Vim documentation: mbyte
main help file*mbyte.txt* For Vim version 7.2. Last change: 2008 Jun 21 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar et al. Multi-byte support *multibyte* *multi-byte* *Chinese* *Japanese* *Korean* This is about editing text in languages which have many characters that can not be represented using one byte (one octet). Examples are Chinese, Japanese and Korean. Unicode is also covered here. For an introduction to the most common features, see |usr_45.txt| in the user manual. For changing the language of messages and menus see |mlang.txt|. {not available when compiled without the +multi_byte feature} 1. Getting started |mbyte-first| 2. Locale |mbyte-locale| 3. Encoding |mbyte-encoding| 4. Using a terminal |mbyte-terminal| 5. Fonts on X11 |mbyte-fonts-X11| 6. Fonts on MS-Windows |mbyte-fonts-MSwin| 7. Input on X11 |mbyte-XIM| 8. Input on MS-Windows |mbyte-IME| 9. Input with a keymap |mbyte-keymap| 10. Using UTF-8 |mbyte-utf8| 11. Overview of options |mbyte-options| NOTE: This file contains UTF-8 characters. These may show up as strange characters or boxes when using another encoding.
1. Getting started *mbyte-first* This is a summary of the multibyte features in Vim. If you are lucky it works as described and you can start using Vim without much trouble. If something doesn't work you will have to read the rest. Don't be surprised if it takes quite a bit of work and experimenting to make Vim use all the multi-byte features. Unfortunately, every system has its own way to deal with multibyte languages and it is quite complicated. COMPILING If you already have a compiled Vim program, check if the |+multi_byte| feature is included. The |:version| command can be used for this. If +multi_byte is not included, you should compile Vim with "big" features. You can further tune what features are included. See the INSTALL files in the source directory. LOCALE First of all, you must make sure your current locale is set correctly. If your system has been installed to use the language, it probably works right away. If not, you can often make it work by setting the $LANG environment variable in your shell: setenv LANG ja_JP.EUC Unfortunately, the name of the locale depends on your system. Japanese might also be called "ja_JP.EUCjp" or just "ja". To see what is currently used: :language To change the locale inside Vim use: :language ja_JP.EUC Vim will give an error message if this doesn't work. This is a good way to experiment and find the locale name you want to use. But it's always better to set the locale in the shell, so that it is used right from the start. See |mbyte-locale| for details. ENCODING If your locale works properly, Vim will try to set the 'encoding' option accordingly. If this doesn't work you can overrule its value: :set encoding=utf-8 See |encoding-values| for a list of acceptable values. The result is that all the text that is used inside Vim will be in this encoding. Not only the text in the buffers, but also in registers, variables, etc. This also means that changing the value of 'encoding' makes the existing text invalid! The text doesn't change, but it will be displayed wrong. You can edit files in another encoding than what 'encoding' is set to. Vim will convert the file when you read it and convert it back when you write it. See 'fileencoding', 'fileencodings' and |++enc|. DISPLAY AND FONTS If you are working in a terminal (emulator) you must make sure it accepts the same encoding as which Vim is working with. If this is not the case, you can use the 'termencoding' option to make Vim convert text automatically. For the GUI you must select fonts that work with the current 'encoding'. This is the difficult part. It depends on the system you are using, the locale and a few other things. See the chapters on fonts: |mbyte-fonts-X11| for X-Windows and |mbyte-fonts-MSwin| for MS-Windows. For GTK+ 2, you can skip most of this section. The option 'guifontset' does no longer exist. You only need to set 'guifont' and everything should "just work". If your system comes with Xft2 and fontconfig and the current font does not contain a certain glyph, a different font will be used automatically if available. The 'guifontwide' option is still supported but usually you do not need to set it. It is only necessary if the automatic font selection does not suit your needs. For X11 you can set the 'guifontset' option to a list of fonts that together cover the characters that are used. Example for Korean: :set guifontset=k12,r12 Alternatively, you can set 'guifont' and 'guifontwide'. 'guifont' is used for the single-width characters, 'guifontwide' for the double-width characters. Thus the 'guifontwide' font must be exactly twice as wide as 'guifont'. Example for UTF-8: :set guifont=-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-18-120-100-100-c-90-iso10646-1 :set guifontwide=-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-18-120-100-100-c-180-iso10646-1 You can also set 'guifont' alone, Vim will try to find a matching 'guifontwide' for you. INPUT There are several ways to enter multi-byte characters: - For X11 XIM can be used. See |XIM|. - For MS-Windows IME can be used. See |IME|. - For all systems keymaps can be used. See |mbyte-keymap|. The options 'iminsert', 'imsearch' and 'imcmdline' can be used to chose the different input methods or disable them temporarily.
2. Locale *mbyte-locale* The easiest setup is when your whole system uses the locale you want to work in. But it's also possible to set the locale for one shell you are working in, or just use a certain locale inside Vim. WHAT IS A LOCALE? *locale* There are many of languages in the world. And there are different cultures and environments at least as much as the number of languages. A linguistic environment corresponding to an area is called "locale". This includes information about the used language, the charset, collating order for sorting, date format, currency format and so on. For Vim only the language and charset really matter. You can only use a locale if your system has support for it. Some systems have only a few locales, especially in the USA. The language which you want to use may not be on your system. In that case you might be able to install it as an extra package. Check your system documentation for how to do that. The location in which the locales are installed varies from system to system. For example, "/usr/share/locale" or "/usr/lib/locale". See your system's setlocale() man page. Looking in these directories will show you the exact name of each locale. Mostly upper/lowercase matters, thus "ja_JP.EUC" and "ja_jp.euc" are different. Some systems have a locale.alias file, which allows translation from a short name like "nl" to the full name "nl_NL.ISO_8859-1". Note that X-windows has its own locale stuff. And unfortunately uses locale names different from what is used elsewhere. This is confusing! For Vim it matters what the setlocale() function uses, which is generally NOT the X-windows stuff. You might have to do some experiments to find out what really works. *locale-name* The (simplified) format of |locale| name is: language or language_territory or language_territory.codeset Territory means the country (or part of it), codeset means the |charset|. For example, the locale name "ja_JP.eucJP" means: ja the language is Japanese JP the country is Japan eucJP the codeset is EUC-JP But it also could be "ja", "ja_JP.EUC", "ja_JP.ujis", etc. And unfortunately, the locale name for a specific language, territory and codeset is not unified and depends on your system. Examples of locale name: charset language locale name GB2312 Chinese (simplified) zh_CN.EUC, zh_CN.GB2312 Big5 Chinese (traditional) zh_TW.BIG5, zh_TW.Big5 CNS-11643 Chinese (traditional) zh_TW EUC-JP Japanese ja, ja_JP.EUC, ja_JP.ujis, ja_JP.eucJP Shift_JIS Japanese ja_JP.SJIS, ja_JP.Shift_JIS EUC-KR Korean ko, ko_KR.EUC USING A LOCALE To start using a locale for the whole system, see the documentation of your system. Mostly you need to set it in a configuration file in "/etc". To use a locale in a shell, set the $LANG environment value. When you want to use Korean and the |locale| name is "ko", do this: sh: export LANG=ko csh: setenv LANG ko You can put this in your ~/.profile or ~/.cshrc file to always use it. To use a locale in Vim only, use the |:language| command: :language ko Put this in your ~/.vimrc file to use it always. Or specify $LANG when starting Vim: sh: LANG=ko vim {vim-arguments} csh: env LANG=ko vim {vim-arguments} You could make a small shell script for this.
3. Encoding *mbyte-encoding* Vim uses the 'encoding' option to specify how characters are identified and encoded when they are used inside Vim. This applies to all the places where text is used, including buffers (files loaded into memory), registers and variables. *charset* *codeset* Charset is another name for encoding. There are subtle differences, but these don't matter when using Vim. "codeset" is another similar name. Each character is encoded as one or more bytes. When all characters are encoded with one byte, we call this a single-byte encoding. The most often used one is called "latin1". This limits the number of characters to 256. Some of these are control characters, thus even fewer can be used for text. When some characters use two or more bytes, we call this a multi-byte encoding. This allows using much more than 256 characters, which is required for most East Asian languages. Most multi-byte encodings use one byte for the first 127 characters. These are equal to ASCII, which makes it easy to exchange plain-ASCII text, no matter what language is used. Thus you might see the right text even when the encoding was set wrong. *encoding-names* Vim can use many different character encodings. There are three major groups: 1 8bit Single-byte encodings, 256 different characters. Mostly used in USA and Europe. Example: ISO-8859-1 (Latin1). All characters occupy one screen cell only. 2 2byte Double-byte encodings, over 10000 different characters. Mostly used in Asian countries. Example: euc-kr (Korean) The number of screen cells is equal to the number of bytes (except for euc-jp when the first byte is 0x8e). u Unicode Universal encoding, can replace all others. ISO 10646. Millions of different characters. Example: UTF-8. The relation between bytes and screen cells is complex. Other encodings cannot be used by Vim internally. But files in other encodings can be edited by using conversion, see 'fileencoding'. Note that all encodings must use ASCII for the characters up to 128 (except when compiled for EBCDIC).  It is passed to iconv() to convert between the encoding of the file and the current locale. For MS-Windows "cp{number}" means using codepage {number}. Examples: :set encoding=8bit-cp1252 :set encoding=2byte-cp932 Several aliases can be used, they are translated to one of the names above. An incomplete list: 1 ansi same as latin1 (obsolete, for backward compatibility) 2 japan Japanese: on Unix "euc-jp", on MS-Windows cp932 2 korea Korean: on Unix "euc-kr", on MS-Windows cp949 2 prc simplified Chinese: on Unix "euc-cn", on MS-Windows cp936 2 chinese same as "prc" 2 taiwan traditional Chinese: on Unix "euc-tw", on MS-Windows cp950 u utf8 same as utf-8 u unicode same as ucs-2 u ucs2be same as ucs-2 (big endian) u ucs-2be same as ucs-2 (big endian) u ucs-4be same as ucs-4 (big endian) u utf-32 same as ucs-4 u utf-32le same as ucs-4le default stands for the default value of 'encoding', depends on the environment For the UCS codes the byte order matters. This is tricky, use UTF-8 whenever you can. The default is to use big-endian (most significant byte comes first): name bytes char ucs-2 11 22 1122 ucs-2le 22 11 1122 ucs-4 11 22 33 44 11223344 ucs-4le 44 33 22 11 11223344 On MS-Windows systems you often want to use "ucs-2le", because it uses little endian UCS-2. There are a few encodings which are similar, but not exactly the same. Vim treats them as if they were different encodings, so that conversion will be done when needed. You might want to use the similar name to avoid conversion or when conversion is not possible: cp932, shift-jis, sjis cp936, euc-cn *encoding-table* Normally 'encoding' is equal to your current locale and 'termencoding' is empty. This means that your keyboard and display work with characters encoded in your current locale, and Vim uses the same characters internally. You can make Vim use characters in a different encoding by setting the 'encoding' option to a different value. Since the keyboard and display still use the current locale, conversion needs to be done. The 'termencoding' then takes over the value of the current locale, so Vim converts between 'encoding' and 'termencoding'. Example: :let &termencoding = &encoding :set encoding=utf-8 However, not all combinations of values are possible. The table below tells you how each of the nine combinations works. This is further restricted by not all conversions being possible, iconv() being present, etc. Since this depends on the system used, no detailed list can be given. ('tenc' is the short name for 'termencoding' and 'enc' short for 'encoding') 'tenc' 'enc' remark 8bit 8bit Works. When 'termencoding' is different from 'encoding' typing and displaying may be wrong for some characters, Vim does NOT perform conversion (set 'encoding' to "utf-8" to get this). 8bit 2byte MS-Windows: works for all codepages installed on your system; you can only type 8bit characters; Other systems: does NOT work. 8bit Unicode Works, but only 8bit characters can be typed directly (others through digraphs, keymaps, etc.); in a terminal you can only see 8bit characters; the GUI can show all characters that the 'guifont' supports. 2byte 8bit Works, but typing non-ASCII characters might be a problem. 2byte 2byte MS-Windows: works for all codepages installed on your system; typing characters might be a problem when locale is different from 'encoding'. Other systems: Only works when 'termencoding' is equal to 'encoding', you might as well leave it empty. 2byte Unicode works, Vim will translate typed characters. Unicode 8bit works (unusual) Unicode 2byte does NOT work Unicode Unicode works very well (leaving 'termencoding' empty works the same way, because all Unicode is handled internally as UTF-8) CONVERSION *charset-conversion* Vim will automatically convert from one to another encoding in several places: - When reading a file and 'fileencoding' is different from 'encoding' - When writing a file and 'fileencoding' is different from 'encoding' - When displaying characters and 'termencoding' is different from 'encoding' - When reading input and 'termencoding' is different from 'encoding' - When displaying messages and the encoding used for LC_MESSAGES differs from 'encoding' (requires a gettext version that supports this). - When reading a Vim script where |:scriptencoding| is different from 'encoding'. - When reading or writing a |viminfo| file. Most of these require the |+iconv| feature. Conversion for reading and writing files may also be specified with the 'charconvert' option. Useful utilities for converting the charset: All: iconv GNU iconv can convert most encodings. Unicode is used as the intermediate encoding, which allows conversion from and to all other encodings. See http://www.gnu.org/directory/libiconv.html. Japanese: nkf Nkf is "Network Kanji code conversion Filter". One of the most unique facility of nkf is the guess of the input Kanji code. So, you don't need to know what the inputting file's |charset| is. When convert to EUC-JP from ISO-2022-JP or Shift_JIS, simply do the following command in Vim: :%!nkf -e Nkf can be found at: http://www.sfc.wide.ad.jp/~max/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/nkf-1.62.tar.gz Chinese: hc Hc is "Hanzi Converter". Hc convert a GB file to a Big5 file, or Big5 file to GB file. Hc can be found at: ftp://ftp.cuhk.hk/pub/chinese/ifcss/software/unix/convert/hc-30.tar.gz Korean: hmconv Hmconv is Korean code conversion utility especially for E-mail. It can convert between EUC-KR and ISO-2022-KR. Hmconv can be found at: ftp://ftp.kaist.ac.kr/pub/hangul/code/hmconv/ Multilingual: lv Lv is a Powerful Multilingual File Viewer. And it can be worked as |charset| converter. Supported |charset|: ISO-2022-CN, ISO-2022-JP, ISO-2022-KR, EUC-CN, EUC-JP, EUC-KR, EUC-TW, UTF-7, UTF-8, ISO-8859 series, Shift_JIS, Big5 and HZ. Lv can be found at: http://www.ff.iij4u.or.jp/~nrt/freeware/lv4495.tar.gz *mbyte-conversion* When reading and writing files in an encoding different from 'encoding', conversion needs to be done. These conversions are supported: - All conversions between Latin-1 (ISO-8859-1), UTF-8, UCS-2 and UCS-4 are handled internally. - For MS-Windows, when 'encoding' is a Unicode encoding, conversion from and to any codepage should work. - Conversion specified with 'charconvert' - Conversion with the iconv library, if it is available. Old versions of GNU iconv() may cause the conversion to fail (they request a very large buffer, more than Vim is willing to provide). Try getting another iconv() implementation. *iconv-dynamic* On MS-Windows Vim can be compiled with the |+iconv/dyn| feature. This means Vim will search for the "iconv.dll" and "libiconv.dll" libraries. When neither of them can be found Vim will still work but some conversions won't be possible.
4. Using a terminal *mbyte-terminal* The GUI fully supports multi-byte characters. It is also possible in a terminal, if the terminal supports the same encoding that Vim uses. Thus this is less flexible. For example, you can run Vim in a xterm with added multi-byte support and/or |XIM|. Examples are kterm (Kanji term) and hanterm (for Korean), Eterm (Enlightened terminal) and rxvt. If your terminal does not support the right encoding, you can set the 'termencoding' option. Vim will then convert the typed characters from 'termencoding' to 'encoding'. And displayed text will be converted from 'encoding' to 'termencoding'. If the encoding supported by the terminal doesn't include all the characters that Vim uses, this leads to lost characters. This may mess up the display. If you use a terminal that supports Unicode, such as the xterm mentioned below, it should work just fine, since nearly every character set can be converted to Unicode without loss of information. UTF-8 IN XFREE86 XTERM *UTF8-xterm* This is a short explanation of how to use UTF-8 character encoding in the xterm that comes with XFree86 by Thomas Dickey (text by Markus Kuhn). Get the latest xterm version which has now UTF-8 support: http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.html Compile it with "./configure --enable-wide-chars ; make" Also get the ISO 10646-1 version of various fonts, which is available on http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/download/ucs-fonts.tar.gz and install the font as described in the README file. Now start xterm with xterm -u8 -fn -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso10646-1 or, for bigger character: xterm -u8 -fn -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--15-140-75-75-c-90-iso10646-1 and you will have a working UTF-8 terminal emulator. Try both cat utf-8-demo.txt vim utf-8-demo.txt with the demo text that comes with ucs-fonts.tar.gz in order to see whether there are any problems with UTF-8 in your xterm. For Vim you may need to set 'encoding' to "utf-8".
5. Fonts on X11 *mbyte-fonts-X11* Unfortunately, using fonts in X11 is complicated. The name of a single-byte font is a long string. For multi-byte fonts we need several of these... Note: Most of this is no longer relevant for GTK+ 2. Selecting a font via its XLFD is not supported anymore; see 'guifont' for an example of how to set the font.  First of all, Vim only accepts fixed-width fonts for displaying text. You cannot use proportionally spaced fonts. This excludes many of the available (and nicer looking) fonts. However, for menus and tooltips any font can be used. Note that Display and Input are independent. It is possible to see your language even though you have no input method for it. You should get a default font for menus and tooltips that works, but it might be ugly. Read the following to find out how to select a better font. X LOGICAL FONT DESCRIPTION (XLFD) *XLFD* XLFD is the X font name and contains the information about the font size, charset, etc. The name is in this format: FOUNDRY-FAMILY-WEIGHT-SLANT-WIDTH-STYLE-PIXEL-POINT-X-Y-SPACE-AVE-CR-CE Each field means: - FOUNDRY: FOUNDRY field. The company that created the font. - FAMILY: FAMILY_NAME field. Basic font family name. (helvetica, gothic, times, etc) - WEIGHT: WEIGHT_NAME field. How thick the letters are. (light, medium, bold, etc) - SLANT: SLANT field. r: Roman (no slant) i: Italic o: Oblique ri: Reverse Italic ro: Reverse Oblique ot: Other number: Scaled font - WIDTH: SETWIDTH_NAME field. Width of characters. (normal, condensed, narrow, double wide) - STYLE: ADD_STYLE_NAME field. Extra info to describe font. (Serif, Sans Serif, Informal, Decorated, etc) - PIXEL: PIXEL_SIZE field. Height, in pixels, of characters. - POINT: POINT_SIZE field. Ten times height of characters in points. - X: RESOLUTION_X field. X resolution (dots per inch). - Y: RESOLUTION_Y field. Y resolution (dots per inch). - SPACE: SPACING field. p: Proportional m: Monospaced c: CharCell - AVE: AVERAGE_WIDTH field. Ten times average width in pixels. - CR: CHARSET_REGISTRY field. The name of the charset group. - CE: CHARSET_ENCODING field. The rest of the charset name. For some charsets, such as JIS X 0208, if this field is 0, code points has the same value as GL, and GR if 1. For example, in case of a 14 dots font corresponding to JIS X 0208, it is written like: -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-110-100-100-c-160-jisx0208.1990-0 X FONTSET *fontset* *xfontset* A single-byte charset is typically associated with one font. For multi-byte charsets a combination of fonts is often used. This means that one group of characters are used from one font and another group from another font (which might be double wide). This collection of fonts is called a fontset. Which fonts are required in a fontset depends on the current locale. X windows maintains a table of which groups of characters are required for a locale. You have to specify all the fonts that a locale requires in the 'guifontset' option. NOTE: The fontset always uses the current locale, even though 'encoding' may be set to use a different charset. In that situation you might want to use 'guifont' and 'guifontwide' instead of 'guifontset'. Example: |charset| language "groups of characters" GB2312 Chinese (simplified) ISO-8859-1 and GB 2312 Big5 Chinese (traditional) ISO-8859-1 and Big5 CNS-11643 Chinese (traditional) ISO-8859-1, CNS 11643-1 and CNS 11643-2 EUC-JP Japanese JIS X 0201 and JIS X 0208 EUC-KR Korean ISO-8859-1 and KS C 5601 (KS X 1001) You can search for fonts using the xlsfonts command. For example, when you're searching for a font for KS C 5601: xlsfonts | grep ksc5601 This is complicated and confusing. You might want to consult the X-Windows documentation if there is something you don't understand. *base_font_name_list* When you have found the names of the fonts you want to use, you need to set the 'guifontset' option. You specify the list by concatenating the font names and putting a comma in between them. For example, when you use the ja_JP.eucJP locale, this requires JIS X 0201 and JIS X 0208. You could supply a list of fonts that explicitly specifies the charsets, like: :set guifontset=-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-130-75-75-c-140-jisx0208.1983-0, \-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-130-75-75-c-70-jisx0201.1976-0 Alternatively, you can supply a base font name list that omits the charset name, letting X-Windows select font characters required for the locale. For example: :set guifontset=-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-130-75-75-c-140, \-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-130-75-75-c-70 Alternatively, you can supply a single base font name that allows X-Windows to select from all available fonts. For example: :set guifontset=-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-* Alternatively, you can specify alias names. See the fonts.alias file in the fonts directory (e.g., /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/). For example: :set guifontset=k14,r14 *E253* Note that in East Asian fonts, the standard character cell is square. When mixing a Latin font and an East Asian font, the East Asian font width should be twice the Latin font width. If 'guifontset' is not empty, the "font" argument of the |:highlight| command is also interpreted as a fontset. For example, you should use for highlighting: :hi Comment font=english_font,your_font If you use a wrong "font" argument you will get an error message. Also make sure that you set 'guifontset' before setting fonts for highlight groups. USING RESOURCE FILES Instead of specifying 'guifontset', you can set X11 resources and Vim will pick them up. This is only for people who know how X resource files work. For Motif and Athena insert these three lines in your $HOME/.Xdefaults file: Vim.font: |base_font_name_list| Vim*fontSet: |base_font_name_list| Vim*fontList: your_language_font Note: Vim.font is for text area. Vim*fontSet is for menu. Vim*fontList is for menu (for Motif GUI) For example, when you are using Japanese and a 14 dots font, Vim.font: -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-* Vim*fontSet: -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-* Vim*fontList: -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-* or: Vim*font: k14,r14 Vim*fontSet: k14,r14 Vim*fontList: k14,r14 To have them take effect immediately you will have to do xrdb -merge ~/.Xdefaults Otherwise you will have to stop and restart the X server before the changes take effect. The GTK+ version of GUI Vim does not use .Xdefaults, use ~/.gtkrc instead. The default mostly works OK. But for the menus you might have to change it. Example: style "default" { fontset="-*-*-medium-r-normal--14-*-*-*-c-*-*-*" } widget_class "*" style "default"
6. Fonts on MS-Windows *mbyte-fonts-MSwin* The simplest is to use the font dialog to select fonts and try them out. You can find this at the "Edit/Select Font..." menu. Once you find a font name that works well you can use this command to see its name: :set guifont Then add a command to your |gvimrc| file to set 'guifont': :set guifont=courier_new:h12
7. Input on X11 *mbyte-XIM* X INPUT METHOD (XIM) BACKGROUND *XIM* *xim* *x-input-method* XIM is an international input module for X. There are two kind of structures, Xlib unit type and |IM-server| (Input-Method server) type. |IM-server| type is suitable for complex input, such as CJK. - IM-server *IM-server* In |IM-server| type input structures, the input event is handled by either of the two ways: FrontEnd system and BackEnd system. In the FrontEnd system, input events are snatched by the |IM-server| first, then |IM-server| give the application the result of input. On the other hand, the BackEnd system works reverse order. MS Windows adopt BackEnd system. In X, most of |IM-server|s adopt FrontEnd system. The demerit of BackEnd system is the large overhead in communication, but it provides safe synchronization with no restrictions on applications. For example, there are xwnmo and kinput2 Japanese |IM-server|, both are FrontEnd system. Xwnmo is distributed with Wnn (see below), kinput2 can be found at: ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/x11/kinput2/ For Chinese, there's a great XIM server named "xcin", you can input both Traditional and Simplified Chinese characters. And it can accept other locale if you make a correct input table. Xcin can be found at: http://xcin.linux.org.tw/ Others are scim: http://scim.freedesktop.org/ and fcitx: http://www.fcitx.org/ - Conversion Server *conversion-server* Some system needs additional server: conversion server. Most of Japanese |IM-server|s need it, Kana-Kanji conversion server. For Chinese inputting, it depends on the method of inputting, in some methods, PinYin or ZhuYin to HanZi conversion server is needed. For Korean inputting, if you want to input Hanja, Hangul-Hanja conversion server is needed. For example, the Japanese inputting process is divided into 2 steps. First we pre-input Hira-gana, second Kana-Kanji conversion. There are so many Kanji characters (6349 Kanji characters are defined in JIS X 0208) and the number of Hira-gana characters are 76. So, first, we pre-input text as pronounced in Hira-gana, second, we convert Hira-gana to Kanji or Kata-Kana, if needed. There are some Kana-Kanji conversion server: jserver (distributed with Wnn, see below) and canna. Canna could be found at: ftp://ftp.nec.co.jp/pub/Canna/ no longer works. There is a good input system: Wnn4.2. Wnn 4.2 contains, xwnmo (|IM-server|) jserver (Japanese Kana-Kanji conversion server) cserver (Chinese PinYin or ZhuYin to simplified HanZi conversion server) tserver (Chinese PinYin or ZhuYin to traditional HanZi conversion server) kserver (Hangul-Hanja conversion server) Wnn 4.2 for several systems can be found at various places on the internet. Use the RPM or port for your system. - Input Style *xim-input-style* When inputting CJK, there are four areas: 1. The area to display of the input while it is being composed 2. The area to display the currently active input mode. 3. The area to display the next candidate for the selection. 4. The area to display other tools. The third area is needed when converting. For example, in Japanese inputting, multiple Kanji characters could have the same pronunciation, so a sequence of Hira-gana characters could map to a distinct sequence of Kanji characters. The first and second areas are defined in international input of X with the names of "Preedit Area", "Status Area" respectively. The third and fourth areas are not defined and are left to be managed by the |IM-server|. In the international input, four input styles have been defined using combinations of Preedit Area and Status Area: |OnTheSpot|, |OffTheSpot|, |OverTheSpot| and |Root|. Currently, GUI Vim support three style, |OverTheSpot|, |OffTheSpot| and |Root|. *. on-the-spot *OnTheSpot* Preedit Area and Status Area are performed by the client application in the area of application. The client application is directed by the |IM-server| to display all pre-edit data at the location of text insertion. The client registers callbacks invoked by the input method during pre-editing. *. over-the-spot *OverTheSpot* Status Area is created in a fixed position within the area of application, in case of Vim, the position is the additional status line. Preedit Area is made at present input position of application. The input method displays pre-edit data in a window which it brings up directly over the text insertion position. *. off-the-spot *OffTheSpot* Preedit Area and Status Area are performed in the area of application, in case of Vim, the area is additional status line. The client application provides display windows for the pre-edit data to the input method which displays into them directly. *. root-window *Root* Preedit Area and Status Area are outside of the application. The input method displays all pre-edit data in a separate area of the screen in a window specific to the input method. USING XIM *multibyte-input* *E284* *E286* *E287* *E288* *E285* *E291* *E292* *E290* *E289* Note that Display and Input are independent. It is possible to see your language even though you have no input method for it. But when your Display method doesn't match your Input method, the text will be displayed wrong. Note: You can not use IM unless you specify 'guifontset'. Therefore, Latin users, you have to also use 'guifontset' if you use IM. To input your language you should run the |IM-server| which supports your language and |conversion-server| if needed. The next 3 lines should be put in your ~/.Xdefaults file. They are common for all X applications which uses |XIM|. If you already use |XIM|, you can skip this. *international: True *.inputMethod: your_input_server_name *.preeditType: your_input_style input_server_name is your |IM-server| name (check your |IM-server| manual). your_input_style is one of |OverTheSpot|, |OffTheSpot|, |Root|. See also |xim-input-style|. *international may not necessary if you use X11R6. *.inputMethod and *.preeditType are optional if you use X11R6. For example, when you are using kinput2 as |IM-server|, *international: True *.inputMethod: kinput2 *.preeditType: OverTheSpot When using |OverTheSpot|, GUI Vim always connects to the IM Server even in Normal mode, so you can input your language with commands like "f" and "r". But when using one of the other two methods, GUI Vim connects to the IM Server only if it is not in Normal mode. If your IM Server does not support |OverTheSpot|, and if you want to use your language with some Normal mode command like "f" or "r", then you should use a localized xterm or an xterm which supports |XIM| If needed, you can set the XMODIFIERS environment variable: sh: export XMODIFIERS="@im=input_server_name" csh: setenv XMODIFIERS "@im=input_server_name" For example, when you are using kinput2 as |IM-server| and sh, export XMODIFIERS="@im=kinput2" FULLY CONTROLLED XIM You can fully control XIM, like with IME of MS-Windows (see |multibyte-ime|). This is currently only available for the GTK GUI. Before using fully controlled XIM, one setting is required. Set the 'imactivatekey' option to the key that is used for the activation of the input method. For example, when you are using kinput2 + canna as IM Server, the activation key is probably Shift+Space: :set imactivatekey=S-space See 'imactivatekey' for the format.
8. Input on MS-Windows *mbyte-IME* (Windows IME support) *multibyte-ime* *IME* {only works Windows GUI and compiled with the |+multi_byte_ime| feature} To input multibyte characters on Windows, you have to use Input Method Editor (IME). In process of your editing text, you must switch status (on/off) of IME many many many times. Because IME with status on is hooking all of your key inputs, you cannot input 'j', 'k', or almost all of keys to Vim directly. This |+multi_byte_ime| feature help this. It reduce times of switch status of IME manually. In normal mode, there are almost no need working IME, even editing multibyte text. So exiting insert mode with ESC, Vim memorize last status of IME and force turn off IME. When re-enter insert mode, Vim revert IME status to that memorized automatically. This works on not only insert-normal mode, but also search-command input and replace mode. The options 'iminsert', 'imsearch' and 'imcmdline' can be used to chose the different input methods or disable them temporarily. WHAT IS IME IME is a part of East asian version Windows. That helps you to input multibyte character. English and other language version Windows does not have any IME. (Also there are no need usually.) But there is one that called Microsoft Global IME. Global IME is a part of Internet Explorer 4.0 or above. You can get more information about Global IME, at below URL. WHAT IS GLOBAL IME *global-ime* Global IME makes capability to input Chinese, Japanese, and Korean text into Vim buffer on any language version of Windows 98, Windows 95, and Windows NT 4.0. On Windows 2000 and XP it should work as well (without downloading). On Windows 2000 Professional, Global IME is built in, and the Input Locales can be added through Control Panel/Regional Options/Input Locales. Please see below URL for detail of Global IME. You can also find various language version of Global IME at same place. - Global IME detailed information. http://www.microsoft.com/windows/ie/features/ime.asp - Active Input Method Manager (Global IME) http://msdn.microsoft.com/workshop/misc/AIMM/aimm.asp Support for Global IME is an experimental feature. NOTE: For IME to work you must make sure the input locales of your language are added to your system. The exact location of this depends on the version of Windows you use. For example, on my Windows 2000 box: 1. Control Panel 2. Regional Options 3. Input Locales Tab 4. Add Installed input locales -> Chinese(PRC) The default is still English (United Stated) Cursor color when IME or XIM is on *CursorIM* There is a little cute feature for IME. Cursor can indicate status of IME by changing its color. Usually status of IME was indicated by little icon at a corner of desktop (or taskbar). It is not easy to verify status of IME. But this feature help this. This works in the same way when using XIM. You can select cursor color when status is on by using highlight group CursorIM. For example, add these lines to your YXXYgvimrc|: if has('multi_byte_ime') highlight Cursor guifg=NONE guibg=Green highlight CursorIM guifg=NONE guibg=Purple endif Cursor color with off IME is green. And purple cursor indicates that status is on.
9. Input with a keymap *mbyte-keymap* When the keyboard doesn't produce the characters you want to enter in your text, you can use the 'keymap' option. This will translate one or more (English) characters to another (non-English) character. This only happens when typing text, not when typing Vim commands. This avoids having to switch between two keyboard settings. The value of the 'keymap' option specifies a keymap file to use. The name of this file is one of these two: keymap/{keymap}_{encoding}.vim keymap/{keymap}.vim Here {keymap} is the value of the 'keymap' option and {encoding} of the 'encoding' option. The file name with the {encoding} included is tried first. 'runtimepath' is used to find these files. To see an overview of all available keymap files, use this: :echo globpath(&rtp, "keymap/*.vim") In Insert and Command-line mode you can use CTRL-^ to toggle between using the keyboard map or not. |i_CTRL-^| |c_CTRL-^| This flag is remembered for Insert mode with the 'iminsert' option. When leaving and entering Insert mode the previous value is used. The same value is also used for commands that take a single character argument, like |f| and |r|. For Command-line mode the flag is NOT remembered. You are expected to type an Ex command first, which is ASCII. For typing search patterns the 'imsearch' option is used. It can be set to use the same value as for 'iminsert'. It is possible to give the GUI cursor another color when the language mappings are being used. This is disabled by default, to avoid that the cursor becomes invisible when you use a non-standard background color. Here is an example to use a brightly colored cursor: :highlight Cursor guifg=NONE guibg=Green :highlight lCursor guifg=NONE guibg=Cyan *keymap-file-format* *:loadk* *:loadkeymap* *E105* *E791* The keymap file looks something like this: " Maintainer: name <email@address> " Last Changed: 2001 Jan 1 let b:keymap_name = "short" loadkeymap a A b B comment The lines starting with a " are comments and will be ignored. Blank lines are also ignored. The lines with the mappings may have a comment after the useful text. The "b:keymap_name" can be set to a short name, which will be shown in the status line. The idea is that this takes less room than the value of 'keymap', which might be long to distinguish between different languages, keyboards and encodings. The actual mappings are in the lines below "loadkeymap". In the example "a" is mapped to "A" and "b" to "B". Thus the first item is mapped to the second item. This is done for each line, until the end of the file. These items are exactly the same as what can be used in a |:lnoremap| command, using "<buffer>" to make the mappings local to the buffer.. You can check the result with this command: :lmap The two items must be separated by white space. You cannot include white space inside an item, use the special names "<Tab>" and "<Space>" instead. The length of the two items together must not exceed 200 bytes. It's possible to have more than one character in the first column. This works like a dead key. Example: 'a á Since Vim doesn't know if the next character after a quote is really an "a", it will wait for the next character. To be able to insert a single quote, also add this line: '' ' Since the mapping is defined with |:lnoremap| the resulting quote will not be used for the start of another character. The "accents" keymap uses this. *keymap-accents* Although it's possible to have more than one character in the second column, this is unusual. But you can use various ways to specify the character: A a literal character A <char-97> decimal value A <char-0x61> hexadecimal value A <char-0141> octal value x <Space> special key name The characters are assumed to be encoded for the current value of 'encoding'. It's possible to use ":scriptencoding" when all characters are given literally. That doesn't work when using the <char-> construct, because the conversion is done on the keymap file, not on the resulting character. The lines after "loadkeymap" are interpreted with 'cpoptions' set to "C". This means that continuation lines are not used and a backslash has a special meaning in the mappings.   Using UTF-8 *mbyte-utf8* *UTF-8* *utf-8* *utf8* *Unicode* *unicode* The Unicode character set was designed to include all characters from other character sets. Therefore it is possible to write text in any language using Unicode (with a few rarely used languages excluded). And it's mostly possible to mix these languages in one file, which is impossible with other encodings. Unicode can be encoded in several ways. The two most popular ones are UCS-2, which uses 16-bit words and UTF-8, which uses one or more bytes for each character. Vim can support all of these encodings, but always uses UTF-8 internally. Vim has comprehensive UTF-8 support. It appears to work in: - xterm with utf-8 support enabled - Athena, Motif and GTK GUI - MS-Windows GUI Double-width characters are supported. This works best with 'guifontwide' or 'guifontset'. When using only 'guifont' the wide characters are drawn in the normal width and a space to fill the gap. Note that the 'guifontset' option is no longer relevant in the GTK+ 2 GUI. *mbyte-combining* *mbyte-composing* A composing or combining character is used to change the meaning of the character before it. The combining characters are drawn on top of the preceding character. Up to two combining characters can be used by default. This can be changed with the 'maxcombine' option. When editing text a composing character is mostly considered part of the preceding character. For example "x" will delete a character and its following composing characters by default. If the 'delcombine' option is on, then pressing 'x' will delete the combining characters, one at a time, then the base character. But when inserting, you type the first character and the following composing characters separately, after which they will be joined. The "r" command will not allow you to type a combining character, because it doesn't know one is coming. Use "R" instead. Bytes which are not part of a valid UTF-8 byte sequence are handled like a single character and displayed as <xx>, where "xx" is the hex value of the byte. Overlong sequences are not handled specially and displayed like a valid character. However, search patterns may not match on an overlong sequence. (an overlong sequence is where more bytes are used than required for the character.) An exception is NUL (zero) which is displayed as "<00>". In the file and buffer the full range of Unicode characters can be used (31 bits). However, displaying only works for 16 bit characters, and only for the characters present in the selected font. Useful commands: - "ga" shows the decimal, hexadecimal and octal value of the character under the cursor. If there are composing characters these are shown too. (If the message is truncated, use ":messages"). - "g8" shows the bytes used in a UTF-8 character, also the composing characters, as hex numbers. - ":set encoding=utf-8 fileencodings=" forces using UTF-8 for all files. The default is to use the current locale for 'encoding' and set 'fileencodings' to automatically detect the encoding of a file. STARTING VIM If your current locale is in an utf-8 encoding, Vim will automatically start in utf-8 mode. If you are using another locale: set encoding=utf-8 You might also want to select the font used for the menus. Unfortunately this doesn't always work. See the system specific remarks below, and 'langmenu'. USING UTF-8 IN X-Windows *utf-8-in-xwindows* Note: This section does not apply to the GTK+ 2 GUI. You need to specify a font to be used. For double-wide characters another font is required, which is exactly twice as wide. There are three ways to do this: 1. Set 'guifont' and let Vim find a matching 'guifontwide' 2. Set 'guifont' and 'guifontwide' 3. Set 'guifontset' See the documentation for each option for details. Example: :set guifont=-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--15-140-75-75-c-90-iso10646-1 You might also want to set the font used for the menus. This only works for Motif. Use the ":hi Menu font={fontname}" command for this. |:highlight| TYPING UTF-8 *utf-8-typing* If you are using X-Windows, you should find an input method that supports utf-8. If your system does not provide support for typing utf-8, you can use the 'keymap' feature. This allows writing a keymap file, which defines a utf-8 character as a sequence of ASCII characters. See |mbyte-keymap|. Another method is to set the current locale to the language you want to use and for which you have a XIM available. Then set 'termencoding' to that language and Vim will convert the typed characters to 'encoding' for you. If everything else fails, you can type any character as four hex bytes: CTRL-V u 1234 "1234" is interpreted as a hex number. You must type four characters, prepend a zero if necessary. COMMAND ARGUMENTS *utf-8-char-arg* Commands like |f|, |F|, |t| and |r| take an argument of one character. For UTF-8 this argument may include one or two composing characters. These need to be produced together with the base character, Vim doesn't wait for the next character to be typed to find out if it is a composing character or not. Using 'keymap' or |:lmap| is a nice way to type these characters. The commands that search for a character in a line handle composing characters as follows. When searching for a character without a composing character, this will find matches in the text with or without composing characters. When searching for a character with a composing character, this will only find matches with that composing character. It was implemented this way, because not everybody is able to type a composing character.
11.  Check the help in options.txt for detailed information. 'encoding' Encoding used for the keyboard and display. It is also the default encoding for files. 'fileencoding' Encoding of a file. When it's different from 'encoding' conversion is done when reading or writing the file. 'fileencodings' List of possible encodings of a file. When opening a file these will be tried and the first one that doesn't cause an error is used for 'fileencoding'. 'charconvert' Expression used to convert files from one encoding to another. 'formatoptions' The 'm' flag can be included to have formatting break a line at a multibyte character of 256 or higher. Thus is useful for languages where a sequence of characters can be broken anywhere. 'guifontset' The list of font names used for a multi-byte encoding. When this option is not empty, it replaces 'guifont'. 'keymap' Specify the name of a keyboard mapping.
Contributions specifically for the multi-byte features by: Chi-Deok Hwang<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Nam SungHyun<EMAIL_ADDRESS>K.Nagano<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Taro Muraoka<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Yasuhiro Matsumoto<EMAIL_ADDRESS>top - main help file


A family of zinc-dependent metalloendopeptidases that is involved in the degradation of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX components. (mesh:D020782)
| Synonym | Reference | Specificity |
| MMP | Exact | |
| MMPs | Exact |
| Identifier | Name | Relation |
| HGNC:7163 | MMP17 | isa |
| HGNC:7222 | MMP7 | isa |
| HGNC:2056 | MMP8 | isa |
| HGNC:14357 | MMP21 | isa |
| HGNC:7167 | MMP20 | isa |
| HGNC:7158 | MMP12 | isa |
| HGNC:2058 | MMP9 | isa |
| HGNC:14249 | MMP26 | isa |
| HGNC:7177 | MMP25 | isa |
| HGNC:7164 | MMP19 | isa |
| HGNC:25411 | MMP16 | isa |
| HGNC:2057 | MMP2 | isa |
| HGNC:11413 | MMP3 | isa |
| HGNC:11414 | MMP10 | isa |
| HGNC:7159 | MMP13 | isa |
| HGNC:7172 | MMP24 | isa |
| HGNC:7160 | MMP14 | isa |
| HGNC:2055 | MMP1 | isa |
| HGNC:7161 | MMP15 | isa |
| HGNC:11415 | MMP11 | isa |
| HGNC:7169 | MMP23B | isa |
| HGNC:14250 | MMP27 | isa |
| HGNC:14366 | MMP28 | isa |


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Hello HTML Page
HTML IS INTERESTING
- HTML is fundamental in web browser
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- HTML can be combine with CSS
- Undestand HTML can be design web page easy
- Syntax in HTML is not too difficult
- Designer can use HTML to make web page is more beautiful
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BrainFooLong wrote:
For BF4 this doesn't work because there isn't a playerlist anymore on the serverbrowser page, which was the base for the calculation. Make this working this requires some extra requests for each selected server and that's one of the things that we try to avoid.
No player list, but now they have a REST endpoint to get server info. It is an additional request, but regardless I've updated the code to make it work. You can install with this URL:
https://cdn.rawgit.com/johntron/Nooblook/master/nooblook.js
Note: Requires a recent version of Chrome (may work in other browsers).


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NumBomber
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A lot of you have requested to integrate exchange feature into Agama. We listened and you will be happy to know that buying and selling of some coins directly from Agama desktop (Lite mode) is now possible. Thanks to our talented Agama developer @pbca26 for bringing us this exciting feature. Please don't get confused with DEX. This is purely CEX (coinswitch.co API) integration into Agama. If you are interested and determined to try it out, please ask in #deleted-channel channel in Komodo Discord.
Currently, these coins are available to trade using coinswitch API
Komodo, Bitcoin, Litecoin, Dash, Qtum, Digibyte, Bitcoin Gold, Dogecoin, GameCredits, Zcash, ZClassic, Vertcoin, Feathercoin, Namecoin, Myriad, SIBCoin, GoByte.


IN PHOTOS: PH law enforcers 'good to go' for SEA Games 2019
'The conduct of SEA games would not be a reason for us to relax and we expect a lot of criminals to take advantage,' says PNP OIC Lieutenant General Archie Gamboa
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* unspeakable desolation pouring down from the stars *
CHAPTER FIVE
ON MY FATHER'S TWENTY first birthday, Professor Underlip - or Walter Mad, as I had better call him - was forty. Almost a year had passed since poor Patch told me the story of the theft, so by my calculations, Mad was now ninety eight: check that yourself, I think you'll find it's correct.
My first stop, having set out upon my quest, was at the reference library of Spangles, a market town some three days' journey from home. Resting my haversack in the cloakroom, I charged into the newspaper archive and consulted the biographical index, which consisted of untold thousands of little pencil-scrivened cards housed in a series of metal filing cabinets. The index had been devised by a certain Riggory Dewe, an amateur who had also turned his mind to the design of oars, the analysis of socks, and a revolutionary scheme for the eradication of mumps in the Trobriand Islands. When I have finished with this story, I have a good mind to write a thumping great biography of Dewe: he was a gifted and fascinating man.
Not the least of his accomplishments was the Spangles Newspaper Reference Index, a scheme which, to my knowledge, has never been used elsewhere, for reasons which mystify me. I intend to write a lengthy chapter on Dewe's system in the biography, so I will not go into detail here. As a taster, however, I reprint below the contents of the Walter Mad index card.
 Pocketing my token, the librarian pointed towards a small wooden bench, and requested that I sit there until the newspaper was delivered from the vaults.
There were five other people waiting: one had a long grey beard; one was inspecting a scrap of paper on which arcane details of ships' moorings had been roughly scribbled; one was chewing on a radish; one seemed fast asleep; and the fifth, next to whom I sat down, was cradling in his hairy hands a .44 Pugsley - an alarmingly powerful revolver - which he immediately poked into the small of my back. At the same moment, his mouth, full of an implausible number of filthy, unbrushed teeth, was jammed next to my right ear-hole. Noises issued from this mouth, but such was my terror that at first I was unable to wring any meaning from them: it was like listening to my mother. Slowly - although in truth it can only have taken a few seconds - the whispers assailing my ear congealed into sensible words: if anything, my terror heightened.
"Act naturally," I heard, "Stand up, walk out of the library, and go towards the owl sanctuary - it's on your left, past the baths, the chemist's shop, the Town Hall and the pigeon lofts."
"Ung," I said, for which my spine was prodded rather painfully by the Pugsley.
So I stood up, looked wildly about me and, seeing no librarians dashing to my assistance, made my way towards the owl sanctuary. Ten minutes later, arriving at a clump of simnel trees in which dozens of owls were snoozing, my abductor ordered me to halt.
"What do you want with me?" I asked, in a quavering little voice. The gun-toting git was still behind me, and I dared not look round.
"I trade in tin futures," he said mysteriously. I waited for further details, but he remained silent. At times like these, I have an annoying tendency to start babbling, so I did.
"Ah, tin. An intriguing metal, isn't it? I remember once reading a study of metal-planet affinities which allied tin to Jupiter.
"When I am not trading in tin futures," he rasped, "I act as a special agent for the Turquoise Badge Ten." He paused to let that sink in, but I had no idea what he was talking about, and I told him so.
"The Turquoise Badge Ten," he explained, "Is an impossibly powerful secret society. Woe unto the nit who incurs its wrath, as you have done.  Good: put it on the ground directly in front of you. The Turquoise Badge Ten sent me to forestall you in your Walter Mad researches: unfortunately, I have not been given permission to kill you. For some reason best known to themselves, they have ordered me to swipe your hat, to clout you twice upon the head - there, that's the second - and to put you into a crate and take you to their headquarters. I am now going to collect the crate, and to make sure you do not run away, I am going to bury you up to your waist. Hand me that shovel."
God knows where the crate was: it took him about four hours to fetch it. During that time, when I had finished sobbing and shouting fruitlessly for help, it struck me that perhaps this was all for the best, and that being delivered into the clutches of the Turquoise Badge Ten, far from being a terrible calamity, was an unexpected opportunity to get to the heart of the matter. The special agent was a considerate man, in his way. He had insisted that I wrap a large sheet of oilcloth around my legs and feet, so that, when submerged in the earth, my boots and trousers would not get muddy. From a sack, he took some floral-embroidered cushions and placed them comfortingly around me. He set up a little folding-table and arranged on it a packet of trout-paste sandwiches, a flask of cocoa, a fly-swatter, a Tilly lamp, and a selection of reading matter, including Gargle's The Life and Times of Colonel Bigot, half a dozen improving tracts published by the Society for the Regulation of Orphanages, a rare edition of a tremendously exciting sci-fi yarn by Chlorine Winslow, and the cumulative index, bound in greaseproof paper, of the Journal of Nosebleed Research.
It was getting dark, and the owls were waking, when my abductor reappeared, trundling a wheelbarrow on which the crate rocked unsteadily. By the time he had dug me out of the ground, he was puffed out.
"Look," I said, "I'm quite happy to accompany you. We can take it in turns to push the wheelbarrow. Just before we get to the HQ I'll jump into the crate: that way you can pretend you've followed your orders to the letter." And, of course, I'd be able to memorise the route: I learned a thing or two from Fig, you know.
"Splendid, splendid," said the special agent, "I must say I wasn't looking forward to pushing this damnable crate, with you inside it, for a forty mile stretch. I have a metal pin in my leg."
We shook hands in a sort of hearty, two-chaps-together way. I fancied he was smiling behind his starched linen mask, worn to ensure that I could not identify him at a later date.
"There's a spot of cocoa left, if you'd like some," I offered.
"Yum," he said.
 The hot cocoa splashed on my hand and I whimpered.
"Sorry about that," he said, reasonably, "But I can't have you knowing the location of the Turquoise Badge Ten HQ. If we meet anyone on the way, I'll pass you off as a victim of some particularly hideous crime. I am now going to insert a pair of corks into your ears, so you won't be able to retrace the route from auditory clues. And don't worry - I'll make sure you don't bump into anything."
* a novel by frank key *


Calculator App
This is a dummy application that allows you to increment a calculator's counter.
Current Calculator state:
{{ state }}
{{error}}
reset
refresh
increment


An educational solution to excessive carbon emissions.

Climate change, if not stopped, will affect the lives of everyone on earth.
Educating children about this issue through hands-on experience.
This project for kids will teach them the power of renewable energy.
Email us at teamtonyrc@gmail.com


Google developers reveal features missing from Stadia gaming platform at launch
Several key features will not be ready when Google’s Stadia gaming platform launches in less than a week’s time, developers at the firm have revealed.
Stadia is a cloud-based service which will stream games to players via an internet connection instead of requiring them to be downloaded, with Google’s servers handling much of the processing power.
Google is hoping to take on the likes of Microsoft and PlayStation with its cloud-based gaming service, which does not require a console, allowing gamers to play across multiple devices, including TV via a Chromecast Ultra, laptop through the Chrome browser, tablet, and the latest Pixel smartphones.
Responding to questions on Reddit, Stadia developers said users will not be able to see their achievements right away, though they will be saved and made available to view “shortly after launch”.
Family sharing of games will not be possible from day one, though “it’s a high priority feature” the company is planning to add early next year.
Separately purchased Chromecast Ultra devices which support 4K streaming will not be ready immediately for playing on the platform either, with developers telling people that an update will be put out soon after launch.
Developers also said they expect the first game with its multiplayer experience Stream Connect to debut by the end of the year.
“Our approach to releasing features on Stadia is similar to how we run Google Search, YouTube and other Google services: gradual rollout and continuous improvement, based on your feedback,” said Andrey Doronichev, Stadia’s director of product.
“We always start with nailing the key user-journey and then proceed with releasing extra features.”
Google has only made Stadia available as part of a Founder’s Edition initially on November 19, before releasing it more widely in 2020.


OpenAFP
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Summary selected Portfolio work within 3 lines.Summary selected Portfolio work within 3 lines.Summary selected Portfolio work within 3 lines.
UX UI Design
2018.06 - 2018.07
Sketch / Illustrator / Photoshop / ProtoPie / Adobe XD
SPOTLIFE is an exhibition mobile application. It will provide to people who want to access an exhibition easily and quickly.
UX UI Design
2018.06 - 2018.07
Sketch / Illustrator / Photoshop / ProtoPie / Adobe XD
Coldbrew by Babinski is a brand for a coldbrew coffee at Hankuk Yakurt Company. It has lots of goodness, but there wans't website its own. Therefore the needs came up, and I trying to make one.
UI Design / Publishing
2016.12 - 2017.01
Illustrator / Photoshop
SPOTLIFE is an exhibition mobile application. It will provide to people who want to access an exhibition easily and quickly.
UX UI Design
2018.06 - 2018.07
Sketch / Illustrator / Photoshop / ProtoPie / Adobe XD


--- products: new: limit: {{theme_settings.homepage_new_products_count}} featured: limit: {{theme_settings.homepage_featured_products_count}} top_sellers: limit: {{theme_settings.homepage_top_products_count}} carousel: {{theme_settings.homepage_show_carousel}} blog: recent_posts: limit: {{theme_settings.homepage_blog_posts_count}} --- {{#partial "hero"}} {{#if carousel}} {{> components/carousel}} {{/if}} {{{snippet 'home_content'}}} {{/partial}} {{#partial "page"}} {{#each shipping_messages}} {{> components/common/alert-info message}} {{/each}}
For over 5 years the Model 357 has sold more units than any other scale.
Learn more


Datasets¶
Name |
Desciption |
Chapter |
|---|---|---|
Jena Climate |
Timeseries recorded at the Weather Station at the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Germany from 2009 to 2016. It contains 14 different quantities (such air temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind direction, and so on) were recorded every 10 minutes. |
1 to 8 |
train_series/train_series_datetime |
Training data based on Jena Climate dataset containing hourly samples |
1 to 8 |
val_series/val_series_datetime |
Validation data based on Jena Climate dataset containing hourly samples |
1 to 8 |
test_series/test_series_datetime |
Test data based on Jena Climate dataset containing hourly samples |
1 to 8 |
wwwusage |
Synthetic data |
1 |
NFLX3 |
Truncated daily closing prices of the stock NFLX in 2020, downloaded from yahoo finance |
2 |
Cars |
Simple demonstrative data on cars (from w3schools.com) with car model, volume, weight, and CO2 emission included |
2 |
Air Quality |
Hourly averaged measurements obtained from an Air Quality Chemical Multisensor Device which was located on the field of polluted area at an Italian city. |
3 |
Global Health |
Key health statistics from a variety of sources to provide a look at global health and population trends. It includes information on nutrition, reproductive health, education, immunization, and diseases from over 200 countries. |
3 |
US Treasury Rates |
Weekly data of US Treasury rates from January 1982 to December 2016 |
3 |
5 species data set |
Model example of five-species resource–consumer–predator interaction. Resource, Consumer 1, Consumer 2, Predator 1, and Predator 2 are represented by R, C1, C2, P1, and P2, respectively |
5 |
ESM 2 Data Noise |
Artificial time series of red noise and logistic map for the demonstration of simplex projection and S-map. |
5 |
cage_drowning |
Number of Nicolas Cage Films and drowing incidents in the US |
6 |
Angat_dataset |
Angat dam levels, rainfall, and irrigation water flow |
4, 6 |
Ipo_dataset |
Ipo dam levels, rainfall, and irrigation water flow |
4, 6 |
co2_temp - combined |
Global CO2, temperature change, and Arctic sea ice area data from NASA |
6 |
cc |
Stream flow of a river and the precipitation in the surrounding area |
7 |
fft |
Jena climate dataset |
7 |
cwt (UCI HAR dataset) |
Human Activity Recognition database built from the recordings of 30 subjects performing activities of daily living (ADL) while carrying a waist-mounted smartphone with embedded inertial sensors. |
7 |


Grid based design is a website structure that essentially lays out your site elements into a framework that resembles a grid pattern (i.e. the positioning of boxes in both a vertical and horizontal context). If you look at virtually any webpage, the elements of the site fall into a "grid design" where you could draw a grid over top of the website to organise it's elements
A responsive webpage will adapt it's design based on changes to the size of the browser window, orientation or platform. Nowadays, many internet users don't just access websites from their computers... They also access pages from their mobile phones, tablets and other devices. Each device can have a different screen size and orientation, so it is ever important that websites are able to respond to offer a consistent user experience across multiple platforms, devices and different sized browser windows. This can be achieved through responsive web design - and thus offer a great user experience across a wide range of devices, platforms and screen sizes.
Semantic structure is where the tags used also tell a story about their importance/purpose on the page. It is a way of defining, organising and prioritising different elements of the site as it follows a convention used on other professional web pages. For example large page titles that are displayed would receive and h1 tag (suggesting this is the most important header). This is in contrast to using a p tag and then syling this individually. It is more specific.
The google fonts website seemed very useful as a way of ensuring those who access the site see the same font and at the same time giving me a much broader range of fonts to design my pages with!


By default, accordions always keep one section open. To allow for all sections to be be collapsible, set the collapsible option to true. Click on the currently open section to collapse its content pane.
collapsible


S3CR demoThis page demonstrates multi-tenant s3 content repository example. API is developed in php. Below drop down shows customers registered/created: 1. Files being uploaded for the customer. You can click the url to download file from the s3. Filelist will be listed here.
2. Upload files to the customer:
3. Add new customer |


Restaurants
Reviews
Reviewers
About
{{ restaurant.name }}
{% for star in range(restaurant.rating) %}
stars
{% endfor %}
local_dining
About
{{ restaurant.cuisine }}, {{ restaurant.price }}
place
Contact Us
{{ restaurant.address }}
{{ restaurant.phone }}
Visit their website
whatshot
Reviews
Most Recent Review
{% for i in range(review.rating) %}
stars
{% endfor %}
{{ review.signature }}
{{ review.text }}
See all reviews


WITNESS LIST
State Affairs Committee
July 11, 2012 - 10:00 AM
Interim Charge (Agency Rule making)
On:
Austin, Cary (Self; Cycle stop valves, inc)
Battles, Linda (Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board)
Brookins, Linda (TCEQ)
Cary, Katherine "Missy" (Texas Attorney General)
Hartnett White, Kathleen (Texas Public Policy Foundation)
Hottot, Wesley (Institute for Justice)
Jackson, Bob (Texas Department of Transportation)
Kuntz, Bill (Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation)
Sweeney, Caroline (TCEQ)
Viktorin, Richard (Self; Audits in the Public Interest)
Registering, but not testifying:
For:
Johnson, Mg (Self)
On:
Levin, Marc (Texas public policy foundation)
Wroblewski, Todd (Self)
Interim Charge (Privatize Services)
For:
Cortez, Albert (Self)
On:
Dixon, Don (Self)
Gilroy, Leonard (Reason foundation)
Habibi, Shar (Self; In The Public Imterest)
Hall, Terri (Self; Texans Uniting for Reform & Freedom)
Heflin, Talmadge t (Texas public policy foundation)
Jackson, Richard (Self; Speak Write)
Kimbriel, Todd (Dir)
Neal, Oliver (Afscme)
Olsen, Brian (Afscme)
Robinson, Karen (Dir)
Smith, Tom Smitty (Self; Public Citizen)
Suehs, Thomas (Health and Human Services Commission)
Wilson, Wayne (Health and Human Services Commission Services)
Registering, but not testifying:
For:
Johnson, Mg (Self)
1
WITNESS LIST
Against:
Bell, Ronda (Afscme)
Salazar, Richard (AFSCME)
On:
Owens, Scott (I Drive Safely,LLC)
2


LABA PVT. LTD. Dedicated towards perfection in ict REGD No. 65720/066/067 Note: • Above mentioned investment per participant is exclusively for the regular group session for more than five participants. • Above mentioned investment is inclusive of 13% VAT. • Above mentioned investment are exclusive of examination charges. Regarding the examination for CCNA RS 200 -125 global certification cost is $295. • LABA will provide internal certificate and e-courseware for all the above courses. © 2009-2016 LABA Near Singha Durbar East Gate, Anamnagar http:// www.labanepal.com Ph: +977 1 4102721, 4102722


How effective are your marketing activities? Is your marketing investment providing the return of sales you expect?
It is critical for a Marketeer to understand immediately the response during your marketing campaign. Utilising TM ViSight Reports would be the most efficient way to measure the effectiveness of your campaign activities and to identify geographically, where your campaign is being successful. More importantly, where you campaign it is not being successful - enabling you to protect your ROI and change activities where necessary.
The most recent information will be available to you at 8:00am everyday enhancing your management tools, enabling you to make immediate decisions to maximize the value of your marketing expenses.
Example: Is the marketing campaign generating the number of responses as expected? If not, you may want to evaluate the campaign whether the messages are making the impact you want, have chosen the right channel or have you reached your target audience?
State Region Summary
State Region Summary provides most updated information on where your response is coming from by State and Region. The TM ViSight report allows you to easily compare the response with the population within the State. If you have implemented a nationwide campaign, this will allow you to understand which State gives the most response to your campaign and which States generate lesser calls considering the number of population.
For any campaign to be successful you may want to ensure your company have enough resources within these areas to manage response levels and subsequently successful sales.
Exchange Area Summary
This report shows exactly where the callers are originating from with each region, city and drilling down further to suburb. The report enables you to determine if the response is from the target market, compare response to actual sales, and which area did not respond.
Example: If you have a ground activity in Bangsar yesterday, do you see an increase in number of calls coming from Bangsar? If you have implemented a nationwide campaign, you can easily identify where the responses are coming from and what areas we not so successful.


Public Types | |
| typedef logger < gather_type, writer::named_write<> > | type |
#include <boost/logging/format/named_write.hpp>
Example:
typedef boost::logging::named_logger<>::type logger_type;
Setting the formatters and destinations to write to is extremely simple:
// first param - the formatter(s) , second param : the destination(s) g_l()->writer().write("%time%($hh:$mm.$ss.$mili) [%idx%] |\n", "cout file(out.txt) debug");
To see the syntax, see writer::named_write
mul_levels_mul_logers.cpp, mul_levels_one_logger.cpp, and one_loger_one_filter.cpp.
| typedef logger< gather_type, writer::named_write<> > boost::logging::named_logger< gather >::type |
named_logger<...>type finds a logger that uses writer::named_write<> "Named Formatters and Destinations"
#include <boost/logging/format/named_write.hpp>
Example:
typedef boost::logging::named_logger<>::type logger_type;
Setting the formatters and destinations to write to is extremely simple:
// first param - the formatter(s) , second param : the destination(s) g_l()->writer().write("%time%($hh:$mm.$ss.$mili) [%idx%] |\n", "cout file(out.txt) debug");
To see the syntax, see writer::named_write


Litecoin Price Analysis: LTC Fell Below $50, is $40 Next?
by Yaz SheikhLitecoin saw a sharp price decline of around 12% over the past 24 hours and it currently trades at $46.34. LTC is now down by a total of 21% over the past week which is largely a result of Bitcoin dropping by 10% in a day.
LTC remains the sixth-largest cryptocurrency with a market cap of $2.96 billion.
Looking at the LTC/USD 1-Day Chart:
- LTC has plummetted pretty aggressively over the past 24 hours as it dropped below the support at $50 to reach the current support at $46.41. Litecoin has been on a bearish trend since late June as the cryptocurrency made fresh 9-month lows.
- From above: The nearest level of resistance lies at $50. Above this, resistance is located at $54 and $60. Higher resistance is expected at $64 (100-days EMA) and $70.80 (200-days EMA).
- From below: The nearest level of support lies at $44.31. Beneath this, support is found at $40 and $38.56 (downside 1.618 Fib Extension). The final level of support to highlight is located at $32.24.
- The trading volume remains pretty low, beneath the average for the year.
- The Stochastic RSI is in oversold conditions as we wait for a bullish crossover signal to send the market higher. For a sign that the selling pressure is fading, we will look for the RSI to start to climb higher toward the 50 level.
Looking at the LTC/BTC 1-Day Chart:
- Against Bitcoin, LTC fell lower as it breaks beneath a short term triangle. Litecoin currently trades at 0.006BTC as the bulls battle to prevent it from heading further lower.
- From above: The nearest level of resistance lies at 0.0068BTC. Higher resistance is expected at 0.0071 BTC, 0.007297 BTC (100-days EMA).
- From below: The nearest level of support lies at 0.0064 BTC. Beneath this, support is located at 0.0062 BTC and then at 0.005812 BTC.
- The trading volume has increased during the latest round of selling.
- The Stochastic RSI is poised for a bullish crossover that could begin the rebound for the cryptocurrency.
Click here to start trading on BitMEX exchange and receive 10% discount on fees for 6 months.
Disclaimer: Information found on CryptoPotato is those of writers quoted. It does not represent the opinions of CryptoPotato on whether to buy, sell, or hold any investments. You are advised to conduct your own research before making any investment decisions. Use provided information at your own risk. See Disclaimer for more information.
Cryptocurrency charts by TradingView.
Technical analysis tools by Coinigy.


--- layout: base permalink: /navbars/m --- Home About Employees Company To call Location Contacts Services Service One Service Two Service Three Service Four Service Five Get started


No Pryne, no shine
Blushes
Presenting our 6 shades of blush! Top Row: From left to right, we have mauvish brown, sexy pink, and poppy red. Bottom Row: From left to right, we have nudish pink, orange flemish, and fluffy pink.
| Price per blush | Price for a pack of 6 |
|---|---|
| $5.00 | $25.00 |
Lipsticks
We offer four very different, very dashing lipstick colors! Pick your choice.
| Price per lipstick |
|---|
| $12.00 |
Natural Powder
As a base, we offer our very own, natural tinted powder! Our base is recommended for all of you beautiful women out there, for it combines foundation of three colors: white, tan, and brown. Once applied, the powder will adapt its color to your skin tone. With an SPF20, your face will be protected from the sun!
| Price per powder |
|---|
| $15.99 |
Eye shimmer
Prefer shimmer shadow over matte shadow? You've come to the right place! Our shop offers various shades of shimmer shadow, just for your liking.
| Price per pack of 4 colors | Price per pack of 16 colors | Price per pack of 32 colors |
|---|---|---|
| $12.00 | $24.99 | $40.50 |
Eye shadow Matte
Don't worry, you matte shadow lovers. We've got a collection for you guys also! Our palette consists of 36 different colors, all matte, all beautiful!
| Price per pack of 4 colors | Price per pack of 16 colors | Price per pack of 32 colors |
|---|---|---|
| $12.00 | $24.99 | $40.50 |
Liquid Eyeliner
Hate stingy eyeliners that make you cry? Look no further, Pryne Cosmetics presents our very own natural liquid eyeliner that will make your crying days disappear! We have this in two colors, black and brown!
| Price per eyeliner |
|---|
| $13.99 |
Mascara
Lastly, we have a special two-sided mascara in stock! No clumps, just shine!
| Price per mascara |
|---|
| $14.50 |


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Nutrition Mathematics¶
This section addresses:
-
:USDA #3:
¶ Develop capability for checking the quality of incoming data based on general database principles and specific ARS analytics.
-
:USDA #5:
¶ Allow incorporation of ARS analytics for expanding the database.
Attention
This section applies to USDA prime data, not to USDA select data. For explanation of USDA prime and USDA select data, see Deposition Workflow
OnTask - Ontomatica workflow engine¶
Examples of USDA mathematics processed by OnTask deposition workflow:
- Validate: sum of proximates is less than or equal to 100.
- Validate: sum of carbohydrate fractions is less than or equal to total carbohydrates.
- Validate: sum of individual fatty acids is less than or equal to total fat.
- Validate: sum of individual carotenoids times the appropriate factors is less than or equal to vitamin A value.
- Validate: each food has refuse value.
- Validate: each food has at least one household measure.
- Compute: value of missing value for FNDDS nutrient component.
- Compute: retention values based on cooking method.
- Email: food record to depositor for review.


This repository includes some papers that I have read or which I think may be very interesting.
This repository contains some datasets that I have collected in Recommender Systems.
This is a new deep learning model for recommender system, which we called PHD
This repository contains a modified version of ConvMF which is very interesting in RS.
这是一个基于目标检测的标注工具
This repository contains my blog which was built by jekyll


|
JTS Topology Suite version 1.13 | ||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | ||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object com.vividsolutions.jts.index.quadtree.DoubleBits
public class DoubleBits
DoubleBits manipulates Double numbers by using bit manipulation and bit-field extraction. For some operations (such as determining the exponent) this is more accurate than using mathematical operations (which suffer from round-off error).
The algorithms and constants in this class apply only to IEEE-754 double-precision floating point format.
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
static int |
EXPONENT_BIAS
|
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
DoubleBits(double x)
|
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
int |
biasedExponent()
Determines the exponent for the number |
static int |
exponent(double d)
|
int |
getBit(int i)
|
double |
getDouble()
|
int |
getExponent()
Determines the exponent for the number |
static double |
maximumCommonMantissa(double d1,
double d2)
|
int |
numCommonMantissaBits(DoubleBits db)
This computes the number of common most-significant bits in the mantissa. |
static double |
powerOf2(int exp)
|
static java.lang.String |
toBinaryString(double d)
|
java.lang.String |
toString()
A representation of the Double bits formatted for easy readability |
static double |
truncateToPowerOfTwo(double d)
|
void |
zeroLowerBits(int nBits)
|
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
|---|
public static final int EXPONENT_BIAS
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public DoubleBits(double x)
| Method Detail |
|---|
public static double powerOf2(int exp)
public static int exponent(double d)
public static double truncateToPowerOfTwo(double d)
public static java.lang.String toBinaryString(double d)
public static double maximumCommonMantissa(double d1, double d2)
public double getDouble()
public int biasedExponent()
public int getExponent()
public void zeroLowerBits(int nBits)
public int getBit(int i)
public int numCommonMantissaBits(DoubleBits db)
db
-
public java.lang.String toString()
toString
in class java.lang.Object
|
JTS Topology Suite version 1.13 | ||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | ||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


Pick the model that looks cuter to you! And remember - no favouritism! Be true to our beautiful models :)


‘Montblanc Summit 2+’ apparently in the works as another Wear OS watch w/ LTE
by Ben SchoonOne of the first Wear OS smartwatches to use the Snapdragon Wear 3100 processor was the premium Montblanc Summit 2, and now it appears there’s a revision on its way. According to a public listing, the Montblanc Summit 2+ in the works that includes LTE connectivity.
Droid-Life spotted an FCC listing for the Montblanc Summit 2+ that carries the model number S2C19. By comparison, the original Summit 2, which launched last year, used the model number S2T18. As per usual, the device includes support for Bluetooth, NFC, and GPS — all usual sensors for Wear OS smartwatches.
What sets this Montblanc Summit 2+ apart is its support for LTE. It’s not very often we see this feature on Wear OS devices. The most notable recent release with LTE support was the Mobvoi Ticwatch Pro 4G, which is available for Verizon customers.
Interestingly, the band support listed for the Summit 2+ also points to Verizon compatibility. The addition of LTE is nice, even if Wear OS isn’t the ideal platform to take advantage of it, but what is concerning is the drop in battery capacity. Apparently, this new model will drop from 340 mAh to just 300 mAh.
More on Wear OS:
- Google redesigns the Play Store for Wear OS – it’s slightly better now
- ‘Made by Google’ wearables are coming as Google invests in Wear OS’ future
- The Moto 360 is being re-released for 2019 w/ new internals, familiar design
FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.


cytopy.flow.feature_extraction¶
Classes
|
This class is for making experiment wide comparisons of controls to the primary data collected on each sample. |
|
Calculate proportion of populations/clusters for an experiment |
|
Calculate proportion of populations/clusters for a single sample |
Functions
|
Given a dataframe of features where each column is a feature, each row a subject, and a column whom’s name is equal to the value of the label argument is the target label that colours our data points in our plot, perform dimensionality reduction and plot outcome. |
|
Perform L1 regularised classification over a defined search space for the L1 parameter and plot the coefficient of each feature in respect to the change in L1 parameter. |
|
Given a Pandas DataFrame and an FCSExperiment object, on the assumption that the DataFrame contains a column named ‘sample_id’ with the ID of samples associated to the given FCSExperiment, parse the sample ID’s and retrieve patient meta-data. |
|
Given the output of either population_proportions or cluster_proportions of the class ExperimentProportions, |
|
Given a Pandas DataFrame where columns are features and each row is a different subject |
|
Given the output of either population_proportions or cluster_proportions of the class ExperimentProportions, |
-
class
cytopy.flow.feature_extraction.
ControlComparisons
(experiment: cytopy.data.fcs_experiments.FCSExperiment, samples: list = None, gating_model: str = 'knn', tree_map: dict = None, **model_kwargs)¶ Bases:
object
This class is for making experiment wide comparisons of controls to the primary data collected on each sample. As an example, people commonly use Full-Minus-One controls (FMO) in cytometry experiments. Where a common FMO is present across all samples of an experiment, a ControlComparison object will allow the extraction of a population from both primary samples and control samples and make comparisons.
- Parameters
experiment (FCSExperiment) – Instance of FCSExperiment to investigate
samples (list, optional) – List of samples in experiment to investigate, if left as None all samples will be included
gating_model (str, (default='knn')) – Type of model to use to estimate the populations in control samples using primary data as training data, if control samples have not been gated previously and saved to the database. By default it uses a KNearestNeighbours model, but user has the option to use a Support Vector Machine instead (svm).
tree_map (dict, optional) – Only required if one or more samples in experiment is lacking populations for control data and populations in sample were derived using a supervised machine learning model. See cytopy.gating.actions.Gating.control_gating for more information.
model_kwargs – Additional keyword arguments will be passed to instance scikit-learn classifier
Methods
statistic_1d
(markers, population, transform, …)Calculate a desired statistic for each marker currently acquired
-
statistic_1d
(markers: list, population: str, transform: bool = True, transform_method: str = 'logicle', stat: str = 'fold_change', center_function: callable = None) → pandas.core.frame.DataFrame¶ Calculate a desired statistic for each marker currently acquired
- Parameters
markers (list) – List of markers to calculate statistic for
population (str) – Population to calculate statistic for
transform (bool, (default=True)) – If True, apply transfomration to data
transform_method (str, (default='logicle')) – Transformation method to apply
stat (str, (default = 'fold_change')) – Name of the statistic to calculate. Currently CytoPy version 0.0.1 only supports fold_change, which is the relative fold change in MFI between control and primary data. Future releases hope to include more.
center_function (callable, (default=Numpy.mean)) – Function to use for calculating center of data
- Returns
- Return type
Pandas.DataFrame
-
class
cytopy.flow.feature_extraction.
ExperimentProportions
(experiment: cytopy.data.fcs_experiments.FCSExperiment, samples: list = None)¶ Bases:
object
Calculate proportion of populations/clusters for an experiment
- Parameters
experiment (FCSExperiment) – Experiment to calculate proportions for
samples (list, optional) – List of samples to include, if not provided, will analyse all samples in experiment
Methods
cluster_proportions
(comparison_population, …)Retrieve proportion of clusters relative to some comparison population
population_proportions
(parent, …)Retrieve the proportion of populations relative to some parent population
raw_counts
(populations)Collect raw counts of events in populations.
-
cluster_proportions
(comparison_population: str, clusters_of_interest: list, clustering_definition: cytopy.data.fcs.ClusteringDefinition, merge_associated_clusters: bool = False)¶ Retrieve proportion of clusters relative to some comparison population
- Parameters
comparison_population (str) – Population to compare clusters to: proportion = cluster/comparison_population
clusters_of_interest (list) – Clusters to collect proportions for
clustering_definition (ClusteringDefinition) – ClusteringDefinition for clusters of interest
merge_associated_clusters (bool, (default=False)) – If True, values in clusters_of_interest treated as like terms and clusters are merged on like terms e.g. a value of ‘CD4’ would result in all clusters containing the term ‘CD4’ into one cluster
- Returns
- Return type
Pandas.DataFrame
-
population_proportions
(parent: str, populations_of_interest: list)¶ Retrieve the proportion of populations relative to some parent population
- Parameters
parent (str) – Name of parent population; proportion = population/parent
populations_of_interest (list) – List of populations to retrieve proportional data for
- Returns
- Return type
Pandas.DataFrame
-
raw_counts
(populations: list)¶ Collect raw counts of events in populations. Returns a DataFrame with columns ‘sample_id’, ‘{population_name}’. Where the population column contains the raw counts.
- Parameters
populations (list) – Population names to collect raw counts of
- Returns
- Return type
Pandas.DataFrame
-
class
cytopy.flow.feature_extraction.
Proportions
(experiment: cytopy.data.fcs_experiments.FCSExperiment, sample_id: str)¶ Bases:
object
Calculate proportion of populations/clusters for a single sample
- Parameters
experiment (FCSExperiment) – Experiment sample associate to
sample_id (str) –
Methods
get_cluster_n
(clustering_definition, …)Get number of events in a single cluster
Retrieve proportion of clusters relative to some comparison population
get_pop_proportions
(parent, …)Get the proportion of events for populations
get_population_n
(population)Get raw counts of a single population
-
get_cluster_n
(clustering_definition: cytopy.data.fcs.ClusteringDefinition, cluster_id: str, merge_on_like_term: bool = False)¶ Get number of events in a single cluster
- Parameters
clustering_definition (ClusteringDefinition) – ClusteringDefinition for cluster of interest
cluster_id (str) – ID for cluster of interest
merge_on_like_term (bool, (default=False)) – If True, cluster_id treated as like terms and clusters are merged on like terms e.g. a value of ‘CD4’ would result in all clusters containing the term ‘CD4’ into one cluster
- Returns
N events
- Return type
Int
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get_cluster_proportions
(comparison_population: str, clusters_of_interest: list, clustering_definition: cytopy.data.fcs.ClusteringDefinition, merge_associated_clusters: bool = False)¶ Retrieve proportion of clusters relative to some comparison population
- Parameters
comparison_population (str) – Population to compare clusters to: proportion = cluster/comparison_population
clusters_of_interest (list) – Clusters to collect proportions for
clustering_definition (ClusteringDefinition) – ClusteringDefinition for clusters of interest
merge_associated_clusters (bool, (default=False)) – If True, values in clusters_of_interest treated as like terms and clusters are merged on like terms e.g. a value of ‘CD4’ would result in all clusters containing the term ‘CD4’ into one cluster
- Returns
- Return type
Pandas.DataFrame
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get_pop_proportions
(parent: str, populations_of_interest: list)¶ Get the proportion of events for populations
- Parameters
parent (str) – Parent population for comparison; proportion = population/parent
populations_of_interest (list) – List of populations to calculate proportions for
- Returns
- Return type
Pandas.DataFrame
-
get_population_n
(population: str)¶ Get raw counts of a single population
- Parameters
population (str) – Name of population
- Returns
N events
- Return type
Int
-
cytopy.flow.feature_extraction.
dim_reduction
(summary: pandas.core.frame.DataFrame, label: str, features: list = None, scale: bool = True, method: str = 'PCA', **plotting_kwargs)¶ Given a dataframe of features where each column is a feature, each row a subject, and a column whom’s name is equal to the value of the label argument is the target label that colours our data points in our plot, perform dimensionality reduction and plot outcome.
- Parameters
summary (Pandas.DataFrame) – Dataframe of features index by column ‘sample_id’ and containing a column whom’s name is equal to the argument label
features (list, optional) – If given, only these columns will be used as features
label (str) – Column to colour data points by
scale (bool, (default=True)) – If True, values of features are scaled (standard scale) prior to dimensionality reduction
method (str, (default='PCA')) – Method used for dimensionality reduction (see cytopy.flow.dim_reduction)
plotting_kwargs – Additional keyword arguments to pass to call to Seaborn.scatterplot
- Returns
- Return type
Matplotlib.axes
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cytopy.flow.feature_extraction.
l1_feature_selection
(feature_space: pandas.core.frame.DataFrame, features: list, label: str, scale: bool = True, search_space: tuple = (-2, 0, 50), model: callable = None, figsize: tuple = (10, 5))¶ Perform L1 regularised classification over a defined search space for the L1 parameter and plot the coefficient of each feature in respect to the change in L1 parameter.
- Parameters
feature_space (Pandas.DataFrame) – A dataframe of features where each column is a feature, each row a subject, and a column whom’s name is equal to the value of the label argument is the target label for prediction
features (List) – List of features to include in model
label (str) – The target label to predict
scale (bool, (default=True)) – if True, features are scaled (standard scale) prior to analysis
search_space (tuple, (default=(-2, 0, 50))) – Search range for L1 parameter
model (callable, optional) – Must be a Scikit-Learn classifier that accepts an L1 regularisation parameter named ‘C’. If left as None, a linear SVM is used
figsize (tuple, (default=(10,5))) –
- Returns
- Return type
Matplotlib.axes
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cytopy.flow.feature_extraction.
meta_labelling
(experiment: cytopy.data.fcs_experiments.FCSExperiment, dataframe: pandas.core.frame.DataFrame, meta_label: str)¶ Given a Pandas DataFrame and an FCSExperiment object, on the assumption that the DataFrame contains a column named ‘sample_id’ with the ID of samples associated to the given FCSExperiment, parse the sample ID’s and retrieve patient meta-data. Returns modified DataFrame with a new column corresponding to the requested meta-data.
- Parameters
experiment (FCSExperiment) – Instance of FCSExperiment to search
dataframe (Pandas.DataFrame) – DataFrame with a minimum of one column named ‘sample_id’ that will be passed to fetch associated patient meta-data using the given FCSExperiment object
meta_label (str) – Name of a meta-data variable, associated to the Subject document of each patient, that should be retrieved and inserted into the DataFrame
- Returns
Modified DataFrame with a new column corresponding to the requested meta-data
- Return type
Pandas.DataFrame
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cytopy.flow.feature_extraction.
multicolinearity_matrix
(summary: pandas.core.frame.DataFrame, features: list, **kwargs)¶ Given the output of either population_proportions or cluster_proportions of the class ExperimentProportions, or a concatenation of results (where the features are each contained within their own column) plot a multicolinearity matrix
- Parameters
summary (Pandas.DataFrame) – Columns correspond to features
features (List) – List of features to include
kwargs – Additional keyword arguments to pass to call to Seaborn.clustermap
- Returns
- Return type
Seaborn.ClusterGrid
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cytopy.flow.feature_extraction.
radar_plot
(summary: pandas.core.frame.DataFrame, features: list, figsize: tuple = (10, 10))¶ Given a Pandas DataFrame where columns are features and each row is a different subject (indexed by a column named ‘subject_id’), generate a radar plot of all the features :param summary: :type summary: Pandas.DataFrame :param features: Features to be included in the plot :type features: List :param figsize: :type figsize: tuple, (default=(10,10))
- Returns
- Return type
Matplotlib.axes
-
cytopy.flow.feature_extraction.
sort_variance
(summary: pandas.core.frame.DataFrame)¶ Given the output of either population_proportions or cluster_proportions of the class ExperimentProportions, rank the clusters or propulations by variance (highest to lowest)
- Parameters
summary (Pandas.DataFrame) –
- Returns
Column ‘feature’ ranked by column ‘variance’ (highest to lowest)
- Return type
Pandas.DataFrame


The convention becomes legally binding. In most parts of Europe sugar bounties are abolished. Because of the lower costs, many goverenments reduce taxes and consumption increases.
Bad harvests in Europe and around the globe increase sugar prices. In Great Britain critics accuse the Brussels Sugar Convention for rising costs.
The British government is no longer required to penalise bounty-fed sugar. Russia joins the convention under special conditions.
The British government leaves the convention but the rest of the members remain. The First World War stops the international cooperation and the convention is completely abandoned during the war.