Too Little, Too Late:
How the MOSE Project Failed Venice
(and How
21st Century Environmental Science Can Save it)
Matthew Carroll
History of Art & Architecture
213
Professor Schmitter
April 24, 2020
The
MOSE Project
Venice has of course endured a long
history of flooded streets and high water, christening the tragic phenomenon
“Acqua Alta,” but the most intense floods have been those that occurred most
recently. Of the ten highest tides in recorded Venetian history, five have been
in the last twenty years. The most recent tide, measuring six feet above sea
level, the highest since 1966, occurred in 20191.
Venice’s greatest feat of
environmental engineering was supposed to have been the MOSE project, whose construction
began in 2003, set for completion in 2011, then 2018, and now 2022. And, while
officials say that if MOSE had been completed on time the city might have been
spared the consequences of the deadly flooding event of 20192, there
is yet to have been any proof of the gate’s eventual effectiveness. Now
seventeen years old, the gates are lightyears behind the modern coastline
prevention technology trends of the 21st century. According to Paola
Malanotte-Rizzoli, an oceanographer at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology on Venice’s problem-solving panel, “We have evidence that Venetian
engineers drafted mechanical contraptions to hold back the sea as long ago as
in the 18th century3.”
MOSE’s aim may not even be ambitious
enough to prevent against newer, higher estimates for sea level rise over the
next hundred years - the gates were meant to defend against 2 feet of rise.
Since then, climatologists have been grappling with a much wider range of
scenarios, though, some far beyond the expected 24 inches of gain.
Environmental groups and local
politicians reportedly tried repeatedly to halt progress on the MOSE project
repeatedly, citing concerns that the flood gates would certainly be obsolete by
the time of their completion. Coincidentally, several Italian politicians
connected to the project have been charged with corruption and have been forced
to accept plea bargains4.
In 2020, after having just recently
endured the second largest flood event in the city’s recorded history,
Venetians seem to understand that the MOSE Project, despite all of Italy’s
efforts, was simply too little, too late.
Gray
Infrastructure Solutions
Civil and environmental engineers
have made some advances in the last twenty years towards finding better, more
effective mechanical solutions for mitigating the effects of climate change,
including improvements to levees, dams, super dikes, and sea walls. Effectively
either serving as barriers to keep a city dry from high water, or moats to hold
that water in place. These simple solutions, as well as more complex,
mechanical ones, like the MOSE gates, are all considered gray
infrastructure.
According to a report from The
Guardian, Shanghai may be the most vulnerable city in the world to the effects
of 3 degree sea-level rise, with up to 17.5 million
estimated people to affected, based on demographic data revealing overall
population density figures and average proximity to likely flood zones5.
Further efforts to mitigate the risk of flooding in the Shanghai area include a
new drainage system to disperse drainage from the Suzhou Creek across a 58
square kilometers area with 15 kilometers worth of pipes.
Shanghai has, until recently, relied
on an extensive system of levees (think: castle moat), some deep enough to
protect against even the most vicious storms. According to a New York Times
report in 2011, the lowest of these pits is prepared to withstand a “one-in-1,000 year tidal surge6.” Though, because such simple
solutions offer little reassurance to potential real-estate investors, the
Chinese government aims to engineer another defense against high water - a new
floodgate to control the inflow of water to the Yangtze. While such a project
is projected to be costly, the Chinese government had already spent more than
$6 billion on coastal infrastructure between 2001 and 20117.
Another series of projects paid for
by the “Miami Forever” bond provides an important contrast to this brute-force
method of keeping water out and economic engines turning. The bond was approved
by voters in 2017 to allocate a total of 400 million dollars to protect the
high-risk coastal city from the damaging effects of flooding, with $192 million
going towards infrastructure projects that (from the website) “keep our
property values high and our streets dry8.”
While Miami’s plan also includes
plans to build a new seawall, most of the funds are allocated less to outright
flood prevention, and more-so to flood resiliency - an important concept
for urban planners utilized in disaster-prone communities around the world.
Miami’s plan includes stormwater pumps for the streets, raised roads to prevent
flooding, and bonds for real-estate owners to reinforce their property against
flood damage8.
By applying a strict focus to
preserving and waterproofing existing infrastructure, which could well be done
with the help of architectural historians and preservation experts in an
ancient city such as Venice, the city stands to save on reconstruction and
maintenance costs.
The Miami Forever bond also includes
about $100 million to be invested in affordable housing, as an obligation to
provide greater protections for those disadvantaged populations who stand to loose the most to rising sea
levels, and $78 million for investments in Miami’s public parks, to make the
city’s green spaces more durable against flooding and stormwater9.
Shortcomings
of Grey Infrastructure
The troublesome caveat to these
otherwise sound solutions, in many coastal cities, is ground subsidence - a
phenomenon associated with settlements built on structurally unsound sediment,
like could be found near the silt-laden river cities, or muddy saltwater
lagoons. The American city of New Orleans, after investing $14 billion into
levee infrastructure, has noticed its barriers beginning to lose height on
account of unstable ground like this10. Suddenly, maintenance costs
are looking to be much higher than projections anticipated.
For the Indian beach community of
Kerala, some of these grey-infrastructure solutions are doing worse than
nothing to defend against rising sea levels. 193 miles of the city’s 367 miles
of shoreline have seawalls to protect against storm damage11 and,
while erosion is an unavoidable symptom of powerful surges, there is evidence
that these seawalls prevent ocean currents from re-depositing sediment on
shore, actually worsening the effects of natural erosion.
In sum, the effectiveness of gray
infrastructure solutions, exemplified in case studies like that of New Orleans,
Kerala, and Venice, is not obvious, and further solutions are too unproven to
depend on them far into the future.
Green
Infrastructure Solutions
Green infrastructure is the 21st
century alternative to concrete walls and dirt levees, trading intentionally
designed In most situations that would
pertain to the Italian coastline, including Venice (tip: an island archipelago
is effectively nothing but coastline), this means physically extending the
coast, which can be accomplished by either adding sediment onto the edges of
coastal areas (as was done in New Orleans) or replacing existing human
developments with naturally resilient alternatives.
This idea has taken hold especially
in the at-risk community of Miami, on top of the resiliency investments
allocated by the Miami Forever bond. Instead of wasting resources fighting an
impossible battle to maintain Miami in its entirety, the thinking goes, the
city must focus its efforts on protecting areas most important to its economy
and identity. The Shorecrest area, among the city’s highest risk neighborhoods,
sitting just 2.3 feet above sea level, may be a lost cause entirely12.
By restoring an at-risk area like this to its native marshland, the city’s core
gains a whole neighborhood-worth of buffer between it and the sea.
Many American shoreline advisory
committees, such as those in Virginia, South Carolina, and Massachusetts have
already put into place recommendations in favor of use of these so-called
“soft-armoring” techniques to aid in shoreline preservation and coastline
resiliency. An existing tool from the Venice Project Center, created at
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, maps current and potential spaces on the Venetian island of Guidecca that could be added or improved
to be used as coastal buffers as a part of this armor.
Other unconventional approaches to soft
armoring have shockingly proven even more effective. The presence of mangrove
trees, for instance, has showed evidence of helping to slow the effects of
erosion from storm surges. As estimated in a publication from the World Bank,
in Malaysia, Mangrove forests are worth a calculated $300,000 per kilometer
when used as coastal defenses, which should explain why Malaysian communities
have been preserving and planting them since 199413. According to
the same report, “an initial investment of $1.1 million saved an estimated $7.3
million a year in sea dike maintenance and significantly reduced the loss of
life and property from Typhoon Wukong in 2000 in
comparison with other areas14.”
In contrast, Thailand’s lack of
mangrove-maintenance is likely to have increased storm-damage costs by
$585,000, costing them $187,898 per square kilometer of mangrove, without
considering inflation since 199615.
The Billion Oyster Project, one of
New York Harbor’s most innovative forces against the climate crisis, further
proves the effectiveness of unconventional solutions for unconventional
problems. According to the project website, the last hundred years have seen a full
extinction of oysters in New York’s waterways. Oyster “reefs” are an important
backbone for marine wildlife in cold water environments (not unlike coral reefs),
play an important role in removing pollutants like nitrogen from our water
sources, and provide a great deal of natural defense against storm surges,
especially helping to prevent flooding and reduce damage from large waves. They
are also fairly resilient and could be a useful tool for other coastal cities.
While none of these methods are
without their flaws, any of them, in conjunction with each-other, especially,
are certainly better than what Venice relies on today. The MOSE Project has
already admitted being incredibly expensive and semi-broken, on top of the fact
that it requires a full-time operation staff, and is
an obvious unsightly blemish on all three entrances to the city’s lonely
lagoon. While Acqua Alta is a more difficult challenge to deal with than simple
waves, a number of these solutions - shoreline extensions, new marshland,
resiliency planning, and drainage trenches on the Terraferma
could be incredibly helpful in combating Venice’s climate woes.
Education,
Politics, and Moving Forward
As an immediate response to Venice’s
catastrophic Acqua Alta in 2019, minister of education Lorenzo Fioramonti
announced in November that Italy would be the first country to mandate climate
change and sustainability education as for every one of the nation’s public
schools, coming out to about 33 hours per year, or one hour a week. The state
has also told teachers specializing in science and technology to try to study
their subjects from the “perspective of sustainable development16.”
MOSE’s issues were not helped by
constant political disagreements in the Veneto region, Venice itself still a
sitting bastion of progressivism, with the region still largely controlled by
the right. This sad story extends backwards to a long history of Italian
reluctance to make prohibitive investments for long-term benefit -
infrastructure investment, especially, has been affected negatively by such a
political climate. In 2017, the leader of Italy’s far-right league, Matteo
Salvini, has a habit of scapegoating excessive regulation from the European
Union for his country’s failures, including the collapse of a road bridge in
Genoa that killed 43 people17.
Fioramonti, long a target of
right-wing criticism in his country, represent the “antithesis of Matteo
Salvini’s hard-right League18,” which has surpassed Italy’s populist
5 Star party, claiming 30% voter support. He has proposed new taxes on airline
tickets, plastics, and sugary foods to fund further sustainability-related
educational programs that sit at 70 to 80% approval among Italians19,
but these policies have no real chance of making their way into law. While many
Italians rightfully live in fear of the consequences
of climate change, this political disfunction and disconnect with voters serves
as a prime example of one of the completely avoidable obstacles to implementing
sensible, pro-active climate change policy.
With the MOSE Project’s hardest
part already completed, and only a few years left to go on its current
schedule, Venetians should be optimistic about what a finished floodgate system
could do to protect them against the high waters of history, but that optimism
should be approached with caution. Floodgates designed to defend against two
feet of sea level rise are better than nothing, but Italians now know the cost
of undershooting a budget and, now more than ever, it is abundantly clear that
time is of the essence. Seventeen years after the beginning of the MOSE
Project, environmental technology has come a long way, and planners have
developed tried and true methods for building more resilient and longer-lasting
cities. If the global community honestly believes that the Art & History of
Venice are worth preserving, there has never been a better time to invest in
any of these science-backed solutions – oysters, mangroves, schooling, or
otherwise.
Notes
1.
"Venice floods: Climate change
behind highest tide in 50 years, says mayor,” BBC News, last modified November
13, 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50401308.
2.
Marcello Rossi, "Will a Huge
New Flood Barrier Save Venice?" CityLab.com, last modified April 3, 2018,
https://www.citylab.com/environment/2018/04/will-a-huge-new-flood-barrier-save-venice/556226/.
3.
Rossi, "Will a Huge New Flood
Barrier Save Venice?"
4.
Ferdinando Giugliano,
“Venice Floods Are a Sad Tale of Bureaucracy and Corruption,” Bloomberg
Opinion, last modified November 14th, 2019,
https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-11-14/venice-floods-are-the-result-of-climate-change-and-corruption.
5.
Josh Holder, Niko Kommenda, and Jonathan Watts, “The three-degree world: the
cities that will be drowned by global warming,” The Guardian, last modified
November 3rd, 2017,
https://www.theguardian.com/cities/ng-interactive/2017/nov/03/three-degree-world-cities-drowned-global-warming
6.
Coco Liu, "Shanghai Struggles
to Save Itself from the Sea," The New York Times, last modified September
27, 2011,
https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/cwire/2011/09/27/27climatewire-shanghai-struggles-to-save-itself-from-the-s-43368.html?pagewanted=all.
7. Coco,
“Shanghai Struggles to Save Itself from the Sea.”
8. Miami
Forever. https://www.miamiforever.org/, accessed April,
2020.
9. Miami Forever.
https://www.miamiforever.org/.
10. Thomas
Frank, "After a $14-Billion Upgrade, New Orleans' Levees Are
Sinking." Scientific American, last modified April 11, 2017,
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/after-a-14-billion-upgrade-new-orleans-levees-are-sinking.
11. Haritha
John, “On India’s Kerala coast, a man-made solution exacerbates a natural
problem,” Mongabay, last modified June 28th, 2018.
12. Adriana
Brasilero, "In Miami, battling sea level rise
may mean surrendering land," Reuters.com, last modified July 20,
2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-miami-sealevelrise/in-miami-battling-sea-level-rise-may-mean-surrendering-land-idUSKBN1A601L
13. Convenient
Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth, The World Bank, accessed April 2020,
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/745791468150298239/Convenient-solutions-to-an-inconvenient-truth-ecosystem-based-approaches-to-climate-change
14.
Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth, The World Bank,
accessed April 2020.
15.
Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth, The World Bank, accessed
April 2020.
16. Gavin
Jones, "Italy to make climate change study compulsory in schools," Reuters,
last modified November 5, 2019,
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-italy-exclusive/exclusive-italy-to-make-climate-change-study-compulsory-in-schools-idUSKBN1XF1E1.
17. Giugliano, “Venice Floods Are a Sad Tale of
Bureaucracy and Corruption.”
18. Jones,
"Italy to make climate change study compulsory in schools."
19. Jones,
"Italy to make climate change study compulsory in schools."
20.
2017.
"A Modest Proposal: Adapting To Sea Level Rise." UC Berkely
Environmental Design.
https://ced.berkeley.edu/research/faculty-projects/a-modest-proposal-adapting-to-sea-level-rise.
Beck, Michael W. 2014. Coasts at Risk: An Assessment of
Coastal Risks and the Role of Environmental Solutions. United Nations
University - Institute for Environment and Human Security, The Nature
Conservancy, Coastal Resources Center at the University of Rhode Island.
2020. Billion Oyster Project.
https://www.billionoysterproject.org/.
Brasilero, Adriana. 2017. "In Miami, battling sea
level rise may mean surrendering land." Reuters.com, July 20.
Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana.
2017. Louisiana’s Comprehensive Master Plan for a Sustainable Coast.
Baton Rouge, LA: Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana.
2010. Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth.
Washington, DC: World Bank.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/745791468150298239/Convenient-solutions-to-an-inconvenient-truth-ecosystem-based-approaches-to-climate-change
Drewniak, Nathan P., Gabriel Entov, Kinsey McNamara, and
Chenggu Wang. 2017. "A Greener Venice: An Exploration and Mapping of
Green Spaces in the Venice Islands." The Venice Project Center.
http://www.veniceprojectcenter.org/vpc/project/a-greener-venice-an-exploration-and-mapping-of-green-spaces-in-the-venice-islands.
Frank, Thomas. 2019. "After a $14-Billion Upgrade, New
Orleans' Levees Are Sinking." Scientific American, April 11. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/after-a-14-billion-upgrade-new-orleans-levees-are-sinking/.
Giugliano, Ferdinando. 2019. "Venice Floods Are a Sad
Tale of Bureaucracy and Corruption." Bloomberg Opinion. November
14. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-11-14/venice-floods-are-the-result-of-climate-change-and-corruption.
Grannis, Jessica. 2011. Adaptation Tool Kit: Sea-Level
Rise and Coastal Land Use. Washington, DC: Georgetown Climate Center.
Harlan, Chico, and Stefano Pitrelli. 2019. "How
Venice’s plan to protect itself from flooding became a disaster in
itself." The Washington Post, November 19.
Holder, Josh; Kommenda, Niko ;Watts, Jonathan. 2017.
"The three-degree world: the cities that will be drowned by global
warming." The Guardian, November 3.
Jones, Gavin. 2019. "Italy to make climate change
study compulsory in schools." Reuters.com. November 5.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-italy-exclusive/exclusive-italy-to-make-climate-change-study-compulsory-in-schools-idUSKBN1XF1E1.
Kensinger, Nathan. 2019. "On Staten Island, a massive
barrier will rise to protect against climate change." Curbed.
April 25. https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/25/18515213/staten-island-usace-seawall-climate-change-photo-essay.
Liefgreen, Dan. 2019. "Tourists Ruined Venice. Now
Floods Are Making It Uninhabitable." Bloomberg.com. November 29.
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-11-29/venice-s-future-is-challenged-by-climate-change-and-mass-tourism.
Liu, Coco. 11. "Shanghai Struggles to Save Itself from
the Sea." The New York Times, September 27.
2017. Miami Forever. https://www.miamiforever.org/.
Moser, Susanne; Davidson, Margaret. 2013. Coastal Zone
Development and Ecosystems. Washington, DC: GlobalChange.gov.
Rossi, Marcello. 2018. "Will a Huge New Flood Barrier
Save Venice?" City Lab. April 3.
https://www.citylab.com/environment/2018/04/will-a-huge-new-flood-barrier-save-venice/556226/.
Silliman, BR, KB Gedan, ML Kirwan, E Wolanski, and EB
Barbier. 2011. "The present and future role of coastal wetland
vegetation in protecting shorelines: Answering recent challenges to the
paradigm." Climatic Change.
n.d. Venezia Autentica. https://veneziaautentica.com/.
2019. "Venice floods: Climate change behind highest
tide in 50 years, says mayor." BBC News. November 13.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50401308.


My Projects
Project 1
Description of project 1.
Project 2
Description of project 2.
Project 3
Description of project 3.


# creativity
## sw dev - factory or craft?
software development - room for creativity?
### @ingvald
BouvetOne Nord 201903
note:
where would you _not_ like to have creativity?
accounting?
https://hbr.org/1998/09/how-to-kill-creativity
img: https://unsplash.com/photos/1LpeJ-6wtMQ
note:
minister said not creative
didn't paint, play, etc
but: groundbreaking coalition
--
business creativity?
software craft?
note:
original, useful, actionable
NO: yrkeskunst?
Irgens - Steinsholt, Sommerro (red), 2006
note:
metaphor: software as a factory
organization as machine (Morgan, 2004)
humans as cogs
problems (Morgan, 2004, p.39)
img: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_assembly_line_-_1913.jpg
--
![illusion of control](control-bjarte.png)
note:
https://twitter.com/bbogsnes/status/1087637474669662208
note:
change - more and more, faster and faster
(world, business, technology, life)
img: https://unsplash.com/photos/Q1p7bh3SHj8
--
# TACIT KNOWING
We know more than we can tell
(Polanyi, 1966)
* subconscious always ahead?
* cont. internalize, automate, "forget"?
* some knowledge hard/ impossible to describe?
* embedded, intuitive, ..*tacit*
--
# IT PROJECT FAILS
McKinsey + Oxford, 2012, 5000+ projects over $15M
* 1/2 massively blow budgets
* 17% risk existence of company
Mohagheghi & Jørgensen, 2017, 35 Norwegian, big, public projects
increase success:
* accept variation, uncertainty
* flexibility of scope
* frequency of delivery into production
note:
McKinsey: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/delivering-large-scale-it-projects-on-time-on-budget-and-on-value
17 percent of these IT projects went so badly that they
threatened the very existence of the company
![complexity](cynefin.png)
note:
open/ hard problems
can't analyse, can't predict, can't control
no best practices can be known
https://medium.com/benefit-mindset/complexity-inside-and-out-c92580800f87
--
![NATO conf on sw eng, iterate!](nato-iterative.png)
note:
even ("involuntary") source of waterfall ideas weren't thinking waterfall
https://twitter.com/ingvald/status/1070379529678409728
--
Teresa Amabile, How to Kill Creativity, 1998
![creativity](creativity-amabile.png)
## planning vs improvisation
![intuition, Einstein(?)](improv-einstein.png)
note:
preparation improves improvisation...
music, business, ++
(really Einstein? don't know...)
--
### individual vs collective creativity
# cognitive diversity
improves performance, problem solving, predictive tasks
(The Difference, Scott Page, 2007)
open/ hard problems:
diverse "average/ normal smart" groups beats
expert groups with more similar thinking, every time
(paraphrased from Scott Page, XP 2010, Trondheim)
### References
* this: https://ingvald.github.io/2019/factory-craft
* Amabile, https://hbr.org/1998/09/how-to-kill-creativity
* Bouvet [NO] - https://www.bouvet.no/bouvet-deler/i-dag-er-vi-15-ar
* [Oxford, McKinsey - delivering large-scale IT projects...](https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/delivering-large-scale-it-projects-on-time-on-budget-and-on-value)
* [NO] Kreativitet og innovasjon, Torild Oddane, 2017
* [NO] Improvisasjon, Irgens - Steinsholt, Sommerro (red), 2006
* The Difference, Scott E Page, 2007
* [What Contributes to the Success of IT Projects? An
Empirical Study of IT Projects in the Norwegian Public
Sector](http://www.jsoftware.us/vol12/287-SE019.pdf), Mohagheghi & Jørgensen, 2017


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North-South relations in scientific publications: editorial racism?
Cesar G Victora; Carmen B Moreira
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Pelotas, RS, Brasil
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to comment on the possible existence of editorial prejudice among the editors of scientific journals from Northern countries against Southern authors. We highlight that a study using bibliometric methods documented an important imbalance in terms of the international scientific production of health researchers from high-income countries (the "North") and those from low and middle-income countries (the "South"). In a survey of Brazilian researchers, three in every four blamed this imbalance, at least in part, on prejudice among international editors. This is supported by the fact that a very small percentage of editorial board members of international journals come from the South. Although prejudice can explain part of the imbalance, there are also specific measures that may increase the likelihood of a paper from the South being accepted in international journals. These include the need to invest in the quality of the written text, and to show empathy with editors and readers, emphasizing the contribution of the manuscript to the international literature. Finally, we discuss whether research carried out in the South should be published in national or international journals, and suggest that there are at least six dimensions to this choice. These include language and target audience; type of contribution to knowledge; generalizability; citation index; speed of publication; and open access. The rapid growth in the number of Brazilian contributions to the international health literature shows that editorial prejudice, although often present, can be effectively offset by research with solid methodology and good-quality presentation.
Keywords: Publication bias. Editorial policies. Public health. Epidemiology.
THE PROBLEM
A comprehensive international review of the distribution of scientific publications in the health field was recently published, analyzing entries in the major bibliometric databases between 1992 and 2001. This review showed that 90.4% of published articles were from high-income countries, 7.9% from middle-income countries (including Brazil, with 0.7%), and 2.7% from low-income countries.6 These conclusions have been confirmed by similar studies.10
Such marked imbalance may be explained by a number of factors. First, scientific production in low and middle-income countries (or "the South") is inarguably inferior to that of high-income countries ("the North"). This is due to a variety of factors, including less funding for research, fewer researchers and laboratories, and the migration of scientists to rich countries, among others. Second, pressure to publish in certain Southern countries is or at least used to be much less intense than in Northern countries. A third explanation may be the greater use, especially in the field of public health, of qualitative and observational designs such as ecological and cross-sectional studies1 which are less valued in the international literature than experimental studies.14 A fourth factor is that the share of the scientific production of the South published in national journals is not adequately assimilated by international databases. Finally, there is the possibility of editorial prejudice, which is the subject of the present article.
There seems to be a generalized perception among Brazilian scientists that editors of journals published in Northern countries especially English-speaking countries, which concentrate the majority of high-impact journals may be prejudiced against articles from the South. Reports such as the one transcribed below are frequent:
In academic life, few things are more frustrating than receiving a letter stating that "we believe your article to be more adequate for publication at the local or regional level." Or instead: "we receive a much greater number of articles than we can publish, and the priority rating of your article was not sufficiently high to warrant its inclusion..." The author often feels like Snoopy in Figure 1.
As an attempt to quantify this collective experience, we carried out a survey including the 351 first authors of articles published in 2005 in Brazilian journals Revista de Saúde Pública, Cadernos de Saúde Pública, and Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia. We asked authors whether, in their opinion, "are the editors of journals produced in rich countries prejudiced against articles submitted by researchers from less developed countries such as Brazil?" Of the authors contacted, 30% did not respond after two attempts. The distribution of valid answers is presented in Figure 2. Three-quarters of respondents agreed completely (25%) or partially (50%) with the statement. Only 8% said to disagree completely with the statement.
During the survey, several colleagues expressed their opinions on the issue. Most commentaries included statements such as "I agree that there is some degree of prejudice, but our articles also show problems and peculiarities that render them insufficiently attractive." Problems most frequently mentioned include deficiencies in English writing and the overall poor quality of some articles. Peculiarities included the study of health problems of local importance, with little international relevance; the fact that many results are very specific to the Brazilian settings (such as, for instance, in evaluations of services and programs); and the interest of Southern countries in issues related to inequities in healthcare, a subject of little interest to many Northern journals.
The perception of this problem is not a recent phenomenon. In 1995, Breilh,2 from Ecuador, indicated that the scientific production of Latin America was virtually "invisible" in North America and Europe: "there is an Olympian ignorance regarding books, studies, and instrumental innovations generated in the heart of Latin America."
In the 2002 International Congress of Epidemiology, in Montreal, there was a round table conference on this subject, which included the editors of some international journals. At this meeting, the first author of the present article presented a review of articles published in the International Journal of Epidemiology (IJE) and American Journal of Epidemiology (AJE) in 2000 and 2001. In the former, 11% of first authors of published articles were from Southern countries, versus 6% in the latter. These results were compared to the percentage of members of the editorial boards of these journals that, at that time, worked in Southern countries: none of the 65 associate editors of AJE, and two out of 16 in IJE. None of the 30 board members of Epidemiology were from the South. The scenario was slightly better for the American Journal of Public Health, where two out of nine associate editors were from low or middle-income countries.
This important discussion gained in intensity in 2003, when Saxena et al9 published a letter in Lancet showing that, of the 530 members of the editorial boards of the 10 most important psychiatric journals, only four were from the South. This letter was followed by an inflamed commentary by the journal's editor, highlighting the fact that only eight of the 111 board members of the five most important medical journals were from the South.4 This editor used the expression "institutional racism," and his commentary was followed by letters and articles demonstrating such imbalance in the fields of tropical health,5 pediatrics,11 and psychiatry.12
In short, it seems beyond doubt that there is a certain degree of prejudice against Southern articles, but it does not seem fair to blame this prejudice entirely on editors. In the following sections, we shall discuss certain recent trends in international publishing that may contribute to reduce this problem.
WHAT'S NEW?
The aforementioned review of health-related scientific production from 1992 to 20016 also reported a few positive findings. The major time trend detected in the period was a marked increase in the proportion of publications coming from Brazil, China, and the Republic of Korea. Despite this increase, Brazil accounted for only 0.73% of publications in the studied period, still placing behind small countries such as Finland and Denmark.6
Much of the Brazilian progress must be credited to the notable expansion in the country's postgraduate and research sector taken place in the last few decades. The fact that many Brazilian authors are breaking the barriers of international publication proves that these obstacles are not insurmountable.
On the other hand, there is also evidence of changes in attitude in some international journals. We list a few of them below, again in a somewhat anecdotic fashion.
The British Medical Journal, when requesting an editorial from a North-American colleague, pointed out that "we are anxious that our editorials should have as much international appeal as possible because of our international readership. A global view of the subject is therefore essential for our readers this editorial should have a coauthor who is from a developing country."
The editor of the American Journal of Public Health, when inviting the first author of the present article to be an Associate Editor, highlighted that "I am looking for an international associate editor to ensure that critical public health research from outside of the United States is brought to the attention of our readers."
Recently, Lancet began to indicate a body of 100 editorial consultants, of which 25 are to be from Europe, 25 from North America, and the other 50 from the rest of the world. Two Brazilians have already been indicated. This journal has been giving priority to issues related to diseases affecting poor countries, and practically all numbers include at least one article on this subject, a fact which has been confirmed by an independent bibliometric evaluation.10
The measures above, although still timid, may contribute to reduce publication bias against the South. In the next section, we shall discuss what can be done by Brazilian authors and institutions.
WHAT WE CAN DO ABOUT IT
This section is elaborated based on the first author's experience as an editorial consultant and reviewer of international journals, when evaluating a manuscript from the South.
The first problem is the quality of writing. Many manuscripts submitted by Brazilian authors are very poorly written. Poor writing leads the editor or reviewer a priori to tend towards rejection. Writing well in scientific English is very difficult, even for researchers with postgraduate training outside Brazil. Revision by a qualified translator may help, but if the latter is not experienced in writing scientific articles, his or her help may make the text even worse. Research groups that wish to increase their international projection should seriously consider hiring specialized scientific writers, if possible native English speakers.
The second problem is the lack of empathy with the reader (or, in initial stages, with the editor and reviewers). When describing a Brazilian study in the international literature, the author must be sure that the text is intelligible to a reader from outside Brazil. This applies to specific issues, such as, for instance, explaining why minimum wages are used to measure family income, or detailing the location and characteristics of the geographical area where the study was conducted. This applies also to more general issues: what would be the interest of an international journal in publishing a Brazilian study? Answering this question requires a discussion of the external validity of the study, including a thorough characterization of the studied population, and speculation as to whether these results would or not be generalizable to other contexts. Brazilian studies often show advantages in relation to surveys conducted in the North, such as the possibility of studying diseases or exposures that are specific of poor populations.
The third issue is format. Every editor likes to receive articles that rigorously follow the journal's manuscript preparation norms. For instance, whether the abstract must be structured or unstructured, the information to be included in the front page, reference format, section titles, among others. Editors do not like to receive manuscripts that seem to have been previously submitted to and rejected by other journals, and then submitted to their journals without alterations in format. Of course, any editor of a journal that is not absolutely first tier will be aware that many of the manuscripts submitted to him or her have been previously refused, but it is essential to reformat the manuscript specifically to the journal to which it is being submitted.
Still regarding format, the size of the article is an important issue. In general, editors prefer to publish short articles, since this allows for the inclusion of a greater number of articles into a fixed number of pages. For cultural reasons that are beyond the scope of the analysis article, it seems that authors of Latin origin tend to be unduly prolix, at least from the Anglo-Saxon perspective. This leads, for instance, to extremely long introduction and discussion sections, and often to exceeding the word limit recommended by the journal. This may prove a fatal mistake, since the editor may have doubts about the appropriateness of sending such a long article for review, often opting for immediate refusal.
Most high-quality international journals currently refuse over 90% of manuscripts immediately, without external review. Editors reach this decision very fast, without reading the entire article. Criteria for this decision include the apparent quality of the article (partly based on writing and format, but also on methodology and length), its presumed interest to the journal's readership, and, without doubt, the articles authors; authors who are known, or affiliated to renowned institutions are undoubtedly more likely to pass this initial evaluation. In the aforementioned survey, a colleague spontaneously referred that "the problem is not being Brazilian, it's being unknown." It is unquestionable that editorial prejudice may important for the immediate selection of articles to be sent for review.
Editors usually start by reading the manuscript's cover letter. This letter is often underestimated by authors, but this is actually the best opportunity the author has to convince the editor that his or her article is appropriate for that journal. It also provides an opportunity to argue how a study carried out in Brazil may contribute to international literature. The editor then proceeds to reading the abstract and methods. After reading these three items, it is possible to decide whether the article should or not be sent to external reviewers.
In conclusion, it is important to consider the formal aspects of the article, and to show empathy with the target audience, if one whishes to publish in Northern journals. The personal experience of the present first author is that, after an author becomes experienced and well known, the percentage of refusals drops rapidly.
WHERE TO PUBLISH?
When commissioning the present article, the editors of the Revista de Saúde Pública mentioned that "maybe you could also discuss the issue of different readerships for different scientific productions, in other words, what type of study is aimed at the national public and what research could be of interest to international readers. It seems to us important to eliminate the false and simplistic notion that robust research should go to international publications whereas poor research is destined to the internal public." This is a complex, multidimensional issue, which has undergone profound change in recent years. When deciding on where to publish, authors must consider the following issues:
In short, the decision regarding where to publish is complex, and depends on the factors mentioned above. With the dissemination of electronic and bilingual publications, this issue is evolving rapidly towards a reduction of the distance between national and international journals.
CONCLUSIONS
In the present commentary we have discussed the marked imbalance, in international scientific journals, between research originating from scientists from the North and the South. We have shown that there is a generalized perception among Brazilian researchers that such imbalance is due at least partly to prejudice of international editors against Southern authors, which is supported by the fact that a very small percentage of editorial board members of international journals come from the South. Although prejudice can explain part of the imbalance, there are also specific measures that may increase the likelihood of a paper from the South being accepted in international journals. These include the need to invest in the quality of the written text, and to show empathy with editors and readers, emphasizing the contribution of the manuscript to the international literature. Finally, we discuss whether research carried out in the South should be published in national or international journals, and suggest that there are at least six dimensions to this choice. These include language and target audience; type of contribution to knowledge; generalizability; citation index; speed of publication; and open access. The rapid growth in the number of Brazilian contributions to the international health literature shows that editorial prejudice, although often present, can be effectively offset by research with solid methodology and good-quality presentation.
REFERENCES


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Juxta now has the ability to upload your comparison set to the web! Your texts and collations will be uploaded to juxtacommons.org where you can view them once you login. You can also choose to share them with others on the web via a link.
If you are new to juxtacommoms.org, click on the "Create Account" below to create a free account.
This service is provided by NINES at the University of Virginia.


--- layout: post title: arp.h categories: - 未分类 tags: [] published: true date: '2013-09-12' permalink: /2013/arp-h ---
/*-*- Mode:C++; c-basic-offset:8; tab-width:8; indent-tabs-mode:t -*- */
/*
* Copyright (c) 1997 Regents of the University of California.
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
* must display the following acknowledgement:
* This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems
* Engineering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
* 4. Neither the name of the University nor of the Laboratory may be used
* to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
* specific prior written permission.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
/* Ported from CMU/Monarch's code, nov'98 -Padma.*/
#ifndef __arp_h__
#define __arp_h__
#include "scheduler.h"
#include "delay.h"
#include "lib/bsd-list.h"
#ifndef EADDRNOTAVAIL
#define EADDRNOTAVAIL 125
#endif /* !EADDRNOTAVAIL */
class LinkDelay;
class ARPEntry;
class ARPTable;
class LL;
class Mac;
LIST_HEAD(ARPTable_List, ARPTable);
LIST_HEAD(ARPEntry_List, ARPEntry);
/* ======================================================================
Address Resolution (ARP) Header
====================================================================== */
#define ARPHRD_ETHER 1 /* ethernet hardware format */
#define ARPOP_REQUEST 1 /* request to resolve address */
#define ARPOP_REPLY 2 /* response to previous request */
#define ARPOP_REVREQUEST 3 /* request protocol address */
#define ARPOP_REVREPLY 4 /* response giving protocol address */
#define ARPOP_INVREQUEST 8 /* request to identify peer */
#define ARPOP_INVREPLY 9 /* response identifying peer */
#define ARP_HDR_LEN 28
struct hdr_arp {
u_int16_t arp_hrd;
u_int16_t arp_pro;
u_int8_t arp_hln;
u_int8_t arp_pln;
u_int16_t arp_op;
int arp_sha;
u_int16_t pad1; // so offsets are correct
nsaddr_t arp_spa;
int arp_tha;
u_int16_t pad2; // so offsets are correct
nsaddr_t arp_tpa;
// Header access methods
static int offset_; // required by PacketHeaderManager
inline static int& offset() { return offset_; }
inline static hdr_arp* access(const Packet* p) {
return (hdr_arp*) p->access(offset_);
}
};
class ARPEntry {
friend class ARPTable;
public:
ARPEntry(ARPEntry_List* head, nsaddr_t dst) {
up_ = macaddr_ = count_ = 0;
ipaddr_ = dst;
hold_ = 0;
LIST_INSERT_HEAD(head, this, arp_link_);
}
inline ARPEntry* nextarp() { return arp_link_.le_next; }
private:
LIST_ENTRY(ARPEntry) arp_link_;
int up_;
nsaddr_t ipaddr_;
int macaddr_;
Packet *hold_;
int count_;
#define ARP_MAX_REQUEST_COUNT 3
};
class ARPTable : public LinkDelay {
public:
ARPTable(const char *tclnode, const char *tclmac);
int command(int argc, const char*const* argv);
int arpresolve(nsaddr_t dst, Packet *p, LL *ll);
void arpinput(Packet *p, LL *ll);
ARPEntry* arplookup(nsaddr_t dst);
void arprequest(nsaddr_t src, nsaddr_t dst, LL *ll);
void Terminate(void);
private:
inline int initialized() { return node_ && mac_; }
ARPEntry_List arphead_;
MobileNode *node_;
Mac *mac_;
/*
* Used to purge all of the ll->hold packets at the end of the
* simulation.
*/
public:
LIST_ENTRY(ARPTable) link_;
static ARPTable_List athead_;
};
#endif /* __arp_h__ */


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GnVideoWork |
object |
Audio-Video work object. A Work refers to the artistic creation and production of a Film, TV Series, or other form of video content. The same Work can be released on multiple Product formats across territories. For example, The Dark Knight Work can be released on a Blu-ray Product in multiple countries. A TV Series such as Lost is also a Work. Each individual episode comprising the Series is also a unique Work. Although the majority of Works are commercially released as a Product, not all Works have a Product counterpart. For example, a TV episode which airs on TV, but is not released on DVD or Blu-ray is considered a Work to which no Product exists.
This object is not null if your match came from searching the video archive. Otherwise, your match
came from searching live TV broadcast data - check the tvAiring object above for your results. Talk to Gracenote Professional Services about licensing for video archive and live TV options.
|
audience |
String |
A supported audience type for video data, such as "Kids and Family", "African-American", or "Young Adult". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
contents |
GnContent
Enumerator |
Content (cover art, biography, review, etc.) objects. |
Id |
String |
Identifier |
contentType |
GnContentType |
Content type - cover art, biography, etc. |
mimeType |
String |
Content's mime type |
assets |
GnAsset Enumerator |
Assets for content (cover art, biography, etc.). |
bytes |
Int |
Number of asset bytes |
dimension |
String |
Asset dimension |
url |
String |
URL that can be used to retrieve asset from Gracenote |
size |
Enum |
GnImageSize enum. Asset pixel image size of asset, e.g., kImageSize110 (110x110) |
dateOriginalRelease |
String |
Release date of the original AV Work (Movie or Episode), in UTC format. |
duration |
String |
Duration of the work. durationUnit indicates the time measurement used (e.g., seconds). |
durationUnits |
String |
The type of duration time measurement, e.g., "SEC" (seconds), "MS" (milliseconds). |
externalIDs |
GnExternalID
Enumerator |
External ID objects that identify a source external to Gracenote (e.g., NetFlix), that also have an identifier for this work. |
source |
String |
External ID source (e.g., Amazon) |
type |
String |
External ID type, such as a UPC (Univeral Product Code) |
value |
String |
External ID value. |
franchiseCount |
Long |
Franchise count |
franchiseNum |
Long |
Franchise number |
franchiseTitle |
GnTitle |
Title object of the matched result. |
display |
String |
Title display string. The title of the matched content, e.g. "Sienfeld" or "The Office" |
prefix |
String |
Video title prefix, e.g., "The". |
sortable |
String |
Sortable title |
sortableScheme |
String |
Sortable title scheme |
mainTitle |
String |
Main title |
edition |
String |
Title edition |
language |
String |
Title display language |
languageCode |
String |
Title display language 3 letter ISO code |
genre(GnDataLevel level) |
String |
Genre - e.g., comedy. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
gnID |
String |
Gracenote identifier. |
gnuID |
String |
Gracenote unique ID. |
isFullResult |
Boolean
|
Indicates if this is a partial or full metadata result |
matchedProductTUI |
String |
TUI of matched product. A Gracenote acronym for "title unique identifier". For example: "267348592". This and tuiTag are used for unique identification within the Gracenote service. |
officialTitle |
GnTitle |
Video title object. See GnVideoWork > franchiseTitle for object properties |
origin(GnDataLevel level) |
String |
Geographic location. For example: "New York City". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
plotSynopsis |
String |
Plot synopsis e.g., "A semi-autobiographical coming-of-age story" |
plotSynopsisLanguage |
String |
Plot synopis language, e.g., English |
plotTagline |
String |
Plot tagline, e.g., "The Third Dimension is Terror" |
productID |
String |
A hashed representation of the tuiTag property. |
products |
GnVideoProduct
Enumerator |
Video product objects. A Product refers to the commercial release of a Film, TV Series, or video content. Products contain a unique commercial code such as a UPC, Hinban, or EAN. Products are for the most part released on a physical format, such as a DVD or Blu-ray. |
aspectRatio |
String |
The aspect ratio of an image describes the proportional relationship between its width and its height commonly expressed as two numbers separated by a colon. Two common videographic aspect ratios are 4:3 (1.33:1), the universal video format of the 20th century and 16:9 (1.77:1), universal for high-definition television and European digital television. More information... |
aspectRatioType |
String |
For example, "STANDARD". |
commerceType |
String |
Commerce type value |
contents |
GnContent Enumerator |
Content (cover art, biography, review, etc.) objects. See GnVideoWork > Contents for object properties. |
dateOriginalRelease |
String |
Work's original release date in UTC format. |
dateRelease |
String |
Release data of this product in UTC format. |
discs |
GnVideoDisc Enumerator |
Video disc objects. A video disc can be either DVD (Digital Video Disc) or Blu-ray. DVD is an optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same dimensions. Blu-ray is an optical disc format designed to display high definition video and store large amounts of data. The name Blu-ray Disc refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs. |
gnId |
String |
Gracenote ID. |
gnUId |
String |
Gracenote unique ID |
matched |
Boolean |
Matched boolean value indicating whether this type is the one that matched the input criteria. |
notes |
String |
Notes |
officialTitle |
GnTitle |
Official title object. See GnVideoWork > franchiseTitle for object properties. |
ordinal |
Long |
Ordinal value. |
productId |
String |
Product ID aka Tag ID |
sides |
GnVideoSide Enumerator |
Both DVDs and Blu-ray discs can be dual side. Double-Sided discs include a single layer on each side of the disc that data can be recorded to. Double-Sided recordable DVDs come in two formats: DVD-R and DVD+R, including the rewritable DVD-RW and DVD+RW. These discs can hold about 8.75GB of data if you burn to both sides. Dual-side Blu-ray discs can store 50 GB of data (25GB on each side). |
layers |
GnVideoLayer |
Video layer. Both DVDs and Blu-ray Discs can be dual layer. These discs are only writable on one side of the disc, but contain two layers on that single side for writing data to. Dual-Layer recordable DVDs come in two formats: DVD-R DL and DVD+R DL. They can hold up to 8.5GB on the two layers. Dual-layer Blu-ray discs can store 50 GB of data (25GB on each layer). |
aspectRatio |
String |
Aspect ratio - describes the proportional relationship between the video's width and its height expressed as two numbers separated by a colon. |
aspectRatioType |
String |
Aspect ratio type. |
features |
GnVideoFeature |
A video feature has a full-length running time usually between 60 and 120 minutes. A feature is the main component of a DVD or Blu-ray disc which may, in addition, contain extra, or bonus, video clips and features. |
aspectRatio |
Boolean |
Aspect ratio - describes the proportional relationship between the video's width and its height expressed as two numbers separated by a colon. |
aspectRatioType |
String |
Aspect ratio type, e.g., Standard. |
chapters |
GnVideoChapter |
Video chapters. A video feature may contain chapters for easy navigation and as bookmarks for partial viewing. |
duration |
Long |
Chapter's duration value in seconds such as "3600" for a 60-minute program. |
durationUnits |
Long |
Chapter's duration units value (seconds, "SEC"). |
officialTitle |
GnTitle |
Official Title object. See GnVideoWork > franchiseTitle for object properties. |
ordinal |
Long |
Chapter's duration value in seconds such as "3600" for a 60-minute program. |
videoCredits |
GnVideoCredit Enumerator |
Video credit objects. A credit lists the contribution of a person (or occasionally a company, such as a film studio) to a Video Work. See GnVideoWork > videoCredits for object properties. |
dateOriginalRelease |
String |
Original release date in UTC format. |
dateRelease |
String |
Release date in UTC format. |
duration |
String |
Duration value in seconds. |
durationUnits |
String |
Duration units value (e.g., seconds, "SEC"). |
genre(GnDataLevel level) |
String |
Genre. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
matched |
String |
Matched boolean value indicating whether this type is the one that matched the input criteria. |
notes |
String |
Notes. |
officialTitle |
GnTitle |
Official title object. See GnVideoWork > franchiseTitle for object properties. |
ordinal |
Long |
Feature's ordinal value. |
plotSummary |
String |
Plot summary. |
plotSynopsis |
String |
Plot synopsis, e.g., (for Friends episode) "Monica's popularity at a karaoke club might have more to do with her revealing dress than her voice. |
plotSynopsisLanguage |
String |
Plot synopsis language, e.g., English. |
plotTagline |
String |
Plot tagline, e.g., "The terrifying motion picture from the terrifying No". |
rating |
GnRating |
Rating object. See GnVideoWork > rating for object property descriptions. |
videoCredits |
GnVideoCredit Enumerator |
Video credit objects. A credit lists the contribution of a person (or occasionally a company, such as a film studio) to a Video Work. See GnVideoWork > videoCredits for object property descriptions. |
videoFeatureType |
String |
Video feature type value. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
videoProductionType |
String |
Video production type value. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
videoProductionTypeId |
Long |
Video production ID type value. |
works |
GnVideoWork Enumerator |
Video work objects. See GnVideoWork for object properties. |
matched |
Boolean |
Matched boolean value indicating whether this object is the one that matched the input criteria. |
mediaType |
String |
A video media type such as Audio-CD, Blu-ray, DVD, or HD DVD. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
ordinal |
String |
Ordinal value. |
regionCode |
String |
Region code, e.g., FE - France |
tvSystem |
String |
TV system value, e.g., NTSC. |
videoRegion |
String |
Video product region value from the current type, e.g., 1. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
videoRegionDesc |
String |
Video product region, e.g., USA, Canada, US Territories, Bermuda, and Cayman Islands. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
matched |
Boolean |
Matched boolean value indicating whether this type is the one that matched the input criteria. |
notes |
String |
Notes |
officialTitle |
GnTitle |
Official title object. See GnVideoWork > franchiseTitle for object properties. |
ordinal |
Long |
Ordinal value |
| discs |
GnVideoDisc Enumerator |
Video disc objects. A video disc can be either DVD (Digital Video Disc) or Blu-ray. DVD is an optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same dimensions. Blu-ray is an optical disc format designed to display high definition video and store large amounts of data. The name Blu-ray Disc refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs. |
tui |
String |
A Gracenote acronym for "title unique identifier". For example: "267348592". This and tuiTag are used for unique identification within the Gracenote service./td>
|
tuiTag |
String |
Tui Tag value. |
duration |
String |
Duration of the work. durationUnit indicates the time measurement used (e.g., seconds). |
durationUnits |
String |
The type of duration time measurement, e.g., "SEC" (seconds), "MS" (milliseconds). |
genre |
String |
Genre, e.g., comedy. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
gnId |
String |
Gracenote identifier |
gnUId |
String |
Gracenote unique identifier |
isFullResult |
Boolean |
Flag indicating if response result contains full (true) or partial metadata |
notes |
String |
Notes |
packageLanguage |
String |
Package language ISO code, e.g., "eng". |
packageLanguageDisplay |
String |
Package display language, e.g., "English" |
productId |
String |
A hashed representation of the tuiTag property. |
tui |
String |
A Gracenote acronym for "title unique identifier". For example: "267348592". This and tuiTag are used for unique identification within the Gracenote service. |
tuiTag |
String |
For example: "343DFA0AAF615988C9F4AB1ECB383D00". |
videoProductionType |
String |
The kind of production for the AV Work, e.g., "Animation", "Documentary", etc. |
videoProductionTypeId |
String |
Video production type identifier value |
videoRegion |
String |
Video product region value, e.g, 1 |
videoRegionDesc |
String |
Video product region description, e.g., USA, Canada, US Territories, Bermuda, and Cayman Islands |
officialTitle |
GnTitle |
A video title object. See GnVideoWork > franchiseTitle for object property descriptions. |
externalIDs |
GnExternalID
Enumerator |
External ID objects. External IDs are 3rd party IDs used to cross link this metadata to 3rd party services. See GnVideoWork > externalIDs for object property descriptions. |
rating |
GnVideoRating |
Rating object. See GnVideoWork > rating for object property descriptions. |
rating |
GnRating |
GnRating object |
rating |
String |
Actual rating value, e.g., "PG-13". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
ratingBBFC |
String |
A BBFC (British Board of Film Classification) rating type value. |
ratingCanadianTV |
String |
A Canadian TV rating type value. |
ratingCBFC |
String |
A CBFC (Central Board of Film Certification) rating type value. |
ratingCHVRS |
String |
A CHVRS (Canadian Home Video Rating System) rating |
ratingDesc |
String |
Rating description. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
ratingDJCTQ |
String |
A DJTCQ (Dept of Justice, Rating, Titles and Qualification) (Brazil) rating |
ratingDVDParental |
String |
A DVD Parental rating. |
ratingEIRIN |
String |
A EIRIN (Japan) rating. |
ratingFAB |
String |
A FAB (Film Advisory Board) rating. |
ratingFinnish |
String |
AA Finnish rating type value. |
ratingFrance |
String |
A French rating. |
ratingFSK |
String |
A FSK (German) rating. |
ratingHongKong |
String |
A Hong Kong rating. |
ratingINCAA |
String |
A INCAA (Argentina) rating. |
ratingItaly |
String |
An Italian rating. |
ratingKMRB |
String |
A KMRB (Korean) rating. |
ratingMPAA |
String |
A MPAA (Motion Picture Assoc.) rating. |
ratingMPAATV |
String |
A MPAA (Motion Picture Assoc.) TV rating. |
ratingOFLC |
String |
A OFLC (Australia) TV rating type value. |
ratingQuebec |
String |
A Quebecois rating. |
ratingReason |
String |
Reason for rating, e.g., "Intense Sequences of Violence and Some Menace." |
ratingSpain |
String |
A Spanish rating. |
ratingType |
String |
Type of ratings system, e.g., "MPAA". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
ratingTypeId |
String |
Rating type Id. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
reputation |
String |
A supported film reputation type for video data, such as "Classic", "Chick Flick", or "Cult". This is a critical or popular "value" that is assigned to a work, usually long after the work was released, though some works may qualify shortly after release (e.g., "instant classic" or "blockbuster
release"). Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
scenario |
String |
A supported scenario for video data, such as "Action", "Comedy", and "Drama". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
seasonCount |
String |
The number of seasons. |
seasonEpisode |
String |
The work's episode number in the season. |
seasonEpisodeCount |
String |
The total number of episodes in the season. |
seasonNumber |
String |
The season number. |
seasons |
GnVideoSeason
Enumerator |
Video season objects. A Season is an ordered collection of Works, typically representing a season of a TV series. For example: CSI: Miami (Season One), CSI: Miami (Season Two), CSI: Miami (Season Three). |
audience |
String |
A supported audience type for video data, such as "Kids and Family", "African-American", or "Young Adult". |
contents |
GnContent Enumerator |
Content (cover art, biography, review, etc.) objects. See GnVideoWork > contents for object properties. |
dateOriginalRelease |
String |
Original release date in UTC format. |
duration |
String |
A string representation of integer time units, e.g. "3600000". |
durationUnits |
String |
The duration time units, e.g. "ms" (milliseconds). |
externalIDs |
GnExternalId Enumerator |
External ID objects. External IDs are 3rd party IDs used to cross link this metadata to 3rd party services. See GnVideoWork > externalIDs for object property descriptions. |
franchiseCount |
Long |
Franchise count |
franchiseNum |
Long |
Franchise numnber |
franchiseTitle |
GnTitle |
Franchise title object. See GnVideoWork > franchiseTitle for object properties. |
genre(GnDataLevel level) |
String |
Genre. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
gnId |
String |
Gracenote identifier. |
gnUId |
String |
Gracenote unique identifier |
isFullResult |
Boolean |
Flag indicating if response result contains full (true) or partial metadata. |
officialTitle |
GnTitle |
Offical title object. See for object properties. |
origin(GnDataLevel level) |
String |
Show's primary geographic location, e.g., New York City. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
plotSynopsis |
String |
Plot sypnosis, e.g., for Friends episode:."Monica's popularity at a karaoke club might have more to do with her revealing dress than her voice" |
plotSynopsisLanguage |
String |
Plot sypnosis language, e.g., English |
plotTagline |
String |
Plot tagline, e.g., "An adventure as big as life itself." |
productID |
String |
A hashed representation of the tuiTag property. |
products |
GnVideoProduct Enumerator |
Video product objects. Product refers to the commercial release of a Film, TV Series, or video content. Products contain a unique commercial code such as a UPC, Hinban, or EAN. Products are for the most part released on a physical format, such as a DVD or Blu-ray. See GnVideoWork > products for object properties. |
rating |
GnRating |
Rating object. See GnVideoWork > rating for object property descriptions. |
reputation |
String |
A supported film reputation type for video data, such as "Classic", "Chick Flick", and "Cult". |
scenario |
String |
A supported scenario for video data, such as "Action", "Comedy", and "Drama". |
seasonCount |
String |
The total number of seasons. |
seasonNumber |
String |
The season number. |
serialType |
String |
A supported video serial type, such as Series or Episode. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
series |
GnVideoSeries |
A video series object. See GnVideoWork > series for object property descriptions. |
settingEnvironment |
String |
The physical environment captured in the work. These do not refer to specific locations, but rather general (or generic) locations. For example: Prison, High School, Skyscraper, Desert, etc. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
settingTimePeriod |
String |
A supported historical time setting for video data, such as "Elizabethan Era 1558-1603", or "Jazz Age 1919-1929". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
source |
String |
A supported story concept source for video data, such as "Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes". |
storyType |
String |
A supported overall story type for video data, such as "Love Story". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
style |
String |
A supported film style type for video data, such as "Film Noir". |
topic |
String |
A supported film topic for video data, such as "Racing" or "Teen Angst". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
tui |
String |
A Gracenote acronym for "title unique identifier". For example: "267348592". This and tuiTag are used for unique identification within the Gracenote service. |
tuiTag |
String |
A hashed representation of the tui property. For example: "343DFA0AAF615988C9F4AB1ECB383D00". |
videoCredits |
GnVideoCredit Enumerator |
Video credit objects. A credit lists the contribution of a person (or occasionally a company, such as a film studio) to a Video Work. See GnVideoWork > videoCredits for object properties. |
videoMood |
String |
The work's mood, e.g., "Playful". |
videoProductionType |
String |
The kind of production for the AV Work, e.g., "Animation", "Documentary", etc. |
videoProductionTypeId |
String |
Video production type identifier. |
works |
GnVideoWork Enumerator |
Video work objects. See GnVideoWork for object properties. These objects contain season episodes. |
workType |
String |
A supported work type for video data, such as "Musical" or "Image". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
serialType |
String |
A supported video serial type, such as a Series or Episode. |
series |
GnVideoSeries |
A Series is a collection of related Works, typically in sequence, and often comprised of Seasons (generally for TV series), for example: CSI: Miami, CSI: Vegas, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. |
audience |
String |
A supported audience type for video data, such as "Kids and Family", "African-American", or "Young Adult". |
contents |
GnContent Enumerator |
Content (cover art, biography, review, etc.) objects. See GnVideoWork > Contents for object properties. |
dateOriginalRelease |
String |
Date, in UTC format, of original release. |
duration |
String |
A string representation of integer time units, e.g. "3600000". |
durationUnits |
String |
The duration time units, e.g. "ms" (milliseconds). |
externalIds |
GnExternalId Enumerator |
External ID objects. External IDs are 3rd party IDs used to cross link this metadata to 3rd party services. See GnVideoWork > externalIDs for object property descriptions. |
franchiseCount |
Long |
Franchise count |
franchiseNum |
Long |
Franchise numnber |
franchiseTitle |
GnTitle |
Franchise title object. See GnVideoWork > franchiseTitle for object properties. |
genre(GnDataLevel level) |
String |
Genre. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
gnId |
String |
Gracenote identifier. |
gnUId |
String |
|
isFullResult |
Boolean |
Flag indicating if response result contains full (true) or partial metadata. |
officialTitle |
GnTitle |
The work's title object. See GnVideoWork > franchiseTitle for object properties. |
origin(GnDataLevel level) |
String |
Show's primary geographic location, e.g., New York City. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
plotSynopsis |
String |
Plot synopsis, e.g., "A semi-autobiographical coming-of-age story" |
plotSynopsisLanguage |
String |
Plot synopsis language, e.g., English |
plotTagline |
String |
Plot tagline, e.g., "If you forgot what terror was like...its back" |
productId |
String |
A hashed representation of the tui property. For example: "343DFA0AAF615988C9F4AB1ECB383D00". |
products |
GnVideoProduct Enumerator |
Video product objects. Product refers to the commercial release of a Film, TV Series, or video content. Products contain a unique commercial code such as a UPC, Hinban, or EAN. Products are for the most part released on a physical format, such as a DVD or Blu-ray. See GnVideoWork > products for object property descriptions. |
rating |
GnRating |
Rating object. See GnVideoWork > ratings for object property descriptions. |
reputation |
String |
A supported film reputation type for video data, such as "Classic", "Chick Flick", and "Cult". |
scenario |
String |
A supported scenario for video data, such as "Action", "Comedy", and "Drama". |
seasons |
GnVideoSeason Enumerator |
Video season objects. A Season is an ordered collection of Works, typically representing a season of a TV series. See GnVideoWork > seasons for object property descriptions. |
serialType |
String |
A supported video serial type, such as Series or Episode. |
settingEnvironment |
String |
The physical environment captured in the work. These do not refer to specific locations, but rather general (or generic) locations. For example: Prison, High School, Skyscraper, Desert, etc. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
settingTimePeriod |
String |
A supported historical time setting for video data, such as "Elizabethan Era 1558-1603", or "Jazz Age 1919-1929". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
source |
String |
A supported story concept source for video data, such as "Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes". |
storyType |
String |
A supported overall story type for video data, such as "Love Story". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
style |
String |
A supported film style type for video data, such as "Film Noir". |
topic |
String |
A supported film topic for video data, such as "Racing" or "Teen Angst". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
tui |
String |
A Gracenote acronym for "title unique identifier". For example: "267348592". This and tuiTag are used for unique identification within the Gracenote service. |
tuiTag |
String |
A hashed representation of the tui property. For example: "343DFA0AAF615988C9F4AB1ECB383D00". |
videoCredits |
GnVideoCreedit Enumerator |
Video credit objects. A credit lists the contribution of a person (or occasionally a company, such as a film studio) to a Video Work. See GnVideoWork > credits for object property descriptions. |
videoMood |
String |
The work's mood, e.g., "Playful". |
videoProductionType |
String |
Production type, e.g., Animation. |
videoProductionTypeId |
String |
Production type identifier |
works |
GnVideoWork Enumerator |
Video work objects. See GnVideoWork for object property descriptions. For a series, these works will contain specials or extras. For specific TV episodes, you would have to iterate over a season's works. |
workType |
String |
A supported work type for video data, such as "Musical" or "Image". |
seriesEpisode |
String |
The episode's number in the series. |
seriesEpisodeCount |
String |
The number of episodes in the series. |
seriesTitle |
GnTitle |
The series title, e.g., "Mad Men". See GnVideoWork > franchiseTitle for object properties. |
settingEnvironment |
String |
The physical environment captured in the work. These do not refer to specific locations, but rather general (or generic) locations. For example: Prison, High School, Skyscraper, Desert, etc. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
settingTimePeriod |
String |
A supported historical time setting for video data, such as "Elizabethan Era 1558-1603", or "Jazz Age 1919-1929". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
source |
String |
A supported story concept source for video data, such as "Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes". |
storyType |
String |
A supported overall story type for video data, such as "Love Story". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
style |
String |
A supported film style type for video data, such as "Film Noir". |
topic |
String |
A supported film topic for video data, such as "Racing" or "Teen Angst". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
tui |
String |
A Gracenote acronym for "title unique identifier". For example: "267348592". This and tuiTag are used for unique identification within the Gracenote service. |
tuiMatchProduct |
String |
Second TUI, if it exists. |
tuiTag |
String |
A hashed representation for the tui field. For example: "343DFA0AAF615988C9F4AB1ECB383D00". |
videoCredits |
GnVideoCredit Enumerator |
Video credit objects. A credit lists the contribution of a person (or occasionally a company, such as a film studio) to a Video Work. |
artistType(GnDataLevel level) |
String |
Artist type, e.g., "Female Solo - Solo Vocal". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
characterName |
String |
The character's name on the show. |
contributor |
GnContributor |
A Contributor refers to any person who plays a role in a Work. Actors, Directors, Producers, Narrators, and Crew are all consider a Contributor. Popular recurring Characters such as Batman, Harry Potter, or Spider-man are also considered Contributors |
artitstType |
String |
Contributor's artist type. |
biography |
GnContent |
Content object. See GnVideoWork > contents for object properties. |
biographyVideo |
String |
Contributor's biography when received from a video response. |
birthDate |
String |
The contributor's birth date in UTC format. |
birthPlace |
String |
The contributor's birth place. |
collaborator |
GnContributor |
Contributor that collaborated with this contributor in the context of the returned result. See GnVideoWork > videoCredits > Contributor for object properties. |
collaboratorResult |
Boolean |
Flag indicating if this is a collaborator result |
contents |
GnContent Enumerator |
Content (cover art, biography, review, etc.) objects. See GnVideoWork > Contents for object properties. |
deathDate |
String |
The contributor's date of death in UTC format. |
deathPlace |
String |
The place where the contributor died. |
era(GnDataLevel level) |
String |
Contributor's era. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
externalIds |
GnExternalId Enumerator |
External ID objects. External IDs are 3rd party IDs used to cross link this metadata to 3rd party services.
See GnVideoWork > externalIDs for object property descriptions. |
genre(GnDataLevel level) |
String |
Contributor's genre. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
origin(GnDataLevel level) |
String |
Contributor's origin, e.g., New York City. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
gnId |
String |
Gracenote identifier |
gnUId |
String |
Contributor's Gracenote unique Id |
image |
GnContent |
Contributor's image content object. See GnVideoWork > contents for object properties. |
isFullResult |
BOOL |
Indicates if this is a partial or full metadata result. |
mediaSpace |
String |
The kind of media, such as VIDEO. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
name |
GnName |
Contributor name object. See GnVideoWork > videoCredits > officialName for object properties |
namesOfficial |
GnName Enumerator |
Official name objects. See GnVideoWork > videoCredits > officialName for object properties |
namesRegional |
GnName Enumerator |
Regional name objects. See GnVideoWork > videoCredits > officialName for object properties |
productId |
String |
Product ID. |
tui |
String |
A Gracenote acronym for "title unique identifier". For example: "267348592". This and tuiTag are used for unique identification within the Gracenote service. |
tuiTag |
String |
For example: "343DFA0AAF615988C9F4AB1ECB383D00". |
era(GnDataLevel level) |
String |
Artist era. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
genre(GnDataLevel level) |
String |
Genre, e.g., comedy. Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
officialName |
GnName |
Name class |
display |
String |
Display name |
prefix |
String |
Name prefix, e.g., "The". |
sortable |
String |
Sortable title |
sortableScheme |
String |
Sortable title scheme |
family |
String |
Family name |
given |
String |
Given name |
globalId |
String |
Name global ID - used for transcriptions |
language |
String |
Name display language |
languageCode |
String |
Name display language 3 letter ISO code |
origin(GnDataLevel level) |
String |
Geographic location, e.g., "New York City". Note that this is a locale-dependent field. |
rank |
String |
Role's rank in importance |
role |
String |
The type of role, e.g., "Actor". |
roleBilling |
String |
A number identifying the role's listing in the credits. |
roleId |
String |
Role ID |
seasons |
GnVideoSeason
Enumerator |
Video season objects. A Season is an ordered collection of Works, typically representing a season of a TV series. See GnVideoWork > seasons for object property descriptions. |
series |
GnVideoSeries
Enumerator |
Video series objects. A Series is a collection of related Works, typically in sequence, and often comprised of Seasons (generally for TV series). See GnVideoWork > series for object property descriptions. |
works |
GnVideoWork
Enumerator |
Video work objects. See GnVideoWork for object property descriptions. |
videoMood |
String |
The work's mood, e.g., "Playful". |
videoProductionType |
String |
The kind of production for the AV Work, e.g., "Animation", "Documentary", etc. |
videoProductionTypeId |
Long |
Video production type ID |
workType |
String |
A supported work type for video data, such as "Musical" or "Image". |


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java.lang.Object org.apache.jasper.compiler.SmapStratum
Represents the line and file mappings associated with a JSR-045 "stratum".
| Nested Class Summary | |
static class |
SmapStratum.LineInfo
Represents a single LineSection in an SMAP, associated with a particular stratum. |
| Constructor Summary | |
SmapStratum(java.lang.String stratumName)
Constructs a new SmapStratum object for the given stratum name (e.g., JSP). |
| Method Summary | |
void |
addFile(java.lang.String filename)
Adds record of a new file, by filename. |
void |
addFile(java.lang.String filename,
java.lang.String filePath)
Adds record of a new file, by filename and path. |
void |
addLineData(int inputStartLine,
java.lang.String inputFileName,
int inputLineCount,
int outputStartLine,
int outputLineIncrement)
Adds complete information about a simple line mapping. |
java.lang.String |
getStratumName()
Returns the name of the stratum. |
java.lang.String |
getString()
Returns the given stratum as a String: a StratumSection, followed by at least one FileSection and at least one LineSection. |
void |
optimizeLineSection()
Combines consecutive LineInfos wherever possible |
java.lang.String |
toString()
|
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
public SmapStratum(java.lang.String stratumName)
stratumName
- the name of the stratum (e.g., JSP)| Method Detail |
public void addFile(java.lang.String filename)
filename
- the filename to add, unqualified by path.public void addFile(java.lang.String filename, java.lang.String filePath)
filename
- the filename to add, unqualified by pathfilePath
- the path for the filename, potentially relative
to a source compilation pathpublic void optimizeLineSection()
public void addLineData(int inputStartLine, java.lang.String inputFileName, int inputLineCount, int outputStartLine, int outputLineIncrement)
inputStartLine
- starting line in the source file
(SMAP InputStartLine)inputFileName
- the filepath (or name) from which the input comes
(yields SMAP LineFileID) Use unqualified names
carefully, and only when they uniquely identify a file.inputLineCount
- the number of lines in the input to map
(SMAP LineFileCount)outputStartLine
- starting line in the output file
(SMAP OutputStartLine)outputLineIncrement
- number of output lines to map to each
input line (SMAP OutputLineIncrement). Given the
fact that the name starts with "output", I continuously have
the subconscious urge to call this field
OutputLineExcrement.public java.lang.String getStratumName()
public java.lang.String getString()
public java.lang.String toString()
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This dialog can be used to adjust the options for encryption and decryption within the RSA demonstration (see menu path Individual Procedures \ RSA Cryptosystem \ RSA Demonstration).
1. Text Options / Alphabet Options
With the demonstration of the RSA cryptosystem you can encrypt texts using either the ASCII character set or specify your own alphabet. Make your selection by clicking on the appropriate radio button and - in the second case - define the alphabet in the input field underneath.
With RSA encryption and decryption, individual letters are coded in numbers first.
The coding of the default alphabet "<space>ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" is as follows:
| <Space> | -> | 0 |
| A | -> | 1 |
| B | -> | 2 |
| .... | ||
| Z | -> | 26 |
If you remove the blank, then A will be coded with 0.
2. RSA Variant
You can choose between running the standard RSA encryption algorithm and the procedure in the article entitled "Dialogue of the Sisters" (see cīt magazine, 25/99), which is part of this CrypTool package as a PDF document.
3. Block length and method for coding of the message into numbers
Depending on the bit length of the RSA modulus N and the selected alphabet, you can adjust the block length with RSA encryption. The maximum possible block length is entered into the options as default value whenever the modulus or the alphabet changes.
If you have defined the alphabet yourself and the selected block length k is greater than 1, after coding the letters as numbers, as described above, each k of these numbers is coded into a larger number. The coding can be carried out as to be b-adic (where b is the number of letters in the alphabet) or based on a number system (possible number systems are decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal; the number system can be defined in the same dialog below the block length and this setting is also used for display).
Example:
In this case the alphabet consists of 27 characters (<Blank> = 0, A = 1, ..., Z = 26). If the message "ATTACK AT DAWN" is broken down into blocks of
length 2, we obtain the following blocks:
AT # TA # CK # <Blank>A # T<Blank> # DA # WN
Numeric coding of the letters in the message:
01 20 # 20 01 # 03 00 # 01 20 # 00 04 # 01 23 # 14 00
How to generate a new number from the single numbers of a block is determined by the two coding methods "b-adic" and "basic system".
<letter1>*27^1 + <letter 2> produces the code:
047 # 541 # 081 # 047 # 004 # 050 # 378
This code is optimal.
<letter 1>*100^1 + <letter 2> produces the code
0120 # 2001 # 0300 # 0120 # 0004 # 0123 # 1400
With this code you can read off the letter coding directly.
Remark:
If the block length is one, which only makes sense if the RSA modulus is short, then both coding methods deliver the same values.


I am a senior at UCLA studying Film Production (Dual Concentration: Directing and Animation). I believe that stories can be told through any medium and I hope that my identity and Chinese background will bring change to the entertainment industry. I hope to take advantage of my familiarity with Chinese culture to build a bridge between eastern and western media. I have a strong passion for pretty things, CGI, and minorities in entertainment. My goal is to develop original sci-fi/fantasy/action content and create very human characters living in very alien worlds.
I studied at a boarding school in Shanghai for 4 years and I am fluent in Mandarin, English, and can hold conversations in Japanese. Prior to UCLA, I attended UC Davis for two years (B.A. Design minoring in Computer Science). I decided to shoot a film on a whim and I unexpectedly found my love for storytelling. Since then, I have directed, produced, and written films that have won awards and nominations at various film festivals. My work has been reviewed and published by multiple news outlets such as Daily Bruin and the World Journal (the largest Chinese newspaper).
Outside of making movies, I am a certified dessert connoisseur. I enjoy dancing, reading books under warm daylight, and day-dreaming about the next story I want to tell.


 For more information, see GitHub's products in the GitHub Help documentation.
Adds an organization member to a team. An authenticated organization owner or team maintainer can add organization members to a team.
Note: When you have team synchronization set up for a team with your organization's identity provider (IdP), you will see an error if you attempt to use the API for making changes to the team's membership. If you have access to manage group membership in your IdP, you can manage GitHub team membership through your identity provider, which automatically adds and removes team members in an organization. For more information, see "Synchronizing teams between your identity provider and GitHub."
An organization owner can add someone who is not part of the team's organization to a team. When an organization owner adds someone to a team who is not an organization member, this endpoint will send an invitation to the person via email. This newly-created membership will be in the "pending" state until the person accepts the invitation, at which point the membership will transition to the "active" state and the user will be added as a member of the team.
If the user is already a member of the team, this endpoint will update the role of the team member's role. To update the membership of a team member, the authenticated user must be an organization owner or a team maintainer.
Note: You can also specify a team by
org_id
and team_id
using the route
PUT /organizations/:org_id/team/:team_id/memberships/:username
.
PUT /orgs/:org/teams/:team_slug/memberships/:username
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
role |
string |
The role that this user should have in the team. Can be one of: * member - a normal member of the team.* maintainer - a team maintainer. Able to add/remove other
team members, promote other team members to team maintainer, and edit
the team's name and description.Default: member
|
Status: 200 OK
{
"url": "https://api.github.com/teams/1/memberships/octocat",
"role": "member",
"state": "active"
}
Status: 200 OK
{
"url": "https://api.github.com/teams/1/memberships/octocat",
"role": "member",
"state": "pending"
}
Status: 403 Forbidden
Status: 422 Unprocessable Entity
{
"message": "Cannot add an organization as a member.",
"errors": [
{
"code": "org",
"field": "user",
"resource": "TeamMember"
}
]
}


Calico Critters Baby Friends Set
From the box:
Hazelnut Chipmunk boy, Luke , loves to jump around all day. He especially likes to jump in the puddles after it rains. He also can't wait for his brother Dominic to teach him how to climb trees when he's a little older.
Hopscotch Rabbit girl, Grace , likes eating the chocolate croissants her father makes for her every day. When she greets other critters, she often has chocolate around her mouth. She also likes to feed and play with birds in the garden.
Silk Cat girl, Faith , loves all shiny things! She has a box full of treasures, such as pearls that her mother gave her and beautiful stones she found at the beach. On sunny days, she likes to watch the river sparkle for hours.


This will redirect you to Github where you will login. The only premission it requests is your email address. Then you are added as a user to this Firebase application, so you can make authenticated Github api calls.


These are current products without a home. If you would like to purchase one of these designs or would have a question about pricing, please feel free to contact me via clicking the option in the upper left-hand side of the webpage, or click here. Furthermore, if there is anything that you see that you would like to potentially own, or recieve a template for, please feel free to ask, as I have all of the original files for everything you see! Thank you, and I look forward to hearing from you soon!


| Package | flare.physics |
| Class | public class Spring |
| Property | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| damping : Number The damping (friction) co-efficient of the spring.
| Spring | ||
| die : Boolean Flag indicating that the spring is scheduled for removal.
| Spring | ||
| p1 : Particle
The first particle attached to the spring.
| Spring | ||
| p2 : Particle
The second particle attached to the spring.
| Spring | ||
| restLength : Number The rest length of the spring.
| Spring | ||
| tag : uint Tag property for storing an arbitrary value.
| Spring | ||
| tension : Number The tension of the spring.
| Spring |
| Method | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Spring(p1:Particle, p2:Particle, restLength:Number = 10, tension:Number = 0.1, damping:Number = 0.1)
Creates a new Spring with given parameters.
| Spring | ||
|
init(p1:Particle, p2:Particle, restLength:Number = 10, tension:Number = 0.1, damping:Number = 0.1):void
Initializes an existing spring instance.
| Spring | ||
|
kill():void
"Kills" this spring, scheduling it for removal in the next
simulation cycle.
| Spring |
| damping | property |
public var damping:Number
The damping (friction) co-efficient of the spring.
| die | property |
public var die:Boolean
Flag indicating that the spring is scheduled for removal.
| p1 | property |
public var p1:Particle
The first particle attached to the spring.
| p2 | property |
public var p2:Particle
The second particle attached to the spring.
| restLength | property |
public var restLength:Number
The rest length of the spring.
| tag | property |
public var tag:uint
Tag property for storing an arbitrary value.
| tension | property |
public var tension:Number
The tension of the spring.
| Spring | () | constructor |
public function Spring(p1:Particle, p2:Particle, restLength:Number = 10, tension:Number = 0.1, damping:Number = 0.1)
Creates a new Spring with given parameters.
Parametersp1:Particle — the first particle attached to the spring
|
|
p2:Particle — the second particle attached to the spring
|
|
restLength:Number (default = 10 ) — the rest length of the spring
|
|
tension:Number (default = 0.1 ) — the tension of the spring
|
|
damping:Number (default = 0.1 ) — the damping (friction) co-efficient of the spring
|
| init | () | method |
public function init(p1:Particle, p2:Particle, restLength:Number = 10, tension:Number = 0.1, damping:Number = 0.1):void
Initializes an existing spring instance.
Parametersp1:Particle — the first particle attached to the spring
|
|
p2:Particle — the second particle attached to the spring
|
|
restLength:Number (default = 10 ) — the rest length of the spring
|
|
tension:Number (default = 0.1 ) — the tension of the spring
|
|
damping:Number (default = 0.1 ) — the damping (friction) co-efficient of the spring
|
| kill | () | method |
public function kill():void
"Kills" this spring, scheduling it for removal in the next simulation cycle.