79_yaqizhang.py
class Solution:
def maxProbability(self, n: int, edges: List[List[int]], succProb: List[float], start: int, end: int) -> float:
# shortest path
graph = [[] for _ in range(n)]
for (u, v), p in zip(edges, succProb):
graph[u].append((v, p))
graph[v].append((u, p))
probs = [0] * n
probs[start] = 1
frontier = [(-1, start)]
while frontier:
prob, u = heapq.heappop(frontier)
prob = -prob
for v, w in graph[u]:
new_prob = prob * w
if probs[v] < new_prob:
probs[v] = new_prob
heapq.heappush(frontier, (-new_prob, v))
return probs[end]


PhD Candidate in Statistics at QUT
2013-17
PhD Statistics, Queensland University of Technology. Supervisors: Kerrie Mengersen, Fiona Harden, Maurice Harden.
Award
APA ($24,500 Annually for 4 years) ; IDTC Top Up ($10,000 Annually for 4 years) .
Research
Research covers model-based exploration methods of missing data, Bayesian longitudinal modelling of individual and group health in a mining site, optimal placement of Automatic Electronic Defibrillators (AEDs), modelling geospatial cardiac risk, and the production of R packages to facilitate research impact.
2008-12
B. PsychSc (Honours), University of Queensland. Supervisor: Philip Grove.
Research
Conducted psychophysical research on whether sharpness of a leading edge in a 3D environment improves under specific scenarios of monocular occlusion in the thesis: “How Sharp is Sharp?: The Effect of Monocular Texture on Enhancing Sharpness.” Awarded first class honours.
2010
Exchange semester, McGill University. Studied History of Personality Theory, Abnormal Psychology, Psychology of Interpersonal Relationships, Ethics, and Intermediate French.
2015
“Statistical Methods for Science”. Developed computer lab material with RMarkdown, produced instructional videos, and taught workshops.
2015
Overall University Winner “The Joy of Stats” Sessional Teaching and Reflection Showcase (STARS)(Presentation).
2015
Vice-Chancellor’s Performance Award for innovation in teaching in SEB113 ($2,500).
2016
“S3 Methods: A Simple Guide.” Tierney, N.J. The R Journal. Submitted. [Pre-print]
2016
“Bayesian Approaches to Modelling Occupational Health.” Tierney, N.J. Mengersen, K., Harden, F., Harden, M. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. In Preparation.
2016
“Optimising placement of AEDs in cases of geographic variability”, Tierney, N.J., Mira, A., Jost, Mengersen, KL., Aurrichio, A. Circulation. In Preparation.
2016-
copertura: Tools for solving the Maximal Covering Location Problem in R.
2016-
treezy: Tools for working with decision trees in R.
2016-
visdat: Visualise a whole dataframe at once.
2015-
ggmissing: Extend ggplot to account for missing data.
2014-
neato: Miscellaneous Utility functions in R.
2013-
I maintain a personal blog, njtierney.com, to share code and statistics, and to engage in dialogue with the statistics and r-programming communities.
2016
“Bayesian Approachs in Occupational Health Surveillance” Tierney, N.J., Mengersen, K., Clifford, S., Drovandi, C., Harden, F., Harden, M. World Meeting for the International Society for Bayesian Analysis.
2015
“The Sharpest Tool in the Shed” Tierney, N.J., Mengersen, K., Harden, F., Harden, M. Bayes on the Beach.
2015
“Integrating Occupational Hygiene, Medicine and Engineering in a Mining Context.” Harden, M., Steer, C., Harden, F., Butler, G., Mengersen, K., Tierney, N.J., Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 59, No. Supplement 1, 1–47 doi:10.1093/annhyg/meu119. (Peer Reviewed Poster).
2014
“Missingness, Mixtures, and Multiple Imputation” Tierney, N.J., Mengersen, K., Harden, F., Harden, M. Bayes on the Beach.
2015
Developing Bayesian Models for Ranking Academic Papers, Bayes on the Beach, Gold Coast, Australia.
2016
“Interactive Maps in R: Getting a lay of the land”, Nicholas Tierney, Gates Cambridge group, Cambridge University, UK.
2016
Inter-Disciplinary Institute of Data Science at Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland, June 18 - July 9. Collaboration with Professor Antonietta Mira of USI and Professor Angelo Auricchio of the Center for Computational Medicine in Cardiology (CCMC) on optimising placement of Automatic Electronic Defibrillators (AEDs) in Switzerland.
2016
Gates-Cambridge Group, Cambridge University, England. July 20 - July 23. Presented a 2-hour workshop on using R for the exploration and visualisation of geospatial data.
2016
“Science Meets Parliament”, Canberra, Australia, fully sponsored travel provided by SSAI.
2013
“Statistics for Journalists”, Australian Science Media Centre Brisbane, Australia.
2016
Organiser of the first rOpenSci Unconference in Australia.
2013-
SSAI Assistant Chair of Biostatistics.
2013-16
SSAI Young Statisticians Representative for Queensland.
2014
Meeting Chair for Bayesian Research and Applications Group (BRAG), QUT.
2013-16
Industry Doctoral Training Centre (IDTC) Student Conferences, Various.
2013-16
Bayesian Research and Applications Group (BRAG) Research Meetings, Various.
2014-
Master of Ceremonies at State and National Climbing Championships.
2012,14
Executive Committee of the University of Queensland Mountain Club (UQMC).
2014
Appointed Honourary Life Member of the UQMC.
2015-16
Archivist and Magazine Editor of the UQMC.
2007-09
Volunteer at Edmund Rice Camps.
PhD
Professor Kerrie Mengersen<EMAIL_ADDRESS>PhD
Dr. Fiona Harden<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Honours
Dr. Phillip Grove<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Teaching
Dr. Sam Clifford samuel.clifford@qut.edu.au


https://ghost.org
The quick brown fox[^1] jumped over the lazy dog[^2].
[^1]: Foxes are red
[^2]: Dogs are usually not red
The quick brown fox[^1] jumped over the lazy dog[^2].
```language-javascript
[...]
```
Combined with Prism.js in the Ghost theme:
// # Notifications API
// RESTful API for creating notifications
var Promise = require('bluebird'),
_ = require('lodash'),
canThis = require('../permissions').canThis,
errors = require('../errors'),
utils = require('./utils'),
// Holds the persistent notifications
notificationsStore = [],
// Holds the last used id
notificationCounter = 0,
notifications;


{{define "hello"}}
Thank you for signing up for Fupisha as an early user! Please verify your email Verify
The link above expires in {{.VerificationExpiry | formatAsDuration}}


We examine cats!
- harness leading-edge action-items
- grow value-added channels
- empower dynamic schemas
- seize impactful niches
- brand customized functionalities
- strategize front-end interfaces
- extend visionary platforms
- embrace world-class e-services
- enable 24/365 schemas


TuneUp: Not So Automagic
I usually write on my resumes that I am a very organized person. My friends and relatives are quick to laugh if off and give me examples such as my car and room to disprove my affirmation, but ultimately, I really do think that I’m a person who likes structure and order. One of the examples I give regularly to demonstrate my organisational skills is the tidiness of my iTunes library. I put lots of care in keeping the ID3 tagging clean, which consumes a lot of my time. Title, with the features in brackets, artist, album with the catalog number, label, year, and genre all have to be there, and in the format that I specify. And for most of my life, I’ve been satisfied with the state of my music library.
As my Last.fm account shows, the last year of music for me has pretty much been centered on drum & bass and dubstep; lots of it. I find it wonderful that both scenes, as well as other niche music scenes, are exploiting the new technologies and services to spread their art, such as independent online music stores or even by their own means. This more “grassroots” means of distribution does have it’s drawbacks though, and one of these that seriously ticks me off is the artist’s apparent inability at correctly tagging his or her works. Countless times, on anything from a two song EP to a full album, I’ve seen ID3 tagging with no capitalization , the artist’s name in the title field, or tracks that just weren’t tagged at all. Such outrageous slacking usually results in me taking of my time to modify the tagging, track by track if necessary. It isn’t bad for EPs, but for 40 track mixtapes, it’s a whole other thing. There must be a better way, right?
Robotdeathsquad on Twitter recommended Tuneup, a product which I had previously seen in contextual ads but never really checked out. Knowing that Mr. Clark and I both share a taste for drum & bass and old-school jungle, and assuming (wrongfully?) that he owned the software in question, I went ahead and bought the Gold version for the asking price of 30$USD. I didn’t want to mess with a limited number of lookups on my enormous library, and besides, it got good reviews everywhere, so it should be ok, right? Boy was I wrong.
I installed it, got it running. Integration with iTunes, while not perfect, looked intuitive enough, with illustrated menus that you can drag music to when it needs a little bit of tag cleanup. I fire up a first batch… disappointment. Out of the ~400 songs that I had it analyse, only a handful were actual detected right, leaving me hundreds of items to be verified by hand, and most of those were dead wrong. In some cases, songs were detected as parts of compilations that I do not own instead of the actual EP or LP. I tried to see the bright side of things: if it can detect at least the album art correctly on my library, then I can at least feel like I payed 30$ for album art. But no cigar, very little of my album art was recognized, and most of it was of quite poor quality.
But all in all, I can’t really blame TuneUp. After all, like all the other services of this kind, it relies on the Gracenote database, and god knows that such a database is nowhere even remotely close to being complete, with the outrageous quantity of music coming out of everywhere. Expecting TuneUp to recognize the latest EP from this obscure Future Garage producer or that guy’s fresh-out-the-oven dubstep album is unreasonable, but honestly, I still expected it more than just a handful of matches. Stuff like old-school drum & bass, while it hasn’t and will most likely never gain mainstream popularity, should be in Gracenote’s databases by now.
After a bit of reflection, I came to question TuneUp’s very existence. Who is this software for? People who buy their music online from more mainstream sources like the iTunes store already get proper ID3 tagging. People who buy CDs in physical format usually don’t bother ripping them because they have other means to listen to them, and those who do most often do it with software that already does analyses and lookup of tagging info on the Gracenote databases, like iTunes or Songbird. People who still buy 12 inchers… well they generally spit on digital music as much they can, or rip it and tag it themselves if they finally understood that this is the 21st freaking century. So who is TuneUp for? Music pirates, they’re the only group left.
So hey, if you steal pop music off the internet, TuneUp will work wonders for you. But otherwise, you might want to try out the free version before buying like I did. Remember what your momma told you: if it looks too good to be true, then it probably is. There is no such thing as automagic.


{% extends '../main.html' %} {% block content %}
Click on the link in your email to continue the registration process.


Put the smr looking towards a wall with a distance of 45 cm from the laser to the wall. Issue the zoneobst cmd and note the values of zone 3, 4 and 5.
Link to GitHub repositoryTheoretical values:
45cm fra laser foran
laser l0="0.979" l1="0.672" l2="0.51" l3="0.447" l4="0.44" l5="0.446" l6="0.508" l7="0.672" l8="1.275"
45cm fra laser parallelt med venstre væg
laser l0="0.44" l1="0.467" l2="0.574" l3="0.855" l4="2.233" l5="2.258" l6="2.572" l7="1.94" l8="2.174"
45cm fra laser parallelt med højre væg
laser l0="2.174" l1="1.813" l2="2.581" l3="2.261" l4="2.23" l5="0.898" l6="0.604" l7="0.49" l8="0.46"
Make a smrcl-script (documentation in smrcl.pdf) that starts the zoneobst cmd (as above) and logs the return variables ($l1 to $l8) Look at at logfile 'log' The smrcl commands 'log' and 'wait' may be useful.
Link to GitHub repositorylaser "scanpush cmd='zoneobst'"
wait 0.1
log "$l0" "$l1" "$l2" "$l3" "$l4" "$l5" "$l6" "$l7" "$l8"
wait 5
stop


This is a paragraph has top border.
This is a paragraph has right border.
This is a paragraph has bottom border.
This is a paragraph has left border.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Serves 4
Mix together the cheese, crab, egg yolk, lemon, chopped ginger and spring onion. Season well.
Cut a slit in the middle of each piece of fish and fill with the cheese mixture.
Plunge the lettuce leaves into boiling water and then into cold water. When the leaves are cold, wrap up the fish in them to make four parcels.
Pour the fish stock into a shallow dish and add the five spice and balti paste.
Put the fish parcels into the stock and cover with foil. Cook for about 20-30 minutes in a medium hot oven, 190C/375F/Gas 5.
Fry the strips of ginger in a little butter until crisp. Drain and put to one side.
When the fish parcels are cooked, remove them from the stock. Keep the parcels warm, in the cooking oven, covered in foil should be fine.
Put the stock into a saucepan and bring to the boil over a high heat. Continue cooking the stock until it is reduced by about half.
With the stock still boiling add the butter, whisking in a couple of pieces at a time. The sauce will thicken and go shiny.
Serve the fish parcels surrounded by the sauce, with the crispy ginger sprinkled on top.


POLVOS DE SULPHA FIRST AID ANTIBIOTIC - bacitracin zinc and polymyxin b sulfate powder
Menper Distributors Inc.
Disclaimer: Most OTC drugs are not reviewed and approved by FDA, however they may be marketed if they comply with applicable regulations and policies. FDA has not evaluated whether this product complies.
Uses
First aid to help prevent infection in minor:
Warnings
For external use only
Do not use
- in the eyes
- if you allergic to any of the ingredients
- over large areas of the body
- longer than 1 week unless directed by a doctor
Ask a doctor before use in case of deep or puncture wounds, animal bites, or serious burns
Stop use and ask a doctor if
- the condition persists or gets worse
- a rash or other allergic reaction develops
Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away.
Directions
adults and children 2 years of age or older:
- clean the affected area
- apply a light dusting of the powder on the area 1 to 3 times daily
- maybe be covered with a sterile bandage
children under 2 years of age: consult a doctor
Other information:
- store at 15 C (59 to 77F)
- do not refrigerate
Inactive Ingredient Lactose
Active Ingredients
(each gram contains) Purpose
Bacitracin Zinc 500 units First aid antibiotic
Polymyxin B Sulfate First aid antibiotic
Menper Distributors Inc.


DIVISION 1. GOVERNMENT
TITLE 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Chapter
1 Common Law; Construction of Laws
1B Designation of Rural Areas for Federal Programs
2 Statute Revision and Publication--Repealed
3 Uniformity of Legislation
4 Boundaries
4E State Board on Geographic Names
5 Emblems and Symbols
6 Memorials--Repealed
6D Protection of Caves
6E Historic Preservation
6F Judiciary History Center
6K Kahoolawe Island Reserve
7 Miscellaneous Rights of the People
8 Holidays and Periods of Recognition and Observance
9 Foundation on Culture and the Arts
9C Ethnic Studies--Repealed
10 Office of Hawaiian Affairs
10H Native Hawaiian Recognition
CHAPTER 1
COMMON LAW; CONSTRUCTION OF LAWS
Section
1-1 Common law of the State; exceptions
1-2 Certain laws not obligatory until published
1-3 Laws not retrospective
1-4 Persons and property subject to laws
1-4.5 Cession of concurrent jurisdiction
1-5 Contracts in contravention of law
1-6 Prohibitory law, effect
1-7 Repeal of laws
1-8 No revivor on repeal; exception
1-9 Express or implied repeals
1-10 Effect of repeal on accrued rights
1-11 Effect of repeal on pending suit or prosecution
1-12 Application of statutory construction provisions
1-13 Official languages
1-13.5 Hawaiian language; spelling
1-14 Words have usual meaning
1-15 Construction of ambiguous context
1-16 Laws in pari materia
1-17 Number and gender
1-18 "Or", "and"
1-19 "Person", "others", "any", etc.
1-20 "Month", "year"
1-21 "Oath"
1-22 "County"
1-23 Severability
1-24 Interpretation of uniform acts
1-25 References apply to amendments
1-26 References inclusive
1-27 Citations of laws included in supplements and
replacement volumes
1-28 Service of notice by mail
1-28.5 Publication of notice
1-29 Computation of time
1-30 Hawaiian standard time applicable
1-31 Hawaiian standard time; definition; observance
1-32 Acts to be done on holidays


--- layout: program color: purple title: Imprint headings: "imprint" ---
The content of this website is provided by:
Openstreetmap Foundation
St John’s Innovation Centre
Cowley Road
Cambridge
CB4 0WS
United Kingdom
A company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales.
Company Registration Number: 05912761
E-Mail: sotm (at) openstreetmap.org


Watch | Botulism kills migratory birds at Sambhar lake
by The Hindu Net DeskA video of migratory bird deaths:
Thousands of migratory birds of about ten species were found dead around Sambhar Lake, the country’s largest inland saltwater lake near Jaipur, sending shock waves among locals and authorities.
Officials said they suspect water contamination as one of the reasons for the deaths but were awaiting viscera test reports. Though the official toll was 1,500, locals claimed the number of dead birds could be as high as 5,000.
A preliminary forensic report has indicated that the mysterious death of more than 4,800 migratory birds at the country’s largest inland water saltwater lake near Jaipur was caused by botulism, a serious and fatal illness that affects the nerves, officials said on Friday.


A Command-Line argument parser.
This package is a basic mechanism to provide Command-Line Argument parsing. It can be used as an equivalent in which options can be read with a '-' starting option and multiple values of the option.


{# # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. -#}
You have not uploaded any projects to PyPI, yet. To learn how to get started, visit the Python Packaging User Guide
{% else %}{{ user.name|default(user.username, true) }} has not uploaded any projects to PyPI, yet.
{% endif %}


Irvine Vics boss calls for calm after West of Scotland Cup defeat to Arthurlie
The Westenders were knocked out of the competition in the first round at Dunterlie yesterday.
by Kilmarnock Standard, https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/authors/kilmarnock-standard/by Lewis Moynihan
Irvine Vics manager Brian McLuckie called for fans to be patient with his young side after their winless run continued with a 3-1 defeat to Arthurlie in the West of Scotland Cup yesterday.
The Westenders last recorded a victory in August – a 3-2 win over Gartcairn – and their first-round exit means they are out of all the cups this season.
Avoiding relegation in the West Region Championship is now all Vics have left to play for and McLuckie insists his team will be fine once they string a run of positive results together.
He said: “If you look at our team, it’s all young boys. We must have had about six teenagers on the pitch and we can struggle a bit away from home, especially when heads go down.
“There’s a lot of teams in our league that have got experienced Junior players and that’s the big difference.
“Our objective is stay in the league. We’ve got the lowest budget in the division but two or three wins and we will be back up the table.”
Arthurlie opened the scoring early at Dunterlie when Daniel McKay’s mishit shot found its way through to Daniel Kindlan in the box.
His first effort was well saved by Jamie Walker but the young keeper could do nothing to stop Kindlan tucking in the rebound.
The Barrhead men then doubled their lead when Kindlan’s corner found the head of McKay who netted.
The Westenders pulled one back against the run of play on the counterattack with Jonny Baxter smashing the ball into the bottom corner of the net.
Lie’s two-goal lead was quickly restored, however, when McKay teed up Lee Roulston who slotted home.
McLuckie added: “I’m not under any pressure in my position whatsoever, zero.
“We are up here again soon and we know what we need to do. Our only objective now is to get league points.
“There are areas that we know that we need to work on when we play them and there are areas where we know we can exploit them and hopefully get three points off them.”
Arthurlie manager Duncan Sinclair said: “I thought we played Vics off the park in the first half but fair credit to them, the second half was more of a battle.
“Overall, we played some really good stuff and could have scored more goals.”


Order Cookies Online
Need to send the perfect gift? Whether it is a birthday, holiday, anniversary or just because, we’ll let them know you are thinking of them with a box of our delicious cookies. Individually wrapped and sealed for freshness, recipients can enjoy our cookies anywhere in the U.S.
Order Salmon Online
Need to send the perfect gift? Whether it is a birthday, holiday, anniversary or just because, we’ll let them know you're thinking of them with a box of our delicious chinook salmon. Individually wrapped and sealed for freshness, recipients can enjoy salmon anywhere in the U.S.
Salmon Apparel
To put it simply, looking fresh means looking like the best version of yourself. People look their best when they've got on salmon themed clothing. Click here to capitalize on the many ways you can go about maximizing the potential of your appearance.
Don't have any friends? Join us for family night!
Each class will introduce salmon cookie recipes that families can learn together and then make at home. Parent(s) and child(ren) each sign up and participate in this class together. Food allergies can usually be accommodated with advanced notice. A good time is usually had by all.
Limited Time Only
We have a new type of salmon cookie and it's frosted! Just when you thought you'd seen it all.
Also Limited Time Only
Making you're own salmon cookies has never been easier. Buy one of our custom forged salmon-shaped cookie cutters and be the envy of your neighborhood.


The GroupBy Elements quick start function. This function instantiates Core and registers a number of plugins.
The plugins included are:
cache
dom_events
gb_tracker
sayt
sayt_driver
search
search_driver
Options for plugin configuration.
The GroupBy customer ID to use.
Options to configure individual plugins. All keys are optional.
Options for the Cache plugin.
Options for the Cache Driver plugin.
Options for the DOM Events plugin.
Options for the GB Tracker plugin.
Options for the SAYT plugin.
Options for the SAYT Driver plugin.
Options for the Search plugin.
Options for the Search Driver plugin.
The function to use to transform a GroupBy Search API Record into an Elements Product.
An instance of Core with the above plugins configured and registered.
Generated using TypeDoc
GroupBy Elements Quick Start
This package contains the GB Elements quick start pack.
Usage
To use the starter pack, call the
quickStart
function with a customer ID. For example:const core = quickStart({ customerId: 'mycustomerid', // replace with your customer ID productTransformer: (product) => { /* ... */ }, // optional but recommended pluginOptions: { // optional // ... }, });
The
quickStart
function will return an instance of Elements Core with all of the Elements plugins registered.Options
The
quickStart
function accepts an options object to configure the plugins.customerId
: Required. This is your GroupBy customer ID. It will be passed toSaytPlugin
andSearchPlugin
.productTransformer
: Optional, but recommended. This is a function that transforms the product records received from the GroupBy API into an Elements Product object. This will be passed to theSaytDriverPlugin
andSearchDriverPlugin
.pluginOptions
: Optional. This is an object that allows you to configure individual plugins. The object provides plugin options, where the keys are the plugin names (search
,search_driver
, etc.), and the values are the corresponding plugin options. All properties supported by this object are optional.Supported keys are:
cache
cache_driver
dom_events
gb_tracker
sayt
sayt_driver
search
search_driver


Time for one of the most important things in Ruby. Drumroll Please. Dadadadadadadadadadadadadada. Variable Scope! (Cheers throughout the crowd!) I know they are just that cool. Ok, you got me, maybe not that cool, but variables are extremely important to any program as can make your life a living hell if you don’t know how to use them. So it is best to learn them now.
Alright, back to the beginning, what is a variable?
A variable is simple a place to store data. A variable holds objects in the computer’s memory. One of the cool things is that Ruby belongs to the family of dynamic languages and variables can contain different values and different types of values over time. A basic example of this would be:
Cool right? You can also increment “x” by one or many more possibilities. Therefore if you want to keep you variable constant you can and if you need to continue to change the variable data you can as well.
Ok, back to variable scope. A variable is always given a unique name. Each unique name has a unique reason. Ruby has four types of variable scopes, local, global, instance, and class. As well, as one constant type. The cool and easy thing about variable scope in Ruby is that each variable type is declared by using a special character at the start of the variable name. In addition, Ruby has two pseudo-variables which cannot be assigned values. These are nil which is assigned to uninitialized variables and self which refers to the currently executing object.
Local Variables
Local variables are variables that are valid within a local area of a Ruby source code. Also referred to as local scope. A local variable declared in a method cannot be accessed outside of that method. Local variable names must begin with either an underscore or a lower case letter. For example:
local_variabele = “Hello World”
Global Variables
Global variables in Ruby are accessible from anywhere in the Ruby program, regardless of where they are declared. Variable identifiers can start with special characters also called sigils. A sigil is a symbol attached to an identifier. The Ruby variable sigils are $ and @. In this case, Global variable names are prefixed with a dollar sign ($). For example:
$global_variable = “Hello World”
However, the use of global variables is highly discouraged. Global variables tend to lead to programming errors and global variables should be used only when you have to.
Class Variables
Another way of thinking of class variables is as global variables within the context of a single class. A class variable is shared amongst all instances of a class. This means that only one variable value exists for all objects instantiated from this class. Class variables also use sigils and are declared by prefixing the variable name with two @ characters (@@). For example:
@@class_variable = “Hello World”
Instance Variables
Instance variables are similar to Class variables except that their values are local to specific instances of an object. Instance variables are declared in Ruby by prefixing the variable name with a single @ sign. For example:
@instance_variable = “Hello World”
Constant Variables
Constant Variable, once assigned a value, should not be changed. Constants declared within a class or module are available anywhere within the context of that class or module. Constants declared outside of a class or module are assigned as global scope.
Pseudo Variables
Pseudo variables are different from regular variables. We cannot assign values to pseudo variables. The self is the receiver of the current method. The nil represents the absence of a value. These variables are part of the variable scope however are used differently than the other four normal variables.
So variable scope isn’t as bad as you think. But once you master these variables you are well on your way to becoming a Ruby master.
Matt


-
ADD TIME NEWS
- MOBILE APPS
- NEWSLETTERS
GasBuddy
Inquiring minds want to know: Where's the cheapest gas? GasBuddy can tell you. The site collects
real-time prices from some 750,000 volunteer price "spotters," who send in
daily updates from their local stations. With prices varying by up to 50
cents from one station to the next in some cities, it pays to stay informed.
A heat map displays where prices are currently the highest (California) and
lowest (Wyoming). GasBuddy also shows you how prices have changed over time
and can send mobile updates to your phone. Other similar but less
comprehensive services include MapQuest's Gas Prices and Gas Price Watch.
Anita Hamilton
Special Features:
Around the Web
- Did Rep Who Skipped Swearing In For Fundraiser Break The Law? From THE HUFFINGTON POST
- In Black America, The Depression Rolls On From THE HUFFINGTON POST
- Salvia Takes Center Stage in Miley Cyrus Bong Video Drama From AOL NEWS
- Do Hidden Letters in Mona Lisa's Eyes Reveal a Real da Vinci Code? From AOL NEWS


THtmlViewer, TFrameViewer, and TFrameBrowser components
Declaration
property URL: String;
Read only and run time only. The URL property returns the most recently selected (left mouse click) URL.
The URL property contains the URL exactly as it is read from the document. In some cases, it may be necessary to do some conversion to the string before using it. Depending on your application and the documents you are using, you might want to:
Convert from Internet format to Dos format using the HTMLToDos function.
Add a path if it doesn't already have one. The Base property provides the base path. If the Base property is empty, the path expected is generally that of the HTML document.
See Also
Target Property


Susan is a motivated and hardworking web development student at AkiraChix. Has the ability to create and develop websites for end users using HTML, CSS. She is dedicated and willing to learn. Looking to work in a company that values creativity where she can contribute towards the growth of the company.
Creative activities have always drawn my attention, from a young age I would draw, colour, cut and create! I'm still very much like this, I find myself losing track of time and working into the small hours..
This program managed the hardware,software and data resoursesit includes the operating system


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% load static %} {% block title %}Page not found · {{ block.super }}{% endblock %} {% block main %} Page not found The page you were looking for could not be found. {% endblock %}
The page you were looking for could not be found.


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/116395-maths/topic/div_lt_iff_lt_mul.html ---
I just wanted to get from a<b*c
to a/c<b
(on the real numbers) with a hypothesis that c>0
. I was surprised to find that although all three of div_lt_iff_lt_mul
, lt_mul_of_div_lt
and div_lt_of_lt_mul
were in Lean, they were in data.int.basic
:-) and only applied to ints. This should be some general lemma about ordered monoids or some such thing, right? I might start doing what Chris always encourages me to do, which is to make a super-short PR, assuming that this is actually something missing from mathlib. But is it there and I missed it?
Currently struggling to find ordered monoids :-/ Do we only have ordered additive monoids?
it should be in ordered_field
somewhere
div_lt_iff
lean core has several more long winded unidirectional versions - div_lt_of_mul_lt_of_pos
, I can't find the reverse direction
Aah! This is a theorem about multiplication and 0 (which is to do with addition) so indeed it's not about monoids. Maybe it's about ordered semirings? Thanks Mario.
It's a theorem about fields because division
division doesn't exist on monoids or groups
Oh of course. ok it all makes sense now :-)
Now I'm just annoyed that I didn't go through this thought process myself before asking.
Had I taken the trouble to try and formalise what statement I thought was true for ordered monoids I suspect I would have made more progress on my own...
you might wonder why division isn't defined for groups, and this is one of the differences from add_groups, which have subtraction, but there is a difference between the total division on groups and the almost total division on fields and it doesn't seem to be helpful to unify them; lots of theorems overlap with a name conflict, but they are all proven differently
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


{% block content %}
Select Record Validations
When running jobs, optionally select validation scenarios to run against each record in the job. The results from these validations will be saved and associated with each record.
{% for vs in validation_scenarios %} {{ vs.name }} {% endfor %}


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Investigationes demonstraverunt lectores legere me lius quod ii legunt saepius.
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Base class for character controllers. More...
#include <PxController.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| virtual PxControllerShapeType::Enum | getType () const =0 |
| Return the type of controller. More... | |
| virtual void | release ()=0 |
| Releases the controller. More... | |
| virtual PxControllerCollisionFlags | move (const PxVec3 &disp, PxF32 minDist, PxF32 elapsedTime, const PxControllerFilters &filters, const PxObstacleContext *obstacles=NULL)=0 |
| Moves the character using a "collide-and-slide" algorithm. More... | |
| virtual bool | setPosition (const PxExtendedVec3 &position)=0 |
| Sets controller's position. More... | |
| virtual const PxExtendedVec3 & | getPosition () const =0 |
| Retrieve the raw position of the controller. More... | |
| virtual bool | setFootPosition (const PxExtendedVec3 &position)=0 |
| Set controller's foot position. More... | |
| virtual PxExtendedVec3 | getFootPosition () const =0 |
| Retrieve the "foot" position of the controller, i.e. the position of the bottom of the CCT's shape. More... | |
| virtual PxRigidDynamic * | getActor () const =0 |
| Get the rigid body actor associated with this controller (see PhysX documentation). The behavior upon manually altering this actor is undefined, you should primarily use it for reading const properties. More... | |
| virtual void | setStepOffset (const PxF32 offset)=0 |
| The step height. More... | |
| virtual PxF32 | getStepOffset () const =0 |
| Retrieve the step height. More... | |
| virtual void | setNonWalkableMode (PxControllerNonWalkableMode::Enum flag)=0 |
| Sets the non-walkable mode for the CCT. More... | |
| virtual PxControllerNonWalkableMode::Enum | getNonWalkableMode () const =0 |
| Retrieves the non-walkable mode for the CCT. More... | |
| virtual PxF32 | getContactOffset () const =0 |
| Retrieve the contact offset. More... | |
| virtual void | setContactOffset (PxF32 offset)=0 |
| Sets the contact offset. More... | |
| virtual PxVec3 | getUpDirection () const =0 |
| Retrieve the 'up' direction. More... | |
| virtual void | setUpDirection (const PxVec3 &up)=0 |
| Sets the 'up' direction. More... | |
| virtual PxF32 | getSlopeLimit () const =0 |
| Retrieve the slope limit. More... | |
| virtual void | setSlopeLimit (PxF32 slopeLimit)=0 |
| Sets the slope limit. More... | |
| virtual void | invalidateCache ()=0 |
| Flushes internal geometry cache. More... | |
| virtual PxScene * | getScene ()=0 |
| Retrieve the scene associated with the controller. More... | |
| virtual void * | getUserData () const =0 |
| Returns the user data associated with this controller. More... | |
| virtual void | setUserData (void *userData)=0 |
| Sets the user data associated with this controller. More... | |
| virtual void | getState (PxControllerState &state) const =0 |
| Returns information about the controller's internal state. More... | |
| virtual void | getStats (PxControllerStats &stats) const =0 |
| Returns the controller's internal statistics. More... | |
| virtual void | resize (PxReal height)=0 |
| Resizes the controller. More... | |
Protected Member Functions | |
| PX_INLINE | PxController () |
| virtual | ~PxController () |
Base class for character controllers.
|
inlineprotected |
|
inlineprotectedvirtual |
|
pure virtual |
Get the rigid body actor associated with this controller (see PhysX documentation). The behavior upon manually altering this actor is undefined, you should primarily use it for reading const properties.
|
pure virtual |
Retrieve the contact offset.
|
pure virtual |
Retrieve the "foot" position of the controller, i.e. the position of the bottom of the CCT's shape.
|
pure virtual |
Retrieves the non-walkable mode for the CCT.
|
pure virtual |
Retrieve the raw position of the controller.
The position retrieved by this function is the center of the collision shape. To retrieve the bottom position of the shape, a.k.a. the foot position, use the getFootPosition() function.
The position is updated by calls to move(). Calling this method without calling move() will return the last position or the initial position of the controller.
|
pure virtual |
Retrieve the scene associated with the controller.
|
pure virtual |
Retrieve the slope limit.
|
pure virtual |
Returns information about the controller's internal state.
| [out] | state | The controller's internal state |
|
pure virtual |
Returns the controller's internal statistics.
| [out] | stats | The controller's internal statistics |
|
pure virtual |
|
pure virtual |
Return the type of controller.
|
pure virtual |
Retrieve the 'up' direction.
|
pure virtual |
Returns the user data associated with this controller.
|
pure virtual |
Flushes internal geometry cache.
The character controller uses caching in order to speed up collision testing. The cache is automatically flushed when a change to static objects is detected in the scene. For example when a static shape is added, updated, or removed from the scene, the cache is automatically invalidated.
However there may be situations that cannot be automatically detected, and those require manual invalidation of the cache. Currently the user must call this when the filtering behavior changes (the PxControllerFilters parameter of the PxController::move call). While the controller in principle could detect a change in these parameters, it cannot detect a change in the behavior of the filtering function.
|
pure virtual |
Moves the character using a "collide-and-slide" algorithm.
| [in] | disp | Displacement vector |
| [in] | minDist | The minimum travelled distance to consider. If travelled distance is smaller, the character doesn't move. This is used to stop the recursive motion algorithm when remaining distance to travel is small. |
| [in] | elapsedTime | Time elapsed since last call |
| [in] | filters | User-defined filters for this move |
| [in] | obstacles | Potential additional obstacles the CCT should collide with. |
|
pure virtual |
Releases the controller.
|
pure virtual |
Resizes the controller.
This function attempts to resize the controller to a given size, while making sure the bottom position of the controller remains constant. In other words the function modifies both the height and the (center) position of the controller. This is a helper function that can be used to implement a 'crouch' functionality for example.
| [in] | height | Desired controller's height |
|
pure virtual |
Sets the contact offset.
| [in] | offset | The contact offset for the controller. |
|
pure virtual |
Set controller's foot position.
The position controlled by this function is the bottom of the collision shape, a.k.a. the foot position.
To move the character under normal conditions use the move() function.
| [in] | position | The new (bottom) positon for the controller. |
|
pure virtual |
Sets the non-walkable mode for the CCT.
| [in] | flag | The new value of the non-walkable mode. |
|
pure virtual |
Sets controller's position.
The position controlled by this function is the center of the collision shape.
To move the character under normal conditions use the move() function.
| [in] | position | The new (center) positon for the controller. |
|
pure virtual |
Sets the slope limit.
| [in] | slopeLimit | The slope limit for the controller. |
|
pure virtual |
The step height.
| [in] | offset | The new step offset for the controller. |
|
pure virtual |
Sets the 'up' direction.
| [in] | up | The up direction for the controller. |
|
pure virtual |
Sets the user data associated with this controller.
| [in] | userData | The user pointer associated with the controller. |


--- layout: post-list title: Photography pagination: enabled: true category: photography ---
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--- layout: post title: elgoog! date: 2004-05-27 00:00:00 ---
Check this out - it's a backwards Google.
Ju says the kids at the school where she works use it to bypass certain filters on their internet connection...


Instead of being the in our lives when things go wrong, God is there in the circumstances us. He has a plan to things around.
God’s will is not defeated by .
Your is often your pathway to .


Udacity Reflection I
After visiting the CSS Zen Garden and other websites I like, I created a list of design and structural features that I may wish to implement:
- Navigation bar with dropdown feature
- Background image
- Interactive image
- Incorporate gif into design
- Transitions
- Columns
- Transparent backgrounds and borders
An umu perspective
To build an umu you need stones, wood, coconut shells and husk. The wood and kindling husk is set alight and the stones become hot and food is then placed on top of the stones and covered with leaves. Baskets are woven and when they are complete, the food should be cooked. Food is placed with care in the baskets and distributed to neighbouring families in the village.
- HTML is like the items needed to cook the food; the wood, stones, coconut shells and husk. It acts as a foundation of the whole website 'cooking' process. Without this foundation, you will not be able to cook any delicious food.
- CSS is like the food placed and cooked on top of the umu foundation which then becomes yummy and flavourful. If the food is not stacked with care on top of the stones and in the correct order, the food may be undercooked or burnt.
- DOM is like the process of weaving and placing food in baskets and sharing it. This process is like the representation or 'interface' of the relationship you have with your fellow vilagers.
But what do umu have to do with boxes?
Not much, but boxifying design and the box model are a crucial part of the web page 'cooking' process.
To 'boxify a design' is to break a web design mock up down into smaller boxes. To do this you may:
- draw boxes around the design
- doodle stuff on paper
- print the design and cut it into boxes
These methods are great ways to break down what lays ahead for implementing the design. The boxify process allows you to have a visual representation on the structure required to build the foundation of the website (or umu).
A great way to understand the layout of web pages is to get familiar with the 'box model'. In Udacity Lesson 1, I learnt that EVERY element is a rectangular box made made up of a margin, border and padding around content.


Is There A Problem Here?
August 29, 2015
Once upon a time...I had a conflict with a coworker. I know, very unusual, right? Anyway, here was the situation. She thought I was emotionally depressed. And she tried to convince me of it (or get me to admit it) through a 30-minute conversation. Of course, I knew that I wasn't. But she was convinced that I either was depressed or that I should be. Apparently, I was showing signs of being generally unmotivated.
I was frustrated, to say the least. But more than that, I felt as though she wasn't respecting my decisions and my lifestyle. I felt she was being very un-accepting of a life and attitude about life that was different from hers. I also felt she was telling me that I had a crappy and depressing life when I felt really good about my life.
My solution at the time to resolve the conflict had been to simply (and repeatedly) tell her that I wasn't depressed. That I was perfectly fine. Having now broken down my emotions and having a better understanding of what I was feeling, I would have done it a bit differently. I would've told her how her analysis of my life and supposed state of mind made me feel. Ah, well. Maybe next time.


Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's


A toolkit for manipulating, validating and testing 'IP' addresses and ranges, along with datasets relating to 'IP' addresses. Tools are also provided to map 'IPv4' blocks to country codes. While it primarily has support for the 'IPv4' address space, more extensive 'IPv6' support is intended.
| Version: | 0.6.1 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.0.0) |
| Imports: | Rcpp (≥ 0.11.2), utils, stats, AsioHeaders, stringi, readr, triebeard |
| LinkingTo: | BH, Rcpp, AsioHeaders |
| Suggests: | testthat, knitr, rmarkdown |
| Published: | 2018-12-09 |
| Author: | Bob Rudis [aut, cre], Oliver Keyes [aut], Tim Smith [ctb] |
| Maintainer: | Bob Rudis <bob at rud.is> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/hrbrmstr/iptools/issues |
| License: | MIT + file LICENSE |
| URL: | https://github.com/hrbrmstr/iptools |
| NeedsCompilation: | yes |
| SystemRequirements: | C++11 |
| Materials: | README |
| In views: | WebTechnologies |
| CRAN checks: | iptools results |
| Reference manual: | iptools.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Introduction to iptools Datasets in the iptools package |
| Package source: | iptools_0.6.1.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: iptools_0.6.1.zip, r-release: iptools_0.6.1.zip, r-oldrel: iptools_0.6.1.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: iptools_0.6.1.tgz, r-oldrel: iptools_0.6.1.tgz |
| Old sources: | iptools archive |
| Reverse suggests: | charlatan, webreadr |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=iptools to link to this page.


Preserving and promoting the Hmong culture in the state of Washington
The Hmong community in Seattle needs your help! HAW provides various resources and assistance for the Seattle community and would like your involvement.
Learn moreAs a community, we must band together in order to succeed and evolve. Find out what we have been doing to help the Hmong people across Seattle.
Learn moreHAW supports the advancement of Hmong youth in the Seattle area through recognizing graduates and annual collegiate scholarships.
Learn more


You can move an entity by setting the attributes:
'position', 'x', 'y', 'z', 'world_position', 'world_x', 'world_y', 'world_z'
# you can give it a position when you create i, or you can omit it and set it later
e = Entity(position=(0,0,0))
# set position relative to parent entity:
e.position = Vec3(0,0,0)
e.position = Vec2(0,0)
e.position = (0,0,0)
e.position = (0,0)
# shortcuts for individual axes:
e.x = 0
e.y = 0
e.z = 0
# set position relative to the world:
e.world_position = (0,0,0)
See
https://www.ursinaengine.org/coordinate_system.html for more
information on how the coordinate system works.
6 Rotating
e.rotation = (0,0,0)
e.rotation_y = 90
The look_at() method can also be for pointing an entity at something:
other entity = Entity(position=(10,1,8))
e.look_at(other_entity) # make z-axis(forward) point at other_entity
e.look_at(other_entity, axis='up') # optinally define which axis
7 Scaling
Change the size of the entity by setting the scale attribute:
e = Entity(model='cube', scale=(3,1,1))
8 Update
An Entity's update method will be called automatically:
e = Entity()
def my_update():
e.x += 1 * time.dt # dt is short for delta time, the duration since the last frame.
e.update = my_update
Or you can implement it by inheriting the Entity class:
class Player(Entity):
def update(self):
self.x += 1 * time.dt
9 Input
The same goes for the input method:
class Player(Entity):
def input(self, key):
if key == 'w':
self.position += self.forward
if key == 'd':
self.animate('rotation_y', self.rotation_y + 90, duration=.1)
if key == 'a':
self.animate('rotation_y', self.rotation_y - 90, duration=.1)
10 Mouse Input
Entities can react to the mouse as long as they have collider.
Buttons will have one by default, but you can also assign one.
To get the entity currently under the mouse:
mouse.entity
To check if enity(self) is hovered:
self.hovered
Assign on_click() to make it get called when you click on the entity
Assign on_double_click() to make it get called when you double click on the entity.


Walking the mile boss
The Green Mile ***1/2 (out of ****)
A film review by Michael Redman Copyright 2000 by Michael Redman
During the late December holiday time, when we aren't too emerged in the pre-holiday panic, occasionally thoughts will turn to the original meaning of the holy-days. You don't have to be a Christian to appreciate the sentiments. Nearly all current and ancient religions celebrate the re-emerging of the sun with birth festivals, from Mithra to Jesus.
It's a time of miracles and compassion for fellow beings. It's a time of connecting with the supernatural. It's a time of reflection.
And it's the perfect time for director Frank Darabont to release "The Green Mile". Jesus Christ has returned.
In a 1935 Louisiana prison, the guards on death row are used to dealing with a variety of prisoners. Repentant, insane, guilty, innocent; they all meet their final fate at the end of the "green mile," so-named because of the floor color where the condemned walk their final mile.
Then one day, John Coffey (Michael Clarke Duncan) arrives and changes their lives forever. Coffey is a seven-foot tall giant of a man convicted of cruelly murdering two young girls. He has to duck to walk through doorways. The guards give him plenty of room.
The new inmate turns out to be something different that his appearance would suggest. He's afraid of the dark, gentle as a lamb and quite probably innocent. He's also a miracle worker capable of healing the sick and raising the dead.
Head guard Paul Edgecomb (Tom Hanks) slowly discovers Coffey's true nature and isn't quite sure what to do about it. He becomes a disciple but is powerless to prevent the crucifixion...err, electrocution.
At over three hours, the film has time to explore the characterization of the death row community. Edgecomb and his fellow guards Brutus (David Morse), Dean (Barry Pepper) and Harry (Jeffrey DeMunn) treat the prisoners with an aspect of respect. The new guard Percy (Doug Hutchison) is a sadist, delighting in tormenting the condemned and only has his job because of relatives in high places.
The two convicts awaiting execution before Coffey arrives are Arlen (Graham Greene), a Native American sorry for his crimes and Del (Michael Jeter), a Cajun with a gentle streak. Before Wild Bill (Sam Rockwell) arrives, it looks as though Louisiana only condemned minorities to death.
There has rarely been a film that pulls at every emotional string as effectively as does this one. An absolutely abominable electrocution has the audience gripping their armrests in horror. Tears flow freely during several scenes. Even the brief bits of humor are touching.
The acting is first-rate. Hanks turns in an admirable performance and has top billing, but Duncan is the real star. He is astonishing in his role and deserves a nod come Oscar time.
Darabont has a feel for his characters. His first film was the highly-acclaimed "Shawshank Redemption". Now five years later, he takes on another Steven King prison tale and gives us another unforgettable move.
Although the luxurious pacing gives him time to explore the people, there are a few moments where the film drags. Surprisingly for a film of this length, these times are scarce.
There are a few other minor problems. Most of the characters are designed as extremes: you either love or hate them. Subtlety is not this movie's strong point. It's no coincidence that John Coffey's initials are what they are.
The one mystery is the inaction of the guards. They are about to execute a supposedly-innocent man who can heal any illness. They know about this for quite some time, but it is only shortly before his scheduled death that Edgecomb agonizes over whether he should tell anyone?
None of these flaws are fatal. The story is honest and will crawl into your heart. There's not a dry eye in the audience and in this case, that's a good thing.
(Michael Redman has written this column for about 24 winters. He wishes everyone a joyous season, whichever holiday they chose to observe. He can be contacted at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>if the gods of the internet happen to be in a good mood.)
[This appeared in the 12/23/1999 "Bloomington Independent", Bloomington, Indiana. Michael Redman can be contacted at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>--<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Film reviews archive: http://us.imdb.com/M/reviews_by?Michael%20Redman
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


First, the Real.
No. Before the first comes the Legend,
the Key to this Map. It is as follows:
In the forthcoming textual Map,
Capitalized Words indicate Objects presumed to be of the Real
first, the Real.
It is all that is. It is everything, the one thing.
now we'll jump right in. Mind is of the Real, this quality henceforth being referred to as real.
recap: the Real is real. Mind is real.
next up is Body. Body is that of which Mind may be aware.
okay. next: Mind is not identical to the Real.
there is something real which is not Mind.
It is the Unknown. or the Darkness. or Chaos, the Incomprehensible.
let's review. we have Mind and the Unknown on a level, the two components of the Real.
then there's Body. Body is more a theoretical construct than anything else.
It is defined only by the fact that all of Mind is contained within It.
as the same is true of the Real, and, additionally, both possess an unknown element,
"Body" is no different from the Real, as far as each has been defined.
so, our map consists of three labels,
Real: comprising the entirety of what the map represents.
Mind: comprising the awareness. see more.
Unknown: comprising that which is of the Real and not of Mind.


Thank you for choosing Performing Arts.
Change Selection
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0}" class="img-card" src={{act.imgUrl}}>
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0" class="overlay-text">{{act.rank}}
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Configure several aspects of error handling in AngularJS if used as a setter or return the current configuration if used as a getter. The following options are supported:
Omitted or undefined options will leave the corresponding configuration values unchanged.
angular.errorHandlingConfig([config]);
| Param | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|
|
config
(optional)
|
Object |
The configuration object. May only contain the options that need to be updated. Supported keys:
|


eddie
The purpose of this workshop is to familiarise yourself with the UNIX based computing systems in the School of GeoSciences.
Unlike the Windows operating system, UNIX based operating systems give much more control to the user. The most common and powerful method of interaction with a UNIX based system is through the command line rather than through a windows-like point and click interface. Additionally, much of the software available on UNIX platforms is free and open source, meaning that everybody has access to the code used to create a piece of software, meaning that you know exactly what the program is doing. Having this amount of control over your computing is very useful in academia where research should be entirely reproducible and repeatable. Using a text interface will also give you a lot more creative power to design analyses the way you like.
Students use the GeoSciences UNIX systems for a variety of tasks, including but not limited to:
While this workshop is not designed to be a definitive reference, it should provide a good introduction from which you can continue to learn about this powerful resource.
All the introduction materials, including this sheet, can be found at:
http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/~gisteac/wkzero
By the end of this workshop you should be able to:
ls
, cd
, mkdir
, cp
, mv
, rm
man
pagesfinger
, ps
, kill
grep
UNIX is a loose family of operating systems that share characteristics and are derived from the original AT&T UNIX OS that was developed by Bell Labs in the 1970s. Many UNIX-like operating systems have arisen since then, most notably, Linux, Android, and macOS.
The Operating System that most of the GeoSciences UNIX systems run on is called Linux.
There are three main ways to access systems running Linux in the School of GeoSciences:
By far the most common way to access Linux is to use a GeoSciences Windows machine and connect to a Linux server remotely, though using a personal computer or laptop is becoming more popular.
Most of the tasks you will need to use a Linux server for can be achieved through a command line interface like the one in the picture below:
Choose your method of connecting to the GeoSciences Linux server from the options below and follow the instructions in that section.
To connect from a Windows machine to the GeoSciences Linux server you can use PuTTY. PuTTY is a free and open source program that provides a command line interface to allow you to connect remotely to other machines. The PuTTY application is located at: U:\SCE\GEOS\putty.exe
. I recommend making a shortcut to it and putting it on your desktop.
First, open PuTTY and configure the PuTTY session using the instructions below. burn
is the name of the GeoSciences Linux server, it's address is burn.geos.ed.ac.uk
:
burn.geos.ed.ac.uk
22
SSH
Enable X11 forwarding
- which allows X window applications to be opened on your desktop (e.g. xeyes
, see below)Then click "Open" to start the connection, type your UUN (e.g. s1234567
) and the password you use to login to MyEd, Windows machines etc.
You can also use PuTTY from your own windows machine, you can download it from here.
Make sure you are connected to the University VPN service (more information can be found here), then open PuTTY and connect using the same options as the ones above for a GeoSciences Windows machine.
If you have a personal macOS or Linux machine you can use a terminal emulator such as Terminal.app
to connect to a University Linux server.
Open Terminal.app
or your terminal emulator of choice and type the following, replacing s1234567
with your own UUN:
ssh -x<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Press "Enter", then follow the instructions. When it asks for your password use the one you use to login to MyEd, don't worry if the password doesn't look like it's being typed, the computer is just trying to keep your details secret!
By this point you should be connected to the Linux burn
server using whatever means suits you, if not, go back and try again, using one of the options above. When you first login your terminal window should look something like this:
[s1234567@burn ~]$ ■
This innocuous line, known as the bash prompt actually tells us some really useful information:
s1234567
is obviously your UUN.burn
is the hostname, i.e. the name of the server you are connected to.~
Is the directory you are currently in, ~
is shorthand for the home directory.$
marks the end of the bash prompt and the start of the space where you can type commands.Before we continue, it's important to note that the word "directory" is used in the Unix literature to mean the same thing as "folder" on a Windows machine.
To see what directories and files are inside the current directory type:
ls
followed by the ls
command should output a list of the directories and files inside the ~
directory, because that is the directory we are currently in.
To change to another directory, type cd
then the directory name. List the directories in your current directory using ls
then pick one and change to it:
ls
cd Documents
Notice that the ~
in the prompt has been replaced with Documents
, telling us we are now in the Documents
directory. Enter ls
again to see that the list of files and directories has also changed, because you are in a different directory.
The ~
(tilde character) is shorthand for the home
directory. When you log into a Linux system you will automatically be taken to the home
directory. The home
directory is analogous to your M:
drive on a Windows machine. It is a space where you can store personal files that only you can access. The home
directory default size is quite small, but can be increased if you need extra space for your research, just . As an added bonus the ~
/home
/M:
directory is backed up every night, so there is hardly any chance of losing your data when it is stored in this directory.
To move up one directory e.g. from Documents
back to the home
directory, type:
cd ..
The ..
two dots are shorthand for the directory directly above the one you are in.
To jump back to the home
directory from anywhere, just type cd
without specifying any directory:
cd
Try this out by cd
ing into a directory of your choice, then jumping back to the home
directory using cd
.
Just like on a Windows machine, it will be necessary to perform various file operations during your work like moving files, making directories etc. But instead of using a drag and drop interface like on Windows, on burn
you can use the command line. To demonstrate some of the simple file operations that you can perform from the command line, return to the home folder (cd
) and make a new directory called linux_intro
like this:
mkdir linux_intro
cd
into that directory and create three more directories, notes
, downloads
and data
:
cd linux_intro
mkdir notes
mkdir downloads
mkdir data
Then create a directory inside the notes directory called wk_1
:
mkdir notes/wk_1
Notice that I used /
to create the wk_1
directory inside an existing directory.
Type tree
to check that all the directories have been created. tree
gives a nice overview of the directory structure in the directory you are currently in.
Your tree
output should look like this:
.
├── data
├── downloads
└── notes
└── wk_1
cd
into the notes
directory, then the wk_1
directory and create an empty file called notes.txt
like this:
cd ~/linux_intro/notes/wk_1
touch notes.txt
Notice how instead of using the relative filepath to move into the wk_1
directory (e.g. cd wk_1
), this time I used the full filepath (~/linux_intro/notes/wk_1
) because wk_1
isn't directly below my current directory so Linux wouldn't have known which directory I meant.
Move back to the linux_intro
directory and check out the new directory structure you have made by typing:
cd ../..
tree
The output of tree
should look something like this:
Next I want to make a copy of my notes.txt
file and place it in my home
directory, so I have a copy to work on. To do this I can use cp
. cp
takes two arguments, the first gives the filepath of the file or directory I want to copy (~/linux_intro/notes/wk_1/notes.txt
), and the second gives the location of where I want to put the file or directory (~/notes.txt
):
cp ~/linux_intro/notes/wk_1/notes.txt ~/notes.txt
Actually, after some profound thoughts, I have realised that it would be much more useful if notes.txt
was in my Documents
directory, so I can move the file using mv
:
cd
mv notes.txt ~/Documents/notes.txt
Because notes.txt
isn't a particularly informative filename, I can also use mv
to rename files:
cd ~/Documents
mv notes.txt linux_notes.txt
We have done a lot of moving around different directories, which can become confusing. If you ever want to check what directory you are in you can type pwd
:
pwd
Imagine that I'm done working with ~/Documents/linux_notes.txt
and want to delete it. I can delete files using rm
:
rm ~/Documents/notes.txt
But it is important to note that when you delete a file in this way it doesn't get moved to the recycling bin, IT IS GONE FOREVER!
I can remove a directory instead of a file by adding the -r
flag to rm
. In this case I want to remove the data
directory:
cd ~/linux_intro
rm -r data
Flags can be added to many commands to change their behaviour or add special inputs. A useful flag for the rm
command is -i
, which asks the user whether they really want to delete the file before deleting it. Once again, the reason this is useful is because rm
deletes files irreversibly! I could delete ~/Documents/linux_notes.txt
using the -i
flag:
rm -i ~/Documents/linux_notes.txt
To find out about other flags and their uses you can use the man
command followed by the command you want to investigate. This opens the man
ual page for that command. While man
pages can be a bit dense, they should be your first port of call when investigating what a command does. e.g.:
man rm
It's also worth remembering that a quick internet search for a command followed by the word "Linux" or a brief description of your problem will almost definitely yield useful results.
As well as your personal data stored in the home
directory, you can access shared data in the /geos
directory. This might be the data for a specific course like the Kindrogan field course, or open access data such as shapefiles for Scotland's roads.
Move to the /geos
directory like this:
cd /geos
It is important to note that while you can open files in the shared space, it is unlikely that you will have permission to edit them. Instead you can copy them to your home
directory using cp
to have an editable copy.
Try this by copying the contents of the /geos/netdata/wkzero
directory to the ~/linux_intro/downloads
directory:
cd /geos/netdata
cp -r wkzero/ ~/linux_intro/downloads
Notice how I had to add the -r
flag to let cp
know that I wanted to copy a directory instead of a file. Also note the /
I used to specify that wkzero
is a directory, not a file.
Another shared space that will be useful is /scratch/s1234567
, obviously your scratch space will be named after your UUN. Scratch space offers a very large amount of temporary storage space. It is not backed up so don't leave anything important on there for too long, but it could be useful if you want somewhere to unpack a huge dataset, or create lots of model objects.
To move to your scratch space just type the following, switching out s1234567
with your own UUN:
cd /scratch/s1234567
Our notes file (~/linux_intro/notes/notes.txt
) is still a blank file. Let's fill it with some notes. There are a multitude of terminal based text editors available on the GeoSciences Linux systems. It is often much quicker to edit a text file in the Linux server environment on the command line rather than edit it on a Windows machine and copy it across every time you make a change. Some notable text editors, in my own order from most to least complex are:
emacs
vim
ed
nano
Move to the directory where notes.txt
is found, then open the notes.txt
file using nano
, type some text then save and exit using Ctrl-x
.
cd ~/linux_intro/notes/wk_1
nano notes.txt
We can then use a "pager" program to quickly open the file and view the text we just wrote. Pagers are different from text editors in that they can't be used to edit text, only view it. The advantage of pagers is they are often very quick to open and provide a quick way of skimming through a document. Use the less
pager to read the text you just typed using the code below, then type q
to exit and return to the terminal:
less notes.txt
cd
to the wkzero
directory that we previously copied from the shared network space into our personal downloads
directory:
cd ~/linux_intro/downloads/wkzero
Check what files are in the directory with ls
then quickly see what is in jabberwock.txt
using less
:
ls
less jabberwock.txt
We can redirect the contents of one file into another using the >
operator. >
takes what ever is on the left hand side and puts it into the file on the right hand side. We can add the contents of jabberwock.txt
to notes.txt
like this:
cat jabberwock.txt > ~/linux_intro/notes/wk_1/notes.txt
cat
merely prints the contents of the file it is given, in this case jabberwock.txt
, think of cat
as the most simplistic pager. Hopefully you can imagine that the >
would be very useful for stringing commands together to manipulate data, then put the output into a text document, much quicker than copying and pasting with a mouse.
After you have done the above, check that notes.txt
contains the new information using cat:
cd ~/linux_intro/notes/wk_1
cat notes.txt
A similar operator is the |
, also known as a pipe. |
takes whatever is on the left and uses it in the command on the right. We will investigate how pipes work using a new command called grep
.
First cd
to the wkzero
directory:
cd ~/linux_intro/downloads/wkzero
Use cat
on nation_data.txt
to see that it contains a lot of data:
cat nation_data.txt
But I want to find only the lines that have information about "Canada". I can use grep
to filter out just those lines, then present that data in a pager like less
like this:
cat nation_data.txt | grep "Canada" | less
Just to recap, I took the contents of nation_data.txt
(cat nation_data.txt
), then fed that to the grep command to look only for lines containing the word Canada
(grep Canada
), then fed the filtered lines to less
, my pager of choice. It's easy to see how this could become a really powerful tool for quickly sifting through data to look for the interesting bits.
grep
can take many different types of arguments, I recommend reading the man
page for grep
or look at some online tutorials to see what it can really do.
On the GeoSciences Linux servers it is quite likely that other users will be working at the same time as you. You can see what everybody else is doing, and everybody else can see what you are doing. It is useful to know what processes you have running so that you can terminate processes, or manage your memory usage. It might also be useful to see what other people are doing that is using up all the memory on the server, making your programs run slowly!
To see what other users are doing, use the ps
command. Additionally, we will use the -a
flag to show everybodys processes and -f
flag to show the full amount of information for each process:
ps -af
This spits out a whole load of information. The most important columns are UID
which shows the username of who is running each process (try to find your username in the list), PID
is the ID number of the process, which you can use in other commands which you will learn about soon, and finally the CMD
column, which shows what the process is.
Every user on burn
is allocated a limited amount of memory for their operations. To check your usage you can use the following:
quota -s
Similarly, every user is given an amount of disk space to store files. You can check your disk usage by typing:
du –sh
du
can also give you a breakdown of how much space each file and directory is taking up in your ~
directory. You can check this by typing:
du -sh ~/*
The *
symbol is a special character that returns everything within a given directory. You can also use *
to avoid typing out a long file name. For instance, imagine I had a file called really_long_file_name_2017_8_1.txt
, I could view the contents of that file with cat
simply by typing:
cat *2017_8_1.txt
This is assuming however that I have no other files or directories in that directory with 2017_8_1.txt
in their name.
Sometimes a process will continue running indefinitely and not allow you to use the terminal until you stop it. This is especially true if you start a graphical program from the command line, e.g. a web browser.
To allow you to use the terminal while this process is happening you can use the &
operator, to indicate that the process should be a background process. For example, if I run xeyes
, but want to keep using the terminal while this program is open I can type:
xeyes &
This will give the process ID number (PID
) of the command and then let me continue to use the terminal.
Run xeyes &
then run ps -af
to see if you can find the process in the list, the PID
shuld be the same as the one you were shown in the terminal when you typed the command. If you are feeling brave, you could use the grep
command from earlier to find only the lines with your username (UID
):
ps -af | grep "s1234567"
I can kill the program either by clicking the cross in the xeyes
window like a normal program, or I can type:
kill -9 <PID>
Where xeyes
program.
It is useful to know that if you run a program in the background by using the &
operator, you can use the exit
command to end your remote session and the program will continue to run, even though you're not there or connected to burn
. This could be very useful if you have a huge data crunching program running and you want to go home and sleep.
As you start to learn terminal commands and do more computing in the Linux environment you may find that you perform the same set of actions over and over. For example, if you get regular data files sent to you from some distant fieldsite, you may want to manipulate that data in the same way every time. Shell scripting allows you to save a set of commands for later use. Let's make a script that allows us to grep
for lines containing a given word in the nation_data.txt
file and any other file in the future. cd
to the home
directory and open the nano
text editor:
cd
nano
Shell scripts should always start with the following code, also known as a "shebang":
#!/bin/bash
This tells the operating system that we are using the bash
language, which is the language we have been using this whole time to interact with the Linux server! Google if you are interested in learning more about bash
.
Copy the following into nano to create a script that look like this:
#!/bin/bash
ls
read -p 'File name to search through: ' file_name
read -p 'Word to search for: ' word_name
cat $file_name | grep $word_name | less
On the line after the shebang we have asked to show the files in the current directory using ls
.
Then on the next line we use read -p
to prompt the user for the name of a file from that list of files.
On the next line we prompt the user for a word that they want to search for.
And finally we include all these variables into a command that searches our nominated file for our nominated word and display it in less
. The variables we created earlier in the script (word_name
, file_name
) can be called later in the script by prefixing their name with a $
($word_name
, $file_name
)
Save the file to ~/grep_file.sh
. The .sh
file extension stands for sh
ell.
To get the script to run as a script and not just a text file we need to make it "executable".
In the terminal type:
chmod +x ~/grep_file.sh
To test that the script works, cd
into the wkzero
directory:
cd ~/linux_intro/downloads/wkzero
Then enter:
~/./grep_file.sh
First, the script should ls
the current directory, then ask for us to nominate a file, then for a word to grep
for. Finally, this should output all the lines containing our nominated word into less
.
Note that when I called the shell script I had to prefix the script name (grep_file.sh
) with ./
, this is a finicky requirement for all user made scripts. If you really want to know why this is necessary, read this and this. Warning, very dense and potentially boring.
ftp
(File Transfer Program/Protocol)ftp
is a program used to transfer files from one computer to another. This utility could be very useful if you need to grab data from the GeoSciences ftp server (ftp.geos.ed.ac.uk
), or from some other server. As an example, let's cd
to ~/linux_intro/wkzero/downloads
:
cd ~/linux_intro/wkzero/downloads
The open the ftp
program:
ftp
Your prompt should change to ftp>
.
Now we can connect to a specific ftp
server:
open ftp.geos.ed.ac.uk
As requested when you connect, type anonymous
as your name.
Again as requested, enter your university email address (e.g<EMAIL_ADDRESS>) as your password.
As in a normal Linux environment, we can list the files in the current directory:
ls
cd
to the pub/geos
directory:
cd pub/geos/wkzero
ls
to see what files are in this directory:
ls
Then download jefferson.tar.gz
using get
:
get jefferson.tar.gz
The file will be downloaded to the directory where we started ftp
from, ~/linux_intro/wkzero/downloads
.
Now close the connection using bye
:
bye
Use ls
to check that jefferson.tar.gz
is now in our personal directory.
The file we just downloaded (jefferson.tar.gz
) came as a compressed binary file. A compressed file takes up less drive space than a raw file, so is ideal for sending data over the network, but we can't do anything with this file until we uncompress it. We know it is a compressed file because the file extension contains .gz
. We can use the GunZip program (gzip
) to uncompress the file:
gzip -d jefferson.tar.gz
Note that the -d
flag was used to tell gzip
that we want to decompress the file. Now ls
to see that jefferson.tar.gz
has become jefferson.tar
.
Now you have uncompressed the file, but it is still archived – it is one file that contains many other files, like a .zip
file. To remove this last layer of compression and make the files usable we can use tar
:
tar -xf jefferson.tar
The -x
flag tells tar
that we want to extract files from an archive. The -f
flag tells tar
that we will provide a filename as the archive to extract from.
If you encounter .zip
files instead of .tar
files you can use the zip
and unzip
programs to compress and uncompress them. The following compresses jefferson.txt
into jefferson.zip
:
zip jefferson.zip jefferson.txt
The following unzips the contents of jefferson.zip
and places it in a directory called jefferson_2
unzip jefferson.zip –d jefferson_2
wget
and curl
It is becoming more common to download data from hosted webpages rather than from dedicated ftp file servers. You can download from webpages using two programs, curl
or wget
. Both do largely the same thing but offer some different advanced functions that we won't get into today. Just be aware that they exist and are useful for different tasks. For now, we can download some data from the GeoSciences website:
cd ~/linux_intro/wkzero/downloads
curl http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/~gisteac/wkzero/protocols.txt -o protocols.txt
wget http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/~gisteac/wkzero/protocols_all.html -r
The -r
flag in wget
downloads all the linked webpages inside the file specified for download as well as that file.
Use ls
to check that the files were downloaded correctly into ~/linux_intro/wkzero/downloads
.
To quickly print a file from the command line you can use the lp
suite of commands.
lp file.txt
prints file.txt
lpq
shows your print queue. Notice that each print job is given a job number.
lprm 23456
removes job number 23456
from the queue.
Once you have used lp
to print a file, you can go to any GeoSciences printer and print the file on A4 paper as from a Windows machine.
Some programs may require a graphical user interface (GUI). For these programs to work you will need to run a desktop on the linux servers, like the one in the picture below:
Log on to burn
using a graphical interface using one of the methods below, then have a look around the desktop, you will see some applications that are familiar from the Windows machines, and some new applications. Also notice that you can open a command line interface and interact with the server just as you did earlier on in the workshop by clicking the button of the black computer screen:
Open "NX Connection Wizard" from the Start menu.
Configure the connection like so:
burn.geos.ed.ac.uk
burn.geos.ed.ac.uk
22
ADSL
Unix
KDE
- This can be changedAvailable area
- This can be changedThen when the login window appears, login with your UUN and the password you use to login to MyEd.
Download NoMachine from (https://www.nomachine.com/download)[https://www.nomachine.com/download]
Connect to the University VPN (more information can be found here).
Open NoMachine
Create a new connection:
Select Protocol: SSH
Type Host: nx.geos.ed.ac.uk
, Port: 22
Select "Use NoMachine login"
Make sure "Use an alternate server key" is left unchecked and blank
Select "Don't use a proxy"
Give the connection a sensible name
Select the new connection and click Connect
and select a desktop environment such as KDE
. Desktop environments merely affect the way the desktop is presented, the colour of the window borders and application icons etc. All the underlying functionality of Linux will remain exactly the same regardless of the desktop environment.
When prompted for a password use the password you use to login to MyEd.
As well as accessing your M:
drive through the command line, you can add it as a network drive to be accessed by the file explorer on your personal computer.
Make sure you are connected to the University VPN.
Open Finder.app
, Click Connect to server ...
in the Go
menu at the top of the screen. In the server address type:
smb://students.geos.ed.ac.uk/s1234567
replacing s1234567
with your own UUN. Click the +
button to add the address as a favourite, then select it and click Connect
.
When prompted for your username and password, replace any username that has been autofilled with your UUN and use the password that you use to login to MyEd and the Windows machines.
You should now be taken to your M:
drive in Finder.app
and be able to move files around and add things from your personal computer easily.
You can use the same method as above to add the "Research DataStore", which gives every research student and staff member 500GB of backed up storage space. The addressto add is:
smb://csce.datastore.ed.ac.uk/csce/geos/users/s1234567
replacing s1234567
with your UUN.
Make sure you are connected to the University VPN.
Click Start
, Computer
.
Click Map Network Drive
Pick an available letter, e.g. G
Enter the folder address as:
\\students.geos.ed.ac.uk\s1234567
replacing s1234567
with your own UUN.
You can use the same method as above to add the "Research DataStore", which gives every research student and staff member 500GB of backed up storage space. The address to add is:
\\csce.datastore.ed.ac.uk\csce\geos\users\s1234567
replacing s1234567
with your own UUN.
eddie
While burn.geos.ed.ac.uk
is great for relatively light computing activities, you might find for bigger projects such as rendering extremely detailed maps, or running a large simulation model that the computing power in burn
is just not enough. This lack of processing power becomes especially apparent when many people are using burn
at the same time.
If you find you need the extra computing power you can freely logon to the University of Edinburgh cluster computer, nicknamed eddie
. To log on, first login to burn
using your chosen method from the ones we covered earlier, then in a terminal window type:
ssh eddie
eddie
provides a number of storage spaces, just like burn
. Your personal space (2 GB) is in:
/home/s1234567
You can request a group datastore (200 GB) from is.helpline.ed.ac.uk. After it is granted you can find it at:
/exports/<COLLEGE>/eddie/<SCHOOL>/groups/<GROUP NAME>
As on burn
, you can find temporary scratch space (20-50 TB) at:
/exports/eddie/scratch/<UUN>
The most common method of submitting computing work to eddie
is as a batch job. To do this you must write a jobscript.sh
bash script which calls any computation jobs.
To submit a jobscript you can use qsub
:
qsub jobscript.sh
Here is an example jobscript, which simply loads python then runs another python script:
#!/bin/sh
# Grid Engine options (lines prefixed with #$)
#$ -N hello
#$ -cwd
#$ -l h_rt=00:05:00
#$ -l h_vmem=1G
# These options are:
# job name: -N
# use the current working directory: -cwd
# runtime limit of 5 minutes: -l h_rt
# memory limit of 1 Gbyte: -l h_vmem
# Initialise the environment modules
. /etc/profile.d/modules.sh
# Load Python
module load Python/3.4.3
# Run the program
./hello.py
You can find more information on using eddie
here.
| Command | Function | Example(s) |
|---|---|---|
ls
|
List files/directories in the current directory |
ls ls ~/Desktop/dir
|
cd
|
Change the directory |
cd Desktop cd ~/Desktop/GIS cd ..
|
cp
|
Copy a file/directory |
cp file.txt ~/Desktop/file.txt cp file.txt file_2.txt cp GIS/ ~/Desktop/GIS_2
|
mv
|
Move a file/directory |
mv file.txt ~/Desktop/file.txt mv file.txt file_2.txt mv GIS/ ~/Desktop/GIS
|
mkdir
|
Make a new directory |
mkdir ~/Desktop/GIS
|
pwd
|
Get the current directory |
pwd
|
rm
|
Remove a file/directory |
rm file.txt rm -r ~/Desktop/GIS
|
ssh
|
Make a remote connection to another computer |
ssh -x<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
man
|
Display the manual page for a command |
man rm man cd
|
nano
|
Open the nano text editor
|
nano file.txt
|
cat
|
Print the contents of a file in the terminal |
cat file.txt
|
ps
|
Display information on current processes |
ps -af
|
quota
|
Show memory allocation usage |
quota -s
|
du
|
Show current disk usage |
du -sh ~/Documents/*
|
kill
|
Terminate a process |
kill -9 34673
|
chmod
|
Alter the attributes of a file |
chmod +x file.sh
|
ftp
|
Open the ftp program for downloading files from external servers |
ftp
|
gzip
|
Un/compress a .gz file
|
gzip -d file.gz
|
tar
|
Un/archive a .tar file
|
tar -xf file.tar
|
zip /unzip
|
Un/zip .zip files
|
zip archive.zip file.txt file_2.txt unzip archive.zip folder
|
curl /wget
|
Download files from webpages |
curl http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/protocols.txt -o protocols.txt wget http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/page.html -r
|
lp
|
Print files |
lp file.txt
|
lpq
|
Show the print queue |
lpq
|
lprm
|
Remove a file from print queue |
lprm 46745
|


This foundational project is designed to introduce you to your club and the skills you need to begin your Toastmasters journey.
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to introduce yourself to the club and learn the basic structure of a public speech.
Overview: Write and deliver a speech about any topic to introduce yourself to the club. Your speech may be humorous, informational, or any other style that appeals to you.
This project includes:
This project addresses the skills needed to give and receive feedback. You will learn about giving, receiving and applying feedback.
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to present a speech on any topic, receive feedback, and apply the feedback to a second speech.
Overview: Choose any topic for your first 5- to 7-minute speech. After your speech, carefully review your feedback. At a different club meeting, present a 5- to 7-minute speech in which you incorporate feedback from your first speech. You may choose to present the same speech again or a new speech. Your second speech should reflect some or all of the feedback from your first speech. Finally, after you have completed both speeches, serve as an evaluator at a club meeting and deliver constructive feedback about another member’s presentation.
This project includes:
This project addresses topic selection strategies, suggestions for research and methods for producing a well-organized speech.
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to learn or review basic research methods and present a well-organized, well-researched speech on any topic.
Overview: Select a topic that you are not already familiar with or that you wish to learn more about. Be sure your topic is narrow enough to be an effective 5- to 7-minute speech. Research the topic and begin organizing the information, as described in this project. Practice your speech and continue to refine its organization. Present your speech at a club meeting.
This project includes:
Overview:
Complete the Discover Your Leadership Style questionnaire. Consider how your leadership style impacts the people around you and how you can adjust it to more effectively lead people with styles different
from your own.
Deliver a 5- to 7-minute speech at a club meeting to share some aspect of your leadership style or leadership styles in general. You may choose to discuss your style preferences when working with others, your style and how you can adapt it to situations, or leadership styles in general and how they impact a group.
This project includes:
Overview:
Complete the Discover Your Communication Style questionnaire to help you identify your style.
Deliver a 5- to 7-minute speech at a club meeting about your communication style and its impact on your professional
and/or personal relationships.
If you are uncomfortable discussing your communication style, you may speak about the communication styles you have encountered and how they impact you. Your speech should not be a report of
the content of this project.
This project includes:
Overview: Write and present a 5- to 7-minute speech about a time when you were a protégé. Share the impact and importance of having a mentor. This speech is not a report on the content of this project.
This project includes:
Overview:
Select any small-scale project, such as a family party, a short trip, a themed Toastmasters meeting, or any other event or project that requires planning. Develop and implement the plan, with or without help from others. At a club meeting, deliver a 5- to 7-minute speech about your experience.
Submit the Project Completion Form to your vice president education to confirm you completed all planning resources.
This project includes:
Overview:
Build a team of two to four people and lead your team to the completion of a project of your design.
After you accomplish the project, present a 5- to 7-minute speech about you or your experience leading your team. Your speech may be humorous, informational, or any other format that appeals to you.
Your project can be any of the following (coordinate with your vice presidents marketing and public relations):
This project requires:
Overview:
Plan, coordinate, and complete an event of your choosing. Tools for planning all aspects of an event are included in this project. After you complete the event, present a 5- to 7-minute speech in your club. Share the impact of the planning process, your team, and the organization for which the event was held.
Your speech may be humorous, informational, or any style that appeals to you. It is not a report on the content of this project.
This project requires:


Custom Factory
With Two Separate Controllers
ExampleControllerA
ExampleControllerB
Change the basemap
(from ExampleControllerB, using the factory)
Based on
this sample
.


just kidding
I didn't even know what Saka was written in.
I think I did this in the wrong order...
...there are no tests in this project!
...most people dont test their extensions?


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How to use
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The file chuck_setup.py is a normal Python file and used to describe a project. If this file is available Chuck is able to automatically setup the project using the setup_project command.
It can not only be used to describe a project (e.g. project prefix and name, settings file etc.), but also to define hooks before and every build step like syncdb or build virtualenv to customize the build process completly to your needs!
The script gets some variables and help functions injected to make your life easier. Here’s an overview which variables get injected.
| Variable | Description |
|---|---|
| virtualenv_dir | The full path to the virtualenv |
| site_dir | The full path to the projects site dir |
| project_dir | Combination of site_dir and site_name-project_name |
| project_name | The name of the project |
| site_name | The name of the site (project_prefix) |
And a list of help functions you can use.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| execute_in_project(cmd) | Loads virtualenv and django settings and executes the given command |
| db_cleanup | Delete django tables for complete db import. Useful for django-cms migration. |
| load_fixtures(file) | Load the given fixture file |
Last but not least a full example that will use custom syncdb and migrate parameter, add an admin user and load some fixtures after successful build.
project_prefix = "test"
project_name = "project"
django_settings = "project.settings.dev"
extra_syncdb_options = "--all"
extra_migrate_options = "--fake"
def pre_git_clone():
pass
def post_git_clone():
pass
def pre_build_virtualenv():
pass
def post_build_virtualenv():
pass
def pre_sync_db():
pass
def post_sync_db():
pass
def pre_migrate_db():
pass
def post_migrate_db():
execute_in_project("django-admin.py createsuperuser")
db_cleanup()
load_fixtures(os.path.join(site_dir, "fixtures", "test_data.json"))


fun getAvailableCurrencies(): Set<Currency>
Returns the available currencies of the provided ExchangeRateProvider.
Return LinkedSet containing the available currencies sorted by Currency.tagId


An aspiring electrical engineer. Currently 18 years old. Recent graduate as a valedictorian from Farrington High School. Part of the student led engineering board. Acted as one of the students who presented about the academy and the accomplishments our class has made in the STEM field. Presented in front of Hawaii public schools teachers, vice principals and principals. Collaborated with the World Surf League in making a merchandise trailer for use during surfing competitions. Experience in civil engineering and proficient in Autodesk software with expertise in 2D and 3D modeling. President of the robotics and math teams during high school. Voted as the best senior in science in school. Has an appreciation in arts and have experience in environmental science. Has a passion for math, space and different languages.


I work at InterSystems as a Product Manager for Developer Experience. InterSystems IRIS is the fastest database you've never heard of, but we're changing that. It's a steep learning curve, but it's worth it.
Before that I worked at IBM as an Offering Manager for IBM MetroPulse, a hyper-local retail analytics platform, and as a developer advocate for born-on-the cloud database and analytics offerings.
I used to specialize in geospatial data management and analysis. I like to think I played a role in pioneering Web mapping-as-a-service in the late 1990s with Syncline, a startup I co-founded. After that I finished my PhD in Urban Planning at MIT, exploring the potential of web services to power urban information systems. Prior to joining IBM in 2014, I worked on geospatial data interoperability challenges for the Open Geospatial Consortium.