordinit__()
>>> c.increment()
>>> c.getvalue()
1


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File: modules/mixins/pollingMixin.js
(function(root, factory) { if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) { define([], factory); } else if (typeof exports === 'object') { module.exports = factory(); } else { root.Torso = root.Torso || {}; root.Torso.Mixins = root.Torso.Mixins || {}; root.Torso.Mixins.polling = factory(); } }(this, function() { /** * Periodic Polling Object to be mixed into Backbone Collections and Models. * * The polling functionality should only be used for collections and for models that are not * part of any collections. It should not be used for a model that is a part of a collection. * @module Torso * @namespace Torso.Mixins * @class pollingMixin * @author<EMAIL_ADDRESS>*/ var pollingMixin = { /** * @property pollTimeoutId {Number} The id from when setTimeout was called to start polling. */ pollTimeoutId: undefined, __pollStarted: false, __pollInterval: 5000, /** * Returns true if the poll is active * @method isPolling */ isPolling: function() { return this.__pollStarted; }, /** * Starts polling Model/Collection by calling fetch every pollInterval. * Note: Each Model/Collection will only allow a singleton of polling to occur so * as not to have duplicate threads updating Model/Collection. * @method startPolling * @param pollInterval {Integer} interval between each poll in ms. */ startPolling: function(pollInterval) { var self = this; if (pollInterval) { this.__pollInterval = pollInterval; } // have only 1 poll going at a time if (this.__pollStarted) { return; } else { this.__pollStarted = true; this.__poll(); this.pollTimeoutId = window.setInterval(function() { self.__poll(); }, this.__pollInterval); } }, /** * Stops polling Model and clears all Timeouts. * @method stopPolling */ stopPolling: function() { window.clearInterval(this.pollTimeoutId); this.__pollStarted = false; }, /** * By default, the polled fetching operation is routed directly * to backbone's fetch all. * @method polledFetch */ polledFetch: function() { this.fetch(); }, //************** Private methods **************// /** * Private function to recursively call itself and poll for db updates. * @private * @method __poll */ __poll: function() { this.polledFetch(); } }; return pollingMixin; }));


Troubleshooting¶
Known potential issues. Raise an issue if your problem is not addressed here.
Bad interaction with third-party packages¶
ML-Ensemble itself is thread-safe, but third-party packages may not be. A known issue with Scikit-learn (resolved as of 0.19.2) is that cloning is not thread-safe, estimators that clones internally (e.g. decision trees) can occasionally trigger an error. If
IndexError: Pop from empty list
happens, try using multiprocessing
instead.
With multiprocessing, be mindful of the start_method
used.
Due to how Python forks the main process when running multiprocessing,
workers can receive corrupted thread states prompting them to acquiring more threads than are available,
with the resulting of a deadlock. Due to this limitation and the additional overhead of multiprocessing,
If experiencing problems, try:
- ensure all estimators has
n_jobs
ornthread
equal to1
,- try changing the
backend
to eitherthreading
ormultiprocessing
,- if using
multiprocessing
, try varying the start method viaset_start_method()
.
Changing the start_method
from the default (fork
) barrs the use of interactively defined
functions and classes (all functions and classes passed to an mlens
object must be imported, not defined
the running script). For more information on multiprocessing issues see the Scikit-learn FAQ.
Array copying during fitting¶
When the number of folds is greater than 2, it is not possible to slice the full data in such a way as to return a view of that array (i.e. without copying any data). Hence for fold numbers larger than 2, each worker copies a subset of the training data at estimation. If you experience memory-bound issues, please consider using fewer folds during fitting. For further information on avoiding copying data during estimation, see Memory consumption.


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lisp.c is a Lisp interpreter experiment written entirely in C. It's core is a Lisp AST interpreter but is also contains a simple bytecode VM as well as a runtime bytecode compiler.
Contents:
lisp.c
: Interpreter main program. Can be used as an interactive console or a classical file interpreter (see below).tests
: A collections of tests that cover most parts of the interpreter (see below).samples
: Several small test programs, mainly for the lisp.c interpreter. Also contains programs in some other languages written for performance comparisons.The Boehm-Demers-Weiser conservative garbage collector is used right now. Unfortunately the available time did not allow to write an own garbage collector.
gcc
compiler, v4.6make
libgc1c2
shared library package and libgc-dev
header packageOn an Debian based Linux system (e.g. Ubuntu Linux) the packages can be installed with the following command:
sudo apt-get install gcc make libgc1c2 libgc-dev
This has been tested on Ubuntu Linux 12.04.
make
, the default make recipe will compile the interpreter and run the tests. In case of trouble the interpreter itself can be compiled using the make lisp
command. See below to run the tests../lisp samples/fac.l
./lisp samples/capturing.l
./lisp samples/fib.l
./lisp
to enter interactive console, ctrl + D to exit../lisp -h
shows a small option helpThe lisp.c interpreter can be run in different modes:
./lisp
./lisp filename
When in interactive mode each defined lambda is compiled to bytecode. In file mode the entire file is compiled into one begin statement and then executed.
The bytecode compiler can be disabled by using the -i
option of the interpreter, e.g. ./lisp -i samples/fib.l
will run the Fibonacci number calculation without the compiler. Alternatively the __compile_lambdas
variable can be set to false
to disable compilation of new lambdas: (set! __compile_lambdas false)
. Note that previously compiled lambdas still work. Only the bytecode compiler is disabled, not the interpreter.
The lisp.c interpreter can also be used for shell scripting via the hash bang line at the start of the file:
#!/home/steven/projects/lisp.c/lisp
The full path is required and the script needs execute permissions. samples/fac.l
uses the hash-bang line but the path must be updated to your own location to the lisp
binary.
Most parts of the interpreter, compiler and VM are covered by test cases. These can be explicitly run by changing into the tests
directory and executing make
.
The tests use a minimalistic test system, therefore the displayed number of tests is more or less equal to the asserts
of normal test systems (assert already has a different meaning in C). An extra output stream and scanner hat to be written to make input and output testable.
The test cases contain large amount of code. Especially the bytecode interpreter and compiler test cases might be of interest.
A sample shared object can be found in mod_hello.c
. It uses the init function to define a new builtin atom (named test
) in the current execution environment. This new builtin just prints "test run".
The shared object can be compiled using make mod_hello
. To load it into the interpreter:
$ ./lisp
> (mod_load "./mod_hello.so")
nil
> (test)
test run
nil
The "./" in the file name is important. Otherwise dlopen
will search the system directories for the so
file. With the "./" in front it searches only in the current directory.
To compare the performance between the AST and bytecode interpreter the Fibonacci number calculation sample was used. It calculates the 30th Fibonacci number. To measure the CPU time the time
function of zsh was used (basically the same as the time
program). The interpreter was compiled with -O2
settings for optimization.
time ./lisp samples/fib.l
→ cpu 1.819stime ./lisp -i samples/fib.l
→ cpu 3.415sThe bytecode interpreter is about 1.7 times faster.
To get some perspective the same calculation was also implemented and run in PHP and Ruby:
time php samples/fib.php
→ cpu 0.859s (PHP 5.3.10, probably a bytecode VM)time ruby1.8 samples/fib.rb
→ cpu 1.962s (AST interpreter)time ruby1.9.1 samples/fib.rb
→ cpu 0.371s (Bytecode VM)Therefore the current lisp.c bytecode VM is about as fast as the old Ruby 1.8 AST interpreter which is still used for large amounts of Ruby code. However this is just one test case and one specific algorithm with strong emphasis on function calling overhead.
General problems:
Source code:
Performance:
Bytecode VM:
valgrind
and callgrind
go haywire within the gc library functions and just report a seg fault on initialization. The gc_test.l
sample can be used to provoke that case.The lisp.c interpreter implements only a subset of Lisp. The following functions are supported.
Core functions:
(define sym expr)
, no shorthand syntax for lambda definition supported.(set! sym expr)
(if expr expr exp)
(quote expr)
(begin expr ...)
(lambda (args ...) expr ...)
, arguments can be an empty list and multiple expressions in the body are supported (implicitly wrapped into begin
).Pair handling:
(cons expr expr)
(first expr)
(rest expr)
Arithmetic (only for number atoms):
(+ expr expr)
(- expr expr)
(* expr expr)
(/ expr expr)
Comparators (only for number atoms):
(= expr expr)
Misc:
(mod_load expr)
, expr
is expected to evaluate to a file name of a shared object. This file is then loaded and its init
function is called.(print expr)
, evals expr
and prints the atom value. Works for strings, numbers, nil, true and false.(gc_heap_size)
, returns the current garbage collector heap size as a number atom.Each bytecode instruction is 64 bits wide (56 bit with 8 bit padding) and consists of the following fields:
Depending on the instruction the second half is used as follows:
The instruction structure can be refactored into 32 bits without imposing to harsh limits. 2^16 lambda arguments and nested scopes are still more than enough. A jump range of 2^15 instructions (32k of code) up and down is also unlikely to cause problems, even for large amounts of generated Lisp code. However no more time was available for that refactoring.
Basic instructions:
BC_PUSH_NIL
, BC_PUSH_TRUE
, BC_PUSH_FALSE
: These instructions push the corresponding singleton atom on the stack. Instruction properties used: none.BC_PUSH_NUM
: Pushes a number on top of the stack. The value is stored as part of the instruction. Instruction properties used: num.BC_PUSH_LITERAL
: Pushes an atom from the literal table on top of the stack. Used for all kinds of atoms and larger numbers that don't fit into the instructions num property. Instruction properties used:
BC_DROP
: Drops the current atom from the stack. Instruction properties used: none.Argument and local instructions:
BC_PUSH_ARG
: Pushes an argument of a compiled lambda on top of the stack. Instruction properties used:
BC_PUSH_VAR
: Pushes the value of a local variable on top of the stack. Instruction properties used:
BC_SAVE_VAR
: Stores the top of the stack in a local variable. The atom is NOT popped! It's left on the stack as the return value of define
or set!
. Instruction properties used:
Environment instructions:
BC_PUSH_FROM_ENV
: Takes a symbol out of the literal table and searches for a matching entry in the outer definition environment. The found atom is pushes on the stack. frame_offset is not used right now. Don't see a usecase were we access the literal table of a parent lambda. Instruction properties used:
BC_SAVE_ENV
: Stores the top of the stack in the environment of the outermost compiled lambda. The atom is NOT popped! It's left on the stack as the return value of set!
.
Function generation and calling instructions:
BC_LAMBDA
: Looks up a compiled lambda in the literal table and creates a runtime lambda for it. This associates a compiled lambda (static compile time stuff) with a reference to the living stacks that are needed for proper argument and local lookups. The result can be seen as an living instance of the compiled lambda. The runtime lambda is pushed on top of the stack. Instruction properties used:
BC_CALL
: Takes an executable atom (lambda, runtime lambda or builtin) and its arguments from the stack and calls it. The executable atom have to be pushed on the stack first, followed by its arguments. The number of arguments is encoded in the num
property of the CALL instruction. Instruction properties used:
BC_RETURN
: Takes the current top of the stack as return value and cleans up the stack frame of the current function. The result value is then pushed on the stack. Instruction properties used: none.Branching instructions:
BC_JUMP
, BC_JUMP_IF_FALSE
: Adds jump_offset
to the current instruction pointer, e.g. skip n instructions. BC_JUMP
is an unconditional jump, BC_JUMP_IF_FALSE
pops one value from the stack and jumps only if this value is the false atom. Instruction properties used:
Arithmetic and comparison instructions:
BC_ADD
, BC_SUB
, BC_MUL
, BC_DIV
, BC_MOD
: Pops two values from the stack and performs the matching arithmetic on them (+, -, *, /, %). The result is pushed on the stack. Instruction properties used: none.BC_EQ
, BC_GT
, BC_LT
: Pops two values (a and b) from the stack and compares them. If the comparison holds (a == b, a > b, a < b) the the true atom is pushed on the stack, otherwise the false atom is pushed on the stack. Only works with numbers right now. Instruction properties used: none.Pair handling instructions:
BC_CONS
: Pops two values from the stack and builds a new pair out of them. The result is pushed on the stack. Instruction properties used: none.BC_FIRST
, BC_REST
: Pops one value from the stack and requires it to be a pair. The corresponding component of the pair is then pushed on the stack. Instruction properties used: none.


If tests fail, it could also be that the removal of listeners failed, check 'expected' test number.
All tests have a timeout of 1000 miliseconds.


Simple internet connection monitor
How it works: tries to download any URL constantly
To see correct speed: change field "Actual bytes" to actual bytes transfered by your browser.
URL to test (any non-binary):
Actual bytes:
interval, seconds:
Start tests
Stop tests
Single test