#------------------------------------------------------------------- # tarfile.py #------------------------------------------------------------------- # Copyright (C) 2002 Lars Gustaebel<EMAIL_ADDRESS># All rights reserved. # # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person # obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation # files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without # restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, # copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell # copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the # Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following # conditions: # # The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be # included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. # # THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, # EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES # OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND # NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT # HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, # WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING # FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR # OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. # from __future__ import print_function """Read from and write to tar format archives. """ __version__ = "$Revision$" version = "0.9.0" __author__ = "Lars Gust\u00e4bel (lars@gustaebel.de)" __date__ = "$Date: 2011-02-25 17:42:01 +0200 (Fri, 25 Feb 2011) $" __cvsid__ = "$Id: tarfile.py 88586 2011-02-25 15:42:01Z marc-andre.lemburg $" __credits__ = "Gustavo Niemeyer, Niels Gust\u00e4bel, Richard Townsend." #--------- # Imports #--------- import sys import os import stat import errno import time import struct import copy import re try: import grp, pwd except ImportError: grp = pwd = None # os.symlink on Windows prior to 6.0 raises NotImplementedError symlink_exception = (AttributeError, NotImplementedError) try: # WindowsError (1314) will be raised if the caller does not hold the # SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege privilege symlink_exception += (WindowsError,) except NameError: pass # from tarfile import * __all__ = ["TarFile", "TarInfo", "is_tarfile", "TarError"] if sys.version_info[0] < 3: import __builtin__ as builtins else: import builtins _open = builtins.open # Since 'open' is TarFile.open #--------------------------------------------------------- # tar constants #--------------------------------------------------------- NUL = b"\0" # the null character BLOCKSIZE = 512 # length of processing blocks RECORDSIZE = BLOCKSIZE * 20 # length of records GNU_MAGIC = b"ustar \0" # magic gnu tar string POSIX_MAGIC = b"ustar\x0000" # magic posix tar string LENGTH_NAME = 100 # maximum length of a filename LENGTH_LINK = 100 # maximum length of a linkname LENGTH_PREFIX = 155 # maximum length of the prefix field REGTYPE = b"0" # regular file AREGTYPE = b"\0" # regular file LNKTYPE = b"1" # link (inside tarfile) SYMTYPE = b"2" # symbolic link CHRTYPE = b"3" # character special device BLKTYPE = b"4" # block special device DIRTYPE = b"5" # directory FIFOTYPE = b"6" # fifo special device CONTTYPE = b"7" # contiguous file GNUTYPE_LONGNAME = b"L" # GNU tar longname GNUTYPE_LONGLINK = b"K" # GNU tar longlink GNUTYPE_SPARSE = b"S" # GNU tar sparse file XHDTYPE = b"x" # POSIX.1-2001 extended header XGLTYPE = b"g" # POSIX.1-2001 global header SOLARIS_XHDTYPE = b"X" # Solaris extended header USTAR_FORMAT = 0 # POSIX.1-1988 (ustar) format GNU_FORMAT = 1 # GNU tar format PAX_FORMAT = 2 # POSIX.1-2001 (pax) format DEFAULT_FORMAT = GNU_FORMAT #--------------------------------------------------------- # tarfile constants #--------------------------------------------------------- # File types that tarfile supports: SUPPORTED_TYPES = (REGTYPE, AREGTYPE, LNKTYPE, SYMTYPE, DIRTYPE, FIFOTYPE, CONTTYPE, CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE, GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, GNUTYPE_LONGLINK, GNUTYPE_SPARSE) # File types that will be treated as a regular file. REGULAR_TYPES = (REGTYPE, AREGTYPE, CONTTYPE, GNUTYPE_SPARSE) # File types that are part of the GNU tar format. GNU_TYPES = (GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, GNUTYPE_LONGLINK, GNUTYPE_SPARSE) # Fields from a pax header that override a TarInfo attribute. PAX_FIELDS = ("path", "linkpath", "size", "mtime", "uid", "gid", "uname", "gname") # Fields from a pax header that are affected by hdrcharset. PAX_NAME_FIELDS = set(("path", "linkpath", "uname", "gname")) # Fields in a pax header that are numbers, all other fields # are treated as strings. PAX_NUMBER_FIELDS = { "atime": float, "ctime": float, "mtime": float, "uid": int, "gid": int, "size": int } #--------------------------------------------------------- # Bits used in the mode field, values in octal. #--------------------------------------------------------- S_IFLNK = 0o120000 # symbolic link S_IFREG = 0o100000 # regular file S_IFBLK = 0o060000 # block device S_IFDIR = 0o040000 # directory S_IFCHR = 0o020000 # character device S_IFIFO = 0o010000 # fifo TSUID = 0o4000 # set UID on execution TSGID = 0o2000 # set GID on execution TSVTX = 0o1000 # reserved TUREAD = 0o400 # read by owner TUWRITE = 0o200 # write by owner TUEXEC = 0o100 # execute/search by owner TGREAD = 0o040 # read by group TGWRITE = 0o020 # write by group TGEXEC = 0o010 # execute/search by group TOREAD = 0o004 # read by other TOWRITE = 0o002 # write by other TOEXEC = 0o001 # execute/search by other #--------------------------------------------------------- # initialization #--------------------------------------------------------- if os.name in ("nt", "ce"): ENCODING = "utf-8" else: ENCODING = sys.getfilesystemencoding() #--------------------------------------------------------- # Some useful functions #--------------------------------------------------------- def stn(s, length, encoding, errors): """Convert a string to a null-terminated bytes object. """ s = s.encode(encoding, errors) return s[:length] + (length - len(s)) * NUL def nts(s, encoding, errors): """Convert a null-terminated bytes object to a string. """ p = s.find(b"\0") if p != -1: s = s[:p] return s.decode(encoding, errors) def nti(s): """Convert a number field to a python number. """ # There are two possible encodings for a number field, see # itn() below. if s[0] != chr(0o200): try: n = int(nts(s, "ascii", "strict") or "0", 8) except ValueError: raise InvalidHeaderError("invalid header") else: n = 0 for i in range(len(s) - 1): n <<= 8 n += ord(s[i + 1]) return n def itn(n, digits=8, format=DEFAULT_FORMAT): """Convert a python number to a number field. """ # POSIX 1003.1-1988 requires numbers to be encoded as a string of # octal digits followed by a null-byte, this allows values up to # (8**(digits-1))-1. GNU tar allows storing numbers greater than # that if necessary. A leading 0o200 byte indicates this particular # encoding, the following digits-1 bytes are a big-endian # representation. This allows values up to (256**(digits-1))-1. if 0 <= n < 8 ** (digits - 1): s = ("%0*o" % (digits - 1, n)).encode("ascii") + NUL else: if format != GNU_FORMAT or n >= 256 ** (digits - 1): raise ValueError("overflow in number field") if n < 0: # XXX We mimic GNU tar's behaviour with negative numbers, # this could raise OverflowError. n = struct.unpack("L", struct.pack("l", n))[0] s = bytearray() for i in range(digits - 1): s.insert(0, n & 0o377) n >>= 8 s.insert(0, 0o200) return s def calc_chksums(buf): """Calculate the checksum for a member's header by summing up all characters except for the chksum field which is treated as if it was filled with spaces. According to the GNU tar sources, some tars (Sun and NeXT) calculate chksum with signed char, which will be different if there are chars in the buffer with the high bit set. So we calculate two checksums, unsigned and signed. """ unsigned_chksum = 256 + sum(struct.unpack("148B", buf[:148]) + struct.unpack("356B", buf[156:512])) signed_chksum = 256 + sum(struct.unpack("148b", buf[:148]) + struct.unpack("356b", buf[156:512])) return unsigned_chksum, signed_chksum def copyfileobj(src, dst, length=None): """Copy length bytes from fileobj src to fileobj dst. If length is None, copy the entire content. """ if length == 0: return if length is None: while True: buf = src.read(16*1024) if not buf: break dst.write(buf) return BUFSIZE = 16 * 1024 blocks, remainder = divmod(length, BUFSIZE) for b in range(blocks): buf = src.read(BUFSIZE) if len(buf) < BUFSIZE: raise IOError("end of file reached") dst.write(buf) if remainder != 0: buf = src.read(remainder) if len(buf) < remainder: raise IOError("end of file reached") dst.write(buf) return filemode_table = ( ((S_IFLNK, "l"), (S_IFREG, "-"), (S_IFBLK, "b"), (S_IFDIR, "d"), (S_IFCHR, "c"), (S_IFIFO, "p")), ((TUREAD, "r"),), ((TUWRITE, "w"),), ((TUEXEC|TSUID, "s"), (TSUID, "S"), (TUEXEC, "x")), ((TGREAD, "r"),), ((TGWRITE, "w"),), ((TGEXEC|TSGID, "s"), (TSGID, "S"), (TGEXEC, "x")), ((TOREAD, "r"),), ((TOWRITE, "w"),), ((TOEXEC|TSVTX, "t"), (TSVTX, "T"), (TOEXEC, "x")) ) def filemode(mode): """Convert a file's mode to a string of the form -rwxrwxrwx. Used by TarFile.list() """ perm = [] for table in filemode_table: for bit, char in table: if mode & bit == bit: perm.append(char) break else: perm.append("-") return "".join(perm) class TarError(Exception): """Base exception.""" pass class ExtractError(TarError): """General exception for extract errors.""" pass class ReadError(TarError): """Exception for unreadable tar archives.""" pass class CompressionError(TarError): """Exception for unavailable compression methods.""" pass class StreamError(TarError): """Exception for unsupported operations on stream-like TarFiles.""" pass class HeaderError(TarError): """Base exception for header errors.""" pass class EmptyHeaderError(HeaderError): """Exception for empty headers.""" pass class TruncatedHeaderError(HeaderError): """Exception for truncated headers.""" pass class EOFHeaderError(HeaderError): """Exception for end of file headers.""" pass class InvalidHeaderError(HeaderError): """Exception for invalid headers.""" pass class SubsequentHeaderError(HeaderError): """Exception for missing and invalid extended headers.""" pass #--------------------------- # internal stream interface #--------------------------- class _LowLevelFile(object): """Low-level file object. Supports reading and writing. It is used instead of a regular file object for streaming access. """ def __init__(self, name, mode): mode = { "r": os.O_RDONLY, "w": os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_TRUNC, }[mode] if hasattr(os, "O_BINARY"): mode |= os.O_BINARY self.fd = os.open(name, mode, 0o666) def close(self): os.close(self.fd) def read(self, size): return os.read(self.fd, size) def write(self, s): os.write(self.fd, s) class _Stream(object): """Class that serves as an adapter between TarFile and a stream-like object. The stream-like object only needs to have a read() or write() method and is accessed blockwise. Use of gzip or bzip2 compression is possible. A stream-like object could be for example: sys.stdin, sys.stdout, a socket, a tape device etc. _Stream is intended to be used only internally. """ def __init__(self, name, mode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize): """Construct a _Stream object. """ self._extfileobj = True if fileobj is None: fileobj = _LowLevelFile(name, mode) self._extfileobj = False if comptype == '*': # Enable transparent compression detection for the # stream interface fileobj = _StreamProxy(fileobj) comptype = fileobj.getcomptype() self.name = name or "" self.mode = mode self.comptype = comptype self.fileobj = fileobj self.bufsize = bufsize self.buf = b"" self.pos = 0 self.closed = False try: if comptype == "gz": try: import zlib except ImportError: raise CompressionError("zlib module is not available") self.zlib = zlib self.crc = zlib.crc32(b"") if mode == "r": self._init_read_gz() else: self._init_write_gz() if comptype == "bz2": try: import bz2 except ImportError: raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available") if mode == "r": self.dbuf = b"" self.cmp = bz2.BZ2Decompressor() else: self.cmp = bz2.BZ2Compressor() except: if not self._extfileobj: self.fileobj.close() self.closed = True raise def __del__(self): if hasattr(self, "closed") and not self.closed: self.close() def _init_write_gz(self): """Initialize for writing with gzip compression. """ self.cmp = self.zlib.compressobj(9, self.zlib.DEFLATED, -self.zlib.MAX_WBITS, self.zlib.DEF_MEM_LEVEL, 0) timestamp = struct.pack("<L", int(time.time())) self.__write(b"\037\213\010\010" + timestamp + b"\002\377") if self.name.endswith(".gz"): self.name = self.name[:-3] # RFC1952 says we must use ISO-8859-1 for the FNAME field. self.__write(self.name.encode("iso-8859-1", "replace") + NUL) def write(self, s): """Write string s to the stream. """ if self.comptype == "gz": self.crc = self.zlib.crc32(s, self.crc) self.pos += len(s) if self.comptype != "tar": s = self.cmp.compress(s) self.__write(s) def __write(self, s): """Write string s to the stream if a whole new block is ready to be written. """ self.buf += s while len(self.buf) > self.bufsize: self.fileobj.write(self.buf[:self.bufsize]) self.buf = self.buf[self.bufsize:] def close(self): """Close the _Stream object. No operation should be done on it afterwards. """ if self.closed: return if self.mode == "w" and self.comptype != "tar": self.buf += self.cmp.flush() if self.mode == "w" and self.buf: self.fileobj.write(self.buf) self.buf = b"" if self.comptype == "gz": # The native zlib crc is an unsigned 32-bit integer, but # the Python wrapper implicitly casts that to a signed C # long. So, on a 32-bit box self.crc may "look negative", # while the same crc on a 64-bit box may "look positive". # To avoid irksome warnings from the `struct` module, force # it to look positive on all boxes. self.fileobj.write(struct.pack("<L", self.crc & 0xffffffff)) self.fileobj.write(struct.pack("<L", self.pos & 0xffffFFFF)) if not self._extfileobj: self.fileobj.close() self.closed = True def _init_read_gz(self): """Initialize for reading a gzip compressed fileobj. """ self.cmp = self.zlib.decompressobj(-self.zlib.MAX_WBITS) self.dbuf = b"" # taken from gzip.GzipFile with some alterations if self.__read(2) != b"\037\213": raise ReadError("not a gzip file") if self.__read(1) != b"\010": raise CompressionError("unsupported compression method") flag = ord(self.__read(1)) self.__read(6) if flag & 4: xlen = ord(self.__read(1)) + 256 * ord(self.__read(1)) self.read(xlen) if flag & 8: while True: s = self.__read(1) if not s or s == NUL: break if flag & 16: while True: s = self.__read(1) if not s or s == NUL: break if flag & 2: self.__read(2) def tell(self): """Return the stream's file pointer position. """ return self.pos def seek(self, pos=0): """Set the stream's file pointer to pos. Negative seeking is forbidden. """ if pos - self.pos >= 0: blocks, remainder = divmod(pos - self.pos, self.bufsize) for i in range(blocks): self.read(self.bufsize) self.read(remainder) else: raise StreamError("seeking backwards is not allowed") return self.pos def read(self, size=None): """Return the next size number of bytes from the stream. If size is not defined, return all bytes of the stream up to EOF. """ if size is None: t = [] while True: buf = self._read(self.bufsize) if not buf: break t.append(buf) buf = "".join(t) else: buf = self._read(size) self.pos += len(buf) return buf def _read(self, size): """Return size bytes from the stream. """ if self.comptype == "tar": return self.__read(size) c = len(self.dbuf) while c < size: buf = self.__read(self.bufsize) if not buf: break try: buf = self.cmp.decompress(buf) except IOError: raise ReadError("invalid compressed data") self.dbuf += buf c += len(buf) buf = self.dbuf[:size] self.dbuf = self.dbuf[size:] return buf def __read(self, size): """Return size bytes from stream. If internal buffer is empty, read another block from the stream. """ c = len(self.buf) while c < size: buf = self.fileobj.read(self.bufsize) if not buf: break self.buf += buf c += len(buf) buf = self.buf[:size] self.buf = self.buf[size:] return buf # class _Stream class _StreamProxy(object): """Small proxy class that enables transparent compression detection for the Stream interface (mode 'r|*'). """ def __init__(self, fileobj): self.fileobj = fileobj self.buf = self.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE) def read(self, size): self.read = self.fileobj.read return self.buf def getcomptype(self): if self.buf.startswith(b"\037\213\010"): return "gz" if self.buf.startswith(b"BZh91"): return "bz2" return "tar" def close(self): self.fileobj.close() # class StreamProxy class _BZ2Proxy(object): """Small proxy class that enables external file object support for "r:bz2" and "w:bz2" modes. This is actually a workaround for a limitation in bz2 module's BZ2File class which (unlike gzip.GzipFile) has no support for a file object argument. """ blocksize = 16 * 1024 def __init__(self, fileobj, mode): self.fileobj = fileobj self.mode = mode self.name = getattr(self.fileobj, "name", None) self.init() def init(self): import bz2 self.pos = 0 if self.mode == "r": self.bz2obj = bz2.BZ2Decompressor() self.fileobj.seek(0) self.buf = b"" else: self.bz2obj = bz2.BZ2Compressor() def read(self, size): x = len(self.buf) while x < size: raw = self.fileobj.read(self.blocksize) if not raw: break data = self.bz2obj.decompress(raw) self.buf += data x += len(data) buf = self.buf[:size] self.buf = self.buf[size:] self.pos += len(buf) return buf def seek(self, pos): if pos < self.pos: self.init() self.read(pos - self.pos) def tell(self): return self.pos def write(self, data): self.pos += len(data) raw = self.bz2obj.compress(data) self.fileobj.write(raw) def close(self): if self.mode == "w": raw = self.bz2obj.flush() self.fileobj.write(raw) # class _BZ2Proxy #------------------------ # Extraction file object #------------------------ class _FileInFile(object): """A thin wrapper around an existing file object that provides a part of its data as an individual file object. """ def __init__(self, fileobj, offset, size, blockinfo=None): self.fileobj = fileobj self.offset = offset self.size = size self.position = 0 if blockinfo is None: blockinfo = [(0, size)] # Construct a map with data and zero blocks. self.map_index = 0 self.map = [] lastpos = 0 realpos = self.offset for offset, size in blockinfo: if offset > lastpos: self.map.append((False, lastpos, offset, None)) self.map.append((True, offset, offset + size, realpos)) realpos += size lastpos = offset + size if lastpos < self.size: self.map.append((False, lastpos, self.size, None)) def seekable(self): if not hasattr(self.fileobj, "seekable"): # XXX gzip.GzipFile and bz2.BZ2File return True return self.fileobj.seekable() def tell(self): """Return the current file position. """ return self.position def seek(self, position): """Seek to a position in the file. """ self.position = position def read(self, size=None): """Read data from the file. """ if size is None: size = self.size - self.position else: size = min(size, self.size - self.position) buf = b"" while size > 0: while True: data, start, stop, offset = self.map[self.map_index] if start <= self.position < stop: break else: self.map_index += 1 if self.map_index == len(self.map): self.map_index = 0 length = min(size, stop - self.position) if data: self.fileobj.seek(offset + (self.position - start)) buf += self.fileobj.read(length) else: buf += NUL * length size -= length self.position += length return buf #class _FileInFile class ExFileObject(object): """File-like object for reading an archive member. Is returned by TarFile.extractfile(). """ blocksize = 1024 def __init__(self, tarfile, tarinfo): self.fileobj = _FileInFile(tarfile.fileobj, tarinfo.offset_data, tarinfo.size, tarinfo.sparse) self.name = tarinfo.name self.mode = "r" self.closed = False self.size = tarinfo.size self.position = 0 self.buffer = b"" def readable(self): return True def writable(self): return False def seekable(self): return self.fileobj.seekable() def read(self, size=None): """Read at most size bytes from the file. If size is not present or None, read all data until EOF is reached. """ if self.closed: raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file") buf = b"" if self.buffer: if size is None: buf = self.buffer self.buffer = b"" else: buf = self.buffer[:size] self.buffer = self.buffer[size:] if size is None: buf += self.fileobj.read() else: buf += self.fileobj.read(size - len(buf)) self.position += len(buf) return buf # XXX TextIOWrapper uses the read1() method. read1 = read def readline(self, size=-1): """Read one entire line from the file. If size is present and non-negative, return a string with at most that size, which may be an incomplete line. """ if self.closed: raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file") pos = self.buffer.find(b"\n") + 1 if pos == 0: # no newline found. while True: buf = self.fileobj.read(self.blocksize) self.buffer += buf if not buf or b"\n" in buf: pos = self.buffer.find(b"\n") + 1 if pos == 0: # no newline found. pos = len(self.buffer) break if size != -1: pos = min(size, pos) buf = self.buffer[:pos] self.buffer = self.buffer[pos:] self.position += len(buf) return buf def readlines(self): """Return a list with all remaining lines. """ result = [] while True: line = self.readline() if not line: break result.append(line) return result def tell(self): """Return the current file position. """ if self.closed: raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file") return self.position def seek(self, pos, whence=os.SEEK_SET): """Seek to a position in the file. """ if self.closed: raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file") if whence == os.SEEK_SET: self.position = min(max(pos, 0), self.size) elif whence == os.SEEK_CUR: if pos < 0: self.position = max(self.position + pos, 0) else: self.position = min(self.position + pos, self.size) elif whence == os.SEEK_END: self.position = max(min(self.size + pos, self.size), 0) else: raise ValueError("Invalid argument") self.buffer = b"" self.fileobj.seek(self.position) def close(self): """Close the file object. """ self.closed = True def __iter__(self): """Get an iterator over the file's lines. """ while True: line = self.readline() if not line: break yield line #class ExFileObject #------------------ # Exported Classes #------------------ class TarInfo(object): """Informational class which holds the details about an archive member given by a tar header block. TarInfo objects are returned by TarFile.getmember(), TarFile.getmembers() and TarFile.gettarinfo() and are usually created internally. """ __slots__ = ("name", "mode", "uid", "gid", "size", "mtime", "chksum", "type", "linkname", "uname", "gname", "devmajor", "devminor", "offset", "offset_data", "pax_headers", "sparse", "tarfile", "_sparse_structs", "_link_target") def __init__(self, name=""): """Construct a TarInfo object. name is the optional name of the member. """ self.name = name # member name self.mode = 0o644 # file permissions self.uid = 0 # user id self.gid = 0 # group id self.size = 0 # file size self.mtime = 0 # modification time self.chksum = 0 # header checksum self.type = REGTYPE # member type self.linkname = "" # link name self.uname = "" # user name self.gname = "" # group name self.devmajor = 0 # device major number self.devminor = 0 # device minor number self.offset = 0 # the tar header starts here self.offset_data = 0 # the file's data starts here self.sparse = None # sparse member information self.pax_headers = {} # pax header information # In pax headers the "name" and "linkname" field are called # "path" and "linkpath". def _getpath(self): return self.name def _setpath(self, name): self.name = name path = property(_getpath, _setpath) def _getlinkpath(self): return self.linkname def _setlinkpath(self, linkname): self.linkname = linkname linkpath = property(_getlinkpath, _setlinkpath) def __repr__(self): return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__,self.name,id(self)) def get_info(self): """Return the TarInfo's attributes as a dictionary. """ info = { "name": self.name, "mode": self.mode & 0o7777, "uid": self.uid, "gid": self.gid, "size": self.size, "mtime": self.mtime, "chksum": self.chksum, "type": self.type, "linkname": self.linkname, "uname": self.uname, "gname": self.gname, "devmajor": self.devmajor, "devminor": self.devminor } if info["type"] == DIRTYPE and not info["name"].endswith("/"): info["name"] += "/" return info def tobuf(self, format=DEFAULT_FORMAT, encoding=ENCODING, errors="surrogateescape"): """Return a tar header as a string of 512 byte blocks. """ info = self.get_info() if format == USTAR_FORMAT: return self.create_ustar_header(info, encoding, errors) elif format == GNU_FORMAT: return self.create_gnu_header(info, encoding, errors) elif format == PAX_FORMAT: return self.create_pax_header(info, encoding) else: raise ValueError("invalid format") def create_ustar_header(self, info, encoding, errors): """Return the object as a ustar header block. """ info["magic"] = POSIX_MAGIC if len(info["linkname"]) > LENGTH_LINK: raise ValueError("linkname is too long") if len(info["name"]) > LENGTH_NAME: info["prefix"], info["name"] = self._posix_split_name(info["name"]) return self._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, encoding, errors) def create_gnu_header(self, info, encoding, errors): """Return the object as a GNU header block sequence. """ info["magic"] = GNU_MAGIC buf = b"" if len(info["linkname"]) > LENGTH_LINK: buf += self._create_gnu_long_header(info["linkname"], GNUTYPE_LONGLINK, encoding, errors) if len(info["name"]) > LENGTH_NAME: buf += self._create_gnu_long_header(info["name"], GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, encoding, errors) return buf + self._create_header(info, GNU_FORMAT, encoding, errors) def create_pax_header(self, info, encoding): """Return the object as a ustar header block. If it cannot be represented this way, prepend a pax extended header sequence with supplement information. """ info["magic"] = POSIX_MAGIC pax_headers = self.pax_headers.copy() # Test string fields for values that exceed the field length or cannot # be represented in ASCII encoding. for name, hname, length in ( ("name", "path", LENGTH_NAME), ("linkname", "linkpath", LENGTH_LINK), ("uname", "uname", 32), ("gname", "gname", 32)): if hname in pax_headers: # The pax header has priority. continue # Try to encode the string as ASCII. try: info[name].encode("ascii", "strict") except UnicodeEncodeError: pax_headers[hname] = info[name] continue if len(info[name]) > length: pax_headers[hname] = info[name] # Test number fields for values that exceed the field limit or values # that like to be stored as float. for name, digits in (("uid", 8), ("gid", 8), ("size", 12), ("mtime", 12)): if name in pax_headers: # The pax header has priority. Avoid overflow. info[name] = 0 continue val = info[name] if not 0 <= val < 8 ** (digits - 1) or isinstance(val, float): pax_headers[name] = str(val) info[name] = 0 # Create a pax extended header if necessary. if pax_headers: buf = self._create_pax_generic_header(pax_headers, XHDTYPE, encoding) else: buf = b"" return buf + self._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, "ascii", "replace") @classmethod def create_pax_global_header(cls, pax_headers): """Return the object as a pax global header block sequence. """ return cls._create_pax_generic_header(pax_headers, XGLTYPE, "utf8") def _posix_split_name(self, name): """Split a name longer than 100 chars into a prefix and a name part. """ prefix = name[:LENGTH_PREFIX + 1] while prefix and prefix[-1] != "/": prefix = prefix[:-1] name = name[len(prefix):] prefix = prefix[:-1] if not prefix or len(name) > LENGTH_NAME: raise ValueError("name is too long") return prefix, name @staticmethod def _create_header(info, format, encoding, errors): """Return a header block. info is a dictionary with file information, format must be one of the *_FORMAT constants. """ parts = [ stn(info.get("name", ""), 100, encoding, errors), itn(info.get("mode", 0) & 0o7777, 8, format), itn(info.get("uid", 0), 8, format), itn(info.get("gid", 0), 8, format), itn(info.get("size", 0), 12, format), itn(info.get("mtime", 0), 12, format), b" ", # checksum field info.get("type", REGTYPE), stn(info.get("linkname", ""), 100, encoding, errors), info.get("magic", POSIX_MAGIC), stn(info.get("uname", ""), 32, encoding, errors), stn(info.get("gname", ""), 32, encoding, errors), itn(info.get("devmajor", 0), 8, format), itn(info.get("devminor", 0), 8, format), stn(info.get("prefix", ""), 155, encoding, errors) ] buf = struct.pack("%ds" % BLOCKSIZE, b"".join(parts)) chksum = calc_chksums(buf[-BLOCKSIZE:])[0] buf = buf[:-364] + ("%06o\0" % chksum).encode("ascii") + buf[-357:] return buf @staticmethod def _create_payload(payload): """Return the string payload filled with zero bytes up to the next 512 byte border. """ blocks, remainder = divmod(len(payload), BLOCKSIZE) if remainder > 0: payload += (BLOCKSIZE - remainder) * NUL return payload @classmethod def _create_gnu_long_header(cls, name, type, encoding, errors): """Return a GNUTYPE_LONGNAME or GNUTYPE_LONGLINK sequence for name. """ name = name.encode(encoding, errors) + NUL info = {} info["name"] = "././@LongLink" info["type"] = type info["size"] = len(name) info["magic"] = GNU_MAGIC # create extended header + name blocks. return cls._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, encoding, errors) + \ cls._create_payload(name) @classmethod def _create_pax_generic_header(cls, pax_headers, type, encoding): """Return a POSIX.1-2008 extended or global header sequence that contains a list of keyword, value pairs. The values must be strings. """ # Check if one of the fields contains surrogate characters and thereby # forces hdrcharset=BINARY, see _proc_pax() for more information. binary = False for keyword, value in pax_headers.items(): try: value.encode("utf8", "strict") except UnicodeEncodeError: binary = True break records = b"" if binary: # Put the hdrcharset field at the beginning of the header. records += b"21 hdrcharset=BINARY\n" for keyword, value in pax_headers.items(): keyword = keyword.encode("utf8") if binary: # Try to restore the original byte representation of `value'. # Needless to say, that the encoding must match the string. value = value.encode(encoding, "surrogateescape") else: value = value.encode("utf8") l = len(keyword) + len(value) + 3 # ' ' + '=' + '\n' n = p = 0 while True: n = l + len(str(p)) if n == p: break p = n records += bytes(str(p), "ascii") + b" " + keyword + b"=" + value + b"\n" # We use a hardcoded "././@PaxHeader" name like star does # instead of the one that POSIX recommends. info = {} info["name"] = "././@PaxHeader" info["type"] = type info["size"] = len(records) info["magic"] = POSIX_MAGIC # Create pax header + record blocks. return cls._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, "ascii", "replace") + \ cls._create_payload(records) @classmethod def frombuf(cls, buf, encoding, errors): """Construct a TarInfo object from a 512 byte bytes object. """ if len(buf) == 0: raise EmptyHeaderError("empty header") if len(buf) != BLOCKSIZE: raise TruncatedHeaderError("truncated header") if buf.count(NUL) == BLOCKSIZE: raise EOFHeaderError("end of file header") chksum = nti(buf[148:156]) if chksum not in calc_chksums(buf): raise InvalidHeaderError("bad checksum") obj = cls() obj.name = nts(buf[0:100], encoding, errors) obj.mode = nti(buf[100:108]) obj.uid = nti(buf[108:116]) obj.gid = nti(buf[116:124]) obj.size = nti(buf[124:136]) obj.mtime = nti(buf[136:148]) obj.chksum = chksum obj.type = buf[156:157] obj.linkname = nts(buf[157:257], encoding, errors) obj.uname = nts(buf[265:297], encoding, errors) obj.gname = nts(buf[297:329], encoding, errors) obj.devmajor = nti(buf[329:337]) obj.devminor = nti(buf[337:345]) prefix = nts(buf[345:500], encoding, errors) # Old V7 tar format represents a directory as a regular # file with a trailing slash. if obj.type == AREGTYPE and obj.name.endswith("/"): obj.type = DIRTYPE # The old GNU sparse format occupies some of the unused # space in the buffer for up to 4 sparse structures. # Save the them for later processing in _proc_sparse(). if obj.type == GNUTYPE_SPARSE: pos = 386 structs = [] for i in range(4): try: offset = nti(buf[pos:pos + 12]) numbytes = nti(buf[pos + 12:pos + 24]) except ValueError: break structs.append((offset, numbytes)) pos += 24 isextended = bool(buf[482]) origsize = nti(buf[483:495]) obj._sparse_structs = (structs, isextended, origsize) # Remove redundant slashes from directories. if obj.isdir(): obj.name = obj.name.rstrip("/") # Reconstruct a ustar longname. if prefix and obj.type not in GNU_TYPES: obj.name = prefix + "/" + obj.name return obj @classmethod def fromtarfile(cls, tarfile): """Return the next TarInfo object from TarFile object tarfile. """ buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE) obj = cls.frombuf(buf, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors) obj.offset = tarfile.fileobj.tell() - BLOCKSIZE return obj._proc_member(tarfile) #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # The following are methods that are called depending on the type of a # member. The entry point is _proc_member() which can be overridden in a # subclass to add custom _proc_*() methods. A _proc_*() method MUST # implement the following # operations: # 1. Set self.offset_data to the position where the data blocks begin, # if there is data that follows. # 2. Set tarfile.offset to the position where the next member's header will # begin. # 3. Return self or another valid TarInfo object. def _proc_member(self, tarfile): """Choose the right processing method depending on the type and call it. """ if self.type in (GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, GNUTYPE_LONGLINK): return self._proc_gnulong(tarfile) elif self.type == GNUTYPE_SPARSE: return self._proc_sparse(tarfile) elif self.type in (XHDTYPE, XGLTYPE, SOLARIS_XHDTYPE): return self._proc_pax(tarfile) else: return self._proc_builtin(tarfile) def _proc_builtin(self, tarfile): """Process a builtin type or an unknown type which will be treated as a regular file. """ self.offset_data = tarfile.fileobj.tell() offset = self.offset_data if self.isreg() or self.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES: # Skip the following data blocks. offset += self._block(self.size) tarfile.offset = offset # Patch the TarInfo object with saved global # header information. self._apply_pax_info(tarfile.pax_headers, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors) return self def _proc_gnulong(self, tarfile): """Process the blocks that hold a GNU longname or longlink member. """ buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(self._block(self.size)) # Fetch the next header and process it. try: next = self.fromtarfile(tarfile) except HeaderError: raise SubsequentHeaderError("missing or bad subsequent header") # Patch the TarInfo object from the next header with # the longname information. next.offset = self.offset if self.type == GNUTYPE_LONGNAME: next.name = nts(buf, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors) elif self.type == GNUTYPE_LONGLINK: next.linkname = nts(buf, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors) return next def _proc_sparse(self, tarfile): """Process a GNU sparse header plus extra headers. """ # We already collected some sparse structures in frombuf(). structs, isextended, origsize = self._sparse_structs del self._sparse_structs # Collect sparse structures from extended header blocks. while isextended: buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE) pos = 0 for i in range(21): try: offset = nti(buf[pos:pos + 12]) numbytes = nti(buf[pos + 12:pos + 24]) except ValueError: break if offset and numbytes: structs.append((offset, numbytes)) pos += 24 isextended = bool(buf[504]) self.sparse = structs self.offset_data = tarfile.fileobj.tell() tarfile.offset = self.offset_data + self._block(self.size) self.size = origsize return self def _proc_pax(self, tarfile): """Process an extended or global header as described in POSIX.1-2008. """ # Read the header information. buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(self._block(self.size)) # A pax header stores supplemental information for either # the following file (extended) or all following files # (global). if self.type == XGLTYPE: pax_headers = tarfile.pax_headers else: pax_headers = tarfile.pax_headers.copy() # Check if the pax header contains a hdrcharset field. This tells us # the encoding of the path, linkpath, uname and gname fields. Normally, # these fields are UTF-8 encoded but since POSIX.1-2008 tar # implementations are allowed to store them as raw binary strings if # the translation to UTF-8 fails. match = re.search(br"\d+ hdrcharset=([^\n]+)\n", buf) if match is not None: pax_headers["hdrcharset"] = match.group(1).decode("utf8") # For the time being, we don't care about anything other than "BINARY". # The only other value that is currently allowed by the standard is # "ISO-IR 10646 2000 UTF-8" in other words UTF-8. hdrcharset = pax_headers.get("hdrcharset") if hdrcharset == "BINARY": encoding = tarfile.encoding else: encoding = "utf8" # Parse pax header information. A record looks like that: # "%d %s=%s\n" % (length, keyword, value). length is the size # of the complete record including the length field itself and # the newline. keyword and value are both UTF-8 encoded strings. regex = re.compile(br"(\d+) ([^=]+)=") pos = 0 while True: match = regex.match(buf, pos) if not match: break length, keyword = match.groups() length = int(length) value = buf[match.end(2) + 1:match.start(1) + length - 1] # Normally, we could just use "utf8" as the encoding and "strict" # as the error handler, but we better not take the risk. For # example, GNU tar <= 1.23 is known to store filenames it cannot # translate to UTF-8 as raw strings (unfortunately without a # hdrcharset=BINARY header). # We first try the strict standard encoding, and if that fails we # fall back on the user's encoding and error handler. keyword = self._decode_pax_field(keyword, "utf8", "utf8", tarfile.errors) if keyword in PAX_NAME_FIELDS: value = self._decode_pax_field(value, encoding, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors) else: value = self._decode_pax_field(value, "utf8", "utf8", tarfile.errors) pax_headers[keyword] = value pos += length # Fetch the next header. try: next = self.fromtarfile(tarfile) except HeaderError: raise SubsequentHeaderError("missing or bad subsequent header") # Process GNU sparse information. if "GNU.sparse.map" in pax_headers: # GNU extended sparse format version 0.1. self._proc_gnusparse_01(next, pax_headers) elif "GNU.sparse.size" in pax_headers: # GNU extended sparse format version 0.0. self._proc_gnusparse_00(next, pax_headers, buf) elif pax_headers.get("GNU.sparse.major") == "1" and pax_headers.get("GNU.sparse.minor") == "0": # GNU extended sparse format version 1.0. self._proc_gnusparse_10(next, pax_headers, tarfile) if self.type in (XHDTYPE, SOLARIS_XHDTYPE): # Patch the TarInfo object with the extended header info. next._apply_pax_info(pax_headers, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors) next.offset = self.offset if "size" in pax_headers: # If the extended header replaces the size field, # we need to recalculate the offset where the next # header starts. offset = next.offset_data if next.isreg() or next.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES: offset += next._block(next.size) tarfile.offset = offset return next def _proc_gnusparse_00(self, next, pax_headers, buf): """Process a GNU tar extended sparse header, version 0.0. """ offsets = [] for match in re.finditer(br"\d+ GNU.sparse.offset=(\d+)\n", buf): offsets.append(int(match.group(1))) numbytes = [] for match in re.finditer(br"\d+ GNU.sparse.numbytes=(\d+)\n", buf): numbytes.append(int(match.group(1))) next.sparse = list(zip(offsets, numbytes)) def _proc_gnusparse_01(self, next, pax_headers): """Process a GNU tar extended sparse header, version 0.1. """ sparse = [int(x) for x in pax_headers["GNU.sparse.map"].split(",")] next.sparse = list(zip(sparse[::2], sparse[1::2])) def _proc_gnusparse_10(self, next, pax_headers, tarfile): """Process a GNU tar extended sparse header, version 1.0. """ fields = None sparse = [] buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE) fields, buf = buf.split(b"\n", 1) fields = int(fields) while len(sparse) < fields * 2: if b"\n" not in buf: buf += tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE) number, buf = buf.split(b"\n", 1) sparse.append(int(number)) next.offset_data = tarfile.fileobj.tell() next.sparse = list(zip(sparse[::2], sparse[1::2])) def _apply_pax_info(self, pax_headers, encoding, errors): """Replace fields with supplemental information from a previous pax extended or global header. """ for keyword, value in pax_headers.items(): if keyword == "GNU.sparse.name": setattr(self, "path", value) elif keyword == "GNU.sparse.size": setattr(self, "size", int(value)) elif keyword == "GNU.sparse.realsize": setattr(self, "size", int(value)) elif keyword in PAX_FIELDS: if keyword in PAX_NUMBER_FIELDS: try: value = PAX_NUMBER_FIELDS[keyword](value) except ValueError: value = 0 if keyword == "path": value = value.rstrip("/") setattr(self, keyword, value) self.pax_headers = pax_headers.copy() def _decode_pax_field(self, value, encoding, fallback_encoding, fallback_errors): """Decode a single field from a pax record. """ try: return value.decode(encoding, "strict") except UnicodeDecodeError: return value.decode(fallback_encoding, fallback_errors) def _block(self, count): """Round up a byte count by BLOCKSIZE and return it, e.g. _block(834) => 1024. """ blocks, remainder = divmod(count, BLOCKSIZE) if remainder: blocks += 1 return blocks * BLOCKSIZE def isreg(self): return self.type in REGULAR_TYPES def isfile(self): return self.isreg() def isdir(self): return self.type == DIRTYPE def issym(self): return self.type == SYMTYPE def islnk(self): return self.type == LNKTYPE def ischr(self): return self.type == CHRTYPE def isblk(self): return self.type == BLKTYPE def isfifo(self): return self.type == FIFOTYPE def issparse(self): return self.sparse is not None def isdev(self): return self.type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE, FIFOTYPE) # class TarInfo class TarFile(object): """The TarFile Class provides an interface to tar archives. """ debug = 0 # May be set from 0 (no msgs) to 3 (all msgs) dereference = False # If true, add content of linked file to the # tar file, else the link. ignore_zeros = False # If true, skips empty or invalid blocks and # continues processing. errorlevel = 1 # If 0, fatal errors only appear in debug # messages (if debug >= 0). If > 0, errors # are passed to the caller as exceptions. format = DEFAULT_FORMAT # The format to use when creating an archive. encoding = ENCODING # Encoding for 8-bit character strings. errors = None # Error handler for unicode conversion. tarinfo = TarInfo # The default TarInfo class to use. fileobject = ExFileObject # The default ExFileObject class to use. def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None, tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None, errors="surrogateescape", pax_headers=None, debug=None, errorlevel=None): """Open an (uncompressed) tar archive `name'. `mode' is either 'r' to read from an existing archive, 'a' to append data to an existing file or 'w' to create a new file overwriting an existing one. `mode' defaults to 'r'. If `fileobj' is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it can be determined, `mode' is overridden by `fileobj's mode. `fileobj' is not closed, when TarFile is closed. """ if len(mode) > 1 or mode not in "raw": raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'") self.mode = mode self._mode = {"r": "rb", "a": "r+b", "w": "wb"}[mode] if not fileobj: if self.mode == "a" and not os.path.exists(name): # Create nonexistent files in append mode. self.mode = "w" self._mode = "wb" fileobj = bltn_open(name, self._mode) self._extfileobj = False else: if name is None and hasattr(fileobj, "name"): name = fileobj.name if hasattr(fileobj, "mode"): self._mode = fileobj.mode self._extfileobj = True self.name = os.path.abspath(name) if name else None self.fileobj = fileobj # Init attributes. if format is not None: self.format = format if tarinfo is not None: self.tarinfo = tarinfo if dereference is not None: self.dereference = dereference if ignore_zeros is not None: self.ignore_zeros = ignore_zeros if encoding is not None: self.encoding = encoding self.errors = errors if pax_headers is not None and self.format == PAX_FORMAT: self.pax_headers = pax_headers else: self.pax_headers = {} if debug is not None: self.debug = debug if errorlevel is not None: self.errorlevel = errorlevel # Init datastructures. self.closed = False self.members = [] # list of members as TarInfo objects self._loaded = False # flag if all members have been read self.offset = self.fileobj.tell() # current position in the archive file self.inodes = {} # dictionary caching the inodes of # archive members already added try: if self.mode == "r": self.firstmember = None self.firstmember = self.next() if self.mode == "a": # Move to the end of the archive, # before the first empty block. while True: self.fileobj.seek(self.offset) try: tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self) self.members.append(tarinfo) except EOFHeaderError: self.fileobj.seek(self.offset) break except HeaderError as e: raise ReadError(str(e)) if self.mode in "aw": self._loaded = True if self.pax_headers: buf = self.tarinfo.create_pax_global_header(self.pax_headers.copy()) self.fileobj.write(buf) self.offset += len(buf) except: if not self._extfileobj: self.fileobj.close() self.closed = True raise #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Below are the classmethods which act as alternate constructors to the # TarFile class. The open() method is the only one that is needed for # public use; it is the "super"-constructor and is able to select an # adequate "sub"-constructor for a particular compression using the mapping # from OPEN_METH. # # This concept allows one to subclass TarFile without losing the comfort of # the super-constructor. A sub-constructor is registered and made available # by adding it to the mapping in OPEN_METH. @classmethod def open(cls, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, bufsize=RECORDSIZE, **kwargs): """Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return an appropriate TarFile class. mode: 'r' or 'r:*' open for reading with transparent compression 'r:' open for reading exclusively uncompressed 'r:gz' open for reading with gzip compression 'r:bz2' open for reading with bzip2 compression 'a' or 'a:' open for appending, creating the file if necessary 'w' or 'w:' open for writing without compression 'w:gz' open for writing with gzip compression 'w:bz2' open for writing with bzip2 compression 'r|*' open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression 'r|' open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading 'r|gz' open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks 'r|bz2' open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks 'w|' open an uncompressed stream for writing 'w|gz' open a gzip compressed stream for writing 'w|bz2' open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing """ if not name and not fileobj: raise ValueError("nothing to open") if mode in ("r", "r:*"): # Find out which *open() is appropriate for opening the file. for comptype in cls.OPEN_METH: func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype]) if fileobj is not None: saved_pos = fileobj.tell() try: return func(name, "r", fileobj, **kwargs) except (ReadError, CompressionError) as e: if fileobj is not None: fileobj.seek(saved_pos) continue raise ReadError("file could not be opened successfully") elif ":" in mode: filemode, comptype = mode.split(":", 1) filemode = filemode or "r" comptype = comptype or "tar" # Select the *open() function according to # given compression. if comptype in cls.OPEN_METH: func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype]) else: raise CompressionError("unknown compression type %r" % comptype) return func(name, filemode, fileobj, **kwargs) elif "|" in mode: filemode, comptype = mode.split("|", 1) filemode = filemode or "r" comptype = comptype or "tar" if filemode not in "rw": raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'") stream = _Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize) try: t = cls(name, filemode, stream, **kwargs) except: stream.close() raise t._extfileobj = False return t elif mode in "aw": return cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs) raise ValueError("undiscernible mode") @classmethod def taropen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, **kwargs): """Open uncompressed tar archive name for reading or writing. """ if len(mode) > 1 or mode not in "raw": raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'") return cls(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs) @classmethod def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs): """Open gzip compressed tar archive name for reading or writing. Appending is not allowed. """ if len(mode) > 1 or mode not in "rw": raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'") try: import gzip gzip.GzipFile except (ImportError, AttributeError): raise CompressionError("gzip module is not available") extfileobj = fileobj is not None try: fileobj = gzip.GzipFile(name, mode + "b", compresslevel, fileobj) t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs) except IOError: if not extfileobj and fileobj is not None: fileobj.close() if fileobj is None: raise raise ReadError("not a gzip file") except: if not extfileobj and fileobj is not None: fileobj.close() raise t._extfileobj = extfileobj return t @classmethod def bz2open(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs): """Open bzip2 compressed tar archive name for reading or writing. Appending is not allowed. """ if len(mode) > 1 or mode not in "rw": raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'.") try: import bz2 except ImportError: raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available") if fileobj is not None: fileobj = _BZ2Proxy(fileobj, mode) else: fileobj = bz2.BZ2File(name, mode, compresslevel=compresslevel) try: t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs) except (IOError, EOFError): fileobj.close() raise ReadError("not a bzip2 file") t._extfileobj = False return t # All *open() methods are registered here. OPEN_METH = { "tar": "taropen", # uncompressed tar "gz": "gzopen", # gzip compressed tar "bz2": "bz2open" # bzip2 compressed tar } #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # The public methods which TarFile provides: def close(self): """Close the TarFile. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are appended to the archive. """ if self.closed: return if self.mode in "aw": self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2)) self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2) # fill up the end with zero-blocks # (like option -b20 for tar does) blocks, remainder = divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE) if remainder > 0: self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE - remainder)) if not self._extfileobj: self.fileobj.close() self.closed = True def getmember(self, name): """Return a TarInfo object for member `name'. If `name' can not be found in the archive, KeyError is raised. If a member occurs more than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the most up-to-date version. """ tarinfo = self._getmember(name) if tarinfo is None: raise KeyError("filename %r not found" % name) return tarinfo def getmembers(self): """Return the members of the archive as a list of TarInfo objects. The list has the same order as the members in the archive. """ self._check() if not self._loaded: # if we want to obtain a list of self._load() # all members, we first have to # scan the whole archive. return self.members def getnames(self): """Return the members of the archive as a list of their names. It has the same order as the list returned by getmembers(). """ return [tarinfo.name for tarinfo in self.getmembers()] def gettarinfo(self, name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None): """Create a TarInfo object for either the file `name' or the file object `fileobj' (using os.fstat on its file descriptor). You can modify some of the TarInfo's attributes before you add it using addfile(). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive. """ self._check("aw") # When fileobj is given, replace name by # fileobj's real name. if fileobj is not None: name = fileobj.name # Building the name of the member in the archive. # Backward slashes are converted to forward slashes, # Absolute paths are turned to relative paths. if arcname is None: arcname = name drv, arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname) arcname = arcname.replace(os.sep, "/") arcname = arcname.lstrip("/") # Now, fill the TarInfo object with # information specific for the file. tarinfo = self.tarinfo() tarinfo.tarfile = self # Use os.stat or os.lstat, depending on platform # and if symlinks shall be resolved. if fileobj is None: if hasattr(os, "lstat") and not self.dereference: statres = os.lstat(name) else: statres = os.stat(name) else: statres = os.fstat(fileobj.fileno()) linkname = "" stmd = statres.st_mode if stat.S_ISREG(stmd): inode = (statres.st_ino, statres.st_dev) if not self.dereference and statres.st_nlink > 1 and \ inode in self.inodes and arcname != self.inodes[inode]: # Is it a hardlink to an already # archived file? type = LNKTYPE linkname = self.inodes[inode] else: # The inode is added only if its valid. # For win32 it is always 0. type = REGTYPE if inode[0]: self.inodes[inode] = arcname elif stat.S_ISDIR(stmd): type = DIRTYPE elif stat.S_ISFIFO(stmd): type = FIFOTYPE elif stat.S_ISLNK(stmd): type = SYMTYPE linkname = os.readlink(name) elif stat.S_ISCHR(stmd): type = CHRTYPE elif stat.S_ISBLK(stmd): type = BLKTYPE else: return None # Fill the TarInfo object with all # information we can get. tarinfo.name = arcname tarinfo.mode = stmd tarinfo.uid = statres.st_uid tarinfo.gid = statres.st_gid if type == REGTYPE: tarinfo.size = statres.st_size else: tarinfo.size = 0 tarinfo.mtime = statres.st_mtime tarinfo.type = type tarinfo.linkname = linkname if pwd: try: tarinfo.uname = pwd.getpwuid(tarinfo.uid)[0] except KeyError: pass if grp: try: tarinfo.gname = grp.getgrgid(tarinfo.gid)[0] except KeyError: pass if type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE): if hasattr(os, "major") and hasattr(os, "minor"): tarinfo.devmajor = os.major(statres.st_rdev) tarinfo.devminor = os.minor(statres.st_rdev) return tarinfo def list(self, verbose=True): """Print a table of contents to sys.stdout. If `verbose' is False, only the names of the members are printed. If it is True, an `ls -l'-like output is produced. """ self._check() for tarinfo in self: if verbose: print(filemode(tarinfo.mode), end=' ') print("%s/%s" % (tarinfo.uname or tarinfo.uid, tarinfo.gname or tarinfo.gid), end=' ') if tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk(): print("%10s" % ("%d,%d" \ % (tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)), end=' ') else: print("%10d" % tarinfo.size, end=' ') print("%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" \ % time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6], end=' ') print(tarinfo.name + ("/" if tarinfo.isdir() else ""), end=' ') if verbose: if tarinfo.issym(): print("->", tarinfo.linkname, end=' ') if tarinfo.islnk(): print("link to", tarinfo.linkname, end=' ') print() def add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, filter=None): """Add the file `name' to the archive. `name' may be any type of file (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive. Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by setting `recursive' to False. `exclude' is a function that should return True for each filename to be excluded. `filter' is a function that expects a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed TarInfo object, if it returns None the TarInfo object will be excluded from the archive. """ self._check("aw") if arcname is None: arcname = name # Exclude pathnames. if exclude is not None: import warnings warnings.warn("use the filter argument instead", DeprecationWarning, 2) if exclude(name): self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name) return # Skip if somebody tries to archive the archive... if self.name is not None and os.path.abspath(name) == self.name: self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Skipped %r" % name) return self._dbg(1, name) # Create a TarInfo object from the file. tarinfo = self.gettarinfo(name, arcname) if tarinfo is None: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unsupported type %r" % name) return # Change or exclude the TarInfo object. if filter is not None: tarinfo = filter(tarinfo) if tarinfo is None: self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name) return # Append the tar header and data to the archive. if tarinfo.isreg(): f = bltn_open(name, "rb") self.addfile(tarinfo, f) f.close() elif tarinfo.isdir(): self.addfile(tarinfo) if recursive: for f in os.listdir(name): self.add(os.path.join(name, f), os.path.join(arcname, f), recursive, exclude, filter=filter) else: self.addfile(tarinfo) def addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None): """Add the TarInfo object `tarinfo' to the archive. If `fileobj' is given, tarinfo.size bytes are read from it and added to the archive. You can create TarInfo objects using gettarinfo(). On Windows platforms, `fileobj' should always be opened with mode 'rb' to avoid irritation about the file size. """ self._check("aw") tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo) buf = tarinfo.tobuf(self.format, self.encoding, self.errors) self.fileobj.write(buf) self.offset += len(buf) # If there's data to follow, append it. if fileobj is not None: copyfileobj(fileobj, self.fileobj, tarinfo.size) blocks, remainder = divmod(tarinfo.size, BLOCKSIZE) if remainder > 0: self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE - remainder)) blocks += 1 self.offset += blocks * BLOCKSIZE self.members.append(tarinfo) def extractall(self, path=".", members=None): """Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned by getmembers(). """ directories = [] if members is None: members = self for tarinfo in members: if tarinfo.isdir(): # Extract directories with a safe mode. directories.append(tarinfo) tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo) tarinfo.mode = 0o700 # Do not set_attrs directories, as we will do that further down self.extract(tarinfo, path, set_attrs=not tarinfo.isdir()) # Reverse sort directories. directories.sort(key=lambda a: a.name) directories.reverse() # Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories. for tarinfo in directories: dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name) try: self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath) self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath) self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath) except ExtractError as e: if self.errorlevel > 1: raise else: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e) def extract(self, member, path="", set_attrs=True): """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory, using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can specify a different directory using `path'. File attributes (owner, mtime, mode) are set unless `set_attrs' is False. """ self._check("r") if isinstance(member, str): tarinfo = self.getmember(member) else: tarinfo = member # Prepare the link target for makelink(). if tarinfo.islnk(): tarinfo._link_target = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.linkname) try: self._extract_member(tarinfo, os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name), set_attrs=set_attrs) except EnvironmentError as e: if self.errorlevel > 0: raise else: if e.filename is None: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e.strerror) else: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" % (e.strerror, e.filename)) except ExtractError as e: if self.errorlevel > 1: raise else: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e) def extractfile(self, member): """Extract a member from the archive as a file object. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. If `member' is a regular file, a file-like object is returned. If `member' is a link, a file-like object is constructed from the link's target. If `member' is none of the above, None is returned. The file-like object is read-only and provides the following methods: read(), readline(), readlines(), seek() and tell() """ self._check("r") if isinstance(member, str): tarinfo = self.getmember(member) else: tarinfo = member if tarinfo.isreg(): return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo) elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES: # If a member's type is unknown, it is treated as a # regular file. return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo) elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym(): if isinstance(self.fileobj, _Stream): # A small but ugly workaround for the case that someone tries # to extract a (sym)link as a file-object from a non-seekable # stream of tar blocks. raise StreamError("cannot extract (sym)link as file object") else: # A (sym)link's file object is its target's file object. return self.extractfile(self._find_link_target(tarinfo)) else: # If there's no data associated with the member (directory, chrdev, # blkdev, etc.), return None instead of a file object. return None def _extract_member(self, tarinfo, targetpath, set_attrs=True): """Extract the TarInfo object tarinfo to a physical file called targetpath. """ # Fetch the TarInfo object for the given name # and build the destination pathname, replacing # forward slashes to platform specific separators. targetpath = targetpath.rstrip("/") targetpath = targetpath.replace("/", os.sep) # Create all upper directories. upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath) if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs): # Create directories that are not part of the archive with # default permissions. os.makedirs(upperdirs) if tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym(): self._dbg(1, "%s -> %s" % (tarinfo.name, tarinfo.linkname)) else: self._dbg(1, tarinfo.name) if tarinfo.isreg(): self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.isdir(): self.makedir(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.isfifo(): self.makefifo(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk(): self.makedev(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym(): self.makelink(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES: self.makeunknown(tarinfo, targetpath) else: self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath) if set_attrs: self.chown(tarinfo, targetpath) if not tarinfo.issym(): self.chmod(tarinfo, targetpath) self.utime(tarinfo, targetpath) #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Below are the different file methods. They are called via # _extract_member() when extract() is called. They can be replaced in a # subclass to implement other functionality. def makedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a directory called targetpath. """ try: # Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set # later in _extract_member(). os.mkdir(targetpath, 0o700) except EnvironmentError as e: if e.errno != errno.EEXIST: raise def makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a file called targetpath. """ source = self.fileobj source.seek(tarinfo.offset_data) target = bltn_open(targetpath, "wb") if tarinfo.sparse is not None: for offset, size in tarinfo.sparse: target.seek(offset) copyfileobj(source, target, size) else: copyfileobj(source, target, tarinfo.size) target.seek(tarinfo.size) target.truncate() target.close() def makeunknown(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a file from a TarInfo object with an unknown type at targetpath. """ self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath) self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unknown file type %r, " \ "extracted as regular file." % tarinfo.type) def makefifo(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a fifo called targetpath. """ if hasattr(os, "mkfifo"): os.mkfifo(targetpath) else: raise ExtractError("fifo not supported by system") def makedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a character or block device called targetpath. """ if not hasattr(os, "mknod") or not hasattr(os, "makedev"): raise ExtractError("special devices not supported by system") mode = tarinfo.mode if tarinfo.isblk(): mode |= stat.S_IFBLK else: mode |= stat.S_IFCHR os.mknod(targetpath, mode, os.makedev(tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)) def makelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a (symbolic) link called targetpath. If it cannot be created (platform limitation), we try to make a copy of the referenced file instead of a link. """ try: # For systems that support symbolic and hard links. if tarinfo.issym(): os.symlink(tarinfo.linkname, targetpath) else: # See extract(). if os.path.exists(tarinfo._link_target): os.link(tarinfo._link_target, targetpath) else: self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath) except symlink_exception: if tarinfo.issym(): linkpath = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name), tarinfo.linkname) else: linkpath = tarinfo.linkname else: try: self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath) except KeyError: raise ExtractError("unable to resolve link inside archive") def chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Set owner of targetpath according to tarinfo. """ if pwd and hasattr(os, "geteuid") and os.geteuid() == 0: # We have to be root to do so. try: g = grp.getgrnam(tarinfo.gname)[2] except KeyError: g = tarinfo.gid try: u = pwd.getpwnam(tarinfo.uname)[2] except KeyError: u = tarinfo.uid try: if tarinfo.issym() and hasattr(os, "lchown"): os.lchown(targetpath, u, g) else: if sys.platform != "os2emx": os.chown(targetpath, u, g) except EnvironmentError as e: raise ExtractError("could not change owner") def chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo. """ if hasattr(os, 'chmod'): try: os.chmod(targetpath, tarinfo.mode) except EnvironmentError as e: raise ExtractError("could not change mode") def utime(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo. """ if not hasattr(os, 'utime'): return try: os.utime(targetpath, (tarinfo.mtime, tarinfo.mtime)) except EnvironmentError as e: raise ExtractError("could not change modification time") #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- def next(self): """Return the next member of the archive as a TarInfo object, when TarFile is opened for reading. Return None if there is no more available. """ self._check("ra") if self.firstmember is not None: m = self.firstmember self.firstmember = None return m # Read the next block. self.fileobj.seek(self.offset) tarinfo = None while True: try: tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self) except EOFHeaderError as e: if self.ignore_zeros: self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e)) self.offset += BLOCKSIZE continue except InvalidHeaderError as e: if self.ignore_zeros: self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e)) self.offset += BLOCKSIZE continue elif self.offset == 0: raise ReadError(str(e)) except EmptyHeaderError: if self.offset == 0: raise ReadError("empty file") except TruncatedHeaderError as e: if self.offset == 0: raise ReadError(str(e)) except SubsequentHeaderError as e: raise ReadError(str(e)) break if tarinfo is not None: self.members.append(tarinfo) else: self._loaded = True return tarinfo #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Little helper methods: def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False): """Find an archive member by name from bottom to top. If tarinfo is given, it is used as the starting point. """ # Ensure that all members have been loaded. members = self.getmembers() # Limit the member search list up to tarinfo. if tarinfo is not None: members = members[:members.index(tarinfo)] if normalize: name = os.path.normpath(name) for member in reversed(members): if normalize: member_name = os.path.normpath(member.name) else: member_name = member.name if name == member_name: return member def _load(self): """Read through the entire archive file and look for readable members. """ while True: tarinfo = self.next() if tarinfo is None: break self._loaded = True def _check(self, mode=None): """Check if TarFile is still open, and if the operation's mode corresponds to TarFile's mode. """ if self.closed: raise IOError("%s is closed" % self.__class__.__name__) if mode is not None and self.mode not in mode: raise IOError("bad operation for mode %r" % self.mode) def _find_link_target(self, tarinfo): """Find the target member of a symlink or hardlink member in the archive. """ if tarinfo.issym(): # Always search the entire archive. linkname = os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name) + "/" + tarinfo.linkname limit = None else: # Search the archive before the link, because a hard link is # just a reference to an already archived file. linkname = tarinfo.linkname limit = tarinfo member = self._getmember(linkname, tarinfo=limit, normalize=True) if member is None: raise KeyError("linkname %r not found" % linkname) return member def __iter__(self): """Provide an iterator object. """ if self._loaded: return iter(self.members) else: return TarIter(self) def _dbg(self, level, msg): """Write debugging output to sys.stderr. """ if level <= self.debug: print(msg, file=sys.stderr) def __enter__(self): self._check() return self def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback): if type is None: self.close() else: # An exception occurred. We must not call close() because # it would try to write end-of-archive blocks and padding. if not self._extfileobj: self.fileobj.close() self.closed = True # class TarFile class TarIter(object): """Iterator Class. for tarinfo in TarFile(...): suite... """ def __init__(self, tarfile): """Construct a TarIter object. """ self.tarfile = tarfile self.index = 0 def __iter__(self): """Return iterator object. """ return self def __next__(self): """Return the next item using TarFile's next() method. When all members have been read, set TarFile as _loaded. """ # Fix for SF #1100429: Under rare circumstances it can # happen that getmembers() is called during iteration, # which will cause TarIter to stop prematurely. if not self.tarfile._loaded: tarinfo = self.tarfile.next() if not tarinfo: self.tarfile._loaded = True raise StopIteration else: try: tarinfo = self.tarfile.members[self.index] except IndexError: raise StopIteration self.index += 1 return tarinfo next = __next__ # for Python 2.x #-------------------- # exported functions #-------------------- def is_tarfile(name): """Return True if name points to a tar archive that we are able to handle, else return False. """ try: t = open(name) t.close() return True except TarError: return False bltn_open = open open = TarFile.open


NMR data of veronimide ( 2) in DMSO- d 6 a.
a 500 MHz for 1H and 125 MHz for 13C. b Multiplicity and assignment from HSQC experiment. c Determined by HMBC experiment. d Long-range. e Second-order multiplet. f Double-doublet. g Double-double-double-quartet. h Double-double-quartet. i Triplet. j Doublet. k Broad-doublet. l Singlet.


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: Interview with Ed Baum, the Cubs fan that caught Jake Arrieta's home run - Episode 8.64 author: display_name: Corey Fineran login: Corey email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: Corey author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 12121 wordpress_url: http://ivyenvy.com/?p=12121 date: '2016-10-13 09:57:41 +0000' date_gmt: '2016-10-13 14:57:41 +0000' categories: - Podcast tags: [] comments: [] ---
In this bonus episode of The Ivy Envy Podcast, you will hear a discussion I had with Ed Baum. Ed is the Cubs fan that caught Jake Arrieta's home run ball in Game 3 of the NLDS in San Francisco.
A life-long Cubs fan with a lot of experience shagging homers in the bleachers, Ed describes the play and everything that has happened the ball since landed in his mitt.


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Responsive utilities
Contents
Default responsive elements
The elements img
, iframe
, and video
are given a max-width of 100% by default so that they will not overflow their containers. It is not necessary to apply any extra classes to make these elements responsive.
Hiding content
The following helper classes are provided to content on a given viewport size and down along with a given viewport size and up: hide-xs-down
, hide-sm-down
, hide-md-down
, hide-sm-up
, hide-md-up
, and hide-lg-up
. They can be applied to any element. Usage should be fairly obvious. Resize the browser window as you view the sentences below to see a demonstration.

This sentence is visible on the viewports: sm, md, lg, xl.

This sentence is visible on the viewports: md, lg, xl.

This sentence is visible on the viewports: lg, xl.

This sentence is visible on the viewports: xl.

This sentence is visible on the viewports: xs.

This sentence is visible on the viewports: xs, sm

This sentence is visible on the viewports: xs, sm, md.

This sentence is visible on the viewports: xs, sm, md, lg.

You can combine classes to show content on a specific range of viewports.

This sentence is visible on the viewports: sm, md.

There are no classes to show content on specific viewports. You'll also need to write custom classes if you want to hide or show content on a non-contiguous range of viewports.


A modular, easy to use SCSS Framework
CastleCSS is a mobile first SCSS framework with modular building blocks for the web. It's also fully updateable! No more worrying if your base files are still correct, we keep the files up-to-date for you!
Years ago, when the responsive web was on the rise, none of the existing mobile first frameworks lived up to our specific needs. We did not believe in things like device specific classes and the grids did not offer the flexibility we required... So, we started creating our own Fortress in HTML/CSS/JS and have been expanding it ever since.
Now, we want to share our way of working with the world.
Unlike other Frameworks, we do nót include everything, but only what you need. The core is a kickstart to your website, which you can extend with several extensions.
Our philosophy is mobile first, easy to update, self explanatory code. We want to be able to keep you up to date with the latest version of CastleCSS, which is only possible if you follow the installation instructions.


There are two types of alerts that Cybereason will create:
- Malops: This stands for a Malicious Operation, and will describe machines, users, processes, and connections used in the attack.
- Malware: These alerts are generated when a user tries to run a piece of malware.
Playbook Backward Compatibility
- The new version of this application is a complete rewrite and is not backward compatible. Hence, it is requested to the end-user to please update their existing playbooks by re-inserting | modifying | deleting the corresponding action blocks to ensure the correct functioning of the playbooks created on the earlier versions of the app. If the end-user does not want to upgrade their playbooks, they can remain on or downgrade to the old version(v1.0.7).


Below is the link to my homepage site
Nature, in the broadest sense, is the natural, physical, or material world or universe. "Nature" can refer to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. The study of nature is a large, if not the only, part of science. Although humans are part of nature, human activity is often understood as a separate category from other natural phenomena. The word nature is derived from the Latin word natura, or "essential qualities, innate disposition", and in ancient times, literally meant "birth".[1] Natura is a Latin translation of the Greek word physis (φύσις), which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants, animals, and other features of the world develop of their own accord.[2][3] The concept of nature as a whole, the physical universe, is one of several expansions of the original notion; it began with certain core applications of the word φύσις by pre-Socratic philosophers, and has steadily gained currency ever since. This usage continued during the advent of modern scientific method in the last several centuries.[4][5] Within the various uses of the word today, "nature" often refers to geology and wildlife. Nature can refer to the general realm of living plants and animals, and in some cases to the processes associated with inanimate objects—the way that particular types of things exist and change of their own accord, such as the weather and geology of the Earth.


CS_Lab
Blog
Projects
{% if logout_url %}
Reminders
Write
Logout
{% endif %}
CS Laboratory
Projects
Browpad
: A paint application in browser
Writedown
: Markdown to HTML converter
Phd-timer
: Log working hours
Past Teaching
Data Base Management Systems, Monsoon Semester 2016
Pattern Recognition Winter 2016
Natural Language Processing Winter 2016


Before even starting to calculate a fair option price, we need to set up the needed variables.
Our variables are held in an instance of BSHolder
:
stock
: underlying's asset pricestrike
: strike priceinterest
: the annualized risk-free interest rate (e.g. 0.05 corresponds 5%)vola
: volatility (e.g. 0.3 corresponds 30%)term
: a time in years (e.g. 0.5 corresponds half-year)All functions regarding calculations are members in BS
.
Pass an instance of BSHolder
to a function from BS
.
E.g.: calculating put price:


Download on GitHub
postQueryFMS(query, callBackOnReady[, callBackOnDownload, phpRelay, resultClass])
- js - the results as an array of objects
- utc - (optional) the utc timestamp when the download was completed.
- "server" : server location
- "php" : [optional: default fmxjRelay.php]
- "protocol" : [optional: default http]
- "port" : [optional: default 80]
- "user" : [optional: FM Account]
- "pass" : [optional: FM Account Password]
You can use fmxj without any PHP providing all the JavaScript is hosted on the FileMaker Server. In this case, the JavaScript will do the httpXMLRequest POST directly to FileMaker Server's XML API. If the Guest account is not enabled then you will be prompted for FileMaker authentication from the browser. This is simple Basic Authentication, so may not be suitable for your deployment. If you're using this deployment, you can simply not pass the optional phpRelay argument or pass null, to it.
You will need to use the php Relay if your web server and Filemaker server are located remotely from each other. FileMaker server does not allow cross domain httpXMLRequests directly to the XML API, and changing this involves modifying the Web Server settings. This is actually pretty easy in Windows/IIS, but not so in Mac/FileMaker Server/Apache. In either case, dropping a single PHP relay file into the FileMaker Server's root directory is much easier.
fmxj comes with a simple PHP file (fmxjRelay.PHP) that you can use for this. You'll then do your POST to the PHP file which will then do the identical POST locally to the FileMaker server using cURL and then relay the XML results back. When doing this you'll need to have the fmxjRelay.php file in your FileMaker WPE's root directory. You'll then need to define an object in JavaScript and pass it as the phpRelay argument.
User name and password can be passed as part of the object. They are sent via POST, so can potentially be secured if both the web server and Filemaker Server are using SSL, otherwise passing the credentials like this is equivalent to Basic Authentication. You also have the option of hardcoding the FileMaker credentials in the PHP file so they're not passed via JavaScript at all.
{
"<newobjectproperty>" : [function(f){return f(this[1]),"<filemakerfieldname>"],
}
See example 5 below for more details on this argument usage.
var requests = [ //create requests for query
{ "DateStart" : "<=2/28/2014" , "DateEnd" : ">=2/1/2014" },
{ "DateStart" : "2/1/2014...2/28/2014" }
];
var query = fmxj.findRecordsURL("Events", "Events", requests) ; // create query
function onReadyFuntion(js){ //define handler for onready
document.getElementById("example1") = JSON.stringify(js, null, 4);
} ;
function onProgressFuntion(n){ //define handler for onprogress
document.getElementById("example1") += n + " bytes downloaded\n";
} ;
fmxj.postQueryFMS(query, onReadyFunction, onProgressFunction); //make call
//sample function for updating pre via loop
function updateJSONLoop(resultElementID, requests, increment, sort){
var sourceLoop = [];
var max = increment;
var skip = 0;
var num = 0;
var total = 0;
var message = "";
var indent = 4; //JSON indent
var q = "";
//callback functions for writing download.
function writeDownload(n){
document.getElementById(resultElementID).innerHTML +=
"" + n + " bytes downloaded\n" ;
} ;
function writeResult(js){
sourceLoop = sourceLoop.concat(js);
total = sourceLoop.length;
num = js.length;
if (num===max) {
//maximum records returned, which meanse we have more to get(probably)
//increment skip and run again
skip = skip + max;
var q = fmxj.findRecordsURL("Events","Events", requests, sort, max, skip);
fmxj.postQueryFMS(q,writeResult,null,relay) ;
};
//Write results to element, first, last and middle ara little different.
//displaying collapsed, see fmxjDemo.js for full function code.
if (total===max) {*}
else if (num!==max) {*}
else {*}
}; //end writeResult
var q = fmxj.findRecordsURL("Events","Events", requests , sort , max , skip );
fmxj.postQueryFMS(q, writeResult, writeDownload, relay);
};
var requests = [
{ "DateStart" : "<=2/28/2014" , "DateEnd" : ">=2/1/2014" } ,
{ "DateStart" : "2/1/2014...2/28/2014" }
] ;
var sortObject = {
"field1" : "DateStart" ,
"sort1" : "ascend"
} ;
updateJSONLoop("loopResult", requests, 500, sortObject); //loads 500 records at a time
var query = fmxj.findRecordsURL("Events", "ShmEvents", requests) ;
fmxj.postQueryFMS(query, onReadyFunction) ;
var query = fmxj.findRecordsURL("Contacts", "Contacts");
fmxj.postQueryFMS(query, onReadyFunction, onProgressFunction);
var fcObject = {
"id" : {
"idFieldName":"id",
"getValue" : function(f){
var field = this["idFieldName"];
return f(field);
},
},
"title" : {
"titleFieldName":"Summary",
"getValue" : function(f){
var field = this["titleFieldName"];
return f(field);
},
},
"allDay" : {
"timeStartFieldName" : "TimeStart",
"getValue" : function(f){
var field = this["timeStartFieldName"];
if(f(field).length){//we have a start time so this is false
return false;
}
else{
return true;
}
},
},
"start" : {
"timeStartFieldName" : "TimeStart",
"dateStartFieldName" : "DateStart",
"getValue" : function(f){
var time = this["timeStartFieldName"];
var date = this["dateStartFieldName"];
var d = new Date( f(date) + " " + f(time));
return d.toISOString()
},
},
"end" : {
"timeEndFieldName" : "TimeEnd",
"dateEndFieldName" : "DateEnd",
"getValue" : function(f){
var time = this["timeEndFieldName"];
var date = this["dateEndFieldName"];
if(f(time).length){
var d = new Date(f(date) + " " + f(time));
}
else
{
var d = new Date(f(date));
d.setDate(d.getDate()+1);
}
return d.toISOString();
},
},
"description" : {
"descriptionFieldName":"Description",
"getValue" : function(f){
var field = this["descriptionFieldName"];
return f(field);
},
},
"resource" : {
"resourceFieldName":"Resource",
"getValue" : function(f){
var field = this["resourceFieldName"];
return f(field);
},
},
"status" : {
"statusFieldName":"Status",
"getValue" : function(f){
var field = this["statusFieldName"];
return f(field);
},
},
"contactId" : {
"contactIdFieldName":"id_contact",
"getValue" : function(f){
var field = this["contactIdFieldName"];
return f(field);
},
},
"contactId" : {
"contactIdFieldName":"id_contact",
"getValue" : function(f){
var field = this["contactIdFieldName"];
return f(field);
},
},
"fmRecordId" : {
"fmRecordIdFieldName":"-recid",
"getValue" : function(f){
var field = this["fmRecordIdFieldName"];
return f(field);
},
},
"fmModId" : {
"fmModIdFieldName":"-modid",
"getValue" : function(f){
var field = this["fmModIdFieldName"];
return f(field);
},
},
};
var query = fmxj.findRecordsURL("Events", "Events", requests);
fmxj.postQueryFMS(query, writeResults, writeDownload, relay, fcObject);


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Changelog
3.3.4
- Fix Object.assign not working for IE <= 11 #616
3.3.3
- Deprecate CoffeeScript in favour of ES6+ with Babel
- Updated and restored documentation
3.3.2
- Fix for Flicker on initialisation #425, #422
- Prevent horizontal misalignment inside modal in page with odd width #414
3.3.1
- Revert of switchChange event triggered only on falsy skip #411
3.3.0
- Fixed setting of correct state on drag from indeterminate state #403
- Fixed broken state changing on hidden switch [#392, #383
- Missing animation on first state change triggered by side click #390
- SwitchChange event always triggered after change event #389
- Skip check for transitionend event on init #381
- Added stopPropagation on element mousedown #369
- Fixed wrong descrition in documentation #351
3.2.2
- Fixed wrong rendering of switch on initialisation if element is hidden #376
3.2.1
- Hotfix for broken initialisation logic if $.support.transition is not set #375
3.2.0
- Added option and method handleWidth to set a specific width of the side handled #341
- Added option and method labelWidth to set a specific width of the center label #341
- Fixed broken toggling of side handles when switch is wrapped in a external label #359
- Minor refactoring all along the source code
3.1.0
- Added inverse option to swap the position of the left and right elements #207
- Fixed misalignment on Safari #223
- Added options toggleAnimate method
- Enhanced documentation with new examples
3.0.2
- Added radioAllOff option. allow a group of radio inputs to be all off #322
- Made HTML options overridable by JavaScript initalization options #319
- .form-control does not interfere anymore with the switch appearance #318
- Fixed triggering of two events in case of jQuery id selector #317
- Fixed internal switching loop when toggling with spacebar #316
- Fixed switch label toggling not working with radio inputs #312
3.0.1
- Added support for intermediate state #218
- Added change event triggered on label click #299
- Added onInit and onSwitchChange event as methods
3.0.0
- API redesign for a more intuitive use
- Entire code source rewriting focused on cleanliness and performance
- Initialization options can be passed as JavaScript object or written as data-*
- Plugin constructor publicly available from $.fn.bootstrapSwitch.Constructor
- Plugin instance publicly available calling .data('bootstrap-switch')
- Global overridable defaults options
- Improved flexibility with baseClass and wrapperClass options
- New onInit event
- Event namespacing
- Full Bootstrap 3 support
- A lot of fixed bug, as usual


Torquay United midfielder and Wembley coach Sean Haslegrave dies aged 68
Cyril Knowles and midfielder Haslegrave, who played as if he was a teenager, galvanised the side and the club.
by David ThomasThe death of Sean Haslegrave, at the age of only 68, has seen Torquay United lose one of the key figures in the transformation of the club after their 'Great Escape' from Football League relegation in 1987.
Haslegrave was about to celebrate his 36th birthday when new Gulls manager Cyril Knowles invited him to become player-coach at Plainmoor, in the wake of the dramatic 1986-87 season and the last-day 'police dog bite' relegation-beating 2-2 draw with Crewe Alexandra.
Haslegrave had already enjoyed a distinguished career with his hometown club Stoke City, Nottingham Forest where Brian Clough signed him, Preston North End, Crewe Alexandra and York City.
Knowles and midfielder Haslegrave, who played as if he was a teenager, galvanised the side and the club.
Haslegrave was a regular as United reached the Fourth Division Play-Offs in 1988, but he was concentrating more on coaching when the pair took the club to Wembley for the Sherpa Van Trophy Final 12 months later, after plotting a huge upset win over Wolves in the Semi-Final.
Haslegrave, whose 599 career appearances included 49 for Torquay, left along with Knowles after two-and-a-half years at Plainmoor and became youth coach and then Centre Of Excellence Director at his old club Preston.
He later worked at the nearby Cardinal Newman College and coached the English Colleges FA Side.
He had been ill for some time before he died in Preston at the weekend.