public interface ReflectionProvider
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
copy(Object from,
Object to,
Map<String,Object> context,
Collection<String> exclusions,
Collection<String> inclusions)
Copies the properties in the object "from" and sets them in the object "to"
using specified type converter, or
XWorkConverter if none
is specified. |
void |
copy(Object from,
Object to,
Map<String,Object> context,
Collection<String> exclusions,
Collection<String> inclusions,
Class<?> editable)
Copies the properties in the object "from" and sets them in the object "to"
only setting properties defined in the given "editable" class (or interface)
using specified type converter, or
XWorkConverter if none
is specified. |
Map<String,Object> |
getBeanMap(Object source)
Creates a Map with read properties for the given source object.
|
Field |
getField(Class inClass,
String name) |
Method |
getGetMethod(Class targetClass,
String propertyName) |
PropertyDescriptor |
getPropertyDescriptor(Class targetClass,
String propertyName)
This method returns a PropertyDescriptor for the given class and property name using
a Map lookup (using getPropertyDescriptorsMap()).
|
PropertyDescriptor[] |
getPropertyDescriptors(Object source)
Get's the java beans property descriptors for the given source.
|
Object |
getRealTarget(String property,
Map<String,Object> context,
Object root)
Looks for the real target with the specified property given a root Object which may be a
CompoundRoot.
|
Method |
getSetMethod(Class targetClass,
String propertyName) |
Object |
getValue(String expression,
Map<String,Object> context,
Object root)
Evaluates the given OGNL expression to extract a value from the given root
object in a given context
|
void |
setProperties(Map<String,?> properties,
Object o)
Sets the properties on the object using the default context, defaulting to not throwing
exceptions for problems setting the properties.
|
void |
setProperties(Map<String,?> props,
Object o,
Map<String,Object> context)
Sets the object's properties using the default type converter, defaulting to not throw
exceptions for problems setting the properties.
|
void |
setProperties(Map<String,?> props,
Object o,
Map<String,Object> context,
boolean throwPropertyExceptions)
Sets the object's properties using the default type converter.
|
void |
setProperty(String name,
Object value,
Object o,
Map<String,Object> context)
Sets the named property to the supplied value on the Object, defaults to not throwing
property exceptions.
|
void |
setProperty(String name,
Object value,
Object o,
Map<String,Object> context,
boolean throwPropertyExceptions)
Sets the named property to the supplied value on the Object,
|
void |
setValue(String expression,
Map<String,Object> context,
Object root,
Object value)
Evaluates the given OGNL expression to insert a value into the object graph
rooted at the given root object given the context.
|
Method getGetMethod(Class targetClass, String propertyName) throws IntrospectionException, ReflectionException
Method getSetMethod(Class targetClass, String propertyName) throws IntrospectionException, ReflectionException
void setProperties(Map<String,?> props, Object o, Map<String,Object> context)
props
- the properties being seto
- the objectcontext
- the action contextvoid setProperties(Map<String,?> props, Object o, Map<String,Object> context, boolean throwPropertyExceptions) throws ReflectionException
props
- the properties being seto
- the objectcontext
- the action contextthrowPropertyExceptions
- boolean which tells whether it should throw exceptions for
problems setting the propertiesReflectionException
void setProperties(Map<String,?> properties, Object o)
properties
- property mapo
- objectPropertyDescriptor getPropertyDescriptor(Class targetClass, String propertyName) throws IntrospectionException, ReflectionException
targetClass
- target class of the property descriptorpropertyName
- property nameIntrospectionException
- in case of introspection errorReflectionException
- in case of reflection problemsvoid copy(Object from, Object to, Map<String,Object> context, Collection<String> exclusions, Collection<String> inclusions)
XWorkConverter
if none
is specified.from
- the source objectto
- the target objectcontext
- the action context we're running underexclusions
- collection of method names to excluded from copying ( can be null)inclusions
- collection of method names to included copying (can be null)
note if exclusions AND inclusions are supplied and not null nothing will get copied.void copy(Object from, Object to, Map<String,Object> context, Collection<String> exclusions, Collection<String> inclusions, Class<?> editable)
XWorkConverter
if none
is specified.from
- the source objectto
- the target objectcontext
- the action context we're running underexclusions
- collection of method names to excluded from copying ( can be null)inclusions
- collection of method names to included copying (can be null)
note if exclusions AND inclusions are supplied and not null nothing will get copied.editable
- the class (or interface) to restrict property setting toObject getRealTarget(String property, Map<String,Object> context, Object root) throws ReflectionException
property
- specified propertycontext
- the contextroot
- the root objectReflectionException
- in case of reflection problemsvoid setProperty(String name, Object value, Object o, Map<String,Object> context, boolean throwPropertyExceptions)
name
- the name of the property to be setvalue
- the value to set into the named propertyo
- the object upon which to set the propertycontext
- the context which may include the TypeConverterthrowPropertyExceptions
- boolean which tells whether it should throw exceptions for
problems setting the propertiesvoid setProperty(String name, Object value, Object o, Map<String,Object> context)
name
- the name of the property to be setvalue
- the value to set into the named propertyo
- the object upon which to set the propertycontext
- the context which may include the TypeConverterMap<String,Object> getBeanMap(Object source) throws IntrospectionException, ReflectionException
If the source object does not have a read property (i.e. write-only) then
the property is added to the map with the value here is no read method for property-name
.
source
- the source object.IntrospectionException
- is thrown if an exception occurs during introspection.ReflectionException
Object getValue(String expression, Map<String,Object> context, Object root) throws ReflectionException
expression
- the OGNL expression to be parsedcontext
- the naming context for the evaluationroot
- the root object for the OGNL expressionReflectionException
void setValue(String expression, Map<String,Object> context, Object root, Object value) throws ReflectionException
expression
- the OGNL expression to be parsedroot
- the root object for the OGNL expressioncontext
- the naming context for the evaluationvalue
- the value to insert into the object graphReflectionException
PropertyDescriptor[] getPropertyDescriptors(Object source) throws IntrospectionException
source
- the source object.IntrospectionException
- is thrown if an exception occurs during introspection.Copyright © 2000–2020 Apache Software Foundation. All rights reserved.


| 028:018 Khan | : |
So he became afraid, looking about in the city (waiting as to what will be the result of his crime of killing), when behold, the man who had sought his help the day before, called for his help (again).  |
| 028:018 Maulana | : |
And he was in the city, fearing, awaiting, when lo, he who had asked his assistance the day before was crying out to him for help. Moses said to him: Thou art surely one erring manifestly. |
| 028:018 Pickthal | : |
And morning found him in the city, fearing, vigilant, when behold! he who had appealed to him the day before cried out to him for help. Moses said unto him: Lo! thou art indeed a mere hothead. |
| 028:018 Rashad | : |
In the morning, he was in the city, afraid and watchful. The one who sought his help yesterday, asked for his help again. Moses said to him, "You are really a trouble maker." |
| 028:018 Sarwar | : |
He remained in the city but very afraid and cautious. Suddenly the person who asked him for help the previous day asked him for help again. Moses said, "You are certainly a mischievous person". |
| 028:018 Shakir | : |
And he was in the city, fearing, awaiting, when lo! he who had asked his assistance the day before was crying out to him for aid. Musa said to him: You are most surely one erring manifestly. |
| 028:018 Sherali | : |
And morning found him in the city, apprehensive, watchful; and lo ! he who had sought his help the day before cried out to him again for help. Moses said to him, 'Verily, thou art manifestly a misguided fellow.' |
| 028:018 Yusufali | : |
So he saw the morning in the city, looking about, in a state of fear, when behold, the man who had, the day before, sought his help called aloud for his help (again). Moses said to him: "Thou art truly, it is clear, a quarrelsome fellow!" |
Concepts/Themes Covered:
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


The module that manages the express router for periodic, routes from extensions are loaded first, and then are overwritable from theme routes.
- Copyright:
- Copyright (c) 2014 Typesettin. All rights reserved.
- License:
- MIT
- Source:
Requires
- module:path
- module:fs
- module:periodicjs.core.extensions
Members
-
<inner> homeController :function
-
controller for homepage
Type:
- function
- Source:
-
<inner> themeRoute
-
if there's a theme set in the instance configuration object, load the custom routes if they exist
- Source:


install this two node packages:
How we applied to a component
import { withTranslation } from 'react-i18next;
A) Class Component:
define t inside the render function
const { t } = this.props;
B) function component:
gets the t function via ,props .
function AboutShow ({ t }){ ... }
Export component by withTranslation
export default withTranslation()(MyComponent);
Change static text to a dynamic
Add key-value to json files
"sign-in": "Sign in" in (en.json)
"sign-in": "Log ind" in (dk.json)
Can we improve it?
1. Add more than two languages.
Renew language button
2. Auto detect the user language.
Read Documents1000 TAK!


Cyber Security
January 18, 2015
I chose to explore issues regarding cyber security in this post due to the recent incident involving Sony. In late November, Sony's entire computer system was attacked by a group of hackers - 'GOP', or Guardians of Peace. This attack led to widespread dismay among the company, as classified information such as internal emails, future plans, and employee information had been compromised and was being leaked. Although cyber attacks have been a pressing security issue in the political sphere since the late 1980's - when the first recognised worm - 'The Morris worm' - spread around computers in the United States, slowing down computers until they were inoperable, the attack on the Sony computer network put the issue largely on the mainstream's radar.
As sensitive personal information is increasingly proliferated into the open through widely-used web and mobile applications, cyber security is a huge issue that faces the tech world today. This is especially true since many apps are crossing over into different areas, for example, from social media to finance - such as Snapchat's payment feature - creating many applications that have many different types of sensitive information all in one place.
In a recent meeting where British Prime Minister David Cameron and President Obama discussed the issue of cybersecurity, David Cameron went as far as to suggest outlawing certain forms of encryption such as that found in the most widely used form of remote communication - iMessage (http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/17/cameron-obama-ban-encryption-improve-cybersecurity). The results of this could be potentially catastrophic, and this type of a statement by a prominent country's leader just shows how dire the cybersecurity issue is for national security.
I do not have solutions as to the issue of cybersecurity, or even suggestions of how to prevent future attacks; however, I do believe that marching forward into the world of creation and development in tech should be done cautiously and with the imminent threats of cyber attacks in mind. As seen with the Sony incident, these attacks have a low likelihood of being 'harmless', given how much personal information about each and every one of us is already out in the open online.


Weather App
Fetch
Temperature:
°C
Observation time:
Photo by
Willian Justen de
Vasconcellos
on
Unsplash


{% extends 'base.html'%} {% block content %}
{{ quote.get('quote')}} ~ {{ quote.get('author')}}{% else %}
It was the best of times. It was the worst of times ~ Charles Dickens{% endif %}
{{ countr(post.post) }}
No posts
{% endif %} {% endblock %} {% block sidebar %} {% endblock %}


WITNESS LIST Constitutional Revision, Select Committee April 24, 2001-2:00P HJR 69 Against: Freeman, Gary (Justices of the Peace and Constables Association of Texas) Registering, but not testifying: Against: Ott, Patricia (Justices of the Peace and Constables Association) HJR 69 Committee Substitute (Puente) On: Allison, Jim (County Judges and Commissioners Association of Texas)


User {{user.name}}, groups=[{{', '.join(user.groups)}}]
log in as someone else, log out entirely.
Powered by Authl


Queue
Unqueue
Status
State
ICE gathering state:
ICE connection state:
Signaling state:
Data channel
SDP
Offer
Answer


Grid systems bring visual structure and balance to site design. As a tool grids are useful for organizing and presenting information. Used properly, they can enhance the user experience by creating preditable patterns for users to follow. From a designer's point of view they allow for an organized methodology for planning systematic layouts. [Content Care Nov/07/2016]
From a programmer's point of view this allows for a simple and clear way to structure your code, creating blocks of content that can be custom formatted to its location on the page.
Responsive web design (RWD) is an approach to web design aimed at allowing desktop webpages to be viewed in response to the size of the screen or web browser one is viewing with. [Wikipedia]
So regardless of what device, or screen size of the device you are using to view a webpage you will see a clean error free webpage with all its content intake. RWD allows you to set different display looks for the same webpage depending on the screen size viewing it.
HTML semantics are a nuanced subject, widely debated and easily open to interpretation. Not everyone agrees on the same thing right away, and this is where problems arise. [Let's Talk about Semantics - Mike Robinson]
There are two types of elements in html. Semantic and non-semantic. Non-semantic elements tell you nothing about its content eg. tags such as div or span. Semantic elements tell you clearly what their content is eg. tags such as form, table, article etc. So the semantic structure of a webpage is an accurately described page using tags that clearly tell you what their content is.
Is an informal high-level description of the operating principle of a computer program or other algorithm. [Wikipedia]
Psuedo code is a tool used by programmers to talk out the logic of a part of a program. It is all text based and is a simple way of summarising how to handle or think out your code before you start coding. This helps to reduce error as it provides a simple structure for you to then follow as you code.  Helping to break down each part in a plan english way to compare against your coded process.


@* * Copyright 2023 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import include._ @import uk.gov.hmrc.thirdpartydeveloperfrontend.domain.models.views.BackButtonWithJavaScript @import views.html.include.DevMain @import uk.gov.hmrc.thirdpartydeveloperfrontend.domain.models.developers.DeveloperSession @import uk.gov.hmrc.apiplatform.modules.mfa.controllers.profile.routes @import uk.gov.hmrc.apiplatform.modules.mfa.models.MfaId @import uk.gov.hmrc.apiplatform.modules.mfa.forms.MfaNameChangeForm @this(devMain: DevMainWithFormErrors) @(form: Form[MfaNameChangeForm], mfaId: MfaId)(implicit messages: Messages, request: play.api.mvc.Request[Any], loggedIn: DeveloperSession, appConfig: ApplicationConfig) @devMain( form, title = "Enter your access code", userFullName = loggedIn.loggedInName, back = BackButtonWithJavaScript, isRegistering = true, developerSession = Some(loggedIn) ) {
Use a name that will help you remember the app when you sign in.
@helper.form(action = routes.MfaController.nameChangeAction(mfaId)){ @helper.CSRF.formField


Catch me if you can: Data Science Edition
Frank Abagnale Jr. was one of the most famous imposters, assuming more than 8 identities including an airline pilot, a physician, a U.S. Bureau of Prisons agent, and a lawyer.
One of his primary cons was cheque fraud, starting from writing cheques to his overdrawn account to figuring out how to magnetically print his account number on deposit slips.
In todays digital age, governments, banks and corporations have to battle credit card fraud. Using a dataset from Kaggle, we will see if we can use Data Science to detect fraudulent transactions.
read more


Connect database and reach artists table =>
Make request
Connect database and reach genres table =>
Make request
Connect database and reach media-types table =>
Make request
Connect database and reach playlists table =>
Make request
Connect database and reach tracks table =>
Make request


 More...
|
| |
| | setVolume (float volume) |
| |
| AudioSound::SoundStatus | status () |
| |
| | stop () |
| |
| | write (Ostream out) |
| |
| Public Member Functions inherited from TypedObject |
| TypeHandle | getType () |
| |
| int | getTypeIndex () |
| | Returns the internal index number associated with this object's TypeHandle, a unique number for each different type. More...
|
| |
| bool | isExactType (TypeHandle handle) |
| | Returns true if the current object is the indicated type exactly. More...
|
| |
| bool | isOfType (TypeHandle handle) |
| | Returns true if the current object is or derives from the indicated type. More...
|
| |
| Public Member Functions inherited from ReferenceCount |
| int | getRefCount () |
| | Returns the current reference count. More...
|
| |
| | ref () |
| | Explicitly increments the reference count. More...
|
| |
| bool | testRefCountIntegrity () |
| | Does some easy checks to make sure that the reference count isn't completely bogus. More...
|
| |
| bool | testRefCountNonzero () |
| | Does some easy checks to make sure that the reference count isn't zero, or completely bogus. More...
|
| |
| bool | unref () |
| | Explicitly decrements the reference count. More...
|
| |
| setTime |
( |
float |
start_time | ) |
|
Control time position within the sound, in seconds.
This is similar (in concept) to the seek position within a file. The value starts at 0.0 (the default) and ends at the value given by the length() method.
The current time position will not change while the sound is playing; you must call play() again to effect the change. To play the same sound from a time offset a second time, explicitly set the time position again. When looping, the second and later loops will start from the beginning of the sound.
If a sound is playing, calling get_time() repeatedly will return different results over time. e.g.
PN_stdfloat percent_complete =
s.get_time() /
s.length();


Student at the University of Oklahoma | IT Service Specialist at OUIT
This is my personal website were you can get to know me & find my portfolio, digital resume and some of the work I've done.
This site showcases my abilities to use the tools I've learned so far.
You can contact me at- osinowodammy@ou.edu


--- layout: post title: Catwalk set design date: '2015-10-29T18:30:29+01:00' categories: - Sketches - Illustration - Set Design - Architecture picture_url: https://film-Storyboards.tumblr.com/post/132176575721/set-design ---


UTF & BOM
Q: Can Unicode text be represented in more
than one way?
A: Yes, there are several possible representations of
Unicode data, including UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32. In addition,
there are compression transformations such as the one described in the
Unicode Technical
Report #6: A Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode.
[MD]
Q: What is a UTF?
A: A Unicode transformation format (UTF) is an
algorithmic mapping from every Unicode code point (except surrogate code
points) to a unique byte
sequence. The ISO/IEC 10646 standard uses the term “UCS transformation
format” for UTF; the two terms are merely synonyms for the same concept.
Each UTF is reversible, thus every UTF supports lossless round tripping: mapping
from any Unicode coded character sequence S to a sequence of bytes and
back will produce S again. To ensure round tripping, a UTF mapping
must also map all code points that are not valid Unicode characters to
unique byte sequences. These invalid code points are the 66 noncharacters
(including FFFE and FFFF), as well as
unpaired surrogates.
The SCSU
compression method, even though it is reversible, is not a UTF because the same string can map to very
many different byte sequences, depending on the particular SCSU
compressor. [AF] & [MD]
Q. Where can I get more information on
encoding forms?
A: For the formal definition of UTFs see Section 3.9
"Unicode Encoding Forms" in the
Unicode Standard. For more information on encoding
forms see Uniocode
Technical Report UTR #17: Character Encoding Model
[AF]
Q. How do I write a UTF converter?
A: For sample code for UTF converters see
http://www.unicode.org/Public/PROGRAMS/CVTUTF/. [AF]
Q. Which of the UTFs do I need to support?
A: UTF-8 is most common on the web. UTF-16 is used by Java and Windows. UTF-32
is
used by various Unix systems. The conversions between all of them are
algorithmically based, fast and lossless. This makes it easy to support
data input or output in multiple formats, while using a particular UTF
for internal storage or processing.
[AF] & [MD]
Q. What are some of the differences
between the UTFs?
A: The following table summarizes some of the properties of
each of the UTFs.
|
Name |
UTF-8 |
UTF-16 |
UTF-16BE |
UTF-16LE |
UTF-32 |
UTF-32BE |
UTF-32LE |
|
Smallest code point |
0000 |
0000 |
0000 |
0000 |
0000 |
0000 |
0000 |
|
Largest code point |
10FFFF |
10FFFF |
10FFFF |
10FFFF |
10FFFF |
10FFFF |
10FFFF |
|
Code unit size |
8 bits |
16 bits |
16 bits |
16 bits |
32 bits |
32 bits |
32 bits |
|
Byte order |
N/A |
<BOM> |
big-endian |
little-endian |
<BOM> |
big-endian |
little-endian |
|
Minimal bytes/character |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
|
Maximal bytes/character |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
In the table <BOM> indicates that the byte order is
determined by a byte order mark, if present at the beginning of the data
stream, otherwise it is big-endian. [AF]
Q. Why do some of the UTFs have a BE or LE
in their label, such as UTF-16LE?
A. UTF-16 and UTF-32 use code units that are two and four
bytes long respectively. For these UTFs, there are three sub-flavors:
BE, LE and unmarked. The BE form uses big-endian byte serialization
(most significant byte first), the LE form uses little-endian byte
serialization (least significant byte first) and the unmarked form uses
big-endian byte serialization by default, but may include a byte order
mark at the beginning to indicate the actual byte serialization used. [AF]
Q: Are there any byte sequences that
are not generated by a UTF? How should I interpret them?
A: None of the UTFs can generate every arbitrary byte
sequence. For example, in UTF-8 every byte of the form 110xxxxx2
must be followed with a byte of the form 10xxxxxx2.
A sequence such as <110xxxxx2 0xxxxxxx2>
is illegal, and must never be generated. When faced with this illegal
byte sequence while transforming or interpreting, a UTF-8 conformant
process must treat the first byte 110xxxxx2 as an
illegal termination error: for example, either signaling an error,
filtering the byte out, or representing the byte with a marker such as
FFFD (REPLACEMENT CHARACTER). In the latter two cases, it will continue
processing at the second byte 0xxxxxxx2.
A conformant process must not interpret illegal or
ill-formed byte sequences as characters, however, it may take error
recovery actions. No conformant process may use irregular byte
sequences to encode out-of-band information.
[MD]
Q: Is there a standard method to package a
Unicode character so it fits an 8-Bit ASCII stream?
A: There are three or four options for making Unicode fit into
an 8-bit format.
a) Use UTF-8. This preserves ASCII, but not Latin-1,
because the characters >127 are different from Latin-1. UTF-8 uses
the bytes in the ASCII only for ASCII characters. Therefore, it works
well in any environment where ASCII characters have a significance as
syntax characters, e.g. file name syntaxes, markup languages, etc., but
where the all other characters may use arbitrary bytes.
Example: “Latin Small Letter s with Acute” (015B) would be
encoded as two bytes: C5 9B.
b) Use Java or C style escapes, of the form \uXXXXX or \xXXXXX.
This format is not standard for text files, but well defined in the
framework of the languages in question, primarily for source files.
Example: The Polish word “wyjście” with character “Latin Small
Letter s with Acute” (015B) in the middle (ś is one character) would
look like: “wyj\u015Bcie".
c) Use the &#xXXXX; or &#DDDDD; numeric character escapes
as in HTML or XML. Again, these are not standard for plain text files,
but well defined within the framework of these markup languages.
Example: “wyjście” would look like “wyjście"
d) Use SCSU.
This format compresses Unicode into 8-bit format, preserving most of
ASCII, but using some of the control codes as commands for the decoder.
However, while ASCII text will look like ASCII text after being encoded
in SCSU, other characters may occasionally be encoded with the same byte
values, making SCSU unsuitable for 8-bit channels that blindly interpret
any of the bytes as ASCII characters.
Example: “<SC2> wyjÛcie” where <SC2> indicates the byte 0x12 and
“Û” corresponds to byte 0xDB. [AF] & [KW]
Q: Which of these approaches is the best?
A: That depends on the circumstances: Of these four
approaches, d) uses the least space, but cannot be used transparently in most 8-bit environments. a) is the most widely supported in
plain text files and b) and c) use the most space, but are widely
supported for program source files in Java and C, or within HTML and XML files respectively.
[AF] & [KW]
Q: Which of these formats is the most
standard?
A: All four require that the receiver can understand that
format, but a) is considered one of the three equivalent Unicode
Encoding Forms and therefore standard. The use of b), or c) out of their
given context would definitely be considered non-standard, but could be
a good solution for internal data transmission. The use of SCSU is
itself a standard (for compressed data streams) but few general purpose
receivers support SCSU, so it is again most useful in internal data
transmission. [AF] & [KW]
Q: What is the definition of UTF-8?
A. UTF-8 is the byte-oriented encoding form of Unicode. For
details of its definition, see Section 2.5 “Encoding Forms” and Section
3.9 “
Unicode Encoding Forms ” in the Unicode
Standard. See, in particular, Table 3-5 UTF-8 Bit Distribution
and Table 3-6 Well-formed UTF-8 Byte Sequences, which give
succinct summaries of the encoding form. Also
see sample
code which implements conversions between UTF-8 and other
encoding forms. Make sure you refer to the latest version of the
Unicode Standard, as the
Unicode Technical Committee has tightened the definition of UTF-8
over time to more strictly enforce unique sequences and to prohibit
encoding of certain invalid characters. There is an Internet RFC 2279
about UTF-8. UTF-8 is also defined in
Annex D of ISO/IEC 10646. [MD]
Q: Is the UTF-8 encoding scheme the same
irrespective of whether the underlying processor is little endian or big
endian?
A: Yes. Since UTF-8 is interpreted as a sequence of bytes,
there is no endian problem as there is for encoding forms that use
16-bit or 32-bit code units. Where a BOM is used with UTF-8, it is
only used as an ecoding signature to distinguish UTF-8 from other encodings — it has nothing
to do with byte order.
[AF] & [KW]
Q: Is the UTF-8 encoding scheme the same
irrespective of whether the underlying system uses ASCII or EBCDIC
encoding?
A: There is only one definition of UTF-8. It is the precisely the same,
whether the data were converted from ASCII or EBCDIC based character
sets. However, byte sequences from standard UTF-8 won’t interoperate
well in an EBCDIC system, because of the different arrangements of
control codes between ASCII and EBCDIC.
Unicode Technical Report #16:
UTF-EBCDIC defines is a specialized UTF that will
interoperate in EBCDIC systems.
[AF] & [KW]
Q: How do I convert a UTF-16 surrogate
pair such as <D800 DC00> to UTF-8? A one four byte sequence or as two
separate 3-byte sequences?
A: The definition of UTF-8 requires that supplementary
characters (those using surrogate pairs in UTF-16) be encoded with a
single four byte sequence. However, there is a widespread practice of generating
pairs of three byte sequences in older software, especially software which pre-dates the
introduction of UTF-16 or that is interoperating with UTF-16
environments under particular constraints. Such an encoding is not conformant
to UTF-8 as defined. See UTR
#26: Compatability Encoding Scheme for UTF-16: 8-bit (CESU) for a
formal description of such a non-UTF-8 data format. When using CESU-8,
great care must be taken that data is not accidentally treated as if it
was UTF-8, due to the similarity of the formats.
[AF] & [MD]
Q: How do I convert an unpaired UTF-16 surrogate
to UTF-8?
A different issue arises if an unpaired surrogate is
encountered when converting ill-formed UTF-16 data. By represented such
an unpaired surrogate on its own as
a 3-byte sequence, the resulting UTF-8 data stream would become
ill-formed. While it faithfully reflects the nature of the input,
Unicode conformance requires that encoding form conversion always
results in valid data stream. Therefore a converter must treat
this as an error. [AF]
Q: What is UTF-16?
A: UTF-16 uses a single 16-bitcode unit to encode the most
common 63K characters, and a pair of 16-bit code unites, called
surrogates, to encode the 1M less commonly used characters in Unicode.
Originally, Unicode was designed as a pure 16-bit
encoding, aimed at representing all modern scripts. (Ancient scripts
were to be represented with private-use characters.) Over time, and
especially after the addition of over 14,500 composite characters for
compatibility with legacy sets, it became clear that 16-bits were not
sufficient for the user community. Out of this arose UTF-16.
[AF]
Q: What are surrogates?
A: Surrogates are code points from two special ranges of Unicode
values, reserved
for use as the leading, and trailing values of paired code units
in UTF-16. Leading, also called high, surrogates are
from D80016 to DBFF16, and trailing, or low,
surrogates are from DC0016 to DFFF16. They are called
surrogates, since they do not represent characters directly, but only as a
pair.
[MD]
Q: What’s the algorithm to convert from
UTF-16 to character codes?
A: The Unicode Standard used to contain a short algorithm,
now there is just a bit distribution table. Here are three short code snippets
that translate the information from the bit distribution table into C
code that will convert to and from UTF-16.
Using the following type definitions
typedef int16 UTF16;
typedef int32 UTF32;
the first snippet calculates
the high (or leading) surrogate from a character code C.
const UTF16 HI_SURROGATE_START = 0xD800
UTF16 X = (UTF16) C;
UTF32 U = (C >> 16) & ((1<<5) - 1);
UTF16 W = (UTF16) U - 1;
UTF16 HiSurrogate = HI_SURROGATE_START | (W << 6) | X >> 10;
where X, U and W correspond to the labels used in Table
3-4 UTF-16 Bit Distribution. The next snippet does the same for the low surrogate.
const UTF16 LO_SURROGATE_START = 0xDC00
UTF16 X = (UTF16) C;
UTF16 LoSurrogate = (UTF16) (LO_SURROGATE_START | X & ((1<<10) - 1));
Finally, the reverse, where hi and lo are the high and low
surrogate, and C the resulting character
UTF32 X = (hi & ((1<<6) -1)) << 10 | lo & ((1<<10) -1);
UTF32 W = (hi >> 6) & ((1<<5) - 1);
UTF32 U = W + 1
UTF32 C = << 16 | X;
A caller would need to ensure that C, hi, and lo are in the
appropriate ranges. [AF]
Q: Isn’t there a simpler way to do this?
A: There is a much simpler computation that does not try to
follow the bit distribution table.
// constants
const UTF32 LEAD_OFFSET = 0xD800 - (0x10000 >> 10);
const UTF32 SURROGATE_OFFSET = 0x10000 - (0xD800 << 10) - 0xDC00;
// computations
UTF16 lead = LEAD_OFFSET + (codepoint >> 10);
UTF16 trail = 0xDC00 + (codepoint & 0x3FF);
UTF32 codepoint = (lead << 10) + trail + SURROGATE_OFFSET;
[MD]
Q: Why are some people opposed to UTF-16?
A: People familiar with variable width East Asian character
sets such as Shift-JIS ( SJIS) are understandably nervous about UTF-16,
which sometimes requires two code units to represent a single character.
They have are well acquainted with the problems that variable-width
codes, have caused.
However, there are some important differences between the mechanisms
used in SJIS and UTF-16:
Overlap:
-
In SJIS, there is overlap between the leading and
trailing code unit values, and between the trailing and single code unit values. This causes a number of problems:
-
It causes false matches. For example, searching for
an “a” may match against the trailing code unit of a Japanese character.
-
It prevents efficient random access. To know whether
you are on a character boundary, you have to search backwards to
find a known boundary.
-
It makes the text extremely fragile. If a unit is
dropped from a leading-trailing code unit pair, many following characters can be
corrupted.
-
In UTF-16, the code point ranges for high and low
surrogates, as well as for single units are all completely disjoint.
None of these problems occur:
-
There are no false matches.
-
The location of the character boundary can be directly
determined from each code unit value.

Frequency:
-
The vast majority of SJIS characters require 2 units,
but characters using single units occur commonly and often have
special importance, for example in file names.
-
With UTF-16, relatively few characters require 2 units.
The vast majority of characters in common use are single code units.
Even in East Asian text, the incidence of surrogate pairs should be
well less than 1% of all text storage on average. (Certain
documents, of course, may have a higher incidence of surrogate
pairs, just as phthisique is an fairly infrequent word in
English, but may occur quite often in a particular scholarly text.)
[AF] &
[MD]
Q: Will UTF-16 ever be extended to more
than a million characters?
A: No. Both Unicode and ISO 10646 have
policies in place that formally limit future code assignment to
the integer range that can be expressed with current UTF-16 (0 to
1,114,111). Even if other encoding forms (i.e. other UTFs) can represent
larger intergers, these policies mean that all encoding forms will
always represent the same set of characters. Over a million possible codes is far more than enough
for the goal of Unicode of encoding characters, not glyphs. Unicode is not designed to encode arbitrary data. If
you wanted, for example, to give each “instance of a character on paper
throughout history” its own code, you might need trillions or
quadrillions of such codes; noble as this effort might be, you would not
use Unicode for such an encoding. [AF]
& [MD]
Q: Are there any 16-bit values that are
invalid?
A: The two values FFFE16 and FFFF16 as well as the 32
values from FDD016 to FDEF16 represent noncharacters. They
are invalid in interchange, but may be freely used internal to an
implementation. Unpaired surrogates are invalid as well, i.e. any value
in the range D80016 to DBFF16 not followed by a value in the range DC0016
to DFFF16, or any value in the range DC0016 to DFFF16 not preceded by a
value in the range D80016 to DBFF16. [AF]
Q: Are there any paired surrogates that are invalid?
A: Some code points are designated as noncharacters. They
are invalid in interchange, but may be freely used internal to an
implementation. For the 32 noncharacters that are supplementary
characters, the corresponding surrogate pairs are listed below.
|
UTF-16 |
UTF-8 |
UCS-4 |
|
D83F DFF* |
F0 9F BF B* |
0001FFF* |
|
D87F DFF* |
F0 AF BF B* |
0002FFF* |
|
D8BF DFF* |
F0 BF BF B* |
0003FFF* |
|
D8FF DFF* |
F1 8F BF B* |
0004FFF* |
|
D93F DFF* |
F1 9F BF B* |
0005FFF* |
|
D97F DFF* |
F1 AF BF B* |
0006FFF* |
|
... |
|
DBBF DFF* |
F3 BF BF B* |
000FFFF* |
|
DBFF DFF* |
F4 8F BF B* |
0010FFF* |
|
* = E or F |
Surrogate pairs that refer to unassigned characters should
not occur in data that you generate, but may legitimately occur in data
from a system that’s conformant to a later version of the Unicode
Standard. [MD]
Q: Since the surrogate pairs will be rare,
does that mean I can dispense with them?
A: Just because the characters are rare does not
mean that they should be neglected. It will become even more important to support
surrogate pairs in the future as they become more widely used for minor
scripts, mathematics, and rare Han characters. The fact that the
characters are rare can be taken into account when optimizing
code and storage, however. [MD]
Q: When will most implementations of
Unicode support surrogates?
A: A growing number of implementations support surrogates,
including Windows XP and Microsoft Office. Although Java does not yet
support surrogates, there is a set of utilities in
ICU4J that
provides surrogate support at a low level; Java 1.4 will support line
layout for surrogates. [MD]
Q: What is UTF-32?
A: Any Unicode character can be
represented as a single 32-bit unit in UTF-32. This single 4 code unit
corresponds to the Unicode scalar value, which is the abstract number
associated with a Unicode character. UTF-32 is a subset of the encoding
mechanism called UCS-4 in ISO 10646. For more information, see
Section 3.9
“Unicode Encoding Forms” of
The Unicode Standard.
[AF]
Q: Should I use UTF-32 (or UCS-4) for
storing Unicode strings in memory?
A: This depends. If you frequently need to access APIs that
require string parameters to be in UTF-32, it may be more convenient to
work with UTF-32 strings all the time. However, the downside of UTF-32
is that it forces you to use 32-bits for each character, when only 21
bits are ever needed. The number of significant bits needed for the
average character in common texts is much lower, making the ratio
effectively that much worse. In many situations that does not matter,
and the convenience of having a fixed number of code units per character
can be the deciding factor.
Increasing the storage for the same
number of characters does have its cost in applications dealing with
large volume of text data: it can mean exhausting cache limits sooner;
it can result in noticeably increased read/write times or in reaching
bandwidth limits; and it requires more space for storage.What a number of implementations do is to represent strings with
UTF-16, but individual characters values with
UTF-32, for and example of the latter see
below.
The chief selling point for Unicode is providing a
representation for all the world’s characters, eliminating the need for
juggling multiple character sets and avoiding the associated data corruption
problems. These features were enough to swing industry to the side of
using Unicode (UTF-16). While a UTF-32 representation does make the
programming model somewhat simpler, the increased average storage size
has real drawbacks, making a complete transition to UTF-32 less compelling.
[AF] & [MD]
Q: How about using UTF-32 interfaces in my
APIs?
A: Except in some environments that store text as UTF-32 in
memory, most Unicode APIs are using UTF-16. With UTF-16 APIs the
low level
indexing is at the storage or code unit level, with higher-level mechanisms
for graphemes or words specifying their boundaries in terms of the
code units. This provides efficiency at the low levels, and the
required functionality at the high levels.
If its ever necessary to locate the nth
character, indexing by character can be implemented as a high level
operation. However, while converting
from such a UTF-16 code unit index to a character index or vice versa is fairly
straightforward, it does involve a scan through the 16-bit units up to
the index point. In a test run, for example, accessing UTF-16 storage as
characters, instead of code units resulted in a 10× degradation. While
there are some interesting optimizations that can be performed, it will
always be slower on average. Therefore locating other boundaries, such
as grapheme, word, line or sentence boundaries proceeds directly from
the code unit index, not indirectly via an intermediate character code
index.
[MD]
Q: Doesn’t it cause a problem to have
only UTF-16 string APIs, instead of UTF-32 char APIs?
A: Almost all international functions (upper-, lower-,
titlecasing, case folding, drawing, measuring, collation,
transliteration, grapheme-, word-, linebreaks, etc.) should take
string parameters in the API, not single code-points
(UTF-32). Single code-point APIs almost always produce the wrong results
except for very
simple languages, either because you need more context to get the right answer,
or because you need to generate a sequence of characters to return
the right answer, or both.
For example, any Unicode-compliant
collation (See Unicode
Technical Stdandard #10: Unicode Collation Algogrithm (UCA)) must be able to handle sequences of more than one
code-point, and treat that sequence as a single entity. Trying to collate by handling single code-points
at a time, would get the wrong answer. The same will happen for drawing
or measuring text a single code-point at a time; because scripts like
Arabic are contextual, the width of x plus the width of y is not equal
to the width of xy. Once you get beyond basic typography, the same is
true for English as well; because of kerning and ligatures the width of
“fi” in the font may be different than the width of “f” plus the width
of “i". Casing operations must return strings, not single code-points;
see
http://www.unicode.org/charts/case/ . In particular, the title
casing operation requires strings as input, not single code-points at a
time.
Storing a single code point
in a struct or class instead of a string, would exclude support for
graphemes, such as “ch” for Slovak, where a single code point may not be sufficient,
but a character sequence is needed to express what
is required. In other words, most API parameters and fields of composite
data types should
not be defined as a character, but as a string. And if they are
strings, it does not matter what the internal representation of the
string is.
Given that any industrial-strength text and
internationalization support API has to be able to handle sequences of
characters, it makes
little difference whether the string is internally represented by a
sequence of UTF-16 code units, or by a sequence of code-points ( = UTF-32 code units).
Both UTF-16 and UTF-8 are designed to make working with substrings easy,
by the fact that the sequence of code units for a given code point is
unique. [AF]
& [MD]
Q: Are there exceptions to the rule of exclusively using
string parameters in APIs?
A: The main exception are very low-level
operations such as getting character properties (e.g. General Category
or Canonical Class in the UCD). For those it is handy to have interfaces
that convert quickly to and from UTF-16 and UTF-32, and that allow you
to iterate through strings returning UTF-32 values (even though the
internal format is UTF-16). [MD]
Q: How do I convert a UTF-16 surrogate
pair such as <D800 DC00> to UTF-32? A one 4-byte sequence or as two
4-byte sequences?
A: The definition of UTF-32 requires that supplementary
characters (those using surrogate pairs in UTF-16) be encoded with a
single 4-byte sequence.
Q: How do I convert an unpaired UTF-16 surrogate
to UTF-32?
A: If an unpaired surrogate is encountered when
converting ill-formed UTF-16 data, any conformant converter must
treat this as an error. By represented such an unpaired surrogate on its
own, the resulting UTF-32 data stream would become ill-formed. While it
faithfully reflects the nature of the input, Unicode conformance
requires that encoding form conversion always results in valid data
stream. [AF]
Byte Order Mark (BOM) FAQ
Q: What is a BOM?
A: A byte order mark (BOM) consists of the character
code U+FEFF at the beginning of a data stream, where it can be used
as a signature defining the byte order and encoding form, primarily of unmarked plaintext
files. Under some higher level protocols, use of a BOM may be mandatory
(or prohibited) in the Unicode data stream defined in that
protocol.
[AF]
Q: Where is a BOM useful?
A: A BOM is useful at the beginning of files that are typed as
text, but for which it is not known whether they are in big or little endian format—it
can also serve as a hint indicating that the file is in Unicode, as
opposed to in a legacy encoding and furthermore, it act as a signature
for the specific encoding form used . [MD]
& [AF]
Q: What does ‘endian’ mean?
A: Data types longer than a byte can be stored in computer
memory with the most significant byte (MSB) first or last. The former is
called big-endian, the latter little-endian. When data are exchange in
the same byte order as they were in the memory of the originating
system, they may appear to be in the wrong byte order on the receiving
system. In that situation, a BOM would look like 0xFFFE which is a
noncharacter, allowing the receiving system to apply byte reversal
before processing the data. UTF-8 is byte oriented and therefore does
not have that issue. Nevertheless, an initial BOM might be useful to
identify the datastream as UTF-8. [AF]
Q: When a BOM is used, is it only in
16-bit Unicode text?
A: No, a BOM can be used as a signature no matter how the
Unicode text is transformed: UTF-16, UTF-8, UTF-7, etc. The exact bytes
comprising the BOM will be whatever the Unicode character FEFF is
converted into by that transformation format. In that form, the BOM
serves to indicate both that it is a Unicode file, and which of the
formats it is in. Examples:
| Bytes |
Encoding Form |
| 00 00 FE FF |
UTF-32, big-endian |
| FF FE 00 00 |
UTF-32, little-endian |
| FE FF |
UTF-16, big-endian |
| FF FE |
UTF-16, little-endian |
| EF BB BF |
UTF-8 |
[MD]
Q: Can a UTF-8 data stream contain the BOM
character (in UTF-8 form)? If yes, then can I still assume the remaining
UTF-8 bytes are in big-endian order?
A: Yes, UTF-8 can contain a BOM. However, it makes no
difference as to the endianness of the byte stream. UTF-8 always has the
same byte order. An initial BOM is only used as a signature — an
indication that an otherwise unmarked text file is in UTF-8. Note that
some recipients of UTF-8 encoded data do not expect a BOM. Where UTF-8
is used transparently in 8-bit environments, the use of a BOM
will interfere with any protocol or file format that expects specific
ASCII characters at the beginning, such as the use of "#!" of at the
beginning of Unix shell scripts.
[AF] & [MD]
Q: What should I do with U+FEFF in the
middle of a file?
A: In the absence of a protocol supporting its use as a BOM and when not at the
beginning of a text stream, U+FEFF should normally not occur. For
backwards compatibility it should be treated as ZERO WIDTH
NON-BREAKING SPACE (ZWNBSP),
and is then part of the content of the file or string. The use of
U+2060 WORD JOINER is strongly preferred over ZWNBSP for expressing word joining
semantics since it cannot be confused with a BOM. When designing a markup
language or data protocol, the use of U+FEFF can be restricted to that
of Byte Order Mark. In that case, any U+FEFF occurring in the middle of
the file can be ignored, or treated as an error. [AF]
Q: I am using a protocol that has BOM at
the start of text. How do I represent an initial ZWNBSP?
A: Use U+2060 WORD JOINER instead. [MD]
Q: How do I tag data that does not
interpret FEFF as a BOM?
A: Use the tag UTF-16BE to indicate big-endian
UTF-16 text, and UTF-16LE to indicate little-endian UTF-16
text. If you do use a BOM, tag the text as simply UTF-16.
[MD]
Q: Why wouldn’t I always use a protocol
that requires a BOM?
A: Where the data is typed, such as a field in a database,
a BOM is unnecessary. In particular, if a text data stream is marked as
UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE, UTF-32BE or UTF-32LE, a BOM is neither necessary nor permitted.
Any FEFF would be interpreted as a ZWNBSP.
Do not tag every string in a database or set of fields with a BOM,
since it wastes space and complicates string concatenation. Moreover, it also means two data fields may have
precisely the same content, but not be binary-equal (where one is
prefaced by a BOM). [MD]
Q: How I should deal
with BOMs?
A: Here are some guidelines to follow:
-
A particular protocol (e.g. Microsoft conventions for
.txt files) may require use of the BOM on certain Unicode data
streams, such as files. When you need to conform to such a protocol,
use a BOM.
-
Some protocols allow optional BOMs in the case of
untagged text. In those cases,
-
Where a text data stream is known to be plain text, but
of unknown encoding, BOM can be used as a signature. If there is no
BOM, the encoding could be anything.
-
Where a text data stream is known to be plain Unicode
text (but not which endian), then BOM can be used as a signature. If
there is no BOM, the text should be interpreted as big-endian.
-
Some byte oriented protocols expect ASCII characters at
the beginning of a file. If UTF-8 is used with these protocols, use
of the BOM as encoding form signature should be avoided.
-
Where the precise type of the data stream is known (e.g.
Unicode big-endian or Unicode little-endian), the BOM should not be
used. In particular, whenever a data stream is declared to be
UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE, UTF-32BE or UTF-32LE a BOM must not be
used. [AF]
& [MD]


Tasks¶
The following tasks allow for a complete workflow to be implemented from fetching the
tournament data automatically, to training a model and then submitting it.
A Luigi task is made to be used in conjunction with other tasks. Hence, dependencies
between the tasks are explicitly modeled. The functions requires
, which expresses
any incoming dependencies, as well as outputs
, which models products of a tasks, are
used for this. The run
function is called, when the outputs
are not yet satisfied
in order to produce the outputs. If the outputs on the other hand are already produced,
the tasks won’t be run as the targets are already there.
-
class
tasks.numerai_fetch_training_data.
FetchAndExtractData
(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶ Fetches the most recent dataset and extracts the contents to the given path if not yet done (default path is
./data
).Param: output_path: (relative) path where the data should be written to. Defaults to ./data
. Default signature isFetchAndExtractData(output_path='./data')
.data ├── numerai_dataset_95 │ ├── example_model.py │ ├── example_model.r │ ├── example_predictions.csv │ ├── numerai_tournament_data.csv │ └── numerai_training_data.csv └── numerai_dataset_95.zip
-
output
()[source]¶ Manages the files to be written and determines their existence. This is determined by checking all the listed files below. If any of them does not exist,
run()
is evoked.Returns: A dict
with the following keys:zipfile
: original file as downloaded
(
numerai_dataset_xxx.zip
) *training_data.csv
: the training data (numerai_training_data.csv
) *tournament_data.csv
: the tournament data (numerai_tournament_data.csv
) *example_predictions.csv
: example predictions (example_predictions.csv
)Note that
example_model.py
andexample_model.r
are not referenced, as these are to no use for us.
-
-
class
tasks.numerai_train_and_predict.
TrainAndPredict
(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶ Trains a naïve bayes classifier with an assumed bernoulli distribution of the features, then predicts the targets on the tournament data. The default signature of this task is
TrainAndPredict(output_path='./data')
.Param: output_path (str): path to the directory where the predictions shall be saved to, defaults to ./data
.-
output
()[source]¶ Saves outputs of this task–which is a csv file of the predictions made for the given data.
-
requires
()[source]¶ Dependencies to be fullfiled prior to execution. This task needs the
tasks.numerai_fetch_training_data.FetchAndExtractData
task that provides the training/tournament data.
-
-
class
tasks.numerai_upload_predictions.
UploadPredictions
(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶ This task uploads a prediction file if it wasn’t uploaded before. The file name is configured via the filepath parameter.
Param: secret (str): API secret as generated for the given public_id
by the numer.ai websiteParam: public_id (str): chosen API identifier as given by the numer.ai website Param: filepath (str): path to the file which is to be uploaded -
output
()[source]¶ Produces a
targets.numerai_submission.SubmissionTarget
for the current round.
-


In the Gradebook, both students and instructors can view current scores.
When you enter the Gradebook, depending on what information your instructor has made available, you will see one or both of the following:
You may choose whether to display to students "assignment scores" and/or "cumulative score, course grades and calculated assignment grade". To do so, follow the directions below:
Gradebook
.
Grade Options
. Display released assignment scores to
students.
. Display cumulative score,
course grades and calculated assignment grades to students now.
Note: A student's course grade is based on all counted
assignments. Blank score entries for counted assignments are treated
as zeroes.
When you enter the Gradebook, you will see a list of available assignments and a "Course Grade" list. You can view cumulative scores using one of these options:
Course Grade
below the listed
assignments. You will see a list of all the students in the
Gradebook. For each student, the points earned, the letter grade, and
a percentage will be displayed. The letter grade and percentage are
based on the total points available for the entire course. A zero is
assigned automatically to all assignments that have not yet been
completed.
To view the course grade by section or group, next to "View", select the section or group.
Roster
. You will see a list of all the
students in the course and a point value for each assignment in the
Gradebook. To see the cumulative scores, scroll over to the last
column. No letter grade or percentage is displayed in this view.
To view the roster by section or group, next to "View", select the section or group.


Week visualizer
Available entries:
- 2015-07-13: Leaders From Eurozone Work Into Morning on Greek Crisis
- 2015-08-08: Trump uninvited to GOP gathering after Megyn Kelly comments
- 2015-11-14: Paris attacks: What is the sensible response to this horrific act?
NO_TEXT


This is an example of using Angular to create a HAR file that can be imported into Chrome and other tools.
First we need to call some endpoints. Fetch
{{data | json}}
After fetching, we can gather those request into a HAR file


IMPORTANT: Development is paused right now. Use at your own risk.
Discussion and questions about HyperDEX atomic swap powered decentralized exchange. The project is maintained by HyperDEX team.
100 messages
Before 05-Dec-19 12:00 AM
ciumete02-Aug-18 12:22 PM
how to post here the jpg file with screenshot ?!
btc address 1JTWdSig8in1yCxMrn1BQwK4iQRum58snL
Cryptoon02-Aug-18 12:45 PM
@monokh subtract the tx fee
if you are selecting withdraw max
monokh02-Aug-18 12:53 PM
@Cryptoon i was inputting only a small value. I think it's something to do with marketmaker, i cannot see any orderbooks and sending orders hangs as well. what is a good way to troubleshoot the marketmaker?
Cryptoon02-Aug-18 12:56 PM
hmm that's weird
Which version are you using? @monokh
There was a new version released yesterday/today ish
monokh02-Aug-18 12:58 PM
i have the latest version. Barterdex shows orders though
Cryptoon02-Aug-18 01:34 PM
mac os by any chance?
I had the same issue with previous version on mac
Havent tried the new one yet but barterdex worked fine
monokh02-Aug-18 01:35 PM
yep mac tried a different mac as well and it didn't work. All macs around here
Cryptoon02-Aug-18 01:35 PM
@lukechilds@sindresorhus
lukechilds02-Aug-18 06:56 PM
late here now
will take a look at this tomorrow morning
just checking @monokh but are you running HyperDEX and BarterDEX at the same time?
if so, they will conflict and only one will work
monokh02-Aug-18 10:17 PM
@lukechilds only running one at a time but I do have both "available", BarterDex i start via NPM and HyperDex as DMG
c2k02-Aug-18 10:28 PM
i am unable to get my BDEX or HDEX open. when sign into HDEX i get an error msg popup saying "marketmaker crashed" then "hyperdex will now relaunch"
...then when i click ok i get an "unhandled promise rejection"
TypeError: Cannot read property "focus" of null followed by 5 more lines of stuff
anyone know whats going on?
hyperDEX03-Aug-18 04:25 AM
Try a restart of the machine @c2k ?
GatewayBOT03-Aug-18 07:06 AM
[slack] <modus> no electrum servers on new barter dex... how do i fix? please help
Cryptoon03-Aug-18 07:12 AM
What was the version you had first?
GatewayBOT03-Aug-18 07:13 AM
[slack] <modus> one of the older ones a few months back around 6+ months ago.. i deleted it and extracted this new one
Cryptoon03-Aug-18 07:25 AM
Have you added the coins with manage coins?
GatewayBOT03-Aug-18 07:54 AM
[slack] <modus> @CrypToon yeah i click add coins and click electrum server ... dunno.. im trying a few things on my end... older bdex worked fine.. ill keep trying
Cryptoon03-Aug-18 07:58 AM
There is a guide somewhere how to add coins etc to the latest version
How to add new coins to 'startup' in BarterDEX. The saved coins will load automatically each time you login to BarterDEX. BarterDEX is an atomic swap based d...
GatewayBOT03-Aug-18 08:33 AM
[slack] <modus> @gcharang thanks mate
GoldmanSocks03-Aug-18 07:14 PM
Quick question, so there is no way to add a non-stardard non-komodo address based coin to hyperdex? The reason I ask is because there is a HUGE need for anytype of exchange for a sia-fork coin called hyperspace that currently has nothing to exchange with and people are resorting to private escrow via members in discord. Hyperdex would really be a great platform for this.
GoldmanSocks03-Aug-18 07:24 PM
And since they had a huge airdrop for sia holder it would be wise to be one of the first DEX services to be able to support P2P trades in it. Plus with all the legal trouble in SIA with the failed manufacturer of SC1 miners made in the usa im thinking a lot of sia holders will move mining and coins to hyperspace IMO..(edited)
KomodoWorld03-Aug-18 07:32 PM
@GoldmanSocks you should ask Cipi in #dev-tradebots but if it's not bitcoin-based it's not possible yet
Which #cryptocurrency do you want us to create an article series on? We only have the resources to write and design 1 series to the highest quality right now so get voting! The vote has been narrowed down to 4 options:
-
$vtc #vertcoin $dgb #digibyte #TRON $trx $km...
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Jonathan04-Aug-18 03:37 AM
Spam?
cryptopeeps04-Aug-18 06:34 AM
@Jonathan no
Erast05-Aug-18 03:54 PM
Hi, i,m not sure if my BarterDEX (ver. 1.1.1. on Linux) works properly and would appreciate some clarification. When I try to buy some BTC for KMD I don't see my order, though the terminal shows that something is going on (fill.1 gtc.1) and then there's message saying "time expired for Alice_request". It then repeats and also information about other requests occur
GatewayBOT05-Aug-18 04:21 PM
[slack] <jspook16> Did you try a "good until cancelled" order?
Erast05-Aug-18 04:23 PM
no
should I?
GatewayBOT05-Aug-18 04:26 PM
[slack] <jspook16> That's what I usually do. My orders always show up but it might take a little bit
Erast05-Aug-18 04:26 PM
I will try it, thanks
GatewayBOT05-Aug-18 04:27 PM
[slack] <jspook16> Yeah no proboem
Erast05-Aug-18 04:32 PM
Now I can see my order at last
In My Offers, however not in the Buyers section
Erast05-Aug-18 06:58 PM
How long on average does it take until you find a trade partner?
jspook1606-Aug-18 04:53 AM
it depends on what you are trying to trade. there isnt alot of volume on all trade pairs yet
what are you trading?
Cryptoon06-Aug-18 09:34 AM
Unhandled Promise Rejection
TypeError: Cannot read property 'find' of undefined
at messages.forEach.message (app://-/bundle.js:98917:39)
at Array.forEach (<anonymous>)
at _formatSwap (app://-/bundle.js:98873:12)
at Array.map (<anonymous>)
at app://-/bundle.js:99021:20
at Generator.next (<anonymous>)
at step (app://-/bundle.js:98707:191)
at app://-/bundle.js:98707:361
at <anonymous>
Getting this on alpha.11
On startup, didnt really do anything yet, not sure what it means
Cryptoon06-Aug-18 09:52 AM
Failed to load https://api.coinmarketcap.com/v2/ticker/1789/: No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is present on the requested resource. Origin 'app://-' is therefore not allowed access. The response had HTTP status code 429. If an opaque response serves your needs, set the request's mode to 'no-cors' to fetch the resource with CORS disabled.
And then a bunch of these
also orderbooks dont load
I am not running barterdex (which does work)
I am running mac osx 10.13.6
Had the same problem with alpha 10, tried with different internet connections, without vpn and with firewall off, so I think it's a problem with the build...
are the orderbooks for all dex based on komodo the same? lets say barterdex and hyperdex orders?
since the dex is only the gui?
crumb08-Aug-18 08:36 AM
@135b987 yes, HyperDEX and BarterDEX have the same underlying orderbooks
sindresorhus08-Aug-18 09:19 AM
@Cryptoon If you mean the rate-limit issue, it should not, but could potentially, since Marketmaker (which handles the orderbooks) talks to CMC too, and not being able to talk to CMC might block its other operations, like getting the orderbooks. @lukechilds Would probably be able to give a more accurate answer.
lukechilds08-Aug-18 09:33 AM
@Cryptoon I don't think CMC rate limiting will stop your order books showing up. I often get rate limited by CMC and my order book still shows. Sometimes it does take a while for them to sync. Can you view the requests in the network tab and verify they are getting through to market maker?
You could also try running _api.debug({method: 'getpeers'}) in the console to see how many peers you are connected too. If you're poorly connected that may be why
But sometimes and on certain networks it does just take a very long time for order books to show, this is something I've noticed myself and is a problem with the underlying marketmaker daemon. We poll it once a second for order book data and as soon as it gives us some info, we show it.
Cryptoon08-Aug-18 11:39 AM
I'll see if I have time later to test it, will get back to you
TypeError: Cannot read property 'find' of undefined
at messages.forEach.message (app://-/bundle.js:89877:39)
at Array.forEach (<anonymous>)
at _formatSwap (app://-/bundle.js:89833:12)
at Array.map (<anonymous>)
at app://-/bundle.js:89981:20
at Generator.next (<anonymous>)
at step (app://-/bundle.js:89667:191)
at app://-/bundle.js:89667:361
at <anonymous>
Still have this, but I think that is a known problem?
@sindresorhus balances show very fast now
But orderbooks still aren't loading(edited)
The above error may be related to this?
lukechilds10-Aug-18 11:54 AM
Did you follow the installation instructions and delete your trade history if you're upgrading from an old version?
sindresorhus10-Aug-18 11:54 AM
@Cryptoon Did you do this?
Right after opening this version, go to the "Debug" menu and choose "Delete Trade History"
Cryptoon10-Aug-18 11:57 AM
Where do I find this?
nvm
found it
After 2 mins still no orders showing up
the above error is not showing anymore though
lukechilds10-Aug-18 12:40 PM
Can you check the network tab in dev tools
there should be lots of requests
alternating between portfolio and orderbook
you can view the direct response from marketmaker there


{{% extends '{ServiceName}/base.html' %}} {{% block content %}}
Below are listed the available methods for {ServiceName} Service


UKCloud Limited (“UKC”) and Virtual Infrastructure Group Limited (“VIG”) (together “the Companies”) – in Compulsory Liquidation
On 25 October 2022, the Companies were placed into Liquidation with the Official Receiver appointed as Liquidator and J Robinson and A M Hudson simultaneously appointed as Special Managers to manage the liquidation process on behalf of the Official Receiver.
Further information regarding the Liquidations can be found here: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/virtual-infrastructure-group-limited-and-ukcloud-limited-information-for-creditors-and-interested-parties
Contact details:
For any general queries relating to the Liquidations please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>For customer related queries please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>For supplier related queries please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>How to create a VM from scratch
Overview
As well as deploying pre-built VMs from a catalog, you can build your own VMs from scratch, as you would do on a physical machine, using an ISO image in place of a physical CD or DVD.
For information about creating a VM from a template, see How to create a VM from a template.
Creating an empty VM
In the VMware Cloud Director Virtual Data Center dashboard, select the VDC that contains the vApp in which you want to create the VM.
In the left navigation panel, under Compute, select vApps to view a list of vApps within the VDC.
Tip
To create a standalone VM, in the left navigation panel, select Virtual Machines, then click New VM.
In the card for the vApp in which you want to create the VM, select Actions > Add > Add VM.
Tip
To create a new vApp, see How to create a vApp.
In the Add VMs dialog box, click Add Virtual Machine.
In the New VM dialog box, enter a Name, Computer Name and Description for your VM.
Note
Name is a name to identify the VM, Computer Name is the host name of the VM.
The Computer Name is copied from the Name field but can contain only alphanumeric characters and hyphens so you may need to edit it if your VM Name contains spaces or special characters.
As you're creating the VM from scratch (not from a template), from the Type radio buttons, select New.
Select the OS family to use for your VM, then from the Operating System list, select the specific OS that you want to use.
In the Compute section, select the compute and memory settings for your VM.
Although you can build a VM to your own specification in terms of the number of vCPUs and amount of memory, you'll be billed based on the closest (next highest) match to a UKCloud pre-defined VM size.
Size vCPU RAM (GiB) Micro 1 0.5 Tiny 1 2 Small 2 4 Medium 4 8 Medium High Memory 4 16 Large 8 16 Large High Memory 8 32 Tier 1 Apps Small 8 48 Tier 1 Apps Medium 8 64 Tier 1 Apps Large 8 96 Tier 1 Apps Extra Large 12 128 For more information, see the UKCloud Pricing Guide.
Tip
Given the flexibility of VMs, and the ability to change the number of vCPUs and amount of memory and disk space on the fly, it's often better to start small as you're not tied by the constraints of a physical server. Remember too, that more vCPUs or RAM won't necessarily make a server faster, and could cost a lot more. You need to understand how well your application can make use of multi-threading.
For Windows, select at least two vCPUs if you think you'll need two or more in the future, as the multi-processor HAL will be loaded as part of the OS build.
In the Storage section, set the Storage Policy and Size of storage for the VM. You can also add more disks if required.
Tip
When setting the storage size, be sure to select the appropriate units (MB, GB or TB).
In the Networking section, click Customize to configure network settings, if necessary. You can set the IP Mode to determine how IP addresses are assigned:
DHCP Cloud Director interacts with the OS via VMware Tools to use DHCP rather than static IPs. You'll need to define a DHCP server on your edge gateway. Check with UKCloud or your organisation administrator that this is set up before you use it.
IP Pool is the usual method, which injects an IP address into the VM via VMware Tools from a list of available IP addresses. The address may vary with each boot, but there is a check box to keep IP address assignments elsewhere within the UI once the VMs are created.
Manual IP is similar to IP Pool, but you need to enter a valid IP Address from the pool, which the VM will then keep.
Tip
You can connect the VM to multiple networks, by clicking Add.
Note
We recommend using the VMXNET3 network adapter where possible. The VMXNET virtual network adapter has no physical counterpart and is optimised for performance in a VM. Because operating system vendors don't provide built-in drivers for this card you must install VMware Tools to have a driver for the VMXNET network adapter available.
If you want a more comprehensive guide on network adapter types, see the VMware documentation for Network Adapter Basics.
When you're done, click OK.
Back in the Add VMs dialog box, you can add more VMs or click Add when you're done.
The VM will be deployed without any operating system.
Installing an operating system into the VM
When you create a VM from scratch, it's initially deployed without any operating system. So, after you've created it, you need to install the appropriate operating system.
In the card for the vApp that contains the new VM, click Details.
From the vApp navigation panel, select Virtual Machines.
From the VM menu (three dots) select Power > Power On.
Once the VM has powered on, click the VM Console option.
Tip
For a standalone VM, in the left navigation panel, under Compute, select Virtual Machines to view a list of all VMs within the VDC. Then, in the card for your new VM, click VM Console.
As with a physical server, no virtual CD or DVD is available at first boot, so the server will attempt to PXE boot.
In the main Cloud Director interface (not the console), from the VM menu select Media > Insert Media.
In the Insert CD dialog box, select the ISO image you want to mount from a catalog, then click Insert.
In VM menu, select Power > Reset to reset the VM so that it picks up the virtual CD/DVD.
After a short while the VM will start the boot process and pick up the CD/DVD. Resize the VM console if necessary or go to full screen.
Carry out the operating system install as normal.
When you've finished, remember to install VMware Tools (for more information, see VMware Tools installation).
Next steps
After you initially create your VM, you may want to edit some of the properties to finish setting it up. For more information, see How to view and update virtual machine settings.
If you haven't already, you may want to create networks to enable your VMs to communicate with each other and the outside world. For more information, see How to create a routed VDC network and How to create an isolated VDC network.
You may also want to create rules to enable traffic into and out of your VMs. For more information, see How to create firewall rules and How to create NAT rules.
Feedback
If you find a problem with this article, click Improve this Doc to make the change yourself or raise an issue in GitHub. If you have an idea for how we could improve any of our services, send an email to feedback@ukcloud.com.


Members
(constant) SolutionType :string
Enum for solution type values.
Properties:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
Linear |
string
|
'linear' – Solutions are x = mxn + px , y = myn + py |
Unique |
string
|
'unique' – When a or b is 0 , if a solution exists it's unique, e.g. 5x + 0y = 15 => solution is x = 3 |
AlwaysTrue |
string
|
'always-true' – Values of x and y don't matter, e.g. 0x + 0y = 0 |
None |
string
|
'none' – No solution, e.g. 8x + 6y = 1 |
Error |
string
|
'error' – Something went wrong |
Type:
-
string
Methods
dioSolve(a, b, c) → {Solution}
Solves a linear Diophantine equation of the form:
ax + by = c
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
a |
number
|
Coefficient for x
|
b |
number
|
Coefficient for y
|
c |
number
|
Right-side constant |
gcd(a, b) → {GCD}
Finds the Greatest Common Divisor of
a
and b
using the Euclidian algorithm
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
a |
number
|
Integer |
b |
number
|
Integer |
Returns:
- Type:
-
GCD
An object with properties
g
(gcd value) and steps
(steps of the Euclidian algorithm)
Type Definitions
GCD
Properties:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
g |
number
|
Value of GCD(a,b) |
steps |
Array
|
Steps of the Euclidian algorithm, last step first: [[an, bn], ..., [a0, b0]] |
Type:
-
Object
Solution
Properties:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
solutionType |
SolutionType
|
Type of solution found, see SolutionType for more information. |
g |
number
|
null
|
Value of GCD(a,b) , null if error. |
z |
Array
|
null
|
Initial solution [x0, y0] found using the Euclidean algorithm when solution is linear, [x0, null] or [null, y0] when solution is unique, else null . |
m |
Array
|
null
|
Slope coefficients [mx, my] when solution is linear, else null . |
p |
Array
|
null
|
Intercepts [px, py] when solution is linear, else null . |
Type:
-
Object


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Glossary
Bit Field Related Resourses
Wikipedia Bit Field
- Wikipedia article on bit fields.
Microsoft Bit Field
- MSDN article on bit fields.
C - Book: Bitfields
- Chapter on bit fields from a book on C.
IBM Bit Field Documentation
- Documentation page on the IBM about bit fields.
Data Structure Packing Resourses.
Wikipedia Data Struture Alignment
- Data Structure Alignment article from Wikipedia. This relates directly to packing of data structures.
Endianness
Wikipedia Endianness
- Wikipedia article on endianness.
Endians
- In boost standbox.


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: WordCamp Singapore 2017 author: display_name: Hazrul login: abanghazrul email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: abanghazrul author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 3066 wordpress_url: https://www.hazrulazhar.com/?p=3066 date: '2017-07-27 15:03:18 +0800' date_gmt: '2017-07-27 07:03:18 +0800' categories: - Speaking Appearances tags: [] comments: [] ---
I've submitted my proposal to speak at WordCamp Singapore 2017 and hopefully accepted, I'll give insights into the State of the Woo regionally and globally.
Date: Saturday, 28 October 2017
Time: TBC
Venue: Suntec City Convention Centre
Topic Title: How WooCommerce is being disrupted by Shopify and why it will rapidly lose market share
Topic Description: WooCommerce is the most deployed eCommerce shopping cart platform in the world. But catching up closely is the world's most popular hosted eCommerce shopping cart - Shopify.
Although WooCommerce is younger and raced ahead due to the dominance of the WordPress platform, its pervasiveness is being dealt a serious challenge by Shopify with its simplicity and adaptability to real world brick and mortar businesses.
I'll discuss why WooCommerce will lose its dominance in a matter of years and suggests strategies that could avert the situation.
Intended Audience: Automatticians, WooExperts, WooCommerce contributors, WooCommerce plugin developers, WooCommerce integrators.


An open source java based AsyncAPI 2.0 document parser.
Please note that this is not a validator; it will attempt to parse any well formed AsyncAPI-like source.
To get started, see the code sample at AsyncAPIParserFactory.
Richer documentation can be found here
Please contribute on github


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}Rebble Auth - User modify{% endblock %} {% block body %}
Made change to user:


It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. |
Most people were prepared for cooler waters, but it was really quite tropical. |
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. |
Most people were prepared for cooler waters, but it was really quite tropical. |


A number with double floating-point precision.
The double type is a number with 64-bit floating-point precision.


68r
[note]“Botolf” written in upper margin.
Seint botolf þe holy monke & adulf his broþer
were bore in englonde as is many an oþer
hij by gunne boþ ȝonge to eche goudnesse to drawe
& at o consayl were boþ to godes wylle to drawe
so þat hij nome hem to rede ouer see to wende
5
To lerne bette of godes ordre as he wole hem grace sende
by ȝende þe see hij wenden & longe byleueden þer
for to lerne here ordre aryȝt þat no defaute nere
In an hous of holy ordre amonge monkes hij were
Here goud los wyde sprong from ȝere to ȝere
10
so þat þe king of þe londe praysed here lif faste
& for here grete holynesse his hert vppon hem he caste
þe eldure broþer he mad þer bischop seint adolf
& al so he þoȝt wel to make seint botolf
ac seint botolf þoȝt noȝt þer longe to astonde
15
he wylned for to do his ordre a tom in englonde
þo his broþer bischop was leue he nom to wende
To his ordre in to englonde & þer his lif to ende
In þe hous þat he in was twey sustren þer were
Ibore here in englonde þat ȝare hadden be þer
20
þe kinges sostere athelwold þat was ic vnderstonde
king was þulke tyme of þe souþ of englonde
þes sustren beden seint botolf þat he to here broþer wende
& to dame syware þe quene & letteres boþ hij sende
þat hij graunted þis holy man in som stede a place
25
ware he myȝt an holy ordre by gynne þorȝ godes grace
þis holy man seint botolf to englonde wende
& toke þe king & þe quene þe lettres þat hij hem sende
þe king hit wyþsede anon & nold graunte hit noȝt
ac þe quene þat was euer goud turnde anon his þoȝt
30
for wymmen beþ wel eþe to goudnysse to brynge
heo cride boþ nyȝt & day in hure lord þe kynge
69r
"kenelm” in the upper right margin.
þo heo ne myȝt of þis þyng habbe non oþer grace
seint botolf bad hym atte laste graunte hym aplace
somme war in wyldernysse þat no man knowe
35
Ne þer tre ne frute ne goud on ne grewe
þe king graunted hym þo to leuen in somme ende
þo he say þat hit nold to non harme hym wende
a stede per was in wyldernysse þat me clyped þorȝe eyȝe
þat ful was of luþer þynges þe men þis by seye
40
for deuelen & luþer gostes here eyse hadde þer
i here wonynge al at wylle for non men þer nere
þo þat seint botolf þis stede ygraunted was
baldeliche he wende þydere agast no þyng he nas
he wende hym to þulke stede ware he myȝt be
45
þo þe deuelen hym seþen come a non hij gonne to fle
& wit sorwe bygonnen grisliche for to grede
botolf wat wolt þu here & wat schal ous to rede
acorsed be þulke god þat gan þe hyddere lede
for we nute ware lyuen now but in al wrecchede
50
þis haþ be oure ryȝt home & we wende sykere to be
as in oure owe fort domesday ac we mote fle
þu art to ous a luþer geste & to stronge al so
wy wolt þu ous henne dryuen we nabbeþ þe noȝt mysdo
þu haste in many stedes joiful & murie ynow
55
& derke & foule is þis place me þenkeþ þu hast wow
wat wolt þu in þis stede wan þu myȝt in beter be
ac we dore þe noȝt abyde henne we mote fle
seint botolf in oure lordes name wende forþ anon
baldeliche as in his owe þe deuelen flowe echon
60
an holy place he mad of a luþer þer
an abbay of monkes he lete sone arere
& nome monkes in to hym & mad a grete conuent ynow
hymsulf was here abbot & to holy lyf hem drow
& þer in oure lordes seruyse his lyf he broȝt to ende
65
Now god for þe loue of hym his swete grace ous sende