CERTUTIL
Section: NSS Security Tools (1)Updated: 3 December 2014
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NAME
certutil - Manage keys and certificate in both NSS databases and other NSS tokensSYNOPSIS
- certutil [options] [[arguments]]
STATUS
DESCRIPTION
The Certificate Database Tool, certutil, is a command-line utility that can create and modify certificate and key databases. It can specifically list, generate, modify, or delete certificates, create or change the password, generate new public and private key pairs, display the contents of the key database, or delete key pairs within the key database.
Certificate issuance, part of the key and certificate management process, requires that keys and certificates be created in the key database. This document discusses certificate and key database management. For information on the security module database management, see the modutil manpage.
COMMAND OPTIONS AND ARGUMENTS
Running certutil always requires one and only one command option to specify the type of certificate operation. Each command option may take zero or more arguments. The command option -H will list all the command options and their relevant arguments.
Command Options
-A
- Add an existing certificate to a certificate database. The certificate database should already exist; if one is not present, this command option will initialize one by default.
-B
- Run a series of commands from the specified batch file. This requires the -i argument.
-C
- Create a new binary certificate file from a binary certificate request file. Use the -i argument to specify the certificate request file. If this argument is not used, certutil prompts for a filename.
-D
- Delete a certificate from the certificate database.
-E
- Add an email certificate to the certificate database.
-F
-
Delete a private key from a key database. Specify the key to delete with the -n argument. Specify the database from which to delete the key with the
-d
argument. Use the
-k
argument to specify explicitly whether to delete a DSA, RSA, or ECC key. If you don't use the
-k
argument, the option looks for an RSA key matching the specified nickname.
When you delete keys, be sure to also remove any certificates associated with those keys from the certificate database, by using -D. Some smart cards do not let you remove a public key you have generated. In such a case, only the private key is deleted from the key pair. You can display the public key with the command certutil -K -h tokenname.
-G
- Generate a new public and private key pair within a key database. The key database should already exist; if one is not present, this command option will initialize one by default. Some smart cards can store only one key pair. If you create a new key pair for such a card, the previous pair is overwritten.
-H
- Display a list of the command options and arguments.
-K
- List the key ID of keys in the key database. A key ID is the modulus of the RSA key or the publicValue of the DSA key. IDs are displayed in hexadecimal ("0x" is not shown).
-L
- List all the certificates, or display information about a named certificate, in a certificate database. Use the -h tokenname argument to specify the certificate database on a particular hardware or software token.
-M
- Modify a certificate's trust attributes using the values of the -t argument.
-N
- Create new certificate and key databases.
-O
- Print the certificate chain.
-R
- Create a certificate request file that can be submitted to a Certificate Authority (CA) for processing into a finished certificate. Output defaults to standard out unless you use -o output-file argument. Use the -a argument to specify ASCII output.
-S
- Create an individual certificate and add it to a certificate database.
-T
- Reset the key database or token.
-U
- List all available modules or print a single named module.
-V
- Check the validity of a certificate and its attributes.
-W
- Change the password to a key database.
--merge
- Merge two databases into one.
--upgrade-merge
- Upgrade an old database and merge it into a new database. This is used to migrate legacy NSS databases (cert8.db and key3.db) into the newer SQLite databases (cert9.db and key4.db).
Arguments
Arguments modify a command option and are usually lower case, numbers, or symbols.
-a
- Use ASCII format or allow the use of ASCII format for input or output. This formatting follows RFC 1113. For certificate requests, ASCII output defaults to standard output unless redirected.
-b validity-time
-
Specify a time at which a certificate is required to be valid. Use when checking certificate validity with the
-V
option. The format of the
validity-time
argument is
YYMMDDHHMMSS[+HHMM|-HHMM|Z], which allows offsets to be set relative to the validity end time. Specifying seconds (SS) is optional. When specifying an explicit time, use a Z at the end of the term,
YYMMDDHHMMSSZ, to close it. When specifying an offset time, use
YYMMDDHHMMSS+HHMM
or
YYMMDDHHMMSS-HHMM
for adding or subtracting time, respectively.
If this option is not used, the validity check defaults to the current system time.
-c issuer
- Identify the certificate of the CA from which a new certificate will derive its authenticity. Use the exact nickname or alias of the CA certificate, or use the CA's email address. Bracket the issuer string with quotation marks if it contains spaces.
-d [prefix]directory
-
Specify the database directory containing the certificate and key database files.
certutil supports two types of databases: the legacy security databases (cert8.db, key3.db, and secmod.db) and new SQLite databases (cert9.db, key4.db, and pkcs11.txt).
NSS recognizes the following prefixes:
- * sql: requests the newer database
- * dbm: requests the legacy database
- If no prefix is specified the default type is retrieved from NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE. If NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE is not set then dbm: is the default.
--dump-ext-val OID
- For single cert, print binary DER encoding of extension OID.
-e
- Check a certificate's signature during the process of validating a certificate.
--email email-address
- Specify the email address of a certificate to list. Used with the -L command option.
--extGeneric OID:critical-flag:filename[,OID:critical-flag:filename]...
-
Add one or multiple extensions that certutil cannot encode yet, by loading their encodings from external files.
- * OID (example): <IP_ADDRESS>
- * critical-flag: critical or not-critical
- * filename: full path to a file containing an encoded extension
-f password-file
- Specify a file that will automatically supply the password to include in a certificate or to access a certificate database. This is a plain-text file containing one password. Be sure to prevent unauthorized access to this file.
-g keysize
- Set a key size to use when generating new public and private key pairs. The minimum is 512 bits and the maximum is 16384 bits. The default is 1024 bits. Any size between the minimum and maximum is allowed.
-h tokenname
- Specify the name of a token to use or act on. If not specified the default token is the internal database slot.
-i input_file
- Pass an input file to the command. Depending on the command option, an input file can be a specific certificate, a certificate request file, or a batch file of commands.
-k key-type-or-id
-
Specify the type or specific ID of a key.
The valid key type options are rsa, dsa, ec, or all. The default value is rsa. Specifying the type of key can avoid mistakes caused by duplicate nicknames. Giving a key type generates a new key pair; giving the ID of an existing key reuses that key pair (which is required to renew certificates).
-l
- Display detailed information when validating a certificate with the -V option.
-m serial-number
- Assign a unique serial number to a certificate being created. This operation should be performed by a CA. If no serial number is provided a default serial number is made from the current time. Serial numbers are limited to integers
-n nickname
- Specify the nickname of a certificate or key to list, create, add to a database, modify, or validate. Bracket the nickname string with quotation marks if it contains spaces.
-o output-file
- Specify the output file name for new certificates or binary certificate requests. Bracket the output-file string with quotation marks if it contains spaces. If this argument is not used the output destination defaults to standard output.
-P dbPrefix
- Specify the prefix used on the certificate and key database file. This argument is provided to support legacy servers. Most applications do not use a database prefix.
-p phone
- Specify a contact telephone number to include in new certificates or certificate requests. Bracket this string with quotation marks if it contains spaces.
-q pqgfile or curve-name
-
Read an alternate PQG value from the specified file when generating DSA key pairs. If this argument is not used,
certutil
generates its own PQG value. PQG files are created with a separate DSA utility.
Elliptic curve name is one of the ones from SUITE B: nistp256, nistp384, nistp521
If NSS has been compiled with support curves outside of SUITE B: sect163k1, nistk163, sect163r1, sect163r2, nistb163, sect193r1, sect193r2, sect233k1, nistk233, sect233r1, nistb233, sect239k1, sect283k1, nistk283, sect283r1, nistb283, sect409k1, nistk409, sect409r1, nistb409, sect571k1, nistk571, sect571r1, nistb571, secp160k1, secp160r1, secp160r2, secp192k1, secp192r1, nistp192, secp224k1, secp224r1, nistp224, secp256k1, secp256r1, secp384r1, secp521r1, prime192v1, prime192v2, prime192v3, prime239v1, prime239v2, prime239v3, c2pnb163v1, c2pnb163v2, c2pnb163v3, c2pnb176v1, c2tnb191v1, c2tnb191v2, c2tnb191v3, c2pnb208w1, c2tnb239v1, c2tnb239v2, c2tnb239v3, c2pnb272w1, c2pnb304w1, c2tnb359w1, c2pnb368w1, c2tnb431r1, secp112r1, secp112r2, secp128r1, secp128r2, sect113r1, sect113r2 sect131r1, sect131r2
-r
- Display a certificate's binary DER encoding when listing information about that certificate with the -L option.
-s subject
- Identify a particular certificate owner for new certificates or certificate requests. Bracket this string with quotation marks if it contains spaces. The subject identification format follows RFC #1485.
-t trustargs
-
Specify the trust attributes to modify in an existing certificate or to apply to a certificate when creating it or adding it to a database. There are three available trust categories for each certificate, expressed in the order
SSL, email, object signing
for each trust setting. In each category position, use none, any, or all of the attribute codes:
-
*
p - Valid peer
-
*
P - Trusted peer (implies p)
-
*
c - Valid CA
-
*
T - Trusted CA (implies c)
-
*
C - trusted CA for client authentication (ssl server only)
-
*
u - user
-
The attribute codes for the categories are separated by commas, and the entire set of attributes enclosed by quotation marks. For example:
-t "TCu,Cu,Tu"
Use the -L option to see a list of the current certificates and trust attributes in a certificate database.
-u certusage
-
Specify a usage context to apply when validating a certificate with the -V option.
The contexts are the following:
- * C (as an SSL client)
- * V (as an SSL server)
- * L (as an SSL CA)
- * A (as Any CA)
- * Y (Verify CA)
- * S (as an email signer)
- * R (as an email recipient)
- * O (as an OCSP status responder)
- * J (as an object signer)
-v valid-months
- Set the number of months a new certificate will be valid. The validity period begins at the current system time unless an offset is added or subtracted with the -w option. If this argument is not used, the default validity period is three months.
-w offset-months
- Set an offset from the current system time, in months, for the beginning of a certificate's validity period. Use when creating the certificate or adding it to a database. Express the offset in integers, using a minus sign (-) to indicate a negative offset. If this argument is not used, the validity period begins at the current system time. The length of the validity period is set with the -v argument.
-X
- Force the key and certificate database to open in read-write mode. This is used with the -U and -L command options.
-x
- Use certutil to generate the signature for a certificate being created or added to a database, rather than obtaining a signature from a separate CA.
-y exp
- Set an alternate exponent value to use in generating a new RSA public key for the database, instead of the default value of 65537. The available alternate values are 3 and 17.
-z noise-file
- Read a seed value from the specified file to generate a new private and public key pair. This argument makes it possible to use hardware-generated seed values or manually create a value from the keyboard. The minimum file size is 20 bytes.
-0 SSO_password
- Set a site security officer password on a token.
-1 | --keyUsage keyword,keyword
-
Set an X.509 V3 Certificate Type Extension in the certificate. There are several available keywords:
- * digitalSignature
- * nonRepudiation
- * keyEncipherment
- * dataEncipherment
- * keyAgreement
- * certSigning
- * crlSigning
- * critical
-2
-
Add a basic constraint extension to a certificate that is being created or added to a database. This extension supports the certificate chain verification process.
certutil
prompts for the certificate constraint extension to select.
X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
-3
-
Add an authority key ID extension to a certificate that is being created or added to a database. This extension supports the identification of a particular certificate, from among multiple certificates associated with one subject name, as the correct issuer of a certificate. The Certificate Database Tool will prompt you to select the authority key ID extension.
X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
-4
-
Add a CRL distribution point extension to a certificate that is being created or added to a database. This extension identifies the URL of a certificate's associated certificate revocation list (CRL).
certutil
prompts for the URL.
X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
-5 | --nsCertType keyword,keyword
-
Add an X.509 V3 certificate type extension to a certificate that is being created or added to the database. There are several available keywords:
- * sslClient
- * sslServer
- * smime
- * objectSigning
- * sslCA
- * smimeCA
- * objectSigningCA
- * critical
- X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
-6 | --extKeyUsage keyword,keyword
-
Add an extended key usage extension to a certificate that is being created or added to the database. Several keywords are available:
- * serverAuth
- * clientAuth
- * codeSigning
- * emailProtection
- * timeStamp
- * ocspResponder
- * stepUp
- * msTrustListSign
- * critical
- X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
-7 emailAddrs
- Add a comma-separated list of email addresses to the subject alternative name extension of a certificate or certificate request that is being created or added to the database. Subject alternative name extensions are described in Section <IP_ADDRESS> of RFC 3280.
-8 dns-names
- Add a comma-separated list of DNS names to the subject alternative name extension of a certificate or certificate request that is being created or added to the database. Subject alternative name extensions are described in Section <IP_ADDRESS> of RFC 3280.
--extAIA
- Add the Authority Information Access extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
--extSIA
- Add the Subject Information Access extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
--extCP
- Add the Certificate Policies extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
--extPM
- Add the Policy Mappings extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
--extPC
- Add the Policy Constraints extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
--extIA
- Add the Inhibit Any Policy Access extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
--extSKID
- Add the Subject Key ID extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
--extNC
- Add a Name Constraint extension to the certificate. X.509 certificate extensions are described in RFC 5280.
--extSAN type:name[,type:name]...
-
Create a Subject Alt Name extension with one or multiple names.
-type: directory, dn, dns, edi, ediparty, email, ip, ipaddr, other, registerid, rfc822, uri, x400, x400addr
--empty-password
- Use empty password when creating new certificate database with -N.
--keyAttrFlags attrflags
- PKCS #11 key Attributes. Comma separated list of key attribute flags, selected from the following list of choices: {token | session} {public | private} {sensitive | insensitive} {modifiable | unmodifiable} {extractable | unextractable}
--keyOpFlagsOn opflags, --keyOpFlagsOff opflags
- PKCS #11 key Operation Flags. Comma separated list of one or more of the following: {token | session} {public | private} {sensitive | insensitive} {modifiable | unmodifiable} {extractable | unextractable}
--source-dir certdir
- Identify the certificate database directory to upgrade.
--source-prefix certdir
- Give the prefix of the certificate and key databases to upgrade.
--upgrade-id uniqueID
- Give the unique ID of the database to upgrade.
--upgrade-token-name name
- Set the name of the token to use while it is being upgraded.
-@ pwfile
- Give the name of a password file to use for the database being upgraded.
-
*
USAGE AND EXAMPLES
Most of the command options in the examples listed here have more arguments available. The arguments included in these examples are the most common ones or are used to illustrate a specific scenario. Use the -H option to show the complete list of arguments for each command option.
Creating New Security Databases
Certificates, keys, and security modules related to managing certificates are stored in three related databases:
- * cert8.db or cert9.db
- * key3.db or key4.db
- * secmod.db or pkcs11.txt
These databases must be created before certificates or keys can be generated.
-
certutil -N -d [sql:]directory
Creating a Certificate Request
A certificate request contains most or all of the information that is used to generate the final certificate. This request is submitted separately to a certificate authority and is then approved by some mechanism (automatically or by human review). Once the request is approved, then the certificate is generated.
-
$ certutil -R -k key-type-or-id [-q pqgfile|curve-name] -g key-size -s subject [-h tokenname] -d [sql:]directory [-p phone] [-o output-file] [-a]
The -R command options requires four arguments:
-
*
-k to specify either the key type to generate or, when renewing a certificate, the existing key pair to use
-
*
-g to set the keysize of the key to generate
-
*
-s to set the subject name of the certificate
-
*
-d to give the security database directory
The new certificate request can be output in ASCII format (-a) or can be written to a specified file (-o).
For example:
-
$ certutil -R -k rsa -g 1024 -s "CN=John Smith,O=Example Corp,L=Mountain View,ST=California,C=US" -d sql:$HOME/nssdb -p<PHONE_NUMBER> -a -o cert.cer Generating key. This may take a few moments...
Creating a Certificate
A valid certificate must be issued by a trusted CA. This can be done by specifying a CA certificate (-c) that is stored in the certificate database. If a CA key pair is not available, you can create a self-signed certificate using the -x argument with the -S command option.
-
$ certutil -S -k rsa|dsa|ec -n certname -s subject [-c issuer |-x] -t trustargs -d [sql:]directory [-m serial-number] [-v valid-months] [-w offset-months] [-p phone] [-1] [-2] [-3] [-4] [-5 keyword] [-6 keyword] [-7 emailAddress] [-8 dns-names] [--extAIA] [--extSIA] [--extCP] [--extPM] [--extPC] [--extIA] [--extSKID]
The series of numbers and --ext* options set certificate extensions that can be added to the certificate when it is generated by the CA. Interactive prompts will result.
For example, this creates a self-signed certificate:
-
$ certutil -S -s "CN=Example CA" -n my-ca-cert -x -t "C,C,C" -1 -2 -5 -m 3650
The interative prompts for key usage and whether any extensions are critical and responses have been ommitted for brevity.
From there, new certificates can reference the self-signed certificate:
-
$ certutil -S -s "CN=My Server Cert" -n my-server-cert -c "my-ca-cert" -t "u,u,u" -1 -5 -6 -8 -m 730
Generating a Certificate from a Certificate Request
When a certificate request is created, a certificate can be generated by using the request and then referencing a certificate authority signing certificate (the issuer specified in the -c argument). The issuing certificate must be in the certificate database in the specified directory.
-
certutil -C -c issuer -i cert-request-file -o output-file [-m serial-number] [-v valid-months] [-w offset-months] -d [sql:]directory [-1] [-2] [-3] [-4] [-5 keyword] [-6 keyword] [-7 emailAddress] [-8 dns-names]
For example:
-
$ certutil -C -c "my-ca-cert" -i /home/certs/cert.req -o cert.cer -m 010 -v 12 -w 1 -d sql:$HOME/nssdb -1 nonRepudiation,dataEncipherment -5 sslClient -6 clientAuth -7<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Listing Certificates
The -L command option lists all of the certificates listed in the certificate database. The path to the directory (-d) is required.
-
$ certutil -L -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb Certificate Nickname Trust Attributes SSL,S/MIME,JAR/XPI CA Administrator of Instance pki-ca1's Example Domain ID u,u,u TPS Administrator's Example Domain ID u,u,u Google Internet Authority ,, Certificate Authority - Example Domain CT,C,C
Using additional arguments with -L can return and print the information for a single, specific certificate. For example, the -n argument passes the certificate name, while the -a argument prints the certificate in ASCII format:
-
$ certutil -L -d sql:$HOME/nssdb -a -n my-ca-cert -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIB1DCCAT2gAwIBAgICDkIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwFTETMBEGA1UEAxMKRXhh bXBsZSBDQTAeFw0xMzAzMTMxOTEwMjlaFw0xMzA2MTMxOTEwMjlaMBUxEzARBgNV BAMTCkV4YW1wbGUgQ0EwgZ8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADgY0AMIGJAoGBAJ4Kzqvz JyBVgFqDXRYSyTBNw1DrxUU/3GvWA/ngjAwHEv0Cul/6sO/gsCvnABHiH6unns6x XRzPORlC2WY3gkk7vmlsLvYpyecNazAi/NAwVnU/66HOsaoVFWE+gBQo99UrN2yk 0BiK/GMFlLm5dXQROgA9ZKKyFdI0LIXtf6SbAgMBAAGjMzAxMBEGCWCGSAGG+EIB AQQEAwIHADAMBgNVHRMEBTADAQH/MA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwICBDANBgkqhkiG9w0B AQUFAAOBgQA6chkzkACN281d1jKMrc+RHG2UMaQyxiteaLVZO+Ro1nnRUvseDf09 XKYFwPMJjWCihVku6bw/ihZfuMHhxK22Nue6inNQ6eDu7WmrqL8z3iUrQwxs+WiF ob2rb8XRVVJkzXdXxlk4uo3UtNvw8sAz7sWD71qxKaIHU5q49zijfg== -----END CERTIFICATE-----
For a human-readable display
-
$ certutil -L -d sql:$HOME/nssdb -n my-ca-cert Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 3650 (0xe42) Signature Algorithm: PKCS #1 SHA-1 With RSA Encryption Issuer: "CN=Example CA" Validity: Not Before: Wed Mar 13 19:10:29 2013 Not After : Thu Jun 13 19:10:29 2013 Subject: "CN=Example CA" Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: PKCS #1 RSA Encryption RSA Public Key: Modulus: 9e:0a:ce:ab:f3:27:20:55:80:5a:83:5d:16:12:c9:30: 4d:c3:50:eb:c5:45:3f:dc:6b:d6:03:f9:e0:8c:0c:07: 12:fd:02:ba:5f:fa:b0:ef:e0:b0:2b:e7:00:11:e2:1f: ab:a7:9e:ce:b1:5d:1c:cf:39:19:42:d9:66:37:82:49: 3b:be:69:6c:2e:f6:29:c9:e7:0d:6b:30:22:fc:d0:30: 56:75:3f:eb:a1:ce:b1:aa:15:15:61:3e:80:14:28:f7: d5:2b:37:6c:a4:d0:18:8a:fc:63:05:94:b9:b9:75:74: 11:3a:00:3d:64:a2:b2:15:d2:34:2c:85:ed:7f:a4:9b Exponent: 65537 (0x10001) Signed Extensions: Name: Certificate Type Data: none Name: Certificate Basic Constraints Data: Is a CA with no maximum path length. Name: Certificate Key Usage Critical: True Usages: Certificate Signing Signature Algorithm: PKCS #1 SHA-1 With RSA Encryption Signature: 3a:72:19:33:90:00:8d:db:cd:5d:d6:32:8c:ad:cf:91: 1c:6d:94:31:a4:32:c6:2b:5e:68:b5:59:3b:e4:68:d6: 79:d1:52:fb:1e:0d:fd:3d:5c:a6:05:c0:f3:09:8d:60: a2:85:59:2e:e9:bc:3f:8a:16:5f:b8:c1:e1:c4:ad:b6: 36:e7:ba:8a:73:50:e9:e0:ee:ed:69:ab:a8:bf:33:de: 25:2b:43:0c:6c:f9:68:85:a1:bd:ab:6f:c5:d1:55:52: 64:cd:77:57:c6:59:38:ba:8d:d4:b4:db:f0:f2:c0:33: ee:c5:83:ef:5a:b1:29:a2:07:53:9a:b8:f7:38:a3:7e Fingerprint (MD5): 86:D8:A5:8B:8A:26:BE:9E:17:A8:7B:66:10:6B:27:80 Fingerprint (SHA1): 48:78:09:EF:C5:D4:0C:BD:D2:64:45:59:EB:03:13:15:F7:A9:D6:F7 Certificate Trust Flags: SSL Flags: Valid CA Trusted CA User Email Flags: Valid CA Trusted CA User Object Signing Flags: Valid CA Trusted CA User
Listing Keys
Keys are the original material used to encrypt certificate data. The keys generated for certificates are stored separately, in the key database.
To list all keys in the database, use the -K command option and the (required) -d argument to give the path to the directory.
-
$ certutil -K -d sql:$HOME/nssdb certutil: Checking token "NSS Certificate DB" in slot "NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services " < 0> rsa 455a6673bde9375c2887ec8bf8016b3f9f35861d Thawte Freemail Member's Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd. ID < 1> rsa 40defeeb522ade11090eacebaaf1196a172127df Example Domain Administrator Cert < 2> rsa 1d0b06f44f6c03842f7d4f4a1dc78b3bcd1b85a5 John Smith user cert
There are ways to narrow the keys listed in the search results:
- * To return a specific key, use the -n name argument with the name of the key.
- * If there are multiple security devices loaded, then the -h tokenname argument can search a specific token or all tokens.
- * If there are multiple key types available, then the -k key-type argument can search a specific type of key, like RSA, DSA, or ECC.
Listing Security Modules
The devices that can be used to store certificates -- both internal databases and external devices like smart cards -- are recognized and used by loading security modules. The -U command option lists all of the security modules listed in the secmod.db database. The path to the directory (-d) is required.
-
$ certutil -U -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb slot: NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services token: NSS Certificate DB slot: NSS Internal Cryptographic Services token: NSS Generic Crypto Services
Adding Certificates to the Database
Existing certificates or certificate requests can be added manually to the certificate database, even if they were generated elsewhere. This uses the -A command option.
-
certutil -A -n certname -t trustargs -d [sql:]directory [-a] [-i input-file]
For example:
-
$ certutil -A -n "CN=My SSL Certificate" -t "u,u,u" -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -i /home/example-certs/cert.cer
A related command option, -E, is used specifically to add email certificates to the certificate database. The -E command has the same arguments as the -A command. The trust arguments for certificates have the format SSL,S/MIME,Code-signing, so the middle trust settings relate most to email certificates (though the others can be set). For example:
-
$ certutil -E -n "CN=John Smith Email Cert" -t ",Pu," -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -i /home/example-certs/email.cer
Deleting Certificates to the Database
Certificates can be deleted from a database using the -D option. The only required options are to give the security database directory and to identify the certificate nickname.
-
certutil -D -d [sql:]directory -n "nickname"
For example:
-
$ certutil -D -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -n "my-ssl-cert"
Validating Certificates
A certificate contains an expiration date in itself, and expired certificates are easily rejected. However, certificates can also be revoked before they hit their expiration date. Checking whether a certificate has been revoked requires validating the certificate. Validation can also be used to ensure that the certificate is only used for the purposes it was initially issued for. Validation is carried out by the -V command option.
-
certutil -V -n certificate-name [-b time] [-e] [-u cert-usage] -d [sql:]directory
For example, to validate an email certificate:
-
$ certutil -V -n "John Smith's Email Cert" -e -u S,R -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
Modifying Certificate Trust Settings
The trust settings (which relate to the operations that a certificate is allowed to be used for) can be changed after a certificate is created or added to the database. This is especially useful for CA certificates, but it can be performed for any type of certificate.
-
certutil -M -n certificate-name -t trust-args -d [sql:]directory
For example:
-
$ certutil -M -n "My CA Certificate" -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -t "CTu,CTu,CTu"
Printing the Certificate Chain
Certificates can be issued in chains because every certificate authority itself has a certificate; when a CA issues a certificate, it essentially stamps that certificate with its own fingerprint. The -O prints the full chain of a certificate, going from the initial CA (the root CA) through ever intermediary CA to the actual certificate. For example, for an email certificate with two CAs in the chain:
-
$ certutil -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -O -n<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Builtin Object Token:Thawte Personal Freemail CA" [E=personal-freemail@thawte.com,CN=Thawte Personal Freemail CA,OU=Certification Services Division,O=Thawte Consulting,L=Cape Town,ST=Western Cape,C=ZA] "Thawte Personal Freemail Issuing CA - Thawte Consulting" [CN=Thawte Personal Freemail Issuing CA,O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd.,C=ZA] "(null)" [E=jsmith@example.com,CN=Thawte Freemail Member]
Resetting a Token
The device which stores certificates -- both external hardware devices and internal software databases -- can be blanked and reused. This operation is performed on the device which stores the data, not directly on the security databases, so the location must be referenced through the token name (-h) as well as any directory path. If there is no external token used, the default value is internal.
-
certutil -T -d [sql:]directory -h token-name -0 security-officer-password
Many networks have dedicated personnel who handle changes to security tokens (the security officer). This person must supply the password to access the specified token. For example:
-
$ certutil -T -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -h nethsm -0 secret
Upgrading or Merging the Security Databases
Many networks or applications may be using older BerkeleyDB versions of the certificate database (cert8.db). Databases can be upgraded to the new SQLite version of the database (cert9.db) using the --upgrade-merge command option or existing databases can be merged with the new cert9.db databases using the ---merge command.
The --upgrade-merge command must give information about the original database and then use the standard arguments (like -d) to give the information about the new databases. The command also requires information that the tool uses for the process to upgrade and write over the original database.
-
certutil --upgrade-merge -d [sql:]directory [-P dbprefix] --source-dir directory --source-prefix dbprefix --upgrade-id id --upgrade-token-name name [-@ password-file]
For example:
-
$ certutil --upgrade-merge -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb --source-dir /opt/my-app/alias/ --source-prefix serverapp- --upgrade-id 1 --upgrade-token-name internal
The --merge command only requires information about the location of the original database; since it doesn't change the format of the database, it can write over information without performing interim step.
-
certutil --merge -d [sql:]directory [-P dbprefix] --source-dir directory --source-prefix dbprefix [-@ password-file]
For example:
-
$ certutil --merge -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb --source-dir /opt/my-app/alias/ --source-prefix serverapp-
Running certutil Commands from a Batch File
A series of commands can be run sequentially from a text file with the -B command option. The only argument for this specifies the input file.
-
$ certutil -B -i /path/to/batch-file
NSS DATABASE TYPES
NSS originally used BerkeleyDB databases to store security information. The last versions of these legacy databases are:
- * cert8.db for certificates
- * key3.db for keys
- * secmod.db for PKCS #11 module information
BerkeleyDB has performance limitations, though, which prevent it from being easily used by multiple applications simultaneously. NSS has some flexibility that allows applications to use their own, independent database engine while keeping a shared database and working around the access issues. Still, NSS requires more flexibility to provide a truly shared security database.
In 2009, NSS introduced a new set of databases that are SQLite databases rather than BerkeleyDB. These new databases provide more accessibility and performance:
- * cert9.db for certificates
- * key4.db for keys
- * pkcs11.txt, a listing of all of the PKCS #11 modules, contained in a new subdirectory in the security databases directory
Because the SQLite databases are designed to be shared, these are the shared database type. The shared database type is preferred; the legacy format is included for backward compatibility.
By default, the tools (certutil, pk12util, modutil) assume that the given security databases follow the more common legacy type. Using the SQLite databases must be manually specified by using the sql: prefix with the given security directory. For example:
-
$ certutil -L -d sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
To set the shared database type as the default type for the tools, set the NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE environment variable to sql:
-
export NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE="sql"
This line can be set added to the ~/.bashrc file to make the change permanent.
Most applications do not use the shared database by default, but they can be configured to use them. For example, this how-to article covers how to configure Firefox and Thunderbird to use the new shared NSS databases:
For an engineering draft on the changes in the shared NSS databases, see the NSS project wiki:
SEE ALSO
pk12util (1)
modutil (1)
certutil has arguments or operations that use features defined in several IETF RFCs.
The NSS wiki has information on the new database design and how to configure applications to use it.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check out the NSS project wiki at m[blue]http://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/m[]. The NSS site relates directly to NSS code changes and releases.
Mailing lists: https://lists.mozilla.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto
AUTHORS
The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red Hat, Sun, Oracle, Mozilla, and Google.
Authors: Elio Maldonado<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Deon Lackey<EMAIL_ADDRESS>LICENSE
Licensed under the Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
NOTES
- 1.
-
Mozilla NSS bug 836477
Index
- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- STATUS
- DESCRIPTION
- COMMAND OPTIONS AND ARGUMENTS
- USAGE AND EXAMPLES
- NSS DATABASE TYPES
- SEE ALSO
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- AUTHORS
- LICENSE
- NOTES
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:29:02 GMT, December 24, 2015


val disallows: List<DisallowablePlaybackAction>
A list of DisallowablePlaybackAction that have an explicit setting
disallows - A list of DisallowablePlaybackAction that have an explicit setting
disallows


Why?
About
How to use this site
Report Contents
Search
Licence
AN INQUIRY INTO THE CULTURE, PRACTICES AND ETHICS OF THE PRESS
Contents
PART F: THE CULTURE, PRACTICES AND ETHICS OF THE PRESS: THE PRESS AND THE PUBLIC
Chapter 1: Introduction
1. Overview
2. Module One and the Terms of Reference
3. Evidence in Module One of the Inquiry
4. The structure of Part F of the Report
Chapter 2: Good practice
1. The value and virtues of the UK press
2. Some case studies
Chapter 3: Complaints of an unethical press
1. Overview
2. The complaints
3. The harm
Chapter 4: Some practices at the news of the world
1. Introduction
2. Influence on culture at the News of the World
3. Attitude towards individuals
4. Intrusion
5. Investigative journalism
6. Approach to compliance
7. Credibility of witnesses
Chapter 5: some case studies
1. Introduction
2. The Dowlers
3. Kate and Gerry McCann
4. Christopher Jefferies
5. The Rt Hon Gordon Brown MP and his son’s illness
6. Hugh Grant and ‘the mendacious smear’
7. Sebastian Bowles
8. Recent events: Royal photographs
Chapter 6: Criticisms of the culture, practices and ethics of the press
1. Introduction
2. Lack of respect for privacy and dignity
3. Unlawful or unethical acquisition of private information
4. Breach of confidence and misuse of confidential and/or sensitive information
5. Harassment
6. Intrusion into grief and shock
7. Treatment of children
8. Representation of women and minorities
9. Inaccuracy
10. Financial controls and payments for stories
11. Treatment of critics
12. Complaints handling
Chapter 7: Conclusion
1. Introduction
2. Possible causes
3. The relevance of the internet
4. The press response to this Inquiry
Leveson (As It Should Be) by
Robert Sharp


Sass Conf 2015 Pattern Guide
Color Palette
#000
Typography
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
Buttons
Button
Button
Forms
Radio
Styled Radio Button
Styled Radio Button
Check Box
Styled Check Box
Styled Check Box
Toggle (check box)
iOS Toggle Style Check Box
iOS Toggle Style Check Box
Icons
Modules
Animations
Fade Out


My self Divay Mohan and i am a computer engineer.I have completed my Graduation from savitry bi phulle pune university in 2018. I have a great intrest in web designing and Data science. I already have done some miniprojects in these fields.
I have done my internship in core java in Sunbeam Institute(June 2017). In this, I have made an API for building a resume of student, In this Administrator have an authority to make student profile in the database with the help of that applicaion. And with this student can fill there academic information and after filling this information student will get their resume in the form of pdf from that application.
Personalized product recommendations are the alternative way of navigating through the online shop. More people find products they need. Even if they didn’t think of them.
Build a recommendation engine which suggests similar products to the given product in any e-commerce websites ex. Amazon.com, myntra.com etc


Proc files
If you can read the proc-files on the system you might be able to poison them through the user-agent.
We can also inject code into /proc/self/environ through the user-agent+
However, an attacker can also use this to read the proc file system. This can provide some interesting insights into what’s running on the server.
A few of the more interesting proc entries include:
/proc/sched_debug This is usually enabled on newer systems, such as - RHEL 6. It provides information as to what process is running on which
- cpu. This can be handy to get a list of processes and their PID number.
/proc/mounts Provides a list of mounted file systems. Can be used to determine where - other interesting files might be located
/proc/net/arp Shows the ARP table. This is one way to find out IP addresses for other
/proc/net/route Shows the routing table information.
/proc/net/tcp and /proc/net/udp Provides a list of active connections. Can be used to determine what - ports are listening on the server
/proc/net/fib_trie This is used for route caching. This can also be used to determine local - IPs, as well as gain a better understanding of the target’s networking structure
/proc/version Shows the kernel version. This can be used to help determine the OS - running and the last time it’s been fully updated.
Each process also has its own set of attributes. If you have the PID number and access to that process, then you can obtain some useful information about it, such as its environmental variables and any command line options that were run. Sometimes these include passwords. Linux also has a special proc directory called self which can be used to query information about the current process without having to know it’s PID. In the following examples you can replace [PID] with either self or the PID of the process you wish to examine.
proc/[PID]/cmdline Lists everything that was used to invoke the process. This sometimes - contains useful paths to configuration files as well as usernames and passwords.
/proc/[PID]/environ Lists all the environment variables that were set when the process was - invoked. This also sometimes contains useful paths to configuration files as well as usernames and passwords.
/proc/[PID]/cwd Points to the current working directory of the process. This may be - useful if you don’t know the absolute path to a configuration file.
/proc/[PID]/fd/[#] Provides access to the file descriptors being used. In some cases this - can be used to read files that are opened by a process.


Ocean [ai53], ocean, in The Inner Sea
Last updated Turn #101
Ocean [ai53], ocean, in The Inner Sea
------------------------------------------------------------------------
4: The Savvy Aardvark [ha5r], ship, 2 hulls, 1 rowing port, 6 sails,
4: 30% damaged, arrived from Ocean [ai52], owner:
4: Phantasm [n4b], Imperial Empire, duke, with eight sailors
5: The Savvy Aardvark [ha5r], ship, 2 hulls, 1 rowing port, 6 sails,
5: 30% damaged, departed for Ocean [ai54].
17: It has begun to rain.
Routes leaving Ocean:
North, to Ocean [ah53], Crystal Sea, 6 days
East, to Ocean [ai54], 6 days
South, to Ocean [aj53], 6 days
West, to Ocean [ai52], 6 days
It is raining.


GlobalSemi.com.sg
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Camila Cabello Is 'An Unbelievable Human Being,' Shawn Mendes Says After AMAs 2019
Shawn Mendes and Camila Cabello are such a cute couple and they were among the winners at the 2019 American Music Awards on Sunday (November 24) at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles.
After the couple won the Collaboration of the Year award for “Senorita,” Shawn took to Instagram to send some praise to Camila.
“@amas thank you everyone thank you so much!! ❤ also @camila_cabello i admire you so much you unbelievable human being thank you for being you ❤❤ we love u guys,” he captioned the below photo of them on stage together.
Make sure to also watch the stars perform at the show!


Bale ready to face the Bernabeu music
by BeSoccerReal Madrid complete their final training session this Friday prior to hosting Real Sociedad at the Santiago Bernabeu on Saturday (21:00). Gareth Bale was in the training session once again for the second day running and he could play for Real Madrid for the first time in 49 days.
The winger got injured with his national team during the October international break and, after not participating in the following six games for his club, he reappeared for Wales against Azerbaijan and Hungary. In those two games, he helped his country qualify for the Euros. He celebrated it together with the rest of his teammates, with his country's flag and the phrase "Wales, Golf, Madrid, in that order," words which have generated quite a lot of controversy.
So, the Frenchman Zinedine Zidane had the same footballers on Thursday. Only Lucas Vazquez, James Rodriguez, Nacho Fernandez and Marco Asensio were missing. They are carrying out specific work to recover from their respective injuries.
Featured links
- Mourinho replaces Pochettino at Tottenham
- The latest football transfers news and rumours
- Wales, golf, Madrid... in that order
- Luis Enrique returns to Spain national team
Real Madrid, level on 25 points with Barcelona at the top of the league, will return in La Liga from the international break against Real Sociedad in matchday 14.
Zizou's men thrashed Eibar 0-4 in their last league outing on 9th November just a few days after thumping Galatasaray 6-0 in the Champions League. 'Los Blancos' next CL outing is on 26th November against Paris Saint-Germain at the Santiago Bernabeu, their penultimate one of the group stage.


Welcome to the Home page.
Plugin routes to call (depending on the example application run):
WebHook on plugin default route, but need to be called via POST
WebHook on a specified route, but need to be called via POST


| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| BinsBigDecimal |
This class splits up BigDecimal plate stacks, plates, wells and well sets into
bins based on the input thresholds.
|
| CentralMomentBigDecimal |
This class pth central moment for plate stacks, plates, wells and well sets.
|
| ChunksBigDecimal |
This splits up big decimal plate stacks, plates, wells and well sets into sublists
of size p.
|
| CoefficientOfVariationBigDecimal |
This class calculates the coefficient of variation of big decimal plate stacks,
plates, wells and well sets as the square root of the unbiased sample variance.
|
| ContraharmonicMeanBigDecimal |
This class calculates the contra-harmonic mean of BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets.
|
| CumulativeProductBigDecimal |
This class calculates the cumulative product of big decimal plate stacks,
plates, wells and well sets.
|
| CumulativeSumBigDecimal |
This class calculates the cumulative sum of big decimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets.
|
| DescriptiveStatisticBigDecimal |
This class performs statistical operations for BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets.
|
| DescriptiveStatisticBigDecimalContext |
This class performs statistical operations for BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets.
|
| DescriptiveStatisticBigDecimalWeights |
This class performs weighted statistical operations for BigDecimal plate stacks,
plates, wells and well sets.
|
| DescriptiveStatisticBigDecimalWeightsContext |
This class performs weighted statistical operations for BigDecimal plate stacks,
plates, wells and well sets.
|
| DescriptiveStatisticListBigDecimalContext |
This class performs statistical operations that return a list of BigDecimals as
a result for BigDecimal plate stacks, plates, wells and well sets.
|
| DescriptiveStatisticListBigDecimalWeightsContext |
This class performs weighted statistical operations for BigDecimal plate stacks,
plates, wells and well sets with calculate methods that return a list of BigDecimal
values.
|
| DifferencesBigDecimal |
This class calculates the successive differences of big decimal plate stacks,
plates, wells and well sets.
|
| EqualBinsBigDecimal |
This splits up big decimal plate stacks, plates, wells and well sets into
sublists into bins spaced evenly between the maximum and minimum values.
|
| GeometricMeanBigDecimal |
This class calculates the geometric mean of BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets as the nth root of the product of n numbers.
|
| HarmonicMeanBigDecimal |
This class calculates the harmonic mean of BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets.
|
| InterquartileRangeBigDecimal |
This class calculates the inter-quartile range of BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets.
|
| KurtosisBigDecimal |
This class calculates the kurtosis of BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets using the following unbiased formula:
[n * (n + 1) / (n - 1) * (n - 2) * (n - 3)] * SUMOF(Fourth Moment / (Standard Deviation)^2) where n is the number of values Statistical operations can be performed on stacks, plates, sets and wells using standard or aggregated functions. |
| MaxBigDecimal |
This class returns the maximum value in a data set for BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets.
|
| MeanBigDecimal |
This class calculates the mean of BigDecimal plate stacks, plates, wells and
well sets.
|
| MeanDeviationBigDecimal |
This class returns the maximum value in a data set for BigDecimal plate stacks,
plates, wells and well sets.
|
| MedianBigDecimal |
This class calculates the median of BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets.
|
| MedianDeviationBigDecimal |
This class calculates the median deviation of BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets.
|
| MinBigDecimal |
This class returns the minimum value in a data set for BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets.
|
| ModeBigDecimal |
This class returns the mode in a data set for big decimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets.
|
| NBigDecimal |
This class returns the number of data points in BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets.
|
| PercentileBigDecimal |
This class calculates percentiles for BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets using the following steps:
|
| PopulationStandardDeviationBigDecimal |
This class calculates the population standard deviation of big decimal plate
stacks, plates, wells and well sets as the square root of the unbiased sample
variance.
|
| PopulationVarianceBigDecimal |
This class calculates the population variance of BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets as the sum of the second moment divided by the number of
values.
|
| PowerDeviationBigDecimal |
This class calculates the pth power deviation for big decimal plate stacks,
plates, wells and well sets.
|
| ProductBigDecimal |
This class calculates the product of big decimal plate stacks, plates, wells
and well sets.
|
| QuantileBigDecimal |
This class calculates quantiles for big decimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets using the following steps:
|
| QuantileStatisticBigDecimalContext |
This class performs statistical operations for BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets with calculate methods that accept a list and an integer
as arguments.
|
| QuantileStatisticBigDecimalsContext |
This class performs statistical operations for BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets with calculate methods that accept a list and a double
as arguments.
|
| QuantileStatisticListBigDecimalContext |
This class performs statistical operations for BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets with calculate methods that accept a list and an integer
as arguments and return a list of lists.
|
| QuantileStatisticListsBigDecimalContext |
This class performs statistical operations for BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets with calculate methods that accept two lists as arguments
and return a list of lists.
|
| QuartileDeviationBigDecimal |
This class calculates the quartile deviation of BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets.
|
| QuartilesBigDecimal |
This class returns the quartiles for big decimal plate stacks, plates, wells
and well sets.
|
| QuartileSkewnessBigDecimal |
This class calculates the quartile skewness of BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets.
|
| RandomSampleBigDecimal |
This class returns a random subset of the data values for big decimal plate stacks,
plates, wells and well sets.
|
| RangeBigDecimal |
This class returns the range for big decimal plate stacks, plates, wells and well sets.
|
| SampleStandardDeviationBigDecimal |
This class calculates the sample standard deviation of big decimal plate
stacks, plates, wells and well sets as the square root of the unbiased sample
variance.
|
| SampleVarianceBigDecimal |
This class calculates the sample variance of BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets as the sum of the second moment divided by the number of
values less one.
|
| ShuffleBigDecimal |
This class shuffles the data values for big decimal plate stacks, plates, wells and
well sets.
|
| SkewnessBigDecimal |
This class calculates the skewness of BigDecimal plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets using the following unbiased formula:
[n / (n - 1) * (n - 2)] * SUMOF(Third Moment / (Standard Deviation)^3) where n is the number of values Statistical operations can be performed on stacks, plates, sets and wells using standard or aggregated functions. |
| StandardErrorBigDecimal |
This class calculates the standard error of big decimals plate stacks, plates,
wells and well sets as the square root of the unbiased sample variance.
|
| SumBigDecimal |
This class calculates the sum of BigDecimal plate stacks, plates, wells and
well sets.
|
| SumOfSquaresBigDecimal |
This class calculates the sum of square for BigDecimal plate stacks, plates, wells and
well sets.
|
Copyright © 2017. All rights reserved.


I
N
V
O
I
C
E
Invoice To
Roberto Carlos
320 Rainbow Building, Van Quan Ha Dong, New York City, N.Y.
Invoice#
4569
Date
22 / 12 / 2019
Description
Price
VAT(15%)
Total
Starter Plan
$22.00
$5.00
$27.00
Starter Plan
$22.00
$5.00
$27.00
Print Invoice


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
1 to 2 hours
Serves
Serves 6-8
Dietary
This steamed pudding is comforting and so simple. What’s more, it’s finished with proper custard.
For the pudding, grease a 1.2-litre/2 pint heatproof pudding dish with butter. Pour the golden syrup into the bottom and scatter in the blueberries.
Whisk together the remaining pudding ingredients in a bowl until light and fluffy. Carefully spoon the pudding mixture into the pudding dish.
Cover the pudding dish with a large square of baking parchment, then cover that with a large square of aluminium foil. Tie the two sheets tightly into place under the rim of the bowl using cook's string, leaving long ends of excess string to make a handle. Loop one of the excess string lengths over the pudding basin and slide underneath the taut string, holding the sheets in place on the other side. Bring up the string and firmly knot with the other piece of excess string, to form a secure handle to lift the pudding in and out of the water.
Place a clean tea towel in the bottom of a large, heavy-based saucepan, then put an upside-down saucer or small plate on top of it. Half-fill the pan with water.
Sit the wrapped pudding dish on top of the saucer, making sure the string handle is easily accessible. Cover the pan with the lid and bring the water to the boil. Reduce the heat until the water is simmering and cook the pudding for 1½-2 hours.
Meanwhile, for the custard, bring the milk, cream, vanilla pods and vanilla seeds gently to the boil in a saucepan.
Whisk the sugar and egg yolks in a bowl until pale and creamy.
When the milk mixture is just about to boil, pour it onto the egg mixture, whisking continuously until all of the liquid has been incorporated.
Return the mixture to the pan and cook over a low heat, whisking all the time, until the custard has thickened enough to coat the back of a wooden spoon.
Strain the custard into a clean pan and warm through very gently.
When the pudding has cooked, lift it out of the pan using the string handle. Unwrap the pudding and discard the foil and baking parchment. Turn the pudding out onto a serving plate, then cut into wedges and serve with the custard.


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If you can see this message, it means your demo is NOT started properly.
Please build the editor code first then start this demo using the following commands:
1. Get dependencies:
npm install
2. Compile editor code:
npm run build
3. Start this demo:
npm start


It’s summertime now, so caffeine addicts like myself sometimes don’t want a steamy cup of joe. We’d rather enjoy a cool, refreshing glass of iced coffee.
Why not make your own? Starbucks be darned.
I’ve been perfecting my iced coffee recipe now for more than 15 years minutes now. I’ll pass it along to you.
- Brew a pot of hot coffee.
- Pour coffee in a glass, and add milk.
- Add ice to cool it down.
- Wait until the ice melts.
- Still hot? Add more ice.
- Sip. It’s 50% water now, so it probably tastes bad.
- Add sugar.
- Sip again. Still bad? Pour it out.
- Brew another pot of hot coffee.
- Drink the hot coffee.
Enjoy!
Update: Real instructions from a Starbucks manager!
Easy way to make iced coffee with a drip coffee maker:
- use your normal amount of coffee
- use half the amount of water you normally do
- add ice to your coffee pot to compensate for the other half of the water. So if you normally brew 8 cups fill pot to 4 cup line with ice, etc.
- press brew on your machine
- enjoy delicious iced coffee made Like a pro.


This Turkey Tikka Masala recipe features:
- Great way to use leftover turkey for an Indian inspired dish
- This warm spiced dish ensures your turkey doesn’t just taste like Thanksgiving leftovers!
- 30 minutes total time
The problem with most leftover turkey dishes is that the resulting dish still tastes like Thanksgiving dinner. We like to feature international recipes that can utilize the containers full of leftover turkey in the refrigerator, using flavorful spices.
In fact, this same recipe can be used with leftover chicken (like rotisserie chicken) or leftover grilled shrimp. We’ve even threw in already-cooked cocktail shrimp for a delicious meal.
We adapted the recipe from Takeout Kit, an innovative meal delivery service that specializes in pantry-friendly meal kits. We’ll be doing a full review on their product very soon. Their kit includes everything you need to cook this dish, except for the leftover turkey!
All the ingredients in this recipe can be found in most large supermarket chains, which makes this Turkey Tikka Masala recipe so friendly for anyone to try.
Turkey talk!
All week long, we’ve been creating and testing “leftover turkey recipes.” Rather than cook a turkey from scratch…and then having to cook another one for Thanksgiving dinner, we received a whole, already-roasted turkey from Diestel Ranch (you can find their turkeys at Whole Foods or purchase them online). Diestel Family Turkey Ranch is a fourth-generation family company – they’ve been raising turkeys humanely and sustainably since 1949 at their farm in the Sierra Nevada foothills near Yosemite. If you want to see how their turkeys are raised, watch their video – which is halfway down this page. They sell uncooked whole turkey, turkey sausage, uncured turkey breast, smoked whole turkey, and more. We wanted to thank Diestel family for sending us a perfectly roasted bird for our recipe testing!
How to Make Leftover Turkey Tikka Masala
Start with making the basmati rice. Adding spices, like the cinnamon stick, whole cloves and whole cardamom is optional – but it really does enhance the flavor of the rice.
Throw in the rice, spices, salt into a saucepan. Add water, bring to boil. Cover and reduce heat to low. Cook 15 minutes, turn off heat. Leave it alone for 5 minutes. Remove spices.
The Tikka Masala comes together really quickly, so while the rice is simmering away, make the Tikka Masala.
Sauté onion and garlic in butter or ghee.
Add in the Tikka Masala seasoning, salt, sugar.
Crushed tomatoes, garbanzo beans.
Coconut milk and dried fenugreek leaves (totally optional)
Simmer for a bit.
Last step is to stir in diced leftover turkey.
Serve over rice.


Nr1 tätoveeringute salong Tartus: Tattoo Shop Tartu - kõige kvaliteetsemad tätoveeringud
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.


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| Table 1 |
Climate change vulnerability scores and rank categories appl ... |
| Table 2 |
Climate change vulnerability scores of selected fishes, from ... |
| Table 3 |
Average expert confidence scores (n = 8). A scale of 1–3 (wh ... |
| Table 4 |
Non-climatic drivers of vulnerability for the selected speci ... |


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The Elcano Project seeks to demonstrate that good autonomy is an available and affordable technology which can have a major impact on global warming.
Use open source code and standardized hardware design (http://sourceforge.net/projects/urbanchallenge/) to routinely build vehicles capable of running Robo-Magellan (http://www.robothon.org/robothon/robo-magellan.php) at speeds of 20-30 mph (35-50 kph).
When several such vehicles have been built, demonstrate communication and control systems capable of operating the vehicles as a personal rapid transit (PRT).
Start a commercial company to build high quality urban transportation systems based on the hobbyist proof-of-concept.
Magellan did not sail around the world, since he died in the Philippines. The first people to circumnavigate the globe were 18 members of Magellan's crew, under the leadership of Juan Sebastian Elcano (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Sebastián_Elcano).
The DARPA Grand Challenge (http://www.darpa.mil/grandchallenge) races for autonomous vehicles have demonstrated feasibility. Autonomy has enormous implications and it becomes much easier when the infrastructure helps the vehicles.
Vehicles can operate with shorter following distances, which increase the capacity of freeway lanes by a factor of four.
Based on comparing accident rates of autonomous commuter trains with motor vehicles, we can expect safety to improve by a factor of 30. Motor vehicles kill 40,000 people annually in the US at an economic cost of $231 billion (http://www.bts.gov/publications/transportation_statistics_annual_report/2004/html/chapter_02/economic_costs_of_motor_vehicle_crashes.html).
An SUV no longer has a safety advantage over a motorcycle.
The average American car weighs 4000 pounds (1800 kg) while the average American male weighs 190 lb (86 kg). Since energy to overcome rolling resistance is proportional to mass, that energy requirement falls by a factor of 10 for a 200 lb (90 kg) vehicle.
Autonomous vehicles can be operated as a railless personal rapid transit (PRT) system. Since there are no intermediate stops, a 30 mph (50 kph) PRT system is as fast as a 60mph (100 kph) light rail system.
The energy needed for stops and starts is mostly eliminated.
At 30 mph (50 kph), energy to overcome aerodynamic drag is 8 times less than at 60 mph (100 kph).
Light autonomous electric vehicles can be expected to achieve 1000 mpg (0.25 l/100 km) equivalent.
US drivers go 3 trillion vehicle miles every year, with 65% classified as urban. If half the urban miles were replaced with light vehicles, the US would use 1.5 million fewer barrels of oil daily.
In the best case, vehicle electricity is produced without fossil fuels. In the worst case of producing energy from coal, US carbon savings are 160,000 tons (146,000 metric tons) per day. This is 12 trains each pulling 100 coal cars.
Electrathons have demonstrated that students and hobbyists can build electric vehicles capable of covering 40 miles (70 km) in an hour.
DARPA Grand Challenge vehicles used navigation instruments priced above $10,000. In a non-hostile environment, autonomy can be done for about $1000.
An autonomous public/private light vehicle system gives the performance of light rail at a much lower cost. It allows people to operate their vehicles manually on city streets.


Definition at line 20 of file jsonrpc.h.
| int CJsonRpc::connect |
( |
string |
node_url = "" | ) |
|
|
virtual |
Connects to WebSocket
- Parameters
-
| node_url | - Node URL to connect to |
- Returns
- operation result
Implements IJsonRpc.
Definition at line 11 of file jsonrpc.cpp.
| void CJsonRpc::disconnect |
( |
| ) |
|
|
virtual |
| void CJsonRpc::handleMessage |
( |
const string & |
payload | ) |
|
|
virtual |
| Json CJsonRpc::request |
( |
Json |
jsonMap, |
|
|
long |
timeout_s = RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_S |
|
) |
| |
|
virtual |
Synchronously send request and wait for result
- Parameters
-
| jsonMap | JSON object with command parameters |
| timeout_s | - timeout of response in seconds |
- Returns
- JSON object that contains parsed node response
Implements IJsonRpc.
Definition at line 21 of file jsonrpc.cpp.
Send a command to subscribe to websocket updates, e.g. state_subscribeStorage
- Parameters
-
| jsonMap | JSON object with command parameters |
| observer | The observer that will be notified of updates |
- Returns
- subscription ID
Implements IJsonRpc.
Definition at line 108 of file jsonrpc.cpp.
| int CJsonRpc::unsubscribeWs |
( |
int |
subscriptionId, |
|
|
string |
method |
|
) |
| |
|
virtual |
Send a command to unsubscribe from websocket updates, e.g. state_unsubscribeStorage
- Parameters
-
| subscriptionId | Id of subscription to unsubscribe from |
- Returns
- command execution result
Implements IJsonRpc.
Definition at line 119 of file jsonrpc.cpp.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block title %}Home{% endblock %} {% block body_block %}
Welcome
TREC: allowing researchers to evaluate their search algorithms
To upload a run, please log in and pick a
track
and then a task to upload to
{% if runs %}
Latest runs
{%for run in runs%}
{{run.name}}
submitted: {{run.date}}
{% endfor %}
{% else %} There are no runs to display {% endif %}
{% endblock %}


Cycling And Travel Posts
To me bicycle is another definition of independence. I have learned to ride bicycles at the age of 10. At that time I used to use my father’s one for daily commute to school and teachers. After moving to Dhaka in 2006 every now and then a question used to come to my mind - how would be the exprience to ride bicycles in this kind of busy streets? Frankly it never seemed realistic to me. But revolutions happen to make unrealistic situations realistic. A community group named BDCyclists emerged and changed the streets of Dhaka city within few years. A cycling ecosystem has grown. Increasing numbers of cycles around me convinced me that may be this is time. I bought a new bike with the second salary of my first job. Since then, 2012, I have been using bicycle for commuting in these busier streets of Dhaka against all adverseries. But my cycling activities were not limited to only commuting. One day looking back I found out that I have completed quite a few century rides and even was part of a Guinness World Record also. Followings are my stories related to cycling.
- 2017-12-31 - Activity Review 2017
- 2017-12-09 - Josshila 196 - Rohitpur, Keraniganj
- 2017-12-02 - Josshila 195 - Purbachal Off-Roads


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Apologies, it seems resource you requested is not available.
It could very well be that:
- there is a typo in the address you typed
- you followed a dead link
Apologies, it seems resource you requested is not available.
It could very well be that:


--- title: URL Functions keywords: fastai sidebar: home_sidebar summary: "`url` module of the library. Functions related to URL construction" ---
from fastcore.test import test_eq
from nbdev.showdoc import *
url_path_query
is a generic low-level function. It requires specification of required path
and if used without other specific arguments, returns over 17000 records.
cntry
is a two-letter country code as was specified in FIPS 10-4 (US Federal Information Processing Standard), which is now absolete a bit differs from the international ISO 3166 standard. See details.
The library provides a helper function to work around the current ambiguity.
pgid
is a string with people group id.
extra
is an optional argument in a form field=value
, for example: 'LeastReached=Y'
month
and day
are optional arguments of type int
or str
used in url_upgotd
to specify the date for which to request the unreached people group. If either is omitted, the value of the current date is used. If int
values are passed, these are coverted to proper str
.
test_eq(url_path_query('/api/v2/people_groups'),
f'https://joshuaproject.net/api/v2/people_groups?&api_key={api_key}')
url_path_query
is a generic function. More specific functions are described below.
m, d = date.today().strftime("%-m"), date.today().strftime("%-d")
# Today
test_eq(url_upgotd(),
f'https://joshuaproject.net/api/v2/upgotd?&LRofTheDayMonth={m}&LRofTheDayDay={d}&api_key={api_key}')
# Any `month` and `day`
test_eq( url_upgotd(month=10, day=1),
f'https://joshuaproject.net/api/v2/upgotd?&LRofTheDayMonth=10&LRofTheDayDay=1&api_key={api_key}')
# Current month, specific `day`
test_eq( url_upgotd(day='15'),
f'https://joshuaproject.net/api/v2/upgotd?&LRofTheDayMonth={m}&LRofTheDayDay={15}&api_key={api_key}')
Note, since cntry
is the first positional argument, it can be passed by value only.
country = 'EN'
test_eq(url_pgs_cntry(country),
f'https://joshuaproject.net/api/v2/people_groups?ROG3={country}&api_key={api_key}')
country='IN'
test_eq(url_upgs_cntry(country),
f'https://joshuaproject.net/api/v2/people_groups?ROG3={country}&LeastReached=Y&api_key={api_key}')
country='RS'
test_eq(url_pg_cntry(cntry=country),
f'https://joshuaproject.net/api/v2/people_groups?ROG3={country}&api_key={api_key}')
People group is to be encoded as PeopleID3
-- People-Group-Across-Countries ID number.
pgid=18859
test_eq(url_pg_cntries(pgid=pgid),
f'https://joshuaproject.net/api/v2/people_groups?&PeopleID3={pgid}&api_key={api_key}')
country = 'BD'
test_eq(url_cntry(country),
f'https://joshuaproject.net/api/v2/countries?ROG3={country}&api_key={api_key}')
Language argument is a three letter code: https://www.ethnologue.com/codes.
lang = 'hau'
test_eq(url_lang(lang=lang),
f'https://joshuaproject.net/api/v2/languages?&ROL3={lang}&api_key={api_key}')


---
layout: default
---
Mahesh Chandra Mukkamala received his Bachelors in Electrical Engineering from IIT Jodhpur in 2014. He joined M.Sc Informatics in Saarland University in 2015, and was an IMPRS-CS Master's student at MPI Informatics during his masters. He worked under Machine Learning group (Saarland University) from 2015 till 2018 on various topics related to deep learning, convex optimization and stochastic optimization. He is currently pursuing his Phd from University of Tuebingen under Mathematical Optimization group, where his main focus lies in convex and non-convex optimization.
Google Scholar /
ResearchGate / MOP Group


Rubensec presents OSCP Preparation
Here you will find tutorials and information related to OSCP. OSCP is a cybersecurity certificate provided by Offensive Security (the company behind Kali Linux OS). In this section I will link posts updated in this same page, so hope this page to be constantly changing. Posts will cover a wide variety of content and will explain those things I don't find necessary to upload a video. I don't have OSCP so I will try to explain and cover all things I would find useful. The reason for me to do this is force myself to keep learning and prepare myself for the OSCP exam, so feel free to join me on the ride!
Links:
Recommended Books:
- The Hacker Playbook: Practical Guide To Penetration Testing (Amazon)
- Linux Exploiting. Técnicas de explotación de vulnerabilidades en Linux para la creación de exploits. (0xWord)
- Mastering Kali Linux for Advanced Penetration Testing (Amazon)
- CEH Certified Ethical Hacker All-in-One Exam Guide (Amazon)
- OSCP Recommended books


16 February 2001
Disease Outbreak Reported
As of 14 February, the Kwazulu-Natal Department of Health has reported 48 647 cases and 108 deaths since the start of the outbreak in mid-August 2000.
The outbreak in Kwazulu-Natal is primarily affecting the Empangeni area, made up of the Lower Umfolozi districts and the Eshowe/Nkandla area. The lower South Coast is affected mainly in the KwaDukuza/Stanger area and Ugu Region/South Coast.
The Department of Health is putting into place a plan for health education, hygiene and health promotion along with its clinical care work and its collaboration with other sectors to provide clean water.


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