Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Serves 4
Dietary
Cook the salsify in a pan of boiling salted water for 6-8 minutes, or until tender. Drain and refresh in cold water, then pat dry with kitchen paper.
Whisk the 100ml/3½fl oz olive oil and the sherry vinegar together in a bowl and add the ground black peppercorns.
Bring a pan of water to the boil and reduce to a simmer. Drop the egg yolks into the water one at a time and poach gently for a minute, or until just set on the outside. Remove with a slotted spoon and drain on kitchen paper.
Heat a frying pan until hot and add the remaining tablespoon of olive oil and the butter. Fry the salsify for 2-3 minutes, turning occasionally, until tender. Season with the smoked salt.
To serve, divide the dressed rocket evenly among four serving plates, then place a stick of salsify on each plate. Carefully place the poached egg yolk next to the salsify and shave over the parmesan cheese. Drizzle over the olive oil and sherry vinegar dressing and serve immediately.


%def name="export(className)">
${_("Max # of results to export")}
${_("Your results have been saved and shared with all users. They are available in the Jobs Manager.")}


Group contorl table
Return
welcome : {{ info.username }}
All the projects of the group you have created
Project
Group
Belong
Updatetime
Delete
{% raw %}
{{ project.name }}
{{ project.group }}
{{ project.belong }}
{{ project.updatetime }}
Delete
{% endraw %}


AXIZOUN
Jobs
Team
Profile
Skills
LogOut
Applicants
Steve Jobs
Skills Present:
C++, Java, Python, NodeJs, HTML, CSS, React
Skills Missing:
C++, Java, Python
Test Score
85%
skills match
95%
Interview


Here are some of the pieces I wrote and published. Proper scientific publications as well as science advocacy and more of ‘activism’ writing.
| Grzesiuk M, Gryglewicz E, Bentkowski P, Pijanowska J. Impact of fluoxetine on herbivorous zooplankton and planktivorous fish, Environ Toxicol Chem 2022; doi: 10.1002/etc.5525 |
| Moreno López JA, Arregui-Garcĺa B, Bentkowski P, Bioglio L, Pinotti F, Boëlle P-Y, Barrat A, Colizza V, Poletto C. Anatomy of digital contact tracing: role of age, transmission setting, adoption and case detection. Science Advances 2021 Adv. 10.1126/sciadv.abd8750 |
| Bentkowski P, Radwan J. Mating preferences can drive expansion or contraction of MHC gene family. Proc R Soc B 2020; 287:20192706 or get my personal copy |
| Bentkowski P, Radwan J. Evolution of major histocompatibility complex gene copy number. PLOS Comput Biol 2019; 15: e1007015. |
| Bentkowski P, van Oosterhout C, Ashby B, Mock T. The effect of extrinsic mortality on genome size evolution in prokaryotes. ISME J 2017; 11: 1011–1018. |
| Bentkowski P, Van Oosterhout C, Mock T. A model of genome size evolution for prokaryotes in stable and fluctuating environments. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7: 2344–2351. |
| Bentkowski P. Modelling evolution of genome size in prokaryotes in response to changes in their abiotic environment. University of East Anglia 2014. PhD Thesis. |
| Bentkowski P, Markowska M, Pijanowska J. Role of melatonin in the control of depth distribution of Daphnia magna. Hydrobiologia 2010; 643: 43–50. |
| Markowska M, Bentkowski P, Kloc M, Pijanowska J. Presence of melatonin in Daphnia magna. J Pineal Res 2009; 46: 242–244. |
| Bentkowski P, Markowska M. Ewolucja fizjologicznych funkcji melatoniny u bezkręgowców. Kosmos 2007; 56 (3-4), 383-391 |
At the moment, all of my writing for the lay public is aimed at readers in Poland as it’s part of my Poland-based activism.
Reformujmy łowiectwo, zanim będzie za późno
Let’s reform hunting before it’ll be too late : With 11 mammal ecologist and conservation biologists, we address some of the misconceptions about the ecology of game animals in Poland widely shared by local hunters. We call for more science-driven and conservation-orientated game management and hunting practices in Poland. I drafted the initial manuscript. Published in “Rzeczpospolita”, one of Poland’s leading daily newspapers.
Dlaczego nie można strzelać do chronionych gatunków?
Why can’t you shoot endangered species? : At the time when Henryk Kowalczyk was Polish minister of the environment, he commented that lifting the ban on wolf hunting (wolfs are a protected species in Poland) would trigger an unwanted conflict with environmentalists and the European Commission. But he will encourage his administration to take it easy regarding requests for extraordinary culling permits. With Alicja Pawelec, we explain why such a move undermines the sole idea of conservation of endangered species.
Postdok po polsku, czyli o krajowej kulturze mobilności naukowej
Post-doc Polish-style: On Poland’s culture of academic mobility : There is a lot of talking about the need for inter-institutional mobility among Polish scientists but very few Polish research institutions have the right corporate culture to accommodate the new-comers. Up to 90% of staff with a PhD degree at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków earned it at the very same institution and the rest of universities in Poland share this pattern. Clear and merit-driven guidelines for hiring policies are vastly needed to facilitate the mobility of researchers in Poland.
Jak rozmawiać o Puszczy przy świątecznym stole?
How to talk about Białowieża Forest at the Christmas dinner? : How to talk about science-based conservation policies and ways to tackle the bark beetle outbreak in Białowieża Forest to your science-denying friends and family during Christmas without arguing. In Polish with Dr Zofia Prokop. Based on the work of Gleb Tsipursky.
Scientific exodus : Unsatisfactory working condition in academia and improving job opportunities in Polish growing corporate R&D drive increasing number of scientist from academia into commerce. But this outflow of experienced post-doctoral staff is not compensated by immigration. With Anna Muszewska, we are warning that in relatively few years Polish academia may face a shortage of scientist qualified to take senior positions at universities and research institutes.
Granty ERC a sprawa polska, czyli uczony głodny jest o wiele mniej płodny
ERC grants in Poland: Scientists going hungry won’t be very productive : Success rate of ERC grant proposals in 2015 in relations to applicants’ country of affiliation correlates with what percent of GDP this country spent on R&D in 2014. Poland’s low success rate reflects low government spending on R&D and policy limited to the verbal encouragement of scientists to ‘improve their effort’ won’t change it. Link to data.
Scientific consultation of the Polish edition of an educational book for children Charles Darwin’s On The Origin of Species by Sabina Radeva (Ewolucja. O powstawaniu gatunków według Karola Darwina)


|
|
The browser , version and os tests are only to show how trivial it is to detect that you are using Firefox, the version and possibly your os. |
| [header] http_user_agent | |
| [navigator] userAgent | |
| [navigator] appCodeName | |
| [navigator] appName | |
| [navigator] product | |
| [navigator] appVersion | |
| [navigator] oscpu | |
| [navigator] platform | |
| [navigator] buildID | |
| [navigator] productSub | |
| ---browser, version, os--- |
| [css] browser | |
| [chrome://] browser | |
[i] expm1(1) and sinh(1) [math] browser | |
[i] feature detection:
we could also use mozGetAsFile mozInnerScreenX mozScreenX oscpu scrollMaxX
[mozPaintCount] browser | |
[i] feature detection:
firefox 60+ only version | |
[i]
use_document_fonts = 0 breaks this [css] os 1 |
Linux
Mac
Windows |
| [css line-height] os | |
[i]
relies on accurate zoom detection [scrollbar width] os 2, 3 | |
| [tcp/ip] os | |
| code based on work by
1Arthur Edelstein
,
2 Dr. Neal Krawetz
and
3 earthlng |
|
|
| [header] http_accept_language | |
| [navigator] languages | |
| [navigator] language | |
| [navigator] languages[0] | |
| [Intl.PluralRules] locale | |
| [resolvedOptions] locale | |
| time zone offsets | |
| system date/time | |
| toString | |
| [long] toLocaleString | |
| [long] toLocaleDateString | |
| [long] toLocaleTimeString | |
| [long] Intl.DateTimeFormat | |
| [formatToParts] Intl.DateTimeFormat | |
| toGMTString | |
| toUTCString | |
| toLocaleString | |
| [Typed Array] toLocaleString | |
| toLocaleDateString | |
| Intl.DateTimeFormat | |
| toLocaleTimeString | |
| toTimeString | |
| [formatToParts] Intl.NumberFormat | |
| [resolvedOptions] hourCycle | |
| Intl.RelativeTimeFormat | |
| [resolvedOptions] calendar | |
| [resolvedOptions] numberingSystem | |
| [api] geolocation | |
| [permission] geolocation | |
|
|
The [cookie] , [localStorage] ,
[sessionStorage] and [indexedDB] tests, on each run, each use a new random name and
value, attempt to set them, and then to read the value back. Only when it successfully reads back the value
is it deemed to be available and working. |
| [navigator] cookieEnabled | |
| [test] 1st party cookie | |
| localStorage | |
| [test] localStorage | |
| sessionStorage | |
| [test] sessionStorage | |
| indexedDB | |
| [test] indexedDB | |
| appCache | |
| [test] appCache | |
| worker | |
| [test] web worker | |
| [test] shared worker | |
| service worker | |
| [test] service worker | |
| service worker cache | |
| [test] service worker cache | |
| notifications | |
| [test] notifications | |
| [permission] notifications | |
| [permission] push | |
| storage manager | |
| [properties] storage manager | |
| [test] storage manager | |
| [permission] persistent storage | |
| storage access | |
| [test] storage access | |


forcats
functions 🤓Now that we’ve gone through the forcats
basics, let’s put this to practice!
First, let’s try to make a factor out of the days of the week.
As you can see below, the base R as.factor()
function created a factor, but the levels within it are listed alphabetically.
This is not particularly useful if you want to have the days of the week in order.
<- c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday",
day_of_week "Friday", "Saturday", "Sunday")
<- as.factor(day_of_week)
day_of_week_fct
day_of_week_fct
## [1] Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
## Levels: Friday Monday Saturday Sunday Thursday Tuesday Wednesday
Instead, we can use the factor()
function. Remember the argument factor(f, levels = x)
.
<- c(sample(day_of_week, 40, replace = T)) week
Now you are magically teleported to the Middle East, where Friday and Saturday are the weekend, and Sunday happens to be the first day of the week. Use the fct_relevel(f, levels = x)
function to reorganize the levels.
# WRITE YOUR CODE HERE
Note that there are plenty of other functions used to reorder factors:
fct_rev()
reverses the order of the levels in the factor.fct_infreq()
orders the levels according to the frequency in which they appear.fct_inorder()
orders the levels in the order in which they appear.fct_shift()
shifts the levels of a factor by one to each side.fct_shuffle()
randomizes the levels of a factor.forcats
🐱The forcats package already has a built-in dataset from the General Social Survey that can be called with gss_cat
. This dataset was crafted specifically for the purpose of getting to know the forcats package
, and contains categorical variables already transformed into factors. Let’s load the dataset and practice the other functions from the package.
First, let’s take a look at the factors already present in the dataset (six out of the nine columns are factors).
levels()
function, we can take a look at the levels in each factor. From the six variables, are there any that are perhaps too detailed and could be collapsed into smaller groups?# WRITE YOUR CODE HERE
The partyid variable might be a little too detailed for visualization purposes. Let’s collapse the levels in this factor into more aggregated groups: Democrats, Independents, Republicans, and Other using the fct_collapse()
function.
# WRITE YOUR CODE HERE
The denom variable lists the denominations of Protestant respondents. However, there are again too many different levels for it to be easily and visually interpretable.
fct_lump()
, try creating a new dataset containing only those respondents that are Protestant, leaving only the top 5 denominations - the remainder will be lumped into “Other”. fct_lump()
takes two arguments: the first is your factor, the second is n =
followed by the number of top categories you want to remain.# WRITE YOUR CODE HERE
Using the above dataset listing the denominations, try to see which of the denominations watches tv the most, on average, and plot it in a bar graph.
# WRITE YOUR CODE HERE
The plot, while accurate, doesn’t order the levels of the factor in a visually appealing way. forcats
to the rescue!
fct_reorder()
. Remember that this function takes two arguments: the factor we want reordered, and the variable according to which we want it reordered.#  And remember: this package isn’t just for cats (bad pun)! It’s for factors, for you, and for me!


Convert your whatsapp log to pdf
WhatsApp
.txt
file only; do not include media in the log.
view on
GitHub
privacy policy


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|
Voyager: Exploratpry robot
|
#include <planner.hpp>
Public Member Functions | |
| Planner () | |
| Constructor of the class. More... | |
| ~Planner () | |
| Destructor of the class. More... | |
| auto | takeAction () -> void |
| Take the action. More... | |
| auto | isAlive () -> bool |
| Check if running. More... | |
| auto | setVelocity (float velocity) -> void |
| Function to set velocity. More... | |
| auto | stop () -> void |
| Stop function for the planner. More... | |
Definition at line 41 of file planner.hpp.
| Planner::Planner | ( | ) |
Constructor of the class.
Construct an abject of the class
Definition at line 37 of file planner.cpp.
| Planner::~Planner | ( | ) |
Destructor of the class.
Take actions that needs to be done while destroying
Definition at line 54 of file planner.cpp.
| auto Planner::isAlive | ( | ) | -> bool |
Check if running.
Set to true as long as the node is running
Definition at line 78 of file planner.cpp.
| auto Planner::setVelocity | ( | float | velocity | ) | -> void |
Function to set velocity.
Use this function to set vertical velocity of the robot
| velocity | Velocity to be set |
Definition at line 83 of file planner.cpp.
| auto Planner::stop | ( | ) | -> void |
Stop function for the planner.
Function to stop the planner and publish 0 values to velocity
Definition at line 90 of file planner.cpp.
| auto Planner::takeAction | ( | ) | -> void |
Take the action.
Move robot according if there are no obstacles
Definition at line 61 of file planner.cpp.


Templates and Components¶
With all these pieces you can now build templates or components…
Templates¶
Some notes on templates
domonic mixed with lambdas can create templates without needing to make a class…
# create a template
some_tmpl = lambda somevar: div( _style=f"display:inline;margin:{MARGIN}px;").html(
button(somevar, _style="background-color:white;color:black;")
)
then you can us it like this…
some_tmpl("some content")
Here is another template. This one is larger and uses a Class. It can take content as input.
class Webpage(object):
def __init__(self, content=None):
self.content = content
def __str__(self):
classless_css = link(_rel="stylesheet", _href="https://unpkg.com/marx-css/css/marx.min.css")
jquery = script(_src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.5.1.min.js"),
script(_src=domonic.JS_MASTER),
link(_rel="stylesheet", _type="text/css", _href=domonic.CSS_STYLE),
code = script('''
$(document).on( "click", ".close", function() {
var _id = $(this).data('ref');
$('#'+_id).css("display","none");
});
$(document).on( "click", ".open", function() {
var _id = $(this).data('ref');
$('#'+_id).css("display","block");
});
// pass an ElementID and an endpoint to redraw that div with the endpoints response
window.redraw = function( _id, endpoint ){
$.get( endpoint, function( data ) {
window.console.log(data)
$( "#"+_id ).html( $(data).html() );
});
}
''')
styles = style('''
.domonic-container {
padding:20px;
}
.modal {
display: none;
position: fixed;
z-index: 1;
left: 0;
top: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
overflow: auto;
background-color: rgb(0,0,0);
background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.4);
}
.modal-content {
background-color: #fefefe;
margin: 15% auto;
padding: 20px;
border: 1px solid #888;
width: 80%;
}
.btn-sm {
font-size:10px;
padding: 0px;
padding-left: 2px;
padding-right: 2px;
}
.del {
background-color:red;
}
.go {
background-color:green;
}
''')
return str(
html(
'<!DOCTYPE HTML>',
head(classless_css, jquery, code, styles),
body(div(self.content, _class="domonic-container"))
)
)
You can now render your template. Which can take content as input.
@app.route('/')
async def home(request):
page = article(
div(h1("my homepage!"))
)
return response.html( render( Webpage(page) ) )
Important notes on templating¶
while you can create a div with content like :
div("some content")
python doesn’t allow named params before unamed ones. So you can’t do this:
div(_class="container", p("Some content") )
or it will complain the params are in the wrong order. You have to instead put content before attributes:
div( p("Some content"), _class="container")
which is annoying when a div gets long.
You can get around this by using ‘html’ which is available on every Element:
div( _class="container" ).html("Some content")
This is NOT like jQuery html func that returns just the inner content. use innerHTML for that.
It is used specifically for rendering.
Common Errors¶
When you first start templating this way you can make a lot of common mistakes. Usually missing underscores or commas between attributes.
Refer back to this page for a few days until you get used to it.
Here are the 4 most common ones I experienced when creating large templates…
( i.e. bootstrap5 examples in test_domonic.py )
- IndexError: list index out of range
You most likely didn’t put a underscore on an attribute.
THIS ALSO APPLIES TO **{“_data-tags”:”x”}
- SyntaxError: invalid syntax
You are Missing a comma between attributes
- SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument
You have to pass attributes LAST. and strings and objects first. see docs
- TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for ** or pow(): ‘str’ and ‘dict’
You are Missing a comma between attributes. before the **{}
Components¶
Some notes on components
A component ‘might’ look something like this…
from domonic.html import *
from domonic.javascript import Math
from domonic.terminal import ifconfig
class My_Component(object):
def __init__(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
self.id = 'launcher'
def __str__(self):
return str(
div(
div(_id=self.id).html(
"CONTENT"
),
script('''
'''
)
)
)
Now you will need a server as domonic only provides a view.
These example use Sanic. But it could be Flask or any other that can provide routing.
A component could, for example, take a request directly as input and returns html
@app.route("/component/<component>")
async def component(request, component):
try:
module = __import__(f'app.components.{component}')
my_class = getattr(module, component.title())
return response.html( str( my_class(request) ) )
except Exception as e:
print(e)
return response.html( str( div("COMPONENT NOT FOUND!") ) )
for this to work the component would need to be in a file called: app/components/my_component.py
Then a given component or template can just return html and render directly into your page using a bit of javascript.
// pass an ElementID and an endpoint to redraw that div with the endpoints response
window.redraw = function( _id, endpoint ){
$.get( endpoint, function( data ) {
window.console.log(data)
$( "#"+_id ).html( $(data).html() );
});
}
built-in components
There is a built in components package but its use is discouraged as they may change or be buggy and untested.
You should use domonic to make your own components.
Some that may kick around a while due to being used in examples are listed here…
SpriteCSS¶
For a working example see… /examples/ken/sf2.py
pass a UID. w, h, path, duration, steps, looping, y_offset
animated_monster = SpriteCSS('ken', 70, 80, 'assets/spritesheets/ken.png', 0.8, 4, True, 80)


CrimPapers
Articles published on 9 October 2018
On 9 October 2018, 6 new articles were published in 5 journals.
Diplomacy At A Canadian Mine Site in Guatemala
Predictors of Distress and the Protective Impact of Cultural Engagement For Indigenous Prisoners by Stephane M. Shepherd, Rosa Hazel Delgado, Diane Sivasubramanian, Yin Paradies
Religious Involvement, Moral Community and Social Ecology: New Considerations in the Study of Religion and Reentry
Exposure to Internet Pornography and Sexually Aggressive Behaviour: Protective Roles of Social Support Among Korean Adolescents by Junseob Shin, Chung Hwan Lee
27 Days of Managerial Work in the Police Service by Tom Karp, Cathrine Filstad, Rune Glomseth
Designing A Graduate Entry Route For Police Recruits: Lessons From A Rapid Evidence Assessment of Other Professions by Jyoti Belur, Winifred Agnew-Pauley, Lisa Tompson


For the same reason CSS cannot reach the parent element if a given selector, you also are not able to reach the element appearing directly before a given element in HTML with CSS. It’s easy to select the element directly following any element with + *
, but there’s no way to go backward.
In JavaScript there is previousSibling
which returns the previous node, which could also be a text node or comment node (not always what we expect) so what we’re usually looking for is the element that’s equal to the previousElementSibling
of another element.
Using the previousElementSibling
of the selected element:
element.previousElementSibling
@element [type=button] {
$prev {
background: gold;
}
}
[test="this == document.querySelector(`#known`).previousElementSibling"] {
background: lime
}
/* All previous siblings */
[xpath="//*[@id='target']/preceding-sibling::*"] {
background: red;
}
/* First previous sibling */
[xpath="//*[@id='target']/preceding-sibling::*[1]"] {
background: lime;
}


Native Americans
Long before Europeans arrived, the Torrey Pines area was home to the Kumeyaay.
Their lands extended from the Pacific Ocean south to what is now Ensenada, Mexico, east to the sand dunes of the Colorado River in the Imperial Valley, and north through the Warner Springs Valley, to what is now Oceanside and Highway 78.
These lands were linked together by vast trading networks.
Living in bands of extended families, the Kumeyaay traveled the coast, mountains, and desert foothills. They spoke several dialects - the "Ipai" here in the north, and the "Tipai" in the south.
Their shelters and shade ramadas were constructed from local plants, which included willow, oak, manzanita, deerweed, tule, and chamise.
Naming of the Torrey Pine
Because groves of trees were not common along the Southern California coast, early Spanish explorers (1500-1700 AD) referred to this area as Punto de Los Arboles, which literally means "Point of Trees."
They used this area both as a landmark and as a warning that they were too close to the shore in the fog.
In 1769, the Portola-Serra Sacred Expedition passed through nearby Sorrento Valley on its way from San Diego to colonize Monterey and establish missions along the way.
The trail they used is referred to as El Camino Real. The trees themselves were referred to as Soledad Pines (Solitary Pines) by the first non-Native Americans to visit the area. The name remained until 1850.
Protecting the Pines
In 1883, Parry re-visited the area. Surprised at the lack of protection for the trees, he wrote a historical and scientific account of the pine emphasizing the need to protect the tree from extermination. This was presented to the San Diego Society of Natural History.
The first source of protection came in 1885 from the San Diego County Board of Supervisors. They posted signs citing a reward of $100 for the apprehension of anyone vandalizing a Torrey pine tree.
Establishment of Park
Persuaded by city father George Marston, botanists David Cleveland and Belie Angler, the City Council in 1899 passed an ordinance to set aside 364 acres of pueblo lands as a public park. Unfortunately, the ordinance made no provisions for protecting the tree.
After the turn of the century, the lands surrounding the park were in danger of being commercially sold. Between 1908 and 1911, newspaper woman and philanthropist, Ellen Browning Scripps, acquired two additional pueblo lots and willed them to the people of San Diego.
This added to the park the area of North Grove and the estuary.
By the time she died in 1932, Miss Scripps had contributed greatly not only to the establishment of our park, but also to the Natural History Museum, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the Zoo, the La Jolla Childrens' Pool, and the Scripps Clinic and Research facility.


Guidance
What should be included in pupils’ reports for their parents, and how often schools should produce them.
You must send a written report to parents on their child’s progress for the school year by the end of each summer term.
Where information is not available before the end of the summer term (in the case of national curriculum assessment results), you must send it to parents as soon as possible, and no later than within 15 school days of receiving it. The report for school leavers must be sent no later than 30 September following the end of the school year in which the pupil left.
You can split the report across the academic year, for example to report on each term separately.
| Information that must be reported | Year 2 (end of KS1) | Year 6 (end of KS2) | Year 7, 8 and 9 (KS3) | Year 10 and 11 (KS4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General progress | x | x | x | x |
| Brief particulars of achievements, highlighting strengths and developmental needs | x | x | x | x |
| How to arrange a discussion about the report with a teacher at the school | x | x | x | x |
| Attendance record | x | x | x | x |
| The grade achieved in subjects for which the pupil was entered for GCSE | x | |||
| Any other qualification, or unit towards a qualification, and the grade achieved | x |
You may include additional information about a pupil’s progress, beyond the minimum required.
More details on school reports and pupil records are contained in The Education (Pupil Information) (England) Regulations and Amendments.
Published: 25 March 2014
Updated: 2 November 2015


2 references to thisObject
Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.Utility (2)
commands\utility\Measure-Object.cs (2)
565
propertyName =
thisObject
;
815
_statistics.EnsureEntry(
thisObject
);


odgi test¶
SYNOPSIS¶
odgi test [<TEST NAME|PATTERN|TAGS> …] [OPTION]…
DESCRIPTION¶
The odgi test(1) command starts all unit tests that are implemented in odgi. For targeted testing, a subset of tests can be selected. odgi test(1) depends on Catch2. In the default setting, all results are printed to stdout.
OPTIONS¶
Testing Options¶
-l, –list-tests
List all test cases. If a pattern was specified, all matching test
cases are listed.
-t, –list-tags
List all tags. If a pattern was specified, all matching tags are
listed.
-s, –success
Include successful tests in output.
-b, –break
Break into debugger mode upon failed test.
-e, –nothrow
Skip exception tests.
-i, –invisibles
Show invisibles like tabs or newlines.
-o, –out=FILE
Write all output to FILE.
-r, –reporter=STRING
Reporter to use. Default is console.
-n, –name=STRING
Suite name.
-a, –abort
Abort at first failure.
-x, –abortx=N
Abort after N failures.
-w, –warn=STRING
Enable warnings.
-d, –durations=yes|no
Show test durations. Default is no.
-f, –input-file=FILE
Load test names from a file.
-#, –filenames-as-tags
Adds a tag for the file name.
-c, –section=STRING
Specify the section to run the tests on.
-v, –verosity=quiet|normal|high
Set output verbosity. Default is normal.
–list-test-names-only
List all test cases names only. If a pattern was specified, all
matching test cases are listed.
–list-reporters
List all reporters.
–order=decl|lex|rand
Test case order. Default ist decl.
–rng-seed=time|number
Set a specific seed for random numbers.
–use-color=yes|no
Should the output be colorized? Default is yes.
–libidentify
Report name and version according to libidentify.
–wait-for-keypress=start|exit|both
Waits for a keypress before start|exit|both.
–benchmark-resolution-multiple
Multiple of clock resolution to run benchmarks.
Program Information¶
-?, -h, –help
Print a help message for odgi test.
EXIT STATUS¶
0
Success.
1
Failure (syntax or usage error; parameter error; file processing
failure; unexpected error).
BUGS¶
Refer to the odgi issue tracker at https://github.com/pangenome/odgi/issues.


Short blurb of survey mission and why someone might want to contribute.
Using an OceanSpaces.org account will give you the ability to compare your results with the agregate results of everyone else.
OR
Please check your email for a link to reset your password.
Don't have an account? Sign up


We are researching methods for second language learning. When using this tool, we will collect anonymous data to improve the tool and understand second language learning better. You will see around 40 Japanese passages and be asked how well you understand them. Afterwards, you will be given an estimation of how well you can understand articles in NHK Easy, a Japanese news website for language learners. You will also be asked to fill out a survey.
This tool may take a few seconds to initialize, and you will see the NHK Easy homepage during that time. We appreciate your patience.
Risks and benefits
There are no risks in this study beyond those in encountered in daily life. Your participation will help us improve our language learning tools. You will not be compensated for participation in this study.
Your answers will be confidential
The records of this study will be kept private. In any sort of report we make public we will not include any information that will make it possible to identify you. Research records will be kept encrypted on a lab machine; only the researchers will have access to the records.
Taking part is voluntary
Taking part in this study is completely voluntary. You may skip any part. If you decide not to take part or to skip some of the questions, it will not affect your current or future relationship with Cornell University. If you decide to take part, you are free to withdraw at any time.
If you have questions
The researchers conducting this study are Shuhan Wang and Prof. Erik Andersen. Please ask any questions you have now. If you have questions later, you may contact Shuhan Wang at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or at<PHONE_NUMBER>. You can reach Prof. Andersen at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or<PHONE_NUMBER>.
If you have any questions or concerns regarding your rights as a subject in this study, you may contact the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at<PHONE_NUMBER> or access their website at http://www.irb.cornell.edu. You may also report your concerns or complaints anonymously through Ethicspoint (www.hotline.cornell.edu) or by calling toll free at 1-866-293-3077 FREE. Ethicspoint is an independent organization that serves as a liaison between the University and the person bringing the complaint so that anonymity can be ensured.
Consent
I understand that anonymous data will be collected during play and will be used for research.


perl5122delta - what is new for perl v5.12.2
This document describes differences between the 5.12.1 release and the 5.12.2
release.
If you are upgrading from an earlier major version, such as
5.10.1, first read perl5120delta, which describes differences between 5.10.1
and 5.12.0, as well as perl5121delta, which describes earlier changes in the
5.12 stable release series.
There are no changes intentionally incompatible with 5.12.1. If any exist, they
are bugs and reports are welcome.
Other than the bug fixes listed below, there should be no user-visible changes
to the core language in this release.
This release does not introduce any new modules or pragmata.
In the previous release, "no
VERSION;" statements triggered a
bug which could cause feature bundles to be loaded and strict mode to be
enabled unintentionally.
- "Carp"
- Upgraded from version 1.16 to 1.17.
Carp now detects incomplete caller() overrides and
avoids using bogus @DB::args. To provide
backtraces, Carp relies on particular behaviour of the caller built-in.
Carp now detects if other code has overridden this with an incomplete
implementation, and modifies its backtrace accordingly. Previously
incomplete overrides would cause incorrect values in backtraces (best
case), or obscure fatal errors (worst case)
This fixes certain cases of "Bizarre
copy of ARRAY" caused by modules overriding
"caller()" incorrectly.
- "CPANPLUS"
- A patch to cpanp-run-perl has been backported from CPANPLUS
0.9004. This resolves RT #55964
<http://rt.cpan.org/Public/Bug/Display.html?id=55964> and RT #57106
<http://rt.cpan.org/Public/Bug/Display.html?id=57106>, both of which
related to failures to install distributions that use
"Module::Install::DSL".
- "File::Glob"
- A regression which caused a failure to find
"CORE::GLOBAL::glob" after loading
"File::Glob" to crash has been fixed.
Now, it correctly falls back to external globbing via
"pp_glob".
- "File::Copy"
- "File::Copy::copy(FILE, DIR)" is now
documented.
- "File::Spec"
- Upgraded from version 3.31 to 3.31_01.
Several portability fixes were made in
"File::Spec::VMS": a colon is now
recognized as a delimiter in native filespecs; caret-escaped delimiters
are recognized for better handling of extended filespecs;
"catpath()" returns an empty directory
rather than the current directory if the input directory name is empty;
"abs2rel()" properly handles
Unix-style input.
- perlbug now always gives the reporter a chance to change the email
address it guesses for them.
- perlbug should no longer warn about uninitialized values when using
the "-d" and
"-v" options.
- The existing policy on backward-compatibility and deprecation has been
added to perlpolicy, along with definitions of terms like
deprecation.
- "srand" in perlfunc's usage has been clarified.
- The entry for "die" in perlfunc was reorganized to emphasize its
role in the exception mechanism.
- Perl's INSTALL file has been clarified to explicitly state that Perl
requires a C89 compliant ANSI C Compiler.
- IO::Socket's "getsockopt()" and
"setsockopt()" have been
documented.
- alarm()'s inability to interrupt blocking IO
on Windows has been documented.
- Math::TrulyRandom hasn't been updated since 1996 and has been removed as a
recommended solution for random number generation.
- perlrun has been updated to clarify the behaviour of octal flags to
perl.
- To ease user confusion, $# and
$*, two special variables that were removed in
earlier versions of Perl have been documented.
- The version of perlfaq shipped with the Perl core has been updated from
the official FAQ version, which is now maintained in the
"briandfoy/perlfaq" branch of the Perl
repository at <git://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git>.
- •
- The "d_u32align" configuration probe on
ARM has been fixed.
- An ""incompatible operand
types"" error in ternary expressions when building with
"clang" has been fixed.
- Perl now skips setuid "File::Copy" tests
on partitions it detects to be mounted as
"nosuid".
- A possible segfault in the "T_PRTOBJ"
default typemap has been fixed.
- A possible memory leak when using caller() to set
@DB::args has been fixed.
- Several memory leaks when loading XS modules were fixed.
- "unpack()" now handles scalar context
correctly for %32H and
%32u, fixing a potential crash.
"split()" would crash because the third
item on the stack wasn't the regular expression it expected.
"unpack("%2H",
...)" would return both the unpacked result
and the checksum on the stack, as would
"unpack("%2u", ...)". [perl
#73814] <http://rt.perl.org/rt3/Ticket/Display.html?id=73814>
- Perl now avoids using memory after calling
"free()" in pp_require when there
are CODEREFs in @INC.
- A bug that could cause ""Unknown
error"" messages when
""call_sv(code, G_EVAL)"" is
called from an XS destructor has been fixed.
- The implementation of the "open $fh, '>'
\$buffer" feature now supports get/set magic and thus tied
buffers correctly.
- The "pp_getc",
"pp_tell", and
"pp_eof" opcodes now make room on the
stack for their return values in cases where no argument was passed
in.
- When matching unicode strings under some conditions inappropriate
backtracking would result in a "Malformed UTF-8
character (fatal)" error. This should no longer occur. See
[perl #75680]
<http://rt.perl.org/rt3/Public/Bug/Display.html?id=75680>
- •
- README.aix has been updated with information about the XL C/C++ V11
compiler suite.
- •
- When building Perl with the mingw64 x64 cross-compiler
"incpath",
"libpth",
"ldflags",
"lddlflags" and
"ldflags_nolargefiles" values in
Config.pm and Config_heavy.pl were not previously being set
correctly because, with that compiler, the include and lib directories are
not immediately below "$(CCHOME)".
- git_version.h is now installed on VMS. This was an oversight in
v5.12.0 which caused some extensions to fail to build.
- Several memory leaks in stat() have been fixed.
- A memory leak in "Perl_rename()" due to
a double allocation has been fixed.
- A memory leak in "vms_fid_to_name()"
(used by "realpath()" and
"realname()") has been fixed.
Perl 5.12.2 represents approximately three months of development since Perl
5.12.1 and contains approximately 2,000 lines of changes across 100 files from
36 authors.
Perl continues to flourish into its third decade thanks to a
vibrant community of users and developers. The following people are known to
have contributed the improvements that became Perl 5.12.2:
Abigail, AEvar Arnfjoerd` Bjarmason, Ben Morrow, brian d foy,
Brian Phillips, Chas. Owens, Chris 'BinGOs' Williams, Chris Williams, Craig
A. Berry, Curtis Jewell, Dan Dascalescu, David Golden, David Mitchell,
Father Chrysostomos, Florian Ragwitz, George Greer, H.Merijn Brand, Jan
Dubois, Jesse Vincent, Jim Cromie, Karl Williamson, Lars DXXXXXX XXX, Leon
Brocard, Maik Hentsche, Matt S Trout, Nicholas Clark, Rafael Garcia-Suarez,
Rainer Tammer, Ricardo Signes, Salvador Ortiz Garcia, Sisyphus, Slaven
Rezic, Steffen Mueller, Tony Cook, Vincent Pit and Yves Orton.
If you find what you think is a bug, you might check the articles recently
posted to the comp.lang.perl.misc newsgroup and the perl bug database at
http://rt.perl.org/perlbug/ . There may also be information at
http://www.perl.org/ , the Perl Home Page.
If you believe you have an unreported bug, please run the
perlbug program included with your release. Be sure to trim your bug
down to a tiny but sufficient test case. Your bug report, along with the
output of "perl -V", will be sent off to
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>to be analysed by the Perl porting team.
If the bug you are reporting has security implications, which make
it inappropriate to send to a publicly archived mailing list, then please
send it to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>This points to a closed
subscription unarchived mailing list, which includes all the core
committers, who will be able to help assess the impact of issues, figure out
a resolution, and help co-ordinate the release of patches to mitigate or fix
the problem across all platforms on which Perl is supported. Please only use
this address for security issues in the Perl core, not for modules
independently distributed on CPAN.
The Changes file for an explanation of how to view exhaustive details on
what changed.
The INSTALL file for how to build Perl.
The README file for general stuff.
The Artistic and Copying files for copyright
information.


Binding to a Single Selection
Beers
Breweries
Distilleries
Pubs
selected: {{ selectedSearchIndex }}
Binding to Multiple Selections
Beers
Breweries
Distilleries
Pubs
selected: {{ selectedSearchIndexes }}


This folder includes the source code for WINGB IME, which is based on China industry standard Quwei and Guobiao code. This same IME is also bundled in simplified Chinese Windows® 95, Windows® 98, and Windows NT®/Windows® 2000/Windows® XP. Refer to the source code to develop your own IMEs for Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows NT/Windows 2000/Windows XP.
You can use any language edition of Windows 2000 or Windows XP to build these samples. If you are using Windows 98 or Windows NT 4.0 as your build environment, please install simplified Chinese Windows 98 or Windows NT 4.0.
This sample works on both x86 and Alpha platforms, and the code is 64-bit compliant. The code builds properly with Microsoft Visual C® 6.0. To install the sample, copy it to the system directory.
Note: In the Windows 95 DDK, the DDK IME header file is named Imm.h. The IME header file in the Platform SDK bears the same name, but contains different content. The Imm.h in the DDK includes APIs and data structures, which are not used for application development and so are not included in the SDK version. In this release, the DDK filename has been changed to Immdev.h. If you have old IMEs that need to build under the new DDK, please change your source code to use the new header filename.
The IME documentation in the DDK is to be used for IME development. For information on development of IME-aware applications, see the IME documentation in the Platform SDK.
File DescriptionSources The generic file for building the code sample Init.c IME initialization code Chcand.c Candidate string processing Candui.c Candidate Window UI Compose.c Composition string processing Compui.c Composition Window UI Data.c Softkey mapping data and other initialization data Mmointor.c Multi-Monitor supports Notify.c Processing notification message Regword.c Dictionary word registration processing Statusui.c Status window UI Toascii.c ToAscii routing and key processing Ui.c IME UI window maintenance Uisubs.c IME UI window subroutines Wingb.rc Resource file Wingb.CHM Help file Top of page
|
|
© 2004 Microsoft Corporation


| INSTRUMENT NAME | UNIT PRICE | STOCK STATUS | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Violin | 34000/= | In Stock | ||
| Guitar | 41000/= | In Stock | ||
| Flute | 20000/= | In Stock |
PLEASE WRITE YOUR COMMENTS
Deanna Unruh ↪ Target ✅
45 mins.Nordstrom,CA.
⛤⛤⛤⛤⛤ Verified Purchase
Solid product for the price.I was pleasantly surprised at the quality of the fluet and would recommend it to anyone.
Zain imam ↪ Target ✅
16 mins.Blackhawk,CA.
⛤⛤⛤⛤⛤ Verified Purchase
Solid product for the price.I was pleasantly surprised at the quality of the guitar and would recommend it to anyone.
Alex karish ↪ Target ✅
56 mins.Mella,CA.
⛤⛤⛤⛤⛤ Verified Purchase
Solid product for the price.I was pleasantly surprised at the quality of the violen and would recommend it to anyone.
Zound©2k17


Just recently I have been experimenting with alternative substances other than what you will usually find in the city. This is some what due to the fact that I have to abstain from the usuals for the duration of my probation >:( One of these is Passionflower, a mild sedative (hallucinogen?). I have brewed it into a tea, and smoked the stems and leaves, and both simultaneously with minimal effects, but the best experience I've had was one of a more involved procedure.
I took about 1/2 oz. of my passionflower material and started to brew it in close to 1 1/2 pints of water. I allowed the water to evaporate, causing the brew to concentrate. When the water level was reduced to about 1 cup, I poured it into a smaller pot, straining out the plant mass, and allowed it to boil down some more. I repeated this procedure twice, pouring more liquid into the smaller pot as its contents reduced, making sure I would get the most out of the plant. Once the brown liquid was reduced to an amount small enough, I poured it into a spoon (1 tablespoon), and held it over the stove. When all the water was evaporated, I was left with a sticky, brown, fragrent mass of goo. I pulled it off and placed it on some aluminum foil. The whole thing took about 2 1/2 hours. Anxious to see if my little creation was of any worth, I went to go smoke it.
I took about half of the glob and put it in my pipe. Smoking it was pleasant, but if I didn't hold the pipe at an angle, the hole would get clogged. (Pain). Effects were starting to occur 3/4 the way through, and by the time I was finished, I knew it was worth the trouble. Sedation and euphoria were prominent, as well as very slight visual distortions. Having never been this altered on the passionflower, I decided to smoke a pipe of the regular leaf and vine. Much more effective than usual. I was very pleased to know that this was a sufficient source of mind alteration.
Passionflower is also a wonderful preparer for my adventures with lady salvia. It puts a nice 'boost' into the experience. I will continue to use the passionflower for its great contributions towards relaxation, creativity, and elation.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


[gecode-users] Installation
Christian Schulte
cschulte at kth.se
Sun Sep 4 11:22:54 CEST 2016
Hi,
The windows errors seem to indicate that you installed a package for x86 but
use a x64 compiler.
On Linux: are you sure that you have installed all necessary Qt packages?
Did you read the information on how to install Gecode in MPG?
Best
Christian
--
Christian Schulte, www.gecode.org/~schulte <http://www.gecode.org/~schulte>
Professor of Computer Science, KTH, cschulte at kth.se <mailto:cschulte at kth.se>
Expert Researcher, SICS, cschulte at sics.se
From: users-bounces at gecode.org [mailto:users-bounces at gecode.org] On Behalf Of
Fabien Brosseau
Sent: Saturday, September 3, 2016 20:58
To: users at gecode.org
Subject: [gecode-users] Installation
Hello everyone,
I am trying to use Gecode for a little project but i am not able to make it
work.
On windows 7 (64 bits) :
i am trying to use it with a Code::Blocks project. But when I try to compile a
project with an example file, I have some errors :
* header not working in "x86gcc_rounding_control.hpp" file "This header only
works on x86 CPUs" -> so why it's called ?
* "_forceinline" which doesn't name a type
On Ubuntu 14.04 :
i get the gecode package and i tried to use it in a qt project.
I have set INCLUDEPATH and LIBS (files are not installed where documentation
said) but I still have undefined reference errors.
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I went into this expiernce not knowing what to expect. I had at this point tried many substances, but the one thing i learned was that all substances are different in their own perspective. I went to buy the chocolates and returned to my apartment. I made sure i had not eaten at all that day. i turned the lights down low and put on my favirite record (sublime gold) and i lit a blunt. I sat for about twenty minutes and began to wonder if i had been ripped off. I decieded to wait it out before calling my sources angry.
At the forty minute mark my feet seemed to slip out of my awarness and this bodily void began to creep its way up. When this comfortably numb sensation had finally reached my brain i began to notice my thoughts becoming more and more abstract, or so i thouight. I began to get very warm so i stepped on to my porch. As i stepped out into the night i began to notice things were begining to change, walls were waving as if some breeze from another world was swaying them gentely in the wind. When i saw this it did not seem foriegn in any way, it was the thought that wall shouldn't be waving that seemed odd. At this point i decided to go into my apartment because a party of people were starting to congrgate outside.
I floated to my couch and turned out all the lights. My living room consits of two chairs, a couch, and white walls. I began to let my mind wonder(and deep down i hoped i would never come back), at this point I was at the one and a half hour mark. As I sat in the dark I looked up to the celieng expecting to see the universe layed out in front of me. Upon looking i saw what looked to be a blue circle spinning. I sat and watched this event unfold. The circle began to take on another function. At first it was meerly eterntaining, but the more i looked at it the more real it became. I felt like i was seeing my soul freely flowing in font of me. It began to take on the shape of a tribal design sun.
When i saw this i stood up and walked into it. When I entered the presence of this sun I began to feel warm and at peace, andi felt more connected to everything than ever before. I stood in the suns presence for about twenty or thirty minutes, after that time i felt i had enough. I turned away from the sun and ventured back to the couch. Upon arriving to my couch the suns presence was gone, but the feeling i felt in my soul's presence was still there. I sat there on my couch and listened to sounds of all the people in my apartments and began to realize i was the only expierncing this life changing event. I decided that i was handling myself well so i ventured into the night to see what the world could show me.
As I stepped into the hallway of my building i felt an overwhelming sense of exicement. I stepped into the hallway began walking towards the elevator. The thought that my pupils were the size of half-dollars had yet to occur to me. As i entered the elevator another person walked in behnd me. The elevators in my building are farily dirty. I looked down to see the dirt swirling arounf on the floor like a whirlpool of sorts, this image different frighten me but it was amusing. I began to laugh and i couldn't control it, the other person in the elevator looked at me and said 'Dude you look like you are trippin balls.'
I went back to my apartment and smoked some more, i sat on my porch and watched a thunderstorm roll in. After about six hours from taking them the visuals became few and far between, when my normal state of thoughts returned i looked back on everything that had occured and i realized from that one piece of chocolate my whole perception of the world would be forever changed. This change was the best thing to happen to me. I at this point had no spiritural beliefs. That was the most spiritual expeirence i have ever had(through out my life i was exposed to church). I feel from that expeiernce that shrooms are beatiful gift of god not be abused but enjoyed. Shrooms are not for everyone so if you choose to take them understabnd what you are getting into and enjoy.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


COURSE OUTLINE
1.Introduction to English Language (this course is to introduce students to english as a subject on its own.)
2.English Writing (this topic introduces research techniques, documentation styles, writing strategies.)
3.Literature (this topic is literature-based research and documentation. it includes: poetry, prose, drama, plot, characterization, theme, cultural context.)
4. American Literature I (this course covers the selected works in American literature from beginnings to 1865. its emphasis is on the historical background, cultural context, and literary abalysis of selected prose, poetry and drama.)
5. American Literature II (this course covers the american literature from 1865 to the present. it emphasis on the historical background, cultural context, and literary analysis of selected prose, poetry and drama.)
6. Major American Writers (this course cover the work of several major American authors. it emphasis on American history, culture and the literary merits.)
7. British Literature I (this course covers the selected works in British literature from the beginnings to the Romantic period. it emphasis on historical background, cultural context, and literary analysis of selected prose, poetry and drama)
8. British Literature II (this course covers the selected works in British literature from the Romantic period to the present. it emphasis on historical background, cultural context, and literary analysis of selected prose, poetry and drama)
9. Major British Writers (this course cover the work of several major American authors. it emphasis on American history, culture and the literary merits.)
10. Western World Literature I (this course survey the selected European works from the Classical period through the Renaissance. it emphasis on historical background, cultural context, and literary analysis of selected prose, poetry and drama)
11. Western World Literature II (this course covers the selected European works from the Neoclassical period to the present. it emphasis on historical background, cultural context, and literary analysis of selected prose, poetry and drama)
12. World Literature I (this course covers the selected works from the Pacific, Asia, African, Europe and the Americas from their literary beginnings through the seventeenth century. it emphasis on historical background, cultural context, and literary analysis of selected prose, poetry and drama)
13. World Literature II (this course covers the selected works from the Pacific, Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas from the eighteenth century to the present. it emphasis on historical background, cultural context, and literary analysis of selected prose, poetry and drama)
14. Southern Literature (this course covers the analytical study of the works of several Southern authors. it emphasis on the historical and cultural contexts, themes, aesthetic features of individual works, biographical background of the authors.)
15. African American Literature (this course provide survey of the development of African-American literature from its beginnings to the present. it emphasis on historical and cultural context, themes, literary traditions, and backgrounds of the authors.)
16. Literature by Women (this course provide an analytical study of the work of several women authors. it emphasis on the historical and cultural contexts, themes, biographical backgrounds of the authors.)


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"""Functions for reading and writing dictionaries."""
from __future__ import division, print_function
import os
system_dicts = ["controlDict", "snappyHexMeshDict", "fvSchemes", "fvSolution",
"fvOptions", "decomposeParDict", "topoSetDict", "blockMeshDict"]
constant_dicts = ["dynamicMeshDict", "RASProperties", "transportProperties",
"turbulenceProperties"]
upper_rule = ("// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "
"* * * * * * * * * * * * //")
lower_rule = ("// **********************************************"
"*************************** //")
[docs]def replace_value(dictpath, keyword, newvalue):
"""Replace a value in a dictionary."""
newvalue = str(newvalue)
with open(dictpath) as f:
in_block = False
lines = f.readlines()
single_line = True
for n in range(len(lines)):
sl = lines[n].split()
if len(sl) > 0 and sl[0] == keyword:
nstart = n
if not ";" in lines[n]:
in_block = True
single_line = False
if ";" in lines[n] and in_block:
in_block = False
nend = n
if single_line:
oldvalue = lines[nstart].replace(";", "").split()[1]
newvalue = lines[nstart].replace(oldvalue, newvalue)
new_text = lines[:nstart] + [newvalue] + lines[nstart+1:]
else:
new_text = lines[:nstart] + [newvalue] + lines[nend+1:]
with open(dictpath, "w") as f:
for line in new_text:
f.write(line)
[docs]def read_text(dictpath, keyword):
with open(dictpath) as f:
in_block = False
lines = f.readlines()
single_line = True
for n in range(len(lines)):
sl = lines[n].split()
if len(sl) > 0 and sl[0] == keyword:
nstart = n
if not ";" in lines[n]:
in_block = True
single_line = False
if ";" in lines[n] and in_block:
in_block = False
nend = n
return lines[nstart:nend+1]
[docs]def read_single_line_value(dictname=None, dictpath=None, keyword="",
dtype=float, casedir="./"):
"""Read value from a dictionary that appears on a single line."""
if dictpath is None and dictname is not None:
if dictname in system_dicts:
dictpath = os.path.join(casedir, "system", dictname)
elif dictname in constant_dicts:
dictpath = os.path.join(casedir, "constant", dictname)
elif dictpath is None and dictname is None:
raise ValueError("Neither dictionary name nor dictionary path supplied")
with open(dictpath) as f:
for line in f.readlines():
line = line.strip()
if ";" in line:
ls = line.replace(";", " ").split()
if ls[0] == keyword:
return dtype(ls[1])


No Default Transitions
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Toggle looping: false
Default Enter & Exit Transitions
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Default Enter Transition
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Default Enter & Exit Transitions, with Random Overrides
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--- title: Deep Learning for Big Code ref: bigcode21 description: Graduate seminar on new methods and systems for learning from programs. semester: Spring 2021 number: 263-2926-00L lecturer: Dr. Veselin Raychev ta: assistants: edoz: http://www.vvz.ethz.ch/Vorlesungsverzeichnis/lerneinheit.view?lerneinheitId=150647&semkez=2021S&ansicht=KATALOGDATEN&lang=en session-time-place: Mon 16-18, CAB G52 (online via zoom, check your email for link) lecture-time-place: exercise-time-place: credits: 2 image: assets/images/orator.jpg ---
The objective of the seminar is to:
The seminar is carried out as a set of presentations (2 each lecture) chosen from a set of available papers (available below). The grade is determined as a function of the presentation, handling questions and answers, and participation:


OpenVINO™ Toolkit¶
1. Overview¶
The OpenVINO™ (Open visual inference and neural network optimization) toolkit provides a ROS-adaptered runtime framework of neural network which quickly deploys applications and solutions for vision inference. By leveraging Intel® OpenVINO™ toolkit and corresponding libraries, this runtime framework extends workloads across Intel® hardware (including accelerators) and maximizes performance.
- Enables CNN-based deep learning inference at the edge
- Supports heterogeneous execution across computer vision accelerators—CPU, GPU, Intel® Movidius™ Neural Compute Stick, and FPGA—using a common API
- Speeds up time to market via a library of functions and preoptimized kernels
- Includes optimized calls for OpenCV and OpenVX*
From the view of hirarchical architecture design, the package is divided into different functional components, as shown in below picture.
2. Support Features¶
Diversal Input Components¶
Currently, the package support several kinds of input resources of gaining image data:
| Input Resource | Description |
|---|---|
| StandardCamera | Any RGB camera with USB port supporting. Currently only the first USB camera if many are connected. |
| RealSenseCamera | Intel RealSense RGB-D Camera, directly calling RealSense Camera via librealsense plugin of openCV. |
| Image Topic | Any ROS topic which is structured in image message. |
| Image File | Any image file which can be parsed by openCV, such as .png, .jpeg. |
| Video File | Any video file which can be parsed by openCV. |
Inference Implementations¶
Currently, the inference feature list is supported:
| Inference | Description |
|---|---|
| Face Detection | Object Detection task applied to face recognition using a sequence of neural networks. |
| Emotion Recognition | Emotion recognition based on detected face image. |
| Age & Gender Recognition | Age and gener recognition based on detected face image. |
| Head Pose Estimation | Head pose estimation based on detected face image. |
| Object Detection | Object dtection based on SSD-based trained models. |
| Vehicle Detection | Vehicle and passenger detection based on Intel models. |
| Object Segmentation | Object detection and segmentation. |
| Person Reidentification | Person Reidentification based on object detection. |
Note
For preparing and optimizing your own trained model, you can follow this instruction Model Optimizer Developer Guide.
ROS interfaces and outputs¶
Subscribed Topic¶
Image topic:
/openvino_toolkit/image_raw(sensor_msgs::msg::Image)
Published Topic¶
Face Detection:
/ros2_openvino_toolkit/face_detection (object_msgs::msg::ObjectsInBoxes)
Emotion Recognition:
/ros2_openvino_toolkit/emotions_recognition (people_msgs::msg::EmotionsStamped)
Age and Gender Recognition:
/ros2_openvino_toolkit/age_genders_Recognition (people_msgs::msg::AgeGenderStamped)
Head Pose Estimation:
/ros2_openvino_toolkit/headposes_estimation (people_msgs::msg::HeadPoseStamped)
Object Detection:
/ros2_openvino_toolkit/detected_objects(object_msgs::msg::ObjectsInBoxes)
Object Segmentation:
/ros2_openvino_toolkit/reidentified_persons(people_msgs::msg::ObjectsInMasks)
Person Reidentification:
/ros2_openvino_toolkit/segmented_obejcts(people_msgs::msg::ReidentificationStamped)
Rviz Output:
/ros2_openvino_toolkit/image_rviz(sensor_msgs::msg::Image)
Service¶
Object Detection Service:
/detect_object(object_msgs::srv::DetectObject)
Face Detection Service:
/detect_face(object_msgs::srv::DetectObject)
Age & Gender Detection Service:
/detect_age_gender(people_msgs::srv::AgeGender)
Headpose Detection Service:
/detect_head_pose(people_msgs::srv::HeadPose)
Emotion Detection Service:
/detect_emotion(people_msgs::srv::Emotion)
RVIZ2¶
RVIZ2 dispaly is also supported by the composited topic of original image frame with inference result. To show in RViz tool, add an image marker with the composited topic:
/ros2_openvino_toolkit/image_rviz (sensor_msgs::msg::Image)
Image Window¶
OpenCV based image window is natively supported by the package. To enable window, Image Window output should be added into the output choices in .yaml config file. see the config file guidance for checking/adding this feature in your launching.
5. Launching¶
source enviroment <<<<<<< HEAD:docs/pages/vino.html <<<<<<< HEAD
======= .. code:source /opt/intel/openvino/bin/setupvars.sh export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/opt/intel/openvino/deployment_tools/inference_engine/samples/build/intel64/Release/lib
source /opt/intel/openvino/bin/setupvars.sh
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/opt/intel/openvino/deployment_tools/inference_engine/samples/build/intel64/Release/lib
run face detection sample code input from StandardCamera.(connect Intel® Neural Compute Stick 2)
ros2 launch dynamic_vino_sample pipeline_people_myriad.launch.py
run face detection sample code input from Image.
ros2 launch dynamic_vino_sample pipeline_image.launch.py
run object detection sample code input from RealSenseCamera.(connect Intel® Neural Compute Stick 2)
ros2 launch dynamic_vino_sample pipeline_object.launch.py
run object detection sample code input from RealSenseCameraTopic.(connect Intel® Neural Compute Stick 2)
ros2 launch dynamic_vino_sample pipeline_object_topic.launch.py
run object segmentation sample code input from RealSenseCameraTopic.(connect Intel® Neural Compute Stick 2)
ros2 launch dynamic_vino_sample pipeline_segmentation.launch.py
run object segmentation sample code input from Video.
ros2 launch dynamic_vino_sample pipeline_video.launch.py
run person reidentification sample code input from StandardCamera.
ros2 launch dynamic_vino_sample pipeline_reidentification.launch.py
run vehicle detection sample code input from StandardCamera.
ros2 launch dynamic_vino_sample pipeline_vehicle_detection.launch.py
run object detection service sample code input from Image
Run image processing service:
ros2 launch dynamic_vino_sample image_object_server.launch.py
Run example application with an absolute path of an image on another console:
ros2 run dynamic_vino_sample image_object_client ~/Pictures/car.png
run face detection service sample code input from Image
Run image processing service:
ros2 launch dynamic_vino_sample image_people_server.launch.py
Run example application with an absolute path of an image on another console:
ros2 run dynamic_vino_sample image_people_client ~/Pictures/face.png
Demo Result Snapshots¶
See below pictures for the demo result snapshots.
face detection input from image
object detection input from RealSense™
object segmentation input from video
Person Reidentification input from standard camera
6. ToDo¶
- Support result filtering for inference process, so that the inference results can be filtered to different subsidiary inference. For example, given an image, firstly we do Object Detection on it, secondly we pass cars to vehicle brand recognition and pass license plate to license number recognition.
- Design resource manager to better use such resources as models, engines, and other external plugins.
- Develop GUI based configuration and management tools (and monitoring and diagnose tools), in order to provide easy entry for end users to simplify their operation.


Bootstrap Checks
Collectively, we have a lot of experience with users suffering unexpected issues because they have not configured important settings. In previous versions of OpenSearch, misconfiguration of some of these settings were logged as warnings. Understandably, users sometimes miss these log messages. To ensure that these settings receive the attention that they deserve, OpenSearch has bootstrap checks upon startup.
These bootstrap checks inspect a variety of OpenSearch and system settings and compare them to values that are safe for the operation of OpenSearch. If OpenSearch is in development mode, any bootstrap checks that fail appear as warnings in the OpenSearch log. If OpenSearch is in production mode, any bootstrap checks that fail will cause OpenSearch to refuse to start.
There are some bootstrap checks that are always enforced to prevent OpenSearch from running with incompatible settings. These checks are documented individually.
Development vs. production mode
By default, OpenSearch binds to loopback addresses for HTTP and transport (internal) communication. This is fine for downloading and playing with OpenSearch as well as everyday development, but it’s useless for production systems. To join a cluster, an OpenSearch node must be reachable via transport communication. To join a cluster via a non-loopback address, a node must bind transport to a non-loopback address and not be using single-node discovery. Thus, we consider an OpenSearch node to be in development mode if it can not form a cluster with another machine via a non-loopback address, and is otherwise in production mode if it can join a cluster via non-loopback addresses.
Note that HTTP and transport can be configured independently via
http.host
and transport.host
; this
can be useful for configuring a single node to be reachable via HTTP for testing
purposes without triggering production mode.
Single-node discovery
We recognize that some users need to bind transport to an external interface for
testing their usage of the transport client. For this situation, we provide the
discovery type single-node
(configure it by setting discovery.type
to
single-node
); in this situation, a node will elect itself master and will not
join a cluster with any other node.
Forcing the bootstrap checks
If you are running a single node in production, it is possible to evade the
bootstrap checks (either by not binding transport to an external interface, or
by binding transport to an external interface and setting the discovery type to
single-node
). For this situation, you can force execution of the bootstrap
checks by setting the system property opensearch.enforce.bootstrap.checks
to true
(set this in Setting JVM options, or by adding -Des.enforce.bootstrap.checks=true
to the environment variable OPENSEARCH_JAVA_OPTS
). We strongly encourage you to do
this if you are in this specific situation. This system property can be used to
force execution of the bootstrap checks independent of the node configuration.
Heap size check
If a JVM is started with unequal initial and max heap size, it can be
prone to pauses as the JVM heap is resized during system usage. To avoid
these resize pauses, it’s best to start the JVM with the initial heap
size equal to the maximum heap size. Additionally, if
bootstrap.memory_lock
is enabled, the JVM
will lock the initial size of the heap on startup. If the initial heap
size is not equal to the maximum heap size, after a resize it will not
be the case that all of the JVM heap is locked in memory. To pass the
heap size check, you must configure the heap size.
File descriptor check
File descriptors are a Unix construct for tracking open "files". In Unix
though, everything is
a file. For example, "files" could be a physical file, a virtual file
(e.g., /proc/loadavg
), or network sockets. OpenSearch requires
lots of file descriptors (e.g., every shard is composed of multiple
segments and other files, plus connections to other nodes, etc.). This
bootstrap check is enforced on OS X and Linux. To pass the file
descriptor check, you might have to configure file
descriptors.
Memory lock check
When the JVM does a major garbage collection it touches every page of
the heap. If any of those pages are swapped out to disk they will have
to be swapped back in to memory. That causes lots of disk thrashing that
OpenSearch would much rather use to service requests. There are
several ways to configure a system to disallow swapping. One way is by
requesting the JVM to lock the heap in memory through mlockall
(Unix)
or virtual lock (Windows). This is done via the OpenSearch setting
bootstrap.memory_lock
. However, there are
cases where this setting can be passed to OpenSearch but
OpenSearch is not able to lock the heap (e.g., if the opensearch
user does not have memlock unlimited
). The memory lock check verifies
that if the bootstrap.memory_lock
setting is enabled, that the JVM
was successfully able to lock the heap. To pass the memory lock check,
you might have to configure bootstrap.memory_lock
.
Maximum number of threads check
OpenSearch executes requests by breaking the request down into stages
and handing those stages off to different thread pool executors. There
are different thread pool executors for a variety
of tasks within OpenSearch. Thus, OpenSearch needs the ability to
create a lot of threads. The maximum number of threads check ensures
that the OpenSearch process has the rights to create enough threads
under normal use. This check is enforced only on Linux. If you are on
Linux, to pass the maximum number of threads check, you must configure
your system to allow the OpenSearch process the ability to create at
least 4096 threads. This can be done via /etc/security/limits.conf
using the nproc
setting (note that you might have to increase the
limits for the root
user too).
Max file size check
The segment files that are the components of individual shards and the translog
generations that are components of the translog can get large (exceeding
multiple gigabytes). On systems where the max size of files that can be created
by the OpenSearch process is limited, this can lead to failed
writes. Therefore, the safest option here is that the max file size is unlimited
and that is what the max file size bootstrap check enforces. To pass the max
file check, you must configure your system to allow the OpenSearch process
the ability to write files of unlimited size. This can be done via
/etc/security/limits.conf
using the fsize
setting to unlimited
(note that
you might have to increase the limits for the root
user too).
Maximum size virtual memory check
OpenSearch and Lucene use mmap
to great effect to map portions of
an index into the OpenSearch address space. This keeps certain index
data off the JVM heap but in memory for blazing fast access. For this to
be effective, the OpenSearch should have unlimited address space. The
maximum size virtual memory check enforces that the OpenSearch
process has unlimited address space and is enforced only on Linux. To
pass the maximum size virtual memory check, you must configure your
system to allow the OpenSearch process the ability to have unlimited
address space. This can be done via adding <user> - as unlimited
to /etc/security/limits.conf
. This may require you to increase the limits
for the root
user too.
Maximum map count check
Continuing from the previous point, to
use mmap
effectively, OpenSearch also requires the ability to
create many memory-mapped areas. The maximum map count check checks that
the kernel allows a process to have at least 262,144 memory-mapped areas
and is enforced on Linux only. To pass the maximum map count check, you
must configure vm.max_map_count
via sysctl
to be at least 262144
.
Alternatively, the maximum map count check is only needed if you are using
mmapfs
or hybridfs
as the store type for your
indices. If you do not allow the use of mmap
then this
bootstrap check will not be enforced.
Client JVM check
There are two different JVMs provided by OpenJDK-derived JVMs: the client JVM and the server JVM. These JVMs use different compilers for producing executable machine code from Java bytecode. The client JVM is tuned for startup time and memory footprint while the server JVM is tuned for maximizing performance. The difference in performance between the two VMs can be substantial. The client JVM check ensures that OpenSearch is not running inside the client JVM. To pass the client JVM check, you must start OpenSearch with the server VM. On modern systems and operating systems, the server VM is the default.
Use serial collector check
There are various garbage collectors for the OpenJDK-derived JVMs
targeting different workloads. The serial collector in particular is
best suited for single logical CPU machines or extremely small heaps,
neither of which are suitable for running OpenSearch. Using the
serial collector with OpenSearch can be devastating for performance.
The serial collector check ensures that OpenSearch is not configured
to run with the serial collector. To pass the serial collector check,
you must not start OpenSearch with the serial collector (whether it’s
from the defaults for the JVM that you’re using, or you’ve explicitly
specified it with -XX:+UseSerialGC
). Note that the default JVM
configuration that ships with OpenSearch configures OpenSearch to
use the G1GC garbage collector with JDK14 and later versions. For earlier
JDK versions, the configuration defaults to the CMS collector.
System call filter check
OpenSearch installs system call filters of various flavors depending
on the operating system (e.g., seccomp on Linux). These system call
filters are installed to prevent the ability to execute system calls
related to forking as a defense mechanism against arbitrary code
execution attacks on OpenSearch. The system call filter check ensures
that if system call filters are enabled, then they were successfully
installed. To pass the system call filter check you must either fix any
configuration errors on your system that prevented system call filters
from installing (check your logs), or at your own risk disable system
call filters by setting bootstrap.system_call_filter
to false
.
OnError and OnOutOfMemoryError checks
The JVM options OnError
and OnOutOfMemoryError
enable executing
arbitrary commands if the JVM encounters a fatal error (OnError
) or an
OutOfMemoryError
(OnOutOfMemoryError
). However, by default,
OpenSearch system call filters (seccomp) are enabled and these
filters prevent forking. Thus, using OnError
or OnOutOfMemoryError
and system call filters are incompatible. The OnError
and
OnOutOfMemoryError
checks prevent OpenSearch from starting if
either of these JVM options are used and system call filters are
enabled. This check is always enforced. To pass this check do not enable
OnError
nor OnOutOfMemoryError
; instead, upgrade to Java 8u92 and
use the JVM flag ExitOnOutOfMemoryError
. While this does not have the
full capabilities of OnError
nor OnOutOfMemoryError
, arbitrary
forking will not be supported with seccomp enabled.
Early-access check
The OpenJDK project provides early-access snapshots of upcoming releases. These releases are not suitable for production. The early-access check detects these early-access snapshots. To pass this check, you must start OpenSearch on a release build of the JVM.
G1GC check
Early versions of the HotSpot JVM that shipped with JDK 8 are known to have issues that can lead to index corruption when the G1GC collector is enabled. The versions impacted are those earlier than the version of HotSpot that shipped with JDK 8u40. The G1GC check detects these early versions of the HotSpot JVM.
All permission check
The all permission check ensures that the security policy used during bootstrap
does not grant the java.security.AllPermission
to OpenSearch. Running with
the all permission granted is equivalent to disabling the security manager.
Discovery configuration check
By default, when OpenSearch first starts up it will try and discover other nodes running on the same host. If no elected master can be discovered within a few seconds then OpenSearch will form a cluster that includes any other nodes that were discovered. It is useful to be able to form this cluster without any extra configuration in development mode, but this is unsuitable for production because it’s possible to form multiple clusters and lose data as a result.
This bootstrap check ensures that discovery is not running with the default configuration. It can be satisfied by setting at least one of the following properties:
-
discovery.seed_hosts
-
discovery.seed_providers
-
cluster.initial_master_nodes


The first map is displayed correctly after clicking the button. The second and third are not (not bound to default resize bus). Click me first
However, the third map responds to the second button (custom resize bus) Click me second


Welcome to CSE 154, a web development course that introduces the languages, tools, and techniques of modern full-stack development.


Exam 2011 (Sep 5, 2011)
The problems are based on the simulated data of Appendix 1. There are 24 observations and the variables are as follows:
- For Three types of feed:
For1
,For2
ogFor3
. - Frittgående The variable is
Ja
for freely moving chickens and otherwiseNo
. - Besetning Lifestock. The variable indicates which of 6 lifestock (or farms for that matter) the chicken comes from.
- Vekt Weight in gram (g).
Exercise 1
Only variables Besetning and Vekt are used in this exercise. Consider,
\[ \begin{aligned} y_{ij} &= \mu + \tau_i + \epsilon_{ij} \text{ where, } \\ i &= 1, 2, \ldots, 6 \text{ corresponding to }\texttt{Bes1}, \texttt{Bes2}, \ldots, \texttt{Bes6} \\ j &= 1, 2, \ldots, 4, \text{ corresponding to the four observations of each Besetning} \\ y_{ij} &= `Vekt`, \; \tau_i \sim \text{N}(0, \sigma_\tau^2), \; \epsilon_{ij} \sim \text{N}(0, \sigma^2) \end{aligned} \]
The random variables on the right hand side of the model equation are assumed to be independent.
Use the output in Appendix 2 to test at 5% significance level the null hypothesis
\[H_0: \sigma_\tau^2 = 0\]
Formulate a conclusion.
The p-value is 0.176 and therefore we cannot reject the null hypothesis. In other words, we cannot claim a significant effect of Besetning.
Use the output in Appendix 2 to estimate \(\sigma^2\). Construct a 95% confidence interval for \(\sigma^2\). What is the 95% confidence interval for the standard deviation (\(\sigma\))? Interpret the confidence interval for \(\sigma\).
Here, we have, \(\hat{\sigma}^2 = \text{MSE} = 605.722\) and degree of freedom corresponding to residual is 18. Therefore \(\text{SSE} = \text{MSE} \times df = 10902.996\)
From \(\chi^2\) table, we have \(\chi^2_{0.975, 18} = 8.231\) and \(\chi^2_{0.025, 18} = 31.526\)
Thus, the 95% confidence interval for \(\sigma^2\) is,
\[ \left[ \frac{\text{SSE}}{\chi^2_{0.025, 18}}, \frac{\text{SSE}}{\chi^2_{0.975, 18}} \right] = \left[345.84, 1324.67\right] \]
Further, 95% confidence interval for standard deviation \(\sigma\) can be obtained by taking square root of confidence interval for \(\sigma^2\), i.e. 18.6, 36.4.
Interpretation: We are 95% sure that the standard deviation is between 18.6 and 36.4.
The correlation coefficient for observations from the same Besetning is
\[\rho = \frac{\sigma_\tau^2}{\sigma_\tau^2 + \sigma^2}\]
Use the output in Appendix 2 to estimate \(\rho\). Comment.
The estimate of correlation coefficient (\(\hat{\rho}\)) is obtained as,
\[\hat{\rho} = \frac{\hat{\sigma}_\tau^2}{\hat{\sigma}_\tau^2 + \hat{\sigma}^2} = \frac{112.3}{112.3 + 605.7} = 0.156\]
There are several ways to comment on this:
15.6414899% of the total variability is between Besetning. Generally this number is between 0 and 100%. The value 0 would mean that the variable Besetning is irrelevant whereas the value 100% would imply no error, i.e., all variance explained by Besetning.
The correlation in this model is always between 0 and 1 (or equivalently between 0 and 100%); here the correlation for animals from the same Besetning is estimated to 0.1564149
Regarding i) and ii) It is difficult to say that whether 0.1564149 or 15.6414899% is small or large and there is no definitive answer. Most would say that the correlation is rather low and one could add that numerator \(\sigma_\tau^2\) is not significantly greater than 0.
Mean
Vekt
is 925.6. Use this and the output of Appendix 2 to estimate \(\mu\) and to calculate a 95% confidence interval for \(\mu\).We have, \(\hat{\mu} = 925.6\)
Here, \(a = 6\) and from t-table, \(t_{0.025, a - 1} = t_{0.025, 5} = 2.571\). Hence, the 95% confidence interval for \(\mu\) is,
\[ \begin{aligned} \hat{\mu} - t_{0.025, 5} \sqrt{\frac{\text{MS}_\text{Treatment}}{N-a}} &\le \mu \le \hat{\mu} + t_{0.025, 5} \sqrt{\frac{\text{MS}_\text{Treatment}}{N - a}} \\ 925.6 - 2.571 \sqrt{\frac{1054.97}{24}} &\le \mu \le 925.6 + 2.571 \sqrt{\frac{1054.97}{24}}\\ 908.56 \le \mu \le 942.64 \end{aligned} \]
Exercise 2
We now use the variables For, Frittgående and Vekt and consider the model,
\[ \begin{aligned} y_{ijk} &= \mu + \tau_i + \beta_j + (\tau\beta)_{ij} + \epsilon_{ijk} \text{ where, } \\ i &= 1, 2, 3 \text{ corresponding to }\texttt{For1}, \texttt{For2}, \text{ and }\texttt{For3} \\ j &= 1, 2, \text{ corresponding to }\texttt{Ja} \text{ and } \texttt{Nei} \\ k &= 1, 2, \ldots, 4 \text{ corresponding to replications,} \\ y_{ijk} &= \texttt{Vekt}, \; \epsilon_{ijk} \sim \text{N}(0, \sigma^2), \\ \sum_{i = 1}^3 \tau_i &= 0 \; \sum_{j = 1}^2 \beta_j = 0 \; \sum_{i = 1}^3 (\tau\beta)_{ij} = 0 \; \sum_{j = 1}^2 (\tau\beta)_{ij} = 0 \end{aligned} \]
We assume \(\epsilon_{ijk}\) to be independent.
Use the output in Appendix 3 to determine if there is a significant interaction between For and Frittgående by stating a null hypothesis and formulating a conclusion. Use 5% significance level. Use the output in Appendix 3 to determine if there is a main effect of the variable Frittgående by stating a null hypothesis and formulating a conclusion. Use 5% significance level.
The null hypothesis of no interaction can be stated as,
\[H_0: (\tau\beta)_{ij} = 0 \text{ for all}i\text{ and }j\]
We do not reject as the p-value is greater than 0.05. A significant interaction would have meant that the effect of Frittgående depends on For and vice versa; there is no significant interaction.
Next, the null hypothesis of no Frittgående effect is
\[H_0: \beta_1 = \beta_2 = 0\]
We do not reject as the p-value is greater than 0.05. Therefore, we cannot claim that there is a significant effect of Frittgående.
For the remaining part we use the model
\[ \begin{aligned} y_{ij} &= \mu + \tau_i + \epsilon_{ij}, \text{ where, } \\ i &= 1, 2, 3, \text{ corresponding to }\texttt{For1}, \texttt{For2}, \text{ and } \texttt{For3} \\ j &= 1, 2, \ldots, 8 \text{ corresponding to the eight observation for each }\texttt{For} \\ y_{ij} &= \texttt{Vekt}, \; \epsilon_{ij} \sim \text{N}(0, \sigma^2), \end{aligned} \]
We assume \(\epsilon_{ij}\) to be independent.
Use the output in Appendix 4 to show that there are significant differences between For at 5% significance level. Between which types of For are there differences? Use Tukey’s test and the output of Appendix 4 for your answer.
The p-value is below 0.05 and we therefore reject. In other words, we can claim that there is a significant difference depending on For. Tukey demonstrates a significant effect only between
For3
ogFor1
, p-value=0.03.Use the output in Appendix 4 to estimate \(\mu, \tau_1, \tau_2\) and \(\tau_3\)
Using Appendix 4, we have,
\(\hat{\mu}\) = 925.58 \(\hat{\tau}_1\) = 18.67 \(\hat{\tau}_1\) = -5.08 Using the assumption of sum-to-zero effect, i.e. \(\sum_{i = 1}^3 \tau_i = 0\), we have,
\[\tau_1 + \tau_2 + \tau_3 = 0 \Rightarrow \tau_3 = -13.59\]
We would like to compare fortype
For1
against the average ofFor2
andFor3
. Formulate a suitable contrast, compute a 95% CI and comment on the result.The contrast can be formulated as,
\[\Gamma = \tau_1 - \frac{1}{2}\left(\tau_2 + \tau_3\right), \text{ i.e., } c = \left(1, -\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{1}{2}\right)\]
The estimated difference is,
\[\hat{\Gamma} = 18.67 - 0.5 \times -18.67 = 28.005\]
The variance of \(\hat{\Gamma}\) is,
\[\text{var}\left(\hat{\Gamma}\right) = \frac{\sum_{i = 1}^3 c_i^2 \times \hat{\sigma}^2}{n} = \frac{836.25}{8} = 104.53\]
Therefore, standard error is,
\[\text{SE}\left(\hat{\Gamma}\right) = \sqrt{104.53} = 10.2239914\]
From t-table we have, \(t_{0.025, 21} = 2.08\), so,
95% confidence interval for \(\Gamma\) is,
\[\hat{\Gamma} \pm 2.08 \times \text{SE}\left(\hat{\Gamma}\right) = \left[6.74, 49.27\right]\]
Comment: The difference between
For1
and the average of the others is estimated to 28.005. There is 95% probability that the true difference is in the interval from 6.74 to 49.27.Calculated predicted
Vekt
for a chicken fed onFor1
. Also calculate the residual for the first observation of Appendix 1.The predicted
Vekt
and residual for the first observation is,\[ \begin{aligned} \text{Predicted} &: \hat{\mu} + \hat{\tau}_1 = 944.25 \\ \text{Residual} &: 910 - 944.25 = -34.25 \\ \end{aligned} \]
Describe the assumptions for the model in b) above. Would you say that the assumptions are met? Your answer is supposed to be brief and you can use the figures of Appendix 5.
We have to assume independence, normality and constant variance. The two last assumptions appear OK based on the figures: There are no striking deviations from the straight line and no striking pattern in the plot of fitted values against the residuals.
Independence is not tested formally, but Exercise 1 does not indicate strong deviation from independence.
Appendix 1
| For | Frittgående | Besetning | Vekt |
|---|---|---|---|
| For1 | Ja | Bes1 | 910 |
| For1 | Ja | Bes1 | 938 |
| For1 | Ja | Bes2 | 933 |
| For1 | Ja | Bes2 | 915 |
| For1 | Nei | Bes1 | 963 |
| For1 | Nei | Bes1 | 935 |
| For1 | Nei | Bes2 | 969 |
| For1 | Nei | Bes2 | 991 |
| For2 | Ja | Bes3 | 908 |
| For2 | Ja | Bes3 | 911 |
| For2 | Ja | Bes4 | 935 |
| For2 | Ja | Bes4 | 919 |
| For2 | Nei | Bes3 | 939 |
| For2 | Nei | Bes3 | 906 |
| For2 | Nei | Bes4 | 948 |
| For2 | Nei | Bes4 | 898 |
| For3 | Ja | Bes5 | 925 |
| For3 | Ja | Bes5 | 905 |
| For3 | Ja | Bes6 | 919 |
| For3 | Ja | Bes6 | 919 |
| For3 | Nei | Bes5 | 920 |
| For3 | Nei | Bes5 | 880 |
| For3 | Nei | Bes6 | 878 |
| For3 | Nei | Bes6 | 950 |
Appendix 2
Analysis of variance (unrestricted model)
Response: Vekt
Mean Sq Sum Sq Df F value Pr(>F)
Besetning 1054.97 5274.83 5 1.74 0.1761
Residuals 605.72 10903.00 18 - -
Err.term(s) Err.df VC(SS)
1 Besetning (2) 18 112
2 Residuals - - 606
(VC = variance component)
Appendix 3
Anova Table (Type II tests)
Response: Vekt
Sum Sq Df F value Pr(>F)
For 4470.3 2 4.9146 0.01981 *
Frittgående 816.7 1 1.7956 0.19691
For:Frittgående 2704.3 2 2.9731 0.07662 .
Residuals 8186.5 18
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Appendix 4
Analysis of Variance Table
Response: Vekt
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
For 2 4470.3 2235.2 4.0093 0.03351 *
Residuals 21 11707.5 557.5
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 925.583 4.820 192.043 <2e-16 ***
For(For1) 18.667 6.816 2.739 0.0123 *
For(For2) -5.083 6.816 -0.746 0.4641
---
Tukey multiple comparisons of means
95% family-wise confidence level
Fit: aov(formula = mdl4)
$For
diff lwr upr p adj
For2-For1 -23.75 -53.50714 6.007144 0.1340322
For3-For1 -32.25 -62.00714 -2.492856 0.0321413
For3-For2 -8.50 -38.25714 21.257144 0.7545317