While performing a pentest the information gathering phase is the most important, it’s the key of a successful test.
The DNS is very great source of informations, whith some simple queries you will be able to grab usefull datas about the domain you are targeting.
The host
command is a very powerful DNS lookup utility which is present in all Linux distribution.
For the examples, I will use a domain which allows that kind of query at this moment.
Basic usage
As the man
says, host
is normally used to convert names to IP addresses and vice versa:
If the domain doesn’t exist, you will meet that message: Host pmolkijn.de not found: 3(NXDOMAIN)
If the ip doesn’t point anywhere, you will get this message: Host <IP_ADDRESS> not found: 3(NXDOMAIN)
Forward
From here you can perform a brute force based on a dictionnary to find subdomains. Imagine a text file containing those few keywords:
mail, demo, test, admin, blog
With 3 lines of shell code, you could loop to query all derived subdomains:
#!/bin/bash
for name in $(cat subdomains.txt) ; do
host $name.leparisien.fr |grep "has address" |cut -d " " -f 1,4
done
Will output:
Reverse
Of course you could query the discovered ip address but you can also query all ip in the same network to find more subdomains. Here is a simple shell script:
#!/bin/bash
for ip in $(seq 0 254) ; do
host 160.92.126.$ip |grep "leparisien.fr" |cut -d " " -f 1,5
done
Will output:
Zone transfer
Finally the best technique is to try a zone transfer. Zone transfer is a mechanism available for administrators to replicate DNS databases across a set of DNS servers.
With the -t
option you can grab specific informations about the domain: name server (ns), exchange mail (mx), alias (cname), etc.:
Then, for each name server found we will try to perform a zone transfer for the domain of the example:
Et voilà! My screen is to small but more than 100 unique subdomains have been found.
If the zone transfer fails, you will get this message: ; Transfer failed.
There is many tools to deal with DNS: dig
, dnsenum
, dnsrecon
can also do the trick.
My favorite and probably the easiest is Fierce.


This website is a Flask app that can be used to analyze writing samples. It is powered by NLTK for analysis and Bootstrap for UI. It has the following features:
The analyzer first parses the sample into sentences and words using NLTK's default word tokenizer. Then it tags the parts of speech using NLTK's default POS tagger. The correctness of word count depends on the tokenizer. The correctness of parts of speech identification depends on both the tokenizer and the tagger.
This app does not have any features related to users or sessions and uses no cookies. When you submit a sample to be analyzed, the browser sends that data in an encrypted format to Google Cloud's servers where this app is being hosted. The app will be able to see the data as plain text in order to analyze it, but it is not being logged or stored anywhere.
That said, no guarantees are being made and no special precautions to safeguard your data are being taken. Instead of directly using this website, you can always install and run this app locally by following these steps.
Report any bugs or feature requests on GitHub. Thank you.


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Introduction
This conference provides a platform for interaction and exchanging research ideas among experts from various fields of computer science and engineering, and will be attended by repute scientists, researchers, academicians, industrial professionals and postgraduate students globally. We will be thankful for the contributions to WCSE 2019. We look forward to your participation and continued engagement at future.


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Angela De Los Santos
Democrat
Director of Policy Services for Diligent.
Colorado State University - Bachelors in Human Development and Family Studies, interdisciplinary in Criminal Justice. Texas State University -Masters of Education Harvard Kennedy School, in progress - Public Leadership Certification
80549
For political campaigns I've completed post card writing campaigns, text campaigns, and call campaigns. SURJ is an early team initiative to provide education and awareness of racial inequity and inequality. At Diverse Fort Collins I'm working with a committee to increase voter registration and engagement. The Larminer County Behavioral Health Technical Advisory Committee is comprised of at-large behavioral health professionals appointed by the Board of County Commissioners. TAC members reflect a balance in professional focus in the fields related to behavioral health services.
I've donated to many Democratic campaigns and politically organizations nationally and in Colorado, including: ActBlue Swing Left Beto O'Rourke Jared Polis Clinton/Kaine Biden/Harris Obama/Biden DNC Rebekka Kinney
Showing Up for Racial Justice (SURJ)- BIPOC Alliance TurnOut2020 Larimer County Dems Indivisible Front Range CO Legislations Trackers Larimer County - Behavioral Health Technical Advisory Committee Diverse Fort Collins Election Action Committee
I'd like to be a part of ensuring fair and equitable redistricting and representation in Colorado. At my prior residence in Colorado, I participated in the redistricting of a high growth school district.
Ultimately, my interest is in results that equitably represent the interests of all Colorado citizens. I'm going to support proposals that are based on facts and data. Collaboration requires listening above all else.
As a public policy professional, I'm continually organizing governance data for analysis. I understand how to evaluate proposals for desired impact. And I know how to utilize demographic and economic data to come to difficult decisions that involve trade offs.
Female


To bind a name is to create a name binding in a given context. Querying a value using a name determines the value associated with the name in a given context. Note that a name is always bound relative to a context. Thus, there are no absolute names.
The following are the key classes in the ACE Naming Service:
This is the main class ``entry point'' into the Naming Service. It is used both by client processes and by server process. It manages access to the appropriate Name/Binding database (that is the file where Name/Bindings are stored) and it also manages the communication between a client process and the server (by using class Name_Proxy, which is a private member of Naming_Context). If a client process runs on the same host as the server no IPC is necessary because the Naming_Context uses shared memory.
The Name_Acceptor allocates in its handle_input() routine a new instance of class Name_Handler on the heap, and accepts connections into this Name_Handler.
The class Name_Handler represents the server side of communication between client and server. It interprets incoming requests to the Net_Local namespace and delegates the requests to its own Naming_Context (which is the Net_Local namespace on the current host). For communication it uses the helper classes Name_Request and Name_Reply.
The ACE Naming Service uses ACE_WString String classes since it must handle wide character strings in order to support internationalization.
Configuring a Name_Server server or client requires specifying all or some of the following parameters. These parameters can be passed in to main through command line as follows:
| Option | Description | Default value |
|
-c <naming context> |
Naming Context to use. Can be either "PROC_LOCAL" or "NODE_LOCAL" or
"NET_LOCAL" |
PROC_LOCAL |
| -h <hostname> | Specify the server hostname (needed by Name Server clients for PROC_LOCAL naming context) | ACE_DEFAULT_SERVER_HOST |
|
-p <nameserver port> |
Port number where the server process expects requests |
ACE_DEFAULT_SERVER_PORT |
|
-l <namespace dir> |
Directory that holds the NameBinding databases |
ACE_DEFAULT_NAMESPACE_DIR |
|
-P <process name> |
Name of the client process | argv[0] |
|
-s <database name> |
Name of the database. NameBindings for the appropriate naming context are stored in file <namespace_dir>/<database name>. | null |
| -d <debug> | Turn debugging on/off | 0 (off) |
| -T <trace> | Turn tracing on/off | 0 (off) |
| -v <verbose> | Turn verbose on/off | 0 (off) |
dynamic Naming_Service Service_Object *
../lib/netsvcs:_make_ACE_Name_Acceptor()
"-p 20222 -c NET_LOCAL -l /tmp -s MYDATABASE"
dynamic Naming_Service_Client Service_Object *
../lib/netsvcs:_make_Client_Test()
"-h tango.cs.wustl.edu -p 20222"
The following are the key classes in the ACE Time Service:
TS_Server_Handler represents the server side of communication between
clerk and server. It interprets incoming requests for time updates,
gets the system time, creates a reply in response to the request and
then sends the reply to the clerk from which it received the request.
For communication it uses the helper class Time_Request.
TS_Server_Acceptor allocates in its handle_input routine a new instance
of class TS_Server_Handler on the heap, and accepts connections into this
TS_Server_Handler.
TS_Clerk_Handler represents the clerk side of communication between
clerk and server. It generates requests for time updates every timeout
period and then sends these requests to all the servers it is
connected to asynchronously. It receives the replies to these requests
from the servers through its handle_input method and then adjusts the
time using the roundtrip estimate. It caches this time, which is
subsequently retrieved by TS_Clerk_Processor.
TS_Clerk_Processor creates a new instance of TS_Clerk_Handler for
every server connection it needs to create. It periodically calls
send_request() of every TS_Clerk_Handler to send a request for time
update to all the servers. In the process, it retrieves the latest
time cached by each TS_Clerk_Handler and then uses it to compute its
notion of the local system time.
Currently, updating the system time involves taking the average of all
the times received from the servers.
Configuring a server requires specifying the port number of the
server. This can be specified as a command line argument as follows:
-p <port number>
A clerk communicates with one or more server processes. To communicate
with the server process, a client needs to know the INET_Addr, where
the server offers its service. The configuration parameters namely the
server port and server host are passed as command line arguments when
starting up the clerk service as follows:
-h <server host1>:<server port1> -h <server host2>:<server port2> ...
Note that multiple servers can be specified in this manner for the
clerk to connect to when it starts up. The server name and the port
number need to be concatenated and separated by a ":". In addition,
the timeout value can also be specified as a command line argument as
follows:
-t timeout
The timeout value specifies the time interval at which the clerk
should query the servers for time updates.
By default a Clerk does a non-blocking connect to a server. This can
be overridden and a Clerk can be made to do a blocking connect by
using the -b flag.
This class is a more general-purpose synchronization mechanism
than SunOS 5.x mutexes. For example, it implements "recursive
mutex" semantics, where a thread that owns the token can
reacquire it without deadlocking. In addition, threads that
are blocked awaiting the token are serviced in strict FIFO
order as other threads release the token (SunOS 5.x mutexes
don't strictly enforce an acquisition order). Lastly,
ACE_Local_Mutex performs deadlock detection on acquire
calls.
This is the remote equivalent to ACE_Local_Mutex. The
Remote_Mutex class offers methods for acquiring, renewing, and
releasing a distributed synchronization mutex. Similar to
ACE_Local_Mutex, ACE_Remote_Token_Proxy offers recursive
acquisition, FIFO waiter ordering, and deadlock detection. It
depends on the Token Server for its distributed synchronization
semantics.
This class implements the reader interface to canonical
readers/writer locks. Multiple readers can hold the lock
simultaneously when no writers have the lock. Alternatively,
when a writer holds the lock, no other participants (readers or
writers) may hold the lock. This class is a more
general-purpose synchronization mechanism than SunOS 5.x
RLocks. For example, it implements "recursive RLock"
semantics, where a thread that owns the token can reacquire it
without deadlocking. In addition, threads that are blocked
awaiting the token are serviced in strict FIFO order as other
threads release the token (SunOS 5.x RLockes don't strictly
enforce an acquisition order).
This class implements the writer interface to canonical
readers/writer locks. Multiple readers can hold the lock
simultaneously when no writers have the lock. Alternatively,
when a writer holds the lock, no other participants (readers or
writers) may hold the lock. This class is a more
general-purpose synchronization mechanism than SunOS 5.x WLock.
For example, it implements "recursive WLock" semantics, where a
thread that owns the token can reacquire it without
deadlocking. In addition, threads that are blocked awaiting
the token are serviced in strict FIFO order as other threads
release the token (SunOS 5.x WLocks don't strictly enforce an
acquisition order).
This is the remote equivalent to ACE_Local_RLock. Multiple
readers can hold the lock simultaneously when no writers have
the lock. Alternatively, when a writer holds the lock, no
other participants (readers or writers) may hold the lock.
ACE_Remote_RLock depends on the ACE Token Server for its
distributed synchronization semantics.
This is the remote equivalent to ACE_Local_WLock.
The Token_Acceptor is a Token_Handler factory. It accepts
connections and passes the service responsibilities off to a
new Token_Handler.
This class is the main class ``entry point'' of the ACE Token service. It
receives token operation requests from remote clients and turns
them into calls on local tokens (acquire, release, renew, and
remove). In OMG CORBA terminology, it is an ``Object Adapter.'' It also
schedules and handles timeouts that are used to support "timed
waits." Clients used timed waits to bound the amount of time
they block trying to get a token.
The only parameter that the Token Server takes is a listen port
number. You can specify a port number by passing a "-p
Here is an example svc.conf entry that dynamically loads the
Token Server specifying port number to listen on for client
connections:
The following are the key classes in the Server Logging Service:
The Server_Logging_Handler class is a parameterized type that is
responsible for processing logging records sent to the Server from
participating client hosts. When logging records arrive from the
client host associated with a particular Logging Handler object, the
handle_input() method of the Server_Logging_Handler class is called
which in turn formats and displays the records on one or more output
devices (such as the printer, persistent storage, and/or console
devices.
The class Server_Logging_Acceptor allocates in its handle_input()
routine a new instance of class Server_Logging_Handler on the heap,
and accepts connections into this Server_Logging_Handler.
The only parameter that the Logging Server takes is a listen
port number. You can specify a port number by passing a "-p
Here is an example svc.conf entry that dynamically loads the
Logging Server specifying port number to listen on for client
connections:
The Client_Logging_Handler class is a parameterized type that is
responsible for setting up a named pipe and using it to communicate
with different user processes on the same host. Once logging records
arrive from these processes, the handler reads these records in
priority order, performs network-byte order conversions on
multiple-header fields, and then transmits these records to the Server
Logging daemon across the network.
The class Client_Logging_Connector connects to the Server Logging
daemon and then in its handle_input() routine it allocates a new
instance of the Client_Logging_Handler on the heap.
Configuring a Logging Client requires specifying all or some of the
following parameters. These parameters can be passed in to main
through command line as follows:
Here is an example svc.conf entry that dynamically loads the
Logging Client specifying host name and port number of the
Logging Server:
The following describes how to configure the Logging Strategy
Service:
Here are the command line arguments that can be given to the Logging
Strategy Service:
-f <flag1>|<flag2>|<flag3> (etc...)
where a flag can be any of the following:
Note: If more than one flag is specified, the flags need to be 'OR'ed
as above syntax shows. Make sure there is no space in between the flag
and '|'.
-s filename
If the OSTREAM flag is set, this can be used to specify the filename
where the output should be directed. Note that if the OSTREAM flag is
set and no filename is specified, ACE_DEFAULT_LOGFILE will be used to
write the output to.
Here is an example svc.conf entry that dynamically loads the
Logging Strategy Service specifying that the output be sent
to STDERR:
"-f STDERR"
"-f STDERR|OSTREAM -s mylog"
Back to the
ACE home page.
Overview of Time Service
Time Service provides accurate, fault-tolerant clock synchronization
for computers collaborating in local area networks and wide area
networks. Synchronized time services are important in distributed
systems that require multiple hosts to maintain accurate global
time. The architecture of the distributed time service contains the
following Time Server, Clerk, and Client components:
The following is a description of how to configure the Time Server
clerk and server services:
Note:
dynamic Time_Service Service_Object *
../lib/netsvcs:_make_ACE_TS_Server_Acceptor()
"-p 20202"
dynamic Time_Server_test Service_Object *
../lib/netsvcs:_make_ACE_TS_Clerk_Connector ()
"-h tango:20202 -h lambada:20202 -t 4"
Token Service
The ACE Token Service provides local and remote mutexes and
readers/writer locks. For information regarding the deadlock
detection algorithm, check out ACE_Token_Manager.h. For information
about an implementation of the Composite Pattern for Tokens, check out
Token_Collection.h. The classes which implement the local and remote
synchronization primitives are listed below:
The Token Server provides distributed mutex and readers/writer lock
semantics to the ACE Token library. ACE_Remote_Mutex,
ACE_Remote_RLock, and ACE_Remote_WLock, are proxies to the Token
Server. The following are the key classes in the ACE Token
Server:
The following describes how to configure the Token Server:
Note:
dynamic Token_Service Service_Object *
../lib/netsvcs:_make_ACE_Token_Acceptor()
"-p 10202"
Overview of Server Logging Service
The Server Logging Service provides a concurrent, multi-service daemon
that processes logging records received from one or more client hosts
simultaneously. The object-oriented design of the Server Logging
Service is decomposed into several modular components that perform
well-defined tasks.
The following describes how to configure the Logging Server:
Note:
dynamic Server_Logging_Service Service_Object *
../lib/netsvcs:_make_ACE_Server_Logging_Acceptor()
"-p 10202"
Overview of Client Logging Service
The Client Logging Service multiplexes messages received from
different applications to the Server Logging Daemon running on a
designated host in a network/internetwork.
The following are the key classes in the Client Logging Service:
The following describes how to configure the Logging Client:
Note:
Option
Description
Default value
-h <hostname>
Hostname of the Server Logging Daemon
ACE_DEFAULT_SERVER_HOST
-p <port number>
Port number of the Server Logging Daemon
ACE_DEFAULT_LOGGING_SERVER_PORT
-p <rendezvous key>
Rendezvous key used to create named pipe
ACE_DEFAULT_RENDEZVOUS
dynamic Client_Logging_Service Service_Object *
../lib/netsvcs:_make_ACE_Client_Logging_Connector()
"-h tango.cs.wustl.edu -p 10202"
Overview of Logging Strategy Service
The Logging Strategy Service can be used to control the output of all the
network services. It can be invoked with certain flags that determine
where the output of all the services should go. The Logging Strategy
Service sets the flags in ACE_Log_Msg, which controls all the streams
through macros such as ACE_DEBUG, ACE_ERROR, and ACE_ERROR_RETURN. If
default behavior is required, the Logging Strategy Service need not be
invoked or it can be invoked with no parameters.
Flags
Description
STDERR
Write messages to stderr.
LOGGER
Write messages to the local client logger deamon.
OSTREAM
Write messages to the ostream that gets created by specifying a
filename (see below)
VERBOSE
Display messages in a verbose manner
SILENT
Do not print messages at all
dynamic Logging_Strategy_Service Service_Object *
../lib/netsvcs:_make_ACE_Logging_Strategy()
"-f STDERR"
Note:


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Syllabus
NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued. The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
Syllabus
SMITH v. UNITED STATES
Petitioner Smith claimed that conspiracy charges brought against him for his role in an illegal drug business, see 21 U. S. C. §846 and 18 U. S. C. §1962(d), were barred by 18 U. S. C. §3282’s 5-year statute of limitations. The District Court instructed the jury to convict Smith of each conspiracy count if the Government had proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the conspiracies existed, that Smith was a member of those conspiracies, and that the conspiracies continued within the applicable statute-of-limitations period. As to the affirmative defense of withdrawal from the conspiracy, the court instructed the jury that once the Government proved that Smith was a member of the conspiracy, Smith had the burden to prove withdrawal outside the statute of limitations by a preponderance of the evidence. Smith was convicted, and the D. C. Circuit affirmed.
Held: A defendant bears the burden of proving a defense of withdrawal. Pp. 3–8.
(a) Allocating to the defendant the burden of proving withdrawal does not violate the Due Process Clause. Unless an affirmative defense negates an element of the crime, the Government has no constitutional duty to overcome the defense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Dixon v. United States, 548 U. S. 1. Withdrawal does not negate an element of the conspiracy crimes charged here, but instead presupposes that the defendant committed the offense. Withdrawal terminates a defendant’s liability for his co-conspirators’ postwithdrawal acts, but he remains guilty of conspiracy.
Withdrawal that occurs beyond the statute-of-limitations period provides a complete defense to prosecution, but does not render the underlying conduct noncriminal. Thus, while union of withdrawal with a statute-of-limitations defense can free a defendant of criminal liability, it does not place upon the prosecution a constitutional responsibility to prove that he did not withdraw. As with other affirmative defenses, the burden is on him. Pp. 3–6.
(b) Although Congress may assign the Government the burden of proving the nonexistence of withdrawal, it did not do so here. Because Congress did not address the burden of proof for withdrawal in 21 U. S. C. §846 or 18 U. S. C. §1962(d), it is presumed that Congress intended to preserve the common-law rule that affirmative defenses are for the defendant to prove. Dixon, supra, at 13–14. The analysis does not change when withdrawal is the basis for a statute-of-limitations defense. In that circumstance, the Government need only prove that the conspiracy continued past the statute-of-limitations period. A conspiracy continues until it is terminated or, as to a particular defendant, until that defendant withdraws. And the burden of establishing withdrawal rests upon the defendant. Pp. 6–8.
651 F. 3d 30, affirmed.
Scalia, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
Opinion
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
_________________
No. 11–8976
_________________
CALVIN SMITH, PETITIONER v. UNITED STATES
Justice Scalia delivered the opinion of the Court.
Upon joining a criminal conspiracy, a defendant’s membership in the ongoing unlawful scheme continues until he withdraws. A defendant who withdraws outside the relevant statute-of-limitations period has a complete defense to prosecution. We consider whether, when the defend- ant produces some evidence supporting such a defense, the Government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he did not withdraw outside the statute-of-limitations period.
I
Petitioner Calvin Smith was indicted for crimes connected to his role in an organization that distributed cocaine, crack cocaine, heroin, and marijuana in Washington, D. C., for about a decade. The 158-count indictment charged Smith and 16 alleged co-conspirators with conspiring to run, and actually running, an illegal drug business, as well as with committing acts of violence, including 31 murders, to further their goals. Smith was tried alongside five codefendants. A jury of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia convicted him of (1) conspiracy to distribute narcotics and to possess narcotics with the intent to distribute them, in violation of 21 U. S. C. §846; (2) Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) conspiracy, in violation of 18 U. S. C. §1962(d); (3) murder in connection with a contin- uing criminal enterprise, in violation of 21 U. S. C. §848(e)(1)(A); and (4) four counts of murder while armed, in violation of D. C. Code §§22–2401 and 22–3202 (1996). 1
At issue here are Smith’s conspiracy convictions. Before trial, Smith moved to dismiss the conspiracy counts as barred by the applicable 5-year statute of limitations, 18 U. S. C. §3282, because he had spent the last six years of the charged conspiracies in prison for a felony conviction. The court denied his motion and Smith renewed his statute-of-limitations defense at trial. In the final jury charge, the court instructed the jury to convict Smith of each conspiracy count if the Government had proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the conspiracies existed, that Smith was a member of those conspiracies, and that the conspiracies “continued in existence within five years” before the indictment. App. 289a, 300a.
After it began deliberations, the jury asked the court what to do in the event that a defendant withdrew from the conspiracies outside the relevant limitations period. 2 Smith had not yet raised an affirmative defense of withdrawal, so the court for the first time instructed the jury on the defense. The court explained that “[t]he relevant date for purposes of determining the statute of limitations is the date, if any, on which a conspiracy concludes or a date on which that defendant withdrew from that conspiracy.” Id., at 328a. It defined withdrawal as “affirmative acts inconsistent with the goals of the conspiracy” that “were communicated to the defendant’s coconspirators in a manner reasonably calculated to reach those conspirators.” “Withdrawal,” the court instructed, “must be un- equivocal.” Ibid. Over the defense’s objection, the court told the jury that “[o]nce the government has proven that a defendant was a member of a conspiracy, the burden is on the defendant to prove withdrawal from a conspiracy by a preponderance of the evidence.” Ibid. The jury then convicted Smith of the conspiracy crimes.
As relevant here, the Court of Appeals affirmed Smith’s conspiracy convictions. Recognizing that the Circuits are divided on which party bears the burden of proving or dis- proving a defense of withdrawal prior to the limitations period, the court concluded that the defendant bears the burden of proof and that such a disposition does not violate the Due Process Clause. United States v. Moore, 651 F. 3d 30, 89–90 (CADC 2011) (per curiam). We granted certiorari. 567 U. S. ___ (2012).
II
Petitioner’s claim lies at the intersection of a withdrawal defense and a statute-of-limitations defense. He asserts that once he presented evidence that he ended his membership in the conspiracy prior to the statute-of-limitations period, it became the Government’s burden to prove that his individual participation in the conspiracy persisted within the applicable five-year window. This position draws support neither from the Constitution (as discussed in this Part II), nor from the conspiracy and limitations statutes at issue (as discussed in Part III, infra). Establishing individual withdrawal was a burden that rested firmly on the defendant regardless of when the purported withdrawal took place.
Allocating to a defendant the burden of proving withdrawal does not violate the Due Process Clause. While the Government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt “every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which [the de- fendant] is charged,” In re Winship, 397 U. S. 358, 364 (1970) , “[p]roof of the nonexistence of all affirmative defenses has never been constitutionally required,” Patterson v. New York, 432 U. S. 197, 210 (1977) . The State is foreclosed from shifting the burden of proof to the defendant only “when an affirmative defense does negate an element of the crime.” Martin v. Ohio, 480 U. S. 228, 237 (1987) (Powell, J., dissenting). Where instead it “excuse[s] conduct that would otherwise be punishable,” but “does not controvert any of the elements of the offense itself,” the Government has no constitutional duty to overcome the defense beyond a reasonable doubt. Dixon v. United States, 548 U. S. 1, 6 (2006) .
Withdrawal does not negate an element of the conspir- acy crimes charged here. The essence of conspiracy is “the combination of minds in an unlawful purpose.” United States v. Hirsch, 100 U. S. 33, 34 (1879) . To convict a de- fendant of narcotics or RICO conspiracy, the Govern- ment must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that two or more people agreed to commit a crime covered by the specific conspiracy statute (that a conspiracy existed) and that the defendant knowingly and willfully participated in the agreement (that he was a member of the conspiracy). 3 Far from contradicting an element of the offense, withdrawal presupposes that the defendant committed the offense. Withdrawal achieves more modest ends than exoneration. Since conspiracy is a continuing offense, United States v. Kissel, 218 U. S. 601, 610 (1910) , a defendant who has joined a conspiracy continues to violate the law “through every moment of [the conspiracy’s] existence,” Hyde v. United States, 225 U. S. 347, 369 (1912) , and he becomes responsible for the acts of his co-conspirators in pursuit of their common plot, Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U. S. 640, 646 (1946) . Withdrawal terminates the defendant’s liability for postwithdrawal acts of his co-conspirators, but he remains guilty of conspiracy.
Withdrawal also starts the clock running on the time within which the defendant may be prosecuted, and provides a complete defense when the withdrawal occurs beyond the applicable statute-of-limitations period. 4 A complete defense, however, is not necessarily one that establishes the defendant’s innocence. For example, we have held that although self-defense may entirely excuse or justify aggravated murder, “the elements of aggravated murder and self-defense [do not] overlap in the sense that evidence to prove the latter will often tend to negate the former.” Martin, supra, at 234; see Leland v. Oregon, 343 U. S. 790–796 (1952) (same for insanity defense). Likewise, although the statute of limitations may inhibit prosecution, it does not render the underlying conduct noncriminal. Commission of the crime within the statute-of-limitations period is not an element of the conspiracy offense. See United States v. Cook, 17 Wall. 168, 180 (1872). The Government need not allege the time of the offense in the indictment, id., at 179–180, and it is up to the defendant to raise the limitations defense, Biddinger v. Commissioner of Police of City of New York, 245 U. S. 128, 135 (1917) . A statute-of-limitations defense does not call the criminality of the defendant’s conduct into question, but rather reflects a policy judgment by the legis- lature that the lapse of time may render criminal acts ill suited for prosecution. See, e.g., Toussie v. United States, 397 U. S. 112–115 (1970). Thus, although union of withdrawal with a statute-of-limitations defense can free the defendant of criminal liability, it does not place upon the prosecution a constitutional responsibility to prove that he did not withdraw. As with other affirmative defenses, the burden is on him.
III
Of course, Congress may choose to assign the Government the burden of proving the nonexistence of withdrawal, even if that is not constitutionally required. It did not do so here. “[T]he common-law rule was that affirmative defenses . . . were matters for the defendant to prove.” Martin, supra, at 235; see 4 W. Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 201 (1769). Because Congress did not address in 21 U. S. C. §846 or 18 U. S. C. §1962(d) the burden of proof for withdrawal, we presume that Con- gress intended to preserve the common-law rule. Dixon, 548 U. S., at 13–14.
That Congress left the traditional burden of proof undisturbed is both practical and fair. “ ‘[W]here the facts with regard to an issue lie peculiarly in the knowledge of a party,’ ” that party is best situated to bear the burden of proof. Id., at 9. On the matter of withdrawal, the in- formational asymmetry heavily favors the defendant. Pas- sive nonparticipation in the continuing scheme is not enough to sever the meeting of minds that constitutes the conspiracy. “[T]o avert a continuing criminality” there must be “affirmative action . . . to disavow or defeat the purpose” of the conspiracy. Hyde, supra, at 369. The defendant knows what steps, if any, he took to dissociate from his confederates. He can testify to his act of withdrawal or direct the court to other evidence substantiating his claim. 5 It would be nearly impossible for the Gov- ernment to prove the negative that an act of with- drawal never happened. See 9 J. Wigmore, Evidence §2486, p. 288 (J. Chadbourn rev. 1981) (“It is often said that the burden is upon the party having in form the affirmative allegation”). Witnesses with the primary power to refute a withdrawal defense will often be beyond the Government’s reach: The defendant’s co-conspirators are likely to invoke their right against self-incrimination rather than explain their unlawful association with him.
Here again, the analysis does not change when withdrawal is the basis for a statute-of-limitations defense. To be sure, we have held that the Government must prove the time of the conspiracy offense if a statute-of-limitations defense is raised. Grunewald v. United States, 353 U. S. 391, 396 (1957) . But the Government satisfied that burden here when it proved that the conspiracy continued past the statute-of-limitations period. For the offense in these conspiracy prosecutions was not the initial act of agreement, but the banding-together against the law effected by that act, which continues until termination of the conspiracy or, as to a particular defendant, until that defendant’s withdrawal. And as we have discussed, the burden of establishing that withdrawal rests upon the defendant.
Petitioner’s claim that assertion of a statute-of-limitations defense shifts that burden is incompatible with the established proposition that a defendant’s membership in the conspiracy, and his responsibility for its acts, endures even if he is entirely inactive after joining it. (“As he has started evil forces he must withdraw his support from them or incur the guilt of their continuance.” Hyde, 225 U. S., at 369–370.) For as a practical matter, the only way the Government would be able to establish a failure to withdraw would be to show active participation in the conspiracy during the limitations period.
* * *
Having joined forces to achieve collectively more evil than he could accomplish alone, Smith tied his fate to that of the group. His individual change of heart (assuming it occurred) could not put the conspiracy genie back in the bottle. We punish him for the havoc wreaked by the unlawful scheme, whether or not he remained actively involved. It is his withdrawal that must be active, and it was his burden to show that.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.
It is so ordered.
1 On appeal, the D. C. Circuit remanded two of the murder counts for the District Court to conduct an evidentiary hearing regarding whether Smith received ineffective assistance of counsel as to those convictions. United States v. Moore, 651 F. 3d 30, 89 (2011) (per curiam).
2 The note to the judge inquired: “ ‘If we find that the Narcotics or RICO conspiracies continued after the relevant date under the statute of limitations, but that a particular defendant left the conspiracy before the relevant date under the statute of limitations, must we find that defendant not guilty? ’ ” App. 174a.
3 Narcotics conspiracy under 21 U. S. C. §846 criminalizes “con-spir[ing] to commit any offense” under the Controlled SubstancesAct, including the knowing distribution of, or possession with intent to distribute, controlled substances, §841(a)(1). Section 1962(d) of Title 18 makes it unlawful to “conspire to violate” RICO, which makes it unlawful, among other things, “for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity,” §1962(c).
4 The conspiracy statutes at issue here do not contain their own limitations periods, but are governed by §3282(a), which provides: “Except as otherwise expressly provided by law, no person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any offense, not capital, unless the indictment is found or the information is instituted within five years next after such offense shall have been committed.” At the time petitioner was in-dicted, §3282 contained no subsections; what was the full text of the sec-tion is now subsection (a).
5 Here, Smith introduced a stipulation of his dates spent incarcerated, as well as “testimonial evidence showing that he was no longer a member of the charged conspiracies during his incarceration.” Brief for Petitioner 3. The jury found that this did not establish by a preponderance of the evidence an affirmative act of withdrawal.


WITNESS LIST Public Health Committee March 28, 2001-1:30P HB 663 Committee Substitute (Lewis/#1) For: Rodriguez, M.D., Shelly Sekula (Texas Dermatological Society & Texas Medical Society) Registering, but not testifying: For: Banning, Tom (Texas Family of Academy Physicians) Headrick, Kelly (American Cancer Society) Madorsky, M.D., David D. (Self and Texas Dermatological Association) Phipps, Candie (Texas Pediatric Society) Vane, Mark (Indoor Tanning Association) On: Brinck, Tom (Texas Department of Health) Tennyson, Susan (Texas Dept. of Health Bureau of Food & Drug Safety) HB 761 For: Flores, Fernanado (City of San Antonio) Registering, but not testifying: On: Bays, Richard (TDH, Bureau of Vital Statistics) Hard, Nancy Pechacek (Texas Workforce Commission) Owens, Debra F. (TDH, Bureau of Vital Statistics) HB 975 For: McGiffert, Lisa (Consumers Union) Against: Crawford, Brenita (Texas Hospital Association; Methodist Health Care System - Houston) Davis, Celia (Hendrik Health System) Hayes, Patricia (Seton Healthcare Network & Texas Hospital Association) O'Brien, Sister Michelle (Christus Santa Rose Health Care, Texas Conference of Catholic Health Facilities) Rushing, Linda (Texas Conference of Catholic Health Facilities) On: Michell, John (Texas Health Resources) Registering, but not testifying: Against: Gross, Kevin (United Regional Health Care System) Harner, Pattie T. (Christus Health) Jackson, Mary Elizabeth (Self) Knaupe, Gregg (Texas Organization of Rural & Community Hospitals) McGown, Dennis (United Regional Health Care System) Swasko, Paul (Christus St. Joseph's Health System) On: Desai, Shaku (Texas Department of Health) Henry, Ann (Texas Department of Health) HB 998 Committee Substitute (Hartnet/#1) Registering, but not testifying: For: Trimble, Robert "Skip" (Texas Humane Legislation Network) HB 998 Committee Substitute (Hartnett/#1) Copeland, Chris (Texas Veterinary Medical Association) Holloway, Cile (Self and Texas Humane Legislation Network) On: Hanson, Imelda Celine (Texas Department of Health) Hunt, Darrel (Texas Department of Transportation) HB 1537 Committee Substitute (Coleman/#1) For: Marin, M.D., Elena (Su Clinica Familiar, Inc.) Partida, Sylvia (National Center for Farmworker Health) Valdez, Adolfo (Self) Registering, but not testifying: For: Brewer, Sister Helen (Seton Healthcare Network) Camacho, Jose E. (Texas Association of Community Health Centers) Davis, Helen Kent (Texas Medical Association) Dunkelberg, Anne (Center for Public Policy Priorities) Escobar, Felicia (National Council of La Raza) Friedholm, DeAnn (Americaid Community Care) Hernandez, Leslie (National Association of Social Workers / Texas) Jones, Susan (Texas Hospital Association) McGiffert, Lisa (Consumers Union) Perkins, Vicki (Christus Santa Rosa Children's Hospital) Sperry, Bryan (Children's Hospital Association of Texas) Umphress, John (Texas Association of Public & Nonprofit Hospitals) On: Wertz, Linda (Health & Human Services Commission) Zolondek, Marianna (Texas Department of Health) HB 1651 For: Ziskrout, Dr. Dana (Self) Registering, but not testifying: For: Hana, Mark J. (Texas Association of Optometrists) HB 2082 Committee Substitute (Eiland/#1) Registering, but not testifying: For: Camacho, Jose E. (Texas Association of Community Health) Martinez, Ray (Texas Conference of Urban Counties) On: Magers, Bonnie (Texas Department of Health) HB 2284 Committee Substitute (Kitchen/1) For: Bower, Bruce (Texas Senior Advocacy Coalition) DeWitt, Chris (Advocacy, Inc.) Rachofsky, Marcia (Texas Legal Services Center) Registering, but not testifying: For: Camacho, Jose (Texas Association of Community Health Centers) Dewitt, Cecile (Self) Dunkelberg, Anne (Center for Public Policy Priorities) Jones, Susan (Texas Hospital Association) McGiffert, Lisa (Consumers Union) McPhail, Jennifer (ADAPT of Texas) McPherson, Kim (The Mental Health Association in Texas) Mizcles, Amy (National Alliance for the Mentally Ill of Texass) Murgia, Sandra (Coalition of Texans with Disabilities) Rossberg, Cathy (Americaid Community Care) Rushing, Linda (Texas Catholic Conference) Thames, Bill (FirstCare) Umphress, John (Texas Association of Public and Nonprofit Hospitals) On: Jesse, Gary (Texas Department on Aging) Stockton, John (Texas Department of Human Services) HB 2419 Against: Crawford, Brenita (Texas Hospital Associaton, Methodist Health Care System -Houston) Davis, Celia (Hendrick Health System) Hayes, Patricia (Seton Healthcare Network and Texas Hospital Association) O'Brien, Sister Michelle (CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Health Care, Texas Conference of Catholic Health Facilities) Rushing, Linda (Texas Conference of Caltholic Health Facilities) On: Kitchen, Rep. Ann (Self) McGiffert, Lisa (Consumers Union) Registering, but not testifying: For: Dunkelberg, Anne (Center for Public Policy Priorities) Against: Gross, Kevin (United of Regional HealthCare System) Harper, Pattie (CHRISTUS Health) Jackson, Mary (Self) Knaupe, Greg (Texas Organizational of Rural and Commuity Hospitals) Swaske, Paul (CHRISTUS St. Joseph's Health System) On: Dgsai, Shaku (Texas Department of Health) Henry, Ann (Texas Department of Health) HB 2420 Committee Substitute (Coleman/#1) Registering, but not testifying: For: Camacho, Jose E. (Texas Association of Community Health Centers) Dunkelberg, Ann (Center for Public Policy Priorities) Hernandez, Leslie (National Association of Social Workers / Texas) Jones, Susan (Texas Hospital Association) McGiffert, Lisa (Consumers Union) McPherson, Kim (The Mental Health Association in Texas) Rossberg, Cathy (Americaid Community Care) Umphress, John (Texas Association of Public & Nonprofit Hospitals) On: Gomez, Arnulfo L. (Texas Department of Health) HB 2421 Committee Substitute (Hawley/#1) Registering, but not testifying: For: Banning, Tom (Texas Academy of Family Physicians) Boucher, Terry (Texas Osteopathic Medical Association) Clark, PAC, Ph.D, Michael G. (Texas Academy of Physician Assistants) Collins, Marcia (Texas Medical Association) Da Silva, Joe A. (Texas Hospital Association) Knaupe, Gregg (Texas Organization of Rural & Community Hospitals) Phipps, Candie (Texas Pediatric Society) Turner, Jill (Texas Farm Bureau) On: Easley, Mike (Center for Rural Health) HB 2423 Committee Substitute (Hawley/#1) Registering, but not testifying: For: Da Silva, Joe A. (Texas Hospital Association) Gregg, Knaupe (Texas Organization of Rural & Community Hospitals) HB 2425 For: Campos, Juan (Hidalgo Starr County Medical Society) McGiffert, Lisa (Consumers Union) Against: Camacho, Jose (Texas Association of Community Health Centers) Thames, Bill (FirstCare) On: Dunkelberg, Anne (Center for Public Policy Priorities) Friedholm, DeAnn (Americaid Community Care- Texas) Registering, but not testifying: For: Banning, Tom (Texas Academy of Family Physicians) Boucher, Terry (Texas Osteopathic Medical Association) DaSilva, Joe (Texas Hospital Association) Nickerson, Jim (Self) Phipps, Candie (Texas Pediatric Society) Schmitt, Cyndie (Texas Council of Community MHMR Centers, Inc.) Vasek, Heather (Texas Association for Home Care) On: Easley, Mike (Center for Rural Health) Wilson, Sheri (Texas Department of Health) HB 2446 Committee Substitute (Glaze/#1) For: Haussecker, Ron (EMS Association of Texas Inc, Texas Ambulance Association) Klein, Jorie (Parkland Health Hospital Syatem, TDA, North Central Texas Trauma Advisory Council) Waller, Craig (Texas Ambulance Association) Woodhall, R.N., Don B. (Self) Registering, but not testifying: For: Sjoberg, Elizabeth (Texas Hospital Association) On: Easley, Mike (Center for Rural Health) Magers, Bonnie (Texas Department of Health) Perkins, Kathryn C. (Texas Department of Health) Van Doren, Michael (Texas Peer Assistance Program For Nurses) HB 2463 For: Bouma, Brad (Self and Texas Association of Diarymen) Registering, but not testifying: For: Copeland, Chris (Texas Veterinary Medical Association) Cowan, John (Dairy Farmers of America, Inc.) On: Coats, Jr., Max E. (Texas Animal Health Commission) Tennyson, Susan (Texas Department of Health, Bureau of Food & Drug) Wright, Gene (Texas Department of Health) HB 2602 Committee Substitute (Coleman/#1) Registering, but not testifying: For: Glover, Sue (Texas Association of Counties) On: Magers, Bonnie (Texas Department of Health) HB 3038 Amendment (Isett/#1) On: Berndt, Trey (Health and Human Services Commission) Cottrell, Terry (Texas Department of Health) Dunkelberg, Anne (Center for Public Policy Priorities) McGiffert, Lisa (Consumers Union) Rossberg, Cathy (Americaid Community Care) Registering, but not testifying: For: Camacho, Jose E. (Texas Association of Community Health Centers) Keel, Lara Laneri (Texas Association of Business and Chambers of Commerce) Manross, Lee (Texas Association of Health Underwriters) HB 3043 For: Hipp, Jonny (Nueces County Hospital District) Martinez, Ray (Texas Conference of Urban Counties) Registering, but not testifying: For: Bailey, Charles (Texas Hospital Association) Umphress, John (Texas Association of Public & NonProfit Hospitals) HB 3572 For: Benavides, Olga (Self) Crownover, Myra (Self) Fisk, Mary Beth (STBTC) Hampton, Apryl (Self) Hampton, Justice Delson (Self) Huckelbury, Piper (Self) Kalmin, M.D., Norman D. (STBTC) Rosenfeld, Craig (Texas Oncology Group) Weinthal, M.D., Joel (Self) Registering, but not testifying: For: Hendrick, Kelly (American Cancer Society) Jones, Elizabeth Ames (Self) Myers, Jackelyn S. (Self) Stone, Sam (Texas Independent Blood Centers) On: Stanley, Sharilyn (TDH) SB 115 Amendment (Madla/#1) Registering, but not testifying: For: Banning, Tom (Texas Academy of Family Physicians) Da Silva, Joe A. (Texas Hospital Association) Drobnica, PAC, John (Texas Academy of Physician Assistants) Phipps, Candie (Texas Pediatric Society) Terry, Boucher (Texas Osteopathic Medical Association) Turner, Jill (Texas Farm Bureau) Against: Swasko, Paul (Christus St. Joseph's Health System) On: Easley, Mike (Center for Rural Health) SB 516 Amendment (Madla/#1) Registering, but not testifying: For: Banning, Tom (Texas Academy Of Family Physicians) Boucher, Terry (Texas Osteopathic Medical Association) Branson, P.A., Richard (Texas Academy of Physician Assistants) Da Silva, Joe A. (Texas Hospital Association) Knaupe, Gregg (Texas Organization of Rural & Community Hospitals) Phipps, Candie (Texas Pediatric Society) Turner, Jill (Texas Farm Bureau) On: Easley, Mike (Center for Rural Health)


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Mixtape Generation
An application for users to search songs by keywords and add them to custom playlists.
Deploy AppGitHub Repo
EAT-THE-BURGER
An application where user's can enter burger's they would like to eat and devour them! This app demonstrates the utilization of a mysql database using express and express-handlebars.
Deploy AppGitHub Repo
Code Quiz
An application designed for the user to take a timed JavaScript quiz.
Deploy AppGitHub Repo
Work Day Scheduler
An application designed for the user to plan and save events for their work day.
Deploy AppGitHub Repo
Duration Station
An application designed to return music artist's album information, by searching album names.
Deploy AppGitHub Repo


Notice: For the img tag, only the content id is specified with cid but no path of the image is specified.
While sending mail with mailsend, we will specify the content ids ith flag -content-id for the specfic image.
Example:
Note: Requires mailsend v1.17b15+. The following command is used to send this mail:
mailsend -v -sub "Testing embedding image in HTML" -from<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-smtp smtp.gmail.com -port 587 -starttls -auth -user<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-cs ISO-8859-1 -content-type "multipart/related" -mime-type text/html -disposition inline -enc-type "none" -attach "test/embedded_image2.html" -mime-type image/png -enc-type "base64" -disposition inline -content-id "img1_deadbeefcafe" -cs "none" -attach "test/blue.png" -content-id "img2_deadbeefcafe" -cs "none" -attach "test/green.png"
Any mail reader that understands multipart-related Content-type will display the html and the image together. Without the content id, the HTML and the image will show up as 2 separate attachments.
Tested with gmail, outlook and yahoo mail which can display HTML file with embedded image.


Munch is served
Bacon ipsum dolor amet salami short ribs chuck kevin, picanha hamburger bresaola pork ham hock leberkas turkey. Chuck fatback jerky biltong pork shankle hamburger. Pastrami filet mignon burgdoggen bresaola. Pork belly cow pork chop, porchetta beef ribs swine picanha kielbasa drumstick shankle salami ball tip spare ribs brisket prosciutto.  Porchetta pork belly sirloin beef, kielbasa pancetta sausage pork loin filet mignon flank capicola swine.  Pastrami strip steak short ribs hamburger ham hock pancetta chicken sirloin landjaeger turducken cupim. Bacon meatball chuck, meatloaf leberkas jerky pork belly turducken burgdoggen brisket. T-bone pork chop landjaeger, pork loin bacon strip steak shankle doner sausage porchetta pastrami tail kielbasa shoulder turkey. Brisket rump tail, burgdoggen andouille tenderloin spare ribs ribeye meatball tongue beef ribs. Capicola turducken ribeye landjaeger kielbasa prosciutto tongue beef.


| Method | Description |
|---|---|
| Zend\Ldap\Filter equals(string $attr, string $value) | Creates an ‘equals’ filter: (attr=value). |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter begins(string $attr, string $value) | Creates an ‘begins with’ filter: (attr=value*). |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter ends(string $attr, string $value) | Creates an ‘ends with’ filter: (attr=*value). |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter contains(string $attr, string $value) | Creates an ‘contains’ filter: (attr=*value*). |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter greater(string $attr, string $value) | Creates an ‘greater’ filter: (attr>value). |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter greaterOrEqual(string $attr, string $value) | Creates an ‘greater or equal’ filter: (attr>=value). |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter less(string $attr, string $value) | Creates an ‘less’ filter: (attr<value). |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter lessOrEqual(string $attr, string $value) | Creates an ‘less or equal’ filter: (attr<=value). |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter approx(string $attr, string $value) | Creates an ‘approx’ filter: (attr~=value). |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter any(string $attr) | Creates an ‘any’ filter: (attr=*). |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter string(string $filter) | Creates a simple custom string filter. The user is responsible for all value-escaping as the filter is used as is. |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter mask(string $mask, string $value,...) | Creates a filter from a string mask. All $value parameters will be escaped and substituted into $mask by using sprintf() |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter andFilter(Zend\Ldap\Filter\AbstractFilter $filter,...) | Creates an ‘and’ filter from all arguments given. |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter orFilter(Zend\Ldap\Filter\AbstractFilter $filter,...) | Creates an ‘or’ filter from all arguments given. |
| __construct(string $attr, string $value, string $filtertype, string|null $prepend, string|null $append) | Constructor. Creates an arbitrary filter according to the parameters supplied. The resulting filter will be a concatenation $attr . $filtertype . $prepend . $value . $append. Normally this constructor is not needed as all filters can be created by using the appropriate factory methods. |
| string toString() | Returns a string representation of the filter. |
| string __toString() | Returns a string representation of the filter. Proxies to Zend\Ldap\Filter::toString(). |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter\AbstractFilter negate() | Negates the current filter. |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter\AbstractFilter addAnd(Zend\Ldap\Filter\AbstractFilter $filter,...) | Creates an ‘and’ filter from the current filter and all filters passed in as the arguments. |
| Zend\Ldap\Filter\AbstractFilter addOr(Zend\Ldap\Filter\AbstractFilter $filter,...) | Creates an ‘or’ filter from the current filter and all filters passed in as the arguments. |
| string|array escapeValue(string|array $values) | Escapes the given $values according to RFC 2254 so that they can be safely used in LDAP filters. If a single string is given, a string is returned - otherwise an array is returned. Any control characters with an ASCII code < 32 as well as the characters with special meaning in LDAP filters “*”, “(”, ”)”, and “\” (the backslash) are converted into the representation of a backslash followed by two hex digits representing the hexadecimal value of the character. |
| string|array unescapeValue(string|array $values) | Undoes the conversion done by Zend\Ldap\Filter::escapeValue(). Converts any sequences of a backslash followed by two hex digits into the corresponding character. |
The source code of this file is hosted on GitHub. Everyone can update and fix errors in this document with few clicks - no downloads needed.


K.N.Dheeraj.Dheeraj with the brand new Nissan SunnyBirth 06-04-1997(31 years old) Born At Vijayawada,A.P Years Active (2019-present) Alma Mater Princeton University Occupation (Past)Vice Head Administrator of Icloud(Apple Inc) Cofounder, Chairman, and CEO, DCi ©. Cofounder, Chairman, and CEO, Dcloud Inc. Cofounder, Chairman, and CEO, D2ata Services. Chairman, Cofounder, DStore Inc. Net worth US$70.1 million Board member of Dcloud Inc.DChat, DCi, DMail, UPES, D2ata Services. Parents K.R.K.Murthy K.Vasantha Lakshmi |
Dheeraj(born as Kollapudi.Nagendra.Dheeraj on 6thApril 1997)who is an appreicate student at all institution places carried out his education at many places across the India.He is presentily The CEO of the Dcloud Inc.
Born on 6th April 1997 to K.Vasantha Lakshmi and K.Radha.Krishna.Murthy did his Schooling at N.S.M.public school and secured a grade of 9.4and decided to do intermedidate at Fiitjee(Vijayawada)and finally secured 955/1000 Even though he didnot secure wanted NIT's and IIT's he decided to get into UPES and completed hisB.TECH CSE WITH SPECIALIZATION IN CLOUD COMPUTING AND VIRTULIZATION TECHNOLOGIES and after many Failures he Finally Stands as Chairman of Dcloud Inc.
(Dheeraj Coding Inc.)
Everyone must have minimum access to Internet so that we can connect to the world's information either needed for booking tickets , maps or anyway possible so we developed D2 Data Services low-Cost & high connectivity to other DCi services without comprising on the Speed and must be able to do minimal tasks like Chatting with friends DChat Cross Platform and Device Messaging System, Emailing sending personal or professional your Data across the world at higher speeds and with more upto 50GB of storage per user (DMail) ,Accessing your Content Everywhere and Everytime couldn't been so easier with DCloud account.
I had a Dream that I must do something that would Revolutize the people and must always have to remeber me for my Contribution to mankind but not by my money.
University of Petroluem Studies
Dheeraj Data Services
Dheeraj's Chat Engine
Dheeraj Health Care Services
Dheeraj Mailing Services


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Harry Potter And The Cursed Child
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Love Does
The Good Omens
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Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
At the Going Donwn of the Sun
Love Does
The Good Omens
The Lives Inside Your Head


--- layout: archive title: "Research" permalink: /research-area/ author_profile: true --- I have developed a strong research potential in innovative physical layer security solutions for future wireless technologies with ultra-low energy requirements but high security standards. My research aims to bridge the gap between the theoretical modelling and practical exploitation of physical layer security using state-of-the-art testbeds and equipment.


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Use the AUFS storage driver
Estimated reading time: 8 minutesAUFS is a union filesystem. The aufs
storage driver was previously the default
storage driver used for managing images and layers on Docker for Ubuntu, and for
Debian versions prior to Stretch. If your Linux kernel is version 4.0 or higher,
and you use Docker Engine - Community, consider using the newer
overlay2, which has
potential performance advantages over the aufs
storage driver.
Note: AUFS is not supported on some distributions and Docker editions. See Prerequisites > for more information about supported platforms, and see also the order of preferences for storage drivers.
Prerequisites
- For Docker Engine - Community, AUFS is supported on Ubuntu, and on Debian versions prior to Stretch.
- For Docker EE, AUFS is supported on Ubuntu.
- If you use Ubuntu, you need to
install extra packages
to add the AUFS module to the kernel. If you do not install these packages,
you need to use
devicemapper
on Ubuntu 14.04 (which is not recommended), oroverlay2
on Ubuntu 16.04 and higher, which is also supported. - AUFS cannot use the following backing filesystems:
aufs
,btrfs
, orecryptfs
. This means that the filesystem which contains/var/lib/docker/aufs
cannot be one of these filesystem types.
Configure Docker with the aufs
storage driver
If the AUFS driver is loaded into the kernel when you start Docker, and no other storage driver is configured, Docker uses it by default.
-
Use the following command to verify that your kernel supports AUFS.
$ grep aufs /proc/filesystems nodev aufs
-
Check which storage driver Docker is using.
$ docker info <truncated output> Storage Driver: aufs Root Dir: /var/lib/docker/aufs Backing Filesystem: extfs Dirs: 0 Dirperm1 Supported: true <truncated output>
-
If you are using a different storage driver, either AUFS is not included in the kernel (in which case a different default driver is used) or that Docker has been explicitly configured to use a different driver. Check
/etc/docker/daemon.json
or the output ofps auxw | grep dockerd
to see if Docker has been started with the--storage-driver
flag.
How the aufs
storage driver works
AUFS is a union filesystem, which means that it layers multiple directories on a single Linux host and presents them as a single directory. These directories are called branches in AUFS terminology, and layers in Docker terminology.
The unification process is referred to as a union mount.
The diagram below shows a Docker container based on the ubuntu:latest
image.
Each image layer, and the container layer, are represented on the Docker host as
subdirectories within /var/lib/docker/
. The union mount provides the unified
view of all layers. The directory names do not directly correspond to the IDs
of the layers themselves.
AUFS uses the Copy-on-Write (CoW) strategy to maximize storage efficiency and minimize overhead.
 These files and directories are managed by Docker.
All of the information about the image and container layers is stored in
subdirectories of /var/lib/docker/aufs/
.
diff/
: the contents of each layer, each stored in a separate subdirectorylayers/
: metadata about how image layers are stacked. This directory contains one file for each image or container layer on the Docker host. Each file contains the IDs of all the layers below it in the stack (its parents).mnt/
: Mount points, one per image or container layer, which are used to assemble and mount the unified filesystem for a container. For images, which are read-only, these directories are always empty.
The container layer
If a container is running, the contents of /var/lib/docker/aufs/
change in the
following ways:
diff/
: Differences introduced in the writable container layer, such as new or modified files.layers/
: Metadata about the writable container layer’s parent layers.mnt/
: A mount point for each running container’s unified filesystem, exactly as it appears from within the container.
How container reads and writes work with aufs
Reading files
Consider three scenarios where a container opens a file for read access with aufs.
-
The file does not exist in the container layer: If a container opens a file for read access and the file does not already exist in the container layer, the storage driver searches for the file in the image layers, starting with the layer just below the container layer. It is read from the layer where it is found.
-
The file only exists in the container layer: If a container opens a file for read access and the file exists in the container layer, it is read from there.
-
The file exists in both the container layer and the image layer: If a container opens a file for read access and the file exists in the container layer and one or more image layers, the file is read from the container layer. Files in the container layer obscure files with the same name in the image layers.
Modifying files or directories
Consider some scenarios where files in a container are modified.
-
Writing to a file for the first time: The first time a container writes to an existing file, that file does not exist in the container (
upperdir
). Theaufs
driver performs a copy_up operation to copy the file from the image layer where it exists to the writable container layer. The container then writes the changes to the new copy of the file in the container layer.However, AUFS works at the file level rather than the block level. This means that all copy_up operations copy the entire file, even if the file is very large and only a small part of it is being modified. This can have a noticeable impact on container write performance. AUFS can suffer noticeable latencies when searching for files in images with many layers. However, it is worth noting that the copy_up operation only occurs the first time a given file is written to. Subsequent writes to the same file operate against the copy of the file already copied up to the container.
-
Deleting files and directories:
-
When a file is deleted within a container, a whiteout file is created in the container layer. The version of the file in the image layer is not deleted (because the image layers are read-only). However, the whiteout file prevents it from being available to the container.
-
When a directory is deleted within a container, an opaque file is created in the container layer. This works in the same way as a whiteout file and effectively prevents the directory from being accessed, even though it still exists in the image layer.
-
-
Renaming directories: Calling
rename(2)
for a directory is not fully supported on AUFS. It returnsEXDEV
(“cross-device link not permitted”), even when both of the source and the destination path are on a same AUFS layer, unless the directory has no children. Your application needs to be designed to handleEXDEV
and fall back to a “copy and unlink” strategy.
AUFS and Docker performance
To summarize some of the performance related aspects already mentioned:
-
The AUFS storage driver is less performant than the
overlay2
driver, but is a good choice for PaaS and other similar use-cases where container density is important. This is because AUFS efficiently shares images between multiple running containers, enabling fast container start times and minimal use of disk space. -
The underlying mechanics of how AUFS shares files between image layers and containers uses the page cache very efficiently.
-
The AUFS storage driver can introduce significant latencies into container write performance. This is because the first time a container writes to any file, the file needs to be located and copied into the containers top writable layer. These latencies increase and are compounded when these files exist below many image layers and the files themselves are large.
Performance best practices
The following generic performance best practices also apply to AUFS.
-
Solid State Devices (SSD) provide faster reads and writes than spinning disks.
-
Use volumes for write-heavy workloads: Volumes provide the best and most predictable performance for write-heavy workloads. This is because they bypass the storage driver and do not incur any of the potential overheads introduced by thin provisioning and copy-on-write. Volumes have other benefits, such as allowing you to share data among containers and persisting even when no running container is using them.


@import org.nlp4l.ltr.support.models._ @(currentLtrid: Int, menubars: Seq[Menubar], ltr: Option[Ltrconfig], success: String, error: String) @headerAddon = { } @main(headerAddon)(menubars) {
@success
@error
Are you sure to upload the query file ?
Are you sure to clear all annotations ?
Are you sure to clear this annotation status ?
Are you sure to delete this query ?
Delete Clear


+++ draft = false date = "2008-04-08T20:20:18-03:00" title = "A tip on debugging Zope 2 with ZEO" tags = ["zope2", "Plone"] created = "2008-04-08T20:16:43-03:00" modified = "2008-08-27T18:01:03-03:00" permaLink = "http://play.pixelblaster.ro/blog/archive/2008/04/08/a-tip-on-debugging-zope-2-with-zeo" author = "Tiberiu Ichim" aliases = [ "/blog/archive/2008/04/08/a-tip-on-debugging-zope-2-with-zeo" ] +++
I'm having some troubles with CacheFu, and I've resorted to deleting some objects from a debug prompt, which is very easy to get at if one runs the Zope under ZEO. Still, I couldn't delete the objects because I was getting Unauthorized errors. Luckily, there is #plone, from which I got the following tip:
<naro> from AccessControl.SecurityManagement import newSecurityManager <naro> user = app.acl_users.getUser('admin') <naro> newSecurityManager(None, user)
Thanks, naro!
Update: I realize now that I didn't write how to connect to ZEO:
#bin/instance debug
or
#bin/zopectl debug
This will connect the ZEO client and drop you in a python shell


Here’s a simple starter for hacking on the Feed Validator, either to make fixes, or simply to use it for non-public feeds.
(This is for Linux – tips for Windows or other environments are welcome!)
Get the code
The Feed Validator doesn’t make official releases,
but it’s regularly updated and a current snapshot is almost always stable.
Choose a local directory to store the validator in – say,
~/feedvalidator
.
Download a snapshot
Snapshots are available from https://github.com/rubys/feedvalidator/archives/master.
Or, use Git
Git is slightly more complicated to get working, but then you can keep current.
git clone git://github.com/rubys/feedvalidator.git
Later, to get the latest code, call git pull
from inside the
feedvalidator directory. See the
Git documentation for more information.
Run it from the command line
There's a command-line interface:
python src/demo.py <feed url>
(Or, hack that script to work how you want.)
Set it up for your web server
First install a web server, Python and additional character encoding support. Under Debian:
apt-get install apache2-mpm-worker python2.3 python2.3-iconvcodec
Standard Method
For simplicity, it’s easiest to run the validator out of a regular user account. That means you don't need to be root.
To do this, simply unpack or check out the Feed Validator into your
public_html
directory. Now open a browser to
http://localhost/~<your usercode>/feedvalidator/check.cgi
and we’re, hopefully, done.
Do you have special requirements?
If you have special requirements for things like where directories are to be placed, you may want to tweak the config.py file. For example, if you want to separate the code, the cgi, the docs, and css files, you copy/link to only the files you need:
FVDIR=<location of the feedvalidator directory> cd ~/public_html ln -s "$FVDIR/css" fv-css ln -s "$FVDIR/docs" fv-docs mkdir -p cgi-bin/fv cp "$FVDIR/check.cgi" "$FVDIR/config.py" cgi-bin/fv/
Now, tweak config.py
to point to the other directories:
WEBDIR = '/'.join(os.environ['SCRIPT_FILENAME'].split('/')[0:-1])WEBDIR = '/home/<your usercode>/feedvalidator'DOCSURL='docs'CSSURL='css'DOCSURL='../../fv-docs' CSSURL='../../fv-css'
Great!
Now open a browser to http://localhost/~<your usercode>/cgi-bin/fv/check.cgi
.
Running tests
I don’t think it’s any disrespect to say that that the test cases are the Validator’s most valuable asset – currently over fourteen hundred separate cases of valid, and invalid, feeds, along with the precise errors. When you find a bug, or any other misfeature, a simple test case is the best way to get your point across.
To check the existing cases, run python src/validtest.py
.
This will check everything below the ‘testcases’ directory (you
can also specify a single test by filename).
Not clear? Suggestions or improvements?
Let us know on the feedvalidator-users discussion list!


AMAZING PEOPLE ARE MAKING AMAZING DESIGNS IN A FUN ENVIRONMENT
When you work with us, you are part of a team of committed collaborators. All ascpectsof our software development process are intergrated, interactive
and agile.
Our approach unifies design,development and product management to create exceptional products.
We start each project by understandingyour buisness goals, the user's needs and product requirements
Then we translate them into effective and elegant solutions.
Before we sign a contract or write a line of code our team will spend the necessary time needed to understand your product vision
The outcome of this scoping session is a proposal or high-level statement of work.
based on your requirements, we can provide a complete offering or just the pieces you need.
Our design practice offers a full range of services
including brand strategy, interaction and visual design
and user experience testing.
Throughout your project, our designers create and
implement visual design and workflows, solicit user
feedback and work with you to make sure what gets built
is what is needed.
All engineers are fluent in the latest enetrprise, mobile
and web development technologies.
They collaborate with your team to write and improve
code on a daily basis, using proven practices such as
test-driven development and pair programming.
Planning and development is iterative.Because we are
constantly coding and testing, the products we build
are always ready to go live.
This iterative process allows for changes as buisness
requirements evolve.
BLANK SPACE
MIGHTY ONTARIO
PYRAMIDS
JIM CARREY
HAVE A GOOD DAY
RADIO BUTTONS
BURNED
BAILEY
WONGER


Creating robots for the most extreme environments.
The Remotely Operated underwater Vehicle (ROV) team was founded as a committee within Purdue IEEE Student Organization in 2008 with a small but dedicated group of five students. Today, the team's mission is to foster technical and professional skills of its members by designing, constructing, and testing an innovative underwater vehicle to compete in the MATE Center International ROV Competition.
2021 Team at Competition
ROV Triton
The ROV team is comprised of both engineering and non-engineering students working collaboratively on a hands-on project from the vehicle's design and prototyping phase, to its construction and testing, and ultimately competition performance. The team fosters a multidisciplinary spirit so that the best ideas may come forth. In addition to the mission, the MATE competition also requires a professional presentation, public display poster, and technical documentation.
Because the vehicle requires excellence in design, construction, and presentation, the team members are themselves multidisciplinary collaborators and experts in their own discipline. Members learn to communicate clearly with each other and with clients while managing their own project responsibilities. Through various outreach events during the year, the team aims to inspire future generations to enter STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields.
For more current and past information view the links to the left or contact us as<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The ROV team will be accepting new members at the beginning of each semester.
August, 2021 Update
Purdue ROV competed in Johnson City, TN at the East Tennessee State University from August 5th to August 7th. The team achieved 4th place in the Explorer category and won the Aloha Team Spirit Award. ROV Triton performed admirably at competition, piloting smoothly for both mission runs and the bonus. The team is very proud of its achievements and is excited to see what can be done in the upcoming season as Katherine Sandys takes over as captain.
Katherine Sandys
Computer Engineering
Team Captain
Corina Capuano
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Lead
Read Hedl
Electrical Engineering
Electrical Lead
Jonathan Heidegger
Computer Science
Software Lead


This is a hidden heading
Experience
Nov 2018 - Present
UX / UI Designer
Promart
Mar 2016 - Oct 2018
Senior Graphic Designer
San Ignacio Del Loyola University
Aug 2013 - Feb 2014
Graphic Designer
TBWA Perú
May 2013 - Aug 2013
Graphic Designer
HAVAS MEDIA PERÚ
Mar 2013 - May 2013
Graphic Designer
Creative BTL
Oct 2011 - Mar 2013
Graphic Designer
Pragma Brandgroup
Sep 2010 - Sep 2011
Graphic Designer
Silcrop SAC
Mar 2010 - Sep 2010
Graphic Designer
300sesenta Comunicaciones


Henry Onyekuru set for another loan move to Turkish side Galatasaray in January
- Henry Onyekuru could be sent back to Galatasaray on loan in January
- The Nigerian star joined Monaco in a five-year deal valued around £12.5m in the summer
- Onyekuru has failed to live up to expectations and the club chiefs want him out
Super Eagles winger Henry Onyekuru could part ways with his French League side Monaco barely four months after joining them from Everton.
The Monégasques paid about £12.5 million to secure the services of the Nigeria international having failed to kick a ball at the Goodison Park owing to his failure to secure a work permit.
He has been struggling since he moved to France - making just four league appearances so far this campaign with an assist credited to his name.
READ ALSO: NAIJ.com upgrades to Legit.ng
Meanwhile, the pair of Wissam Ben Yedder and Islam Slimani are responsible for 14 goals and seven assists between them since the start of the 2019-20 season.
Super Eagles star beats Chelsea's N'Golo Kante to another EPL landmark
HITC.com reports that the Nigerian star has not been himself since their former sporting director Luis Campos joined Lille.
And the club chiefs are worried that Onyekuru is not living up to expectations – not to mention his hefty price-tag.
Although, the 22-year-old has endured a torrid time at his new club owing to the numerous injuries he has suffered at the start of his career at the outfit.
He has however fallen out of favour with coach Leonardo Jardim, who has handed the player just two league starts – and they both came in August.
Reports from Monaco claims that Onyekuru could be heading back to Galatasaray on loan in January in a bid to revive his career according to Sporx.
PAY ATTENTION: Install Pitch Football App for FREE to get the latest football News & Scores
The 22-year-old scored 16 times and assisted six other goals to help the Turkish League giants win the title during his loan spell.
Red hot Super Eagles star set to miss AFCON qualifiers due to injury in league match
Negotiations are now in progress for the Nigerian star to return to the Super Lig once the winter transfer window opens in a matter of weeks from now.
Legit.ng earlier reported that Super Eagles' sensation, Samuel Chukwueze, has broken silence on his stellar performance in Nigeria's massive 4-2 win over Lesotho, saying the best is yet to come.
The Villarreal winger was in action at Setsoto Stadium as Nigeria recorded another resounding victory on Sunday evening, November 18.
Gernot Rohr's men were ruthlessly dominant as they cruised to a comfortable 4-2 victory in another tough encounter of AFCON 2021 qualifier.
Abu Azeez: Meet the only Nigerian rated among top 50 beach soccer players worldwide | Legit TV


class EasyUpiPayment
Class to implement Easy UPI Payment Use Builder to create a new instance.
Builder |
Builder for EasyUpiPayment. class Builder
|
<init> |
Class to implement Easy UPI Payment Use Builder to create a new instance. EasyUpiPayment(mActivity: Activity, mPayment: Payment) |
removePaymentStatusListener |
Removes the PaymentStatusListener which is already registered. fun removePaymentStatusListener(): Unit |
setPaymentStatusListener |
Sets the PaymentStatusListener. fun setPaymentStatusListener(mListener: PaymentStatusListener): Unit |
startPayment |
Starts the payment transaction. Calling this method launches the Payment Menu and shows installed UPI apps in device and let user choose one of them to pay. fun startPayment(): Unit |
TAG |
const val TAG: String |


I asked cmc to list devsec, even with the volume in place it was a negative
Unfortunately DEVSEC does not meet our requirements for listing at this time. Please feel free to re-apply when this project has become more established.
PTYX21-Jun-18 11:52 AM
Probably just lack of provable community
But that can be fixed
Devsec doesn't have a full Twitter, reddit, and just recently got a bitcointalk
I wouldn't try to get it listed either until CA333 says go ahead
Because that could attract unwanted attention to devsec before they have even gotten started
ca33322-Jun-18 10:36 AM
@CHMEX thanks for the efforts anyway. yes - i think its better to wait a little bit since we just got started. i am not going to engage community wise and prefer to stay in the background.
The volume does not meet the listing requirement neither. CMC stated to me some long time ago that the source of trading-volume also plays a big role. My plan is to wait at least a week till we have regular volume on barterDEX and then apply while the hackathon campaign is ongoing.
3
so the community part will be covered by a dedicated community manager we are negotiating with as we speak.
Hey guys, I just want to let you know I have had a KMD tipbot made for KMD discord.
If you have your own discord, it will work there for KMD and you are free to use it.
DM me for the link and I will get you setup with the creator.
Audo13-Nov-18 10:08 PM
Hey Komodo Projects,
Komodo team is looking to know better the projects which are building with Komodo. We ask you to fill out this form so that we get information about each project and the rapidly growing ecosystem.
https://airtable.com/shrKBzMwUddQ4ggET
Fill out the "Submit New Project" form quickly and securely on Airtable.
SHossain15-Dec-18 01:03 AM
DSEC transition at 129392 (129391,<PHONE_NUMBER>) -> (129392,<PHONE_NUMBER>)
SET SAPLING ACTIVATION height.129452
DSEC sapling activation at 129452
1
Karl26-Jun-19 09:47 PM
ticket #13238 Karl: "I am still unable to access KMD. I have downloaded the mobile wallet and utilized the old seed and password to create wallet...account still shows KMD = 0. I have downloaded the desktop and followed the instructions to stop the proxy server (it wasn't active on my settings so I just left it alone.) I do not know/understand how to access the address where you say my coins are. Please advise.


August
14
2014
To discuss the difference between relative, absolute and fixed positioning in CSS, let's look at a simple html file:
and a simple css file:
which will produce the output:
Now to demonstrate relative positioning, which offsets an element relative to its original position in the document, we can change our box 2 to have position: relative like so in our css file:
which will cause box 2 to be offset 100px to the left from its original position like so:
To demonstrate absolute positioning, which removes an object from the normal flow of the document, and defaults to offsets relative to the viewport ( an exception to this we will see below involving absolute items nested inside a relative object ), we can make box 2 have absolute positioning like so:
which will have the result of box to being offset 50px to the left and 50px from the top relative to the viewport:
Fixed position, always is relative to the viewport and stays put even during a scroll event. We can change our box 2 to be fixed like so:
which will cause box 2 to be set with offsets of 0 to the left and 50px from the top relative to the viewport:
If we change our html to nest box 2 inside of box 3, we can demonstrate how one object can have relative position to another one by the parent object being position: relative ( or anything other than static ) and the child object being position: absolute. In this case, the child will be offset relative to the parent with position: relative like so:
our css to reflect this is:
and thus box 2 is positioned 50px to the left and 50px from the top, relative to box 3 in the rendering:
Hope this is helpful!


Initializing...
MIDI Player
Drag and drop *.mid, *.mld, *.ms2mml, *.mms, *.mml, *.mmi file here, to play local midi file.
~:~~:~~ / ~:~~:~~
~~~
0:00:00
/
0:00:00
120
Lyrics (karaoke)
Select
WebMidiLink
based synthesizer


FAQ
Have questions? You've come to the right place! Here are all our top questions.
What is a hackathon?
A hackathon is an invention marathon. Students come together to build cool software & hardware hacks over 24-48 hours. It’s very beginner friendly. CuseHacks is not your typical hackathon. We encourage students with any level of experience to sign up.
How much does it cost?
Nothing. Attending a hackathon is free, and we will provide resources throughout the event.
Who can participate?
All current college students are invited to participate.
What if I don't have coding or hackathon experience?
Beginners are especially encouraged to come! You do not need previous hackathon/coding experience or a technology background. CuseHacks is meant to be a comfortable learning experience for everyone. Also, there will be workshops and mentors available throughout the event that can help you get started.
How do teams work?
Each team can have up to as many members as you want. Typically teams run from 3-4 members. You can come with your friends or you can form a team at the event. There will be team forming activities at the beginning of the hackathon for anybody interested. You can also work alone if you want.
Will there be prizes for hacks?
Yes, there are many prizes we will be giving out! At the end of the 24 hours, there will be an expo where you can demo your invention. Judges will be looking for the best inventions to fit the prize categories on the Devpost.
Where is the event?
CuseHacks is going VIRTUAL! Join us from wherever you are in the world. We’ll be hosting it virtually on this website.
Is there a code of conduct?
Yes there is. We enforce it very strongly. You can find it here.
What is Major League Hacking?
Major League Hacking is the official student hackathon league in North America & Europe. They work with over 200 Member Events and empower over 70,000 students every year.
Your question not here?
Please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for any more questions.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Serves 2
You know your boat's come in when you've got a thick, juicy and perfectly grilled steak like this to look forward to.
For the chips, peel the potatoes and cut into about 1cm/½in square chips by 7cm/3in long - the most important thing is that the chips are more or less all the same size to ensure they cook evenly. Rinse the chips in cold water to remove excess starch and dry thoroughly on kitchen towels.
Fill a deep-fat fryer or a large, deep, heavy-bottomed pan two-thirds full with vegetable oil. Heat the oil to 140C-160C/285F-300F (use a probe thermometer to check the temperature if you're not using a deep-fat fryer). (CAUTION: Hot oil can be dangerous. Don't leave unattended)
Carefully place the chips in the hot oil and cook for about eight minutes or until just cooked through. Remove from the oil using a slotted spoon and drain on kitchen paper. Retain the oil in the pan and turn the heat up slightly to increase the temperature of the oil to 160-180C/320-355F.
For the steak, heat a ridged grill pan until hot. Brush the steaks with some of the vegetable oil. Season on both sides with salt and freshly ground black pepper. Place the steaks on the hot grill pan. After a few minutes, turn the steaks 90 degrees in the pan, to give diamond-patterned grill marks.
Turn the steaks over and repeat on the other side until they're cooked to your liking. For rare steaks, brown them on both sides as described and cook for an additional minute. For medium rare, cook for an additional 2-3 minutes or 4-5 minutes for well done - although exact cooking times will depend on the thickness of the steaks.
Remove the steaks from the pan and allow them to rest while you cook the chips a second time.
Check the temperature of the oil for the chips - it should be between 160C-180C/320F-355F. Add the cooked chips to the oil and fry for 2-3 minutes or until crisp and golden. Remove from the hot oil using a slotted spoon and drain on kitchen paper.
Serve the steaks and chips with grilled tomatoes and mustard on the side.


Copyright © Yariv Sadan 2006-2007
Authors: Yariv Sadan<EMAIL_ADDRESS>[web site: http://yarivsblog.com].
This module provides functions for getting and setting values of a Yaws 'arg' record. You can use these functions instead of using the record access syntax, and without having to include yaws_api.hrl.
Most functions have two forms: one for getting the value of a field and one for setting it. Getters accept the record as a parameter and return the value of its field. Setters take two parameters -- the record and the new value -- and return a new record with the modified value.| add_all_to_opaque/2 | applies add_to_opaque for all values in the list. |
| add_to_opaque/2 | Equivalent to Arg#arg{opaque = [Val | A#arg.opaque]}. |
| appmod_prepath/1 | |
| appmod_prepath/2 | |
| appmoddata/1 | |
| appmoddata/2 | |
| clidata/1 | |
| clidata/2 | |
| client_ip_port/1 | |
| client_ip_port/2 | |
| clisock/1 | |
| clisock/2 | |
| cont/1 | |
| cont/2 | |
| docroot/1 | |
| docroot/2 | |
| fullpath/1 | |
| fullpath/2 | |
| get_opaque_val/2 | Return the value corrsponding to the Key in the opaque proplist. |
| headers/1 | |
| headers/2 | |
| method/1 | |
| new/0 | Create a new 'arg' record. |
| opaque/1 | |
| opaque/2 | |
| pathinfo/1 | |
| pathinfo/2 | |
| pid/1 | |
| pid/2 | |
| querydata/1 | |
| querydata/2 | |
| req/1 | |
| req/2 | |
| server_path/1 | |
| server_path/2 | |
| state/1 | |
| state/2 |
add_all_to_opaque(A::arg(), Vals::[term()]) -> arg()
applies add_to_opaque for all values in the list
Equivalent to Arg#arg{opaque = [Val | A#arg.opaque]}.
get_opaque_val(A::arg(), Key::term()) -> term() | undefined
Return the value corrsponding to the Key in the opaque proplist. If the key isn't found, return 'undefined'.
Create a new 'arg' record.


Preparation time
over 2 hours
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Serves 4
This dessert is wonderful for dinner parties because it can all be prepared in advance and assembled just before serving.
Equipment and preparation: For this recipe you will need four dariole moulds or ramekins.
For the panna cotta, chill a jug in the freezer.
Heat the double cream, vanilla pod and seeds and the condensed milk in a saucepan until just boiling. Remove the pan from heat, add the soaked gelatine and buttermilk. Whisk until well combined.
Pass the mixture through a fine sieve into the chilled jug, stir in the vodka.
Place the jug in the fridge to chill, whisking every five minutes until the mixture begins to set. Pour the mixture into dariole moulds or ramekins and chill in the fridge for at least two hours.
For the mini doughnuts, combine the flour, salt, and caster sugar in a large bowl.
Mix in the butter, 150ml/5fl oz water and yeast until the mixture comes together to form a smooth dough. Cover with cling film and set aside in a warm place for about an hour, or until doubled in size.
Divide the dough into 12 equal portions and roll each into a ball.
Line a baking tray with baking parchment and place the dough balls onto it, leaving plenty of room between each ball. Cover with a tea towel and set aside in a warm place to prove for a further 20 minutes.
When the dough has proved, heat the oil in a deep-fat fryer to 150C/320F. Alternatively, heat the oil in a deep, heavy-based saucepan until a breadcrumb sizzles and turns brown when dropped into it. (CAUTION: hot oil can be dangerous. Do not leave unattended.)
Carefully lower the doughnuts into the hot oil in batches and deep-fry for 3-4 minutes, or until golden-brown. Remove from the pan using a slotted spoon and set aside to drain on kitchen paper.
When the excess oil has drained off the doughnuts, place them onto a plate and dust with the remaining caster sugar until completely coated.
To serve, place the raspberries, sugar and 50ml/2fl oz water in a pan and cook for 3-4 minutes. Blend until smooth and pass through a fine sieve.
Remove the panna cotta from the moulds and turn out into the centre of serving plates (briefly dip the base of each mould into a bowl of hot water and gently slide a knife around the edge of each panna cotta to loosen them). Serve with the doughnuts and raspberry sauce.


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The conference will be held in the main office of the Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin. This building is on the core of Berlin, in the touristic Unter der Linden. The nearest public transportation stops are the Staatsoper bus-stop (lines 100,200 and TXL passing by Alexanderplatz and the Brandenburger Tor) and the Georgenstr./Am Kupfergraben tram-stop (M1). There are also 4 metro-stations (U-bahn/S-bahn) within 10 minutes walking distance:
The workshop dinner will be at the oderquelle restaurant, the Thursday around 19h30. The easiest to go there is to stop at the Eberswalder Str U2-station. It is one block from the station.
We did a preselection of some hotel we think were convenient. If the selection does not suit your wish, we would advise you to look for rooms in the Mitte-/Prenzlauerberg areas. We would then have tons of bars/restaurant around and an easy connection to the conference site.