|
mlpack
1.0.12
|
This class implements the necessary methods for the SortPolicy template parameter of the NeighborSearch class. More...
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static double | BestDistance () |
| Return what should represent the best possible distance with this particular sort policy. More... | |
| template<typename TreeType > | |
| static double | BestNodeToNodeDistance (const TreeType *queryNode, const TreeType *referenceNode) |
| Return the best possible distance between two nodes. More... | |
| template<typename TreeType > | |
| static double | BestNodeToNodeDistance (const TreeType *queryNode, const TreeType *referenceNode, const double centerToCenterDistance) |
| Return the best possible distance between two nodes, given that the distance between the centers of the two nodes has already been calculated. More... | |
| template<typename TreeType > | |
| static double | BestNodeToNodeDistance (const TreeType *queryNode, const TreeType *referenceNode, const TreeType *referenceChildNode, const double centerToCenterDistance) |
| Return the best possible distance between the query node and the reference child node given the base case distance between the query node and the reference node. More... | |
| template<typename VecType , typename TreeType > | |
| static double | BestPointToNodeDistance (const VecType &queryPoint, const TreeType *referenceNode) |
| Return the best possible distance between a node and a point. More... | |
| template<typename VecType , typename TreeType > | |
| static double | BestPointToNodeDistance (const VecType &queryPoint, const TreeType *referenceNode, const double pointToCenterDistance) |
| Return the best possible distance between a point and a node, given that the distance between the point and the center of the node has already been calculated. More... | |
| static double | CombineBest (const double a, const double b) |
| Return the best combination of the two distances. More... | |
| static double | CombineWorst (const double a, const double b) |
| Return the worst combination of the two distances. More... | |
| static bool | IsBetter (const double value, const double ref) |
| Return whether or not value is "better" than ref. More... | |
| static size_t | SortDistance (const arma::vec &list, const arma::Col< size_t > &indices, double newDistance) |
| Return the index in the vector where the new distance should be inserted, or size_t() - 1 if it should not be inserted (i.e. More... | |
| static double | WorstDistance () |
| Return what should represent the worst possible distance with this particular sort policy. More... | |
This class implements the necessary methods for the SortPolicy template parameter of the NeighborSearch class.
The sorting policy here is that the minimum distance is the best (so, when used with NeighborSearch, the output is furthest neighbors).
Definition at line 29 of file furthest_neighbor_sort.hpp.
|
inlinestatic |
Return what should represent the best possible distance with this particular sort policy.
In our case, this should be the maximum possible distance, DBL_MAX.
Definition at line 138 of file furthest_neighbor_sort.hpp.
|
static |
Return the best possible distance between two nodes.
In our case, this is the maximum distance between the two tree nodes using the given distance function.
|
static |
Return the best possible distance between two nodes, given that the distance between the centers of the two nodes has already been calculated.
This is used in conjunction with trees that have self-children (like cover trees).
|
static |
Return the best possible distance between the query node and the reference child node given the base case distance between the query node and the reference node.
TreeType::ParentDistance() must be implemented to use this.
| queryNode | Query node. |
| referenceNode | Reference node. |
| referenceChildNode | Child of reference node which is being inspected. |
| centerToCenterDistance | Distance between centers of query node and reference node. |
|
static |
Return the best possible distance between a node and a point.
In our case, this is the maximum distance between the tree node and the point using the given distance function.
|
static |
Return the best possible distance between a point and a node, given that the distance between the point and the center of the node has already been calculated.
This is used in conjunction with trees that have self-children (like cover trees).
|
inlinestatic |
Return the best combination of the two distances.
Definition at line 143 of file furthest_neighbor_sort.hpp.
|
inlinestatic |
Return the worst combination of the two distances.
Definition at line 153 of file furthest_neighbor_sort.hpp.
|
inlinestatic |
Return whether or not value is "better" than ref.
In this case, that means that the value is greater than the reference.
| value | Value to compare |
| ref | Value to compare with |
Definition at line 59 of file furthest_neighbor_sort.hpp.
|
static |
Return the index in the vector where the new distance should be inserted, or size_t() - 1 if it should not be inserted (i.e.
if it is not any better than any of the existing points in the list). The list should be sorted such that the best point is the first in the list. The actual insertion is not performed.
| list | Vector of existing distance points, sorted such that the best point is the first in the list. |
| new_distance | Distance to try to insert. |
|
inlinestatic |
Return what should represent the worst possible distance with this particular sort policy.
In our case, this should be the minimum possible distance, 0.
Definition at line 129 of file furthest_neighbor_sort.hpp.


Pidgin Configuration for TU Graz Jabber Server
Note:
Username is the name of your TUG email address
Password is the password of your TUG email address
Lukas Prokop student of
Computer Science
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>License: Emailware


How-Tos and Tutorials
In this section of the reference documentation, you will find short, focused tutorials on how to complete specific tasks with Appcelerator technologies. They are categorized first by product, and then by topic.
In this section of the reference documentation, you will find short, focused tutorials on how to complete specific tasks with Appcelerator technologies. They are categorized first by product, and then by topic.


Khune Takes Free Kicks Like CR7- Nkosi
by SL SocialA former Kaizer Chiefs teammate has heaped high praise on Itumeleng Khune’s free kick-taking ability, likening it to that of Portuguese superstar Cristiano Ronaldo.
Siyabonga Nkosi did not hold back when it came to showering Khune with praise while working as a pundit in the Mamelodi Sundowns Vs Golden Arrows match.
Download The Soccer Laduma Social Media App & Earn Airtime for Selfies!
The former Chiefs star spoke highly of Khune’s free-kick prowess, likening him to the great CR7.
“He takes the best free kicks you know. I always encouraged him to take them. Out of ten he would score seven in the top corner, the Cristiano Ronaldo type of shots,” the 38-year-old can be heard saying.
Khune, who was amused by the praise, took to Instagram to share a clip on his story.
It remains to be seen when Khune will be returning the field of play to challenge for the Amakhosi number one jersey, let alone taking free kicks.
Having heard Nkosi’s words, do you think Khune should take up set-piece duties when he returns to the Chiefs starting XI?


---
Title: Manvers Street car park
Breadcrumb1_url: section-parking.html
Breadcrumb1_title: Parking & Travel
Breadcrumb2_url: find-parking-bath.html
Breadcrumb2_title: Find parking in Bath
---
{{> breadcrumb.lv-three-breadcrumb}}
{{Title}}
5A Manvers Street, Bath BA1 1JQ
View on a map
Facilities
156 spaces
5 disabled spaces
Maximum stay 7 days
Open 24hrs a Day
Height Restriction: 6 feet 6 inches / 1.98 metres
Charges
Hours
Cost
1hr
£1.60
2hrs
£4.30
3hrs
£5.40
4hrs
£7.40
6hrs
£9.60
8hrs
£12.80
12hrs
£15.00
2 days
£30.00
3 days
£45.00
4 days
£60.00
5 days
£75.00
6 days
£90.00
7 days
£105.00
Charges apply Monday–Sunday 8am–8pm, including bank holidays
You can pay using MiPermit , our cashless payment system, or with coins
Charges apply to Blue Badge holders unless specified otherwise by signage
Please refer to signage located in car parks for further information including bank holiday charges
Pay for parking
More parking nearby
Avoid the traffic


Columbia University Master of Science in Computer Science, Machine Learning Track New York, NY Expected Dec 2018 |
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) B. S. Double Major in Computer Science and Technology Management Rank: 1st out of 40 in Computer Science Department Awards: KAIST summa cum laude Computer Science KAIST Dean's List Award National Science and Engineering Scholarship Daejeon, KR Feb 2016 2016 2015 2014 |
Microsoft HoloLens for Parkinson’s Disease Research Project at Columbia University CGUI Lab (Prof. Steven Feiner) Changmin Seo, Taehwan Kwon Developed Augmented Reality system runs on Microsoft HoloLens with Unity for Parkinson's Disease Rehabilitation; Conducted experiments to show feasibility of using HoloLens to increase gait speed in people with Parkinson's Disease |
Project: Machine Trainer using Computer Vision Final Project in Deep Learning for Computer Vision Course (Prof. Peter Belhumeur) Changmin Seo, Taehwan Kwon Built a model that performs motion classification from 2D exercise videos using OpenPose 2D, MLP and LSTM; Tested our model with test data and reached to 96.16% of test accuracy on motion classification task especially on Squat |
Project: Machine Trainer (Training Human with Trained Machine and Vice Versa) Qualcomm Innovation Awards 2016 Changmin Seo, Taehwan Kwon Designed and developed the prototype of Machine Trainer which is an AI-personal trainer (fitness coach) estimates human pose on exercise in real-time and provide advice on the pose; The prototype consists of a set of sensors that attached to a human body, pre-trained deep neural network and a software for visualization and interaction |
Copyright © Changmin Seo 2017


Additional information returned by the API, it doesn't really serve any purpose but documenting it anyway because it's there.
Whether this game is available or not
The box art of the game, if any. Generally undefined for games that are yet to release.
A description about this game
A list of companies that developed this game
A list of ESRB descriptors
The ESRB Rating
Whether this game is featured on the nintendo.com homepage
The franchises this game is a part of
Whether this game is free to start
A list of general filters that could potentially be searched on nintendo.com to find this game with
A list of genres this game
A large wide image such as a screenshot or artwork of the game, if any.
A list of methods through which the game can be acquired, such as retail or digital download.
A Unix timestamp in milliseconds indicating when the information on this game was last modified
The lowest price at which this game was ever sold
The manufacturer's suggested retail price for this game
The unique ID for this game.
The amount of players that can simultaneously play this game
A unique GUID that represents this game's entry in the Nintendo API.
The platform this game released on
A list of player filters that could potentially be searched on nintendo.com to find this game with
A category price range that this game falls under. Can be used on nintendo.com to find this game with
A list of companies that published this game
A display of the release of this game. Can be either an ISO timestamp or some other representation of date.
The price of this game if and when it is on sale
A unique slug for this game
The title of this game
A unique to the information about this game. Prefix it with https://www.nintendo.com
to have a valid URL.
Generated using TypeDoc
Additional information returned by the API, it doesn't really serve any purpose but documenting it anyway because it's there.


DropboxApi
Library for communicating with Dropbox API v2.
Installation
Add this line to your application's Gemfile:
gem 'dropbox_api'
And then execute:
$ bundle
Or install it yourself as:
$ gem install dropbox_api
Documentation
Please, refer to this gem's custom Dropbox API documentation. Most of the time you'll be checking the available endpoints.
Unfortunately, the documentation at RubyDoc.info is disrecommended because it lacks some nice features that have been added with YARD plugins:
- Each endpoint includes its tests right below the description, this works as an example of its usage.
- All endpoints are shown as methods of the
Client
class, just as you will use them.
Basic set up
Authorize your application
Dropbox uses OAuth, in order to use this library from your application you'll have to get an authorization code.
Once you have it, just pass it on client initialization:
DropboxApi::Client.new("VofXAX8D...")
#=> #<DropboxApi::Client ...>
Or set it as an ENV variable called DROPBOX_OAUTH_BEARER
, for example:
ENV["DROPBOX_OAUTH_BEARER"] = "VofXAX8D..."
DropboxApi::Client.new
#=> #<DropboxApi::Client ...>
Note that setting an ENV variable is only a feasible choice if you're only using one account.
Option A: Get your access token from the website
The easiest way to obtain an access token is to get it from the Dropbox website. You just need to log in to Dropbox and refer to the developers section, go to My apps and select your application, you may need to create one if you haven't done so yet.
Under your application settings, find section OAuth 2. You'll find a button to generate an access token.
Option B: Use DropboxApi::Authenticator
You can obtain an authorization code with this library:
authenticator = DropboxApi::Authenticator.new(CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET)
authenticator. #=> "https://www.dropbox.com/..."
# Now you need to open the authorization URL in your browser,
# authorize the application and copy your code.
auth_bearer = authenticator.get_token(CODE) #=> #<OAuth2::AccessToken ...>`
auth_bearer.token #=> "VofXAX8D..."
# Keep this token, you'll need it to initialize a `DropboxApi::Client` object
Standard OAuth 2 flow
This is what many web applications will use. The process is described in Dropbox's OAuth guide.
If you have a Rails application, you might be interested in this setup guide.
Performing API calls
Once you've initialized a client, for example:
client = DropboxApi::Client.new("VofXAX8D...")
#=> #<DropboxApi::Client ...>
You can perform an API call like this:
result = client.list_folder "/sample_folder"
#=> #<DropboxApi::Results::ListFolderResult>
result.entries
#=> [#<DropboxApi::Metadata::Folder>, #<DropboxApi::Metadata::File>]
result.has_more?
#=> false
The instance of Client
we've initialized is the one you'll be using to
perform API calls. You can check the class' documentation to find
all available endpoints.
Large file uploads
If you need to upload files larger than 150MB the default #upload
endpoint
won't work. Instead, you need to start a upload session and upload
the file in small chunks.
To make this easier, the method upload_by_chunks
will handle this for you,
example:
client = DropboxApi::Client.new("VofXAX8D...")
#=> #<DropboxApi::Client ...>
File.open("large_file.avi") do |f|
client.upload_by_chunks "/remote_path.txt", f
end
Check out the method documentation to find out all available options.
Dependencies
This gem depends on oauth2 and faraday.
It has official support for Ruby versions 1.9.x
and 2.x
.
Development
After checking out the repo, run bin/setup
to install dependencies. Then, run
bin/console
for an interactive prompt that will allow you to experiment.
Testing
I recommend you to use a test account other than your main one.
We use VCR to record the HTTP calls to Dropbox, however we sometimes need to
regenerate the cassettes. Let's take list_folder
as an example to show what
would be the procedure to do so:
Manually delete the existing cassettes in
spec/fixtures/vcr_cassettes/list_folder/*.yml
.Run the task to build the scaffolding in your Dropbox account so the tests will pass. If it doesn't exist you may need to write it yourself, check the
DropboxScaffoldBuilder
class to find all existing scaffold builders.DROPBOX_OAUTH_BEARER=YOUR_AUTH_BEARER rake test:build_scaffold[list_folder]
Run the tests and the cassettes will be written:
DROPBOX_OAUTH_BEARER=YOUR_AUTH_BEARER rspec spec/endpoints/files/list_folder_spec.rb
The OAuth bearer shouldn't have been recorded in the cassette and it should've been filtered. However, you may want to double check before pushing your updates to Github.
Tip: You can simply run export DROPBOX_OAUTH_BEARER=YOUR_AUTH_BEARER
at
the beginning of your work session so you don't need to prefix it in every
command line.
Contributing
Any help will be much appreciated. The easiest way to help is to implement one
or more of the endpoints that are still pending. To see how the
endpoints are implemented, check out the lib/dropbox_api/endpoints
folder.


i design websites Which suits your project and your requirements,and the websites are responsive
Looks great on any screen size!
Freshly redesigned for you.
it well be Suitable for your work
the website contains some animation
A custom template for agency or company to show its services to customers!
A landing page template you can use for your product or service !
A custom Theme you can use for your coming company to show your vision !
A template can use feom resturants and cofes to show their services and products to the cutomers


Please select from the options below to renew your club membership for 2015
Click here to view the Open Water Swimming Indemnity Document


Lua Patterns Viewer 1.1.5Lua Manual
Unimplemented:- Reference Manual- Match test- Lua backslash escapes- Unified token colors- Proper explanations
Settings:
Made by Spar.Help wanted.GitHub repoInterest counter (Temporary):


---
layout: post
title: Plum sauce
date: 2021-04-06 06:00:34 -0200
background: '/img/recipes/plum-sauce.jpg'
categories: Recipes
---
Serve this at your next dinner party and impress your guests. The best thing about this sauce is it is quick and easy to make.
Prep time: 5 minutes
Cook time: 10-15 minutes
Serving: +-250ml
Ingredients
- 3 medium plums (+-250g)
- ½ cup erythritol
- ¼ cup water
- 1 tbsp soy sauce alternative
- 2 star anise
- 1 tsp orange zest
Instructions
- Finely dice the plums.
- Combine all the ingredients in a sauce pan and put it on a medium heat.
- Leave to simmer for 10-15 minutes, until the mixture thickens.
- Serve warm or room temperature.
Tip
Plums contains pectin that naturaly thickens the sauce.
Best served with poultry but you're welcome to try it with any other meat.
Live long and keto-on!


-
addState(state) → {jsfsa.Automaton}
-
Adds a state to the Automaton
Parameters:
| Name |
Type |
Description |
state |
jsfsa.State
|
|
- Source:
Returns:
the instance of jsfsa.Automaton that is acted upon
-
Type
-
jsfsa.Automaton
-
createState(stateName, stateData) → {jsfsa.Automaton}
-
Creates a state and adds it to the Automaton
Parameters:
| Name |
Type |
Description |
stateName |
String
|
|
stateData |
Object
|
|
- Source:
Returns:
the instance of jsfsa.Automaton that is acted upon
-
Type
-
jsfsa.Automaton
-
destroy()
-
Destroys all internal states and prepares the Automaton to be dismantled by
-- the horrible GARBAGE COLLECTOR --
Sorry, couldn't resist.
- Source:
-
doTransition(transitionName) → {jsfsa.Automaton}
-
Starts transitioning from the current state to the state as defined by the transition
Accepts any number of arguments after transitionName
that will be passed on to the
guards and actions
Parameters:
| Name |
Type |
Description |
transitionName |
String
|
|
- Source:
Returns:
the instance of jsfsa.Automaton that is acted upon
-
Type
-
jsfsa.Automaton
-
getCurrentBranch() → {jsfsa.State[]}
-
Returns a top-down list of the currently active hierarchical states
- Source:
Returns:
-
Type
-
jsfsa.State[]
-
getCurrentState() → {jsfsa.State}
-
Returns the lowest state that is currently active
- Source:
Returns:
-
Type
-
jsfsa.State
-
getState(stateName) → {jsfsa.State}
-
Retrieves a state
Parameters:
| Name |
Type |
Description |
stateName |
String
|
|
- Source:
Returns:
undefined
if no state with name stateName
was found.
-
Type
-
jsfsa.State
-
hasState(stateName) → {Boolean}
-
Checks whether the a state with name stateName
was added to the Automaton
Parameters:
| Name |
Type |
Description |
stateName |
String
|
|
- Source:
Returns:
-
Type
-
Boolean
-
isInCurrentBranch(stateName) → {Boolean}
-
Checks whether a state with name statename
is currently active
Parameters:
| Name |
Type |
Description |
stateName |
|
|
- Source:
Returns:
-
Type
-
Boolean
-
isTransitioning() → {Boolean}
-
Returns whether the Automaton is currently transitioning from one state to the other
- Source:
Returns:
-
Type
-
Boolean
-
parse(data) → {jsfsa.Automaton}
-
Parses a JSON formatted data object and translates it to states and transitions
Parameters:
| Name |
Type |
Description |
data |
Object
|
JSON formatted data object |
- Source:
Returns:
the instance of jsfsa.Automaton that is acted upon
-
Type
-
jsfsa.Automaton
-
pause() → {jsfsa.Automaton}
-
Pauses the transitioning between states
- Source:
Returns:
the instance of jsfsa.Automaton that is acted upon
-
Type
-
jsfsa.Automaton
-
proceed() → {jsfsa.Automaton}
-
Resumes the transitioning between states
- Source:
Returns:
the instance of jsfsa.Automaton that is acted upon
-
Type
-
jsfsa.Automaton
-
removeState(stateName) → {jsfsa.Automaton}
-
Removes the state with name stateName
from the Automaton
Parameters:
| Name |
Type |
Description |
stateName |
String
|
|
- Source:
Returns:
the instance of jsfsa.Automaton that is acted upon
-
Type
-
jsfsa.Automaton


The Plotter Bot is designed to write down a word inputted by the user with a brush pen.
C++ is used to produce a word file which contained the vector coordinate systems for each letter in the word. The word file is then interpreted by RobotC so that the word could be plotted by the robot. Lego EV3 kits are used as well as Tetrix Kits for the construction of the robot. Many different mechanical designs were carefully thought out and planned in order to come up with the final design. The process can be found in our interm report below. 3D printers were also utilized to create extra pieces for the plotter bot including lego racks and a pen holder.
The interm report of where my team and I outlined our ideas and plans for the project is available here. Also the final report where we explain the results of the project as well as our final program is available here.


--- layout: post permalink: activitytableshop.html Tags: Array NameOfCoupon: Activity Table Shop Cash Back Summary: See our Activity Table Shop Coupon Code, Activity Table Shop Rebate, Activity Table Shop Promo Code, Activity Table Shop Discount, Activity Table Shop Coupon Cash Back Rebate here. MetaKeywords: Activity Table Shop Coupon Code, Activity Table Shop Rebate, Activity Table Shop Promo Code, Activity Table Shop Cash Back Rebate, Activity Table Shop Discount, Activity Table Shop Coupon Image: images/PJ-4075.gif LinkURL: http://www.pjtra.com/t/8-4009-54128-41352 affiliate_url_link: http://www.icouponblog.com/jane.php?id=3032 thesis_readmore: See the Activity Table Shop Coupon thesis_thumb: http://www.icouponblog.com/tn.php?merchantURL=activitytableshop.com Title: Save 3% - Activity Table Shop Coupon Code for activitytableshop.com. Activity Table Shop Rebate & Discount thesis_description: Our Activity Table Shop Discount Coupon Code for activitytableshop.com. We have the best Activity Table Shop Rebate anywhere. thesis_keywords: Activity Table Shop, Activity Table Shop Coupon Code, Activity Table Shop Discount, Activity Table Shop Rebate product_name: Activity Table Shop hop_url: http://www.icouponblog.com/hop.php?id=3032 ---
If you are looking for fun, creative activity for your children which will spark their imagination and is good for their mental stimulation and learning, check out an activity table on www.activitytableshop.com. If you are a doctor or are in a business where children visit regularly, get an activity table that will interest the children and keep them happily occupied. Visit Activity Table Shop and see for yourself. You can find loads of activity tables that are fun for the kids and also great for their mental development and activity. Check it out today. Use our discount coupons to get a great price.
Activity Table Shop carries a wide range of activity tables that will engage the youngster’s minds and will stimulate their imagination and thinking. You can choose from Lego tables, train tables, beads tables and many more. You can also get an art table with easel. Let your children paint and draw and indulge their artistic side. If your children love the outdoors, you can get them the sand and water table. There is a wide selection of exciting sand and water tables to choose from. Your children can play with the sand and the water without getting sand into everything. It is also a good physical activity which works on the large muscles. These tables come with covers to keep cats and other pets away. Check it out today.
Activity Table Shop is a great website to visit when shopping for activity tables. Stimulate your children’s imagination; engage their mind in a fun way, where they can also get some physical exercise. Choose from a great selection. Get magnetic activity tables, Lego, train tables and loads of others. Use our discount coupons to save money.


The shinyMixR
package is developed as a graphical user
interface around the nlmixr
and nlmixr2
package. It is build with the shiny
package combined with
bs4Dash
. Many of the functions within the package can also
be used outside the interface within an interactive R session. This
vignette will give a brief introduction on how the package can be used
and what the most important functions are. When working with this
package, there are two important assumptions:
create_proj
function)To get started, first all relevant packages need to be installed, e.g.:
# For development versions
::install_github("richardhooijmaijers/shinyMixR")
devtools# Or for CRAN release
install.packages("shinyMixR")
# It is advised to use the CRAN releas of nlmixr2
install.packages("nlmixr2")
# It is advised to use xpose.nlmixr2 for easy diagnostics
install.packages("xpose.nlmixr2")
The easiest way to get to know the package is to start by creating the necessary folder structure:
library(shinyMixR,quietly = TRUE)
create_proj()
By default, a folder structure is created within the current
directory, which will include some example models. It is however also
possible to create a project in any other folder
(e.g. create_proj(loc='/anypath')
). The following folders
are created:
nlmixr
The interface monitors what happens in these folders. This is important to know because new models and/or data can be copied into these folders or files can be removed. This will then be recognized within the app (after refreshing the overview). This way it is possible to work on data and models separately and plug it in to shinyMixR at a later stage.
Once there is a folder structure present the interface can be started:
run_shinymixr(launch.browser = TRUE)
The interface will be started and a project object will be created in the global environment in which all information is kept/managed. If correct, the interface will open in the default browser and the following will be seen:
On the left side, there is sidebar with various menu items. The content of the main body will open with the model overview but changes based on the selected menu item in the sidebar. The sidebar can be collapsed by clicking the three lines in the top bar, providing more room for the main body.
The overview page can be used to see which models are present in a
project. This overview can be exported to a CSV file and a selection of
columns can be made that should be displayed (all using the
DT
package). Also a tree overview of the models can be
created here, to show how the various models within your project relate
to one another. Within this view there are several main actions one can
perform which are discussed in the the following subsections.
The interface will work with the folder structure which holds all project information. In case new models are added manually or result files are created after a model run, the interface needs to be refreshed to show the latest information. This can be done by clicking the refresh button available in the overview.
Each model file within your project can hold meta data. This meta data consist of:
nlmixr2
package (see
nlmixr2est::nlmixr2AllEst()
for supported methods).saemControl
or
foceiControl
)subset
function in R. This is used to create a subset of
the data passed to the model (e.g. comparable with IGNORE statements in
NONMEM)Using the “Adapt meta data” button within the overview, you can easily create or change the meta data for a model. This meta data will be adapted in the model file itself an can be seen when the model is opened in the editor.
It is possible to write your own scripts that can be used to analyse model results. This script can be used to process the result for one or multiple models at once (the interface will include the name of the selected models in the script). Some example scripts are included in the package and available in the scripts folder when a project is created. It is possible to create your own script by taking one of the example scripts as an example.
It is possible to view and combine the results from the models within a project using the “Create report” button. When results are created using one of the scripts mentioned above, results will be present in a default location. The “Create report” functionality can combine the results in an overall document for easy sharing or discussions.
Although it is possible to delete models manually within the project folder, it is advised to use the functionality within the interface. The main reason is that this will delete everything associated to a model, like results, tables, figures, etc.
The edit tab can be used to edit existing models within an editor
including syntax coloring (using the shinyAce
package). It
is also possible to create new models using various templates or to
duplicate existing models. Finally the initial estimates for a model can
be updated using the final estimates of (another) model.
The run tab can be used to run models within a project. It is possible to run one or multiple models at once. Also it is possible to assess the intermediate output or progress for an nlmixr2 run. Furthermore, you can see which models are still running on the background and kill any model submitted from the interface.
The parameter estimates tab can be used to generate a table with parameter estimates. In case multiple models are selected the table will show the results of each run in a separate column. This page is reactive which means that in case a different model is selected, the table is directly updated. There are possibilities to save the table to a latex/pdf or html file, show back-transformed values or to include shrinkage and between subject variability within the output
The goodness of fit tab can be used to generate a the most relevant
goodness of fit plots. Plots can be generate using the
nlmixr.xpose2
package or directly using ggplot
(this can be specified in the settings widget). Also here the plots can
be saved to a latex/pdf or html file. Additional options are present to
pre-process your data, select the type of plot and color observations by
a variable in your data.
The fit plots tab can be used to generate a individual fit plots. In general similar options are present here as for the goodness of fit plots. Additionally the variables for plotting can be selected to enable different types of plots.
The data exploration tab can be used to generate exploratory plots for input or results data. Different types of plots are possible including point, line, boxplot, barplot, histograms and more. Different layers can be added to the plot and simple summary stats can be included. Finally the data can be presented as plot, interactive plotly or table.
When working in an interactive R session, many functions used by the interface are also available from an interactive R session. When working outside the interface it is important to know how to interact with the project object. This object should be created as one of the first steps because other function rely on the availability of this object:
<- get_proj() proj_obj
This function will look in the folder structure to create or update the available information. The result is a list that is build-up as follows:
object
|--- run 1
| |--- model location
| |--- model meta data
| |--- model high level results
|
|--- ...
|
|--- meta data (time of last refresh)
In case this object is not present it will be created by looking at the files present in the current folder structure. In case the object is already present it will check if newer files are present in the current folder and will update the object with this information. Therefore one have to be aware that this function should be submitted manually in case new information is present in the one of the folders.
Once a folder structure is in place and the project object is created, an overview can be created for the available models and, if models are submitted, high level results. It is also possible to display a collapsible d3 tree view of the models. This is mainly useful in case reference to models is provided to show the hierarchy of the models within a project:
overview()
tree_overview()
Although the nlmixr2
package obviously has the
possibility to run nlmixr models, the shinyMixR package also have a
function available named run_nmx
. the main reason this
function was written is the option to run the model in an external R
session. This is necessary within the interface to overcome the
application from freezing when a model is submitted. Also within an
interactive R session it is convenient because you do not have to wait
for a run to finish. An example how this can be used is given below:
run_nmx("run1")
# progress of a run is written to external text file
# this can be read-in for intermediate assessment
readLines("shinyMixR/temp/run1.prog.txt")
The current version of the package has three functions for assessing
the model results. The first function is to create a simple parameter
table par_table
. By default this function returns a
data.frame. In case multiple models are selected, each column will have
the results of the selected model. The results can also be written to a
PDF (using latex) or html file using the R3port
package:
# Default data frame
par_table(proj_obj,c("run1","run2"))
# output to tex file (compiled to pdf)
par_table(proj_obj, models="run1", outnm="par.tex")
For assessing the goodness of fit, the gof_plot
function
can be used. This function will by default use the
nlmixr.xpose2
package to create 4 different types of plots.
It is also possible to directly create ggplot2 types of plots. By
default the plots will be created within the R session but can also be
written to pdf/html using the R3port
package:
<- readRDS("./shinyMixR/run1.res.rds") res
gof_plot(res)
# gof_plot(res, mdlnm="run1", outnm="gof.tex")
The last plot is an individual fit plot fit_plot
. This
function will also by default use the nlmixr.xpose2
package
to create a plot per individual including the observed data, individual
and population predictions. Also here it is possible to create
ggplot2
types of plots which provide a bit more flexibility
as shown below and plots can be outputted to pdf/html:
$TRT <- ifelse(as.numeric(res$ID)<6,1,2)
resfit_plot(res, by="TRT", PRED="CPRED", type="user",logy=FALSE)
# fit_plot(res, mdlnm="run1", outnm="fit.html")


Defining a Class
Defining a class is a ruby programming technique for creating objects on a batch basis. A class is the blueprint and instances of the class are objects. You can apply this blueprint -> object idea to many different objects. For example, my macbook computer is an instance of the class, Laptops.
Take a look at the Guitar class I created below. It was initialized with three arguments: type, body_shape, and brand. The initialize method executes every time you create a new instance of the class. It sets an object's state at the time of the object's creation.
Within the initialize method, I've assigned our three arguments to instance variables. These variables are able to be accessed across methods within the same object, that is, within each instance of the class.
Attributes
An attribute is a property of an object whose value can be read and/or written through the object. The attr_reader defined at the beginning of our 'Guitar' class gives the 'Player' class access to our three instance variables by creating new methods within that class.
Can you guess what the output of this program will be?


using XML-RPC API Version 2015-01-30
(*) aka Fujitsu Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5 (TPS5) or Fujitsu Global Cloud Platform (FGCP)
Note: this cloud service has been around for 8+ years and is being fazed out in favor of the Fujitsu Cloud Service K5
If you already have access to the Fujitsu Cloud Service S5, have a look at the demo script:
Usage: fgcp_demo.py [pem_file] [region]
If not, register on one of the Service Portals from the list below. Afterwards, you can access your resources via command-line scripts, web interfaces etc. as you prefer.
# Connect with your client certificate to region 'uk'
from fgcp.resource import FGCPVDataCenter
vdc = FGCPVDataCenter('client.pem', 'uk')
# Do typical actions on resources
vsystem = vdc.get_vsystem('Demo System')
vsystem.show_status()
#for vserver in vsystem.vservers:
# result = vserver.backup(wait=True)
#...
# See tests/test_resource.py for more examples
Note: this client API library provides higher-level Client Methods, intermediate Resource Actions and lower-level API Commands.
You can also register FGCP as a Third Party Driver and access it using the Apache Libcloud APIs.
Service Portal
This module uses tlslite.utils or gdata.tlslite.utils to create the key signature, see https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tlslite-ng or https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tlslite for download and installation
Note: to convert your .p12 or .pfx file to unencrypted PEM format, you can use the following 'openssl' command:
openssl pkcs12 -in UserCert.p12 -out client.pem -nodes
Content: index ClientMethods.html ResourceActions.html APICommands.html ClassDiagrams.html TestServer.html RelayServer.html LibcloudDriver.html REST_API.html pydoc fgcp pydoc fgcp.libcloud pydoc tests


The "fifteen puzzle" or "slide puzzle" is a sort of Stock Puzzle where one has to arrange a set of scrambled numbers so that they are all shown in ascending order. One spot is always open, allowing pieces to be moved around, but it is designed in such a way that no piece can ever be removed from the board. There are larger versions with more than than fifteen squares; these are called "n-puzzles", where n is the number of scrambled numbers (always a square number minus one).
A more general version of the "sliding puzzle" will have the player try to put together an image in the same manner as above. The picture you're trying to reassemble is usually printed on the back of the box to minimize frustration.
The puzzle traces back at least to Noyes Palmer Chapman in 1874; later on, Sam Loyd claimed to have invented it. Loyd did at least popularise the puzzle, by offering a huge prize each week in a newspaper advertisement for those who solved a certain configuration. He had analysed the puzzle and proved that half of all configurations are impossible to solve, naturally including the one in question, and thus nobody ever won the huge prize he offered.
Examples:
- The titular Lupin III is able to solve them easily, as part of his safecracking abilities.
- An n-square puzzle hides the Suminawa family safe in The Fuma Conspiracy. Lupin's remote control bug has to move cupboards around to the correct layout in order to see the safe.
- A 15-block puzzle (incorporated into the wall) is part of the security that Lupin must get past to retrieve one of the statues in Lupin III: The Pursuit of Harimao's Treasure.
- The California Voodoo Game throws out one of these in a timed situation. The trick is that it's a word-version and there are two Rs: "RATE, YOUR, MIND, PAL". Put them in the wrong place and the puzzle is uncrackable.
- At least once per series in The Crystal Maze.
- CSI: NY featured a large scale sliding puzzle as part of the floor in the apartment of inventor. It is already solved and turns out to be part of a Death Trap
- Showed up as a hidden Mini-Game in Final Fantasy I and all of its remakes. Accessing the puzzle required you to Get on the Boat and hold down one button while mashing another. Completing the puzzle gave your party extra money, but just how much depended on which version of the game you played.
- Also a mini-game in The Simpsons: Bart vs. the World, where pictures of the Simpsons cast were shown, and you would have to slide the puzzle around to make it look normal.
- Beyond the Beyond had a smaller sliding puzzle, which one had to complete to gain access to a church early in the game.
- Such a puzzle also appears in the Lethal Lava Land course of Super Mario 64. It solves and scrambles itself, though. Whenever it reaches the solution, coins pop out of all the panels. The puzzle is the only thing standing between Mario and hot molten lava, so the moving vacancy acts as a mobile hazard.
- Some level 3 clues in RuneScape require the player to solve a 5x5 sliding puzzle to advance the quest.
- A quest which has one of those is Monkey Madness. For extra difficulty, two of its pieces are nearly identical to each other. People were getting so desperate, they paid vast sums of ingame money to an NPC to not have to solve it! A Void Dance also has a 3x3 version.
- There's also the infamous puzzle in Elemental Workshop III. A three-dimensional, multi-story sliding tile puzzle, which you have to work multiple times to complete, with an irritating interface, a limited amount of moves, and no way to fix even the smallest mistake.
- Appears in a library in a minigame in Xenosaga II. Particularly annoying as it's timed, but at least it's not required to advance the plot.
- In The Neverhood, the door to the Hall of Records opens only when you solve an 8-puzzle which depicts the letter 'H'.
- Another Code (known in the United States as Trace Memory) had such a sliding puzzle. Each time the puzzle was activated, the pieces would be ordered differently: Meaning that some combinations were trivial, and some were face-meltingly tough. Perhaps the only sticking point in the game if one is going for a new time record.
- The Legend of Zelda:
- Appears as a minigame in The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, where the result is the image of a character (there are sixteen images in total). However, Link is explicitly told by the sponsor (the Butler of the Private Oasis) that solving it gives no reward beyond money, and since money is much more easily obtained thanks to Treasure Charts, the mini-game serves little purpose aside from distraction should you like this kind of puzzle.
- In the final dungeon of The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword, there's a variation. In several places, there are consoles with these puzzles, but each piece corresponds to a specific room, and you have to move them into varying positions to be able to traverse the dungeon.
- Resident Evil 4 has a 3×3 version during Ashley's playable segment. Once the picture is oriented properly, you have to use a key item to fill in the empty spaces to open the door.
- Machinarium has a 3x3 variant in which you must assemble an unbroken line from start to finish. This is also made slightly easier than most, both with markings to tell you where to put two particular pieces, and that another actually falling out gives you more space to work with. The missing piece gets eaten by a robot bird, though, and that's another task entirely to get it back.
- Professor Layton and the Curious Village has a version of this puzzle with an interesting twist: Two pieces whose positions cannot be swapped are identical.
- The PC game Secrets of da Vinci: The Forbidden Manuscript has one of these; after you've sketched a copy of the Mona Lisa, you have to slide the different parts of the drawing around until they are in the correct placement. In terms of the story, this is the most illogical puzzle in the entire game, as there is no plausible reason why you would have drawn it that way in the first place. (It's also one of the most difficult puzzles in the entire game, and many players have taken advantage of a glitch which forces the game to solve it for you.)
- Found in Barkley, Shut Up and Jam: Gaiden for a very cheap reward.
- Carmen Sandiego: Treasures of Knowledge has a 3x3 picture variation used on a locked door that has an artifact Carmen has stolen hidden behind it.
- Return to Zork has a puzzle that's close (a 3×4 "12" puzzle with the same basic mechanics). Trivially, solving it causes important items to suddenly appear where the puzzle was found. Guide Dang It! ensues when trying to figure out where each tile goes (it uses words as opposed to, say, numbers or a picture).
- The game for Finding Nemo completely overloaded on these.
- There's one in Castlevania: Dawn of Sorrow, but you don't really have to "solve" it; instead, each piece represents a room in a 16-square area, and arranging the pieces into a path allows you to traverse it. Each room can only be reached in one to three directions depending on the piece.
- Heroine's Quest: The Herald of Ragnarok: In Svartelfheim a cavern complex is dictated by the layout of a boardgame in a residential inventor's home.
- Silent Hill adores these things. Silent Hill: Homecoming has a fiendishly difficult one with irregularly sized blocks.
- This is the premise of the minigame "Puzzle", which shipped with early versions of Apple Macintosh from the original to System 7. Later revisions of Mac OS replaced "Puzzle" with a jigsaw puzzle.
Puzzle: [upon completion] Ta-da!
- Both The 7th Guest and The 11th Hour include this type of puzzle as rearranging the surface of a mirror to its previous state. However, since the missing tile is always randomized, it's possible for this puzzle to be set up in a way that leaves it unsolvable, forcing you to refresh it.
- One of the puzzles in AMBER: Journeys Beyond is this, here in the case of assembling a telegram that one of the ghosts tore up in shock of realizing her husband had died before returning from the war.
- Castle of Doctor Brain has one of these in the Maths hallway early in the game. Depending on the difficulty it will be 3×3 or 4×4 with numbers or 5×5 with an image.
- Safe Cracker:
- One of the first safes in the Crabb house plays this straight. The strategy guide even gives you a cheat to have the game solve it for you. (Hold 'Alt' key whilst clicking on the handle).
- In the 2005 Spiritual Successor, There is a variation which has no open space, but instead allows sets of four adjacent pieces to be rotated around their point of intersection. Also, the picture you need to reconstruct is shown only on the game's menu page.
- Sierra's Lighthouse: The Dark Being included a puzzle that plays this straight inside a cube with a puzzle inside each face. Dr. Jeremiah Krick managed to solve the first two puzzles before being unable to solve this. But the game is kind enough to give you a "Solve It?" button by backing out and zooming in 4 times.
- System Shock has an optional minigame that you can get as part of the "Trioptimum Fun Pack Entertainment Module", with pictures of Edward Diego, Abe Ghiron, and SHODAN that you must reassemble. It's not that hard, though, since you get to see the pieces scramble fairly slowly, allowing you to just do the process backwards.
- In Ripper, two cyberspace locations - the Web Runners' Archive and Falcon Eddie's personal well - are protected by these puzzles. However, the game has cheat codes for all the puzzles in cyberspace. A woman who gives you the former well's address unintentionally lampshades this.
Woman: You're on your own with the ICE, though.
- Timelapse uses this as the last puzzle of the Mayan time zone, requiring four images found around the level to be assembled in the right order, and with the added difficulty of solving one of these images reducing the amount of space to move the remaining tiles.
- Certain Metalize tablets in Avalon Code reveal sliding puzzles that must be solved before you get the recipe.
- Forced upon you early on in Final Fight Streetwise in order to progress and get some clues or something, then playable afterwards whenever you go back to the building and feel like playing it.
- The Sega Genesis version of Action 52 has this.
- In WarioWare D.I.Y., Orbulon's boss stage is a 3x3 variant of this.
- In the second game of Drakensang there's such a puzzle in the depths of the old Efferdian Temple on the Forgotten Island. You have to move the blocks in order to form the picture of a water nymph, but all the tiles are numbered. You also need the sixteenth tile from the Water Dragon's lair to complete the puzzle and reach the innermost chamber.
- The strange cube item in Kingdom of Loathing is a sliding puzzle with a twist. If you solve it the normal and obvious way you get a minor reward but if you solve it in another way hinted at nowhere in the game you get a better reward.
- Freddi Fish 2: The Case of the Haunted Schoolhouse has one of these on the ceiling above a statue, with three difficulty settings: one normal puzzle, one with a rectangular piece, and one with two rectangular pieces. Solving it is completely optional—the only requirement is to get the empty square directly above the trident the statue is holding, which you will then be able to remove.
- With the recent trend to mix Hidden Object Games with puzzle-solving, and the 15 Puzzle being a very obvious go-to puzzle, many casual games today feature this type of puzzle at least once per playthrough. The lower-quality games may be Unwinnable if the Random Number God is not suitably appeased beforehand.
- The flash game Continuity is exactly this puzzle combined with a Platform Game (ie. you can change the level by moving screens about in the style of sliding blocks).
- The indie game Cogs is this Turned Up to Eleven.
- Viaje Al Centro De La Tierra begins with a puzzle of this type, fitting eleven pieces of a Treasure Map into their proper positions.
- The picture variant pops up in the SNES Thomas the Tank Engine game.
- Most levels in Black & White have one of these tucked away somewhere. Solving it yields some minor bonus, like a handful of some resource or temporarily freezing an enemy who normally attacks every few minutes, and it serves as a way to kill a few minutes while waiting for something else to get ready.
- One shows up in The Night of the Rabbit, though the player can't make Jeremy do any specific moves (clicking on the puzzle just has him cycle through positions, and the player can't even see the puzzle clearly). To solve the puzzle Jeremy must cast a spell on it, blowing it up.
- The interactive fiction title Not Just An Ordinary Ballerina slaps one of these on a door lock.
- Megapanel mixes this with the rising block stack-type Match-Three Game genre. By clearing the panels you limit how much you can move the others around, which forces you to rise the playing field.
- Exponential Idle: You can play the 15-puzzle minigame to earn stars, with its size depending on difficulty (3x3 on easy, 4x4 on medium, and 5x5 on hard).
- In both Lego Marvel Superheroes 2 and LEGO DC Super-Villains, some puzzles consist of 3x3 sliding puzzles.
- They were included in Windows OS Vista and 7 as desktop gadgets.
- Sam Loyd, who claimed (probably falsely) to have invented the puzzle in the 19th century, offered a $1,000 reward. The puzzle conserves parity and cannot be solved if the numbers 14 and 15 are swapped, which was the configuration he provided it in. Rumor has it that Loyd couldn't patent the puzzle because it was unsolvable, though "because he didn't invent it" is another plausible reason. Perplex City has a card based on Loyd's version of the puzzle.


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In this lab we will introduce you to working with polynomials.
Secret Sharing
The points given are , ,
, :
Compute the 4 delta polynomials that passes the 4 points given, then click
"Plot" to plot them and compute their sums, which should be a polynomial
passing through all 4 points given. Now read off the secret, which is the
value of the polynomial at \(x = 0\). TODO: Remove answers before release
Paste the secret here (to 1 decimal place):
Finite Fields?
Recall that when we want to share a secret using a polynomial of degree
\(d\), we choose \(d\) other random points each with different \(x\)
values and find a polynomial passing through these points and \((0,
\text{secret})\). \(d+1\) points of the polynomial are then needed to
recover the secret. In this question we investigate what happens when we
do secret sharing over the reals, but we have one less point needed to
recover the secret. Suppose that in this case besides the secrets, the
other points at \( x=-4, -2, 2, 4 \) forming the polynomial are chosen
randomly from -5 to 5, and you only have 3 points at \(x=-4, -2, 2 \)
whereas 4 points are needed to reconstruct the polynomial. With this
information and the interactive graph below to help you, can you give a
rough range for the value of the secret?
Would this be a problem if we switched to finite fields? Why or why not?


THE ISLAND OF DR. MOREAU A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 1996 Steve Rhodes
RATING (0 TO ****): ***
From the opening credits where the type dances to Gary Chang's music with a heavy percussion beat, director John Frankenheimer's THE ISLAND OF DR. MOREAU boldly announces that it is a movie not to be ignored. Not since SEVEN have I seen such impressive opening credits.
That the movie turned out to be as much a religious allegory as an H. G. Wells science fiction story, I would have never guessed. I asked several of the other critics after the press screening if they knew if the book had the religious aspects in it, but having not read the book in years, none of them had any idea. Personally, I have no problem enjoying stories that are very loose adaptations of books, but still I wondered. I love Wells, and this is the first book of his to be made into a movie in twenty years, the last being EMPIRE OF THE ANTS.
At any rate, as soon as the credits subside, William Fraker's cinematography makes a dramatic zoom to reveal a boat adrift in a vast ocean. The narrator, David Thewlis playing Edward Douglas, tells us that his plane crashed, and he has been drifting in the South Pacific in the lifeboat for six days. You may remember British actor Thewlis from his many recent roles including DRAGONHEART, RESTORATION, and BLACK BEAUTY, which is still his best.
Douglas, half dead, is picked up and treated by the strange Montgomery (Val Kilmer). When Douglas comes to, he asks Montgomery, "Are you a doctor?" Montgomery shrugs and tells him, "Well, I more of a vet." These turn out to be quite prophetic words.
Montgomery takes Douglas to an island where Montgomery wears a sarong and has a flower behind his ear. He is one handsome guy in this getup, but I still do not know why Norma Moriceau chose this costume for Kilmer. Even stranger, but somewhat more appropriate is the all white outfit and gloves along with the white pancake makeup that Marlon Brando wears as Dr. Moreau.
When Douglas comes upon a birth operation on a beast that is part human and part animal, he realizes that all of the "doctors" are also human and animal hybrids. He begins to see animals of every type on the island that are part human and humans on the island that are part beast, depending on your point of view.
Douglas is confronted by Montgomery who explains to him the reason Dr. Moreau has moved here to conduct his experiments. It seems that "Animal rights activists drove him out of the States.
Douglas finds Dr. Moreau's daughter Aissa (Fairuza Balk) attractive. She wants to help him escape so she takes him to an animal conclave where the lead animal is standing on a rock serving as his pulpit and preaching to his congregation, "We are all men, are we not because the father has made us?" Yes, Dr. Moreau is indeed their father and their god. By the end of the show the word father is beginning to be replaced by the god reference.
The doctor tries to reassure Douglas that, "I have seen the devil in my microscope, and I have changed him." He explains the ultimate purpose of his experiments to Douglas, whose sole purpose is to ignore the doctor and get off the island as quickly as possible. Montgomery scoffs at Douglas when he tries to use their radio equipment. He taunts Douglas with, "What are you going to say, 'Mayday. Mayday.
I vacillated between being absolutely fascinated by this story and wanting the animals to eat Brando and Kilmer because their acting is so bad. Given all of the drugs used and give the look of the cast, another title for the film could have been PLANET OF THE APES GETS STONED.
Notice too that the doctor is clearly playing the role of the pope.  He has an electronic way to control his wayward flock, however, that the popes have never had. As the animals put it, "if there is no pain, there is no law."
The makeup and creature effects by Stan Winston (both TERMNATORs, JURASSIC PARK, EDWARD SCISSORHANDS, and ALIENS among many others) will certainly win him an Academy Award nomination. They are unique and imaginative. The creatures carry the story. The script by Walon Green, Michael Herr, Ron Hutchinson, and Richard Stanley is quite involving. If you like, or at least can ignore, the heavy religious overtones, the script is quite good. It drags some in the middle but it starts and ends strong. Director Frankenheimer and editor Paul Rubell know how to craft a high energy presentation that most of the time keeps you on the edge of your seat.
Without Brando THE ISLAND OF DR. MOREAU would have been much better, but I liked it, flaws and all. The tacked on epilogue message is a lame attempt to justify the religious aspects of the film. They need no justification. You can like them or not, but the epilogue adds nothing and is trite.
THE ISLAND OF DR. MOREAU runs a little over an hour and a half. They did not have a information package available at the screening so I am at a lost for some of the details. The film is rated PG-13. There is no sex or nudity. The language is mild and the deaths are not very graphic. It would be fine for most kids over say eight. I recommend the picture to you and give ***.
**** = One of the top few films of this or any year. A must see film. *** = Excellent show. Look for it. ** = Average movie. Kind of enjoyable. * = Poor show.  Totally unbearable.
REVIEW WRITTEN ON: August 20, 1996
Opinions expressed are mine and not meant to reflect my employer's.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Design Notes¶
While bold colors, shadows, “materials”, and heavy syntax highlighting are “in” right now, there is something to be said for the simplicity of a black-and-white printed book. Even programming books are somehow highly legible despite the lack of colors and UI chrome that adorn our editors.
How can it be that a black and white book is equally or sometimes more legible than a richly formatted web page? This theme is partly a personal project to explore that question.
My answer is the use of whitespace and good typography.
Use of Whitespace¶
The theme was initially laid out to mimic metrics commonly used in a small paperback or hardback novel. This means a relatively small page size and surprisingly ample margin on all sides of the page. In order to better simulate a “page”, or focused area of content, the sidebar and non-content areas have been dimmed slightly but not so much as to be distracting. This helps to create a “page” rather than a sea of white.
The second use of whitespace is in the type itself — in between the lines. Line and paragraph spacing is ample. The goal is not to cram too much within the focus area (we have an infinite amount of web page so there is no point trying to cram dozens of lines together).
Use of Color¶
Choosing fonts featuring interesting italics enabled a unique way to implement admonitions, quotes, etc. using only type and white space — no colors, boxes, or borders. This practice also aligns with the simple look of the printed page.
While highly saturated syntax highlighting of code snippets is often sought out by developers, this theme takes the opposite approach instead using muted drab colors sparingly. Syntax highlighting does aid readability in longer code snippets, so it shouldn’t necessarily be disabled. I think the muted colors strike a good balance between readability without being distracting. Thanks to the Trac project for providing inspiration based on their color scheme included with Pygments.
If you find that you prefer candy-colored syntax highlighting and color-coded admonitions, then this theme is certainly not for you.
Ligatures, Kerning, Punctuation¶
Special care has been taken to configure the theme to maximize use of the typeface’s features. This includes enabling automatic hyphenation at line breaks to keep the flow and rhythm of the text moving and enabling both common and contextual ligatures using the browser’s font rendering abilities. Both of these are common in print, but for some reason have been mostly forgotten in the electronic realm.
Sphinx also excellently converts punctuation such as “smart quotes”, en– and em— dashes, etc. The browser additionally allows finely controlling the underline using OpenType features — so we can create faint underlines which become bolder upon hover, and underlines that leave space around descenders to create an appearance more pleasing to the eye.
Choosing the Typefaces¶
The specific typefaces chosen have been vetted among hundreds of freely available alternatives, each selected for being the highest performing across many areas including: legibility, metrics, kerning abilities, ligatures, contrast between weights, quality of italics, and general appearance.
Special care has been taken to ensure the -native
stacks look equally good
on Windows, macOS, and various GNU/Linux distributions. Often times this means
at least a dozen fallbacks are specified to match up to all sorts of conditions
including which applications are installed (MS Office, LibreOffice, Gnome, KDE),
common font packages (Bitstream, URW, Ghostscript, GNU fonts), and even distro
specifics such as the branded Ubuntu or Red Hat fonts.
Typeface Notes¶
Academy — “Computer Modern” is the gold standard here, and frankly a beautiful typeface. In order to facilitate this I have created a web font version distributed via jsDeliver CDN. “Computer Modern Typewriter” is used for monospace needs as it has a uniquely ornate appearance despite being a fixed width type. The fallback and native version uses a similar modernist (early 20th-century) typeface, Century (and various similar fallbacks).
Book — “Crimson Pro” was the font that opened the rabbit hole. Many characteristics of this type make it totally reminiscent of a printed book. After all, it was quite literally designed to be an on-screen font for textbooks and editorial content. “Courier Prime”, a fantastic rendition of Courier with script-like italics, is used for monospace needs. The native version uses Georgia (or Georgia Pro, a much nicer version of Georgia included with Windows 10) which provide a similar reading experience.
Engineer — “IBM Plex Serif” provides a really unique cross between a traditional serif and a slab serif, which makes for a more practical alternative to the flowery Computer Modern, without losing the air of formality. Corresponding “IBM Plex Mono” is used for monospace needs. Cambria and Charter are used for the fallback and native version as they both have a sturdy upright appearance with clean cut serifs.
Humanist — “Fira Sans” was selected due to its unique but very legible appearance. Softer alternatives such as Source Sans Pro were considered, but Fira Sans has a slightly darker weight which helps it look good even on low-resolution low-contrast screens. I think its unique glyphs nicely accentuate the “human” part of “humanist”. Corresponding “Fira Mono” is used for monospace needs. The fallback and native version uses Trebuchet MS due to it being a web-safe font, and also having a similar dark weight with good legibility.
Swiss — “Inter” is an excellent choice here, due to its clear inspiration from Helvetica, but actually made more legible thanks to its wider characters and looser spacing. “Robot Mono” is used for monospace needs as it has a similarly geometric appearance. Fallbacks and native version ranges from Helvetica Neue, Arial Nova (a much nicer version of Arial included with Windows 10), Roboto, and Nimbus Sans (a forgotten but quite good Helvetica alternative which is commonly available in various GNU/Linux operating systems).


Documentation of avrae/d20
This is the grammar supported by the dice parser, roughly ordered in how tightly the grammar binds.
These are the atoms used at the base of the syntax tree.
| Name | Syntax | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| literal | INT , DECIMAL |
A literal number. | 1 , 0.5 , 3.14 |
| dice | INT? "d" INT |
A set of die. | d20 , 3d6 |
| set | "(" (num ("," num)* ","?)? ")" |
A set of expressions. | () , (2,) , (1, 3+3, 1d20) |
Note that (3d6)
is equivalent to 3d6
, but (3d6,)
is the set containing the one element 3d6
.
These operations can be performed on dice and sets.
| Name | Syntax | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| set_op | operation selector |
An operation on a set (see below). | kh3 , ro<3 |
| selector | seltype INT |
A selection on a set (see below). | 3 , h1 , >2 |
Operators are always followed by a selector, and operate on the items in the set that match the selector.
| Syntax | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| k | keep | Keeps all matched values. |
| p | drop | Drops all matched values. |
| rr | reroll | Rerolls all matched values until none match. (Dice only) |
| ro | reroll once | Rerolls all matched values once. (Dice only) |
| ra | reroll and add | Rerolls up to one matched value once, keeping the original roll. (Dice only) |
| e | explode on | Rolls another die for each matched value. (Dice only) |
| mi | minimum | Sets the minimum value of each die. (Dice only) |
| ma | maximum | Sets the maximum value of each die. (Dice only) |
Selectors select from the remaining kept values in a set.
| Syntax | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| X | literal | All values in this set that are literally this value. |
| hX | highest X | The highest X values in the set. |
| lX | lowest X | The lowest X values in the set. |
| >X | greater than X | All values in this set greater than X. |
| less than X |
All values in this set less than X. |
|
| Syntax | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| +X | positive | Does nothing. |
| -X | negative | The negative value of X. |
| Syntax | Name |
|---|---|
| X * Y | multiplication |
| X / Y | division |
| X // Y | int division |
| X % Y | modulo |
| X + Y | addition |
| X - Y | subtraction |
| X == Y | equality |
| X >= Y | greater/equal |
| X <= Y | less/equal |
| X > Y | greater than |
| X < Y | less than |
| X != Y | inequality |


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Describe all of your cloud native infrastructure and manage as a pattern. Design your service mesh configuration and workload deployments. Apply intelligent canary strategies and performance profiles with service mesh pattern management.


ChronosGL Examples
As of version 2.2.0 ChronosGL requires WebGL2.
(Check browser compatibility at: webglreport.com)
If you use Dartium, make sure you lauch it with the --enable-unsafe-es3-apis option.
If there are problems check the JavaScript console for output.
Trivial Examples
Simple Example
Standard Examples
Animation (assimp2json format)
Animation (three.js JSON format)
Basic Shapes
Bloom Effect
Bubble
Camera Texture demo
Cubemap demo
Postprocessing Effects
Extrude
Fireworks
Cool Gyroid demo
Instancer
Lighting Shader
Lightwave obj File Viewer
Orbit Camera
Othographic vs Perspective
Perlin Noise Torusknot
Plasma Shader
Generate normals for
MeshData that does not contain it
Shadows
Quaternion Spherical Linear
Interpolation (slerp)
Sobel Edge Detection Shader
Screen Space Ambient Occlusion (SSAO) shader
Stencil Buffer
Using a custom shader
(SkyScraper)
Fly inside a transparent torusknot
Tracers
Penrose Triangle
Wireframe Shapes
Wireframe Shapes 2
Work in progress
Bump Map
Normal Map
Transform-Feedback
Code
Code for all examples can be found at
https://github.com/ChronosTeam/ChronosGL/tree/master/example


UDF terms pilgrim facility inadequate
‘Govt. had been sitting idle on Sabarimala development for the past nine months’
by Special CorrespondentThe government and the Travancore Devaswom Board (TDB) have failed in providing basic pilgrims facilities at Nilackal and Pampa for pilgrims coming from different parts of the country to the Sabarimala Ayyappa temple, according to Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan, MLA.
Mr. Radhakrishnan, who was leading a team of United Democratic Front (UDF) leaders to Pampa and Nilackal, was talking to reporters at Pampa on Tuesday.
The UDF team said the government was sitting idle for the past nine months without taking any effective steps to ensure basic pilgrim facility even at Nilackal and at the flood-ravaged Pampa.
V.S. Sivakumar, former Devaswom Minister; P.J. Joseph, former Public Works Minister, Mons Joseph, Parackal Abdulla, and N. Jayaraj, all MLAs, and Babu George, District Congress Committee president, were in the UDF team.
Nadappanthal leaking
Mr. Sivakumar said the temporary Nadappanthal erected at the last minute was leaking and the toilet blocks at Pampa were unhygienic and waterlogged.
The temporary pilgrim shelter constructed at Pampa Manalpuram as an alternative to the huge Ramamurthy Mandapam that was washed away in the deluge of August last did not have any basic pilgrim facilities, Mr. Sivakumar alleged.
Mr. Radhakrishnan said that the drinking water supply at Nilackal and Pampa was inadequate to meet the pilgrims’ need. The work on the vehicle parking lots at Nilackal had not yet been completed, he alleged.
Inadequate staff
The KSRTC staff on duty at Pampa and Nilackal too were inadequate, he alleged.
Mr. Radhakrishnan said the UDF would take up the issue with the Chief Minister and the Devaswom Minister.


public class PointsScoringEquations extends java.lang.Object implements PointsScoringEquationsIF
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
PointsScoringEquations()
Constructor setting the scores to a default of 0
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
add(PointsScoringEquationsIF points)
Adds all the points from the scoring equation to this scoring equation
|
void |
addToEarly13AndUnder(int equation)
Adds the value to equation1
|
void |
addToEarly14Plus(int equation)
Adds the value to equation2
|
void |
addToLater13AndUnder(int equation)
Adds the value to equation3
|
void |
addToLater14Plus(int equation)
Adds the value to equation4
|
int |
getEarly13AndUnder()
Get the value of equation1
|
int |
getEarly14Plus()
Get the value of equation2
|
int |
getEquationValue(int idx)
Returns the equation value at the 0-based index
|
int |
getLater13AndUnder()
Get the value of equation3
|
int |
getLater14Plus()
Get the value of equation4
|
void |
setEarly13AndUnder(int equation1)
Set the value of equation1
|
void |
setEarly14Plus(int equation2)
Set the value of equation2
|
void |
setEquationValue(int idx,
int value)
Sets the equation value at the 0-based index, with the value
|
void |
setLater13AndUnder(int equation3)
Set the value of equation3
|
void |
setLater14Plus(int equation)
Set the value of equation4
|
public PointsScoringEquations()
public void add(PointsScoringEquationsIF points)
add
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
points
- public int getEarly13AndUnder()
getEarly13AndUnder
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
public void setEarly13AndUnder(int equation1)
setEarly13AndUnder
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
equation1
- new value of equation1public void addToEarly13AndUnder(int equation)
addToEarly13AndUnder
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
equation
- public int getEarly14Plus()
getEarly14Plus
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
public void setEarly14Plus(int equation2)
setEarly14Plus
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
equation2
- new value of equation2public void addToEarly14Plus(int equation)
addToEarly14Plus
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
equation
- public int getLater13AndUnder()
getLater13AndUnder
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
public void setLater13AndUnder(int equation3)
setLater13AndUnder
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
equation3
- new value of equation3public void addToLater13AndUnder(int equation)
addToLater13AndUnder
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
equation
- public int getLater14Plus()
getLater14Plus
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
public void setLater14Plus(int equation)
setLater14Plus
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
equation
- public void addToLater14Plus(int equation)
addToLater14Plus
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
equation
- public int getEquationValue(int idx)
getEquationValue
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
idx
- public void setEquationValue(int idx, int value)
setEquationValue
in interface PointsScoringEquationsIF
idx
- value
- - the new value


Developer documentation¶
CORE¶
Import core modules¶
In order to use findCritical library you have to import the core modules found on main/core
directory. In the next example I use sys.path.append
approach.
[1]:
import sys
# Import main/core
sys.path.append('../../main/core')
from MetabolicModel import MetabolicModel
from CobraMetabolicModel import CobraMetabolicModel
Read metabolic model¶
Read input metabolic model in Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) format. SBML is a XML-based standard for systems biology model’s exchange.
Allowed files formats are: * xml * json * yml
[2]:
model = MetabolicModel(CobraMetabolicModel("aureus.xml"))
Get model info¶
The following methods allow to print on the command line data from the model.
Model info¶
[3]:
model.print_model_info()
MODEL INFO
-------------------------------------------------------
MODEL: MODEL1507180070
REACTIONS: 743
METABOLITES: 655
GENES: 619
COMPARTMENTS: c
e
Metabolites¶
[4]:
model.print_metabolites()
MODEL: MODEL1507180070 - NUMBER OF METABOLITES: 655
METABOLITE | COMPARTMENT | REACTION ID
-------------------------------------------------------
10fthf_c | c | FTHFL
| | biomass_SA_7b
| | GARFT
| | MTHFC
| | biomass_SA_8a
| | AICART
| | biomass_SA_7a
12dgr_EC_c | c | biomass_SA_2a
| | biomass_SA_lipids_only
| | biomass_SA_3b
| | biomass_SA_3a
|
Reactions¶
[5]:
model.print_reactions()
MODEL: MODEL1507180070 - NUMBER OF REACTIONS: 743
REACTION ID | UPPER BOUND | LOWER BOUND | REACTION
-------------------------------------------------------
3M2OBLOXRD | 999999.0 | -999999.0 | 3mob_c + h_c + lpam_c <=> 2mpdhl_c + co2_c
3M2OPLOXRD | 999999.0 | -999999.0 | 3mop_c + h_c + lpam_c <=> 2mbdhl_c + co2_c
4M2OPLOXRD | 999999.0 | -999999.0 | 4mop_c + h_c + lpam_c <=> 3mbdhl_c + co2_c
6PGALSZ | 999999.0 | 0.0 | h2o_c + lac6p_c --> dgal6p_c + glc_DASH_D_c
6PHBG | 999999.0 | 0.0 | h2o_c + salc6p_c --> 2hymeph_c + g6p_c
ABTAr | 999999.0 | 0.0 | 4abut_c + akg_c --> glu_DASH_L_c + sucsal_c
ACACT1r | 999999.0
Genes¶
[6]:
model.print_genes()
MODEL: MODEL1507180070 - NUMBER OF GENES: 619
GENE ID | GENE NAME | REACTION ID | GPR RELATION
-------------------------------------------------------
SA0008 | SA0008 | HISDr | SA0008
SA0009 | SA0009 | SERTRS | SA0009
SA0011 | SA0011 | HSERTA | SA0011
SA0016 | SA0016 | ADSS | SA0016
SA0036 | SA0036 | GPDDA2 | SA0036 or SA0820 or SA1542 or SA0969 or SA0220
| | GPDDA3 | SA0036 or SA0820 or SA1542 or SA0969 or SA0220
| | GPDDA5 | SA0036 or SA0820 or SA1542 or SA0969 or SA0220
|
Dead-end metabolites¶
Dead-end metabolites are those metabolites which are not consumed or not produced by any reaction of a given compartment of the model including exchange reactions.
Finding Dead-end metabolites¶
find_dem()
. The method dem()
returns a python dict with the following content:[7]:
model.find_dem()
model.dem()
[7]:
{'c': [<Metabolite trnaarg_c at 0x7f2f25654080>,
<Metabolite trnaasn_c at 0x7f2f256540f0>,
<Metabolite mhpglu_c at 0x7f2f256260f0>,
<Metabolite trnaasp_c at 0x7f2f25654128>,
<Metabolite trnacys_c at 0x7f2f25654160>,
<Metabolite mi1p_DASH_D_c at 0x7f2f25626198>,
<Metabolite pg_EC_c at 0x7f2f25636198>,
<Metabolite trnagly_c at 0x7f2f256541d0>,
<Metabolite trnaile_c at 0x7f2f25654208>,
<Metabolite trnalys_c at 0x7f2f25654240>,
<Metabolite trnamet_c at 0x7f2f25654278>,
<Metabolite trnaser_c at 0x7f2f256542b0>,
<Metabolite ssaltpp_c at 0x7f2f2564a2e8>,
<Metabolite trnathr_c at 0x7f2f256542e8>,
<Metabolite sucr_c at 0x7f2f2564a630>,
<Metabolite drib_c at 0x7f2f256706a
Dead-end metabolites can be printed on the command line with print_dem()
method.
[8]:
model.print_dem()
MODEL: MODEL1507180070 - NUMBER OF DEM: 2 - COMPARTMENT: ALL
METABOLITE | COMPARTMENT | REACTION ID
-------------------------------------------------------
trnaarg_c | c | ARGTRS
trnaasn_c | c | ASNTRS
mhpglu_c | c | MHPGLUT
trnaasp_c | c | ASPTRS
trnacys_c | c | CYSTRS
mi1p_DASH_D_c | c | MI1PP
pg_EC_c | c | biomass_SA_2a
| | biomass_SA_lipids_only
| | biomass_SA_3b
| | biomass_SA_3a
| | biomass_SA_2b
trnagly_c | c
Dead-end metabolites printed can be limited to a specific compartment. Avaible compartments are given by model.compartments()
method.
[9]:
model.print_dem(compartment="e")
MODEL: MODEL1507180070 - NUMBER OF DEM: 2 - COMPARTMENT: e
METABOLITE | COMPARTMENT | REACTION ID
-------------------------------------------------------
mg2_e | e | MG2abc
| | EX_mg2_e
uri_e | e | URIt4
| | EX_uri_e
mn2_e | e | EX_mn2_e
| | MNt2
| | MNabc
spmd_e | e | EX_spmd_e
| | SPMDabc
pheme_e | e | HEMEti
| | EX_pheme_e
mnl_e | e | MNLpts
|
Removing dead-end metabolites¶
Method remove_dem()
removes dead-end metabolites from the model. Once dead-end metabolites are deleted, some reactions might not produce a metabolite anymore so the method deletes also these reactions and loops again until no dead-end metabolite is found:
while number of metabolites doesnt change:
delete all dead-end metabolites
for reaction that produced or consumed dead-end metabolites:
if reaction produces or consumes 0 metabolites [and is not exchange nor demand]:
delete reaction
find dead-end metabolites
The reactions that are deleted on the method can be modified by the following params:
delete_exchange :
True : all the reactions that are produce or consume 0 metabolites are deleted whether they are exchange/demand or not.
False : (default) deleted according to ‘keep_all_incomplete_reactions’ param.
keep_all_incomplete_reactions :
False: if a reactions is a cobra boundary reaction (calculated by heuristics) that reaction can’t be deleted.
True: (default) if a reaction initially doesn’t produce or consume any metabolite that reaction can’t be deleted.
[10]:
print("Metabolites: ", len(model.metabolites()), "\nReactions: ", len(model.reactions()))
Metabolites: 655
Reactions: 743
[11]:
model.remove_dem()
[12]:
print("Metabolites: ", len(model.metabolites()), "\nReactions: ", len(model.reactions()))
Metabolites: 486
Reactions: 739
Chokepoint reactions¶
Chokepoint reactions are those reactions that are the only consumer or producer of a given metabolite that isn’t a dead-end metabolite.
Finding chokepoint reactions¶
Chokepoint reactions are calculated with the method find_chokepoints()
. The method chokepoints()
returns a list of tuples of types (cobra.core.reactions, cobra.core.metabolites) representing a chokepoint reactions object and the metabolite it only produces/consumes.
[13]:
# Read initial model again
model = MetabolicModel(CobraMetabolicModel("aureus.xml"))
model.find_chokepoints()
model.chokepoints()
[13]:
[(<Reaction PROD2 at 0x7f2f24c75198>, <Metabolite 1pyr5c_c at 0x7f2f256cb940>),
(<Reaction DHDPRy at 0x7f2f24ef5b70>,
<Metabolite 23dhdp_c at 0x7f2f256cb7b8>),
(<Reaction DHDPS at 0x7f2f24ef5b38>, <Metabolite 23dhdp_c at 0x7f2f256cb7b8>),
(<Reaction DHAD1 at 0x7f2f2550cba8>, <Metabolite 23dhmb_c at 0x7f2f256cbf98>),
(<Reaction KARA1i at 0x7f2f24e0ebe0>,
<Metabolite 23dhmb_c at 0x7f2f256cbf98>),
(<Reaction DHAD2 at 0x7f2f254fd2e8>, <Metabolite 23dhmp_c at 0x7f2f256cbb70>),
(<Reaction KARA2i at 0x7f2f24e0ee10>,
<Metabolite 23dhmp_c at 0x7f2f256cbb70>),
(<Reaction DHPPDA at 0x7f2f24eafdd8>,
<Metabolite 25dhpp_c at 0x7f2f256cbfd0>),
(<Reaction GTPCII at 0x7f2f24e4b160>,
<Metabo
Chokepoint reactions can also be printed on the command line with print_chokepoints
.
[14]:
model.print_chokepoints()
MODEL: MODEL1507180070 - NUMBER OF CHOKEPOINTS: 426
METABOLITE ID | METABOLITE NAME | REACTION ID | REACTION NAME
------------------------------------------------------------
1pyr5c_c | 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate | PROD2 | Proline dehydrogenase
23dhdp_c | 2,3-Dihydrodipicolinate | DHDPRy | dihydrodipicolinate reductase (NADPH)
23dhdp_c | 2,3-Dihydrodipicolinate | DHDPS | dihydrodipicolinate synthase
23dhmb_c | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate | DHAD1 | dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate)
23dhmb_c | (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-3-meth
Flux Balance Analysis¶
Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) is a mathematical procedure used to calculate the growth rate of a metabolic model considering a objective function to maximize and the reactions flux as constraints.
The method get_growth()
calculates the objective value (growth rate) that maximizes the objective function. This method uses cobra.core.model.slim_optimize and was obtained from cobra.flux_analysis.deletion.
The objective value obtained with FBA can be accesed with objective_value()
.
[15]:
model.get_growth()
model.objective_value()
[15]:
0.1580502916027849
The objective function that is maximized during FBA can be accesed by objective()
[16]:
model.objective()
[16]:
'1.0*biomass_SA_8a - 1.0*biomass_SA_8a_reverse_4ce77'
This objective function can be changed by another reaction of the model with set_objective()
. This method receives the id of the reaction that will be set as the new objective value.
[17]:
model.set_objective("DHAD1")
model.objective()
[17]:
'1.0*DHAD1 - 1.0*DHAD1_reverse_39dca'
Flux Variability Analysis¶
Flux Vatiability Analysis (FVA) is a mathematical procedure used to calculate the ‘’minimum and maximum flux for reactions in the network while maintaining some state of the network, e.g., supporting 90% of maximal possible biomass production rate’’.
fva()
runs Flux Variability Analysis on the model. This method runs cobra.flux_analysis.variability and as so it allows the same parameters (see the previous link):Method fva()
returns an error list if there was an error while running FVA or an empty list []
otherwise.
[18]:
model.fva(threshold=0.95)
[18]:
[]
[19]:
model.fva(threshold=0.95, verbose=True)
FLUX VARIABILITY ANALYSIS: MODEL1507180070
REACTION: 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoate:lipoamide oxidoreductase(decarboxylating and acceptor-2-methylpropanoylating)
fva ranges: [ 0.0 , 0.0 ]
REACTION: 3-Methyl-2-oxopentanoate:lipoamide oxidoreductase(decarboxylating and acceptor-2-methylpropanoylating)
fva ranges: [ 0.0 , 0.0 ]
REACTION: 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoate:lipoamide oxidoreductase(decarboxylating and acceptor-2-methylpropanoylating)
fva ranges: [ 0.0 , 0.0 ]
REACTION: 6-phospho-beta-galactosidase
fva ranges: [ 0.0 , 0.0 ]
REACTION: 6-phospho-beta-glucosidase
fva ranges: [ 0.0 , 0.0 ]
RE
The result obtained with FVA can be accesed with get_fva()
. This method returns a list of tuples: (cobra.core.reaction, [float] maximum flux, [float] minimum flux)
[20]:
model.get_fva()
[20]:
[(<Reaction 3M2OBLOXRD at 0x7f2f254ae438>, 0.0, 0.0),
(<Reaction 3M2OPLOXRD at 0x7f2f254ae6a0>, 0.0, 0.0),
(<Reaction 4M2OPLOXRD at 0x7f2f254a7a20>, 0.0, 0.0),
(<Reaction 6PGALSZ at 0x7f2f254a1240>, 0.0, 0.0),
(<Reaction 6PHBG at 0x7f2f254a1198>, 0.0, 0.0),
(<Reaction ABTAr at 0x7f2f2551aa90>, 0.0, 0.0),
(<Reaction ACACT1r at 0x7f2f25513630>,
0.0003251131856814027,
-2065.624999999994),
(<Reaction ACACT2r at 0x7f2f2550c780>, 0.0, -2065.624999999994),
(<Reaction ACACT3r at 0x7f2f255044a8>, 0.0, -2065.624999999994),
(<Reaction ACACT4r at 0x7f2f25504358>, 0.0, -2065.624999999994),
(<Reaction ACACT5r at 0x7f2f254fd668>, 0.0, -2065.624999999994),
(<Reaction ACACT6r at 0x7f2f254fd048
Updating reaction’s flux with FVA¶
findCritical adds an extra parameter to this method which is update_flux
. If True
the method fva()
updates the model reaction’s flux with the maximum and minimum flux values obtained with FVA (see the example below).
[21]:
# Print initial reactions of the model with initial flux values.
model.print_reactions()
MODEL: MODEL1507180070 - NUMBER OF REACTIONS: 743
REACTION ID | UPPER BOUND | LOWER BOUND | REACTION
-------------------------------------------------------
3M2OBLOXRD | 999999.0 | -999999.0 | 3mob_c + h_c + lpam_c <=> 2mpdhl_c + co2_c
3M2OPLOXRD | 999999.0 | -999999.0 | 3mop_c + h_c + lpam_c <=> 2mbdhl_c + co2_c
4M2OPLOXRD | 999999.0 | -999999.0 | 4mop_c + h_c + lpam_c <=> 3mbdhl_c + co2_c
6PGALSZ | 999999.0 | 0.0 | h2o_c + lac6p_c --> dgal6p_c + glc_DASH_D_c
6PHBG | 999999.0 | 0.0 | h2o_c + salc6p_c --> 2hymeph_c + g6p_c
ABTAr | 999999.0 | 0.0 | 4abut_c + akg_c --> glu_DASH_L_c + sucsal_c
ACACT1r | 999999.0
[22]:
# Update reactions flux values with FVA
model.fva(update_flux=True)
[22]:
[]
[23]:
# Print reactions of the model with refined reactions flux values.
model.print_reactions()
MODEL: MODEL1507180070 - NUMBER OF REACTIONS: 743
REACTION ID | UPPER BOUND | LOWER BOUND | REACTION
-------------------------------------------------------
3M2OBLOXRD | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3mob_c + h_c + lpam_c --> 2mpdhl_c + co2_c
3M2OPLOXRD | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3mop_c + h_c + lpam_c --> 2mbdhl_c + co2_c
4M2OPLOXRD | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4mop_c + h_c + lpam_c --> 3mbdhl_c + co2_c
6PGALSZ | 0.0 | 0.0 | h2o_c + lac6p_c --> dgal6p_c + glc_DASH_D_c
6PHBG | 0.0 | 0.0 | h2o_c + salc6p_c --> 2hymeph_c + g6p_c
ABTAr | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4abut_c + akg_c --> glu_DASH_L_c + sucsal_c
ACACT1r | -1.86605


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I first tried Windows Subsystem for Linux in December 2016, but was not successful in installing, so I held off.
After getting the Windows 10 Creators Edition update, I saw how much work and love went into improving WSL, and decided to try again. I was rewarded.
On the whole, the installation was smooth, brief, you might even say trivial. There were Windows reboots to enable Developer Mode, and after installing WSL, but much solid effort has gone into making Windows reboots quick and painless, and with a regular Linux distro I'd have rebooted anyhow after upgrading, so no disgruntlement.
And what did I get for my efforts? WSL bash is bash. Just bash. Really, it is just plain old bash, with all the command line tools I've grown accustomed to over 30 years. The best praise I can give a tool: It just works. And WSL just works. (But see Almost there, below.)
Out of the box WSL runs Ubuntu 16.04 (Xenial), the official LTS distribution (long-term support). This is a sane choice for Microsoft. It's stable, reliable, secure, tested, trusted. For anyone wanting a working Linux command line, this is a go-to choice. Still, I updated it.
Even with all the goodness, there were some things I had to change:
CMD.EXE
,
though much improved, still is not there (but may head there; we'll
see if PowerShell wins out).
sudo
, edit /etc/dbus-1/session.conf
as
others
have suggested (I did it by hand, not with sed
).
You may have to repeat after upgrading Ubuntu.
diff --color
didn't work. Am I shallow—color? Some of the scripts I write for
open source provide colorized diff output, and I'd like to work on
them in WSL without disabling this feature. Microsoft made much hay over
24-bit color support in CMD.EXE
. So I
updated to Ubuntu 17, which includes diffutils 3.5 (the
version in which --color
was added). Microsoft does not
official support upgrading Ubuntu, but I ran into no real problems.
Caveat coder — there is a reason this is unsupported by Microsoft at present. I just never ran into those reasons myself. For example, I used DBus to make upgrading happier; I am not using any Linux desktop (graphical) programs, so maybe this could be a reason.
Researching several helpful Internet sources, I:
/etc/dbus-1/session.conf
sudo do-release-upgrade
to move to 16.10 from 16.04
/etc/dbus-1/session.conf
sudo do-release-upgrade -d
to move to 17.04 from
16.10
(Pay attention: there are many "yN" prompts were the default is to abort: you must enter "y" to these!)
When I am prompted to reboot, I quit the upgrade, close all WSL terminals, and start a fresh one. There is no actual kernel to reboot: it remains 4.4.0-42-Microsoft throughout. The kernel is emulated by Windows, not an actual file to boot, so upgrades only change the packages bundled with the kernel, not the kernel itself. The underlying abstraction is quite elegant.
Can I drop Cygwin and make WSL my daily development environment? Not quite
yet. For shell script work, WSL is excellent. But for my Kotlin, Java,
Ruby, et al, other projects, I rely on IntelliJ IDEA as my editor (though
Emacs might return into my life again). Filesystem interop between Windows
programs (such as java.exe
) and WSL is good but
not perfect.
But why not just use Linux? Well, my daily machine at home is a Windows box. Because it's my gaming rig, and games I play don't run well in Linux, and getting a Mac desktop is not currently a pretty story.
UPDATE: More on how syscalls work.
UPDATE: Slightly dated (Microsoft is moving very fast on WSL—kudos!), this is a good video presentation on what happens under the hood.


Starting in June 2018, we all will drive again to honor Kraff, the famous Emperor of the 4th Paradigm! Every truth seeker is welcome! It does not matter if you are the slоwest or the fastest driver, because you will only drive with people on your pace! It does not matter how many players want to race in TEPCOTT, Kraff loves EVERY racer.
Want to be a part of it? Click here for our Discord server!


These release notes cover new developer and user-facing incompatibilities, important issues, features, and major improvements.
This patch makes it possible to do region assignment without ZK. By default, it is off (i.e. ZK is used for region assignment as before).
Two setting "hbase.assignment.usezk", "hbase.assignment.usezk.migrating" are introduced to control migration from using ZK for assignment to not using ZK for assignment.
For rolling upgrade from using ZK to not using ZK, it can be done in two steps:
Set both hbase.assignment.usezk and hbase.assignment.usezk.migrating to true, do a rolling upgrade so that both masters and regionservers have the new code. Either master or regionserver can be upgraded at first. The order is not important for this step. If you want to keep using ZK for assignment, you'd better set hbase.assignment.usezk to true, and hbase.assignment.usezk.migrating to false so that region states are not persisted in meta table.
Set hbase.assignment.usezk to false, do a rolling restart so that region assignments don't use ZK any more. For this step, masters should be restarted after regionservers have all restarted at first so that they won't update meta table directly and master doesn't know about it.
Adds "hbase.regionstatestore.meta.connection" configuration and new MultiHConnection class. Is set to 1 by default. Set it higher if you want to run with more than one connection to the meta table. Useful if you have a very large meta table -- e.g. 1M regions -- otherwise, stick to the default.
Added a facade org.apache.hadoop.hbase.mapreduce.CellCreator to create Cells for HFileOutputFormat. When working with HFileOutputFormat (with or with out visibility labels) in bulk load one can use this facade to make Cells with visibility tags. Also we allow plugin an implementation of org.apache.hadoop.hbase.mapreduce.VisibilityExpressionResolver by configuring the the FQCN with key "hbase.mapreduce.visibility.expression.resolver.class". The default implementation will tag Cells with visibility label ordinal.
A new exception, VisibilityControllerNotReadyException, is introduced for the case where VisibilityController is being initialized. Client can respond to this exception by retrying prior operation. VisibilityControllerNotReadyException isn't a DoNotRetryIOException.


Yma Sumac or Amy Camus: A Field Guide to Five Octave Inca Exotica
Let the haters have their say: that 1950s exotica-singer Yma Sumac was no Inca princess, born in the Andes Mountains of Peru; that her voice couldn’t possibly span five octaves; that she was actually a housewife from Brooklyn named Amy Camus, or ‘Yma Sumac’ spelled backwards.
But the haters are wrong.
Mostly.
Tomorrow, The Appendix runs an article by Zoila Mendoza, the daughter of Yma Sumac’s best friend in Peru, that explores the chanteuse’s true story and reveals her true name. It reveals that it wasn’t just Americans that had doubts about her authenticity and the cult-following she inspired; Peruvians were just as exacting.
It’s a terrific piece and we hope you read it. And in case you need a reminder of who Yma Sumac is—the only Peruvian, apparently, with her name in Hollywood’s Walk of Fame—then here is her singing in her most high profile pop culture role, as an Inca priestess in the fantastic Indiana Jones-inspiring 1954 film “Secret of the Incas.”
If the song sounds familiar that’s because it is: the Coen brothers used it in a very … well … “bouncy” moment in “The Big Lebowski.”


Russia offers job to woman convicted by US of being an agent
MOSCOW: In her first public appearance since being deported by US authorities who had jailed her for being a Russian agent, Maria Butina was on Monday (Nov 18) offered a job by Moscow to defend Russians imprisoned abroad.
During an event for the media, Russia's human rights commissioner, Tatyana Moskalkova, offered Butina, 31, a job working for her commission.
"I invite you to work in our group defending compatriots abroad. I'm sure together we'll be able to do a lot of good for people who've ended up in tough situations abroad," Moskalkova said.
Butina, who flew back to Russia on Oct 26 after being deported, did not say whether she would accept the offer made at what she called her first public appearance since she was mobbed by wellwishers in front of the media at the airport on her arrival home.
Butina pleaded guilty in December last year to one count of conspiring to act as a foreign agent for Russia by infiltrating a gun rights group and influencing US conservative activists and Republicans, a conviction slammed as ridiculous by Moscow.
Russia accused Washington of forcing Butina to confess.
The case put strain on relations that were already under pressure from an array of issues including US allegations of Russian election meddling and Russia's annexation of Crimea. Moscow denies any inteference in US elections.
Moskalkova invited Butina to help her commission defend the rights of Russians abroad such as Konstantin Yaroshenko, a pilot serving 20 years in the United States for conspiracy to smuggle cocaine into the country.
Moskalkova said she also knew that Butina had been offered a job in the State Duma, the Russian lower house of parliament, and urged her to accept that one too.
The case of Yaroshenko, who was arrested by US special forces in Liberia in 2010, and others like it have prompted Russia to accuse the United States of hunting its citizens across the world.
The United States has accused the Russians in question of specific crimes and sought their extradition and arrest with regard to those crimes.
Russia said last week it had lodged a formal diplomatic protest after Israel extradited a Russian man to the United States where he faces a slew of serious cyber crime charges.