Dependencies
Note: nmod, neg, and punct appear in two places.
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acl
: clausal modifier of noun
Head of an adjectival or relative clause, usually marking the verb or nominal predicate in that clause, when the clause is marked by a relative converter (the Coptic language specific POS tag CREL
, which is given the label mark
, regardless of which form is used, such as ⲉⲧ, ⲉⲧⲉ, ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ or ⲉ; for circumstantial conversion see advcl
). The arrow points from the modified element (usually a noun) to the predicate of the relative clause.
Example:
ⲛⲉⲧⲛ ⲏⲣⲡ ⲉⲧ ⲗⲟⲙⲥ \n your wine which is foul
acl(ⲏⲣⲡ, ⲗⲟⲙⲥ)
mark(ⲗⲟⲙⲥ,ⲉⲧ)
advcl
: adverbial clause modifier
An adverbial subordinate clause (e.g. a clause answering the question why? How? Where? When? or a conditional, etc.), usually introduced by a subordinating conjunction or auxiliary (ⲉⲡⲉⲓⲇⲏ, ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ), or a circumstantial converter (ⲉ/ⲉⲣⲉ).
Example:
ⲉⲛⲉ/CONJ ⲟⲩ/DET ⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ/NOUN ⲛⲁⲙⲉ/ADV ⲡⲉ/AUX ⲛⲉ/AUX ϥ/PRON ⲛⲁ/AUX ⲣ/VERB ϣⲟⲙⲧ/NUM ⲙ/ADP ⲫⲟⲛⲟⲥ/NOUN \n ...if he were truly a monk, would he have committed three murders?
advcl(ⲣ,ⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ)
Rarely, we may also see a subordinate clause governed by a preposition, in which case the preposition is governed by the head of the clause and labeled mark
, not case
, even if there is also a second conjunction with a mark
label.
Example:
ⲙⲛ/VERB ϣⲏⲣⲉ/NOUN ... ⲉⲧⲃⲉ/ADP ϫⲉ/CONJ ⲁ/AUX ⲩ/PRON ⲡⲱⲧ/VERB \n There are no children ... because (lit. for that) they have fled.
advcl(ⲙⲛ, ⲡⲱⲧ)
mark(ⲡⲱⲧ, ⲉⲧⲃⲉ)
mark(ⲡⲱⲧ, ϫⲉ)
This analysis keeps a parallel structure with a similar clause without the preposition (e.g. only with ϫⲉ to mean ‘because’).
advmod
: adverbial modifier
An adverbial modification, usually modifying a verb or a noun. This can be an adverb like ⲉⲙⲁⲧⲉ ‘very much’, ⲙⲙⲁⲩ ‘there’, a sentence particle (modifying the main predicate) like ⲅⲁⲣ ‘after all’, or a directional adverbial such as ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ‘out’, as well as Greek adverbs in -ⲱⲥ.
Example:
ⲙⲛ/VERB ⲗⲁⲁⲩ/NOUN ⲛϩⲏⲧ/ADP ⲟⲩ/PRON ϩⲟⲗⲱⲥ/ADV ⲙⲙⲁⲩ/ADV \n There isn't a thing inside them at all there.
advmod(ⲙⲛ, ϩⲟⲗⲱⲥ)
advmod(ⲙⲛ, ⲙⲙⲁⲩ)
Occasionally nouns will be used as adverbial modifiers depicting manner or time, as in the following:
ⲛ/AUX ⲧⲉⲧⲛ/PRON ⲥⲟⲣ/VERB ϥ/PRON ⲉⲃⲟⲗ/ADV ⲙⲉⲣⲟⲥ/NOUN ⲙⲉⲣⲟⲥ/NOUN \n ...as you divide it out, limb for limb...
advmod(ⲥⲟⲣ, ⲉⲃⲟⲗ)
advmod(ⲥⲟⲣ, ⲙⲉⲣⲟⲥ-6)
conj(ⲙⲉⲣⲟⲥ-6, ⲙⲉⲣⲟⲥ-7)
Inflected modifiers (Scriptorium tag IMOD, cf. Layton 2011: 118-123) are also seen as adverbial. For example, ϩⲱⲱ⸗ is used together with an object pronoun to mean ‘also X’ or ‘X for X’s part. Because of its basic modifier semantics, meaning ‘also’, the combination is seen as adverbial, so that the function of the phrase is again advmod
. Note that ϩⲱⲱ is not a preposition, and the analysis treats it similarly to a possessed noun, so that the pronoun is seen as a determiner det
:
ϩⲱⲱ/ADV ⲕ/PRON ⲕ/PRON ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ/VERB \n you also worship/for your part you worship
advmod(ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ, ϩⲱⲱ)
The same applies to other IMODs: the inflected modifier ⲧⲏⲣ⸗ ‘all of X’ is also seen as advmod, i.e. as syntactically more similar to ‘completely’ than a determiner ‘all’. Like all inflected modifiers, the pronoun is seen as a determiner in this case, similar to a possessive. In the following example, we can think of the meaning as ‘their entirety(-wise)’, or ‘by way of their entirety’.
Example:
ⲛ/DET ⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ/NOUN ⲧⲏⲣ/ADV ⲟⲩ/PRON \n all the others (lit. the others in their entirety)
advmod(ⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ, ⲧⲏⲣ)
amod
: adjectival modifier
This function is reserved to the small closed class of Egyptian adjectives which may follow a noun without mediating ⲛ. The label is only given if the construction is actually noun+adjective: if an ⲛ appears, then the label should be nmod
.
Example:
ⲟⲩ/DET ϣⲏⲣⲉ/NOUN ϣⲏⲙ/NOUN \n a little boy
amod(ϣⲏⲣⲉ, ϣⲏⲙ)
det(ϣⲏⲣⲉ, ⲟⲩ)
Note that such adjectives are still tagged with the POS tag N, following the Scriptorium POS tagging guidelines.
appos
: appositional modifier
Marks appositions in all free apposition constructions, as well as the special construction with ⲛϭⲓ ‘namely’. Appositions are preferred to be marked from left to right, including in sentences with nominal subject after the verb (apposition from pronoun to noun). In cases where both a nominal and pronominal realization are given to the same argument with the same function, the tightly bound argument of the verb takes precedence in receiving subject or object marking, with subsequent realizations connected as appositions. Typical cases include normal apposition (two consecutive nominal expressions with same reference and grammatical function) and the ⲛϭⲓ construction.
ⲙⲛ/ADP ⲡⲉⲕ/DET ⲉⲓⲱⲧ/NOUN ⲡ/DET ⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ/NOUN \n with your father, the devil
appos(ⲉⲓϣⲧ, ⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ)
det(ⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ, ⲡ)
det(ⲉⲓⲱⲧ, ⲡⲉⲕ)
ⲁ ϥ ⲥⲱⲧⲙ ⲛϭⲓ ⲡ ⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ \n He heard, namely the devil.
appos(ϥ, ⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ)
det(ⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ, ⲡ)
case(ⲇⲓⲁⲃⲟⲗⲟⲥ, ⲛϭⲓ)
In the first example, your father and the devil, refer to the same thing, and have the same function (both relate to with: with your father, i.e. with the devil). In the second example, an apposition to the pronoun ϥ ‘he’ is mediated by ⲛϭⲓ ‘namely, that is’, which is considered to be a case marker, like a preposition (but with nominative case). As usual, the apposition goes from left to right, to the lexical head ‘devil’ (he = devil).
Unusually, if a nominal subject or object is mentioned before an auxiliary and is then referred to by a pronoun in the verbal complex (e.g. ⲡⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲙ ‘the man, he heard’), the pronoun is treated as the subject or object, and the preceding noun is labeled dislocated
.
aux
: auxiliary
The relation between a lexical verb and a conjugation base marks the base as aux to the verb, as shown below. This applies to all tripartite conjugation bases, but NOT to converters, which receive the mark
label.
ⲁ/AUX ⲩ/PRON ⲥⲟⲧⲡ/VERB ⲥ/PRON \n They chose her (or: she was chosen)
nsubj(ⲥⲟⲧⲡ, ⲩ)
aux(ⲥⲟⲧⲡ, ⲁ)
dobj(ⲥⲟⲧⲡ, ⲥ)
Some other elements that are marked as aux include the future auxiliary ⲛⲁ (tagged FUT) and the potential verb ϣ ‘be able to’, which is marked as an auxiliary to the lexical verb that follows it. This should not be confused with the impersonal verb ϣϣⲉ ‘it is appropriate’, which is treated as a main verb governing an infinitive.
auxpass
: passive auxiliary
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for auxpass
.
case
: case marking
Used for all prepositions, including the marker of accusative case ⲛ and all other prepositions, which are understood as ‘oblique’ cases. Nouns govern their prepositions as in all other Universal Dependency guidelines, and not the other way around.
ⲡ/DET ⲣⲏ/NOUN ϩⲛ/ADP ⲧ/DET ⲡⲉ/NOUN \n the sun in the sky
det(ⲣⲏ, ⲡ)
nmod(ⲣⲏ, ⲡⲉ)
det(ⲡⲉ, ⲧ)
case(ⲡⲉ, ϩⲛ)
The hermeneutic particle ⲛϭⲓ, roughly ‘namely’, is also considered a case marker, assigning nominative case (it is only compatible with subject appositions, never objects or obliques, cf. Grossman 2014); see dislocated
for more guidelines on ⲛϭⲓ.
cc
: coordinating conjunction
The label for coordinating conjunctions. These are usually ⲁⲩⲱ ‘and’ between clauses and ⲙⲛ ‘and, with’ between phrases, but could also be ϩⲓ in the sense ‘X upon Y’ or ⲏ ‘or’. If the sense is not coordinating (e.g. ⲙⲛ to mean ‘with’), cc should not be used, but nmod as with a regular preposition.
Coordination is marked left to right, with the first coordinate dominating all subsequent coordinations and receiving the incoming grammatical relations. The reasoning is that to retrieve the function of any coordinate, we can check its parent’s function, even without knowing how many coordinates there are (X and Y and Z and …). For example:
ϩⲛ/ADP ⲙ/DET ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ/NOUN ,/PUNCT ⲙⲛ/ADP ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲥ/NOUN ⲛⲓⲙ/PRON \n In faithlessness and every impurity
case(ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ, ϩⲛ)
det(ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ, ⲙ)
cc(ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ, ⲙⲛ)
conj(ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ, ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲥ)
det(ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲥ, ⲛⲓⲙ)
Note that the function of ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ ‘faithlessness’ is nmod. To recover the function of ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲥ ‘impurity’, we can look at ‘faithlessness’, its immediate parent and establish that ‘impurity’ is also nmod. Also note that the word ⲙⲛ ‘and’ is ambiguous with the meaning of comitative ‘with’ (e.g. go somewhere with someone). When used in the latter way, it is not labeled cc + conj but rather nmod + case, as with all other prepositions.
Exceptionally, clause initial ‘and’ or ‘but’ is connected to the root of the clause, pointing backwards, as in this example:
ⲏ/CONJ ϯ/PRON ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ/VERB ⲁⲛ/ADV \n Or don't I know?
cc(ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ, ⲏ)
nsubj(ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ, ϯ)
neg(ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ, ⲁⲛ)
In this case, the word ⲏ ‘or’ cannot be attached to a preceding word, so it is pointed to from the following conjunct ‘know’ with the usual function, cc.
ccomp
: clausal complement
Marks a complement clause, e.g. an object clause to a verb of saying (said that: …., saw that: …). The dependency goes from the main clause predicate to the subordinate clause predicate. Markers like ϫⲉ are governed by the mark
function (see mark
).
ⲏ/CONJ ϯ/PRON ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ/VERB ⲁⲛ/ADV ⲙⲡⲁⲧ/AUX ⲓ/PRON ϫⲟⲟⲩ/VERB ⲥⲟⲩ/PRON ϫⲉ/CONJ ⲕ/PRON ⲛⲁ/AUX ⲡⲁϩ/VERB ⲟⲩ/PRON \n Don't I know, before I have sent them, that you will tear them up?
cc(ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ, ⲏ)
nsubj(ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ, ϯ)
neg(ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ, ⲁⲛ)
ccomp(ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ, ⲡⲁϩ)
mark(ⲡⲁϩ, ϫⲉ)
nsubj(ⲡⲁϩ, ⲕ)
aux(ⲡⲁϩ, ⲛⲁ)
dobj(ⲡⲁϩ, ⲟⲩ)
Note how the verb “know” (ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲛ) is the source of ccomp
, and the subordinate clause main verb, “tear” (ⲡⲁϩ), is the target.
compound
: compound
Used to connect compound noun heads to their modifier. For example, the compound ‘accomplice’ is comprised of ‘friend’ and ‘doing’ (a ‘doing-friend’), which is a type of ‘friend’ (not a type of ‘doing’). Therefore ‘friend’ is the head, and ‘doing’ is attached to it via the function compound
:
ⲡⲉ/ART ϣⲃⲣ/NOUN ⲣϩⲱⲃ/NOUN \n accomplice! (lit. 'the friend-doing' or 'the doing-friend')
det(ϣⲃⲣ, ⲡⲉ)
compound(ϣⲃⲣ, ⲣϩⲱⲃ)
vocative(ϣⲃⲣ)
Note: This label is only used for cases in which tokenization has left parts of a compound as separate units. Generally speaking, Coptic Scriptorium guidelines specify that compound constituents are only annotated at the morpheme level, and do not constitute independent normalized units which are assigned a part of speech. As a result, this label should almost never be needed in corpora following Scriptorium segmentation practices; but for exceptional cases or corpora not following these practices, the compound
label is the alternative.
conj
: conjunct
This function marks the coordinate (not the coordinating word ‘and’ etc.) and attaches it to the first member of the chain of coordinates. To retrieve the function of the daughter ofconj
, only its parent needs to be examined, cf. the guidelines for cc. The same example applies:
ϩⲛ/ADP ⲙ/DET ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ/NOUN ,/PUNCT ⲙⲛ/ADP ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲥ/NOUN ⲛⲓⲙ/PRON \n In faithlessness and every impurity
case(ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ, ϩⲛ)
det(ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ, ⲙ)
cc(ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ, ⲙⲛ)
conj(ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ, ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲥ)
det(ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲕⲁⲑⲁⲣⲧⲟⲥ, ⲛⲓⲙ)
The first coordinate points right to the second (conj goes from the first member in the coordination to all other members, left to right).
cop
: copula
This label marks the copula forms ⲡⲉ, ⲧⲉ, ⲛⲉ. Note that the copula is not the root of a copula predication, but rather a dependent of the lexical predicate, usually a noun preceding the copula, but sometimes a verb (especially with preterit conversion, followed by the ‘optional’ copula). Both cases are illustrated below.
ⲛⲉⲓ/DET ⲣⲱⲙⲉ/NOUN ϩⲉⲛ/DET ⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ/NOUN ⲛⲉ/AUX \n These men are Jews.
cop(ⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ, ⲛⲉ)
det(ⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ, ϩⲉⲛ)
nsubj(ⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ, ⲣⲱⲙⲉ)
det(ⲣⲱⲙⲉ, ⲛⲉⲓ)
ϩⲁⲙⲟⲓ/CONJ ⲟⲛ/ADV ⲛⲉ/AUX ϣⲁ/AUX ⲧⲉⲧⲛ/PRON ϭⲱ/VERB ⲛ/ADP ⲧⲉⲓ/DET ϩⲉ/NOUN ⲡⲉ/AUX \n Oh, would that you would stop in this way!
discourse(ϭⲱ, ϩⲁⲙⲟⲓ)
advmod(ϭⲱ,ⲟⲛ)
mark(ϭⲱ,ⲛⲉ)
aux(ϭⲱ,ϣⲁ)
nsubj(ϭⲱ,ⲧⲉⲧⲛ)
cop(ϭⲱ,ⲡⲉ)
nmod(ϭⲱ,ϩⲉ)
det(ϩⲉ, ⲧⲉⲓ)
case(ϩⲉ, ⲛ)
Also note that in nominal sentences, the subject is nsubj
to the predicate, not to the copula. This is also true when the subject follows the copula, as shown below.
ⲛⲧⲟⲕ/PRON ⲡⲉ/AUX ⲧⲉⲩ/DET ϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ/NOUN \n Their hope is you (lit. 'it's you, their hope')
cop(ⲛⲧⲟⲕ, ⲡⲉ)
nsubj(ⲛⲧⲟⲕ, ϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ)
det(ϩⲉⲗⲡⲓⲥ, ⲧⲉⲩ)
csubj
: clausal subject
Used to mark the head of a clausal subject. The dependency goes from the predicate that governs the subject, to the local root (i.e. the predicate) of the subject clause. This construction is fairly rare, and the subject clause is often an infinitive clause, as shown below.
ⲛⲉ/AUX ⲡ/DET ⲉⲧ/SCONJ ⲉϣϣⲉ/VERB ⲡⲉ/AUX ⲉ/ADP ⲁⲛⲉⲭⲉ/VERB ⲙⲙⲟ/ADP ⲕ/PRON \n it would be fitting to tolerate you
csubj(ⲡ, ⲁⲛⲉⲭⲉ)
aux(ⲁⲛⲉⲭⲉ, ⲉ)
cop(ⲡ, ⲡⲉ)
acl(ⲡ, ⲉϣϣⲉ)
mark(ⲉϣϣⲉ, ⲉⲧ)
dobj(ⲁⲛⲉⲭⲉ, ⲕ)
case(ⲕ, ⲙⲙⲟ)
Note that this is just like a nominal subject (nsubj
): what would be fitting? To tolerate you. To tolerate you is fitting.
The small class of mostly Greek origin impersonal verbs also takes subject clauses, such as ⲉⲝⲉⲥⲧⲓ ‘it is appropriate’, which points from main verb to subordinate verb:
ⲟⲩⲕ ⲉⲝⲉⲥⲧⲓ/VERB ⲉ ⲁⲁ/VERB ϥ \n it is not appropriate to do it
csubj(ⲉⲝⲉⲥⲧⲓ, ⲁⲁ)
csubjpass
: clausal passive subject
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for csubjpass
.
dep
: unspecified dependency
For all cases not covered by these guidelines, the label dep may be used to denote the unusual dependency. Ideally, these cases should be re-examined and integrated into the guidelines at a later date.
det
: determiner
Function label for determiners, including definite and indefinite articles governed by their noun, but also the postposed ⲛⲓⲙ ‘any’ and the determiner ⲕⲉ ‘other’, which is unique in being allowed to stand for an article. If a noun has both a normal article and ⲕⲉ, both are marked as det
:
ϩⲉⲛ/DET ⲕⲉ/DET ϩⲛⲁⲁⲩ/NOUN \n some other matters
det(ϩⲛⲁⲁⲩ, ⲕⲉ)
det(ϩⲛⲁⲁⲩ, ϩⲉⲛ)
discourse
: discourse element
Function label for discourse particles, such as negative/affirmative answers (yes, …) or interjections (oh! Hah! etc.). The discourse particle is connected to the root of its clause using the discourse
function.
ϩⲁⲙⲟⲓ/CONJ ⲟⲛ/ADV ⲛⲉ/AUX ϣⲁ/AUX ⲧⲉⲧⲛ/PRON ϭⲱ/VERB ⲛ/ADP ⲧⲉⲓ/DET ϩⲉ/NOUN ⲡⲉ/AUX \n Oh, would that you would stop in this way!
discourse(ϭⲱ, ϩⲁⲙⲟⲓ)
advmod(ϭⲱ, ⲟⲛ)
mark(ϭⲱ, ⲛⲉ)
aux(ϭⲱ, ϣⲁ)
nsubj(ϭⲱ, ⲧⲉⲧⲛ)
cop(ϭⲱ, ⲡⲉ)
nmod(ϭⲱ, ϩⲉ)
det(ϩⲉ, ⲧⲉⲓ)
case(ϩⲉ, ⲛ)
dislocated
: dislocated elements
This label is used for arguments or ‘hanging topics’ that are preposed before the verbal complex, and which are referred to again as pronouns governed by the verbal complex.
ⲡ/DET ϣⲓⲡⲉ/NOUN ⲙ/ADP ⲡⲉⲓ/DET ⲙⲁ/NOUN ,/PUNCT ⲡ/DET ⲉⲟⲟⲩ/NOUN ⲙ/ADP ⲡⲉⲓ/DET ⲙⲁ/NOUN ⲁ/AUX ⲓ/PRON ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲓⲧⲉⲓ/VERB ⲙⲙⲟ/ADP ⲩ/PRON \n The shame of this place, the glory of this place, I have forsaken them.
det(ϣⲓⲡⲉ, ⲡ)
nmod(ϣⲓⲡⲉ, ⲙⲁ-5)
det(ⲙⲁ-5, ⲡⲉⲓ)
case(ⲙⲁ-5, ⲙ)
conj(ⲙⲁ-5, ⲉⲟⲟⲩ)
det(ⲉⲟⲟⲩ, ⲡ)
nmod(ⲉⲟⲟⲩ, ⲙⲁ-11)
det(ⲙⲁ-11, ⲡⲉⲓ)
case(ⲙⲁ-11, ⲙ)
appos(ⲩ, ϣⲓⲡⲉ)
case(ⲩ, ⲙⲙⲟ)
dobj(ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲓⲧⲉⲓ, ⲩ)
aux(ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲓⲧⲉⲓ, ⲁ)
nsubj(ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲓⲧⲉⲓ, ⲓ)
Note how the lexical arguments ‘the shame … the glory’ act as dislocated and are pre-posed, to be referred to again as pronouns by the pronoun object ‘them’, which acts as dobj (forsaken what? them. What is them? shame + glory). The dislocation is linked to the word governing the ‘duplicate pronoun’, usually the verb (here ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲓⲧⲉⲓ ‘forsake’, which also governs the object pronoun).
dobj
: direct object
Designates the direct object of the verb. This can be one of the following:
A nominal object standing directly after a verb, OR
A pronominal object directly after a verb:
Ⲁ/AUX ⲕ/PRON ⲡⲁϩ/VERB ⲟⲩ/PRON \n You have torn them.
aux(ⲡⲁϩ, Ⲁ)
nsubj(ⲡⲁϩ, ⲕ)
dobj(ⲡⲁϩ, ⲟⲩ)
A nominal or pronominal object mediated by the accusative marker (ⲛ/ⲙ/ⲙⲙⲟ⸗), usually in the durative patterns according to Jernstedt’s Law. The marker itself is linked to the noun with the case
function.
Ⲁ/AUX ⲓ/PRON ϥⲓ/VERB ⲛ/ADP ⲛⲉⲕ/DET ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ/NOUN \n I have carried your gods.
aux(ϥⲓ, ⲁ)
nsubj(ϥⲓ, ⲓ)
dobj(ϥⲓ, ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ)
case(ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ, ⲛ)
det(ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲧⲉ, ⲛⲉⲕ)
expl
: expletive
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for expl
.
fixed
: multi-word expression
Multi-word expressions are sequences of tokens which form a fixed expression, for which internal grammatical relations are not represented. For Coptic, this often corresponds to multi-token complex prepositions, often with a frozen adverbial modifier such as ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ‘out’. For example in the following example, the complex sequence ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ ‘out of’, has individual tokens which literally mean ‘out in’.
ⲁ/AUX ⲩ/PRON ⲛⲧ/VERB ⲟⲩ/PRON ⲉⲃⲟⲗ/ADV ϩⲙ/ADP ⲡⲉⲕ/DET ⲏⲓ/NOUN \n they took them out of your house
aux(ⲛⲧ, ⲁ)
nsubj(ⲛⲧ, ⲩ)
dobj(ⲛⲧ, ⲟⲩ)
nmod(ⲛⲧ, ⲏⲓ)
case(ⲏⲓ, ⲉⲃⲟⲗ)
mwe(ⲉⲃⲟⲗ, ϩⲙ)
det(ⲏⲓ, ⲡⲉⲕ)
While an interpretation connecting ⲉⲃⲟⲗ to the verb to mean ‘take out’ is possible, that would leave the sense of ‘in’ to mean ‘of’ unexplained. Rather, the combination ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ ‘out of’ is lexicalized as a multiword expression, or fixed
. By convention, mwe’s point in a chain from left to right, whereas the first token in the chain carries the external function of the expression – in this case a preposition (the label case
).
flat
: name
This label is used to connect parts of multi-word names, pointing from left to right in a chain. The most typical case is titles such as ⲁⲡⲁ, but the guideline applies to all complex names.
ⲁⲡⲁ/NOUN ⲡⲁⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ/PROPN \n Apa Papnoute
name(ⲁⲡⲁ, ⲡⲁⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ)
foreign
: foreign words
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for foreign
.
goeswith
: goes with
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for goeswith
.
iobj
: indirect object
Only used to mark the possessor in the possessive existential construction:
ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁ/VERB ⲩ/PRON ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ/PROPN \n They have Jesus
iobj(ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁ, ⲩ)
nsubj(ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁ, ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ)
The above example can be interpreted as ‘exists to-them Jesus’, etymologically ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁ-ⲩ < ‘exists in their hand.’
list
: list
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for list
.
mark
: marker
Marker indicating clause status. For subordinate clauses, this is the subordinating conjunction or particle, such as ϫⲉ introducing the object clause of direct or indirect speech, a relative pronoun such as ⲉⲧ, or an adverbial subordination, such as the circumstantial converter ⲉ/ⲉⲣⲉ. In Coptic, some main clauses also have marker elements determining clause status, which are morphologically and paradigmatically comparable to subordinators: the focalizing and preterit converters. As a result, all converters (POS tags CCIRC, CREL, CPRET and CFOC) are treated as mark
, modifying their clause’s predicate, but also non-converter conjunctions with similar functions (e.g. ⲉⲛⲉ ‘if’) as shown in the examples below.
ⲉⲛⲉ/CONJ ⲛⲧⲕ/PRON ⲟⲩ/DET ⲉⲛⲧⲏϭ/NOUN \n If you were a weed
mark(ⲉⲛⲧⲏϭ, ⲉⲛⲉ)
nsubj(ⲉⲛⲧⲏϭ, ⲛⲧⲕ)
det(ⲉⲛⲧⲏϭ, ⲟⲩ)
ⲉ/SCONJ ⲕ/PRON ⲧⲣⲩⲫⲁ/VERB \n While you live luxuriously
mark(ⲧⲣⲩⲫⲁ, ⲉ)
nsubj(ⲧⲣⲩⲫⲁ, ⲕ)
ⲉ/PART ⲓ/PPERS ϣⲁϫⲉ/VERB ⲉⲣⲟ/PRON \n It’s YOU I’m talking to!
mark(ϣⲁϫⲉ, ⲉ)
nsubj(ϣⲁϫⲉ, ⲓ)
nmod(ϣⲁⲭⲉ, ⲉⲣⲟ)
neg
: negation modifier
The label for negations such as ⲁⲛ, ⲛ, ⲧⲙ etc. which receive the POS tag NEG. The attachment is to the negated element, often the predicate or verb. Copula sentence negation is attached to the predicate, not to the copula. In circum-negation (ⲛ…ⲁⲛ), both elements are attached to the same element with the neg
label.
ⲟⲩ ϩⲱⲃ ⲉ ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩ ϥ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ \n it is not a good deed
det(ϩⲱⲃ, ⲟⲩ)
acl(ϩⲱⲃ, ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩ)
cop(ϩⲱⲃ, ⲡⲉ)
neg(ϩⲱⲃ, ⲁⲛ)
mark(ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩ, ⲉ)
nsubj(ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩ, ϥ)
nmod
: nominal modifier
A nominal modifier. This is the label given to prepositional objects and other types of nominal dependents which are non-core arguments (i.e. neither subject nor object). Note that in keeping with Universal Dependencies for other languages, the nmod
noun attaches directly to the lexeme it modifies (usually a noun or verb), while the preposition is seen as a case
dependent of the modifying noun.
ⲡ/DET ⲣⲏ/NOUN ϩⲛ/ADP ⲧ/DET ⲡⲉ/NOUN \n the sun in the sky
det(ⲣⲏ, ⲡ)
nmod(ⲣⲏ, ⲡⲉ)
case(ⲡⲉ, ϩⲛ)
det(ⲡⲉ, ⲧ)
Note also that prepositional arguments of verbs are also marked as nmod
, including prepositional objects of verbs of perception:
ⲁⲣ/PRON ⲥⲱⲧⲙ/VERB ⲉⲣⲟ/ADP ⲓ/PRON \n You have heard me
nsubj(ⲥⲱⲧⲙ, ⲁⲣ)
nmod(ⲥⲱⲧⲙ, ⲓ)
case(ⲉⲣⲟ, ⲓ)
nsubj
: nominal subject
Designates the subject of a verb. The relation is from the lexical verb to the subject pronoun or noun, not from the auxiliary, as shown below. The annotation guidelines do not distinguish passive subjects, since the two forms of passive-like expressions in Coptic may be seen as syntactically indistinct from active:
Actional passive: formed by a third person plural with non-plural reference, but if there is no singular ‘by’ phrase, it is formally indistinguishable from the active equivalent:
Ⲁ/AUX ⲩ/PRON ⲥⲟⲧⲡ/VERB ⲥ/PRON \n she was chosen (or: they chose her)
aux(ⲥⲟⲧⲡ, ⲁ)
nsubj(ⲥⲟⲧⲡ, ⲩ)
dobj(ⲥⲟⲧⲡ, ⲥ)
Stative passive: formed by the morphological stative form (pos=VSTAT) with a transitive verb, however syntactically same as statal reading with intransitive verb:
ϥ/PRON ⲕⲏⲧ/VERB \n it is built (transitive ⲕⲱⲧ “build”)
nsubj(ⲕⲏⲧ, ϥ)
ϥ/PRON ϩⲟⲗϭ/VERB \n it is sweet (intransitive ϩⲗⲟϭ)
nsubj(ϩⲟⲗϭ, ϥ)
Note also that the existential predicates (Scriptorium pos=EXIST) take nsubj
for the existing entity, even when they are used in the possessive construction:
ⲙⲛ/VERB ⲙⲛⲧⲗⲏⲥⲧⲏⲥ/NOUN ϣⲟⲟⲡ/VERB \n there is no robbery
aux(ϣⲟⲟⲡ, ⲙⲛ)
nsubj(ϣⲟⲟⲡ, ⲙⲛⲧⲗⲏⲥⲧⲏⲥ)
If the possessor is indicated in the EXIST construction, the possessed is still annotated as nsubj
, and the possessor is annotated as the indirect object, see iobj
(i.e. the construction is interpreted as ‘there exists X to Y’).
ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁ/VERB ⲩ/PRON ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ/PROPN \n they have Jesus (literally: “exists to them Jesus”)
iobj(ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁ, ⲩ)
nsubj(ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁ, ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ)
In pure existence predication, the existing entity is the subject, and the EXIST predicate is the local root:
ⲙⲛ/VERB ϭⲉ/PART ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ/NOUN ⲛⲃⲗⲁ/ADP ⲕ/PRON \n There is no God but you (“not existing” is the main predicate, “God” is the subject)
nsubj(ⲙⲛ, ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ)
det(ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ, ϭⲉ)
nmod(ⲙⲛ, ⲕ)
case(ⲕ, ⲛⲃⲗⲁ)
The same analysis applies to the presentative particle ⲉⲓⲥ (‘behold’, ‘voila’):
ⲉⲓⲥ/PART ⲟⲩ/DET ⲥⲃⲱ/N ⲛ/ADP ⲃⲣⲣⲉ/N \n Behold, a new teaching
nsubj(ⲉⲓⲥ, ⲥⲃⲱ)
det(ⲥⲃⲱ, ⲟⲩ)
nmod(ⲃⲣⲣⲉ, ⲥⲃⲱ)
case(ⲃⲣⲣⲉ, ⲛ)
nsubjpass
: passive nominal subject
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for nsubjpass
.
nummod
: numeric modifier
This label is used for number modifiers, counting the modified nouns. Note that for numbers taking a preposition ⲛ, the preposition is attached via the case label to the counted noun, but the article (and any further prepositions preceding the article) are attached to the nominal head as well, as shown below.
ϩⲙ/ADP ⲡⲉ/DET ϩⲙⲉ/NUM ⲛ/ADP ϩⲟⲟⲩ/NOUN \n in the forty days
case(ϩⲟⲟⲩ, ϩⲙ)
det(ϩⲟⲟⲩ, ⲡⲉ)
nummod(ϩⲟⲟⲩ, ϩⲙⲉ)
case(ϩⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ)
For the number ⲥⲛⲁⲩ ‘two’, which follows the counted noun, the noun is still the head, i.e. the dependency arrow points forward from the noun to the number.
orphan
: remnant in ellipsis
This (relatively rarely used) function is required when ellipsis of a head word results in two words which do not refer to the same thing in the world (cf. dislocated) to be realized as double dependents of the same head. English examples for this relations are sentences such as:
Mary ate the cake, but John the cookies.
In this case, the absence of a second ‘ate’ forces us to consider two conflicting subjects and objects for the first ‘ate’. The solution is to connect the second member in each set to the first one, using the remnant relation. Coptic examples work using the same logic:
ⲛ/ADV ⲥⲉ/PRON ⲣⲭⲣⲉⲓⲁ/VERB ⲁⲛ/ADV ⲛϭⲓ/PTC ⲛ/ART ⲉⲧ/SCONJ ⲧⲏⲕ/VERB ⲙ/ADP ⲡ/DET ⲥⲁⲓⲛ/NOUN ⲁⲗⲗⲁ/CONJ ⲛ/DET ⲉⲧ/SCONJ ϣⲟⲟⲡ/VERB ⲕⲁⲕⲱⲥ/ADV \n The healthy do not need the doctor, but those who are unwell (need the doctor).
neg(ⲣⲭⲣⲉⲓⲁ, ⲛ-1)
nsubj(ⲣⲭⲣⲉⲓⲁ, ⲥⲉ)
neg(ⲣⲭⲣⲉⲓⲁ, ⲁⲛ)
dislocated(ⲣⲭⲣⲉⲓⲁ, ⲛ-6)
case(ⲛ-6, ⲛϭⲓ)
cc(ⲣⲭⲣⲉⲓⲁ, ⲁⲗⲗⲁ)
acl(ⲛ-6, ⲧⲏⲕ)
mark(ⲧⲏⲕ, ⲉⲧ-7)
nmod(ⲧⲏⲕ, ⲥⲁⲓⲛ)
case(ⲥⲁⲓⲛ, ⲙ)
det(ⲥⲁⲓⲛ, ⲡ)
remnant(ⲥⲉ, ⲛ-13)
acl(ⲛ-13, ϣⲟⲟⲡ)
mark(ϣⲟⲟⲡ, ⲉⲧ-14)
advmod(ϣⲟⲟⲡ, ⲕⲁⲕⲱⲥ)
While both subjects are related to need, only the first instance of the subject may be realized on the overt verb need. The second subject is thought of as belonging to an omitted coordinated verb. For this reason, the conjunction but is seen as having the function cc to the first verb.
parataxis
: parataxis
This label is used to link two main clauses that are listed together as one sentence (either by accident, or because they are not quite independent sentences). It is also used for parenthetical clauses in the middle of other clauses. The dependency goes from the root of the first clause, or in parenthetical cases, the non-parenthetical clause, to the other one:
ⲛ/ADP ⲧⲉ/DET ⲩⲛⲟⲩ/NOUN ⲇⲉ/PART ⲁ/AUX ⲩ/PRON ⲕⲁ/VERB ⲛⲉⲩ/DET ϣⲛⲏⲩ/NOUN ⲁ/AUX ⲩ/PRON ⲟⲩⲁϩ/VERB ⲟⲩ/PRON ⲛⲥⲱ/ADP ϥ/PRON \n Immediately they left their nets and followed him.
mark(ⲩⲛⲟⲩ, ⲛ)
det(ⲩⲛⲟⲩ, ⲧⲉ)
advmod(ⲕⲁ, ⲇⲉ)
aux(ⲕⲁ, ⲁ-5)
nsubj(ⲕⲁ, ⲩ-6)
dobj(ⲕⲁ, ϣⲛⲏⲩ)
det(ϣⲛⲏⲩ, ⲛⲉⲩ)
parataxis(ⲕⲁ, ⲟⲩⲁϩ)
aux(ⲟⲩⲁϩ, ⲁ-10)
nsubj(ⲟⲩⲁϩ, ⲩ-11)
dobj(ⲟⲩⲁϩ, ⲟⲩ)
nmod(ⲟⲩⲁϩ, ϥ)
case(ⲛⲥⲱ, ϥ)
nmod(ⲕⲁ, ⲩⲛⲟⲩ)
If both of these clauses are seen as one sentence, there is no other relation to call the connection between the first clause and the second one. Note that this is distinct from two coordinated clauses, e.g. with ⲁⲩⲱ ‘and’, for which cc
and conj
should be used.
punct
: punctuation
The function for punctuation. It is seen as a root function, i.e. punctuation does not depend on any other word in the sentence. If a single tree form is desired, it is also possible to attach punctuation to the local root of the graph.
ⲁⲛⲟⲕ/PRON ./PUNCT \n I.
punct(.)
root(ⲁⲛⲟⲕ)
reparandum
: overridden disfluency
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for reparandum
.
root
: root
The root of the utterance, that word, which depends on no other word. Usually this is the predicate, a verb if available, otherwise the nominal predicate of a nominal sentence. In fragments, such as a plain nominal phrase or a single interjection, the local root (i.e. the noun head, or the interjection) is the root.
vocative
: vocative
Used to mark direct forms of address, usually introduced by a definite article: ⲡⲉϣⲃⲣⲣϩⲱⲃ! ‘oh you accomplice!’. If the vocative forms the entire utterance, it is labeled vocative and functions as the root of the utterance. If there is a further proposition in the sentence (usually an imperative), then the vocative is attached to the root of the predication:
ⲡ/DET ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ/NOUN ⲁⲣⲓ/VERB ⲧ/DET ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ/NOUN \n Oh God, have mercy!
det(ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ, ⲡ)
vocative(ⲁⲣⲓ, ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ)
dobj(ⲁⲣⲓ, ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ)
det(ⲁⲅⲁⲡⲏ, ⲧ)
xcomp
: open clausal complement
This label is used to mark dependent clauses that do not contain their own subject, most often infinitive object clauses.
ⲧⲉⲧⲛ/PRON ⲕⲱ/VERB ⲙⲙⲟ/ADP ⲟⲩ/PRON ⲁⲛ/ADV ⲉ/ADP ⲥⲣϥⲉ/VERB ⲉ/ADP ⲁⲁ/VERB ϥ/PRON \n you do not let them engage in making it
nsubj(ⲕⲱ, ⲧⲉⲧⲛ)
dobj(ⲕⲱ, ⲟⲩ)
case(ⲟⲩ, ⲙⲙⲟ)
neg(ⲕⲱ, ⲁⲛ)
xcomp(ⲕⲱ, ⲥⲣϥⲉ)
mark(ⲥⲣϥⲉ, ⲉ-6)
xcomp(ⲥⲣϥⲉ, ⲁⲁ)
mark(ⲁⲁ, ⲉ-8)
det(ⲁⲁ, ϥ)
Note how in the example above, the subject of both infinitives marked by ⲉ is the object of the main verb ⲕⲱ, which is external to the infinitive clauses. The infinitive clauses marked by xcomp are inheriting their subject argument from the main clause argument.
Additionally, the subordinate infinitive of the causative construction with ⲧⲣⲉ is also analyzed as xcomp, although the etymological subject of the auxiliary ⲧⲣⲉ is attached to the lexical infinitive as a subject. This facilitates syntactic recognition of the construction next to semantic argument structure extraction:
ⲙⲡⲉ/AUX ⲕ/PRON ⲟⲩⲱϣ/VERB ⲁⲛ/ADV ⲡⲉ/AUX ⲉ/ADP ⲧⲣⲉ/VERB ⲛ/DET ϣⲏⲣⲉ/NOUN ⲙ/ADP ⲡ/DET ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ/NOUN ϫⲓ/VERB ⲟⲩ/DET ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ/NOUN \n you did not wish to make the sons of God carry an offering
aux(ⲟⲩⲱϣ, ⲙⲡⲉ)
nsubj(ⲟⲩⲱϣ, ⲕ)
neg(ⲟⲩⲱϣ, ⲁⲛ)
cop(ⲟⲩϣⲱ, ⲡⲉ)
xcomp(ⲟⲩⲱϣ, ⲧⲣⲉ)
aux(ⲧⲣⲉ, ⲉ)
det(ϣⲏⲣⲉ, ⲛ)
xcomp(ⲧⲣⲉ, ϫⲓ)
nsubj(ϫⲓ, ϣⲏⲣⲉ)
nmod(ϣⲏⲣⲉ, ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ)
case(ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ, ⲙ)
det(ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ, ⲡ)
det(ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ, ⲟⲩ)
dobj(ϫⲓ, ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲫⲟⲣⲁ)
Note that in the example above, the first xcomp is the normal infinitive case, with no explicit subject, but the second xcomp illustrates the causative construction: ‘sons’ are both the object of ‘making’ and subject of ‘carrying’.


A facility to read from and write to CSV (comma separated values) files. When
reading, the BOM (the byte-order-mark) character 0xfeff at the beginning of
the file is ignored.
| Methods |
| static Csv |
getInstance()
Get a new object of this class.
|
| static Csv |
getInstance()
Get a new object of this class.
Returns:
the new instance
|
| boolean |
getCaseSensitiveColumnNames()
Get the current case sensitive column names setting.
|
| boolean |
getCaseSensitiveColumnNames()
Get the current case sensitive column names setting.
Returns:
whether column names are case sensitive
|
| char |
getEscapeCharacter()
Get the current escape character.
|
| char |
getEscapeCharacter()
Get the current escape character.
Returns:
the escape character
|
| char |
getFieldDelimiter()
Get the current field delimiter.
|
| char |
getFieldDelimiter()
Get the current field delimiter.
Returns:
the field delimiter
|
| char |
getFieldSeparatorRead()
Get the current field separator for reading.
|
| char |
getFieldSeparatorRead()
Get the current field separator for reading.
Returns:
the field separator
|
| String |
getFieldSeparatorWrite()
Get the current field separator for writing.
|
| String |
getFieldSeparatorWrite()
Get the current field separator for writing.
Returns:
the field separator
|
| char |
()
Get the line comment character.
|
| char |
()
Get the line comment character.
Returns:
the line comment character, or 0 if disabled
|
| String |
getLineSeparator()
Get the current line separator.
|
| String |
getLineSeparator()
Get the current line separator.
Returns:
the line separator
|
| String |
getNullString()
Get the current null string.
|
| String |
getNullString()
Get the current null string.
Returns:
the null string.
|
| boolean |
getPreserveWhitespace()
Whether whitespace in unquoted text is preserved.
|
| boolean |
getPreserveWhitespace()
Whether whitespace in unquoted text is preserved.
Returns:
the current value for the setting
|
| String |
getRowSeparatorWrite()
Get the current row separator for writing.
|
| String |
getRowSeparatorWrite()
Get the current row separator for writing.
Returns:
the row separator
|
| boolean |
getWriteColumnHeader()
Whether the column header is written.
|
| boolean |
getWriteColumnHeader()
Whether the column header is written.
Returns:
the current value for the setting
|
| ResultSet |
read(String inputFileName, String[] colNames, String charset)
Reads from the CSV file and returns a result set.
|
| ResultSet |
read(String inputFileName, String[] colNames, String charset) throws SQLException
Reads from the CSV file and returns a result set. The rows in the result
set are created on demand, that means the file is kept open until all
rows are read or the result set is closed.
If the columns are read from the CSV file, then the following rules are
used: columns names that start with a letter or '_', and only
contain letters, '_', and digits, are considered case insensitive
and are converted to uppercase. Other column names are considered
case sensitive (that means they need to be quoted when accessed).
Parameters:
inputFileName - the file name
colNames - or null if the column names should be read from the CSV
file
charset - the charset or null to use the system default charset
(see system property file.encoding)
Returns:
the result set
Throws:
SQLException
|
| ResultSet |
read(Reader reader, String[] colNames)
Reads CSV data from a reader and returns a result set.
|
| ResultSet |
read(Reader reader, String[] colNames) throws IOException
Reads CSV data from a reader and returns a result set. The rows in the
result set are created on demand, that means the reader is kept open
until all rows are read or the result set is closed.
Parameters:
reader - the reader
colNames - or null if the column names should be read from the CSV file
Returns:
the result set
Throws:
IOException
|
| void |
setCaseSensitiveColumnNames(boolean caseSensitiveColumnNames)
Override the case sensitive column names setting.
|
| void |
setCaseSensitiveColumnNames(boolean caseSensitiveColumnNames)
Override the case sensitive column names setting. The default is false.
If enabled, the case of all column names is always preserved.
Parameters:
caseSensitiveColumnNames - whether column names are case sensitive
|
| void |
setEscapeCharacter(char escapeCharacter)
Set the escape character.
|
| void |
setEscapeCharacter(char escapeCharacter)
Set the escape character. The escape character is used to escape the
field delimiter. This is needed if the data contains the field delimiter.
The default escape character is " (a double quote), which is the same as
the field delimiter. If the field delimiter and the escape character are
both " (double quote), and the data contains a double quote, then an
additional double quote is added. Example:
Data: He said "Hello".
Escape character: "
Field delimiter: "
CSV file: "He said ""Hello""."
If the field delimiter is a double quote and the escape character is a
backslash, then escaping is done similar to Java (however, only the field
delimiter is escaped). Example:
Data: He said "Hello".
Escape character: \
Field delimiter: "
CSV file: "He said \"Hello\"."
The value 0 means no escape character is used.
Parameters:
escapeCharacter - the escape character
|
| void |
setFieldDelimiter(char fieldDelimiter)
Set the field delimiter.
|
| void |
setFieldDelimiter(char fieldDelimiter)
Set the field delimiter. The default is " (a double quote).
The value 0 means no field delimiter is used.
Parameters:
fieldDelimiter - the field delimiter
|
| void |
setFieldSeparatorRead(char fieldSeparatorRead)
Override the field separator for reading.
|
| void |
setFieldSeparatorRead(char fieldSeparatorRead)
Override the field separator for reading. The default is ','.
Parameters:
fieldSeparatorRead - the field separator
|
| void |
setFieldSeparatorWrite(String fieldSeparatorWrite)
Override the field separator for writing.
|
| void |
setFieldSeparatorWrite(String fieldSeparatorWrite)
Override the field separator for writing. The default is ",".
Parameters:
fieldSeparatorWrite - the field separator
|
| void |
(char lineCommentCharacter)
Set the line comment character.
|
| void |
(char lineCommentCharacter)
Set the line comment character. The default is character code 0 (line
comments are disabled).
Parameters:
lineCommentCharacter - the line comment character
|
| void |
setLineSeparator(String lineSeparator)
Set the line separator.
|
| void |
setLineSeparator(String lineSeparator)
Set the line separator.
Parameters:
lineSeparator - the line separator
|
| void |
setNullString(String nullString)
Set the value that represents NULL.
|
| void |
setNullString(String nullString)
Set the value that represents NULL. It is only used for non-delimited
values.
Parameters:
nullString - the null
|
| void |
setPreserveWhitespace(boolean value)
Enable or disable preserving whitespace in unquoted text.
|
| void |
setPreserveWhitespace(boolean value)
Enable or disable preserving whitespace in unquoted text.
Parameters:
value - the new value for the setting
|
| void |
setRowSeparatorWrite(String rowSeparatorWrite)
Override the end-of-row marker for writing.
|
| void |
setRowSeparatorWrite(String rowSeparatorWrite)
Override the end-of-row marker for writing. The default is null. After
writing the end-of-row marker, a line feed is written (\n or \r\n
depending on the system settings).
Parameters:
rowSeparatorWrite - the row separator
|
| void |
setWriteColumnHeader(boolean value)
Enable or disable writing the column header.
|
| void |
setWriteColumnHeader(boolean value)
Enable or disable writing the column header.
Parameters:
value - the new value for the setting
|
| int |
write(Writer writer, ResultSet rs)
Writes the result set to a file in the CSV format.
|
| int |
write(Writer writer, ResultSet rs) throws SQLException
Writes the result set to a file in the CSV format.
Parameters:
writer - the writer
rs - the result set
Returns:
the number of rows written
Throws:
SQLException
|
| int |
write(String outputFileName, ResultSet rs, String charset)
Writes the result set to a file in the CSV format.
|
| int |
write(String outputFileName, ResultSet rs, String charset) throws SQLException
Writes the result set to a file in the CSV format. The result set is read
using the following loop:
while (rs.next()) {
writeRow(row);
}
Parameters:
outputFileName - the name of the csv file
rs - the result set - the result set must be positioned before the
first row.
charset - the charset or null to use the system default charset
(see system property file.encoding)
Returns:
the number of rows written
Throws:
SQLException
|
| int |
write(Connection conn, String outputFileName, String sql, String charset)
Writes the result set of a query to a file in the CSV format.
|
| int |
write(Connection conn, String outputFileName, String sql, String charset) throws SQLException
Writes the result set of a query to a file in the CSV format.
Parameters:
conn - the connection
outputFileName - the file name
sql - the query
charset - the charset or null to use the system default charset
(see system property file.encoding)
Returns:
the number of rows written
Throws:
SQLException
|


Error: You must be feeling like left shark!
Most likely:
You are encrypting with the wrong key.
You can't decrypt the info with the key being used.


Bought these shoes for my dad. Purchased for daily purpose only and not for jogging or running. He used it for couple of days and the shoes are comfortable. They are a little bit small, but a size bigger would be too big. So I guess it's the proper fit. The shoes are light in weight and seems will last for a few years if used properly. The shoes are fresh stock manufactured in March 2015 - my order was April 2015. Overall quite happy with the purchase. Recommended purchase.


{ "title": "Home", "linktitle": "Home", "description": "Home Page for the TODO", "date": "2017-02-01", "publishdate": "2017-02-01", "lastmod": "2017-02-01", "cdtsconfig": { "search": true, "siteMenu": false, "showPreContent": false, "showFeatures": false } }
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---
layout: post
title: Jim Marshall - RIP
tags:
- Articles
- General Photography
- Jim Marshall
status: publish
type: post
published: true
meta:
tt_auto_tweet: "false"
aktt_notify_twitter: "yes"
_edit_lock: "1269543788"
_edit_last: "2"
tt_auto_tweet_text: "New blog post: [TITLE] [URL] "
aktt_tweeted: "1"
series_part: "10"
dsq_thread_id: "380923062"
---
For those of you who haven't heard - Jim Marshall passed away. Never heard of him - check out his photos of rock legends. In my book his images are what photography is all about - fantastic stuff. Heck he is a rock legend himself.
His photos are fantastic journalistic work - you know the kind that transcends just the recording and go into "art". Truly something to aspire to as a photographer. I am sure that you have seen at least a dozen Jim Marshall images even if you have never heard of him before. Definitely a photographer worth studying.
McNally has a nice piece today on his site - good read.
RB
Ps. Jim was a Leica shooter - allegedly the image at the top was his M4. I had this laying around in my files - forget where I picked it up on the net.


Getting started
Linthub Overview
Linthub will check the quality of pull requests by performing static code analysis. All (potential) problems will be commented on as line comments allowing the submitter to review and update the pull request. It will increase code quality and save time to the repository owner.
Step one: Sign in
To get started with Linthub, sign in with your GitHub account. Go to Linthub and follow the Sign In link at the top of the page.
Note that for private repositories, the Linthubot should be added to your team with the read-only access.
While signing in, GitHub will ask you for a set of access permissions on our behalf. We've outlined them and their use in greater detail.
Step two: Activate GitHub Webhook
Once you're signed in, and we've initially synchronized your repositories from GitHub, go to your profile page for open source.
You'll see all the organizations you're a member of and all the repositories you have access to. You can enable the service hook for the repositories you have access to.
Flip the switch to on for all the repositories you'd like to enable.
Step three: Add .linthub.yml file to your repository
Linthub can be configured using the .linthub.yml configuration file.
If .linthub.yml
is not in the repository, is misspelled or is not a valid
YAML, Linthub will ignore it,
and use the defaults instead.
Step four: Trigger Your First Build With a Git Push
Once a GitHub hook is set up, push your commit that adds .linthub.yml to your repository. That should add a build into one of the queues on Linthub and your build will start as soon as at least one worker for your language is available.
To start a build perform one of the following:
- Commit and push something to your repository
- Go to your repository's settings page, click on "Webhooks & Services" on the left menu, choose "Linthub" in the "Services", and use the "Test service" button.
Please note that you cannot trigger your first build using the Test Hook button. It has to be triggered by a push to your repository.
Step five: Tweaking your configuration
Your project might require some customization to the build process.
After making some changes to the .linthub.yml
, don't forget to check that it is a valid YAML.
Step seven: We are here to help!
For any kind of questions feel free to join our IRC channel #linthub on chat.freenode.net. We're there to help :)


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Nov 01 Interactive Designer with HTML/CSS Skills (Locals Only) - (Rancho Dominguez, CA)
Nov 01 Have a knack for Design, HTML/Web & Video? - (Downtown Orlando)
Nov 01 HTML Programmer - (Tallahassee, FL)
Nov 01 Front-End Developer (HTML, CSS, JavaScript) - (Tulsa, OK)
Nov 01 ASP.Net 4.0, XML Cascading Dropdown list - (Jacksonville)
31 Oct WordPress / HTML Programmer - (Vancouver Island)
31 Oct Image\Web\HTML Template Designer - (banglore)
31 Oct Front End Developer (CSS, HTML, Javascript) - (Gastown)
31 Oct Design/HTML/Wordpress - (Internet)
30 Oct Template designer PSD to HTML - (homebased)
30 Oct HTML 5/Adaptive Design Coder for Wordpress Needed -
30 Oct Full-time Wordpress/HTML expert designer / webmaster needed - (Work from home)
27 Sep WordPress/Magento Experts - PHP/HTML/CSS - (USA)
27 Sep Web Developer Needed - WordPress, Magento, PHP/HTML/CSS - (USA)
26 Sep WordPress, HTML5 or PHP MySQL Trainer required - (North London)
24 Sep HTML/CSS Developer / Web Standards / Drupal Themer - (London)
23 Sep HTML Photo work available - (USA)
23 Oct HTML 5 Designer & Developer - (Mumbai - Lower Parel)
20 Oct HTML Tagging work Single and Multi User - (INDORE)
16 Oct HTML and CSS Developer - (Toronto/Markham)
12 Oct HTML EMAIL DESIGNER - (Singapore)
10 Oct HTML / CSS Frontend Web Developer for Digital Giant - (London)
07 Oct I have skills in HTML/CSS Web Designing (£5hr) - (UK)
06 Oct HTML to Wordpress Template Page - (Anywhere)
06 Nov Seeking front end developer-OO Javascript, DOM model, css3, html 5 - (Downtown Toronto)
05 Nov Seeking front end developer-OO Javascript, DOM model, css3, html 5 - (Downtown Toronto)
04 Oct Coverting your PSD designs into Valid HTML/CSS -
04 Nov html/css/js dev required for permanent position with room to grow - (manila (anywhere))
04 Nov MAGNETO PHP/HTML - (MAKATI/REMOTE)
04 Nov HTML5 & JavaScript Pro - (Lower Mainland)
03 Nov HTML 5 and Flash Professional - (Metro Vancouver)
02 Nov web developer: javascript, php, html/css and multimedia - (SFU )
02 Nov front end developer html/css/jquery - (manila or anywhere in ph)
02 Nov Wanted: HTML, Web Programmer - (Online)
02 Nov Tech To Upload Content to html pages - (Chicago, IL USA)


Please ensure only one location is selected. If Google maps is showing multiple locations, make the query more specific.


ul
for key, value in list
li
"index {{ key }} has value {{ value }}"
The language has only 5 Language primitives: if, for, else, elseif and component.
Any other will create an HTML node.
for key, value in list
h1
{{ key }}
p
{{ value }}
An expression is just JavaScript function executed within the current template context.
p
{{ 1 + 4 }}
#
5

A context object represent some data. The data can be overshadowed by a new context.
var context = likely.Context({a:1, b:2});
context.get('a');
# <- 1
context.get('b');
# <- 2
# We create a new context with the current context as parent
var context2 = likely.Context({a:3}, context);
context2.get('a');
# <- 3
context.get('b');
# <- 2
A For Node will create a new context that contain the index and the value of the loop.
var template = likely.Template(templateString);
template.repr();
You get
Node() at line undefined
HtmlNode(ul) at line 1
ForNode(for key, value in list) at line 2
HtmlNode(li) at line 3
StringNode("index {{ key }} has value {{ item }}") at line 4
To render this template to a tree we need a Context object:
var data = {list:[4,5,6]};
var context = likely.Context(data);
var renderTree = template.tree(context);
renderTree.repr();
You get a virtual dom tree
Node() at line undefined path
HtmlNode(ul) at line 1 path .0
HtmlNode(li) at line 3 path .0.0
StringNode("index {{ key }} has value {{ item }}") at line 4 path .0.0.0
HtmlNode(li) at line 3 path .0.1
StringNode("index {{ key }} has value {{ item }}") at line 4 path .0.1.0
HtmlNode(li) at line 3 path .0.2
StringNode("index {{ key }} has value {{ item }}") at line 4 path .0.2.0
renderTree.domTree(document.body);

index 0 has value 4

index 1 has value 5

index 2 has value 6

Likely.js can create a DOM diff using 2 virtual DOM tree
var data = {list:[4,5,6]};
var context = likely.Context(data);
var renderTree = template.tree(context);
# change the data
data.list = [4,10,6,9];
var newRenderTree = template.tree(context);
var diff = renderTree.diff(newRenderTree);
diff[0]
{action: "stringmutate", node: RenderedNode,
value: "index 1 has value 10", path: ".0.1.0"}
diff[1]
{type: "new_node", action: "add",
node: RenderedNode, path: ".0.4"}
To apply a DOM diff you need to initialize a DOM element with the first tree.
var dom = document.getElementById('container');
dom.innerHTML = ""; // emtpy the DOM
renderTree.domTree(dom); // initialize the DOM
likely.applyDiff(diff, dom); // apply the dom changes
The Binding object is a simple interface that handle DOM initialization, Events, bi-directionnal data binding and diff throttling.
var dom = document.getElementById('container');
var template = likely.Template(templateString);
var data = {a:1, b:2, c:[1, 2, 3]};
var binding = new likely.Binding(dom, template, data);
binding.init();
You are in charge of notifying the Binding when you change the data.
data.list = newList; // Modify the data.
data.selected = 10;
binding.update(); // Create a diff and apply it.
Although this is trivial to implement:
function update(){
binding.update();
window.requestAnimationFrame(update);
}
update();


T. pachanoi
Preparation:
The spines were cut off followed by slowly peeling the waxy skin. The green 1/4 inch or so of material directly below the skin was sliced off into strips and and chopped. The remaining inner white cucumber-like part was discarded. The green material was boiled for 3 hours or so. The pieces looked by that time like cooked green pepper chunks. In retrospect it might be easier to just liquify the green material in a food processor raw, and swallow the resulting 'smoothie'. I don't see what cooking is really supposed to do. The chemical is in there regardless.
Anyway, the surrounding fluid was consumed, followed by about half of the solid pieces. There was some nausea for about 2-3 hours after which effects began to manifest.
Effects:
The effects were slow in rising and reaching a vague peak at about 2-3 hours after the effects first became noticeable. Then they gradually faded into a mild afterglow over the next 5-6 hours.
I found it to be the warmest of the psychedelics. Even the color 'palette' emphasized this: yellows and oranges seemed particularly rich. Very earthy compared to the cosmic pinks and whites of psilocybin, the pinks and purples of LSD, and the blacks, greens, and violets of ibogaine.
There was very little of the emotional turmoil of the tryptamines. There was a palpable feeling of radiance and joy, similar to MDMA (ecstasy) but without the over-romantic 'love and light' feeling. This was a more genuine feeling in my opinion, more grounded and balanced.
It was wondrous, even touching to see the endless stream of faces and expressions of people in Central Park. I found myself having brief easygoing bits of conversation with people while in line waiting for a coffee, sitting on a bench, watching a band play, etc. A beautiful feeling of openness on a beautiful day.
There was a strong emphasis of patterns in nature. The geometry of tree branches (still bare from winter) took on a kind of divine intricacy. The texture of rocks and boulders, clouds, even the naturally occurring arrangements of stray clumps of grass had an extra mathematical quality, fascinating to see. The patterns of stripes on animals (pet dogs, squirrels, birds) seemed clearly an extension of this ruled-based patterning that governs the plant kingdom. Finally people seemed to be included in this overarching scheme of formal structure and ornamentation.  It was strikingly and immediately obvious how much humans are also animals, a product of this natural sphere. Though I am no big environmentalist, it insipred a greater degree of wonder and respect for the world.
Later I met up with a friend and it was fascinating to watch his face. His features, expressions, the texture of his skin, all seemed so real and rich to behold. I found myself giving full attention to the moment and enjoying myself thoroughly.
Compared to some of the very difficult experiences I've had with other psychedelics, this was pleasant enough to border on the recreational. Still, it would never become likely as a recreational drug because of the hassle and ordeal. I took down about as much as seemed possible before gag reflexes made it strongly undesirable to continue - yet with all that it still seemed like a low-medium dose. I don't see it as a potential source of profound personal insight, at least not at this dose but it was interesting and enjoyable.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


[gecode-users] g++ version 4.2 requirement
Guido Tack
tack at gecode.org
Thu May 12 13:51:19 CEST 2011
On 12 May 2011, at 13:44, Martin Mann wrote:
>
> Hi Gecoder,
>
> I tried to compile Gecode 3.5 on an older system with g++ 4.1.2 and it failed since the configure checks and requires g++ 4.2 or higher.
>
> Is this really a strict requirement or only needed for certain modules or features?
>
> I am still in the static build scenario. If I statically build the binary on a system with g++ 4.5 and run it on the old machine it crashes due to kernel incompatibilites. Somewhat expected..
>
> Do you see a workaround? Is the dependency strict or for efficiency?
This is a strict dependency, g++ < 4.2 does not correctly implement the C++ language we use, and even if you make it compile, the generated code is incorrect (very subtly incorrect, of course).
I can't see how a static binary compiled with g++ 4.5 can rely on a certain kernel. Are you sure it's completely linked (i.e., ldd doesn't list any dependencies)? Could you set up a virtual machine with the correct target kernel but a newer gcc for compiling?
Cheers,
Guido
--
Guido Tack, http://people.cs.kuleuven.be/~guido.tack/
More information about the users
mailing list


| OptionOrders |
Orders for the option monads |
| LayerData |
Categorical structure for our types of abstract states and simulation relations blueprints |
| Structures |
Common mathematical structures used by the calculus |
| PseudoJoin |
The "pseudojoin" structure satisfied by our ⊕ operators |
| Primitives |
Interface for types of primitive specifications |
| Modules |
Interface for types of modules |
| Layers |
Interface for types of layer specifications |
| Semantics |
Interface for our semantics operators [[-]] |
| Language |
Rules of our "layer logic" |
| PTrees |
Definitions and theorems related to PTrees
(finite maps over identifiers,
from Compcert's general-purpose libraries) |
| PTreeModules |
Implementation of modules as finite maps
from identifiers to function definitions |
| PTreeLayers |
Implementation of layer specifications as finite maps
from identifiers to primitive specifications |
| PTreeSemantics |
Helpers for creating semantics operators involving
PTreeModules and PTreeLayers |
| LayerLogicImpl |
Soundness proof for the rules of our logic |
| CompcertStructures |
Orders and lemmas about some of Compcert's data structures |
| ErrorMonad |
Definitions related to Compcert's res monad
(similar to option, result or error) |
| LiftMem |
Lift the Compcert memory model along a lens |
| LiftMemX |
Lift CompcertX's additional memory operations |
| LiftValueDomain |
Lift the mmatch predicate used by Compcert's value analysis |
| LiftValueAnalysis |
Lift more properties required by Compcert's value analysis |
| LiftDeadcodeproof |
Lift the magree predicated used by Compcert's dead code elimination |
| AbstractData |
Interface for the types of abstract data our layers are instrumented with |
| MemWithData |
Construct a new Compcert memory model
by adding an abstract data field to an existing one |
| Stencil |
Interface of stencils: Compcert program templates we quantify over |
| StencilImpl |
Implementation of stencils |
| MakeProgram |
Interface of the make_program function,
which constructs Compcert programs from
a stencil, module, and layer interface |
| MakeProgramImpl |
Implementation of make_program |
| GenSem |
General framework to build primitive specifications
from high-level Coq functions of various types |
| ClightModules |
Use layer specifications to instantiate
Compcert external function semantics |
The Certikos proofs predate the abstract layer calculus
(and informed its design).
Because of this,
our initial instantiation of this calculus
was designed to retrofit our existing code.
In future work,
we will attempt to refactor our proofs
and this instantiation
to fit the new framework better.
For now,
the following modules were designed to
provide a compatibility interface,
allowing us to reuse our existing proof
with minimal effort.
| CompatData |
Compatibility for AbstractData |
| CompatPrimSem |
Concrete primitive specifications |
| CompatGenSem |
Specialization of GenSem (see above)
to the concrete primitive specifications |
| CompatLayerDef |
Definition of our layer specifications
(PTreeLayers of CompatPrimSems,
augmented with memory accessors) |
| CompatLayerFacts |
Some properties of our concrete layer specifications |
| CompatLayerInvariants |
Invariant-related properties of the concrete layer specifications |
| CompatSemantics |
Building semantics operators operating on the concrete layer specifications |
| CompatLayers |
Bundle of all Coq libraries related to the concrete layer specifications |
| CompatExternalCalls |
Building Compcert external function semantics from
concrete layer specifications |
| CompatClightSem |
Semantics of ClightX(L) |
| I64Layer |
Generic layer specification fragment for the
64-bits integer manipulation primitives
which Compcert-generated code relies on |
| I64LayerAutosim |
I64 layer fragments always simulate one another |


Roman Tarabrin
Frontend developer
Featured Work
Project #1
Link to the project
Project #2
Link to the project
Project #3
Link to the project


Celebrity social media photos: Mira Kapoor, Abhishek Bachchan, Pulkit Samrat and others
Mira Rajput, Shahid Kapoor, Kartik Aaryan, Ananya Panday, Bhumi Pednekar, Pulkit Samrat, Kriti Kharbanda and Arjun Kapoor among others took to their social media accounts to share their latest photos.
24 Nov 2019, 10:27
Pagalpanti stars Pulkit Samrat, Kriti Kharbanda to Pati Patni Aur Woh actors Kartik Aaryan, Ananya Panday, Bhumi Pednekar's photos from the promotions to a photo of Aishwarya Rai-Abhishek Bachchan, Tusshar Kapoor, Genelia, and others posing together, scroll to see the new photos our stars shared on their social media accounts.
Actor Isha Koppikar shared this click with the caption, "The parent squad 😊#friends #family #parents #eshadeol #geneliadsouza #ishakoppikar #aishwaryaraibachchan #tussharkapoor #riteshdeshmukh #abhishekbachchan." The star came along to attend Riteish-Genelia’s son’s birthday bash. (Photo: Isha Koppikar/ Instagram)
Tusshar Kapoor shared this one with the caption, "Old is gold! With the 2 ‘I’’E’shas! #favourites #costars #kyaadilnekahaa #kyaakoolhaihum #happybirthdayriaan." (Photo: Tusshar Kapoor/ Instagram)
Kriti Sanon shared her latest photo. (Photo: Kriti Sanon/ Instagram)
Mira Rajput Kapoor's photo caption read, "Is it midnight yet?" (Photo: Mira Rajput/ Instagram)
Shahid Kapoor shared this with the caption, "#throwback." (Photo: Shahid Kapoor / Instagram)
Pulkit Samrat shared this photo with Pagalpanti co-star Kriti Kharbanda from a special screening of their film. (Photo: Pulkit Samrat/ Instagram)
Pulkit Samrat also shared this one with the caption, "#pagalpanti 🤡🥳🤩🎪." (Photo: Pulkit Samrat / Instagram)
"Sunday Offer #ChintuTyagi For Sale 🎈 #PatiPatniAurWoh #PoseLikeKartikAaryan," wrote Kartik Aaryan with the photo.(Photo: Kartik Aaryan/ Instagram)
Bhumi Pednekar shared a series of clicks too. (Photo: Bhumi Pednekar/ Instagram)
Bhumi Pednekar's post's caption read, "Rasbhari 🍇 #love #instagood #namaste #sunday #NareeInSaree #vedikatripathi #patipatniaurwoh." (Photo: Bhumi Pednekar/ Instagram)
Ananya Panday's photo caption read, "Go green or go home 🌍🧤🐛☘🥑💚 #PatiPatniAurWoh #6thDecember." (Photo: Ananya Panday/ Instagram)
Sharing this click, Arjun Kapoor wrote, "Portrait kind of Sunday." (Photo: Arjun Kapoor/ Instagram)


History Log
Version 1
Glasgow, 2018.
Promoters
-
Yunhyong Kim <<EMAIL_ADDRESS>> < https://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/humanities/staff/yunhyongkim >
-
Geethanjali Selvaretnam <<EMAIL_ADDRESS>> < https://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/business/staff/geethanjaliselvaretnam/ >
-
Lynn Bradley <<EMAIL_ADDRESS>> < https://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/business/staff/lynnbradley/ >
Developers
-
Felix Rodriguez Perez <<EMAIL_ADDRESS>>
Special thanks:
-
Yunhyong Kim < https://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/humanities/staff/yunhyongkim > for her positive energy.
-
Jesus Rodriguez Perez <<EMAIL_ADDRESS>> for his coaching and mentoring.


Read the Rails Edge* Guide on Contributing.
* Specifically the Edge guide because it has what you need for testing...
You'll want the Rails Virtual Machine on Github
1 $ cd ~/Git
2 $ git clone https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box.git rails-dev-box
3 $ cd rails-dev-box
4 $ vagrant up
5
6 # Installing... Have a beer with your peer.
https://github.com/rails/rails => FORK IT! => https://github.com/chuckbergeron/rails
1 $ take ~/Git/rails-dev-box
2 $ git clone git://github.com/chuckbergeron/rails.git rails
3 $ cd rails
4
5 # Add the original rails repo as a remote source...
6 $ git remote add upstream git://github.com/rails/rails.git
7 $ git fetch upstream
8 $ git checkout master
9
10 # ...so you can stay up-to-date:
11 $ git rebase upstream/master
Create a fake application to test Rails against:
1 # If you RVM...
2 $ rvm use ruby-2.0.0-p0@rails
3
4 $ cd ~/Git/rails-dev-box/rails
5 $ bundle install
6
7 # Use the Rails 4 binary to create your new app (needs --dev flag)
8 $ railties/bin/rails new ../test_app --dev
9
10 gem 'rails', path: '/Users/charlesbergeron/Git/rails-dev-box/rails'
Cue to open Issue & Rails code
Develop locally (on the host, using your vim, sublime, what-have-you)
Test in the VM:
1 host $ cd ~/Git/rails-dev-box
2 host $ vagrant ssh
3
4 remote $ cd /vagrant/rails
5 remote $ bundle exec rake
6
7 ### Stop! Don't test the whole thing!
8
9 remote $ cd /activemodel
10 remote $ bundle exec rake
11
12 # When you're done, cleanup after yourself...
13 remote $ exit
14 host $ vagrant halt
Check out the Contributor Leaderboard *
* In particular, Matthew Robertson and Godfrey Chan – Go forth and beat their scores!
I opened a super exciting, bug-fixing pull request! *
* To use `Range#include?` for non-numeric ranges while sticking to `Range#cover?` for numerical ranges when validating with `validates_inclusion_of`. But that's just the beginning...
wat?
| Table of Contents | t |
|---|---|
| Exposé | ESC |
| Full screen slides | e |
| Presenter View | p |
| Source Files | s |
| Slide Numbers | n |
| Toggle screen blanking | b |
| Show/hide slide context | c |
| Notes | 2 |
| Help | h |


--- layout: post title: Storify Experiment author: Nathan White authorLink: /instructors/nw tags: research published: true summary: Playing around with Storify comments: false userid: nw ---
Created a quick page on Storify about Jekyll. Pretty slick how easily you can add multiple types of media from a wide range of apis.
And now for testing the embedding of the story.
Update:It appears that the markdown parser is struggling with the iframe tag. I had to revert to a html file to make this work. To be clear it actually worked in markdown but with some ugly source code showing as well.


SpaceFace
About
Github
Can we find any faces in "space"?
Images with "astronomy people" from
commons.wikimedia
(please wait...)
Please wait...
Detect
Working...
Error...
SpaceFace
How many space faces can we find in the commons?
Created by
@pastcompute
×


--- layout: post title: Why hello, Tableau for Mac! It's about time. date: 2014-08-16 16:25:18.000000000 +05:30 categories: - Blog tags: [] status: draft type: post published: false meta: _wpcom_is_markdown: '1' _edit_last: '1' name: Why hello, Tableau for Mac! It's about time. _jetpack_related_posts_cache: a:1:{s:32:"8f6677c9d6b0f903e98ad32ec61f8deb";a:2:{s:7:"expires";i:1408245709;s:7:"payload";a:0:{}}} author: login: cvlewis email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Carl V. Lewis first_name: Carl V. last_name: Lewis excerpt: !ruby/object:Hpricot::Doc options: {} ---


One key task when automating builds and releases is the configuration of any given deployment. In the .NET world this often equates to setting a number of values in the web.config file so that when a build becomes a release and a release is ready for deployment, that release will be pre-configured to run in the targeted environment prior to the actual deployment.
Some of these settings might include...
Those of us who have experience with Octopus Deploy are familiar with a handy built-in feature, that when enabled, allows for easy updates to be made to the web.config file.
This process works something like this...
There are some limitations to the above workflow, of which are explained on there support pages, but most use-cases are managed for you.
Team Foundation Server for you on-premises folks.
At the time this post was published this type of "feature" was not hardened into VSTS. That being said, with a few additional steps and considerations, we can achieve a similar workflow and automate our configuration during our release phase using VSTS.
We will need a means to setup "Tokens" inside our web.config file so that during our Release build, we can locate these tokens and replace them with new values.
To achieve this, we can make use of a VSTS extension called Replace Tokens.
One of the biggest sticking points in this equation is figuring out how to apply these tokens to your development environment in a way that does not break your local workflow.
For example...
<add name="DefaultConnection" connectionString="#{connection-string}#" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
For obvious reasons, this will cause issues in your local environment. So how do we manage this?
There are a few approaches you can take but the approach I currently prefer is to abstract configuration variables into their own files. What this does for us is limit the environment/process specific code that is located in our web.config file and instead off-loads it to a file that can be referenced.
Add the following files to your project.
In your web.config file, make the following changes.
<connectionStrings configSource="ConnectionStrings.Local.config" />
<appSettings file="AppSettings\AppSettings.Local.config"></appSettings>
Your ConnectionStrings.Local.config file can look like this...
<connectionStrings> <add name="DefaultConnection" connectionString="Server=localhost\SQLEXPRESS;Database=Pioneer;Trusted_Connection=True;" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" /> </connectionStrings>
Your ConnectionString.Production.config file can look like this...
<connectionStrings> <add name="DefaultConnection" connectionString="#{connection-string}#" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" /> </connectionStrings>
Your AppSettings.Local.config file can look like this...
<appSettings> <add key="Test" value="2" /> </appSettings>
Your AppSettings.Production.config file can look like this...
<appSettings> <add key="Test" value="#{test}#" /> </appSettings>
We now have our local configuration in our *.Local.config files and our production configuration in our *.Production.config files. During our release phase, all we will have to do is update our web.config file to reference our production configuration instead of local.
As a bonus, we can add our local configuration files to .gitignore and never have to worry about accidently publishing our personal environment variables.
We are going to need to update our web.config file to point to our *Production.config files during our build step. To do this, we will need a way to run PowerShell commands during this phase.
Write-Host "$(build.artifactstagingdirectory)\Web.config" $webConfig = "$(build.artifactstagingdirectory)\Web.config" $doc = (Get-Content $webConfig) -as [Xml] $connectionObj = $doc.configuration.connectionStrings $connectionObj.configSource = 'ConnectionStrings.Production.config' $appSettingsObj = $doc.configuration.appSettings $appSettingsObj.file = 'AppSettings\AppSettings.Production.config' $doc.Save($webConfig)
Now that we have a means of putting tokens in our web.config file, we will have to add Variables in VSTS that can be used to replace those tokens.
The last step is to tell VSTS is to actually replace your configuration tokens during the release phase. To do so, add the Replace Tokens extension as a step of your release phase. The default configuration should work for you out of the box.
Thats it, we have effectively setup a means to update your web.config files during the build and release phase of VSTS.
Any question or suggestions, as always, feel free to leave a comment.


Kitura Markdown
In this guide, we will show you how to serve a web page generated from Markdown templates (.md files) using Kitura-Markdown.
Step 1: Add KituraMarkdown to the Kitura App
To use Markdown from a server, we first need to add Kitura-Markdown to our dependencies.
If you don't have a server, follow our Create a server guide.
Next, we need to import the KituraMarkdown package:
import KituraMarkdown
Now we can add the KituraMarkdown template engine to our router instance:
Below the line let router = Router() we will add:
router.add(templateEngine: KituraMarkdown())
This tells the server that on this instance of the router we'd like to use KituraMarkdown as a template engine.
Kitura is capable of having numerous template engines registered to a single instance of a router.
Kitura then provides APIs to select a default template engine to use.
We've just added the KituraMarkdown template engine to our router, so now we can use it in a route.
Just below our other registered routes we can create a new route for KituraMarkdown:
router.get("/book") { request, response, next in
try response.render("book.md", context: [:])
}
The response.render() method attempts to populate the provided template file with the provided data.
However as we are rendering a Markdown file there we don't need to provide any data as it all will be in the Markdown file.
So in our case KituraMarkdown will take the book.md file and render the Markdown in it to be viewed in a browser.
This obviously will not work as we haven't created our book.md file.
Step 2: Create the template file
By default Kitura looks for template files in a ./Views directory found at the root of the project.
Typically the root of your project is where the .xcodeproj directory is.
Once we are in the root of our project we can create the directory:
mkdir Views
If you would prefer you can create your directory using a UI based approach, such as Finder on Mac.
Then we need to create our template file within the Views directory:
cd Views && touch book.md
Now we have everything we need to start creating our templates.
If you are using Xcode and used the command line to create your Views directory you will need to regenerate your Xcode project:
swift package generate-xcodeproj
This is to enable Xcode to detect the new directory.
Step 3: Populate the Markdown template file
First we need some Markdown to render.
So in the book.md file we will add:
# Books Header
Description with **bold** text
* Book1
* Book2
Now to test our templating we first need to start the Kitura server.
Then in a brower we can open:
In the browser we should see:
Books Header
Description with bold text
- Book1
- Book2
That's it! We've successfully rendered some Markdown into a browser using KituraMarkdown.


Firstly, Oracle rows are stored as a row header followed by column data. The row header contains a flag byte, lock byte and column count, then for each column there is a column length followed by the column data. To access the value of any column in a row, Oracle has to first examine the length bytes of all the preceding columns. This is a very quick and efficient operation, but it is done with such frequency that it nevertheless does have an impact on performance.
In the following example we will create a 10-column table and insert enough rows to fill a single 2K database block. We will then compare the response time of repeatedly accessing the first column and the last column.
SQL> create table small (
2 n0 number,
3 n1 number,
4 n2 number,
5 n3 number,
6 n4 number,
7 n5 number,
8 n6 number,
9 n7 number,
10 n8 number,
11 n9 number
12 ) pctfree 0;
Table created.
SQL> begin
2 for i in 1..78 loop
3 insert into small values (0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);
4 end loop;
5 end;
6 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> set timing on
SQL> declare
2 n number;
3 begin
4 for i in 1..1000000 loop
5 select sum(n0) into n from small;
6 end loop;
7 end;
8 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Elapsed: 00:07:437.30
SQL> declare
2 n number;
3 begin
4 for i in 1..1000000 loop
5 select sum(n9) into n from small;
6 end loop;
7 end;
8 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Elapsed: 00:08:482.13
The second aspect of table column order that impacts performance
is the position of columns that frequently contain NULLs.
Oracle normally requires one byte to represent each NULL,
except that it does not store trailing NULLs in a data row.
This may be demonstrated as follows.
SQL> create table null_order (
2 column1 number,
3 column2 number,
4 column3 number
5 );
Table created.
SQL> insert into null_order (column2) values (0);
1 row created.
SQL> select header_file, header_block from dba_segments
2 where segment_name = 'NULL_ORDER' and owner = user;
HEADER_FILE HEADER_BLOCK
----------- ------------
3 50010
SQL> alter system dump datafile 3 block 50011;
System altered.
block_row_dump:
tab 0, row 0, @0x7b2
tl: 6 fb: --H-FL-- lb: 0x1 cc: 2
col 0: *NULL*
col 1: [ 1] 80
end_of_block_dump
Placing columns that frequently contain NULLs last in the table column order, minimizes the average row length and optimizes the table data density, which of course benefits performance. This column ordering also minimizes the number of column length bytes that need to be navigated to access the non-NULL column values. This also benefits performance as discussed above.
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Our Orchestra's Supporters
Why We Need You
There are many expenses involved in upkeeping an orchestra, even one that is populated by volunteers such as our own. The cost of venue booking alone takes a large sum of money, but there's numerous smaller expenses that need to be handled as well. Equipment maintenence, registration fees, and the occasional flight for one of our talented guest musicians. These all add up, and it's only thanks to our generous supporters that we can continue to devote so much personal time to giving them the best musical performance we can. In recognition of everyones contributions, here is a list of thanks to everyone who has supported us over the years. We wouldn't be here today if not for you, and thank you for believing in us. Also, if anyone wished to help us further please head over to our support form and submit your details.
Our Sponsors
Sponsors are businesses that are providing regular donations to help keep our orchestra going. If you have a business that would like to support us by becoming a sponsor, please contact us using the information listed at the bottom of the page.
Townsville City Council
The major sponsor behind the Barrier Reef Orchestra. The Townsville City Council provides funds as a way to encourage cultural tourism. As having an extra local attraction helps bring more visitors to our city and helps our music reach more ears, the patronage of the Council is a much valued accordance.
Signs of Excellence
A fellow member in the artisitic field, Signs of Excellence turns their skills
towards advertisment design. They provide custom signs, paintwork and 3D art
to their customers, and believe firmly in delivering the best quality service
they can. Founded in 1994 by Owner/Manager Philip John, Signs of Excellence have
been living up to their name ever since.
Asap Printers
A locally owned Townsville business, Asap Printers provides a one-stop location
for all their customers printing needs. With on-site machines ready for customer
use, they provide a quick and easy method of printing products such as business
cards, stubby cooler, bar mats, and indoor/outdoor signage.
Sturt Business Centre
Sturt Business Centre is a business that caters to small businesses or those that
travel too much for a set work home. They do this by renting out space in their
building to be used by their clients. These fully furbished offices provide a
comfortable base of operations ready to be used by their clients.
In addition to our amazing sponsors, we also have numerous benefactors who were generous
enough to donate over $200 towards our performances. The following is a list of this years
individuals who went above and beyond with their support.
♦ Dr Kevin Arlett
♦ Carol Dell'Osta
♦ Ray Gartrell
♦ Bruce Gibson and Dorothy Gibson-Wilde O.A.M.
♦ Dr Kerry Gillespie
♦ Peter Honeycombe
♦ Judy Hunter O.A.M.
♦ Ewen Jones MP
♦ David and Janine Kippin
♦ Simon and Lorraine McConnell
♦ Senator Ian McDonald
♦ Janice Mayes
♦ Terry O’Toole
♦ Bronia and Neil Renison
♦ Andrew Ryder
♦ Nita Vasilescu
♦ Desley Wheeler
♦ Graham Wheeler
Finally, we would like to thank our concert partners, who work with us to further engage others in the musical community.
The Australian Concerto Vocal Competition, found here, holds an annual competition that allows musicians to compete for fame and fortune. The Australian Chamber of Music Festival is a more casual event. It is a 9-day festival with numerous shows and performances from a variety of musicians, which can be found here.


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Email: SIXR@Studivo.com


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