|
|
|
Practical TLA+ by Hillel Wayne
Leslie Lamport
Last modified on 23 November 2018
|
|
You'll miss a lot on this web site unless you enable Javascript
in your browser.
The Book
[show]
Practial TLA+ is a book by Hillel Wayne,
available
from the publisher.
It provides a good complete course on the PlusCal algorithm
language.
This web page describes a number of minor problems in the book,
including hard to understand statements and small errors.
It also explains why I disagree with a few things the book says.
I want to emphasize that the issues listed here
are small problems in an excellent book.
General Remarks
[show]
The P Syntax
PlusCal has two syntaxes: the P syntax inspired by Niklaus Wirth's Pascal
programming language, and the C syntax inspired by the programming language
C.
The book uses the P syntax.
That's the syntax I would prefer if I wrote algorithms only
for my own use and never wrote programs.
Most engineers and programmers will prefer the C syntax, which will look
more familiar to them, so I've used it for all my published algorithms.
You should compare the PlusCal manual's P-Version
and C-Version to see which you prefer.
It should be easy to become bi-syntactic, translating the book's
P syntax to C syntax.
Copying the Code
The source files for the specs in the book are available on line.
However, those are the final versions. If you want to follow the
development of the spec in your Toolbox, you'll have to copy the
pieces of the spec from the book. Unfortunately, that removes all
indenting, which makes the result unreadable.
You can try to find the bits of code being added at each step
in the complete spec and copy them from there. It would be nice if
all the code snippets in the book were available in an ascii file,
identified by page and line numbers.
Possible Typos in the Code
I noticed one typo in the code in the book (on page 161, Chapter 10).
It probably occurred in copying text from the PlusCal source file to
the book's source file. I didn't read the code carefully, and
there could be more such errors. If some code in the
book doesn't look right, you should try it yourself to see if the
problem is in your understanding or is a typo in the book.
The Title
[show]
This book is about
PlusCal, not about TLA+.
It describes all the TLA+ operators for writing ordinary mathematical
expressions and says a little about expressing liveness properties
with TLA+'s temporal operators. However, it doesn't mention some
of the most important features of TLA+, including the ability to state
and check that one specification implements a higher-level
specification. After reading this book, you should find it easy
to learn TLA+. I recommend that you do so. While reading
the book, you might want to look at the TLA+ translation of the
PlusCal specs.
Introduction
[show]
- Page xix
-
Without having something to program with, there's really no reason to
use TLA+.
Wrong!
Here are potential users of TLA+ who don't do any programming.
- People who need to express precisely what a system or program
should do, including customers hiring someone else to build the
system or software engineers describing a system for others to
build.
- Computer scientists who design algorithms, but don't write programs
to implement them. I believe I have written only one concurrent
program in my life, which was used by me and a few other people
for a couple of years in the mid-1980s.
Chapter 1
[show]
- Page 7, line 16
-
which is closer to what we normally think of programming functions
This should be something like:
which is closer to what we normally think of in programming as
functions .
- Page 14
-
The text should mention that a state is an assignment of values to variables,
and there is a non-declared variable pc added by the PlusCal to TLA+
translation.
- Page 18, line 5
-
Every following state highlights with variables that have changed
from the previous state.
Better would be:
Every following state highlights with red the variables that have
changed from the previous state.
- Page 22, line 1
-
Unfortunately, there are no good options.
This is not accurate. In particular, the objection of bullet two is
misleading. First of all, it is impossible to write in TLA+ that the
process can't stutter between the withdrawal and deposit.
(You can understand the book without knowing this,
but if you're curious you can look
here
to find out why not.)
The correct statement is that,
by adding the keyword
fair
in front of
process
in the code, we can specify that the process doesn't stop until it's
gotten to the end.
The fact that there's no way to implement it is
irrelevant. It's impossible to implement the safety part of the
spec because a cosmic ray could hit the computer and cause it to do
something not allowed by the spec. Verifying a property shows
that if a behavior satisfies the spec, then it satisfies the
property. This may or may not be useful. Many specs people
write are not implementable--for example, they may contain unbounded
queues, or variables whose value can be an arbitrary integer. It
requires engineering judgment to know whether or not the inability to
implement those things makes it useless to know that the spec
satisfies some property. It's useful to know that the spec with
the fairness assumption satisfies
EventuallyConsistent .
That's because there would be something seriously wrong with the spec
if fairness didn't imply
EventuallyConsistent .
This is not the right place to discuss fairness and
liveness, and that discussion is deferred to Chapter 6 of the book.
However, it would be useful point to that discussion. I think
something like the following belongs here:
For now, the PlusCal specs we write allow processes to stop
at any time. They therefore describe what a system is allowed
to do, but not what it must do. Chapter 6 explains how we
write specs that specify what must happen.
Chapter 2
[show]
- Page 24, line 3
-
This is for backwards compatibility reasons.
I don't know with what this is supposed to be backwards compatible.
- Page 24, line 9
-
It would be a good idea for item (4) to mention that comments can be
nested to arbitrary depth, since, for some unfathomable reason, that's
not true of most programming languages.
- Page 24, lines -5 to -1
-
This paragraph should refer to the tip on the following page,
which explains how to evaluate expressions
without running the entire spec.
- Page 26, lines -10 to -1
-
In the = VS := section,
I don't like the explanation of
=
in the variable declaration as an
initial assignment.
It would be better
to say that a variable's declaration includes its initial value (as an
optional part).
Also, this would be a good point to introduce the distinction between
legal PlusCal specs and ones that TLC can handle. For example,
this is perfectly legal PlusCal:
variables z = (x=y), x = 2, y = 2;
The TLAPlus proof system treats it exactly the same as
variables x = 2, y = 2, z = (x=y);
It's just TLC that can't handle the first.
- Page 27, line 3
-
In introducing the
..
operator, it should be mentioned
that
3..1
equals
{} (the empty set).
- Page 27, line 10
-
All elements in the set must have the same type
This is inaccurate. First,
{"a", 1}
is a legal PlusCal expression; it's TLC that can't deal with it.
Second, being of the same type is a sufficient but not necessary
condition for TLC to be able to deal with an expression. For example,
it has no trouble with
{{1}, {"a", "b"}}
It's usually the case that TLC cannot handle sets containing
elements of different types. However, there's one important
exception: sets of structures. (Structures are introduced on
page 29.) TLC can handle sets of structures whose elements
don't all have the same set of keys.
- Page 29, Note
-
Mathematically, a structure is a function whose
domain is a set of strings, and a sequence is a function whose domain
is a set of integers. I doubt if many people would say that these
kinds of functions have the same type. It would be better to say that
structures and sequences are both instances of a more general class of
values called functions.
- Page 31, line 11
-
For example, the following is a spec error:
This does not mean that the following is incorrect
PlusCal code. It means that an execution of the
spec evaluates the assert statement with
x
equal to
FALSE , generating an
assertion failure.
Formally, a spec is a definition, and a definition can be incorrect
only if it is syntactically illegal. Informally, a definition is
called incorrect if it doesn't define what we think it should.
- Page 32ff
-
In the example, the variable curr can be eliminated by updating
items
at the end of the while loop and replacing occurrences of
curr
by
Head(items) .
Chapter 3
[show]
- Page 44, line 3
-
The TLA+ does not use semicolons; only the PlusCal computations
need semicolons.
This should be:
TLA+ does not use semicolons; only the PlusCal code
that gets translated to TLA+ uses semicolons.
- Page 45, line 15
-
>> Apply(Add, 1, 2)
You can also write this as
Apply(+, 1, 2) ;
there's no need to define
Add or use a
LAMBDA expression.
- Page 46, line 7
-
Not all models you write will check all invariants.
You have to specify what you actually care about.
I believe this means that an invariant is just a formula,
and a spec can define lots of formulas.
TLC has no way of knowing by itself which of those formulas are
supposed to be invariants; you have to tell it in the model.
- Page 47, line 2
-
However, creating dedicated operators is cleaner and better signals
your intent to anybody else who reads your spec.
Defining an operator signals to the reader that the operator is
supposed to be an invariant only if you write in a comment that it's
supposed to be one.
- Page 48 and elsewhere
-
I believe that the quantifiers
\A and
\E are the first TLA+ operators described
so far that declare bound identifiers—for example, the formula
\A num \in set: num < max
declares the bound identifier num
in the scope of the subformula
num < max .
It should be mentioned that in TLA+, it is illegal to
give a meaning to an identifier that already has a meaning.
Thus, the formula above would be illegal if num
had already been defined.
This means that the formula
\A x \in S : (... /\ \E x \in T : ...)
is illegal because the inner
\E assigns a meaning to
x in a context
(the outer \A x )
in which x already has a meaning. Note that
P == \E x \in T : ...
Q == \A x \in S : (... /\ P)
is legal because the use of
x inside the
definition of
P doesn't
leak out of that definition. The rule that
you can't assign a meaning to an identifier that already has a meaning also
makes this illegal
VARIABLE x
...
P(x) == ...
This is also illegal:
\E x \in S : 2*x \in {x \in Nat : ... }
It should be mentioned that the scope of
\A and \E
extends
as far as possible . For example, this is illegal
\A x \in S : x > 1
=>
\E x \in T : x < 23
because it's parsed as
\A x in S : (x > 1 => \E x \in T : x < 23)
The following is legal
(\A x \in S : x > 1) => \E x \in T : x < 23
as is
/\ \A x \in S : x > 1
/\ \E x \in T : x < 23
Extending as far as possible applies to other TLA+ constructs signaled
by a prefix.
- Page 49, line 11
-
\A <<x, y>> \in S \X S:
Op(x, y) = Op(y, x)
Please don't use quantifiers over tuples like this. I think it was a
mistake to allow them in TLA+ because it adds a bit of complexity
for something that's seldom useful. That construct
isn't supported by the TLA+ prover, and probably won't be supported by
new tools. Some day, I expect it no longer to be accepted by the
parser.
- Page 49, line 17
-
People are often confused because
P => Q
is not really equivalent
to the informal use of the phrase if P then Q .
The informal phrase means that
P
being true causes
Q
to be true, while
P => Q
does not imply causality.
- Page 51, line 15
-
make sure your statements are mutually exclusive
If you make all the cases mutually exclusive, there's little
difference between a CASE and a sequence of nested IF/THEN/ELSEs. One
reason for having a CASE statement is to emphasize symmetry that is
hidden by an IF/THEN/ELSE. For example, compare
AbsoluteValue(x) == CASE x >= 0 -> x [] x =< 0 -> -x
with the equivalent IF/THEN/ELSE.
- Page 53, line -7
-
This has five states, three of which are distinct.
This presumably means that TLC reports finding five states, three
of which are distinct.
- Page 53, line -7
-
On execution, TLC will set one of the flags to true while
leaving the other false.
I don't know what this means and I advise not trying to
figure it out. You shouldn't think of TLC setting variables to
values. TLC conceptually computes all possible executions of the
spec, where an execution is a sequence of states and a state is
defined by the values of all the spec's variables. In the course of
computing all executions, TLC computes all reachable states.
- Page 53, line -4
-
You can make a function as an operator. If the operator doesn't
take any arguments, ...
This means that, since a function is an ordinary value, you can
define an operator to equal a function. If the operator takes no
arguments, you can use the special syntax
Op[x \in S] == ...
for the definition. As is suggested by the example on the next
page, this special syntax can be used for recursive definitions.
If the ordinary syntax is used, a recursive function definition must
be preceded by a RECURSIVE statement.
- Pages 55 and 56
-
It should be mentioned that TLC uses the operators
@@ and :>
to represent functions that aren't sequences or records.
- Page 57, line -9
-
The example has an unnecessary bit of complexity. The knapsack
problem is stated as fitting any number of each item into the
knapsack. Since two different items can have the same size and value,
the knapsack problem remains the same if each item appears in the
knapsack at most once. A knapsack then just becomes a set of items,
not a function from items to natural numbers.
Chapter 4
[show]
- Page 68, line 4
-
In general it is safe.
In general here means usually .
The most common case in which it's not safe to use a symmetry set
is when your spec uses the CHOOSE
operator. Read the Toolbox's help page titled
Model Values and Symmetry to find out precisely
when you can use a symmetry set.
- Page 68, line -9
-
In 99% of the cases you work with, you want finite sets.
Here, work with probably means define to be CONSTANTS .
It's not that uncommon to use infinite sets like
Nat
in a spec.
- Page 68, line -5
-
We could also EXTEND Naturals to get the set Nat
Nat
is also defined in the
Integers module;
but
Int
is not defined in the
Naturals
module. Very rarely will there be any reason to
EXTEND
Naturals
instead of
Integers .
- Page 73, line -5ff
-
As the example shows, strings in TLA+ are defined to be sequences of
characters, though the only way to refer to the character
a
is with
an expression like
"abc"[1] .
However, TLC cannot evaluate that expression.
The only operations on sequences that TLC can evaluate on strings are
\o , Tail ,
and Len .
- Page 75, line 4
-
The section on
EXTENDS should say that
the EXTENDS statement must be
the first statement in the module. (It can be preceded only by
comments.)
- Page 75, line 5
-
The module may not have any constants.
That's not true.
Declared CONSTANTS can be
imported by
EXTENDS
just like defined operators.
Chapter 5
[show]
- Page 80, line 1
-
It should be noted that the variable
pc is
not created if each process has the form
process ...
begin label: while TRUE do ... end while ;
end process
and there are no other labels and no
goto
statement in the code. This
kind of spec is often written for distributed algorithms.
Chapter 6
[show]
- Page 99, line -4
-
Most temporal properties, though, are what's called liveness checks.
In my experience, the temporal properties engineers check most often
are invariance properties. Perhaps they are not considered here
to be temporal properties because they are usually not written as
temporal formulas when entered in a TLC model to be checked.
- Page 101, line 16
-
For label
A:
in an unfair process, writing
A:+
will make it weakly fair.
This is incorrect. To make some actions weakly fair, you have to
write
fair process
and write
label:-
for each action
label
that you don't want to be weakly fair. Writing
label:+
in a
fair process
makes action
label
strongly fair. Modifying labels with
+
and
-
in this way allows you to declare some actions unfair,
some weakly fair, and some strongly fair.
- Page 101, line -9
-
You can also make the spec globally fair by writing
--fair algorithm
instead of
--algorithm
Note that this is not always equivalent to making each process fair.
- Page 101, line -2
-
TLC uses a much faster algorithm to evaluate invariants.
It should be noted that TLC uses this faster algorithm no matter which
way you declare the invariant.
- Page 102, line 16
-
The current version of TLC cannot check set membership of a variable
set as part of a property with
<> .
So you can't write...
This is false. (I don't remember TLC ever having this limitation.)
- Page 102, line -7
-
P ~> Q
means that if there is some state where
P
is true, then either
Q
is true either now or in some future state.
This can be more clearly stated as:
P ~> Q
means that for any state in which
P
is true,
Q
must be true in that state or in some later state.
It should also be noted that
P ~> Q
is defined to equal
[](P => <>Q) .
- Page 103, line 14
-
For a finite spec, these mean the same thing...
Here, finite spec and infinite spec mean
terminating spec and nonterminating spec , respectively.
- Page 103, line -2
-
As with
<> ,
TLC cannot check set membership of a variable set
as part of a property with
<>[] ,
or
[]<> .
As with <> ,
this statement is false.
- Page 104, line 10
-
TLC uses a different algorithm for this, which is slower and
is not parallelizable.
This is true now, but we hope to enhance TLC to use a parallel
liveness checking algorithm. However, checking liveness will always
be slower than checking safety.
- Page 105, libe -8
-
Since this is best represented by a check on pc, we need to
place this after the PlusCal translation.
It could instead go in the algorithm's
define section.
- Page 107, line 1
-
TLC can handle this property because the set, Threads ,
is a constant.
Formula
Liveness
is the first one presented in the book that
quantifies a temporal formula--that is, the first formula of the form
\A v \in S : F
or
\E v \in S : F
where
F is a temporal formula
(one containing
[] , <> ,
or ~> ).
In such a formula,
S
must be a constant set.
Chapter 7
[show]
- Page 113, line 9
-
By algorithm , we're assuming that algorithms are code intended to
terminate and produce an output, rather than run forever or
continuously interact with its environment.
This is an idiosynchratic, inconsistent use of the term
algorithm . For example, see Dekker's Algorithm
on page 104.
- Page 114, line 13
-
TLC will create the constant
DefaultInitValue
The constant is created by the PlusCal to TLA+ translation.
The assignment of a model value
to the constant occurs when the Toolbox initializes the model.
If you create the model before translating the algorithm, you will have
to assign a value to that constant when it appears in the TLA+
translation.
- Page 117, line 14ff
-
The
Leftpad algorithm defined in
the book takes
k
steps to add
k
characters. There is a more interesting algorithm that takes
log k
steps. The idea is to use a helper variable
v
that initially equals
c .
At each step, output is either left unchanged or set to
v \o output , and
v
is set to v \o v .
This is a challenging problem that most
programmers will be able to solve only through a rather long process
of trial and error. A really good programmer will be able to get
it right much quicker—on her first try if she's really, really
good. What she would do is define a formula
I(output, v, in_c, in_n, in_str)
that should be true whenever control is at the beginning of the
while
loop. She would then put the statement
assert I(output, v, in_c, in_n, in_str)
at the beginning of the loop body and debug
the definition of I
as she's debugging the algorithm. Doing this requires a
lot of thinking before you write any code. Thinking before coding is
a good thing to do. On a difficult problem, it will save you time and
produce better code.
- Page 121, line -11
-
It may be instructive to define
Pow2(n) recursively, but it's easier to write
Pow2(n) == 2^n
using the integer exponentiation operator
^
defined in the Naturals and
Integers modules.
- Page 123
-
As an exercise, try writing the
binary_search algorithm yourself,
without looking at the book. I'll bet it doesn't work right
on your first
try. If it fails on your first test, instead of continuing
by trial and error, use the same approach I recommended for the more
efficient
Leftpad
algorithm than the one on page 117. Put an
assert
statement at the beginning of the while loop's body asserting
that either
target = seq[i] for some
i in
low..high , or else
target is not in
seq .
Then design your code so that this assertion is not violated.
Chapter 8
[show]
- Page 127, line 4
-
That means we should write data structures as separate modules
that are extended or instantiated in our spec.
This is standard, good advice. It's what you should do if you were
writing a program rather than a spec. It's also what you should do if
you or others want the identical data structure spec—for example, if
it models a data structure that is already implemented in code.
However, specs are simpler and much smaller than programs. Engineers
generally prefer to keep the spec of a data structure in the same
module as the spec of the algorithm that uses it. Copying and pasting
a few lines of data structure spec is no big deal. Moreover, it
encourages them to modify the data structure so it's exactly what
they want for their new spec.
- Page 128, line 9
-
This means using TLC to get
Assert .
This seems to mean importing the TLC module to import the definition
of Assert .
- Page 132, line -14
-
It is probably a mistake to make the definition of
isLinkedList
local, since for an algorithm that is supposed to create linked
lists, one wants to check that it actually does create one. This
can be done by evaluating
isLinkedList ,
without having to evaluate the complete set of all linked lists.
There is one issue that should be discussed in Chapter 8 but isn't.
It's good to define data structures as simply as possible, to make
sure that the definition is correct. However, for using the data
structure in other specs, efficiency of TLC's evaluation of the operators
can be important. For example,
isLinkedList is defined on page 132 to equal
isLinkedList(PointerMap) ==
LET ... IN \E ordering \in all_seqs : ...
If the cardinality of nodes is
n ,
then all_seqs contains n^n elements,
which makes evaluation of
isLInkedList(PointerMap)
inefficient unless
n
is very small.
It's easy to recursively define an operator
startsLL(node,PointerMap) to be true iff
PointerMap is a linked list
starting at
node ,
where
StartsLL
can be evaluated in time polynomial in
n .
A more efficient definition of
isLinkedList is then
IsLinkedList(PointerMap) ==
LET nodes == ... IN \E node \in nodes : startsLL(node, PointerMap)
You can test that the two definitions of
isLinkedList are the same on
a set of nodes small enough so it can be handled by the inefficient
definition. Having two separate definitions helps assure that both
definitions are correct. Often the more efficient definition of
an operator is a more operational recursive one.
Chapter 9
[show]
- Page 137, line 9
-
A state machine is a system with a finite set of internal states
along with a set of transitions between the states.
That's a finite state machine. Not all the state machines
specified in this chapter are finite. For example, in the spec
on page 141, nothing says that the sets Data
and Clients are finite.
The whole idea of PlusCal and TLA+ is to model a system as a state
machine—usually not a finite-state one. TLC is generally run on
a finite-state model of the state machine.
- Page 146, line 5
-
Ghost variables are more accurately called history variables because
they record information about past states. Somewhat surprisingly,
some refinements require a different kind of variable, which doesn't
have to be implemented, called a prophecy variable—a variable
that predicts what
will happen in the future. Such a variable might be needed if a
decision is made in the spec before it needs to be, and that decision
happens later in the refinement.
Chapter 10
[show]
The example of this chapter nicely illustrates that reasonable
liveness properties often can't be satisfied. But you should remember
that liveness itself is just an approximation of the property we
really want. It's of no use to know that a program will
eventually produce an answer if it might take billions of years.
Liveness properties can be useful because checking them can reveal
that the system can't always do something that should be possible.
The properties we really want are real-time properties, which assert
that something must happen within some length of time. These are
safety properties and can be asserted by adding some kind of clock to
the system. It would be a nice exercise to add the requirement
that reservations time out after some number of days have elapsed.
This can be asserted by adding a
date
variable representing the number of days that have elapsed since the
library opened, with an
AdvanceDate
process that repeatedly advances the value of
date by one. A
reservation queue should include the date when an entry was added to
it. A requirement that a user checks out a book before a certain
date can be represented by an enabling condition on when the date can
be advanced.
There's no problem writing PlusCal specs with this kind of real-time
condition, though they might be simpler written directly in TLA+.
However, the number of reachable states in such a spec increases
exponentially with the length of time the system runs. The library
example is simple enough that it should be possible for TLC to check
models that allow time to advance far enough to adequately debug the
code.
Appendix A
[show]
This chapter describes mathematical concepts informally and
imprecisely, the way most
mathematicians do.
To truly understand the concepts, you should understand
how they can be stated rigorously and precisely.
I will try to help you do that.
When a mathematician writes a formula like x+2 > 4 , it can
be a noun as in
We know that if x equals 3 then
x+2 > 4 is true.
or it can be a complete clause, as in
If x equals 3, then x+2 > 4 .
In TLA+, as in all formal mathematics, formulas are nouns. The
assertion that the formula x+2 > 4 is true
is written in TLA+ as
THEOREM x+2 > 4
Whether or not this assertion is true depends on the context in which
it appears. For example, it is true if it appears
in a module and is preceded by
CONSTANT x
ASSUME x \in 3..10
It is false if it's preceded by
x == 2
A rigorous understanding of the mathematical concepts described
in this chapter is obtained by translating the informal assertions
made in the text to theorems, and understanding the context in which
those theorems are true.
- Page 200, line 9
-
Since their columns are different,
A /\ B /= A \/ B .
This is asserting that the following theorem is not true:
THEOREM A /\ B = A \/ B
The assumed context is:
CONSTANTS A, B
ASSUME (A \in BOOLEAN) /\ (B \in BOOLEAN)
(The theorem is true in a context in which
A and B
are Booleans and
A equals B .)
- Page 200, Line 14
-
Since their columns are the same,
A = ¬¬A .
This asserts the truth of:
CONSTANT A
ASSUME A \in BOOLEAN
THEOREM A = ¬¬A
- Page 201, line 10
-
Another way of saying A = B is to write A ⇔ B
The symbol ⇔ is typed
<=>
or
\equiv . It is the Boolean operator
such that for any Boolean values
A and B ,
the expression
A <=> B
equals TRUE if
A equals B
and otherwise equals FALSE .
The semantics of TLA+ do not specify the value of
A <=> B
unless both
A and B
are Booleans. Thus, TLC will evaluate
FALSE <=> TRUE
to equal FALSE , but
will report an error if it tries
to evaluate 42 <=> 27 .
It's good to write
exp1 <=> exp2
rather than
exp1 = exp2
if it appears in a context in which
exp1 and exp2
should both be Boolean-valued expressions, since TLC will
report an error if they're not.
- Page 202, line 10
-
x ∉ {{x}} but {x} ∈ {{x}}.
I believe this is asserting the following two theorems:
THEOREM x ∉ {{x}}
THEOREM {x} ∈ {{x}}
for any value of x . The second
theorem is true. Since {x}
is the one element of
{{x}} ,
the first theorem is true if and only if
x is not equal to
{x} .
But the semantics of TLA+ do not specify whether or not
x equals
{x} ,
so the first theorem is not a true TLA+ theorem.
- Page 203, Line 12
-
TLC can test membership of infinite sets
This means that for some infinite sets
T ,
TLC can test whether a value
v is in
T . Try TLC on these two expressions:
4 \in {x \in Nat : x % 2 = 0}
4 \in {2*x : x \in Nat}
- Page 204, Lines 1 to 5
-
Cardinal numbers like two and seventeen are answers to the
question
how many? . Zero is a cardinal number.
Ordinal numbers like second and seventeenth are answers
to the question which one? . The first ordinal number is
first; there is no number named zeroth. (That's
why the first element of a non-empty sequence
seq is
seq[1] .)
There is no good reason why either kind of number should be considered
more natural than the other.
The standard TLA+ modules define the set
Nat
of natural numbers to contain 0 because that's what computer scientists
do.
- Page 204, Lines 12 to -1
-
I find this discussion rather confusing. The Predicate
Logic section should have contained these theorems,
which are true for all sets
S and Boolean-valued operators
P :
THEOREM (\A x \in S : P(x)) <=> ¬ (\E x \in S : ¬ P(x))
THEOREM (\E x \in S : P(x)) <=> ¬ (\A x \in S : ¬ P(x))
They should help you understand the truth of the following theorems, for any
Boolean-valued operator
P :
THEOREM \A x \in {} : P(x)
THEOREM ¬ (\E x \in {} : P(x))
- Page 206, Line 2
-
TLA+ cannot quantify over infinite sets
This is false. The following is a perfectly legal TLA+ theorem
that the TLAPS proof system easily proves:
THEOREM \A x \in Nat \ {0} : 2*x > x
It is true that TLC cannot evaluate a formula
\A x \in S : ... or
\E x \in S : ...
if S is an infinite set.
Appendix B
[show]
- Page 208, line -10
-
It should be noted that the time and space TLC takes to evaluate
Order(set)
are exponential in the set's cardinality. The obvious
recursive definition would be evaluated more efficiently.
|


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% import "bootstrap/wtf.html" as wtf %} {% block content %}
Alliance: {{ character.corporation.alliance.alliance_name }}
Corporation: {{ character.corporation.corporation_name }}
Corporation Ticker: {{ character.corporation.corporation_ticker }}


Chicken swinesha demo
0 reviews
|
Write a review
$114.00
$122.00
Availability:
In Stock
Ex Tax:
$60.00
Price in reward points:
400
Brand:
Apple
Product Code:
Product 15
Reward Points:
100
Available Options
Colors
Checkbox
Checkbox 1 (+$12.00)
Checkbox 2 (+$36.00)
Checkbox 3 (+$24.00)
Checkbox 4 (+$48.00)
Qty
−
+


Select Month:
Select A Month
Select Date:
Select a Month First
Display To-Do List
Remove all the Tasks
×
You have to do the following tasks:
×
Enter Details:
Enter Title:
Enter Description:
Create
×


--- layout: default ---
Quick and easy to get going with GeoBlacklight. Follow the simple installation instructions or check out one of the tutorials.
GeoBlacklight uses SASS and Twitter Bootstrap to enable adopters to easily customize their installation.
Modularized software projects that enhance each other. Test coverage and documentation is a priority.


| Type | Visibility | Attributes | Name | Initial | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| real(kind=wp), | public | :: | length | = | 1.00_wp | Material length (L/ξ) |
|
| real(kind=wp), | public | :: | thouless | = | 1.00_wp | Thouless energy (ħD/L²) |
|
| real(kind=wp), | public | :: | scattering | = | 0.01_wp | Inelastic scattering (η/Δ₀) |
|
| logical, | public | :: | transparent_a | = | .false. | Interface transparency (left) |
|
| logical, | public | :: | transparent_b | = | .false. | Interface transparency (right) |
|
| logical, | public | :: | phaselock | = | .false. | Lock the center-of-mass phase? |
|
| logical, | public | :: | nonequilibrium | = | .false. | Equilibrium? |
|
| logical, | public | :: | transverse | = | .false. | Transverse potential gradients? |
|
| real(kind=wp), | public | :: | voltage | = | 0.00_wp | Voltage (eV/Δ₀) |
|
| real(kind=wp), | public | :: | temperature | = | 0.01_wp | Temperature (T/Tc) |
|
| real(kind=wp), | public | :: | spinvoltage | = | 0.00_wp | Spin-voltage (eVs/Δ₀) |
|
| real(kind=wp), | public | :: | spintemperature | = | 0.00_wp | Spin-temperature (Ts/Tc) |
|
| real(kind=wp), | public, | dimension(1:3) | :: | spinaxis | = | [0, 0, 1] | Spin quantization axis |
| real(kind=wp), | public, | allocatable | :: | energy(:) | Energy domain |
||
| real(kind=wp), | public, | allocatable | :: | location(:) | Position domain |
||
| type(propagator), | public, | allocatable | :: | propagator(:,:) | Propagator values |
||
| type(propagator), | public, | allocatable | :: | backup(:,:) | Propagator backups |
||
| real(kind=wp), | public, | allocatable | :: | density(:,:,:) | Spin-resolved density of states |
||
| real(kind=wp), | public, | allocatable | :: | supercurrent(:,:) | Charge, spin, heat, and spin-heat supercurrents |
||
| real(kind=wp), | public, | allocatable | :: | lossycurrent(:,:) | Charge, spin, heat, and spin-heat dissipative currents |
||
| real(kind=wp), | public, | allocatable | :: | accumulation(:,:) | Charge, spin, heat, and spin-heat accumulation |
||
| real(kind=wp), | public, | allocatable | :: | magnetization(:,:) | Magnetization due to exchange and Zeeman effects |
||
| complex(kind=wp), | public, | allocatable | :: | correlation(:) | Superconducting pair-correlations |
||
| integer, | public | :: | order | = | 1 | Simulation priority of this material |
|
| class(material), | public, | pointer | :: | material_a | => | null() | Material to the left (default: vacuum) |
| class(material), | public, | pointer | :: | material_b | => | null() | Material to the right (default: vacuum) |
| integer, | public | :: | iteration | = | 0 | Used to keep track of selfconsistent iteration cycles |
|
| logical, | public | :: | selfconsistent | = | .true. | Whether to selfconsistently calculate the superconducting gap |
|
| logical, | public | :: | boost | = | .true. | Whether to use convergence acceleration methods |
|
| integer, | public | :: | scaling | = | 128 | Maximal mesh increase (range: 2^N, N>1) |
|
| integer, | public | :: | method | = | 4 | Runge—Kutta order (range: 2, 4, 6) |
|
| integer, | public | :: | control | = | 2 | Error control (1: defect, 2: global error, 3: 1 then 2, 4: 1 and 2) |
|
| real(kind=wp), | public | :: | tolerance | = | 1e-10_wp | Error tolerance (maximum defect or global error) |
|
| integer, | public | :: | information | = | 0 | Debug information (range: [-1,2]) |
|
| real(kind=wp), | public | :: | difference | = | 1e+10_wp | Difference between iterations |
|
| character(len=128), | public | :: | type_string | = | 'MATERIAL' | Name of this material |
|
| type(spinscattering), | public, | allocatable | :: | spinscattering | Spin-dependent scattering |
||
| type(spinorbit), | public, | allocatable | :: | spinorbit | Spin-orbit coupling |
||
| type(spinactive), | public, | allocatable | :: | spinactive_a | Spin-active interface (left) |
||
| type(spinactive), | public, | allocatable | :: | spinactive_b | Spin-active interface (right) |
||
| real(kind=wp), | public, | allocatable | :: | zeeman | How easy the material is magnetized by spin accumulation |
||
| real(kind=wp), | public, | allocatable | :: | exchange(:,:) | Magnetic exchange field as a function of position |
||
| complex(kind=wp), | public, | allocatable | :: | gap_history(:,:) | Superconducting order parameter as a function of location (backup of previously calculated gaps on the location mesh) |
||
| complex(kind=wp), | public, | allocatable | :: | gap_function(:) | Superconducting order parameter as a function of location (relative to the zero-temperature gap of a bulk superconductor) |
||
| real(kind=wp), | public, | allocatable | :: | gap_location(:) | Location array for the gap function (required because we interpolate the gap to a higher resolution than the propagators) |
Calculate propagators
This subroutine updates the state of the material by solving the diffusion equations for the equilibrium propagators, the kinetic equations for the nonequilibrium propagators, and then calculating physical observables.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(material), | intent(inout) | :: | this | Material that will be updated |
||
| logical, | intent(in), | optional | :: | bootstrap | Disable calculation of observables |
Calculate propagators (in equilibrium)
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(material), | intent(inout), | target | :: | this |
Calculate propagators (nonequilibrium)
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(material), | intent(inout), | target | :: | this |
Saves the state of the material
Save a backup of the current material state.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(material), | intent(inout) | :: | this |
Loads the state of the material
Load a backup of a previous material state.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(material), | intent(inout) | :: | this |
Boundary condition (left)
Calculate residuals from the boundary conditions at the left interface.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(conductor), | intent(in) | :: | this | |||
| type(propagator), | intent(in) | :: | p | |||
| type(propagator), | intent(in) | :: | a | |||
| type(spin), | intent(inout) | :: | r | |||
| type(spin), | intent(inout) | :: | rt |
Boundary condition (right)
Calculate residuals from the boundary conditions at the right interface.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(conductor), | intent(in) | :: | this | |||
| type(propagator), | intent(in) | :: | p | |||
| type(propagator), | intent(in) | :: | b | |||
| type(spin), | intent(inout) | :: | r | |||
| type(spin), | intent(inout) | :: | rt |
Boundary condition (left)
Calculate proportionality matrices for the boundary conditions at the left interface.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(conductor), | intent(in) | :: | this | |||
| type(propagator), | intent(in) | :: | Gp | |||
| type(propagator), | intent(in) | :: | Ga | |||
| complex(kind=wp), | intent(out), | dimension(0:7,0:7) | :: | Cp | ||
| complex(kind=wp), | intent(out), | dimension(0:7,0:7) | :: | Ca |
Boundary condition (right)
Calculate proportionality matrices for the boundary conditions at the right interface.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(conductor), | intent(in) | :: | this | |||
| type(propagator), | intent(in) | :: | Gp | |||
| type(propagator), | intent(in) | :: | Gb | |||
| complex(kind=wp), | intent(out), | dimension(0:7,0:7) | :: | Cp | ||
| complex(kind=wp), | intent(out), | dimension(0:7,0:7) | :: | Cb |
Construct propagators
Constructs a superconducting material that is initialized to a superconducting state.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(superconductor), | intent(inout) | :: | this |
Initialize propagators
Redefine the default initializer.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(superconductor), | intent(inout) | :: | this |
Diffusion equation
Use the diffusion equation to calculate the second derivatives of the Riccati parameters at point z.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(superconductor), | intent(in) | :: | this | |||
| type(propagator), | intent(inout) | :: | p | |||
| complex(kind=wp), | intent(in) | :: | e | |||
| real(kind=wp), | intent(in) | :: | z |
Kinetic equation
Calculate the self-energies in the kinetic equation.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(superconductor), | intent(in) | :: | this | |||
| type(propagator), | intent(in) | :: | Gp | |||
| complex(kind=wp), | intent(inout), | dimension(0:7,0:7) | :: | R | ||
| real(kind=wp), | intent(in) | :: | z |
Calculate the superconducting order parameter
Interpolate the superconducting correlations Δ(z) to a higher resolution, to make the calculations more stable near strong ferromagnetic materials.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(superconductor), | intent(inout) | :: | this | Superconductor object |
Boost the convergence of the order parameter (Steffensen's method)
Boost the convergence of the order parameter using Steffensen's method.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(superconductor), | intent(inout) | :: | this |
Update the internal variables before calculating the propagators
Code to execute before running the update method of a class(superconductor) object.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(superconductor), | intent(inout) | :: | this |
Update the superconducting order parameter from the propagators
Updates the superconducting order parameter based on the propagators of the system.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(superconductor), | intent(inout) | :: | this |
Return the superconducting order parameter at a given position
Returns the superconducting order parameter at the given location.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(superconductor), | intent(in) | :: | this | |||
| real(kind=wp), | intent(in) | :: | location |
Configure material parameters
Configure a material property based on a key-value pair.
| Type | Intent | Optional | Attributes | Name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| class(superconductor), | intent(inout) | :: | this | |||
| character(len=*), | intent(in) | :: | key | |||
| character(len=*), | intent(in) | :: | val |


Localization
- Introduction
- Language Files
- Basic Usage
- Pluralization
- Validation Localization
- Overriding Package Language Files
Introduction
The Laravel Lang
facade provides a convenient way of retrieving strings in various languages, allowing you to easily support multiple languages within your application.
Language Files
Language strings are stored in files within the resources/lang
directory. Within this directory there should be a subdirectory for each language supported by the application.
/resources
/lang
/en
messages.php
/es
messages.php
Example Language File
Language files simply return an array of keyed strings. For example:
<?php
return array(
'welcome' => 'Welcome to our application'
);
Changing The Default Language At Runtime
The default language for your application is stored in the config/app.php
configuration file. You may change the active language at any time using the App::setLocale
method:
App::setLocale('es');
Setting The Fallback Language
You may also configure a "fallback language", which will be used when the active language does not contain a given language line. Like the default language, the fallback language is also configured in the config/app.php
configuration file:
'fallback_locale' => 'en',
Basic Usage
Retrieving Lines From A Language File
echo Lang::get('messages.welcome');
The first segment of the string passed to the get
method is the name of the language file, and the second is the name of the line that should be retrieved.
Note: If a language line does not exist, the key will be returned by the
get
method.
You may also use the trans
helper function, which is an alias for the Lang::get
method.
echo trans('messages.welcome');
Making Replacements In Lines
You may also define place-holders in your language lines:
'welcome' => 'Welcome, :name',
Then, pass a second argument of replacements to the Lang::get
method:
echo Lang::get('messages.welcome', array('name' => 'Dayle'));
Determine If A Language File Contains A Line
if (Lang::has('messages.welcome'))
{
//
}
Pluralization
Pluralization is a complex problem, as different languages have a variety of complex rules for pluralization. You may easily manage this in your language files. By using a "pipe" character, you may separate the singular and plural forms of a string:
'apples' => 'There is one apple|There are many apples',
You may then use the Lang::choice
method to retrieve the line:
echo Lang::choice('messages.apples', 10);
You may also supply a locale argument to specify the language. For example, if you want to use the Russian (ru) language:
echo Lang::choice('товар|товара|товаров', $count, array(), 'ru');
Since the Laravel translator is powered by the Symfony Translation component, you may also create more explicit pluralization rules easily:
'apples' => '{0} There are none|[1,19] There are some|[20,Inf] There are many',
Validation
For localization for validation errors and messages, take a look at the documentation on Validation.
Overriding Package Language Files
Many packages ship with their own language lines. Instead of hacking the package's core files to tweak these lines, you may override them by placing files in the resources/lang/packages/{locale}/{package}
directory. So, for example, if you need to override the English language lines in messages.php
for a package named skyrim/hearthfire
, you would place a language file at: resources/lang/packages/en/hearthfire/messages.php
. In this file you would define only the language lines you wish to override. Any language lines you don't override will still be loaded from the package's language files.


SPANK! (M). (Palace) Director: Ernie Clark Stars: Vince Poletto, Robert Mammone, Mario Gamma, Checc Musolini, Victoria Dixon-White, Lucia Mastrantone, Nic Hurcombe, Irene Tunis, Marco P Venturini Running time: 89 minutes.
Set against the colourful background of the cappuccino culture of Adelaide's fashionable Rundle Street, the low budget comedy Spank! is both an embarrassment and a disappointment. The main problem lies with the underdeveloped script from first time writer David Farrell, and the lack of control over the material displayed by first time director Ernie Clark, making an inauspicious debut. Nick (Mario Gamma) and his friend Vinny (Checc Musolino) decide that they want to go into business together and open their own cafe. They enter into a partnership with wannabe local wheeler and dealer Rocky Pisoni (Vince Poletto, recently seen in Jackie Chan's Mr Nice Guy), who agrees to bankroll the enterprise. Rocky has power of attorney over his ailing father's business. Although he dresses sharply he has few clues about successfully running a business. He uses bully boy tactics to oversee his father's vast investments, but he is largely ineffectual.
The dubious deal quickly comes unstuck as the characters' egos and personalities take over.  Vinny lacks money, and turns to his girl friend Tina (Lucia Mastrantone) for financial help. She initially advises him against becoming involved in any dealing with Nick and Rocky. Before long there is competition between the various players to open their own establishments.
Intended as a satire with something constructive to say about the rich diversity of ethnic culture and experiences in contemporary Australia, Spank! misfires badly. Clark has completely misjudged the tone and mood of the material, and this comedy actually has very little genuine humour. Wogs Out Of Work and Head On explored similar issues and characters in far more emphatic and compelling fashion.
Clark, a former cinematographer, makes good use of locations to provide the film with atmosphere and character. But his lack of experience shows in the quality of performances he draws from his cast. The performances are pitched at a hysterically overwrought level in which stereotypes are reduced to the level of caricature. Any nuances are bludgeoned into submission.
Poletto gives a completely unbelievable and outrageous performance as Rocky, and his grating and unbearable character wears out his welcome even before the film is half over. Gamma captures Nick's overbearing personality beautifully with an energetic but unsubtle performance. Robert Mammone (Heaven's Burning, etc) plays Paulie, the film's conscience, although his thoughtful and restrained performance almost seems to belong in another film.
Jo (Victoria Dixon-Whittle) is a thankless cliché, a woman who dumps her narcissistic but wealthy lover, who treats her with contempt, for another man who treats her with respect. Only theatre veteran Mastrantone gives a more positive portrayal of a strong, modern woman with her performance as the independent, assertive and confident Tina.
For a first feature Spank! lacks spark, polish and spunk. It is a huge disappointment, especially when compared to the recent achievements of Gregor Jordan with his superb debut Two Hands. Even the local distributors seem to have recognised its overall lack of quality and audience appeal, and have decided to release Spank! straight to video in Melbourne and Sydney.
* greg king http://www.netau.com.au/gregking
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


This is a fansite for the blockchain game
Prospectors.
It contains live maps for
TESTNET:
a Prospectors world on Jungle testnet.
This world is for testing only, and PGL here is not real.
Other Prospectors worlds: EOS maps and WAX maps.
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Powered by dfuse.
Author: Ivan Kazmenko.


Global Nav Open Menu
Global Nav Close Menu
Apple
Shopping Bag
+
Search for anything
Cancel
Apple
Mac
iPad
iPhone
Watch
TV
Music
Support
Shopping Bag
+
{{ content }}


---
creation_epoch:<PHONE_NUMBER>
lastmod_epoch:<PHONE_NUMBER>
categories: ['Computer Problems']
title: Make Juniper Network Connect work with Slackware 12.2
---
My work uses Juniper Network connection for the VPN solution. I have Slackware 12.2 at home. Assuming you install all the packages for Slackware the VPN doesn't work out of the box. Here are the steps I took to get it working:
- Make sure you have Java 1.6 JRE installed
- Launch Firefox 3
- Make sure your Java plug-in is loaded into Firefox
- Google "test Java" to test it
- Start the network connect via your VPN web site
- It will fail, but we need the initial files
- Open a terminal (I used Konsole)
- Add the tun device with the following commands
- sudo mkdir /dev/net
- sudo mknod /dev/net/tun c 10 200
- Relaunch the network connect via your VPN web site
- This time the connection will hold


For now, this page is just a placeholder for links
As a Word document
As a PDF
(And that's all of it so far)


Uber driver helps teenage boy shot in Virginia
by WTKR StaffPORTSMOUTH, Va. – An Uber driver did more than just get riders to their destination Saturday night. She helped a teenage boy who was shot.
Cheryl Jagow had pulled into a Royal Farms store in Chesapeake, Virginia, around 9 p.m. Saturday. She had just dropped off a rider and went into the business to stretch her legs and get something to eat.
In the parking lot, she noticed two teen boys acting strange but she didn’t think anything of it until she was getting ready to leave.
“I rolled down my window and I was like ‘Baby, whats going on?' ” Jagow explained. “He was like, 'I just got shot.' I went into full-fledged mommy mode, full force, right there. I put him down on the ground, took his belt off, tied it around his ankle, and took his shoe off. He was shot in the foot.”
As she was helping the teen that was shot, she instructed the other teen to go into her car and find her cellphone. He called 9-1-1.
“By the time the officers and paramedics came, I was covered in blood, it was all over my clothes. I was sitting in a pile of grease,” she said.
Although the Royal Farms is located in Chesapeake, Portsmouth Police say the shooting happened in their city. They were unable to provide a specific location to WTKR.
Police say the 15-year-old was taken to the hospital for non-life threatening injuries. Jagow fears his injuries could have been worse had she not stopped to help.
“I’m glad that I was there to be able to help him because a lot of people would look the other way,” she said.
Portsmouth Police are still investigating the shooting.
This story was originally published on WTKR.


© 2019
| stella stellae | star | |||
| stella | stell | noun/f | a star | |
| stellaris stellaris stellare | star like | |||
| stellaris | stellar | adj | of or belonging to a star | |
| Mnium stellare Hedw. Saxifraga stellaris L. | ||||
| stellatus stellata stellatum | starry | |||
| stellatus | stellat | ppar | with stars, starry | |
| Magnolia stellata (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. Allium stellatum Ker-Gawl. ex Fras Epilichen stellatus Triebel | ||||
| stelliformis stelliformis stelliforme | star shaped | |||
| stella | stell | noun/f | a star | |
| i | i | cnct | connective vowel used by botanical Latin | |
| formis | form | adj | in botanical Latin a substantive suffix for nouns derived from 'forma': to be in the form or shape of... | |
| Sedum stelliforme S.Wats. | ||||
| stellulatus stellulata stellulatum | star like | |||
| stellula | stellul | noun/f | a little star, asterisk | |
| atus | at | adj | adjectival suffix for nouns: possessive of or likeness of something (with, shaped, made)/ for verb participles: a completed action, -ed | |
| Onosma stellulata Waldst. & Kit. Viburnum stellulatum Wall. ex DC. | ||||
| stenantherus stenanthera stenantherum | narrow anthered | |||
| stenos | sten | adj | στενοϛ narrow, straight | |
| anthera | anther | noun/f | ανϑηρα Mod L anther | |
| us | adj | Latinizing suffix | ||
| stenanthinus stenanthina stenanthinum | narrow flowered | |||
| stenos | sten | adj | στενοϛ narrow, straight | |
| anthos | anth | noun/n | ανϑοϛ flower | |
| inus | in | adj | -ινοϛ adjective suffix for nouns: composition, color, resembling, owning | |
| stenocalyx stenocalyces | narrow calyx | |||
| stenos | sten | adj | στενοϛ narrow, straight | |
| o | o | cnct | connective vowel in botanical Latin, usually for Greek words but in some cases, such as color tingeing, for Latin words | |
| calyx | calyc | noun/f | καλυξ, υκοϛ husk, covering, calyx | |
| stenocaulos stenocaulos stenocaulon | straight stem | |||
| stenos | sten | adj | στενοϛ narrow, straight | |
| o | o | cnct | connective vowel in botanical Latin, usually for Greek words but in some cases, such as color tingeing, for Latin words | |
| caulos | caul | noun/m | καυλοϛ stem of a plant | |
| os | adj | οϛ adjectival suffix | ||
| stenocephalus stenocephala stenocephalum | narrow headed | |||
| stenos | sten | adj | στενοϛ narrow, straight | |
| o | o | cnct | connective vowel in botanical Latin, usually for Greek words but in some cases, such as color tingeing, for Latin words | |
| cephale | cephal | noun/f | κεφαλη head; front; end, point; source, top; chief person | |
| us | adj | Latinizing suffix | ||
| Vernonia stenocephala Oliv. | ||||
| stenonychioides stenonychioides stenonychioides | like a narrow claw | |||
| stenos | sten | adj | στενοϛ narrow, straight | |
| o | o | cnct | connective vowel in botanical Latin, usually for Greek words but in some cases, such as color tingeing, for Latin words | |
| nychi | nychi | noun/n | νυχι (modern) fingernail; claw | |
| oides | oid | adj | -οειδεϛ adjective suffix for nouns: like, resemble | |
| stenopetalus stenopetala stenopetalum | narrow petals | |||
| stenos | sten | adj | στενοϛ narrow, straight | |
| o | o | cnct | connective vowel in botanical Latin, usually for Greek words but in some cases, such as color tingeing, for Latin words | |
| petalum | petal | noun/n | πεταλον Mod L petal (Gk: leaf, tablet) | |
| us | adj | Latinizing suffix | ||
| Draba stenopetala Trautv. Sedum stenopetalum Pursh Cytisus stenopetalus (Webb & Berth.) Christ | ||||
| stenophyllus stenophylla stenophyllum | narrow leaved | |||
| stenos | sten | adj | στενοϛ narrow, straight | |
| o | o | cnct | connective vowel in botanical Latin, usually for Greek words but in some cases, such as color tingeing, for Latin words | |
| phyllon | phyll | noun/n | φυλλον leaf; foliage | |
| us | adj | Latinizing suffix | ||
| Heterotheca stenophylla (Gray) Shinners Collema stenophyllum Nyl. Haplopappus stenophyllus Gray | ||||
| sterilis sterilis sterile | sterile | |||
| sterilis | steril | adj | sterile, barren | |
| Nasturtium x sterile (Airy Shaw) Oefelein Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski | ||||
| stipulatus stipulata stipulatum | with stipules | |||
| stipula | stipul | noun/f | a stalk, stem, blade | |
| atus | at | adj | adjectival suffix for nouns: possessive of or likeness of something (with, shaped, made)/ for verb participles: a completed action, -ed | |
| Gillenia stipulata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nutt. Orbexilum stipulatum (Torr. & Gray) Rydb. Porteranthus stipulatus (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britt. | ||||
| stoechas stoechades | lavender (plant) | |||
| stoechas | stoechad | noun/f | στοιχαϛ French lavender named from the Greek name for some islands of the Marseilles coast; Lavandula stoechas | |
| Lavandula stoechas L. | ||||
| stolonifer stolonifera stoloniferum | producing stolons | |||
| stolo | stolon | noun/m | a shoot rising from the base or root of a tree | |
| i | i | cnct | connective vowel used by botanical Latin | |
| fer | fer | apar | fero to bear, carry, bring | |
| Andropogon stolonifer (Nash) A.S. Hitchc. Ixeris stolonifera Gray Sedum stoloniferum Gmel. |


2018-04-01 The Peace Academy with @aggroed and @isaria: Episode 23 Tonight on MSP-Waves and in PALnet! (10-11PM EST, 0200 UTC) peaceacademy
2018-03-31 Steem Witness Forum Record: @andrarchy, @roelandp, @lukestokes, @aggroed, @drakos discuss the Steem ecosystem witness
2018-03-30 Steem Witness Forum: @andrarchy, @roelandp, @clayop, @aggroed, @klye, @lukestokes, @drakos witness
2018-03-25 Minnow Mayor Town Hall-- Lee Camp from RT and Nick Bernabe from Anti-Media -- Special Guests msp-waves
2018-03-24 The Peace Academy with @aggroed and @isaria: Episode 22 Tonight on MSP-Waves and in PALnet! (9-10PM EST, 0200 UTC) peaceacademy
2018-03-24 Minnow Support Project Witness and Moderator Forum goes live in 2 hours on MSP-Waves! minnowsupport
2018-03-23 Minnow Support Witness and Moderator Forum Tomorrow at 11am EST (1600 UTC) in the Peace, Abundance, and Liberty Network Discord channel minnowsupport


project one
second project
about me
project one
aman bhimani
explore
home
portfolio
resume
contact
submit


If I scrap three Upgrades from Chop Shop, can I repair 1 damage from each of three of my
You can choose a different Insecticon for each repair.
If Chop Shop has a Weapon attached to him, can you move another Weapon onto him?
Yes, but you’ll have to scrap the Weapon he originally had.
If the Upgrade I move onto Chop Shop has an ability that triggers “when the Upgraded character
attacks,” does that ability trigger?
No. That Upgrade wasn’t on Chop Shop when he attacked, so that ability won’t trigger.
If the Upgrade I move onto Chop Shop gives him Bold or an ability to flip extra battle cards when
attacking, do I flip extra battle cards?
Yes. Chop Shop’s ability happens before you flip battle cards, so Upgrades that give Chop Shop Bold
will work.
Can Chop Shop’s ability be used to move an Upgrade that says “Put only on Planes” onto him?
No. Any ability that says what an Upgrade can be put on still apply, so you can’t sneak Upgrades onto
Chop Shop that he can’t have.


Pearl is a portable lyrics presentation device. Small and lightweight, the Pearl and it's accessories fit into any musicians kit bag. The Pearl is elegant, looks well and can be permanently in place at home in the living room, a church meeting room or office.
Pearl uses open source technology including Raspberry Pi and OpenLP. To find out more on how to get the most out of these products visit http://www.raspberrypi.org and http://www.openlp.org. It is highly recommended to read the OpenLP Manual available at http://manual.openlp.org/.
To get a Pearl device in your hands and try it out for yourself contact @PortableLyrics on twitter. See link below.
We want to ensure that Pearl is the right fit for you and what you want to achieve. Take a look at the user guide to see how easy it is to get started.
Open Pearl User Guide


title = "Homepage" url = "/" layout = "default" is_hidden = 0 ==
Engage with other content creator & setup an academy with holistic content which make sense to your audience.

Isn't it awesome? No fixed fee, no commitment. We get paid when you get your sale done.


The following operators are supported in JavaScript:
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Comparison Operators
3. Logical (or Relational) Operators
4. Assignment Operators
5. Conditional (or ternary) Operators
For the following example, assume that variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then -
| Sr.No. | |
|---|---|
| + (Addition) Adds two operands Ex: A + B will give 30 |
|
| - (Subtraction) Subtracts the second operand from the first Ex: A - B will give -10 |
|
| * (Multiplication) Multiple two operands Ex: A * B will give 200 |
|
| / (Division) Divides the numerator by the denominator Ex: B / A will give 2 |
|
| % (Modulus) Outputs the remainder of an integer division Ex: B % A will give 0 |
|
| ++ (Increment) Increases an integer value by one Ex: A++ will give 11 |
|
| -- (Decrement) Decreases an integer value by one Ex: A-- will give 9 |
See the Pen JavaScript Arithmetic Operators by Plus Tutorials (@PlusTutorials) on CodePen.
© Copyright 2019. All rights reserved.


my life is full fail
DONT THINK about her
think about ur life
be serious in life and do what ever u want u reach ur goal
my first goal is i have to be placed in campus placement in my clg with highest package in the campus


Detroit Rock City by John Sylva Rating: C
http://hometown.aol.com/DeWyNGaLe/MoviePED.html
The English language consists of hundreds of thousands of words, one for almost anything that occurs or could occur in life. Detroit Rock City can best be summed up by one, simple word- energy. At least that word is more positive than my expectations going into this 70's teen film- I expected the words that would sum the film up to be "horrible" and "cliche." Being released the same weekend as a smart, innovative teen film, "Brokedown Palace", Detroit Rock City couldn't come at a better time, as many teens prefer "energy" over "quality," which will in turn boost Detroit Rock City's box office gross. Along with "Dick", a clever spoof on Watergate, "Brokedown Palace" was the second smart teen film of the summer, but the streak ends here with Detroit Rock City. Unlike "Dick" and "Brokedown Palace," Detroit Rock City isn't about anything.
Four pothead kids, Hawk (Edward Furlong), Jam (Sam Huntington), Trip (James DeBello), and Lex (Giuseppe Andrews) are our protagonists of sorts, who instead of party to the then popular disco beats and bright clothing, jam to a different beat, the beat of Kiss. For the past three years, the foursome have been attempting to scam their way into the annual Detroit, Michigan Kiss concert, but have been unsuccessful- What will this year bring? Will they make it to their idol's concert this year, or will they be stopped by misfortune and strict parents?
Some plot, eh? Luckily, the weak screenplay (written by first timer Carl V. Dupre) is brought to life by director Adam Rifkin, who presents Detroit Rock City with so much energy, there's not a dull moment in the film. Rifkin, whose oddball camera angles and fast pace make Detroit Rock City interesting and fun to watch, keep you involved with the film, until you realize that apart from the slick direction, a few credible performances, and a few choice gags, Detroit Rock City is as lost as the main characters are.
As the ultra religious mother of Jam, Lin Shaye's performance steals the show, as she despises Kiss- with a passion. According to her, the name stands for "Knights In Satan's Service", and their music shouldn't be listened to by a single soul. Whenever Detroit Rock City's high energy level is down, Lin Shaye rescues the film from dragging.
Our four main characters are all performed with strong energy and pizzaz from the actors, but then again, it doesn't take much to walk around and scream. The only standout performance is from Sam Huntington, who is given more to do from the screenplay than act wild and crazy.
The screenplay features no twists or turns, only one character with development, and an ending that could have been seen just by hearing Detroit Rock City's plot. The climax of the film is awfully quiet, and isn't as exciting as the rest of the film. The definition of climax is- The height of the film, or the turning point, which leads to the falling action- Not a predictable, short snippet of film which isn't followed by anything except the end credits. Carl V. Dupre- Don't count on your screenplay career to take off anytime soon.
Back to the word "energy." Detroit Rock City's strong soundtrack doesn't feature your stereotype 70's tunes, but instead includes a Kiss dominated soundtrack, and believe me- It's LOUD. Not even Star Wars Episode 1: The Phantom Menace could win against Detroit Rock City in a loudness contest. The constant musical energy helps the film take off, but by the time this 95 minute film's credits roll, you should have a pounding headache.
Although most of Detroit Rock City is loud and obnoxious, a few choice, hilarious moments sneak in, which burst with originality, but seem out of place in such a mediocre film. The strong energy level makes Detroit Rock City worth seeing at the dollar theaters, but non-Kiss fans could find themselves covering their ears, and eagerly awaiting the moment when Detroit Rock City ends. If you are looking for a good rock and roll movie, and not a Kiss fan, like myself, then check out 1996's That Thing You Do!, a much more fun, likable motion picture. Detroit Rock City is a variation on the average teen movie, but I rather be watching "She's All That"s and "Varsity Blues"s than films like this one.
The Bottom Line- Detroit Rock City will only "rock" a select few audience's worlds, but the high energy level, and clever direction keep the film flowing.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


I use a little python script to grab clippings out of my (early model) kindle’s My Clippings.txt
file and import them into an sqlite3 database. The clips and notes are in a consistant format, so it’s possible to parse the file with some regular expressions, and a little logic. I found a script that did most of the work already, and converted it to send the clips to a database.
The sqlite3 database has a table for holding these clips. This is the basic structure of the table:
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "clips" (
`clipID` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
`bid` INTEGER,
`type` TEXT,
`location` INTEGER NOT NULL,
`text` TEXT,
`datestring` TEXT
);
For a little added efficiency, the import script will check for the latest date in the table and ignore any clips in My Clippings.txt
from before that date.
This works well until my kindle runs out of charge completely and resets the date back to 1970. Then, because the kindle doesn’t really show the date anywhere, I don’t notice the problem for a while. (You’ll see there’s a little hack in the code that I use to grab those clips.)
There’s also a table for keeping track of the books themselves that’s required:
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "books" (
`id` INTEGER,
`book` TEXT,
`Title` TEXT,
`SubTitle` TEXT,
`Author` TEXT,
PRIMARY KEY(`id`)
);
- I think those are all the required fields. My version has some other fields for extra information.
grabClippings.py
- requires zc.lockfile
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import os
import re
from datetime import datetime
import sqlite3
from shutil import copyfile
import zc.lockfile
# EDIT THESE TWO FILEPATHS
DATABASE = u"/home/xxxx/Sync/SRS/kindleClips.sqlite3"
MYCLIPPINGS = u"/media/xxxx/Kindle/documents/My Clippings.txt"
BOUNDARY = u"==========\r\n"
TEMPFILE = u"/tmp/kindleClippings.txt"
book_ids = {}
def get_sections(filename):
with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
content = f.read().decode('utf-8')
content = content.replace(u'\ufeff', u'')
return content.split(BOUNDARY)
def get_clip(section):
clip = {}
lines = [l for l in section.split(u'\r\n') if l]
if len(lines) != 3:
return
clip['book'] = lines[0]
match = re.search(r'(\d+)-\d+', lines[1]) #Matches only highlights
if not match:
match = re.search(r'(\d+)', lines[1])
if not match:
return
position = match.group(1)
#Grab Date String
dmatch = re.search(r'Added on (.*)$', lines[1])
if dmatch:
date = datetime.strptime(dmatch.group(1), '%A, %B %d, %Y, %I:%M %p')
else:
date = None
if "- Highlight Loc." in lines[1]:
clipType = "highlight"
elif "- Note Loc." in lines[1]:
clipType = "note"
else:
clipType = "bookmark"
clip['position'] = int(position)
clip['content'] = lines[2]
clip['type'] = clipType
clip['date'] = date
clip['bid'] = get_book_id(clip['book'])
return clip
def sql_file(clip):
"""
Export clip to sql file if unique
"""
#print("adding clip to database: %s" % clip)
#Add to sql file
if clip['content']:
# check if exists
c.execute("select count(clipID) from clips where bid = ? and type = ? and location = ? and text = ? and datestring = ?", (clip['bid'],clip['type'],clip['position'],clip['content'], str(clip['date'])))
ret = c.fetchone()
if not ret[0]:
# insert
c.execute("insert into clips (bid, type, location, text, datestring) values (?,?,?,?,?)", (clip['bid'], clip['type'], clip['position'], clip['content'], str(clip['date'])))
else:
# check if it exists
c.execute("select count(clipID) from clips where bid = ? and type = ? and location = ? and datestring = ?)", (clip['bid'], clip['type'], clip['position'], str(clip['date'])))
ret = c.fetchone()
if not ret[0]:
# insert
c.execute("insert into clips (bid, type, location, datestring) values (?,?,?,?)", (clip['bid'], clip['type'], clip['position'], str(clip['date'])))
def find_most_recent():
c.execute("select datestring from clips order by datetime(datestring) DESC limit 1")
result = c.fetchone()
if result:
lastdate = datetime.strptime(result[0], '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
else:
lastdate = datetime.strptime('1900-01-01 00:00:00', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
return lastdate
def add_book(book):
#find title, subtitle, and author
title = None
subtitle = None
author = None
if '(' in book:
author = book.split('(')[1].split(')')[0].strip()
title = book.split('(')[0].strip()
if title and '-' in title:
subtitle = title.split('-')[1].strip()
title = title.split('-')[0].strip()
if not subtitle and title and ':' in title:
subtitle = title.split(':')[1].strip()
title = title.split(':')[0].strip()
#insert
c.execute("insert into books (book, Title, SubTitle, Author) values (?, ?, ?, ?)", (book, title, subtitle, author))
conn.commit()
def get_book_id(book):
global book_ids
bid = None
if book in book_ids and book_ids[book]:
return book_ids[book]
while not bid:
c.execute("select id from books where book = ?", (book,))
result = c.fetchone()
if result:
bid = result[0]
book_ids[book] = bid
return bid
else:
print('We need to add the book')
add_book(book)
def main():
global book_ids
# extract clips
mostRecent = find_most_recent()
#mostRecent = datetime.strptime('1971-01-01 00:00:00', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') #hack
# Hack above: when date gets screwed up on kindle, year reverts to 1970, so
# highlights should all be before 1971. Change the > sign in date
# comparison 'if' statement below to < to use.
print("Most Recent in Database: %s" % mostRecent)
sections = get_sections(TEMPFILE)
for section in sections:
clip = get_clip(section)
if clip:
#print(clip['date'])
if clip['date'] and clip['date'] > mostRecent:
sql_file(clip)
if __name__ == '__main__':
try:
lock = zc.lockfile.LockFile('/tmp/grabClippings.lock')
except zc.lockfile.LockError:
print("Can't create lock file")
exit()
#copy clippings file
if os.path.isfile(MYCLIPPINGS):
copyfile(MYCLIPPINGS, TEMPFILE)
if not os.path.isfile(TEMPFILE):
print("Temp file does not exist")
exit()
conn = sqlite3.connect(DATABASE)
c = conn.cursor()
main()
conn.commit()
conn.close()
lock.close()


{% extends 'base_events_page.html' %} {% block head %} {% endblock %} {% block desc %}
First the structure will be reviewed to check if it violates any rules mentioned above. Scoring of structure will be based on performance as well as aesthetics. The bridge will be scored on how well the material has been used to support the load. The efficiency will be calculated as the ultimate load capacity and bridge weight. Winner will be decided on the basis of maximum efficiency. In case of any discrepancies, the decision taken by the Judges and the council will be the final verdict.
{% endblock %} {% block rules %}A suspension bridge is to be constructed by the participants. Use ice-cream sticks of standard dimensions. Sticks can be altered physically, notched at any angles. Only Fevicol can be used as adhesive, use of other adhesives may lead to disqualification. Use of thread is allowed.
{% endblock %} {% block cord %} {% endblock %} {% block reg %} {% if user.is_authenticated %}You will be the first member


Features
An ANN is composed of artificial neurons or nodes connected to form a network which is basically uses a mathematical or a computational model for processing the information. These networks can be used to:
Gain an understanding of biological Neural Nets.
Solve AI problems without having to create models of real biological models.
Model complex relationships about input and output.
Find patterns in given data.
How It Works
Take a look and know how artificial neural networks working in deep.
Pricing
Tools you can start using for free, and upgrade as you grow.
Free
$0 / mo
- 10 users included
- 2 GB of storage
- Email support
- Help center access
Pro
$15 / mo
- 20 users included
- 10 GB of storage
- Priority email support
- Help center access
Enterprise
$29 / mo
- 30 users included
- 15 GB of storage
- Phone and email support
- Help center access


Q: I would like to read your work. Where should I start?
A: Great question, it depends. If you prefer immersive epic-scale fantasy reads with intricate worldbuilding and intense and sensual love stories, try Lords of Rainbow . If you want belly-laugh humor, satire, sharp wit, and sweet romance in a historical context, try any of the novels in the Supernatural Jane Austen Series . If you like high-octane dystopian teen / YA apocalyptic adventure science fiction in the vein of Divergent or The Hunger Games , try The Atlantis Grail Series . If you enjoy more traditional science fiction, try After the Sundial . If you like fantasy, myth, legend, and fairy tales, try Dreams of the Compass Rose or Salt of the Air , or for a historical myth variation, try Cobweb Bride . For an inspirational exercise in philosophy, thought, and creativity, try The Perpetual Calendar of Inspiration . For contemporary snark and humor, try Vampires are from Venus, Werewolves are from Mars .
Q: I can't wait for the sequel! How do I find out when your next book in my favorite series is available?
A: Easy answer -- subscribe to the Mailing List to get advance notifications of all my upcoming book releases, and other important insider-only information. And for news of Cobweb Bride releases, there's a special dedicated Cobweb Bride Mailing List. As soon as the books are released, you will be the first to know!
Q: What is your official policy on Fan Fiction (Fanfic)?
A: I am absolutely honored and pleased that you are enjoying my characters, stories, and books so much that you are inspired by them to want to write a fanfic. It really is a genuine joy and compliment for an author to find out their work touched the readers so much that they want to actively participate in it and explore it further!
Officially, for creative and legal reasons, I may not read it, or see it, or even comment on it, especially while I am still working on that particular series and it is still incomplete. But I totally appreciate your effort -- as long as you follow these simple rules:
After that, go for it! And thanks so much for being honorable and classy enough to care to ask!
Q: I love your work, and want to spread the word about it! How do I join your Street Team?
A: Stay tuned! I will have a web page set up with more information on the Street Team, coming soon! Please check this space later! Meanwhile, come on down to The Atlantis Grail Fan Forum, for exciting discussions of this series with other fans!
Q: May I send you my book, story, or other work-in-progress to read, review, or critique?
A: I am sorry, no. I am overworked, and my policy is not to critique the work of people I don't know. As a general rule I also do not review the works of other authors in similar genres, due to a possible conflict of interest.
Q: Would you publish my book though Norilana Books? Can I send it to you for consideration?
A: Sorry, no. Norilana Books is permanently closed to submissions. Anything you send will be ignored, returned unopened, or discarded. To reiterate, this is a firm "no." Feel free to check the publisher website for status updates, but this is not going to change.
Q: Would you please provide an author quote or blurb endorsement for the cover jacket of my upcoming book?
A: I don't know if I can. It depends on my time availability, and whether or not I honestly like your work. However, feel free to ask me, and I will give you a specific answer, on a case by case basis.
Q: I love your book cover designs! I want to hire you to design my next ebook cover or paper print cover. How much do you charge?
A: Sure, just ask me, on a case by case basis. I am always open to book cover design work inquiries, but if I am overbooked or otherwise unable to do a cover on your schedule, I will let you know. I normally charge a flat fee of $100 for an ebook cover, and $200 for a full wraparound jacket or full cover flat for paper print books from an InDesign template. Let's talk. (Note -- due to health issues I am no longer able to do book covers, so please don't ask.)
Q: I would like to get an autographed copy of one of your books. How do I do that?
If you want it to be personalized, be sure to let me know the exact name to whom I should make the personal note.


{% extends "rcos/base.html" %} {% block rcoscontent %}
UPE and RCOS conduct programming competitions in Fall and Spring Semesters.
It was on Saturday March 27th in Sage 4101. This competition is jointly done by UPE and RCOS. Prizes are donated by Bloomberg, Lockheed Martin and Vanguard.
It was on November 7th Saturday from 1:00-5:00 PM. Please take a look at programming competition website for details.


Privacy matters but it can be confusing. This page explains our approach to privacy and how it affects you.
Short version
These are just the key points. If you need detail, keep reading.
Measuring our visitors
We measure visitors to our website using Google Analytics. This records what pages you view within our site, how you arrived at our site and some basic information about your computer. All of that information is anonymous – so we don’t know who you are; just that somebody visited our site.
The information we collect from analytics helps us understand what parts of our sites are doing well, how people arrive at our site and so on. Like most websites, we use this information to make our website better.
You can learn more about Google Analytics or opt out if you wish.
If you sign up for a service
When you sign up for any of our services – paid or otherwise – we will record specific personal information about you, such as your name and email address.
We will also collect and store information about your use of our services so as to improve them. For example, we keep a log of what features are being used at any time.
We also log account and transaction history for accounting purposes, and to monitor our business activities.
Emails
We may send you email notifications regarding your service (such as invoices) or which you have specifically requested (such as newsletters or notifications when a report is completed). You have the ability to opt out of any of this communication at any time.
We will never provide your personal information or email address to any third parties except where they are specifically employed to help deliver our own services, as detailed above.
Security
We take many precautions to prevent the loss, misuse or alteration of your personal information. These precautions include:
Of course you are responsible for keeping your password and user details confidential. We will ever ask you for your password, so please don’t trust anybody asking you for it.
Updates to this policy
We may update this privacy policy from time-to-time, particularly as technology changes. You can always check this page for the latest version. We may also notify you of changes to our privacy policy by email.
Any questions?
If you have any questions about this privacy policy or your personal data, please write to us by email to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Kindly adapted from https://silktide.com


|
|
bool | initialize () |
| |
|
void | getStatus (uint32_t &rdt_seq, uint32_t &ft_seq, uint32_t &status) |
| |
|
void | getFT (double *force, double *torque) |
| |
|
void | stream (bool stream) |
| |
|
void | stop () |
| |
|
void | setBias () |
| |
|
void | setBias (double *force, double *torque) |
| |
|
void | resetBias () |
| |
|
|
double | F_ [3] |
| |
|
double | T_ [3] |
| |
|
uint32_t | rdt_sequence_ |
| |
|
uint32_t | ft_sequence_ |
| |
|
uint32_t | status_ |
| |
|
|
static THREAD_FUNCTION_RETURN_TYPE | read_ft (void *instance_pointer) |
| |
|
|
sockaddr_in | local_address_ |
| |
|
sockaddr_in | remote_address_ |
| |
|
int | socket_ |
| |
|
real_time_tools::RealTimeThread | reading_thread_ |
| |
|
double | F_bias_ [3] |
| |
|
double | T_bias_ [3] |
| |
|
std::mutex | mutex_ |
| |
|
bool | initialized_ |
| |
|
bool | going_ |
| |
|
bool | streaming_ |
| |
|
|
static constexpr double | count_per_force_ = 1000000.0 |
| |
|
static constexpr double | count_per_torque_ = 1000000.0 |
| |
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:


--- layout: dark-nav --- {% include navigation.html %} {% include image-pane-splash-full.html image-url="../assets/img/splash.jpg" %} {% include social-links.html %} {% capture agility %}{% include /snipets/agility-preview.md %}{% endcapture %} {% include image-pane.html image-url="../assets/img/agility-2.jpg" pane-align="left" pane-copy=agility %}


White to play 14
pips White=167 Black=159
(CorrectAnswer= 0/0, ErrorScore= 0)
1. 24/23 13/9* eq: +0.081 51.76% (G:15.18% B:0.61%) 48.24% (G:12.70% B:0.56%) 2. 13/9* 9/8 eq: +0.030 (-0.050) 50.68% (G:13.95% B:0.60%) 49.32% (G:13.02% B:0.54%) 3. 13/9* 6/5 eq: -0.034 (-0.115) 49.47% (G:14.06% B:0.62%) 50.53% (G:14.95% B:0.99%) 4. 13/9* 8/7 eq: -0.037 (-0.118) 48.86% (G:13.87% B:0.63%) 51.14% (G:14.02% B:0.89%) 5. 24/23 24/20 eq: -0.169 (-0.250) 44.99% (G:10.12% B:0.35%) 55.01% (G:12.35% B:0.43%)


Call us: +971-XXX-XXXX
USD
EUR
AED
RUBL
Language
English
Arabic
Russian
My Account
Wishlist
Checkout
LOGO
All type
Special
Only best
Latest
Welcome Customer!
Sign in
|
Register
0
Home
New arrival
Populars
Deals
Last viewed
More
Our Locations
Become a Seller
Become a Seller?

Know More
See all
Popular products
40MM Coarse Aggregates
$12
$19
34 reviews
20MM Coarse Aggregates
$11.00
34 reviews
12MM Coarse Aggregates
$14.00
34 reviews
6MM Coarse Aggregates
$16.00
134 reviews
Featured Sellers
36 Products
980 Products
25 Products
72 Products
41 Products
12 Products
Our Featured Services
Reasonable prices
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labor
Customer support 24/7
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labor
Quick delivery
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labor
Download Mobile App
×
Login with
or


---
layout: post
title: Working on an Issue from the Drupal Issue Queue
tags: drupal
category: Drupal
---
These are the steps, using git mostly, needed to work on an issue from the drupal issue queue.
First Time: Clone Drupal Core
cd into your development folder and git clone drupal core, (in this case, I'm working on a drupal 8 issue).
{% highlight bash %}
cd ~/projects/
git clone --branch 8.x http://git.drupal.org/project/drupal.git drupal-8.x
cd drupal-8.x
{% endhighlight %}
Later, Refresh Repository with Git Pull
After you've already cloned a copy of drupal for testing and development, all you have to do is run "git refresh" to update your copy.
{% highlight bash %}
cd ~/projects/drupal-8.x/
git checkout 8.x
git pull
{% endhighlight %}
This will download the most recent commits to drupal-core from the central git repository and apply them to your 8.x branch.
Create a topic branch for your issue
Its a good idea to do development work in a separate development branch. The following creates a new branch and checks the new branch out, so any subsequent changes will be made to that branch.
{% highlight bash %}
git branch fix-typo
git checkout fix-typo
{% endhighlight %}
To list all of the branches, run:
{% highlight bash %}
git branch
{% endhighlight %}
git will show all of your branches, and it will star the current branch
{% highlight bash %}
8.x
* fix-typo
profile-docs
{% endhighlight %}
Next work in your topic branch, make some changes.
Work without fear
With git, you can work without fear! if you foul things up, getting back to a previous state is easy with git reset.
 You can travel back in time!
To see what files have changed since the last commit, run:
{% highlight bash %}
git status
{% endhighlight %}
This will show which files have been modified.
To see what the actual changes are, run:
{% highlight bash %}
git diff HEAD
{% endhighlight %}
Stage and Commit Changes
Once you have some changes that you'd like to preserve, you first stage them to the index:
{% highlight bash %}
git add thefile.ext
{% endhighlight %}
Now when you run git status, you will see that the file is now under the header "Changes to be commited." This intermediary step may seem strange if you are new to git, but it is very handy. It allows you to break up changes into separate logical commits. You can stage and commit one logical set of changes, and then stage and commit another set of changes. Although, it may be better to separate different issues into different topic branches.

Create a Patch
Now that your changes have been made and committed, its time to create a patch that you attach to the drupal issue queue.
First switch back to the 8.x branch:
{% highlight bash %}
git checkout 8.x
{% endhighlight %}
Next, create a patch with git diff. Drupal has a specific naming convention for patches ([module_name]-[short-description]-[issue-number]-[comment-number].patch). In the case of a patch for drupal core, this can be shortened to [short-description]-[issue-number]-[comment-number].patch
The following git diff command will print out all of the difference between the current branch (8.x) and the listed branch (fix-typo):
{% highlight bash %}
git diff fix-typo > fix_typo_in_bartik_css-902839-1.patch
{% endhighlight %}
Use git format-patch to include committer information
Alternatively, you can use the git format-patch command to include the committer information in the patch:
{% highlight bash %}
git format-patch origin/master fix-typo > fix_typo_in_bartik_css-902839-1.patch
{% endhighlight %}
Next go to drupal queue, write up a description, attach the patch, and change the status to "needs review".


High Performance and Dependable Computing Systems
HPDCS
Home
People
Projects
Publications
Theses & Proposals
menu
Home
People
Projects
Publications
Theses & Proposals
People
Members
Bruno Ciciani
Full Professor
ciciani at diag.uniroma1.it
Francesco Quaglia
Full Professor
francesco.quaglia at uniroma2.it
Post Docs
Pierangelo Di Sanzo
disanzo at diag.uniroma1.it
Alessandro Pellegrini
pellegrini at diag.uniroma1.it
Davide Cingolani
cingolani at diag.uniroma1.it
Mauro Ianni
mianni at diag.uniroma1.it
Romolo Marotta
marotta at diag.uniroma1.it
PhD Students
Stefano Conoci
conoci at diag.uniroma1.it
Emiliano Silvestri
silvestri at diag.uniroma1.it
Stefano Carnà
carna at diag.uniroma1.it
Matteo Principe
matteo.principe at students.uniroma2.eu
Andrea Piccione
piccione at diag.uniroma1.it
Duilio Bacocco
bacocco at diag.uniroma1.it
Former Members
Simone Economo
Currently
: ICT Expert at Banca d'Italia, Italy
Sebastiano Peluso
Currently
: Software Engineer at Amazon Web Services, USA
Diego Rughetti
Currently
: Software Engineer at Accenture, Italy
Roberto Vitali
Currently
: ICT Expert at Banca d'Italia, Italy
Roberto Palmieri
Currently
: Assistant Professor at Lehigh university, USA
Paolo Romano
Currently
: Associate Professor
at Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Andrea Santoro
Currently
: Researcher at Banca d'Italia, Italy
Group Pictures
HPDCS Group Picture 2018
HPDCS Group Picture 2013


Select the sections you are interested in (you can select up to 3 priority tags)
Create tasks easily. You can select the priority and category of the task, set up a reminder at a certain time and it’s repeatability.
View the list of created tasks by day and easily manage it: edit, delete, filter. If the task is completed, check «Do it» and it’ll move from the list of active tasks to the list of completed tasks.


Getting better with regular expressions!
Get you from here...
to here!
'/' denotes the start and end of a regex
The following regex /abc/ will match the string 'abcdef' like so 'abcdef'
Adding a g after the end of the '/' adds a global flag to the regex
This means that it will continue to match after it's found the first iteration of a matching string.
e.g. /abc/g matches the string 'abcdef abcd' like so: 'abcdef abcd'
. matches any character.
e.g. '/./' matches 'abc' and '%5£' like so 'abc' '%5£'
If you need to match a period you can escape the character in the regex using a blackslash i.e. /\./ would match '.'
\d matches any digit.
e.g. '/\d/' matches '123' like so '123'
It will not match 'a54' -> 'a54'
\w matches any alphanumerical character.
e.g. '/\w/' matches '123' and 'a54' like so '123' 'a54'
It will not match '%a5' -> '%a5'
\s matches any whitespace character.
e.g. '/\s/' matches ' 23' like so '_23'
Capital letter version of these type matchers will do the opposite. i.e.
\W matches any non-alphanumerical character.
\S matches any non-whitespace character.
Match multiple letters in a certain position using [ ]
If I have the strings 'cat', 'mat' and 'bat'
But I only want to match 'mat' and 'bat'
I would use the regex /[mb]at/
Matches like so: 'cat' 'mat''bat'
Because the first letter of cat does not match the regex, the string will not be matched.
We can also match ranges of letters or numbers using a hyphen between them like so:
The NOT operator inside of these square brackets is the carot ^
If you want to match characters that are repeated multiple times you can use { }
e.g. /WE{6}!/ matches 'WEEEEEE!'
We can also match a range of repeated characters using {m,n}
e.g. hello{1,4}! matches 'hello!' and 'helloooo!'
If we want to keep matching any number of repeated characters we can use:
* for 0 or more repetitions
+ for 1 or more repetitions.
e.g. yus+ or yus* match 'yussssss...'
? follows an optional character
e.g. /woot?/ would match 'woo' and 'woot'
^ and $ denote the start and end of the thing to match.
This is especially useful is you need to match exact things.
e.g. If you have the string 'API Call: successful' you might be tempted to use the regex /successful/
But what if your logs also contain 'Error: Expected "API Call: successful"'?!
Anchors to the rescue! We would use: /^API Call: successful$/
( ) are used to capture parts of a message
e.g. If we have the strings of the format '5 Jan 1985' you could capture the year using:
/\d+ \s [A-z]+ \s ([0-9]+)/
Practice yourself!
Test your own strings: http://regexr.com/


Goto Tools > Scripting > Developer uses git for Art
You can edit this Document Information in: File > Document Information
Use this 2 Buttons for your workflow:
1. If you're in your WIP-Phase, use the Commit WIP-Button.
2.
If you're done and want to "publish" your work/commision, use the New Major Version-Button.
After your first "release" (version 1.0.0
) you can use the other New ... Version-Buttons.


Neighborhoods: Chelsea, Flatiron, East Village, Midtown, UES
Move-in date: 3/1/15
"There is no one who loves pain itself, who seeks after it and wants to have it, simply because it is pain..."
Neighborhoods: Chelsea, Flatiron, East Village, Midtown, UES
Move-in date: 1/15/15
"There is no one who loves pain itself, who seeks after it and wants to have it, simply because it is pain..."


NSMutableString(MBRegex) Category Reference
| Declared in | NSString+MBRegex.h |
|---|
Overview
An NSMutableString
class extension that provides regular expression
replacement methods.
To improve performance, these methods utilize the MBRegexCache
when
possible.
For additional information on the workings of regular expressions, see the
Apple documentation for NSRegularExpression
.
Performing regex replacements in a mutable string
– replaceRegexMatches:withTemplate:
Performs a regular expression string replacement on the receiver.
- (NSUInteger)replaceRegexMatches:(nonnull NSString *)pattern withTemplate:(nonnull NSString *)templ
Parameters
pattern |
The regular expression pattern to match. |
|---|---|
templ |
The template to use for performing replacements of any matches found in the receiver. |
Return Value
The number of matches performed.
Discussion
If the receiver contains any matches for the specified regular expression pattern, the receiver will be modified so that those matches are replaced according to the template provided.
Declared In
NSString+MBRegex.h
– replaceRegexMatches:withTemplate:options:
Performs a regular expression string replacement on the receiver.
- (NSUInteger)replaceRegexMatches:(nonnull NSString *)pattern withTemplate:(nonnull NSString *)templ options:(NSRegularExpressionOptions)options
Parameters
pattern |
The regular expression pattern to match. |
|---|---|
templ |
The template to use for performing replacements of any matches found in the receiver. |
options |
The options that govern the behavior of the returned regular expression. |
Return Value
The number of matches performed.
Discussion
If the receiver contains any matches for the specified regular expression pattern, the receiver will be modified so that those matches are replaced according to the template provided.
Declared In
NSString+MBRegex.h
– replaceRegexMatches:withTemplate:options:range:
Performs a regular expression string replacement on the receiver.
- (NSUInteger)replaceRegexMatches:(nonnull NSString *)pattern withTemplate:(nonnull NSString *)templ options:(NSRegularExpressionOptions)options range:(NSRange)range
Parameters
pattern |
The regular expression pattern to match. |
|---|---|
templ |
The template to use for performing replacements of any matches found in the receiver. |
options |
The options that govern the behavior of the returned regular expression. |
range |
The range of characters in the receiver within which matching will occur. Characters outside this range will not be affected. |
Return Value
The number of matches performed.
Discussion
If the receiver contains any matches for the specified regular expression pattern, the receiver will be modified so that those matches are replaced according to the template provided.
Matching is constrained to the given range within the receiver.
Declared In
NSString+MBRegex.h
– replaceRegexMatches:withTemplate:options:range:error:
Performs a regular expression string replacement on the receiver.
- (NSUInteger)replaceRegexMatches:(nonnull NSString *)pattern withTemplate:(nonnull NSString *)templ options:(NSRegularExpressionOptions)options range:(NSRange)range error:(NSErrorPtrPtr)errPtr
Parameters
pattern |
The regular expression pattern to match. |
|---|---|
templ |
The template to use for performing replacements of any matches found in the receiver. |
options |
The options that govern the behavior of the returned regular expression. |
range |
The range of characters in the receiver within which matching will occur. Characters outside this range will not be affected. |
errPtr |
An optional pointer to storage for an |
Return Value
The number of matches performed.
Discussion
If the receiver contains any matches for the specified regular expression pattern, the receiver will be modified so that those matches are replaced according to the template provided.
Matching is constrained to the given range within the receiver.
Declared In
NSString+MBRegex.h


Answer a few basic questions.
Then find the friend with the greatest compatibility so you could watch movies together!


--- layout: "default" title: "Running in Production Podcast and Interviews Tags" description: Filter podcast episodes and interviews by a specific tag. ---


MultiplayerSet exists thanks to the following open source projects:
MultiplayerSet is a realtime multiplayer game written in nodeJS on the server and jQuery on the client.
For all inquiries, please email Vincent.