Althea
Project Info
| Duration | 3 weeks (Nov 07 - 21, 2017) |
| Team Size | 5 (2 programmers + 2 artists + 1 sound designer) |
| Assigned Theme | Make an interactive experience for festival |
| Platform | 2 Networked Oculus Rifts |
| Teammates | Danke Luo, Fangda Luo, Yanran Han, Yutian Zheng |
| My Contributions | Lead design, network/gameplay programming, playtesting |
Notable Contributions
Programming:
- Picked up Unity Networking and implemented 2-play cooperative gameplay with it, which includes a "one-click" pairing system.
- Implemented gameplay systems where interactions feel solid and rich feedbacks are given. For example, when player's hand touches a rock, the rock changes color indicating that it can be picked up.
- Collaborated with artists to make great visuals that best serve gameplay, while keeping comfortable frame rates.
Design:
- Designed and iterated on iteractions that make players feel connected with each other and care about each other. Some playtesters hugged each other after playing the game. Got praised by Jesse Schell as "Very inventive".
- Tuned the controls to a degree that only few playtesters reported motion sickness after playing.
- Conducted playtest sessions to find out what works and what not; iterated on design based on findings to make the game understandable and enjoyable event for naïve guests (who've never played VR games before).
Awards & recognitions:
- VR Game of the Year Runnerup - The Rookies
- Top Interactive Projects of the Year - Pittsburgh Create Festival
- Showcased during ETC BVW Festival 2018
Gameplay Video
Introduction
Althea is a 2-player VR game on Oculus, where players cooperate with each other to overcome obstacles and reach their destination. Players build up relationship during the journey through cooperative interactions and experience the world with stunning visuals, haunting music and unique gameplay.
Design Phiolosophy
I firmly believe that each game should have a clear design goal that every design decision should serve, and several design pillars that every design decision should follow. For Althea, the goal is to make a game that let players feel strongly connected with eacher after playing, and gain faith for life.


terminfo
Section: File Formats (5)Updated:
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
terminfo - terminal capability data baseSYNOPSIS
/usr/share/terminfo/*/*DESCRIPTION
Terminfo is a data base describing terminals, used by screen-oriented programs such as nvi(1), rogue(1) and libraries such as curses(3X). Terminfo describes terminals by giving a set of capabilities which they have, by specifying how to perform screen operations, and by specifying padding requirements and initialization sequences. This describes ncurses version 5.7 (patch 20090207).Entries in terminfo consist of a sequence of `,' separated fields (embedded commas may be escaped with a backslash or notated as \054). White space after the `,' separator is ignored. The first entry for each terminal gives the names which are known for the terminal, separated by `|' characters. The first name given is the most common abbreviation for the terminal, the last name given should be a long name fully identifying the terminal, and all others are understood as synonyms for the terminal name. All names but the last should be in lower case and contain no blanks; the last name may well contain upper case and blanks for readability.
Lines beginning with a `#' in the first column are treated as comments. While comment lines are legal at any point, the output of captoinfo and infotocap (aliases for tic) will move comments so they occur only between entries.
Newlines and leading tabs may be used for formatting entries for readability. These are removed from parsed entries. The infocmp -f option relies on this to format if-then-else expressions: the result can be read by tic.
Terminal names (except for the last, verbose entry) should be chosen using the following conventions. The particular piece of hardware making up the terminal should have a root name, thus ``hp2621''. This name should not contain hyphens. Modes that the hardware can be in, or user preferences, should be indicated by appending a hyphen and a mode suffix. Thus, a vt100 in 132 column mode would be vt100-w. The following suffixes should be used where possible:
| Suffix | Meaning | Example |
| -nn | Number of lines on the screen | aaa-60 |
| -np | Number of pages of memory | c100-4p |
| -am | With automargins (usually the default) | vt100-am |
| -m | Mono mode; suppress color | ansi-m |
| -mc | Magic cookie; spaces when highlighting | wy30-mc |
| -na | No arrow keys (leave them in local) | c100-na |
| -nam | Without automatic margins | vt100-nam |
| -nl | No status line | att4415-nl |
| -ns | No status line | hp2626-ns |
| -rv | Reverse video | c100-rv |
| -s | Enable status line | vt100-s |
| -vb | Use visible bell instead of beep | wy370-vb |
| -w | Wide mode (> 80 columns, usually 132) | vt100-w |
For more on terminal naming conventions, see the term(7) manual page.
Capabilities
The following is a complete table of the capabilities included in a terminfo description block and available to terminfo-using code. In each line of the table,The variable is the name by which the programmer (at the terminfo level) accesses the capability.
The capname is the short name used in the text of the database, and is used by a person updating the database. Whenever possible, capnames are chosen to be the same as or similar to the ANSI X3.64-1979 standard (now superseded by ECMA-48, which uses identical or very similar names). Semantics are also intended to match those of the specification.
The termcap code is the old termcap capability name (some capabilities are new, and have names which termcap did not originate). Capability names have no hard length limit, but an informal limit of 5 characters has been adopted to keep them short and to allow the tabs in the source file Caps to line up nicely.
Finally, the description field attempts to convey the semantics of the capability. You may find some codes in the description field:
- (P)
- indicates that padding may be specified
- #[1-9]
- in the description field indicates that the string is passed through tparm with parms as given (#i).
- (P*)
- indicates that padding may vary in proportion to the number of lines affected
- (#i)
-
indicates the ith parameter.
These are the boolean capabilities:
| Variable | Cap- | TCap | Description |
| Booleans | name | Code | |
| auto_left_margin | bw | bw |
cub1 wraps from column 0 to last column
|
| auto_right_margin | am | am |
terminal has automatic margins
|
| back_color_erase | bce | ut |
screen erased with background color
|
| can_change | ccc | cc |
terminal can re-define existing colors
|
| ceol_standout_glitch | xhp | xs |
standout not erased by overwriting (hp)
|
| col_addr_glitch | xhpa | YA |
only positive motion for hpa/mhpa caps
|
| cpi_changes_res | cpix | YF |
changing character pitch changes resolution
|
| cr_cancels_micro_mode | crxm | YB |
using cr turns off micro mode
|
| dest_tabs_magic_smso | xt | xt |
tabs destructive, magic so char (t1061)
|
| eat_newline_glitch | xenl | xn |
newline ignored after 80 cols (concept)
|
| erase_overstrike | eo | eo |
can erase overstrikes with a blank
|
| generic_type | gn | gn |
generic line type
|
| hard_copy | hc | hc |
hardcopy terminal
|
| hard_cursor | chts | HC |
cursor is hard to see
|
| has_meta_key | km | km |
Has a meta key (i.e., sets 8th-bit)
|
| has_print_wheel | daisy | YC |
printer needs operator to change character set
|
| has_status_line | hs | hs |
has extra status line
|
| hue_lightness_saturation | hls | hl |
terminal uses only HLS color notation (Tektronix)
|
| insert_null_glitch | in | in |
insert mode distinguishes nulls
|
| lpi_changes_res | lpix | YG |
changing line pitch changes resolution
|
| memory_above | da | da |
display may be retained above the screen
|
| memory_below | db | db |
display may be retained below the screen
|
| move_insert_mode | mir | mi |
safe to move while in insert mode
|
| move_standout_mode | msgr | ms |
safe to move while in standout mode
|
| needs_xon_xoff | nxon | nx |
padding will not work, xon/xoff required
|
| no_esc_ctlc | xsb | xb |
beehive (f1=escape, f2=ctrl C)
|
| no_pad_char | npc | NP |
pad character does not exist
|
| non_dest_scroll_region | ndscr | ND |
scrolling region is non-destructive
|
| non_rev_rmcup | nrrmc | NR |
smcup does not reverse rmcup
|
| over_strike | os | os |
terminal can overstrike
|
| prtr_silent | mc5i | 5i |
printer will not echo on screen
|
| row_addr_glitch | xvpa | YD |
only positive motion for vpa/mvpa caps
|
| semi_auto_right_margin | sam | YE |
printing in last column causes cr
|
| status_line_esc_ok | eslok | es |
escape can be used on the status line
|
| tilde_glitch | hz | hz |
cannot print ~'s (hazeltine)
|
| transparent_underline | ul | ul |
underline character overstrikes
|
| xon_xoff | xon | xo |
terminal uses xon/xoff handshaking
|
These are the numeric capabilities:
| Variable | Cap- | TCap | Description |
| Numeric | name | Code | |
| columns | cols | co |
number of columns in a line
|
| init_tabs | it | it |
tabs initially every # spaces
|
| label_height | lh | lh |
rows in each label
|
| label_width | lw | lw |
columns in each label
|
| lines | lines | li |
number of lines on screen or page
|
| lines_of_memory | lm | lm |
lines of memory if > line. 0 means varies
|
| magic_cookie_glitch | xmc | sg |
number of blank characters left by smso or rmso
|
| max_attributes | ma | ma |
maximum combined attributes terminal can handle
|
| max_colors | colors | Co |
maximum number of colors on screen
|
| max_pairs | pairs | pa |
maximum number of color-pairs on the screen
|
| maximum_windows | wnum | MW |
maximum number of defineable windows
|
| no_color_video | ncv | NC |
video attributes that cannot be used with colors
|
| num_labels | nlab | Nl |
number of labels on screen
|
| padding_baud_rate | pb | pb |
lowest baud rate where padding needed
|
| virtual_terminal | vt | vt |
virtual terminal number (CB/unix)
|
| width_status_line | wsl | ws |
number of columns in status line
|
The following numeric capabilities are present in the SVr4.0 term structure, but are not yet documented in the man page. They came in with SVr4's printer support.
| Variable | Cap- | TCap | Description |
| Numeric | name | Code | |
| bit_image_entwining | bitwin | Yo |
number of passes for each bit-image row
|
| bit_image_type | bitype | Yp |
type of bit-image device
|
| buffer_capacity | bufsz | Ya |
numbers of bytes buffered before printing
|
| buttons | btns | BT |
number of buttons on mouse
|
| dot_horz_spacing | spinh | Yc |
spacing of dots horizontally in dots per inch
|
| dot_vert_spacing | spinv | Yb |
spacing of pins vertically in pins per inch
|
| max_micro_address | maddr | Yd |
maximum value in micro_..._address
|
| max_micro_jump | mjump | Ye |
maximum value in parm_..._micro
|
| micro_col_size | mcs | Yf |
character step size when in micro mode
|
| micro_line_size | mls | Yg |
line step size when in micro mode
|
| number_of_pins | npins | Yh |
numbers of pins in print-head
|
| output_res_char | orc | Yi |
horizontal resolution in units per line
|
| output_res_horz_inch | orhi | Yk |
horizontal resolution in units per inch
|
| output_res_line | orl | Yj |
vertical resolution in units per line
|
| output_res_vert_inch | orvi | Yl |
vertical resolution in units per inch
|
| print_rate | cps | Ym |
print rate in characters per second
|
| wide_char_size | widcs | Yn |
character step size when in double wide mode
|
These are the string capabilities:
| Variable | Cap- | TCap | Description |
| String | name | Code | |
| acs_chars | acsc | ac |
graphics charset pairs, based on vt100
|
| back_tab | cbt | bt |
back tab (P)
|
| bell | bel | bl |
audible signal (bell) (P)
|
| carriage_return | cr | cr |
carriage return (P*) (P*)
|
| change_char_pitch | cpi | ZA |
Change number of characters per inch to #1
|
| change_line_pitch | lpi | ZB |
Change number of lines per inch to #1
|
| change_res_horz | chr | ZC |
Change horizontal resolution to #1
|
| change_res_vert | cvr | ZD |
Change vertical resolution to #1
|
| change_scroll_region | csr | cs |
change region to line #1 to line #2 (P)
|
| char_padding | rmp | rP |
like ip but when in insert mode
|
| clear_all_tabs | tbc | ct |
clear all tab stops (P)
|
| clear_margins | mgc | MC |
clear right and left soft margins
|
| clear_screen | clear | cl |
clear screen and home cursor (P*)
|
| clr_bol | el1 | cb |
Clear to beginning of line
|
| clr_eol | el | ce |
clear to end of line (P)
|
| clr_eos | ed | cd |
clear to end of screen (P*)
|
| column_address | hpa | ch |
horizontal position #1, absolute (P)
|
| command_character | cmdch | CC |
terminal settable cmd character in prototype !?
|
| create_window | cwin | CW |
define a window #1 from #2,#3 to #4,#5
|
| cursor_address | cup | cm |
move to row #1 columns #2
|
| cursor_down | cud1 | do |
down one line
|
| cursor_home | home | ho |
home cursor (if no cup)
|
| cursor_invisible | civis | vi |
make cursor invisible
|
| cursor_left | cub1 | le |
move left one space
|
| cursor_mem_address | mrcup | CM |
memory relative cursor addressing, move to row #1 columns #2
|
| cursor_normal | cnorm | ve |
make cursor appear normal (undo civis/cvvis)
|
| cursor_right | cuf1 | nd |
non-destructive space (move right one space)
|
| cursor_to_ll | ll | ll |
last line, first column (if no cup)
|
| cursor_up | cuu1 | up |
up one line
|
| cursor_visible | cvvis | vs |
make cursor very visible
|
| define_char | defc | ZE |
Define a character #1, #2 dots wide, descender #3
|
| delete_character | dch1 | dc |
delete character (P*)
|
| delete_line | dl1 | dl |
delete line (P*)
|
| dial_phone | dial | DI |
dial number #1
|
| dis_status_line | dsl | ds |
disable status line
|
| display_clock | dclk | DK |
display clock
|
| down_half_line | hd | hd |
half a line down
|
| ena_acs | enacs | eA |
enable alternate char set
|
| enter_alt_charset_mode | smacs | as |
start alternate character set (P)
|
| enter_am_mode | smam | SA |
turn on automatic margins
|
| enter_blink_mode | blink | mb |
turn on blinking
|
| enter_bold_mode | bold | md |
turn on bold (extra bright) mode
|
| enter_ca_mode | smcup | ti |
string to start programs using cup
|
| enter_delete_mode | smdc | dm |
enter delete mode
|
| enter_dim_mode | dim | mh |
turn on half-bright mode
|
| enter_doublewide_mode | swidm | ZF |
Enter double-wide mode
|
| enter_draft_quality | sdrfq | ZG |
Enter draft-quality mode
|
| enter_insert_mode | smir | im |
enter insert mode
|
| enter_italics_mode | sitm | ZH |
Enter italic mode
|
| enter_leftward_mode | slm | ZI |
Start leftward carriage motion
|
| enter_micro_mode | smicm | ZJ |
Start micro-motion mode
|
| enter_near_letter_quality | snlq | ZK |
Enter NLQ mode
|
| enter_normal_quality | snrmq | ZL |
Enter normal-quality mode
|
| enter_protected_mode | prot | mp |
turn on protected mode
|
| enter_reverse_mode | rev | mr |
turn on reverse video mode
|
| enter_secure_mode | invis | mk |
turn on blank mode (characters invisible)
|
| enter_shadow_mode | sshm | ZM |
Enter shadow-print mode
|
| enter_standout_mode | smso | so |
begin standout mode
|
| enter_subscript_mode | ssubm | ZN |
Enter subscript mode
|
| enter_superscript_mode | ssupm | ZO |
Enter superscript mode
|
| enter_underline_mode | smul | us |
begin underline mode
|
| enter_upward_mode | sum | ZP |
Start upward carriage motion
|
| enter_xon_mode | smxon | SX |
turn on xon/xoff handshaking
|
| erase_chars | ech | ec |
erase #1 characters (P)
|
| exit_alt_charset_mode | rmacs | ae |
end alternate character set (P)
|
| exit_am_mode | rmam | RA |
turn off automatic margins
|
| exit_attribute_mode | sgr0 | me |
turn off all attributes
|
| exit_ca_mode | rmcup | te |
strings to end programs using cup
|
| exit_delete_mode | rmdc | ed |
end delete mode
|
| exit_doublewide_mode | rwidm | ZQ |
End double-wide mode
|
| exit_insert_mode | rmir | ei |
exit insert mode
|
| exit_italics_mode | ritm | ZR |
End italic mode
|
| exit_leftward_mode | rlm | ZS |
End left-motion mode
|
| exit_micro_mode | rmicm | ZT |
End micro-motion mode
|
| exit_shadow_mode | rshm | ZU |
End shadow-print mode
|
| exit_standout_mode | rmso | se |
exit standout mode
|
| exit_subscript_mode | rsubm | ZV |
End subscript mode
|
| exit_superscript_mode | rsupm | ZW |
End superscript mode
|
| exit_underline_mode | rmul | ue |
exit underline mode
|
| exit_upward_mode | rum | ZX |
End reverse character motion
|
| exit_xon_mode | rmxon | RX |
turn off xon/xoff handshaking
|
| fixed_pause | pause | PA |
pause for 2-3 seconds
|
| flash_hook | hook | fh |
flash switch hook
|
| flash_screen | flash | vb |
visible bell (may not move cursor)
|
| form_feed | ff | ff |
hardcopy terminal page eject (P*)
|
| from_status_line | fsl | fs |
return from status line
|
| goto_window | wingo | WG |
go to window #1
|
| hangup | hup | HU |
hang-up phone
|
| init_1string | is1 | i1 |
initialization string
|
| init_2string | is2 | is |
initialization string
|
| init_3string | is3 | i3 |
initialization string
|
| init_file | if | if |
name of initialization file
|
| init_prog | iprog | iP |
path name of program for initialization
|
| initialize_color | initc | Ic |
initialize color #1 to (#2,#3,#4)
|
| initialize_pair | initp | Ip |
Initialize color pair #1 to fg=(#2,#3,#4), bg=(#5,#6,#7)
|
| insert_character | ich1 | ic |
insert character (P)
|
| insert_line | il1 | al |
insert line (P*)
|
| insert_padding | ip | ip |
insert padding after inserted character
|
| key_a1 | ka1 | K1 |
upper left of keypad
|
| key_a3 | ka3 | K3 |
upper right of keypad
|
| key_b2 | kb2 | K2 |
center of keypad
|
| key_backspace | kbs | kb |
backspace key
|
| key_beg | kbeg | @1 |
begin key
|
| key_btab | kcbt | kB |
back-tab key
|
| key_c1 | kc1 | K4 |
lower left of keypad
|
| key_c3 | kc3 | K5 |
lower right of keypad
|
| key_cancel | kcan | @2 |
cancel key
|
| key_catab | ktbc | ka |
clear-all-tabs key
|
| key_clear | kclr | kC |
clear-screen or erase key
|
| key_close | kclo | @3 |
close key
|
| key_command | kcmd | @4 |
command key
|
| key_copy | kcpy | @5 |
copy key
|
| key_create | kcrt | @6 |
create key
|
| key_ctab | kctab | kt |
clear-tab key
|
| key_dc | kdch1 | kD |
delete-character key
|
| key_dl | kdl1 | kL |
delete-line key
|
| key_down | kcud1 | kd |
down-arrow key
|
| key_eic | krmir | kM |
sent by rmir or smir in insert mode
|
| key_end | kend | @7 |
end key
|
| key_enter | kent | @8 |
enter/send key
|
| key_eol | kel | kE |
clear-to-end-of-line key
|
| key_eos | ked | kS |
clear-to-end-of-screen key
|
| key_exit | kext | @9 |
exit key
|
| key_f0 | kf0 | k0 |
F0 function key
|
| key_f1 | kf1 | k1 |
F1 function key
|
| key_f10 | kf10 | k; |
F10 function key
|
| key_f11 | kf11 | F1 |
F11 function key
|
| key_f12 | kf12 | F2 |
F12 function key
|
| key_f13 | kf13 | F3 |
F13 function key
|
| key_f14 | kf14 | F4 |
F14 function key
|
| key_f15 | kf15 | F5 |
F15 function key
|
| key_f16 | kf16 | F6 |
F16 function key
|
| key_f17 | kf17 | F7 |
F17 function key
|
| key_f18 | kf18 | F8 |
F18 function key
|
| key_f19 | kf19 | F9 |
F19 function key
|
| key_f2 | kf2 | k2 |
F2 function key
|
| key_f20 | kf20 | FA |
F20 function key
|
| key_f21 | kf21 | FB |
F21 function key
|
| key_f22 | kf22 | FC |
F22 function key
|
| key_f23 | kf23 | FD |
F23 function key
|
| key_f24 | kf24 | FE |
F24 function key
|
| key_f25 | kf25 | FF |
F25 function key
|
| key_f26 | kf26 | FG |
F26 function key
|
| key_f27 | kf27 | FH |
F27 function key
|
| key_f28 | kf28 | FI |
F28 function key
|
| key_f29 | kf29 | FJ |
F29 function key
|
| key_f3 | kf3 | k3 |
F3 function key
|
| key_f30 | kf30 | FK |
F30 function key
|
| key_f31 | kf31 | FL |
F31 function key
|
| key_f32 | kf32 | FM |
F32 function key
|
| key_f33 | kf33 | FN |
F33 function key
|
| key_f34 | kf34 | FO |
F34 function key
|
| key_f35 | kf35 | FP |
F35 function key
|
| key_f36 | kf36 | FQ |
F36 function key
|
| key_f37 | kf37 | FR |
F37 function key
|
| key_f38 | kf38 | FS |
F38 function key
|
| key_f39 | kf39 | FT |
F39 function key
|
| key_f4 | kf4 | k4 |
F4 function key
|
| key_f40 | kf40 | FU |
F40 function key
|
| key_f41 | kf41 | FV |
F41 function key
|
| key_f42 | kf42 | FW |
F42 function key
|
| key_f43 | kf43 | FX |
F43 function key
|
| key_f44 | kf44 | FY |
F44 function key
|
| key_f45 | kf45 | FZ |
F45 function key
|
| key_f46 | kf46 | Fa |
F46 function key
|
| key_f47 | kf47 | Fb |
F47 function key
|
| key_f48 | kf48 | Fc |
F48 function key
|
| key_f49 | kf49 | Fd |
F49 function key
|
| key_f5 | kf5 | k5 |
F5 function key
|
| key_f50 | kf50 | Fe |
F50 function key
|
| key_f51 | kf51 | Ff |
F51 function key
|
| key_f52 | kf52 | Fg |
F52 function key
|
| key_f53 | kf53 | Fh |
F53 function key
|
| key_f54 | kf54 | Fi |
F54 function key
|
| key_f55 | kf55 | Fj |
F55 function key
|
| key_f56 | kf56 | Fk |
F56 function key
|
| key_f57 | kf57 | Fl |
F57 function key
|
| key_f58 | kf58 | Fm |
F58 function key
|
| key_f59 | kf59 | Fn |
F59 function key
|
| key_f6 | kf6 | k6 |
F6 function key
|
| key_f60 | kf60 | Fo |
F60 function key
|
| key_f61 | kf61 | Fp |
F61 function key
|
| key_f62 | kf62 | Fq |
F62 function key
|
| key_f63 | kf63 | Fr |
F63 function key
|
| key_f7 | kf7 | k7 |
F7 function key
|
| key_f8 | kf8 | k8 |
F8 function key
|
| key_f9 | kf9 | k9 |
F9 function key
|
| key_find | kfnd | @0 |
find key
|
| key_help | khlp | %1 |
help key
|
| key_home | khome | kh |
home key
|
| key_ic | kich1 | kI |
insert-character key
|
| key_il | kil1 | kA |
insert-line key
|
| key_left | kcub1 | kl |
left-arrow key
|
| key_ll | kll | kH |
lower-left key (home down)
|
| key_mark | kmrk | %2 |
mark key
|
| key_message | kmsg | %3 |
message key
|
| key_move | kmov | %4 |
move key
|
| key_next | knxt | %5 |
next key
|
| key_npage | knp | kN |
next-page key
|
| key_open | kopn | %6 |
open key
|
| key_options | kopt | %7 |
options key
|
| key_ppage | kpp | kP |
previous-page key
|
| key_previous | kprv | %8 |
previous key
|
| key_print | kprt | %9 |
print key
|
| key_redo | krdo | %0 |
redo key
|
| key_reference | kref | &1 |
reference key
|
| key_refresh | krfr | &2 |
refresh key
|
| key_replace | krpl | &3 |
replace key
|
| key_restart | krst | &4 |
restart key
|
| key_resume | kres | &5 |
resume key
|
| key_right | kcuf1 | kr |
right-arrow key
|
| key_save | ksav | &6 |
save key
|
| key_sbeg | kBEG | &9 |
shifted begin key
|
| key_scancel | kCAN | &0 |
shifted cancel key
|
| key_scommand | kCMD | *1 |
shifted command key
|
| key_scopy | kCPY | *2 |
shifted copy key
|
| key_screate | kCRT | *3 |
shifted create key
|
| key_sdc | kDC | *4 |
shifted delete-character key
|
| key_sdl | kDL | *5 |
shifted delete-line key
|
| key_select | kslt | *6 |
select key
|
| key_send | kEND | *7 |
shifted end key
|
| key_seol | kEOL | *8 |
shifted clear-to-end-of-line key
|
| key_sexit | kEXT | *9 |
shifted exit key
|
| key_sf | kind | kF |
scroll-forward key
|
| key_sfind | kFND | *0 |
shifted find key
|
| key_shelp | kHLP | #1 |
shifted help key
|
| key_shome | kHOM | #2 |
shifted home key
|
| key_sic | kIC | #3 |
shifted insert-character key
|
| key_sleft | kLFT | #4 |
shifted left-arrow key
|
| key_smessage | kMSG | %a |
shifted message key
|
| key_smove | kMOV | %b |
shifted move key
|
| key_snext | kNXT | %c |
shifted next key
|
| key_soptions | kOPT | %d |
shifted options key
|
| key_sprevious | kPRV | %e |
shifted previous key
|
| key_sprint | kPRT | %f |
shifted print key
|
| key_sr | kri | kR |
scroll-backward key
|
| key_sredo | kRDO | %g |
shifted redo key
|
| key_sreplace | kRPL | %h |
shifted replace key
|
| key_sright | kRIT | %i |
shifted right-arrow key
|
| key_srsume | kRES | %j |
shifted resume key
|
| key_ssave | kSAV | !1 |
shifted save key
|
| key_ssuspend | kSPD | !2 |
shifted suspend key
|
| key_stab | khts | kT |
set-tab key
|
| key_sundo | kUND | !3 |
shifted undo key
|
| key_suspend | kspd | &7 |
suspend key
|
| key_undo | kund | &8 |
undo key
|
| key_up | kcuu1 | ku |
up-arrow key
|
| keypad_local | rmkx | ke |
leave 'keyboard_transmit' mode
|
| keypad_xmit | smkx | ks |
enter 'keyboard_transmit' mode
|
| lab_f0 | lf0 | l0 |
label on function key f0 if not f0
|
| lab_f1 | lf1 | l1 |
label on function key f1 if not f1
|
| lab_f10 | lf10 | la |
label on function key f10 if not f10
|
| lab_f2 | lf2 | l2 |
label on function key f2 if not f2
|
| lab_f3 | lf3 | l3 |
label on function key f3 if not f3
|
| lab_f4 | lf4 | l4 |
label on function key f4 if not f4
|
| lab_f5 | lf5 | l5 |
label on function key f5 if not f5
|
| lab_f6 | lf6 | l6 |
label on function key f6 if not f6
|
| lab_f7 | lf7 | l7 |
label on function key f7 if not f7
|
| lab_f8 | lf8 | l8 |
label on function key f8 if not f8
|
| lab_f9 | lf9 | l9 |
label on function key f9 if not f9
|
| label_format | fln | Lf |
label format
|
| label_off | rmln | LF |
turn off soft labels
|
| label_on | smln | LO |
turn on soft labels
|
| meta_off | rmm | mo |
turn off meta mode
|
| meta_on | smm | mm |
turn on meta mode (8th-bit on)
|
| micro_column_address | mhpa | ZY |
Like column_address in micro mode
|
| micro_down | mcud1 | ZZ |
Like cursor_down in micro mode
|
| micro_left | mcub1 | Za |
Like cursor_left in micro mode
|
| micro_right | mcuf1 | Zb |
Like cursor_right in micro mode
|
| micro_row_address | mvpa | Zc |
Like row_address #1 in micro mode
|
| micro_up | mcuu1 | Zd |
Like cursor_up in micro mode
|
| newline | nel | nw |
newline (behave like cr followed by lf)
|
| order_of_pins | porder | Ze |
Match software bits to print-head pins
|
| orig_colors | oc | oc |
Set all color pairs to the original ones
|
| orig_pair | op | op |
Set default pair to its original value
|
| pad_char | pad | pc |
padding char (instead of null)
|
| parm_dch | dch | DC |
delete #1 characters (P*)
|
| parm_delete_line | dl | DL |
delete #1 lines (P*)
|
| parm_down_cursor | cud | DO |
down #1 lines (P*)
|
| parm_down_micro | mcud | Zf |
Like parm_down_cursor in micro mode
|
| parm_ich | ich | IC |
insert #1 characters (P*)
|
| parm_index | indn | SF |
scroll forward #1 lines (P)
|
| parm_insert_line | il | AL |
insert #1 lines (P*)
|
| parm_left_cursor | cub | LE |
move #1 characters to the left (P)
|
| parm_left_micro | mcub | Zg |
Like parm_left_cursor in micro mode
|
| parm_right_cursor | cuf | RI |
move #1 characters to the right (P*)
|
| parm_right_micro | mcuf | Zh |
Like parm_right_cursor in micro mode
|
| parm_rindex | rin | SR |
scroll back #1 lines (P)
|
| parm_up_cursor | cuu | UP |
up #1 lines (P*)
|
| parm_up_micro | mcuu | Zi |
Like parm_up_cursor in micro mode
|
| pkey_key | pfkey | pk |
program function key #1 to type string #2
|
| pkey_local | pfloc | pl |
program function key #1 to execute string #2
|
| pkey_xmit | pfx | px |
program function key #1 to transmit string #2
|
| plab_norm | pln | pn |
program label #1 to show string #2
|
| print_screen | mc0 | ps |
print contents of screen
|
| prtr_non | mc5p | pO |
turn on printer for #1 bytes
|
| prtr_off | mc4 | pf |
turn off printer
|
| prtr_on | mc5 | po |
turn on printer
|
| pulse | pulse | PU |
select pulse dialing
|
| quick_dial | qdial | QD |
dial number #1 without checking
|
| remove_clock | rmclk | RC |
remove clock
|
| repeat_char | rep | rp |
repeat char #1 #2 times (P*)
|
| req_for_input | rfi | RF |
send next input char (for ptys)
|
| reset_1string | rs1 | r1 |
reset string
|
| reset_2string | rs2 | r2 |
reset string
|
| reset_3string | rs3 | r3 |
reset string
|
| reset_file | rf | rf |
name of reset file
|
| restore_cursor | rc | rc |
restore cursor to position of last save_cursor
|
| row_address | vpa | cv |
vertical position #1 absolute (P)
|
| save_cursor | sc | sc |
save current cursor position (P)
|
| scroll_forward | ind | sf |
scroll text up (P)
|
| scroll_reverse | ri | sr |
scroll text down (P)
|
| select_char_set | scs | Zj |
Select character set, #1
|
| set_attributes | sgr | sa |
define video attributes #1-#9 (PG9)
|
| set_background | setb | Sb |
Set background color #1
|
| set_bottom_margin | smgb | Zk |
Set bottom margin at current line
|
| set_bottom_margin_parm | smgbp | Zl |
Set bottom margin at line #1 or (if smgtp is not given) #2 lines from bottom
|
| set_clock | sclk | SC |
set clock, #1 hrs #2 mins #3 secs
|
| set_color_pair | scp | sp |
Set current color pair to #1
|
| set_foreground | setf | Sf |
Set foreground color #1
|
| set_left_margin | smgl | ML |
set left soft margin at current column. See smgl. (ML is not in BSD termcap). |
| set_left_margin_parm | smglp | Zm |
Set left (right) margin at column #1
|
| set_right_margin | smgr | MR |
set right soft margin at current column
|
| set_right_margin_parm | smgrp | Zn |
Set right margin at column #1
|
| set_tab | hts | st |
set a tab in every row, current columns
|
| set_top_margin | smgt | Zo |
Set top margin at current line
|
| set_top_margin_parm | smgtp | Zp |
Set top (bottom) margin at row #1
|
| set_window | wind | wi |
current window is lines #1-#2 cols #3-#4
|
| start_bit_image | sbim | Zq |
Start printing bit image graphics
|
| start_char_set_def | scsd | Zr |
Start character set definition #1, with #2 characters in the set
|
| stop_bit_image | rbim | Zs |
Stop printing bit image graphics
|
| stop_char_set_def | rcsd | Zt |
End definition of character set #1
|
| subscript_characters | subcs | Zu |
List of subscriptable characters
|
| superscript_characters | supcs | Zv |
List of superscriptable characters
|
| tab | ht | ta |
tab to next 8-space hardware tab stop
|
| these_cause_cr | docr | Zw |
Printing any of these characters causes CR
|
| to_status_line | tsl | ts |
move to status line, column #1
|
| tone | tone | TO |
select touch tone dialing
|
| underline_char | uc | uc |
underline char and move past it
|
| up_half_line | hu | hu |
half a line up
|
| user0 | u0 | u0 |
User string #0
|
| user1 | u1 | u1 |
User string #1
|
| user2 | u2 | u2 |
User string #2
|
| user3 | u3 | u3 |
User string #3
|
| user4 | u4 | u4 |
User string #4
|
| user5 | u5 | u5 |
User string #5
|
| user6 | u6 | u6 |
User string #6
|
| user7 | u7 | u7 |
User string #7
|
| user8 | u8 | u8 |
User string #8
|
| user9 | u9 | u9 |
User string #9
|
| wait_tone | wait | WA |
wait for dial-tone
|
| xoff_character | xoffc | XF |
XOFF character
|
| xon_character | xonc | XN |
XON character
|
| zero_motion | zerom | Zx |
No motion for subsequent character
|
The following string capabilities are present in the SVr4.0 term structure, but were originally not documented in the man page.
| Variable | Cap- | TCap | Description |
| String | name | Code | |
| alt_scancode_esc | scesa | S8 |
Alternate escape for scancode emulation
|
| bit_image_carriage_return | bicr | Yv |
Move to beginning of same row
|
| bit_image_newline | binel | Zz |
Move to next row of the bit image
|
| bit_image_repeat | birep | Xy |
Repeat bit image cell #1 #2 times
|
| char_set_names | csnm | Zy |
Produce #1'th item from list of character set names
|
| code_set_init | csin | ci |
Init sequence for multiple codesets
|
| color_names | colornm | Yw |
Give name for color #1
|
| define_bit_image_region | defbi | Yx |
Define rectangualar bit image region
|
| device_type | devt | dv |
Indicate language/codeset support
|
| display_pc_char | dispc | S1 |
Display PC character #1
|
| end_bit_image_region | endbi | Yy |
End a bit-image region
|
| enter_pc_charset_mode | smpch | S2 |
Enter PC character display mode
|
| enter_scancode_mode | smsc | S4 |
Enter PC scancode mode
|
| exit_pc_charset_mode | rmpch | S3 |
Exit PC character display mode
|
| exit_scancode_mode | rmsc | S5 |
Exit PC scancode mode
|
| get_mouse | getm | Gm |
Curses should get button events, parameter #1 not documented.
|
| key_mouse | kmous | Km |
Mouse event has occurred
|
| mouse_info | minfo | Mi |
Mouse status information
|
| pc_term_options | pctrm | S6 |
PC terminal options
|
| pkey_plab | pfxl | xl |
Program function key #1 to type string #2 and show string #3
|
| req_mouse_pos | reqmp | RQ |
Request mouse position
|
| scancode_escape | scesc | S7 |
Escape for scancode emulation
|
| set0_des_seq | s0ds | s0 |
Shift to codeset 0 (EUC set 0, ASCII)
|
| set1_des_seq | s1ds | s1 |
Shift to codeset 1
|
| set2_des_seq | s2ds | s2 |
Shift to codeset 2
|
| set3_des_seq | s3ds | s3 |
Shift to codeset 3
|
| set_a_background | setab | AB |
Set background color to #1, using ANSI escape
|
| set_a_foreground | setaf | AF |
Set foreground color to #1, using ANSI escape
|
| set_color_band | setcolor | Yz |
Change to ribbon color #1
|
| set_lr_margin | smglr | ML |
Set both left and right margins to #1, #2. (ML is not in BSD termcap).
|
| set_page_length | slines | YZ |
Set page length to #1 lines
|
| set_tb_margin | smgtb | MT |
Sets both top and bottom margins to #1, #2
|
The XSI Curses standard added these. They are some post-4.1 versions of System V curses, e.g., Solaris 2.5 and IRIX 6.x. The ncurses termcap names for them are invented; according to the XSI Curses standard, they have no termcap names. If your compiled terminfo entries use these, they may not be binary-compatible with System V terminfo entries after SVr4.1; beware!
| Variable | Cap- | TCap | Description |
| String | name | Code | |
| enter_horizontal_hl_mode | ehhlm | Xh |
Enter horizontal highlight mode
|
| enter_left_hl_mode | elhlm | Xl |
Enter left highlight mode
|
| enter_low_hl_mode | elohlm | Xo |
Enter low highlight mode
|
| enter_right_hl_mode | erhlm | Xr |
Enter right highlight mode
|
| enter_top_hl_mode | ethlm | Xt |
Enter top highlight mode
|
| enter_vertical_hl_mode | evhlm | Xv |
Enter vertical highlight mode
|
| set_a_attributes | sgr1 | sA |
Define second set of video attributes #1-#6
|
| set_pglen_inch | slength | sL |
YI Set page length to #1 hundredth of an inch
|
A Sample Entry
The following entry, describing an ANSI-standard terminal, is representative of what a terminfo entry for a modern terminal typically looks like.
ansi|ansi/pc-term compatible with color, mc5i, colors#8, ncv#3, pairs#64, cub=\E[%p1%dD, cud=\E[%p1%dB, cuf=\E[%p1%dC, cuu=\E[%p1%dA, dch=\E[%p1%dP, dl=\E[%p1%dM, ech=\E[%p1%dX, el1=\E[1K, hpa=\E[%p1%dG, ht=\E[I, ich=\E[%p1%d@, il=\E[%p1%dL, indn=\E[%p1%dS, .indn=\E[%p1%dT, kbs=^H, kcbt=\E[Z, kcub1=\E[D, kcud1=\E[B, kcuf1=\E[C, kcuu1=\E[A, kf1=\E[M, kf10=\E[V, kf11=\E[W, kf12=\E[X, kf2=\E[N, kf3=\E[O, kf4=\E[P, kf5=\E[Q, kf6=\E[R, kf7=\E[S, kf8=\E[T, kf9=\E[U, kich1=\E[L, mc4=\E[4i, mc5=\E[5i, nel=\r\E[S, op=\E[37;40m, rep=%p1%c\E[%p2%{1}%-%db, rin=\E[%p1%dT, s0ds=\E(B, s1ds=\E)B, s2ds=\E*B, s3ds=\E+B, setab=\E[4%p1%dm, setaf=\E[3%p1%dm, setb=\E[4%?%p1%{1}%=%t4%e%p1%{3}%=%t6%e%p1%{4}%=%t1%e%p1%{6}%=%t3%e%p1%d%;m, setf=\E[3%?%p1%{1}%=%t4%e%p1%{3}%=%t6%e%p1%{4}%=%t1%e%p1%{6}%=%t3%e%p1%d%;m, sgr=\E[0;10%?%p1%t;7%;%?%p2%t;4%;%?%p3%t;7%;%?%p4%t;5%;%?%p6%t;1%;%?%p7%t;8%;%?%p8%t;11%;%?%p9%t;12%;m, sgr0=\E[0;10m, tbc=\E[2g, u6=\E[%d;%dR, u7=\E[6n, u8=\E[?%[;0123456789]c, u9=\E[c, vpa=\E[%p1%dd,
Entries may continue onto multiple lines by placing white space at the beginning of each line except the first. Comments may be included on lines beginning with ``#''. Capabilities in terminfo are of three types: Boolean capabilities which indicate that the terminal has some particular feature, numeric capabilities giving the size of the terminal or the size of particular delays, and string capabilities, which give a sequence which can be used to perform particular terminal operations.
Types of Capabilities
All capabilities have names. For instance, the fact that ANSI-standard terminals have automatic margins (i.e., an automatic return and line-feed when the end of a line is reached) is indicated by the capability am. Hence the description of ansi includes am. Numeric capabilities are followed by the character `#' and then a positive value. Thus cols, which indicates the number of columns the terminal has, gives the value `80' for ansi. Values for numeric capabilities may be specified in decimal, octal or hexadecimal, using the C programming language conventions (e.g., 255, 0377 and 0xff or 0xFF).
Finally, string valued capabilities, such as el (clear to end of line sequence) are given by the two-character code, an `=', and then a string ending at the next following `,'.
A number of escape sequences are provided in the string valued capabilities for easy encoding of characters there. Both \E and \e map to an ESCAPE character, ^x maps to a control-x for any appropriate x, and the sequences \n \l \r \t \b \f \s give a newline, line-feed, return, tab, backspace, form-feed, and space. Other escapes include \^ for ^, \\ for \, \, for comma, \: for :, and \0 for null. (\0 will produce \200, which does not terminate a string but behaves as a null character on most terminals, providing CS7 is specified. See stty(1).) Finally, characters may be given as three octal digits after a \.
A delay in milliseconds may appear anywhere in a string capability, enclosed in $<..> brackets, as in el=\EK$<5>, and padding characters are supplied by tputs to provide this delay. The delay must be a number with at most one decimal place of precision; it may be followed by suffixes `*' or '/' or both. A `*' indicates that the padding required is proportional to the number of lines affected by the operation, and the amount given is the per-affected-unit padding required. (In the case of insert character, the factor is still the number of lines affected.) Normally, padding is advisory if the device has the xon capability; it is used for cost computation but does not trigger delays. A `/' suffix indicates that the padding is mandatory and forces a delay of the given number of milliseconds even on devices for which xon is present to indicate flow control.
Sometimes individual capabilities must be commented out.
To do this, put a period before the capability name.
For example, see the second
ind
in the example above.
Fetching Compiled Descriptions
If the environment variable TERMINFO is set, it is interpreted as the pathname of a directory containing the compiled description you are working on. Only that directory is searched.
If TERMINFO is not set, the ncurses version of the terminfo reader code will instead look in the directory $HOME/.terminfo for a compiled description. If it fails to find one there, and the environment variable TERMINFO_DIRS is set, it will interpret the contents of that variable as a list of colon- separated directories to be searched (an empty entry is interpreted as a command to search /usr/share/terminfo). If no description is found in any of the TERMINFO_DIRS directories, the fetch fails.
If neither TERMINFO nor TERMINFO_DIRS is set, the last place tried will be the system terminfo directory, /usr/share/terminfo.
(Neither the $HOME/.terminfo lookups nor TERMINFO_DIRS extensions are supported under stock System V terminfo/curses.)
Preparing Descriptions
We now outline how to prepare descriptions of terminals. The most effective way to prepare a terminal description is by imitating the description of a similar terminal in terminfo and to build up a description gradually, using partial descriptions with vi or some other screen-oriented program to check that they are correct. Be aware that a very unusual terminal may expose deficiencies in the ability of the terminfo file to describe it or bugs in the screen-handling code of the test program.
To get the padding for insert line right (if the terminal manufacturer did not document it) a severe test is to edit a large file at 9600 baud, delete 16 or so lines from the middle of the screen, then hit the `u' key several times quickly. If the terminal messes up, more padding is usually needed. A similar test can be used for insert character.
Basic Capabilities
The number of columns on each line for the terminal is given by the cols numeric capability. If the terminal is a CRT, then the number of lines on the screen is given by the lines capability. If the terminal wraps around to the beginning of the next line when it reaches the right margin, then it should have the am capability. If the terminal can clear its screen, leaving the cursor in the home position, then this is given by the clear string capability. If the terminal overstrikes (rather than clearing a position when a character is struck over) then it should have the os capability. If the terminal is a printing terminal, with no soft copy unit, give it both hc and os. (os applies to storage scope terminals, such as TEKTRONIX 4010 series, as well as hard copy and APL terminals.) If there is a code to move the cursor to the left edge of the current row, give this as cr. (Normally this will be carriage return, control M.) If there is a code to produce an audible signal (bell, beep, etc) give this as bel.
If there is a code to move the cursor one position to the left (such as backspace) that capability should be given as cub1. Similarly, codes to move to the right, up, and down should be given as cuf1, cuu1, and cud1. These local cursor motions should not alter the text they pass over, for example, you would not normally use `cuf1= ' because the space would erase the character moved over.
A very important point here is that the local cursor motions encoded in terminfo are undefined at the left and top edges of a CRT terminal. Programs should never attempt to backspace around the left edge, unless bw is given, and never attempt to go up locally off the top. In order to scroll text up, a program will go to the bottom left corner of the screen and send the ind (index) string.
To scroll text down, a program goes to the top left corner of the screen and sends the ri (reverse index) string. The strings ind and ri are undefined when not on their respective corners of the screen.
Parameterized versions of the scrolling sequences are indn and rin which have the same semantics as ind and ri except that they take one parameter, and scroll that many lines. They are also undefined except at the appropriate edge of the screen.
The am capability tells whether the cursor sticks at the right edge of the screen when text is output, but this does not necessarily apply to a cuf1 from the last column. The only local motion which is defined from the left edge is if bw is given, then a cub1 from the left edge will move to the right edge of the previous row. If bw is not given, the effect is undefined. This is useful for drawing a box around the edge of the screen, for example. If the terminal has switch selectable automatic margins, the terminfo file usually assumes that this is on; i.e., am. If the terminal has a command which moves to the first column of the next line, that command can be given as nel (newline). It does not matter if the command clears the remainder of the current line, so if the terminal has no cr and lf it may still be possible to craft a working nel out of one or both of them.
These capabilities suffice to describe hard-copy and ``glass-tty'' terminals. Thus the model 33 teletype is described as
33|tty33|tty|model 33 teletype, bel=^G, cols#72, cr=^M, cud1=^J, hc, ind=^J, os, while the Lear Siegler ADM-3 is described as adm3|3|lsi adm3, am, bel=^G, clear=^Z, cols#80, cr=^M, cub1=^H, cud1=^J, ind=^J, lines#24,
Parameterized Strings
Cursor addressing and other strings requiring parameters in the terminal are described by a parameterized string capability, with printf(3) like escapes %x in it. For example, to address the cursor, the cup capability is given, using two parameters: the row and column to address to. (Rows and columns are numbered from zero and refer to the physical screen visible to the user, not to any unseen memory.) If the terminal has memory relative cursor addressing, that can be indicated by mrcup.
The parameter mechanism uses a stack and special % codes to manipulate it. Typically a sequence will push one of the parameters onto the stack and then print it in some format. Print (e.g., "%d") is a special case. Other operations, including "%t" pop their operand from the stack. It is noted that more complex operations are often necessary, e.g., in the sgr string.
The % encodings have the following meanings:
- %%
- outputs `%'
- %[[:]flags][width[.precision]][doxXs]
- as in printf, flags are [-+#] and space. Use a `:' to allow the next character to be a `-' flag, avoiding interpreting "%-" as an operator.
- %c
- print pop() like %c in printf
- %s
- print pop() like %s in printf
- %p[1-9]
- push i'th parameter
- %P[a-z]
- set dynamic variable [a-z] to pop()
- %g[a-z]
- get dynamic variable [a-z] and push it
- %P[A-Z]
- set static variable [a-z] to pop()
- %g[A-Z]
- get static variable [a-z] and push it
- The terms "static" and "dynamic" are misleading. Historically, these are simply two different sets of variables, whose values are not reset between calls to tparm. However, that fact is not documented in other implementations. Relying on it will adversely impact portability to other implementations.
- %'c'
- char constant c
- %{nn}
- integer constant nn
- %l
- push strlen(pop)
- %+ %- %* %/ %m
- arithmetic (%m is mod): push(pop() op pop())
- %& %| %^
- bit operations (AND, OR and exclusive-OR): push(pop() op pop())
- %= %> %<
- logical operations: push(pop() op pop())
- %A, %O
- logical AND and OR operations (for conditionals)
- %! %~
- unary operations (logical and bit complement): push(op pop())
- %i
- add 1 to first two parameters (for ANSI terminals)
- %? expr %t thenpart %e elsepart %;
- This forms an if-then-else. The %e elsepart is optional. Usually the %? expr part pushes a value onto the stack, and %t pops it from the stack, testing if it is nonzero (true). If it is zero (false), control passes to the %e (else) part.
- It is possible to form else-if's a la Algol 68:
- %? c1 %t b1 %e c2 %t b2 %e c3 %t b3 %e c4 %t b4 %e %;
- where ci are conditions, bi are bodies.
- Use the -f option of tic or infocmp to see the structure of if-the-else's. Some strings, e.g., sgr can be very complicated when written on one line. The -f option splits the string into lines with the parts indented.
Binary operations are in postfix form with the operands in the usual order. That is, to get x-5 one would use "%gx%{5}%-". %P and %g variables are persistent across escape-string evaluations.
Consider the HP2645, which, to get to row 3 and column 12, needs to be sent \E&a12c03Y padded for 6 milliseconds. Note that the order of the rows and columns is inverted here, and that the row and column are printed as two digits. Thus its cup capability is ``cup=6\E&%p2%2dc%p1%2dY''.
The Microterm ACT-IV needs the current row and column sent preceded by a ^T, with the row and column simply encoded in binary, ``cup=^T%p1%c%p2%c''. Terminals which use ``%c'' need to be able to backspace the cursor (cub1), and to move the cursor up one line on the screen (cuu1). This is necessary because it is not always safe to transmit \n ^D and \r, as the system may change or discard them. (The library routines dealing with terminfo set tty modes so that tabs are never expanded, so \t is safe to send. This turns out to be essential for the Ann Arbor 4080.)
A final example is the LSI ADM-3a, which uses row and column offset by a blank character, thus ``cup=\E=%p1%' '%+%c%p2%' '%+%c''. After sending `\E=', this pushes the first parameter, pushes the ASCII value for a space (32), adds them (pushing the sum on the stack in place of the two previous values) and outputs that value as a character. Then the same is done for the second parameter. More complex arithmetic is possible using the stack.
Cursor Motions
If the terminal has a fast way to home the cursor (to very upper left corner of screen) then this can be given as home; similarly a fast way of getting to the lower left-hand corner can be given as ll; this may involve going up with cuu1 from the home position, but a program should never do this itself (unless ll does) because it can make no assumption about the effect of moving up from the home position. Note that the home position is the same as addressing to (0,0): to the top left corner of the screen, not of memory. (Thus, the \EH sequence on HP terminals cannot be used for home.)
If the terminal has row or column absolute cursor addressing, these can be given as single parameter capabilities hpa (horizontal position absolute) and vpa (vertical position absolute). Sometimes these are shorter than the more general two parameter sequence (as with the hp2645) and can be used in preference to cup. If there are parameterized local motions (e.g., move n spaces to the right) these can be given as cud, cub, cuf, and cuu with a single parameter indicating how many spaces to move. These are primarily useful if the terminal does not have cup, such as the TEKTRONIX 4025.
If the terminal needs to be in a special mode when running a program that uses these capabilities, the codes to enter and exit this mode can be given as smcup and rmcup. This arises, for example, from terminals like the Concept with more than one page of memory. If the terminal has only memory relative cursor addressing and not screen relative cursor addressing, a one screen-sized window must be fixed into the terminal for cursor addressing to work properly. This is also used for the TEKTRONIX 4025, where smcup sets the command character to be the one used by terminfo. If the smcup sequence will not restore the screen after an rmcup sequence is output (to the state prior to outputting rmcup), specify nrrmc.
Area Clears
If the terminal can clear from the current position to the end of the line, leaving the cursor where it is, this should be given as el. If the terminal can clear from the beginning of the line to the current position inclusive, leaving the cursor where it is, this should be given as el1. If the terminal can clear from the current position to the end of the display, then this should be given as ed. Ed is only defined from the first column of a line. (Thus, it can be simulated by a request to delete a large number of lines, if a true ed is not available.)
Insert/delete line and vertical motions
If the terminal can open a new blank line before the line where the cursor is, this should be given as il1; this is done only from the first position of a line. The cursor must then appear on the newly blank line. If the terminal can delete the line which the cursor is on, then this should be given as dl1; this is done only from the first position on the line to be deleted. Versions of il1 and dl1 which take a single parameter and insert or delete that many lines can be given as il and dl.
If the terminal has a settable scrolling region (like the vt100) the command to set this can be described with the csr capability, which takes two parameters: the top and bottom lines of the scrolling region. The cursor position is, alas, undefined after using this command.
It is possible to get the effect of insert or delete line using csr on a properly chosen region; the sc and rc (save and restore cursor) commands may be useful for ensuring that your synthesized insert/delete string does not move the cursor. (Note that the ncurses(3X) library does this synthesis automatically, so you need not compose insert/delete strings for an entry with csr).
Yet another way to construct insert and delete might be to use a combination of index with the memory-lock feature found on some terminals (like the HP-700/90 series, which however also has insert/delete).
Inserting lines at the top or bottom of the screen can also be done using ri or ind on many terminals without a true insert/delete line, and is often faster even on terminals with those features.
The boolean non_dest_scroll_region should be set if each scrolling window is effectively a view port on a screen-sized canvas. To test for this capability, create a scrolling region in the middle of the screen, write something to the bottom line, move the cursor to the top of the region, and do ri followed by dl1 or ind. If the data scrolled off the bottom of the region by the ri re-appears, then scrolling is non-destructive. System V and XSI Curses expect that ind, ri, indn, and rin will simulate destructive scrolling; their documentation cautions you not to define csr unless this is true. This curses implementation is more liberal and will do explicit erases after scrolling if ndstr is defined.
If the terminal has the ability to define a window as part of memory, which all commands affect, it should be given as the parameterized string wind. The four parameters are the starting and ending lines in memory and the starting and ending columns in memory, in that order.
If the terminal can retain display memory above, then the da capability should be given; if display memory can be retained below, then db should be given. These indicate that deleting a line or scrolling may bring non-blank lines up from below or that scrolling back with ri may bring down non-blank lines.
Insert/Delete Character
There are two basic kinds of intelligent terminals with respect to insert/delete character which can be described using terminfo. The most common insert/delete character operations affect only the characters on the current line and shift characters off the end of the line rigidly. Other terminals, such as the Concept 100 and the Perkin Elmer Owl, make a distinction between typed and untyped blanks on the screen, shifting upon an insert or delete only to an untyped blank on the screen which is either eliminated, or expanded to two untyped blanks. You can determine the kind of terminal you have by clearing the screen and then typing text separated by cursor motions. Type ``abc def'' using local cursor motions (not spaces) between the ``abc'' and the ``def''. Then position the cursor before the ``abc'' and put the terminal in insert mode. If typing characters causes the rest of the line to shift rigidly and characters to fall off the end, then your terminal does not distinguish between blanks and untyped positions. If the ``abc'' shifts over to the ``def'' which then move together around the end of the current line and onto the next as you insert, you have the second type of terminal, and should give the capability in, which stands for ``insert null''. While these are two logically separate attributes (one line versus multi-line insert mode, and special treatment of untyped spaces) we have seen no terminals whose insert mode cannot be described with the single attribute.
Terminfo can describe both terminals which have an insert mode, and terminals which send a simple sequence to open a blank position on the current line. Give as smir the sequence to get into insert mode. Give as rmir the sequence to leave insert mode. Now give as ich1 any sequence needed to be sent just before sending the character to be inserted. Most terminals with a true insert mode will not give ich1; terminals which send a sequence to open a screen position should give it here.
If your terminal has both, insert mode is usually preferable to ich1. Technically, you should not give both unless the terminal actually requires both to be used in combination. Accordingly, some non-curses applications get confused if both are present; the symptom is doubled characters in an update using insert. This requirement is now rare; most ich sequences do not require previous smir, and most smir insert modes do not require ich1 before each character. Therefore, the new curses actually assumes this is the case and uses either rmir/smir or ich/ich1 as appropriate (but not both). If you have to write an entry to be used under new curses for a terminal old enough to need both, include the rmir/smir sequences in ich1.
If post insert padding is needed, give this as a number of milliseconds in ip (a string option). Any other sequence which may need to be sent after an insert of a single character may also be given in ip. If your terminal needs both to be placed into an `insert mode' and a special code to precede each inserted character, then both smir/rmir and ich1 can be given, and both will be used. The ich capability, with one parameter, n, will repeat the effects of ich1 n times.
If padding is necessary between characters typed while not in insert mode, give this as a number of milliseconds padding in rmp.
It is occasionally necessary to move around while in insert mode to delete characters on the same line (e.g., if there is a tab after the insertion position). If your terminal allows motion while in insert mode you can give the capability mir to speed up inserting in this case. Omitting mir will affect only speed. Some terminals (notably Datamedia's) must not have mir because of the way their insert mode works.
Finally, you can specify dch1 to delete a single character, dch with one parameter, n, to delete n characters, and delete mode by giving smdc and rmdc to enter and exit delete mode (any mode the terminal needs to be placed in for dch1 to work).
A command to erase n characters (equivalent to outputting n blanks without moving the cursor) can be given as ech with one parameter.
Highlighting, Underlining, and Visible Bells
If your terminal has one or more kinds of display attributes, these can be represented in a number of different ways. You should choose one display form as standout mode, representing a good, high contrast, easy-on-the-eyes, format for highlighting error messages and other attention getters. (If you have a choice, reverse video plus half-bright is good, or reverse video alone.) The sequences to enter and exit standout mode are given as smso and rmso, respectively. If the code to change into or out of standout mode leaves one or even two blank spaces on the screen, as the TVI 912 and Teleray 1061 do, then xmc should be given to tell how many spaces are left.
Codes to begin underlining and end underlining can be given as smul and rmul respectively. If the terminal has a code to underline the current character and move the cursor one space to the right, such as the Microterm Mime, this can be given as uc.
Other capabilities to enter various highlighting modes include blink (blinking) bold (bold or extra bright) dim (dim or half-bright) invis (blanking or invisible text) prot (protected) rev (reverse video) sgr0 (turn off all attribute modes) smacs (enter alternate character set mode) and rmacs (exit alternate character set mode). Turning on any of these modes singly may or may not turn off other modes.
If there is a sequence to set arbitrary combinations of modes, this should be given as sgr (set attributes), taking 9 parameters. Each parameter is either 0 or nonzero, as the corresponding attribute is on or off. The 9 parameters are, in order: standout, underline, reverse, blink, dim, bold, blank, protect, alternate character set. Not all modes need be supported by sgr, only those for which corresponding separate attribute commands exist.
For example, the DEC vt220 supports most of the modes:
| tparm parameter | attribute | escape sequence | |
| none | none | \E[0m | |
| p1 | standout | \E[0;1;7m | |
| p2 | underline | \E[0;4m | |
| p3 | reverse | \E[0;7m | |
| p4 | blink | \E[0;5m | |
| p5 | dim | not available | |
| p6 | bold | \E[0;1m | |
| p7 | invis | \E[0;8m | |
| p8 | protect | not used | |
| p9 | altcharset | ^O (off) ^N (on) |
We begin each escape sequence by turning off any existing modes, since there is no quick way to determine whether they are active. Standout is set up to be the combination of reverse and bold. The vt220 terminal has a protect mode, though it is not commonly used in sgr because it protects characters on the screen from the host's erasures. The altcharset mode also is different in that it is either ^O or ^N, depending on whether it is off or on. If all modes are turned on, the resulting sequence is \E[0;1;4;5;7;8m^N.
Some sequences are common to different modes. For example, ;7 is output when either p1 or p3 is true, that is, if either standout or reverse modes are turned on.
Writing out the above sequences, along with their dependencies yields
| sequence | when to output | terminfo translation | |
| \E[0 | always | \E[0 | |
| ;1 | if p1 or p6 | %?%p1%p6%|%t;1%; | |
| ;4 | if p2 | %?%p2%|%t;4%; | |
| ;5 | if p4 | %?%p4%|%t;5%; | |
| ;7 | if p1 or p3 | %?%p1%p3%|%t;7%; | |
| ;8 | if p7 | %?%p7%|%t;8%; | |
| m | always | m | |
| ^N or ^O | if p9 ^N, else ^O | %?%p9%t^N%e^O%; |
Putting this all together into the sgr sequence gives:
sgr=\E[0%?%p1%p6%|%t;1%;%?%p2%t;4%;%?%p1%p3%|%t;7%; %?%p4%t;5%;%?%p7%t;8%;m%?%p9%t\016%e\017%;,
Remember that if you specify sgr, you must also specify sgr0. Also, some implementations rely on sgr being given if sgr0 is, Not all terminfo entries necessarily have an sgr string, however. Many terminfo entries are derived from termcap entries which have no sgr string. The only drawback to adding an sgr string is that termcap also assumes that sgr0 does not exit alternate character set mode.
Terminals with the ``magic cookie'' glitch (xmc) deposit special ``cookies'' when they receive mode-setting sequences, which affect the display algorithm rather than having extra bits for each character. Some terminals, such as the HP 2621, automatically leave standout mode when they move to a new line or the cursor is addressed. Programs using standout mode should exit standout mode before moving the cursor or sending a newline, unless the msgr capability, asserting that it is safe to move in standout mode, is present.
If the terminal has a way of flashing the screen to indicate an error quietly (a bell replacement) then this can be given as flash; it must not move the cursor.
If the cursor needs to be made more visible than normal when it is not on the bottom line (to make, for example, a non-blinking underline into an easier to find block or blinking underline) give this sequence as cvvis. If there is a way to make the cursor completely invisible, give that as civis. The capability cnorm should be given which undoes the effects of both of these modes.
If your terminal correctly generates underlined characters (with no special codes needed) even though it does not overstrike, then you should give the capability ul. If a character overstriking another leaves both characters on the screen, specify the capability os. If overstrikes are erasable with a blank, then this should be indicated by giving eo.
Keypad and Function Keys
If the terminal has a keypad that transmits codes when the keys are pressed, this information can be given. Note that it is not possible to handle terminals where the keypad only works in local (this applies, for example, to the unshifted HP 2621 keys). If the keypad can be set to transmit or not transmit, give these codes as smkx and rmkx. Otherwise the keypad is assumed to always transmit. The codes sent by the left arrow, right arrow, up arrow, down arrow, and home keys can be given as kcub1, kcuf1, kcuu1, kcud1, and khome respectively. If there are function keys such as f0, f1, ..., f10, the codes they send can be given as kf0, kf1, ..., kf10. If these keys have labels other than the default f0 through f10, the labels can be given as lf0, lf1, ..., lf10. The codes transmitted by certain other special keys can be given: kll (home down), kbs (backspace), ktbc (clear all tabs), kctab (clear the tab stop in this column), kclr (clear screen or erase key), kdch1 (delete character), kdl1 (delete line), krmir (exit insert mode), kel (clear to end of line), ked (clear to end of screen), kich1 (insert character or enter insert mode), kil1 (insert line), knp (next page), kpp (previous page), kind (scroll forward/down), kri (scroll backward/up), khts (set a tab stop in this column). In addition, if the keypad has a 3 by 3 array of keys including the four arrow keys, the other five keys can be given as ka1, ka3, kb2, kc1, and kc3. These keys are useful when the effects of a 3 by 3 directional pad are needed.
Strings to program function keys can be given as pfkey, pfloc, and pfx. A string to program screen labels should be specified as pln. Each of these strings takes two parameters: the function key number to program (from 0 to 10) and the string to program it with. Function key numbers out of this range may program undefined keys in a terminal dependent manner. The difference between the capabilities is that pfkey causes pressing the given key to be the same as the user typing the given string; pfloc causes the string to be executed by the terminal in local; and pfx causes the string to be transmitted to the computer.
The capabilities nlab, lw and lh define the number of programmable screen labels and their width and height. If there are commands to turn the labels on and off, give them in smln and rmln. smln is normally output after one or more pln sequences to make sure that the change becomes visible.
Tabs and Initialization
If the terminal has hardware tabs, the command to advance to the next tab stop can be given as ht (usually control I). A ``back-tab'' command which moves leftward to the preceding tab stop can be given as cbt. By convention, if the teletype modes indicate that tabs are being expanded by the computer rather than being sent to the terminal, programs should not use ht or cbt even if they are present, since the user may not have the tab stops properly set. If the terminal has hardware tabs which are initially set every n spaces when the terminal is powered up, the numeric parameter it is given, showing the number of spaces the tabs are set to. This is normally used by the tset command to determine whether to set the mode for hardware tab expansion, and whether to set the tab stops. If the terminal has tab stops that can be saved in non-volatile memory, the terminfo description can assume that they are properly set.
Other capabilities include is1, is2, and is3, initialization strings for the terminal, iprog, the path name of a program to be run to initialize the terminal, and if, the name of a file containing long initialization strings. These strings are expected to set the terminal into modes consistent with the rest of the terminfo description. They are normally sent to the terminal, by the init option of the tput program, each time the user logs in. They will be printed in the following order:
-
- run the program
- iprog
- output
- is1 is2
- set the margins using
- mgc, smgl and smgr
- set tabs using
- tbc and hts
- print the file
- if
- and finally
- output is3.
Most initialization is done with is2. Special terminal modes can be set up without duplicating strings by putting the common sequences in is2 and special cases in is1 and is3.
A set of sequences that does a harder reset from a totally unknown state can be given as rs1, rs2, rf and rs3, analogous to is1 , is2 , if and is3 respectively. These strings are output by the reset program, which is used when the terminal gets into a wedged state. Commands are normally placed in rs1, rs2 rs3 and rf only if they produce annoying effects on the screen and are not necessary when logging in. For example, the command to set the vt100 into 80-column mode would normally be part of is2, but it causes an annoying glitch of the screen and is not normally needed since the terminal is usually already in 80 column mode.
The reset program writes strings including iprog, etc., in the same order as the init program, using rs1, etc., instead of is1, etc. If any of rs1, rs2, rs3, or rf reset capability strings are missing, the reset program falls back upon the corresponding initialization capability string.
If there are commands to set and clear tab stops, they can be given as tbc (clear all tab stops) and hts (set a tab stop in the current column of every row). If a more complex sequence is needed to set the tabs than can be described by this, the sequence can be placed in is2 or if.
Delays and Padding
Many older and slower terminals do not support either XON/XOFF or DTR handshaking, including hard copy terminals and some very archaic CRTs (including, for example, DEC VT100s). These may require padding characters after certain cursor motions and screen changes.
If the terminal uses xon/xoff handshaking for flow control (that is, it automatically emits ^S back to the host when its input buffers are close to full), set xon. This capability suppresses the emission of padding. You can also set it for memory-mapped console devices effectively that do not have a speed limit. Padding information should still be included so that routines can make better decisions about relative costs, but actual pad characters will not be transmitted.
If pb (padding baud rate) is given, padding is suppressed at baud rates below the value of pb. If the entry has no padding baud rate, then whether padding is emitted or not is completely controlled by xon.
If the terminal requires other than a null (zero) character as a pad, then this can be given as pad. Only the first character of the pad string is used.
Status Lines
Some terminals have an extra `status line' which is not normally used by software (and thus not counted in the terminal's lines capability).The simplest case is a status line which is cursor-addressable but not part of the main scrolling region on the screen; the Heathkit H19 has a status line of this kind, as would a 24-line VT100 with a 23-line scrolling region set up on initialization. This situation is indicated by the hs capability.
Some terminals with status lines need special sequences to access the status line. These may be expressed as a string with single parameter tsl which takes the cursor to a given zero-origin column on the status line. The capability fsl must return to the main-screen cursor positions before the last tsl. You may need to embed the string values of sc (save cursor) and rc (restore cursor) in tsl and fsl to accomplish this.
The status line is normally assumed to be the same width as the width of the terminal. If this is untrue, you can specify it with the numeric capability wsl.
A command to erase or blank the status line may be specified as dsl.
The boolean capability eslok specifies that escape sequences, tabs, etc., work ordinarily in the status line.
The ncurses implementation does not yet use any of these capabilities. They are documented here in case they ever become important.
Line Graphics
Many terminals have alternate character sets useful for forms-drawing. Terminfo and curses build in support for the drawing characters supported by the VT100, with some characters from the AT&T 4410v1 added. This alternate character set may be specified by the acsc capability.
| Glyph | ACS | Ascii | VT100 |
| Name | Name | Default | Name |
| UK pound sign | ACS_STERLING | f | } |
| arrow pointing down | ACS_DARROW | v | . |
| arrow pointing left | ACS_LARROW | < | , |
| arrow pointing right | ACS_RARROW | > | + |
| arrow pointing up | ACS_UARROW | ^ | - |
| board of squares | ACS_BOARD | # | h |
| bullet | ACS_BULLET | o | ~ |
| checker board (stipple) | ACS_CKBOARD | : | a |
| degree symbol | ACS_DEGREE | \ | f |
| diamond | ACS_DIAMOND | + | ` |
| greater-than-or-equal-to | ACS_GEQUAL | > | z |
| greek pi | ACS_PI | * | { |
| horizontal line | ACS_HLINE | - | q |
| lantern symbol | ACS_LANTERN | # | i |
| large plus or crossover | ACS_PLUS | + | n |
| less-than-or-equal-to | ACS_LEQUAL | < | y |
| lower left corner | ACS_LLCORNER | + | m |
| lower right corner | ACS_LRCORNER | + | j |
| not-equal | ACS_NEQUAL | ! | | |
| plus/minus | ACS_PLMINUS | # | g |
| scan line 1 | ACS_S1 | ~ | o |
| scan line 3 | ACS_S3 | - | p |
| scan line 7 | ACS_S7 | - | r |
| scan line 9 | ACS_S9 | _ | s |
| solid square block | ACS_BLOCK | # | 0 |
| tee pointing down | ACS_TTEE | + | w |
| tee pointing left | ACS_RTEE | + | u |
| tee pointing right | ACS_LTEE | + | t |
| tee pointing up | ACS_BTEE | + | v |
| upper left corner | ACS_ULCORNER | + | l |
| upper right corner | ACS_URCORNER | + | k |
| vertical line | ACS_VLINE | | | x |
The best way to define a new device's graphics set is to add a column to a copy of this table for your terminal, giving the character which (when emitted between smacs/rmacs switches) will be rendered as the corresponding graphic. Then read off the VT100/your terminal character pairs right to left in sequence; these become the ACSC string.
Color Handling
Most color terminals are either `Tektronix-like' or `HP-like'. Tektronix-like terminals have a predefined set of N colors (where N usually 8), and can set character-cell foreground and background characters independently, mixing them into N * N color-pairs. On HP-like terminals, the use must set each color pair up separately (foreground and background are not independently settable). Up to M color-pairs may be set up from 2*M different colors. ANSI-compatible terminals are Tektronix-like.
Some basic color capabilities are independent of the color method. The numeric capabilities colors and pairs specify the maximum numbers of colors and color-pairs that can be displayed simultaneously. The op (original pair) string resets foreground and background colors to their default values for the terminal. The oc string resets all colors or color-pairs to their default values for the terminal. Some terminals (including many PC terminal emulators) erase screen areas with the current background color rather than the power-up default background; these should have the boolean capability bce.
To change the current foreground or background color on a Tektronix-type terminal, use setaf (set ANSI foreground) and setab (set ANSI background) or setf (set foreground) and setb (set background). These take one parameter, the color number. The SVr4 documentation describes only setaf/setab; the XPG4 draft says that "If the terminal supports ANSI escape sequences to set background and foreground, they should be coded as setaf and setab, respectively. If the terminal supports other escape sequences to set background and foreground, they should be coded as setf and setb, respectively. The vidputs() function and the refresh functions use setaf and setab if they are defined."
The setaf/setab and setf/setb capabilities take a single numeric argument each. Argument values 0-7 of setaf/setab are portably defined as follows (the middle column is the symbolic #define available in the header for the curses or ncurses libraries). The terminal hardware is free to map these as it likes, but the RGB values indicate normal locations in color space.
| Color | #define | Value | RGB |
| black | COLOR_BLACK | 0 | 0, 0, 0 |
| red | COLOR_RED | 1 | max,0,0 |
| green | COLOR_GREEN | 2 | 0,max,0 |
| yellow | COLOR_YELLOW | 3 | max,max,0 |
| blue | COLOR_BLUE | 4 | 0,0,max |
| magenta | COLOR_MAGENTA | 5 | max,0,max |
| cyan | COLOR_CYAN | 6 | 0,max,max |
| white | COLOR_WHITE | 7 | max,max,max |
The argument values of setf/setb historically correspond to a different mapping, i.e.,
| Color | #define | Value | RGB |
| black | COLOR_BLACK | 0 | 0, 0, 0 |
| blue | COLOR_BLUE | 1 | 0,0,max |
| green | COLOR_GREEN | 2 | 0,max,0 |
| cyan | COLOR_CYAN | 3 | 0,max,max |
| red | COLOR_RED | 4 | max,0,0 |
| magenta | COLOR_MAGENTA | 5 | max,0,max |
| yellow | COLOR_YELLOW | 6 | max,max,0 |
| white | COLOR_WHITE | 7 | max,max,max |
On an HP-like terminal, use scp with a color-pair number parameter to set which color pair is current.
On a Tektronix-like terminal, the capability ccc may be present to indicate that colors can be modified. If so, the initc capability will take a color number (0 to colors - 1)and three more parameters which describe the color. These three parameters default to being interpreted as RGB (Red, Green, Blue) values. If the boolean capability hls is present, they are instead as HLS (Hue, Lightness, Saturation) indices. The ranges are terminal-dependent.
On an HP-like terminal, initp may give a capability for changing a color-pair value. It will take seven parameters; a color-pair number (0 to max_pairs - 1), and two triples describing first background and then foreground colors. These parameters must be (Red, Green, Blue) or (Hue, Lightness, Saturation) depending on hls.
On some color terminals, colors collide with highlights. You can register these collisions with the ncv capability. This is a bit-mask of attributes not to be used when colors are enabled. The correspondence with the attributes understood by curses is as follows:
| Attribute | Bit | Decimal |
| A_STANDOUT | 0 | 1 |
| A_UNDERLINE | 1 | 2 |
| A_REVERSE | 2 | 4 |
| A_BLINK | 3 | 8 |
| A_DIM | 4 | 16 |
| A_BOLD | 5 | 32 |
| A_INVIS | 6 | 64 |
| A_PROTECT | 7 | 128 |
| A_ALTCHARSET | 8 | 256 |
For example, on many IBM PC consoles, the underline attribute collides with the foreground color blue and is not available in color mode. These should have an ncv capability of 2.
SVr4 curses does nothing with ncv, ncurses recognizes it and optimizes the output in favor of colors.
Miscellaneous
If the terminal requires other than a null (zero) character as a pad, then this can be given as pad. Only the first character of the pad string is used. If the terminal does not have a pad character, specify npc. Note that ncurses implements the termcap-compatible PC variable; though the application may set this value to something other than a null, ncurses will test npc first and use napms if the terminal has no pad character.If the terminal can move up or down half a line, this can be indicated with hu (half-line up) and hd (half-line down). This is primarily useful for superscripts and subscripts on hard-copy terminals. If a hard-copy terminal can eject to the next page (form feed), give this as ff (usually control L).
If there is a command to repeat a given character a given number of times (to save time transmitting a large number of identical characters) this can be indicated with the parameterized string rep. The first parameter is the character to be repeated and the second is the number of times to repeat it. Thus, tparm(repeat_char, 'x', 10) is the same as `xxxxxxxxxx'.
If the terminal has a settable command character, such as the TEKTRONIX 4025, this can be indicated with cmdch. A prototype command character is chosen which is used in all capabilities. This character is given in the cmdch capability to identify it. The following convention is supported on some UNIX systems: The environment is to be searched for a CC variable, and if found, all occurrences of the prototype character are replaced with the character in the environment variable.
Terminal descriptions that do not represent a specific kind of known terminal, such as switch, dialup, patch, and network, should include the gn (generic) capability so that programs can complain that they do not know how to talk to the terminal. (This capability does not apply to virtual terminal descriptions for which the escape sequences are known.)
If the terminal has a ``meta key'' which acts as a shift key, setting the 8th bit of any character transmitted, this fact can be indicated with km. Otherwise, software will assume that the 8th bit is parity and it will usually be cleared. If strings exist to turn this ``meta mode'' on and off, they can be given as smm and rmm.
If the terminal has more lines of memory than will fit on the screen at once, the number of lines of memory can be indicated with lm. A value of lm#0 indicates that the number of lines is not fixed, but that there is still more memory than fits on the screen.
If the terminal is one of those supported by the UNIX virtual terminal protocol, the terminal number can be given as vt.
Media copy strings which control an auxiliary printer connected to the terminal can be given as mc0: print the contents of the screen, mc4: turn off the printer, and mc5: turn on the printer. When the printer is on, all text sent to the terminal will be sent to the printer. It is undefined whether the text is also displayed on the terminal screen when the printer is on. A variation mc5p takes one parameter, and leaves the printer on for as many characters as the value of the parameter, then turns the printer off. The parameter should not exceed 255. All text, including mc4, is transparently passed to the printer while an mc5p is in effect.
Glitches and Braindamage
Hazeltine terminals, which do not allow `~' characters to be displayed should indicate hz.
Terminals which ignore a line-feed immediately after an am wrap, such as the Concept and vt100, should indicate xenl.
If el is required to get rid of standout (instead of merely writing normal text on top of it), xhp should be given.
Teleray terminals, where tabs turn all characters moved over to blanks, should indicate xt (destructive tabs). Note: the variable indicating this is now `dest_tabs_magic_smso'; in older versions, it was teleray_glitch. This glitch is also taken to mean that it is not possible to position the cursor on top of a ``magic cookie'', that to erase standout mode it is instead necessary to use delete and insert line. The ncurses implementation ignores this glitch.
The Beehive Superbee, which is unable to correctly transmit the escape or control C characters, has xsb, indicating that the f1 key is used for escape and f2 for control C. (Only certain Superbees have this problem, depending on the ROM.) Note that in older terminfo versions, this capability was called `beehive_glitch'; it is now `no_esc_ctl_c'.
Other specific terminal problems may be corrected by adding more capabilities of the form xx.
Similar Terminals
If there are two very similar terminals, one (the variant) can be defined as being just like the other (the base) with certain exceptions. In the definition of the variant, the string capability use can be given with the name of the base terminal. The capabilities given before use override those in the base type named by use. If there are multiple use capabilities, they are merged in reverse order. That is, the rightmost use reference is processed first, then the one to its left, and so forth. Capabilities given explicitly in the entry override those brought in by use references.
A capability can be canceled by placing xx@ to the left of the use reference that imports it, where xx is the capability. For example, the entry
2621-nl, smkx@, rmkx@, use=2621,
defines a 2621-nl that does not have the smkx or rmkx capabilities, and hence does not turn on the function key labels when in visual mode. This is useful for different modes for a terminal, or for different user preferences.
Pitfalls of Long Entries
Long terminfo entries are unlikely to be a problem; to date, no entry has even approached terminfo's 4096-byte string-table maximum. Unfortunately, the termcap translations are much more strictly limited (to 1023 bytes), thus termcap translations of long terminfo entries can cause problems.
The man pages for 4.3BSD and older versions of tgetent() instruct the user to allocate a 1024-byte buffer for the termcap entry. The entry gets null-terminated by the termcap library, so that makes the maximum safe length for a termcap entry 1k-1 (1023) bytes. Depending on what the application and the termcap library being used does, and where in the termcap file the terminal type that tgetent() is searching for is, several bad things can happen.
Some termcap libraries print a warning message or exit if they find an entry that's longer than 1023 bytes; others do not; others truncate the entries to 1023 bytes. Some application programs allocate more than the recommended 1K for the termcap entry; others do not.
Each termcap entry has two important sizes associated with it: before "tc" expansion, and after "tc" expansion. "tc" is the capability that tacks on another termcap entry to the end of the current one, to add on its capabilities. If a termcap entry does not use the "tc" capability, then of course the two lengths are the same.
The "before tc expansion" length is the most important one, because it affects more than just users of that particular terminal. This is the length of the entry as it exists in /etc/termcap, minus the backslash-newline pairs, which tgetent() strips out while reading it. Some termcap libraries strip off the final newline, too (GNU termcap does not). Now suppose:
- *
- a termcap entry before expansion is more than 1023 bytes long,
- *
- and the application has only allocated a 1k buffer,
- *
- and the termcap library (like the one in BSD/OS 1.1 and GNU) reads the whole entry into the buffer, no matter what its length, to see if it is the entry it wants,
- *
- and tgetent() is searching for a terminal type that either is the long entry, appears in the termcap file after the long entry, or does not appear in the file at all (so that tgetent() has to search the whole termcap file).
Then tgetent() will overwrite memory, perhaps its stack, and probably core dump the program. Programs like telnet are particularly vulnerable; modern telnets pass along values like the terminal type automatically. The results are almost as undesirable with a termcap library, like SunOS 4.1.3 and Ultrix 4.4, that prints warning messages when it reads an overly long termcap entry. If a termcap library truncates long entries, like OSF/1 3.0, it is immune to dying here but will return incorrect data for the terminal.
The "after tc expansion" length will have a similar effect to the above, but only for people who actually set TERM to that terminal type, since tgetent() only does "tc" expansion once it is found the terminal type it was looking for, not while searching.
In summary, a termcap entry that is longer than 1023 bytes can cause, on various combinations of termcap libraries and applications, a core dump, warnings, or incorrect operation. If it is too long even before "tc" expansion, it will have this effect even for users of some other terminal types and users whose TERM variable does not have a termcap entry.
When in -C (translate to termcap) mode, the ncurses implementation of tic(1M) issues warning messages when the pre-tc length of a termcap translation is too long. The -c (check) option also checks resolved (after tc expansion) lengths.
Binary Compatibility
It is not wise to count on portability of binary terminfo entries between commercial UNIX versions. The problem is that there are at least two versions of terminfo (under HP-UX and AIX) which diverged from System V terminfo after SVr1, and have added extension capabilities to the string table that (in the binary format) collide with System V and XSI Curses extensions.EXTENSIONS
Some SVr4 curses implementations, and all previous to SVr4, do not interpret the %A and %O operators in parameter strings.SVr4/XPG4 do not specify whether msgr licenses movement while in an alternate-character-set mode (such modes may, among other things, map CR and NL to characters that do not trigger local motions). The ncurses implementation ignores msgr in ALTCHARSET mode. This raises the possibility that an XPG4 implementation making the opposite interpretation may need terminfo entries made for ncurses to have msgr turned off.
The ncurses library handles insert-character and insert-character modes in a slightly non-standard way to get better update efficiency. See the Insert/Delete Character subsection above.
The parameter substitutions for set_clock and display_clock are not documented in SVr4 or the XSI Curses standard. They are deduced from the documentation for the AT&T 505 terminal.
Be careful assigning the kmous capability. The ncurses wants to interpret it as KEY_MOUSE, for use by terminals and emulators like xterm that can return mouse-tracking information in the keyboard-input stream.
Different commercial ports of terminfo and curses support different subsets of the XSI Curses standard and (in some cases) different extension sets. Here is a summary, accurate as of October 1995:
SVR4, Solaris, ncurses -- These support all SVr4 capabilities.
SGI -- Supports the SVr4 set, adds one undocumented extended string capability (set_pglen).
SVr1, Ultrix -- These support a restricted subset of terminfo capabilities. The booleans end with xon_xoff; the numerics with width_status_line; and the strings with prtr_non.
HP/UX -- Supports the SVr1 subset, plus the SVr[234] numerics num_labels, label_height, label_width, plus function keys 11 through 63, plus plab_norm, label_on, and label_off, plus some incompatible extensions in the string table.
AIX -- Supports the SVr1 subset, plus function keys 11 through 63, plus a number of incompatible string table extensions.
OSF -- Supports both the SVr4 set and the AIX extensions.
FILES
- /usr/share/terminfo/?/*
- files containing terminal descriptions
SEE ALSO
tic(1M), infocmp(1M), curses(3X), printf(3), term(5).AUTHORS
Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey. Based on pcurses by Pavel Curtis.
Index
- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
-
- Capabilities
- A Sample Entry
- Types of Capabilities
- Fetching Compiled Descriptions
- Preparing Descriptions
- Basic Capabilities
- Parameterized Strings
- Cursor Motions
- Area Clears
- Insert/delete line and vertical motions
- Insert/Delete Character
- Highlighting, Underlining, and Visible Bells
- Keypad and Function Keys
- Tabs and Initialization
- Delays and Padding
- Status Lines
- Line Graphics
- Color Handling
- Miscellaneous
- Glitches and Braindamage
- Similar Terminals
- Pitfalls of Long Entries
- Binary Compatibility
- EXTENSIONS
- FILES
- SEE ALSO
- AUTHORS
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:34:00 GMT, December 24, 2015


# Sass
**Sass makes CSS fun again**. Sass is an extension of CSS3, adding nested rules, variables, mixins, selector inheritance, and more. It’s translated to well-formatted, standard CSS using the command line tool or a web-framework plugin.
Sass has two syntaxes. The new main syntax (as of Sass 3) is known as “SCSS” (for “Sassy CSS”), and is a superset of CSS3’s syntax. This means that every valid CSS3 stylesheet is valid SCSS as well. SCSS files use the extension `.scss`.
The second, older syntax is known as the indented syntax (or just “Sass”). Inspired by Haml’s terseness, it’s intended for people who prefer conciseness over similarity to CSS. Instead of brackets and semicolons, it uses the indentation of lines to specify blocks. Although no longer the primary syntax, the indented syntax will continue to be supported. Files in the indented syntax use the extension `.sass`.
## Using
Sass can be used from the command line or as part of a web framework. The first step is to install the gem:
gem install sass
After you convert some CSS to Sass, you can run
sass style.scss
to compile it back to CSS. For more information on these commands, check out
sass --help
To install Sass in Rails 2, just add `config.gem “sass”` to `config/environment.rb`. In Rails 3, add `gem “sass”` to your Gemfile instead. `.sass` or `.scss` files should be placed in `public/stylesheets/sass`, where they’ll be automatically compiled to corresponding CSS files in `public/stylesheets` when needed (the Sass template directory is customizable... see [the Sass reference](sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#template_location-option) for details).
Sass can also be used with any Rack-enabled web framework. To do so, just add
require 'sass/plugin/rack' use Sass::Plugin::Rack
to `config.ru`. Then any Sass files in `public/stylesheets/sass` will be compiled CSS files in `public/stylesheets` on every request.
To use Sass programatically, check out the [YARD documentation](sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/).
## Formatting
Sass is an extension of CSS that adds power and elegance to the basic language. It allows you to use [variables][vars], [nested rules][nested], [mixins][mixins], [inline imports][imports], and more, all with a fully CSS-compatible syntax. Sass helps keep large stylesheets well-organized, and get small stylesheets up and running quickly, particularly with the help of [the Compass style library](compass-style.org).
[vars]: beta.sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#variables_ [nested]: beta.sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#nested_rules_ [mixins]: beta.sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#mixins [imports]: beta.sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#import
Sass has two syntaxes. The one presented here, known as “SCSS” (for “Sassy CSS”), is fully CSS-compatible. The other (older) syntax, known as the indented syntax or just “Sass”, is whitespace-sensitive and indentation-based. For more information, see the [reference documentation][syntax].
[syntax]: beta.sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#syntax
To run the following examples and see the CSS they produce, put them in a file called `test.scss` and run `sass test.scss`.
### Nesting
Sass avoids repetition by nesting selectors within one another. The same thing works for properties.
table.hl { margin: 2em 0; td.ln { text-align: right; } } li { font: { family: serif; weight: bold; size: 1.2em; } }
### Variables
Use the same color all over the place? Need to do some math with height and width and text size? Sass supports variables, math operations, and many useful functions.
$blue: #3bbfce; $margin: 16px; .content_navigation { border-color: $blue; color: darken($blue, 10%); } .border { padding: $margin / 2; margin: $margin / 2; border-color: $blue; }
### Mixins
Even more powerful than variables, mixins allow you to re-use whole chunks of CSS, properties or selectors. You can even give them arguments.
@mixin table-scaffolding { th { text-align: center; font-weight: bold; } td, th { padding: 2px; } } @mixin left($dist) { float: left; margin-left: $dist; } #data { @include left(10px); @include table-scaffolding; }
A comprehensive list of features is available in the [Sass reference](beta.sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html).
## Executables
The Sass gem includes several executables that are useful for dealing with Sass from the command line.
### `sass`
The `sass` executable transforms a source Sass file into CSS. See `sass —help` for further information and options.
### `sass-convert`
The `sass-convert` executable converts between CSS, Sass, and SCSS. When converting from CSS to Sass or SCSS, nesting is applied where appropriate. See `sass-convert —help` for further information and options.
## Authors
Sass was envisioned by [Hampton Catlin](hamptoncatlin.com) (hcatlin). However, Hampton doesn’t even know his way around the code anymore and now occasionally consults on the language issues. Hampton lives in Jacksonville, Florida and is the lead mobile developer for Wikimedia.
[Nathan Weizenbaum](nex-3.com) is the primary developer and architect of Sass. His hard work has kept the project alive by endlessly answering forum posts, fixing bugs, refactoring, finding speed improvements, writing documentation, implementing new features, and getting Hampton coffee (a fitting task for a boy-genius). Nathan lives in Seattle, Washington and while not being a student at the University of Washington or working at an internship, he consults for Unspace Interactive.
[Chris Eppstein](acts-as-architect.blogspot.com) is a core contributor to Sass and the creator of Compass, the first Sass-based framework. Chris focuses on making Sass more powerful, easy to use, and on ways to speed its adoption through the web development community. Chris lives in San Jose, California with his wife and daughter. He is the Software Architect for [Caring.com](caring.com), a website devoted to the 34 Million caregivers whose parents are sick or elderly, that uses Haml and Sass.
If you use this software, you must pay Hampton a compliment. And buy Nathan some jelly beans. Maybe pet a kitten. Yeah. Pet that kitty.
Beyond that, the implementation is licensed under the MIT License. Okay, fine, I guess that means compliments aren’t required.


Identifying insect defoliation and outbreak events in tree-ing growth patterns is the goal of dfoliatR. Two functions perform the majority of the workload. They take indexed tree-ring data and find tree-level defoliation events [defoliate_trees()] and then composite all trees [outbreak()] to identify outbreak events.
Tree-ring data from four sites in New Mexico are available for users to explore and test functions. These include two sets of Douglas-fir host series and two separate ponderosa pine non-host chronologies. The samples were collected to reconstruct western spruce budwork outbreak dynamics.


{% include "includes/account-name-number.html" %}ILR data mismatches
There are 2 mismatches where the data in the apprenticeship service and your ILR submission are different.
| Name | Mel O'Connor |
| Unique learner number |<PHONE_NUMBER> |
| Date of birth | 28 February 1997 |
Mismatches
| 1. Mismatch one | ILR changes pending Changes pending |
| 2. Mismatch two | ILR changes pending Changes pending |


Users need guidance filling out a complex form.
Splitting a complex form into multiple steps accomplishes a few things:
A wizard is usually composed of:
In many cases it’s beneficial to show the list of steps a wizard will have. Depending on the number of steps and space available, steps can be listed vertically or horizontally.
Use vertical steps when there are 5 or more steps, when there are nested steps, or when steps are categorized.
Add and configure new alerts for an environment.
When the alert criteria is met, each recipient will receive an email notification.
Invalid email address.
Use horizontal steps when there are 4 or less steps.
Buttons for a wizard can vary depending on the need. The primary actions should be on the right, the secondary actions should be on the left.
Last saved 09/19/14 10:45 AM


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American-Indonesian from Los Angeles, California.
During business hours, I'm a digital product designer. After hours, I'm either spending time with my fiancée and son or working on my recent venture, Candy.
You can read my blog or, if you need to holler, you can find me all over:
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Preparation time
overnight
Cooking time
no cooking required
Serves
Serves 1
Dietary
Frozen fruit is a great standby for breakfast pots and smoothies. Blueberries and blackberries would also work well in this recipe.
Put all the ingredients in a jar, stir, put the lid on and store in the fridge overnight. If you prefer your oats warmed, microwave the mixture for 30 seconds to release the aromas and flavours.