{% extends "content_template.html" %} {% from "components/table.html" import mapping_table, row, text_field, edit_field, field with context %} {% from "components/sub-navigation.html" import sub_navigation %} {% block per_page_title %} {{ _('Features') }} {% endblock %} {% block content_column_content %}
{{ _('If you work for the federal government, you can use Notification to update your users.') }}
{{ _('Notification makes it easy to create, customize and send:') }}
{{ _('You do not need technical knowledge to use Notification.') }}
{% if not current_user.is_authenticated %}{{ _('Create an account') }} {{ _('for free and try it yourself.') }}
{% endif %}{{ _('To send an email or text with Notification, you need to create a reusable message template first.') }}
{{ _('Templates let you send the same thing to lots of people, as often as you need, without writing a new message each time.') }}
{{ _('Notification makes it easy to send personalized messages from a single template.') }}
{{ _('If you want to include personalized content in your message, you can add a placeholder. Each time you send a message, you can fill the placeholder with details such as a name or reference number. You can do this manually or upload a list of personal details and let Notification do it for you.') }}
{{ _('To send a batch of messages at once, upload a list of contact details to Notification. You can also schedule the date and time for sending emails or text messages.') }}
{{ _('You can integrate Notification’s API with your web application or back-office system to send messages automatically.') }}
{{ _('Read our') }} {{ _('API documentation') }} {{ _('for more information.') }}
{{ _('Notification’s real-time dashboard lets you see the number of messages sent. You can also check the current status of any message to learn when it was delivered.') }}
{{ _('Read more about how') }} {{ _('message status') }} {{ _('works.') }}
{{ _('Control which members of your team can see, create, edit and send messages.') }}
{{ _('Notification lets you:') }}
{{ _('Notification protects and manages data to meet the needs of government services.') }}
{{ _('Notification lets you redact personal information from your messages after they’ve been sent. Only the recipient can see their personal information.') }}
{{ _("Notification uses two-factor authentication (2FA) to keep your account secure. When you sign in, we'll send a unique one-time code to your phone and ask you to enter it before we let you use your account.") }}
{{ _('Read more about') }} {{ _('security') }}. {% endblock %}


a platform for algorithmic trading entirely developed by the Alessandro Solbiati
IT Department of Investment Club Milano
The three cores of HERMes
Trading Algorithm
A Trend-based Trading Algorithm that uses a combination of three financial indicator to individuate the start of a possible long-term trend in the prices of a stock.
Risk Management
An implementation on R of the Exponential-Weighted Moving-Average model for volatility by RiskMetrics™ (JPMorgan and Reuters 1996), used to dinamically model and compute the risk associated with and asset's return.
User Interface
A one-page web application with features like Portfolio Management, Daily Check, Single Check and Backtesting that provides the user an intuitive interface to access the full power of HERMes


Bishop calls for state investment after Midlands job losses
by By Digital Desk staffThe Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnois is calling on government agencies to work quickly towards making the Midlands region a place with greater opportunities for employment.
Bishop Francis Duffy says in particular, state investment must address the immediate needs of those whose jobs will end in 2020.
He was reacting to the announcement of job losses at ESB plants in Lanesboro, County Longford and Shannonbridge, County Offaly.
“The news of the job losses at ESB plants in Lanesboro and Shannonbridge is a devastating blow to the employees in the midlands region, their families and to the local economy," he said.
"Its personal, social and financial impact on our region cannot be underestimated.
"There are now very serious concerns about the consequences of this decision as it relates to the viability of Bord na Móna as an iconic Irish company.
Over 1,000 people are thought to be affected by the closures with 80 jobs lost.
In a statement earlier in the week, the semi-state body said:
“Having considered the key planning, environmental and commercial issues associated with peat and biomass, regrettably there is no viable business model beyond 2020. Therefore both stations will cease the generation of electricity."
READ MORE
Theresa May ruled out no-deal after Northern Ireland terrorism warning, Lidington says


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| Channel Parameters | |
| Note |
Please refer to Glossary to understand the meaning of App ID, Channel ID, Token, User ID, and User Name.
请参考 名词解释 了解App ID、Token、Channel ID、User ID、User Name的含义。 You can use temporary token for temporary testing. 可以使用 临时token 来进行临时测试。 |
| RTCServer | |
| App ID | |
| Token | |
| Channel ID | |
| Channel Mode | meeting |
| User ID | |
| User Name |


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More than 100 expats arrested for violating labour laws in Oman
by Times News ServiceMuscat: More than 100 expatriates have been arrested in Muscat governorate on charges of violating labour and residency laws.
Ministry of Manpower said in a statement: “The Joint Inspection Team in Muscat, in cooperation with the Royal Oman Police, carried out an inspection campaign in the wilayat of Mutrah in Ruwi and Hamriyah areas today morning. As a result, 109 illegal workers were arrested and legal procedures are being completed.”


Rapid Assessment of Lamp Spectrum to Quantify Ecological Effects of Light at Night
Longcore, Rodríguez, Witherington, Penniman, Herf, and Herf 2018
https://github.com/herf/ecological/
Small multiples: metric to use
Actinic power per lux (indexed to D65)
Actinic power per total power
----
Actinic Power per lux (µW/cm
2
/lux)
See graphs below
Ranked list
Taxonomic group:
Wildlife average
Insect
Sea Turtle
Newell's Shearwater
Salmon
Exclude CRI


Interrupts are events that have the highest priority for the microcontroller(it pays immediate attention to them). That is, when an interrupt event occurs, the microcontroller Pauses its current task and attends to the interrupt. This is done by executing a routine called Interrupt Service Routine(ISR). At the end of the ISR, the microcontroller returns to the task it had paused and continues normally. So ISR or Interrupt Handler is the piece of code that must be executed when an interrupt is triggered.
Now, for enabling the execution of interrupts, we need to give appropriate values to certain bits, in certain specific registers. One compulsory bit is the Global Interrupt Enable bit. That is, when an interrupt flag is raised, the global interrupt bit must be High, in order to forward that interrupt request. So it is like an And-filter: “Request an interrupt if that specific interrupt flag is raised AND the global interrupt is enabled.”
A “flag” is like the abstract-physical representation of a bit for an event :p
Apart from the global interrupt enable bit, we have interrupt enabling bits for all the ways in which interrupts can be triggered. They can be triggered through the following ways:
Now let us apply our theory in writing a code for triggering an interrupt when the timer reaches a certain count.
We still need to know about the specific bits to be set for triggering an interrupt by comparison with timer. This is done by Clear Timer on Compare Mode.
See option 4. This mode clears(resets) the timer on matching with a given value.
We also need to enable the time-match-triggered interrupt.
We will set OCIE1A
bit High, thus enabling it. So, when the timer
reaches the value specified(stored) in OCR1A
, timer will be
cleared (“Clear on Compare”) and the Output Compare Match Interrupt
Enable becomes high (Interrupt flag raised).
Once the and interrupt is requested(global interrupt must be enabled), uC will go into the ISR, so we will specify the code for the ISR also.


Genericity increases with loss of information
\(\Rightarrow\) being at a given level of genericity implies to choose which information is available and which is not
\(\Rightarrow\) if a piece of information is (un)available at a given level, it is consistently (un)available for all the level
\(\Rightarrow\) if information A can be known only if information B is known, then A can be available at the same or a lower level of genericity than B.
In general, instanceOf
and alike are evidences of non-generic code.
People familiar with good practices in object-oriented programming may have heard about the SOLID principles, which include the single responsibility principle. Information layering is similar, in the sense that it assumes a kind of specialisation, but it differs on two aspects: one is the object of the specialisation (information, a smaller aspect than responsibility) and its coverage (it applies also to the surrounding of the class). In this post, we describe how to implement this principle and what it allows to do when satisfied.
In Computer Science, software is all about information: acquisition, storage, retrieval, processing (i.e. transformation), and transfer (i.e. communication). The central role of information makes it worth to wonder where it comes from, where we should send it, and how we can produce new relevant information from it, which becomes hard not only because of the complexity of the information itself, but also because of the complexity of its potential uses. When designing a program in object-oriented programming, the clear cut between object responsibilities is a way to ensure that this program remain simple to understand and evolve. The modularisation implied by these cuts requires to think deeper about the flow of information within each module and between them, which can itself be complex despite the simplicity of each separated module. To decrease this complexity, one can structure the modules such that the choices made inside a module have a minimised -preferably inexistant- impact on other modules. This structure then helps to identify invariants on which we can rely: any change can be made as long as the invariants are preserved, ensuring that other modules relying on these invariants are not impacted. These invariants usually builds at the interface between the modules, which splits the software into independent pieces which can change at any time while preserving the interface, thus reducing the effort at a local scale.
In Java, a module is usually a class
or an interface
, and it is interfaced with other modules through the public
or protected
methods and members it contains.
Great effort can be spent in finding the invariants these methods and members should support or rely on, one kind of invariants being about the information flow.
Information layering assumes that the inside and the outside of the module correspond to two silos of information, such that when an information enter one of the silos, it remains there for future reuse.
On one side, when an information is provided to the module through a given path (method or member), it becomes an information that can be reused anywhere in the module, but also given back by the module to some outside callers, possibly through a different path.
For example, a java.util.List<E>
offers the method add(E e)
, which makes the item available in the inside silo and can then be retrieved by an outside caller through get(int index)
, assuming the index of the item is known.
On the other side, any information provided by the module is assumed to be stored in the "outside" silo, and it can be retrieved from it, again through various paths.
In our example, one can call the list method int indexOf(Object o)
to know whether (and where) an item is in the list, making this index available in the outside silo, before to be reused through remove(int index)
.
This notion of "round-trip" path is one fundamental aspect of the information layering principle: if a module assumes a single flow of information, the principle is irrelevant.
For example, java.util.function.Consumer<T>
only provides the method accept(T t)
, and because no path exists to get back the consumed information, there is no need to assume that the information poured in the module can be retrieved later by an outside caller.
Similarly, java.util.function.Supplier<T>
only provides the method T get()
, and because no path exists to pour back the supplied information, there is no need to assume that the information provided "outside" can come back "inside" the module later.
If a class implements both Consumer<T>
and Supplier<T>
, with the prupose of using their methods for the same information, then the principle holds (for this class, following the single responsibility principle).
A second fundamental aspect of the information layering principle is its assumption: if a round-trip path is available, then a piece of information flowing in one direction should be expected to flow the other way around.
This is a trivial matter when we consider storage objects, for which we expect to provide some items to retrieve later like the list example above, but it is only a fraction of what this assumption is about.
First, this view should be extended to cover all the information which can make a round-trip, not only the information aimed to be stored.
For example the index of an item is not what the list stores, because it relates to the structure of the list and can change implicitly with time, but still is a piece of information which can flow in both directions, and thus should be considered too.
Second, this view should be mirrored to cover also the case of the external caller: if the list provides an index because its indexOf(o)
method has been called, then methods like get(index)
should expect to be called with this index.
The subtility of this assumption is what it implies on the way the instance (here a list) is used: one should not expect a given instance to be used in two contexts for which the information is not shared.
If other words, while it may be trivial that the list instance should be consistent (i.e. the stored values can be properly retreived), such a consistency property is also expected by the list from its various users.
For this principle to hold, effort should be spent on preserving the information in two places: inside as well as outside instances. Preserving information inside an instance is a usual requirement for using the instance consistently, which means that it is usually respected. The main effort to satisfy the information layering principle is usually the other way around: in ensuring that the information obtained from an instance is properly transferred to all locations where this information should be given back to the instance. Of course, it does not mean that every pieces of information should be stored by the caller: a reduced set should be stored to guarantee the proper retrieval of all the relevant information (by reconstruction or by reusing the instance), but an over-reduced set is forbidden. In the case of the list, one can retrieve most of the information from the instance, but it is not always the case: an identifier generated on the fly by the instance, with no possibility to get it a second time, requires the caller to preserve this information by itself. Such a situation can occur for instance with a heterogenous generic type.
To ensure that the information layering principle holds, two perspectives must be considered: the instance and its user.
From the point of view of the instance,
From the point of view of the user of the instance,
As an assumption, information layering consists in assuming that an instance of a class or interface is used by the same informed user. In other words, if one of the methods is called with a given argument, then we can assume that any other method of the same class/interface can be called with the very same argument. The other way around, if a method returns a result, then this result should be acquired by this informed user who can then use it on another method of the same class. More generally, if a given information is provided to the method (i.e. argument or generics type) or by the method (i.e. returned value), then this information is available to the informed user, who can then reuse it on any other method of the class. This idea of "informed user" is of course a metaphor: methods are usually called within other methods, not by people directly. A different metaphor could be an "active database": at the opposite of a normal database, which passively stores and retrieves information on demand, this database has the initiative of calling the methods with the relevant information. The impact of such an assumption is that the internal state of the object is not the only one we can use to store data: this informed user acts as a secondary "state recorder" ready for use, but for which we do not need to specify the storage policy.
The notion of information layering builds on the fact that this informed user provides a "layer" from which, wherever the call come from, all the information transited so far is available through this layer. This notion of layering becomes more concrete when applied on inheritance: we may design an interface, which is implemented by a first class, which is further extended by a child class. In this context, the first class acts as the informed user of the interface, while the child class acts as the informed user of the first class, thus adding successive layers of information.
As an example, let's take a trivial case of a contact management with the following interface:
TODO
Dual store capability: if a piece of information comes from/is given to the caller, then by consistency of the layer of information we interact with, the caller knows about this information and can give it back. Alternatively: single responsibility principle \(\Rightarrow\) minimal set of methods (similar to open/closed principle) \(\Rightarrow\) valid environment cannot forbid to use a method, otherwise the responsibility can be further reduced \(\Rightarrow\) round-trip endorses 2 stores: in-out allows to use instance as store, out-in allows to use environment as store


The first season of How I Met Your Mother, an American sitcom created by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas, premiered on CBS in the United States on September 19, 2005 and concluded on May 15, 2006. The season was directed by Pamela Fryman and produced by Bays & Thomas Productions and 20th Century Fox Television. It consists of 22 episodes, each running approximately 22 minutes in length.
The second season of the American television comedy series How I Met Your Mother premiered on September 18, 2006 and concluded on May 14, 2007. It consisted of 22 episodes, each approximately 22 minutes in length. CBS broadcast the first three episodes of the second season on Monday nights at 8:30 pm in the United States, the remaining episodes were broadcast at 8:00pm. The complete second season was released on Region 1 DVD on October 2, 2007. In the United Kingdom it aired via E4 from October 2, 2009 weekdays at 7:30pm.
The third season of the American television comedy series How I Met Your Mother premiered on September 24, 2007 and concluded on May 19, 2008. It consisted of 20 episodes, each running approximately 22 minutes in length. CBS broadcast the third season on Monday nights at 8:00 pm in the United States until December 10, 2007 when the season was interrupted by the writer's strike, when the season continued on March 17, 2008 it was moved back to 8:30pm. The complete third season was released on Region 1 DVD on October 7, 2008. In the United Kingdom it aired via E4 from October 30, 2009 weekdays at 7:30pm.
The fourth season of the American television comedy series How I Met Your Mother premiered on September 22, 2008 and concluded on May 18, 2009. It consisted of 24 episodes, each running approximately 22 minutes in length. CBS broadcast the fourth season on Monday nights at 8:30 pm in the United States. The complete fourth season was released on Region 1 DVD on September 29, 2009. In the United Kingdom it aired on E4. The fourth season is the only season of How I Met Your Mother to be nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series.
The fifth season of the American television comedy series How I Met Your Mother premiered on September 21, 2009 and concluded on May 24, 2010. It consists of 24 episodes, each running approximately 22 minutes in length. CBS broadcast the fifth season on Monday nights at 8:00 pm in the United States.
The sixth season of the American television comedy series How I Met Your Mother premiered on September 20, 2010, and concluded on May 16, 2011 on CBS.
The seventh season of the American television comedy series How I Met Your Mother was announced in March 2011, along with confirmation of an eighth season.[2] The seventh season premiered on CBS on September 19, 2011, with two episodes airing back to back, and concluded on May 14, 2012.
The eighth season of the American television comedy series How I Met Your Mother was announced in March 2011 along with confirmation of the seventh season.[1] The season premiered on September 24, 2012[2] and concluded on May 13, 2013.[3] In addition to the Region 1 DVD release of the season on October 1, 2013, it was also added for streaming on Netflix the same day.
The ninth and final season of How I Met Your Mother, an American sitcom created by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas, premiered on CBS on September 23, 2013,[1] with two episodes, and concluded on March 31, 2014. The show was renewed for the final season on December 21, 2012, after cast member Jason Segel changed his decision to leave the show after Season 8.[2][3] Cristin Milioti, who was revealed as "The Mother" in the Season 8 finale,[4] was promoted to a series regular, the only time How I Met Your Mother added a new regular cast member.[5] Season 9 consists of 24 episodes, each running approximately 22 minutes in length. Taking place immediately after where the previous season left off, Season 9 covers the events of a single weekend that lead up to Barney (Neil Patrick Harris) and Robin's (Cobie Smulders) wedding.[6] During the course of the weekend, "The Mother" (Milioti) is separately introduced to Robin, Barney, Lily (Alyson Hannigan), and Marshall (Jason Segel), before finally meeting Ted (Josh Radnor). The season also features frequent flashbacks and flashforwards in order to fully integrate The Mother's character with the rest of the cast.[7] Thomas said in an interview that Season 9 is like "the Wild West – anything can happen".[6] In February 2013, Bays and Thomas teased that Season 9 is "going to be a new way to tell the story".[8] The initial reaction to the new storytelling structure of Season 9 was mixed. Ethan Anderton from Screen Rant was concerned about how "24 episodes of television are going to be crafted from just three days of time",[9] and Alan Sepinwall of HitFix was exasperated that after eight seasons, "They are really going to stretch Robin and Barney's wedding weekend out over the entire final season",[10] though he expressed more optimism after the San Diego Comic-Con panel for the final season.[11]
as Ted Mosby
as Marshall Eriksen
as Robin Scherbatsky
as Barney Stinson
as Lily Aldrin


Need a web host? Host yo self! Use this page to host a website or a file directly from your computer / phone / smartwatch / toaster!
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FAQ
How do I start web hosting? You will need to setup port forwarding, a dynamic DNS, name registration, MySQL, PHP, Apache and take a online course in Javascript.
Just kidding!  Just drag and drop a folder, or select a file. That's literally it. Now you can host a website from your laptop or your phone or your smartwatch or your toaster.
How is this possible? When the server you point at gets a request for a webpage, the server turns back and asks you for that content and will use what you provide for the original request.
Seriously, how is this possible? The relay uses websockets in your browser to process GET commands.
Won't my website disappear when I close my browser? Yep! There is a command-line tool that doesn't require a browser so it can run in the background if you need that.  Welcome to the joys of hosting a site on the internet.
Won't I have to reload my browser if I change a file? Yep! Welcome to the joys of Javascript.
What's the largest file I can host using this? ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
Should I use this to host a website? Dear god yes.
Does it scale? Horizontally, or vertically? Probably neither!
What inspired this? beaker browser, ngrok, localhost.run, inlets.dev, Parks and Recreation.
What's the point of this? You can host a website! You can share a file! Anything you want, directly from your browser!
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| # | Sta | Rlx | Name | Row Text |
| 0 | | 0 | autoRow0 | "ice" is a kind of "solid" (7ef1-c28b-22e3-3edc) |
| 1 | ST | 0 | autoRow1 | melting means matter ; a substance changes from a solid into a liquid by increasing heat energy (6abc-4443-f672-9a97) |
| 2 | ST | 0 | autoRow2 | a phase change is when matter ; a substance changes from one state of matter into another state of matter (72bd-5535-598e-82e8) |
| 3 | ST | 0 | autoRow3 | water is in the solid state , called ice , for temperatures between 0 ; -459 ; -273 ; 459 ; 273 and 273 ; 32 ; 0 K ; F ; C (4a5a-9115-28a9-b97b) |
| 4 | ST | 0 | autoRow4 | if an object ; a substance ; a location absorbs solar energy then that object ; that substance will increase in temperature (9554-47d7-c095-1df7) |
| 5 | ST | 0 | autoRow5 | water is in the liquid state , called liquid water , for temperatures between 273 ; 32 ; 0 and 373 ; 212 ; 100 K ; F ; C (4a5d-ae1d-5ba6-8f8d) |
| 6 | ST | 0 | autoRow6 | absorbing sunlight causes objects to heat (dcbe-9523-4529-c54e) |
| 7 | ST | 0 | autoRow7 | if an object ; something is in the sunlight then that object ; that something will absorb solar energy (e00a-03fe-d978-1a27) |
| 8 | ST | 0 | autoRow8 | melting is when solids are heated above their melting point (8cbb-8bf8-bfbd-681e) |
| 9 | ST | 0 | autoRow9 | the sun is a source of radiation ; heat called sunlight (d247-b029-3aab-0950) |
| 10 | ST | 0 | autoRow10 | the sun is the source of solar energy called sunlight (1ed3-919d-4a4c-1be7) |
| 11 | ST | 0 | autoRow11 | a process is a kind of event (3b7f-815d-511b-c7bb) |
| 12 | ST | 0 | autoRow12 | sunlight produces heat (2889-3edc-095a-6d6b) |
| 13 | ST | 0 | autoRow13 | solid is a kind of state of matter (cf49-1b7a-89f0-41f5) |
| 14 | ST | 0 | autoRow14 | liquid is a kind of state of matter (f7e9-c6f8-892b-3496) |
| 15 | ST | 0 | autoRow15 | adding heat means increasing temperature (7d37-b81d-0cf3-9ae0) |
| 16 | ST | 0 | autoRow16 | heating means adding heat (9469-8559-7f35-1bbd) |
| 17 | ST | 0 | autoRow17 | to receive sunlight means to absorb sunlight (5e35-243f-81ab-5eef) |
| 18 | ST | 0 | autoRow18 | sunlight means solar energy (6759-5ee2-140f-df48) |


| [ << ] | [ < ] | [ Up ] | [ > ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
A conditional expression is used with the [[ compound command to test attributes of files and to compare strings. Each expression can be constructed from one or more of the following unary or binary expressions:
true if file exists.
true if file exists and is a block special file.
true if file exists and is a character special file.
true if file exists and is a directory.
true if file exists.
true if file exists and is a regular file.
true if file exists and has its setgid bit set.
true if file exists and is a symbolic link.
true if file exists and has its sticky bit set.
true if length of string is non-zero.
true if option named option is on. option may be a single character, in which case it is a single letter option name. (See Specifying Options.)
When no option named option exists, and the POSIX_BUILTINS option hasn’t been set, return 3 with a warning. If that option is set, return 1 with no warning.
true if file exists and is a FIFO special file (named pipe).
true if file exists and is readable by current process.
true if file exists and has size greater than zero.
true if file descriptor number fd is open and associated with a terminal device. (note: fd is not optional)
true if file exists and has its setuid bit set.
true if shell variable varname is set.
true if file exists and is writable by current process.
true if file exists and is executable by current process. If file exists and is a directory, then the current process has permission to search in the directory.
true if length of string is zero.
true if file exists and is a symbolic link.
true if file exists and is owned by the effective user ID of this process.
true if file exists and its group matches the effective group ID of this process.
true if file exists and is a socket.
true if file exists and its access time is not newer than its modification time.
true if file1 exists and is newer than file2.
true if file1 exists and is older than file2.
true if file1 and file2 exist and refer to the same file.
true if string matches pattern. The two forms are exactly equivalent. The ‘=’ form is the traditional shell syntax (and hence the only one generally used with the test and [ builtins); the ‘==’ form provides compatibility with other sorts of computer language.
true if string does not match pattern.
true if string matches the regular expression regexp. If the option RE_MATCH_PCRE is set regexp is tested as a PCRE regular expression using the zsh/pcre module, else it is tested as a POSIX extended regular expression using the zsh/regex module. Upon successful match, some variables will be updated; no variables are changed if the matching fails.
If the option BASH_REMATCH is not set the scalar parameter MATCH is set to the substring that matched the pattern and the integer parameters MBEGIN and MEND to the index of the start and end, respectively, of the match in string, such that if string is contained in variable var the expression ‘${var[$MBEGIN,$MEND]}’ is identical to ‘$MATCH’. The setting of the option KSH_ARRAYS is respected. Likewise, the array match is set to the substrings that matched parenthesised subexpressions and the arrays mbegin and mend to the indices of the start and end positions, respectively, of the substrings within string. The arrays are not set if there were no parenthesised subexpresssions. For example, if the string ‘a short string’ is matched against the regular expression ‘s(...)t’, then (assuming the option KSH_ARRAYS is not set) MATCH, MBEGIN and MEND are ‘short’, 3 and 7, respectively, while match, mbegin and mend are single entry arrays containing the strings ‘hor’, ‘4’ and ‘6’, respectively.
If the option BASH_REMATCH is set the array BASH_REMATCH is set to the substring that matched the pattern followed by the substrings that matched parenthesised subexpressions within the pattern.
true if string1 comes before string2 based on ASCII value of their characters.
true if string1 comes after string2 based on ASCII value of their characters.
true if exp1 is numerically equal to exp2. Note that for purely numeric comparisons use of the ((...)) builtin described in Arithmetic Evaluation is more convenient than conditional expressions.
true if exp1 is numerically not equal to exp2.
true if exp1 is numerically less than exp2.
true if exp1 is numerically greater than exp2.
true if exp1 is numerically less than or equal to exp2.
true if exp1 is numerically greater than or equal to exp2.
true if exp is true.
true if exp is false.
true if exp1 and exp2 are both true.
true if either exp1 or exp2 is true.
For compatibility, if there is a single argument that is not syntactically significant, typically a variable, the condition is treated as a test for whether the expression expands as a string of non-zero length. In other words, [[ $var ]] is the same as [[ -n $var ]]. It is recommended that the second, explicit, form be used where possible.
Normal shell expansion is performed on the file, string and pattern arguments, but the result of each expansion is constrained to be a single word, similar to the effect of double quotes.
Filename generation is not performed on any form of argument to conditions. However, it can be forced in any case where normal shell expansion is valid and when the option EXTENDED_GLOB is in effect by using an explicit glob qualifier of the form (#q) at the end of the string. A normal glob qualifier expression may appear between the ‘q’ and the closing parenthesis; if none appears the expression has no effect beyond causing filename generation. The results of filename generation are joined together to form a single word, as with the results of other forms of expansion.
This special use of filename generation is only available with the [[ syntax. If the condition occurs within the [ or test builtin commands then globbing occurs instead as part of normal command line expansion before the condition is evaluated. In this case it may generate multiple words which are likely to confuse the syntax of the test command.
For example,
[[ -n file*(#qN) ]]
produces status zero if and only if there is at least one file in the current directory beginning with the string ‘file’. The globbing qualifier N ensures that the expression is empty if there is no matching file.
Pattern metacharacters are active for the pattern arguments; the patterns are the same as those used for filename generation, see Filename Generation, but there is no special behaviour of ‘/’ nor initial dots, and no glob qualifiers are allowed.
In each of the above expressions, if file is of the form ‘/dev/fd/n’, where n is an integer, then the test applied to the open file whose descriptor number is n, even if the underlying system does not support the /dev/fd directory.
In the forms which do numeric comparison, the expressions exp undergo arithmetic expansion as if they were enclosed in $((...)).
For example, the following:
[[ ( -f foo || -f bar ) && $report = y* ]] && print File exists.
tests if either file foo or file bar exists, and if so, if the value of the parameter report begins with ‘y’; if the complete condition is true, the message ‘File exists.’ is printed.
| [ << ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
This document was generated on April 26, 2019 using texi2html 5.0.
Zsh version 5.7.1, released on February 3, 2019.


---
title: Pricing
override:
heading: Peer-to-peer texting at no markup
description: We charge the same amount per message as it would cost to host it yourself but without the infrastructure costs - no setup fee.
pricing_table:
- name: Pricing by unit
color: "#023d2b"
features:
- text: Phone numbers - $1 / month per number
highlight: false
- text: 0.75¢ per outbound SMS segment
highlight: false
- text: 0.75¢ per inbound SMS segment
highlight: false
- text: Number lookup - .25¢ per phone number(Confirm your numbers are textable!)
highlight: false
- text: Access to helpdesk to file tickets with developers!
highlight: false
call_to_action:
link: /signup/
text: Get started
- name: "For example:"
color: "#798F86"
features:
- text: "Assuming you have 1 million phone numbers:"
highlight: true
- text: Validate numbers - $0.0025 per number * 1 million numbers = $2,500
highlight: false
- text: Phone number to send from - $1 per number * 50 numbers = $50
highlight: false
- text: "Roughly half your numbers will be textable:"
highlight: false
- text: $0.0075 per text * 0.5 million texts = $3,750
highlight: false
- text: Total cost = $6,300
highlight: true
faq:
- question: Can I schedule a demo or price quote?
answer: Sure - please reach out at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- question: Any other questions?
answer: Contact us for any further questions at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>---


Keyboard shortcuts I couldn't live without
22 May 2017Keyboard shortcuts are interesting. Even though I know they are almost always worth learning, I often find myself shying away from the uncomfortable task of actually learning them. But after years of clumsily reaching for the mouse while my colleagues looked at me with a kindly sense of pity, I have slowly accumulated enough keyboard tricks that I’d like to share them. This set is probably far from optimal, and different people have their own solutions, but it has worked well for me. Before jumping in, here’s a reference table of key symbols and their common names:
| Key Symbol | Key Name |
|---|---|
| ⌘ | Command |
| ⇧ | Shift |
| ⌃ | Control |
| ⌥ | Alt/Option |
| ↵ | Enter |
Sublime Text
Sublime has lots of great shortcuts. My favorites is ⌘D
, which allows you to sequentially select exact matches of highlighted text. Once the matches are selected, you can simultaneously edit them with a multi-cursor. If you want to select all matches simultaneously, rather than sequentially, you can use ⌃⌘G
.
Chrome
With the exception of scrolling and link clicking, everything you do in Chrome should be done with keyboard only. If you’re new to this, I’d recommend starting with ⌘L
, ⌘T
, ⌘W
and then expanding from there. Special bonus: if you ever accidentally close a tab, you can reopen it with ⌘⇧T
.
Mac OS X
On Mac OS X, ⌘ Tab
switches between applications, and ⌘`
switches between windows of the same application. The ⌘+
and ⌘-
shortcuts change the display size of text and other items. You can jump to the beginning of a line with ⌘←
or ⌃A
, and to the end of a line with ⌘→
or ⌃E
. In Terminal, you can delete to the beginning of a line with ⌃U
.
For easy window snapping, use the Spectacle app. Because Spectacle’s default mappings conflict with Chrome’s tab switching shortcuts, I’d recommend setting the four main screen position shortcuts to ⌘⌃←
, ⌘⌃→
, ⌘⌃↑
, ⌘⌃↓
, and eliminating all the other shortcuts, except the full screen shortcut, which should be set to ⌘⌃F
.
Gmail
If you’re using a mouse on Gmail, you’re doing it wrong.  Compose, Reply, Reply All, Forward, Send, Search, Navigate, Open, Inbox, Sent, Drafts, Archive. All of these should be done with the keyboard. To enable these shortcuts, you must go into your Settings and navigate to the General tab. Once shortcuts have been enabled, you can see a list of all them by typing ?
.
With shortcuts similar to Gmail’s, you can jump to different pages using only the keyboard: gh
brings you to the Home Timeline and gu
lets you jump to another user’s profile. The most useful shortcut is probably .
, which loads any new tweets that are waiting for you at the top of the Timeline. You can see a list of all shortcuts by typing ?
.
JetBrains
JetBrains products like DataGrip, PyCharm, and IntelliJ offer plenty of keyboard shortcuts. My favorites are ⌃G
, for sequential highlighting, and ⌥⌥↓
and ⌥⌥↑
for multi-line cursors.
Jupyter
Jupyter has tons of essential keyboard shortcuts that can be found by typing ?
while in command mode. In addition, it’s possible to get Sublime-style text editing by following the instructions described here.


Sweet Free Stuff
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Free True Nutrition Protein Samples
Posted: 08 May 2016 11:14 AM PDT
http://feedproxy.google.com/&edburner&utm_medium=email
Wait for the pop up box to appear then enter your e-mail and click Get my
Samples. You will receive an e-mail with a link to the free sample form.
Free True Nutrition Protein Samples
The post Free True Nutrition Protein Samples appeared first on
SweetFreeStuff.com.
///////////////////////////////////////////
Free Green Mountain Coffee K-Cup Samples
Posted: 07 May 2016 08:14 PM PDT
http://feedproxy.google.com/&edburner&utm_medium=email
Click on Try a Sample and fill out the form. Free Green Mountain Coffee
K-Cup Samples
The post Free Green Mountain Coffee K-Cup Samples appeared first on
SweetFreeStuff.com.
CommentsIt taste good by annette baldonado
///////////////////////////////////////////
Free Subscription to Bicycle Magazine
Posted: 07 May 2016 11:06 AM PDT
http://feedproxy.google.com/&edburner&utm_medium=email
Free Subscription to Bicycle Magazine
The post Free Subscription to Bicycle Magazine appeared first on
SweetFreeStuff.com.


How and When to use Relative, Absolute, and Fixed Positioning
There tends to be a lot of confusion when first learning how to use CSS, and with good reason too. Positioning your elements the way you intended them can be a daunting task, but why should it be? I mean, isn't that the point of CSS, to make styling easier? We'll it is; it's just that over looking the basic positioning methods can be easy to do when you have many other properties and values to remember. But it's worth taking the time to study each method of positioning so we have full control over the way our elements interact with the browser and with each other. Today, I'm about to go over each positioning value and explain how to use them and when to use them.
Static
Static positioning is the default value set to your elements if no other value is assigned. Any top, right, bottom, left attributes are completely ignored by this state.  Well that's an excellent question. The reason we'd knowingly apply the Static positioning attribute to an element would be to reset, or override, any other positioning that was applied to that said element by mistake, perhaps by a CSS selector we overlooked. Instead of having to rewrite our code to only apply that positioning to everything BUT this element, we can simply put a Static positioning attribute to it and viola!
Relative
Relative positioning is an extremely useful tool. It allows us to set any top, right, bottom, left attribute to the element and move it around the container as we wish. Say for example, I set a div to top: 10px, That element will shift a distance of 10 pixels DOWN from the top of where it would normally be positioned in its static state. If I were to set the top; 0px and left: 0px, the element will then be moved to the top left of its relative location. This can be really useful in most cases when you want to move around an element in a free manner. Since we can also use negative top, right, bottom, left values, we can theoretically use relative positioning to place an element/block any where we wish, so you can image the possibilities.
Another feature of the relative positioning is that it can be used on a parent element and serve as a reference point for any child elements that have absolute positioning applied to them. For example:
#relative_test { position: relative; width: 200px; height: 100px; background-color: red; } #absolute_test { position: absolute; width: 50px; height: 50px; background-color: blue; top: 5px; left: 5px; }
Above, I've went ahead and created two divs. The RED div is the parent div and the BLUE div is the child of the RED parent. The RED div has the relative positioning attribute while the BLUE has absolute. Now, since the child is absolute, it looks to the relative parent for reference when making positioning changes. So, when I gave the BLUE div a top 5px; and a left: 5px; it moved relative to it's parent. Get it? Any element that is a child of the relatively positioned element can be absolutely positioned within that block.
Absolute
When absolute positioning is applied to an element that has no parent, by default it assumes positioning relative to the entire html page. This is useful again because we can move it around anywhere we wish with the top, right, bottom, left attributes, however unlike relative positioning, absolute positioning removes itself from the flow of elements on the page. What this means is that other elements will act as if that absolute element is not there, and will change accordingly. So be careful when using this feature.
Fixed
Fixed positioning is fairly straight forward. You know that thing on a website that follows you around, even when you scroll up and down, left and right? Well, that's fixed positioning, meaning the element is locked, or fixed, into it's place relative to the visible window. This can be used for footers, nav bars, or those annoying share buttons that insist the material is so good you tell your friends.
posted Aug 10th, 2014


STSensorController Class Reference
| Inherits from | NSObject |
| Declared in | Structure.h |
Overview
The sensor controller is the central point that manages all the interactions between the sensor and your application-specific delegate class.
Its only instance is available through the sharedController method.
Your custom delegate object can be registered using its delegate property.
See also:
Tasks
Controller Setup
-
+ sharedController
-
delegate
property -
– initializeSensorConnection
-
– startStreamingWithOptions:error:
-
– stopStreaming
-
– frameSyncNewColorBuffer:
Sensor Status
Sensor Information
-
– getName
-
– getSerialNumber
-
– getFirmwareRevision
-
– getHardwareRevision
-
+ launchCalibratorAppOrGoToAppStore
-
+ approximateCalibrationGuaranteedForDevice
-
– calibrationType
Advanced Setup
Properties
delegate
The STSensorControllerDelegate delegate.
@property (nonatomic, assign) id<STSensorControllerDelegate> delegate
Discussion
It will receive all notifications from the sensor, as well as raw stream data.
Declared In
Structure.h
Class Methods
sharedController
The STSensorController singleton.
+ (STSensorController *)sharedController
Discussion
Use it to register your application-specific STSensorControllerDelegate delegate.
Declared In
Structure.h
launchCalibratorAppOrGoToAppStore
Launches Calibrator.app or prompts the user to install it.
+ (BOOL)launchCalibratorAppOrGoToAppStore
Discussion
An option should be presented to the user when the sensor doesn’t have a calibrationType with value
CalibrationTypeDeviceSpecific
, the iOS device is supported by the Calibrator app, and registered depth is needed.
Declared In
Structure.h
approximateCalibrationGuaranteedForDevice
Returns a boolean indicating whether an (at least) approximate depth-color calibration will be available when the sensor is connected to the current device.
+ (BOOL)approximateCalibrationGuaranteedForDevice
Discussion
This can be used to decide whether it is relevant to show color-specific UI elements before a sensor is connected.
Declared In
Structure.h
Instance Methods
initializeSensorConnection
Attempt to connect to the Structure Sensor.
- (STSensorControllerInitStatus)initializeSensorConnection
Return Value
Connection has succeeded only if the STSensorControllerInitStatus return value is either one of:
- STSensorControllerInitStatusSuccess
- STSensorControllerInitStatusAlreadyInitialized
Discussion
Note: Many methods (including startStreamingWithOptions:error:) will have no effect until this method succeeds at initializing the sensor.
Declared In
Structure.h
startStreamingWithOptions:error:
This will begin streaming data from the sensor and delivering data using the delegate methods.
- (BOOL)startStreamingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)options error:(NSError *__autoreleasing *)error
Parameters
- options
Specifies the sensor configuration to use. The valid dictionary keys are:
kSTStreamConfigKey
: STStreamConfig value to specify the desired streaming configuration. Required.kSTFrameSyncConfigKey
: STFrameSyncConfig value to configure frame sync with color frames from AVFoundation. Default isSTFrameSyncOff
.kSTHoleFilterConfigKey
: boolean value to enable hole filtering. Default is@YES
if the stream configuration includes depth. The depth filter enables a dilation of depth values that has the effect of filling holes. Note: setting it to@YES
if the stream configuration does not include depth is invalid.kSTHighGainConfigKey
: boolean value to enable high gain mode. Default is@NO
. When set to@YES
the sensor gain will be increased, causing better performance in dark or far away objects at the expense of some bright nearby objects. See also: setHighGainEnabled:.kSTColorCameraFixedLensPositionKey
: float value to specify the lens position of the color camera. Required when using a registered depth mode. Note that the focus of the color camera has to remain fixed to this value when using a registered depth mode.
- error
will contain detailed information if the provided options are incorrect.
Return Value
TRUE
if the streaming options combination is valid, FALSE
otherwise, filling in error
with a detailed message.
Discussion
Here is some sample code to get registered QVGA depth with depth/color frame sync:
NSError* error;
BOOL success = [sensorController startStreamingWithOptions:@{kSTStreamConfigKey: @(STStreamConfigRegisteredDepth320x240),
kSTFrameSyncConfigKey: @(STFrameSyncDepthAndRgb)}
error:&error];
Here is some sample code to get VGA infrared images with high gain:
NSError* error;
BOOL success = [sensorController startStreamingWithOptions:@{kSTStreamConfigKey: @(STStreamConfigInfrared640x488),
kSTHighGainConfigKey: @YES}
error:&error];
Declared In
Structure.h
stopStreaming
Stop streaming data from the sensor.
- (void)stopStreaming
Discussion
After this method is called, pending frames may still be delivered.
Declared In
Structure.h
frameSyncNewColorBuffer:
Give the driver a color frame that will be used to synchronize shutters between the iOS camera and the Structure Sensor camera.
- (void)frameSyncNewColorBuffer:(CMSampleBufferRef)sampleBuffer
Parameters
- sampleBuffer
The new color buffer
Discussion
When receiving the CMSampleBufferRef from AVFoundation, you should only call this one method and do no other processing. When a synchronized frame is found, one of the optional synchronized STSensorController delegate methods will be called, at which point you can then process/render the sampleBuffer.
Declared In
Structure.h
isConnected
Checks whether the controlled sensor is connected.
- (BOOL)isConnected
Declared In
Structure.h
isLowPower
Checks whether the controlled sensor is in low-power mode.
- (BOOL)isLowPower
Declared In
Structure.h
getBatteryChargePercentage
Returns an integer in 0..100 representing the battery charge.
- (int)getBatteryChargePercentage
Declared In
Structure.h
getName
Returns the name of the controlled sensor, or nil if no sensor is connected.
- (NSString *)getName
Declared In
Structure.h
getSerialNumber
Returns the serial number of the controlled sensor, or nil if no sensor is connected.
- (NSString *)getSerialNumber
Declared In
Structure.h
getFirmwareRevision
Returns the firmware revision of the controlled sensor, or nil if no sensor is connected.
- (NSString *)getFirmwareRevision
Declared In
Structure.h
getHardwareRevision
Returns the hardware revision of the controlled sensor, or nil if no sensor is connected.
- (NSString *)getHardwareRevision
Declared In
Structure.h
calibrationType
Returns the type of the current depth-color calibration as a STCalibrationType enumeration value.
- (STCalibrationType)calibrationType
Discussion
This value can change depending on the actual device-sensor combination in use.
Declared In
Structure.h
setHighGainEnabled:
Enable or disable high sensor gain after the stream was started.
- (void)setHighGainEnabled:(BOOL)enabled
Parameters
- enabled
When set to
YES
, the sensor gain will be increased, causing better performance in dark or far away objects at the expense of some bright nearby objects.
Discussion
This method can dynamically overwrite the kSTHighGainConfigKey
option specified when startStreamingWithOptions:error: was called.
Declared In
Structure.h
colorCameraPoseInSensorCoordinateFrame:
Retrieve the current 4x4 transformation in column major order between the iOS color camera and the Structure Sensor camera.
- (void)colorCameraPoseInSensorCoordinateFrame:(float *)matrix4x4
Parameters
- matrix4x4
This output parameter should be a pointer to 16 floating point values in column major order. This is the default ordering of GLKMatrix4.
Declared In
Structure.h


I should be in this Poof.  Heyyyy uncle father Oscar. She's trying to prove that she's closer to my children than I am
but the joke's on her, because she doesn't know how little I care for GOB. I just haven't had sex in a month.  It's hard to gauge time.
but the joke's on her, because she doesn't know how little I care for GOB. I just haven't had sex in a month.  It's hard to gauge time.


I.J. Barker is a perpetual eccentric obsessed with insect life, bicycles and epicurean oddities. He's also a person who has overcome a lot, learned a lot, and wants to share a lot--even at the risk of oversharing. Because I think you're worth it.
If this all sounds good to you, stay tuned.


Investigators looking into case of alleged police brutality in Navua given deadline until this Friday by Qiliho
by Semi TuragaInvestigators looking into a case of alleged police brutality in Navua last Monday have been given a deadline until this Friday by Police Commissioner Sitiveni Qiliho who is personally overseeing investigations.
The man who was arrested from his home in Navua last Monday morning claims that police officers allegedly poured hot water on him during the questioning process.
He sustained burns and has since been admitted to the Navua Hospital.
Qiliho told Fijivillage the deadline he has given investigators is Friday but if they need more time, they need to get his approval.
The Police Commissioner says there are two parallel investigations underway.
He says the Director of Internal Affairs and Director of the Criminal Investigations Department are investigating.
Qiliho says the Director of Internal Affairs is investigating whether there were attempts to cover up the issue by the officers allegedly involved.
The Police Commissioner says he will make decisions this week on whether some constables allegedly involved will be suspended pending the outcome of the investigation.
The Fiji Human Rights and Anti-Discrimination Commission is also carrying out its investigations.
They have visited Navua Police Station and checked their records and confirm the victim was arrested on the morning of 4th November this year and was taken to the Pacific Harbour Police Post and interrogated by three police officers.


Katy Perry performs first-ever gig in Mumbai
The singer crooned hits like “Dark horse”, “I kissed a girl”, “Bon appetite” and “Roar” among others at the concert.
by Express News ServiceAmerican pop star Katy Perry on Saturday performed at Navi Mumbai’s DY Patil Stadium at the OnePlus Music Festival. The singer crooned hits like “Dark horse”, “I kissed a girl”, “Bon appetite” and “Roar” among others at the concert.
This is her first concert in Mumbai. She had previously performed at the opening ceremony of 2012 Indian Premier League in Chennai.
“It’s a dream come true to watch Katy Perry live!” Priya Batish, a fan of the 35-year-old star, said. “It is great that so many international artists are coming to India and I am really looking forward to the U2 concert next month,” she added.
Before Katy Perry hit the stage, British pop star Dua Lipa, Amit Trivedi, Ritviz, rock bands ‘The Local Train’ and ‘Aswekeepsearching’ entertained the audience at the music festival.


That click event should have been the default jQuery Mobile click event, which is very slow in environments like iOS.
You can transition back again using the button below, or try the fast example page again below to compare.
Click the button below to go to the example page that does implement jquery.mobile.fastButtons.
This html file is using the default slow click event from jQuery Mobile.
Try transitioning to another page using a button that has not been modified by jquery.mobile.fastButtons.
Click the button below to go to the example page that does implement jquery.mobile.fastButtons.


STRINGS(1) GNU Development Tools STRINGS(1) NAME strings - print the strings of printable characters in files. SYNOPSIS strings [-afovV] [-min-len] [-n min-len] [--bytes=min-len] [-t radix] [--radix=radix] [-e encoding] [--encoding=encoding] [-] [--all] [--print-file-name] [-T bfdname] [--target=bfdname] [--help] [--version] file... DESCRIPTION For each file given, GNU strings prints the printable character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or the number given with the options below) and are followed by an unprintable character. By default, it only prints the strings from the initialized and loaded sections of object files; for other types of files, it prints the strings from the whole file. strings is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text files. OPTIONS -a --all - Do not scan only the initialized and loaded sections of object files; scan the whole files. -f --print-file-name Print the name of the file before each string. --help Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit. -min-len -n min-len --bytes=min-len Print sequences of characters that are at least min-len characters long, instead of the default 4. -o Like -t o. Some other versions of strings have -o act like -t d instead. Since we can not be compatible with both ways, we simply chose one. -t radix --radix=radix Print the offset within the file before each string. The single character argument specifies the radix of the offset---o for octal, x for hexadecimal, or d for decimal. -e encoding --encoding=encoding Select the character encoding of the strings that are to be found. Possible values for encoding are: s = single-7-bit-byte characters (ASCII, ISO 8859, etc., default), S = single-8-bit-byte characters, b = 16-bit bigendian, l = 16-bit littleendian, B = 32-bit bigendian, L = 32-bit littleendian. Useful for finding wide character strings. (l and b apply to, for example, Unicode UTF-16/UCS-2 encodings). -T bfdname --target=bfdname Specify an object code format other than your system's default format. -v -V --version Print the program version number on the standard output and exit. @file Read command-line options from file. The options read are inserted in place of the original @file option. If file does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated literally, and not removed. Options in file are separated by whitespace. A whitespace character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included with a backslash. The file may itself contain additional @file options; any such options will be processed recursively. SEE ALSO ar(1), nm(1), objdump(1), ranlib(1), readelf(1) and the Info entries for binutils. COPYRIGHT Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". binutils-2.22-system 2015-01-05 STRINGS(1)


Bug 103075: RenderBox::computePercentageLogicalHeight should use containingBlockLogicalWidthForContent
This test checks that a percent logical height child in an orthogonal writing mode uses the multi-column's containing block column-width when resolving the logical height.


--- title: "Detecting extreme ideologies in shifting landscapes" authors: - Rohit Ram - (edited by Marian-Andrei Rizoiu) date: "2023-02-02" output: word_document: default # html_document: default bibliography: ["references.bib"] link-citations: true categories: [Research,blogpost] image: placement: 1 focal_point: "Center" preview_only: true summary: "Last November 2022, we presented to the [Defence Human Sciences Symposium 2022](https://www.dst.defence.gov.au/event/defence-human-sciences-symposium-2022) our novel ideology detection pipeline. In this post, we explain the technology and the big takeaways." ---
Also check out Rohit’s and Andrei’s article that just appeared in The Conversation: Can ideology-detecting algorithms catch online extremism before it takes hold?
In this our latest working paper, we propose a completely automatic end-to-end ideology detection pipeline for the detection and psychosocial profiling of left-right political ideology, as well as far-right ideological users. The pipeline fills a crucial gap by providing flexible methodology and tooling for understanding ideologies and building early warning systems for extreme ideology-motivated (and potentially violent) activity.
Paper citation:
Ram, R. and Rizoiu, M.A., 2022. You are what you browse: A robust framework for uncovering political ideology.
arXiv preprint arXiv:2208.04097.
(see full paper here: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.04097.pdf)
Ideology determines how we make sense of much of the world, our opinions, and our political actions. It is not a new concept; throughout history, it served as the context for unrest. However, ideological spread and radicalization have entered a new paradigm in our ever-connected world. The internet is a significant source of information and spreads opinions quickly through social platforms. In particular, the anonymity and lack of accountability often associated with online communication set up a supportive environment for spreading far-right ideologies and radicalizing individuals into extremist groups. Far-right extremism is a form of ideology that advocates for ultranationalism, racism, and opposition to immigration and multiculturalism. These ideologies strongly correlate with violence and terrorism and threaten individual and collective security.
The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) raised concerns about Australians being radicalized very young and the rise of extremist movements in Australia through online technologies (“Director-General’s Annual Threat Assessment” 2021). ASIO claimed that during the COVID period, 30-40% of their caseload was devoted to far-right extremism, up from 10-15% in 2016 (Karp 2020).
Unfortunately, Ideologically Motivated Violent Extremism (IMVE) continues to be an issue in Australia. On December 12th, 2022, two Queensland police officers were killed while performing routine duties (Gillespie and McGowan 2022). Later investigations would uncover that the three people, who killed the officers, were active online in producing deep-state and religious conspiratorial content. Their content has since been removed from mainstream social platforms but continues to be shared on conspiratorial websites. Such extreme-leaning content often serves as a lead indicator of violent extremism (as was the case in this incident and the Christchurch Mosque Shootings three years prior). However, the tools to identify and understand the psychosocial characteristics of these extreme individuals and communities are lacking.
In this work, we build an end-to-end ideology detection pipeline and psychosocial profiles of ideological groups. We find that right-leaning individuals tend to use moral-vice language more than left-leaning and that far-right individuals’ grievance language (violence, hate, paranoia, etc.) significantly differs from the moderates.
In online social settings, researchers face numerous barriers that prevent using traditional methods. Directly asking users for their ideologies has dubious success, infringes on platform T&Cs, and does not scale to online populations. Inferring users’ ideologies from their activity also does not scale as the data requires is prohibitively expensive and tedious to compile.
Instead, to reduce expert labor to feasible levels, researchers infer ideologies from signals in user behavior – such as whether they use political hashtags, retweet politicians, or follow political parties. We dub these signals ideological proxies.
Importantly, these ideological proxies for online users can still require laborious labeling by context-specific experts. For example, the hashtag #ScottyFromMarketing requires an up-to-date expert in Australian politics to uncover that it expresses an anti-right-wing ideology. For many researchers: - access to contextual experts is difficult, - labeling of signals is still laborious and expensive, - and context switches require relabelling (exasperating the above problems).
Unfortunately, such context switches are commonplace, as the context changes with time, country, or social platform. Figure 1 showcases the problem: most commonly used ideological proxies can only be transferred in narrow circumstances (represented by the green dotted regions). For example, following political parties is country-dependent, politicians come and go with time, and hashtags are platform-dependent. As such, we desire an ideological proxy that is robust to changes in context, requires no expert labeling and is true to the gold standard.
Furthermore, the ideological proxies are often sparse among users; however, we would ideally like to detect influence amongst the entire population of users (as taking only active users could bias our inferences). We further desire a method for inferring the ideology of (potentially inactive) users without direct ideological proxy information.
Our solution is a large-scale end-to-end ideology detection pipeline that can be used to profile entire populations of users. The solution has two main components; the media proxy and the inference architecture. The media proxy allows for labeling a subset of users, and the inference architecture allows for propagating these labels to the remaining users via socially-informed homophilic lenses.
For the first part of our work, we generate a proxy based on media-sharing behavior, which satisfies the desiderata.
We generate the media proxy via two media slant datasets (although many are widely available). The first is an extensive survey of media consumption behaviors conducted by Reuters (Newman et al. 2019) in several countries in 2020 and 2021. Participants reported the media publications they consume and their own political ideology. We estimate the slant of a media source for each country and year as the average ideology of the participants who consume it. The second dataset is the Allsides Media Bias Dataset (Sides 2018), which contains an expert-curated set of media publications. The Allsides dataset contains mostly American-based media; conversely, Reuters covers the major media outlets in each country. Given that each country and period will have a different conception of ideologies, we calibrate Reuter’s media slants to approximate the Allsides (minimizing the mean-squared error). Figure 2 shows the slants for each media website within the Reuters dataset.
Finally, we quantify a user’s ideology as the average ideology of their shared media.
The media proxy resolves the issue of context switching; since it is applicable across many contexts and can be used widely in a fully automated fashion. This allows us to create an end-to-end ideology detection pipeline.
We further define methods to classify far-right users from their media-sharing behaviors, which we fully describe in the paper.
In the second part of our work, we define an inference architecture that allows inferring the ideological labels of the remaining users – e.g., users who do not share any URLs. Our inference architecture relies on the sociological principle of homophily, where we hypothesize that similar users will share a similar ideology. We measure homophily through three distinct lenses;
Through these lenses, we utilize an AutoML model, FLAML (Wang et al. 2021) (with the LightGBM architecture), trained on users identified via an ideological proxy to propagate the labels to the remaining users and generate a complete ideological profile for a dataset.
We utilize several large-scale datasets from various platforms to showcase the relative ease of applying our end-to-end pipeline. The datasets’ characteristics are described in Table 1.
| Dataset | Users | Posts | Country |
|---|---|---|---|
| #Qanda | 103,074 | 768,808 | AUS |
| #Ausvotes | 273,874 | 5,033,982 | AUS |
| #SocialSense | 49,442 | 358,292 | AUS |
| Riot | 574,281 | 1,067,794 | US |
| Parler | 120,048 | 603,820 | US |
In this work, we build a fully automatic end-to-end ideology detection pipeline for left-right and far-right detection. Importantly, with the pipeline, we can show the differences between the left and right, and moderates and extremes in terms of psychosocial language, across a range of diverse datasets.


---
layout: post
title: My Top 5 Artists (Week Ending 2011-12-18)
date: '2011-12-20T10:44:12+01:00'
tags: []
tumblr_url: http://dotmr.tumblr.com/post/14511969592/my-top-5-artists-week-ending-2011-12-18
---
My Top 5 Artists (Week Ending 2011-12-18)
Imported from Last.fm Tumblr by JoeLaz


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