It may not be unnecessary to inform the reader, that the following Reflections had their origin in a correspondence between the Author and a very young gentleman at Paris, who did him the honour of desiring his opinion upon the important transactions, which then, and ever since, have so much occupied the attention of all men. An answer was written some time in the month of October, 1789; but it was kept back upon prudential considerations. That letter is alluded to in the beginning of the following sheets. It has been since forwarded to the person to whom it was addressed. The reasons for the delay in sending it were assigned in a short letter to the same gentleman. This produced on his part a new and pressing application for the Author's sentiments.
The Author began a second and more full discussion on the subject. This he had some thoughts of publishing early in the last spring; but, the matter gaining upon him, he found that what he had undertaken not only far exceeded the measure of a letter, but that its importance required rather a more detailed consideration than at that time he had any leisure to bestow upon it. However, having thrown down his first thoughts in the form of a letter, and, indeed, when he sat down to write, having intended it for a private letter, he found it difficult to change the form of address, when his sentiments had grown into a greater extent, and had received another direction. A different plan, he is sensible, might be more favourable to a commodious division and distribution of his matter.
Dear Sir,
You are pleased to call again, and with some earnestness, for my thoughts on the late proceedings in France. I will not give you reason to imagine that I think my sentiments of such value as to wish myself to be solicited about them. They are of too little consequence to be very anxiously either communicated or withheld. It was from attention to you, and to you only, that I hesitated at the time when you first desired to receive them. In the first letter I had the honour to write to you, and which at length I send, I wrote neither for, nor from, any description of men; nor shall I in this. My errors, if any, are my own. My reputation alone is to answer for them.
You see, Sir, by the long letter I have transmitted to you, that though I do most heartily wish that France may be animated by a spirit of rational liberty, and that I think you bound, in all honest policy, to provide a permanent body in which that spirit may reside, and an effectual organ by which it may act, it is my misfortune to entertain great doubts concerning several material points in your late transactions.
You imagined, when you wrote last, that I might possibly be reckoned among the approvers of certain proceedings in France, from the solemn public seal of sanction they have received from two clubs of gentlemen in London, called the Constitutional Society, and the Revolution Society.
I certainly have the honour to belong to more clubs than one, in which the constitution of this kingdom, and the principles of the glorious Revolution, are held in high reverence and I reckon myself among the most forward in my zeal for maintaining that constitution and those principles in their utmost purity and vigour. It is because I do so that I think it necessary for me that there should be no mistake. Those who cultivate the memory of our Revolution, and those who are attached to the constitution of this kingdom, will take good care how they are involved with persons, who under the pretext of zeal towards the Revolution and constitution too frequently wander from their true principles; and are ready on every occasion to depart from the firm but cautious and deliberate spirit which produced the one, and which presides in the other. Before I proceed to answer the more material particulars in your letter, I shall beg leave to give you such information as I have been able to obtain of the two clubs which have thought proper, as bodies, to interfere in the concerns of France; first assuring you, that I am not, and that I have never been, a member of either of those societies.
The first, calling itself the Constitutional Society, or Society for Constitutional Information, or by some such title, is, I believe, of seven or eight years standing. The institution of this society appears to be of a charitable, and so far of a laudable nature: it was intended for the circulation, at the expense of the members, of many books, which few others would be at the expense of buying; and which might lie on the hands of the booksellers, to the great loss of an useful body of men. Whether the books, so charitably circulated, were ever as charitably read, is more than I know. Possibly several of them have been exported to France; and, like goods not in request here, may with you have found a market. I have heard much talk of the lights to be drawn from books that are sent from hence. What improvements they have had in their passage (as it is said some liquors are meliorated by crossing the sea) I cannot tell: but I never heard a man of common judgment, or the least degree of information, speak a word in praise of the greater part of the publications circulated by that society; nor have their proceedings been accounted, except by some of themselves, as of any serious consequence.
Your National Assembly seems to entertain much the same opinion that I do of this poor charitable club. As a nation, you reserved the whole stock of your eloquent acknowledgments for the Revolution Society; when their fellows in the Constitutional were, in equity, entitled to some share. Since you have selected the Revolution Society as the great object of your national thanks and praises, you will think me excusable in making its late conduct the subject of my observations. The National Assembly of France has given importance to these gentlemen by adopting them: and they return the favour, by acting as a committee in England for extending the principles of the National Assembly. Henceforward we must consider them as a kind of privileged persons; as no inconsiderable members in the diplomatic body. This is one among the revolutions which have given splendour to obscurity, and distinction to undiscerned merit. Until very lately I do not recollect to have heard of this club. I am quite sure that it never occupied a moment of my thoughts; nor, I believe, those of any person out of their own set. I find, upon inquiry, that on the anniversary of the Revolution in 1688, a club of dissenters, but of what denomination I know not, have long had the custom of hearing a sermon in one of their churches; and that afterwards they spent the day cheerfully, as other clubs do, at the tavern. But I never heard that any public measure, or political system, much less that the merits of the constitution of any foreign nation, had been the subject of a formal proceeding at their festivals; until, to my inexpressible surprise, I found them in a sort of public capacity, by a congratulatory address, giving an authoritative sanction to the proceedings of the National Assembly in France.
In the ancient principles and conduct of the club, so far at least as they were declared, I see nothing to which I could take exception. I think it very probable, that for some purpose, new members may have entered among them; and that some truly Christian politicians, who love to dispense benefits, but are careful to conceal the hand which distributes the dole, may have made them the instruments of their pious designs. Whatever I may have reason to suspect concerning private management, I shall speak of nothing as of a certainty but what is public.
For one, I should be sorry to be thought, directly or indirectly, concerned in their proceedings. I certainly take my full share, along with the rest of the world, in my individual and private capacity, in speculating on what has been done, or is doing, on the public stage, in any place ancient or modern; in the republic of Rome, or the republic of Paris; but having no general apostolical mission, being a citizen of a particular state, and being bound up, in a considerable degree, by its public will, I should think it at least improper and irregular for me to open a formal public correspondence with the actual government of a foreign nation, without the express authority of the government under which I live.
I should be still more unwilling to enter into that correspondence under anything like an equivocal description, which to many, unacquainted with our usages, might make the address, in which I joined, appear as the act of persons in some sort of corporate capacity, acknowledged by the laws of this kingdom, and authorized to speak the sense of some part of it. On account of the ambiguity and uncertainty of unauthorized general descriptions, and of the deceit which may be practised under them, and not from mere formality, the House of Commons would reject the most sneaking petition for the most trifling object, under that mode of signature to which you have thrown open the folding doors of your presence chamber, and have ushered into your National Assembly with as much ceremony and parade, and with as great a bustle of applause, as if you had been visited by the whole representative majesty of the whole English nation.  It would be neither the more nor the less convincing on account of the party it came from. But this is only a vote and resolution. It stands solely on authority; and in this case it is the mere authority of individuals, few of whom appear. Their signatures ought, in my opinion, to have been annexed to their instrument. The world would then have the means of knowing how many they are; who they are; and of what value their opinions may be, from their personal abilities, from their knowledge, their experience, or their lead and authority in this state. To me, who am but a plain man, the proceeding looks a little too refined, and too ingenious; it has too much the air of a political stratagem, adopted for the sake of giving, under a high-sounding name, an importance to the public declarations of this club, which, when the matter came to be closely inspected, they did not altogether so well deserve. It is a policy that has very much the complexion of a fraud.
I flatter myself that I love a manly, moral, regulated liberty as well as any gentleman of that society, be he who he will; and perhaps I have given as good proofs of my attachment to that cause, in the whole course of my public conduct. I think I envy liberty as little as they do, to any other nation. But I cannot stand forward, and give praise or blame to anything which relates to human actions, and human concerns, on a simple view of the object, as it stands stripped of every relation, in all the nakedness and solitude of metaphysical abstraction. Circumstances (which with some gentlemen pass for nothing) give in reality to every political principle its distinguishing colour and discriminating effect. The circumstances are what render every civil and political scheme beneficial or noxious to mankind. Abstractedly speaking, government, as well as liberty, is good; yet could I, in common sense, ten years ago, have felicitated France on her enjoyment of a government (for she then had a government) without inquiry what the nature of that government was, or how it was administered? Can I now congratulate the same nation upon its freedom? Is it because liberty in the abstract may be classed amongst the blessings of mankind, that I am seriously to felicitate a mad-man, who has escaped from the protecting restraint and wholesome darkness of his cell, on his restoration to the enjoyment of light and liberty? Am I to congratulate a highwayman and murderer, who has broke prison, upon the recovery of his natural rights? This would be to act over again the scene of the criminals condemned to the galleys, and their heroic deliverer, the metaphysic knight of the sorrowful countenance.
When I see the spirit of liberty in action, I see a strong principle at work; and this, for a while, is all I can possibly know of it. The wild gas, the fixed air, is plainly broke loose: but we ought to suspend our judgment until the first effervescence is a little subsided, till the liquor is cleared, and until we see something deeper than the agitation of a troubled and frothy surface. I must be tolerably sure, before I venture publicly to congratulate men upon a blessing, that they have really received one. Flattery corrupts both the receiver and the giver; and adulation is not of more service to the people than to kings. I should therefore suspend my congratulations on the new liberty of France, until I was informed how it had been combined with government; with public force; with the discipline and obedience of armies; with the collection of an effective and well-distributed revenue; with morality and religion; with the solidity of property; with peace and order; with civil and social manners. All these (in their way) are good things too; and, without them, liberty is not a benefit whilst it lasts, and is not likely to continue long. The effect of liberty to individuals is that they may do what they please: we ought to see what it will please them to do, before we risk congratulations, which may be soon turned into complaints. Prudence would dictate this in the case of separate, insulated, private men; but liberty, when men act in bodies, is power. Considerate people, before they declare themselves, will observe the use which is made of power; and particularly of so trying a thing as new power in new persons, of whose principles, tempers, and dispositions they have little or no experience, and in situations, where those who appear the most stirring in the scene may possibly not be the real movers.
All these considerations however were below the transcendental dignity of the Revolution Society. Whilst I continued in the country, from whence I had the honour of writing to you, I had but an imperfect idea of their transactions. On my coming to town, I sent for an account of their proceedings, which had been published by their authority, containing a sermon of Dr. Price, with the Duke de Rochefaucault's and the Archbishop of Aix's letter, and several other documents annexed. The whole of that publication, with the manifest design of connecting the affairs of France with those of England, by drawing us into an imitation of the conduct of the National Assembly, gave me a considerable degree of uneasiness. The effect of that conduct upon the power, credit, prosperity, and tranquillity of France, became every day more evident. The form of constitution to be settled, for its future polity, became more clear. We are now in a condition to discern, with tolerable exactness, the true nature of the object held up to our imitation. If the prudence of reserve and decorum dictates silence in some circumstances, in others prudence of a higher order may justify us in speaking our thoughts. The beginnings of confusion with us in England are at present feeble enough; but, with you, we have seen an infancy, still more feeble, growing by moments into a strength to heap mountains upon mountains, and to wage war with heaven itself. Whenever our neighbour's house is on fire, it cannot be amiss for the engines to play a little on our own. Better to be despised for too anxious apprehensions, than ruined by too confident a security.
Solicitous chiefly for the peace of my own country, but by no means unconcerned for yours, I wish to communicate more largely what was at first intended only for your private satisfaction. I shall still keep your affairs in my eye, and continue to address myself to you. Indulging myself in the freedom of epistolary intercourse, I beg leave to throw out my thoughts, and express my feelings, just as they arise in my mind, with very little attention to formal method. I set out with the proceedings of the Revolution Society; but I shall not confine myself to them. Is it possible I should? It appears to me as if I were in a great crisis, not of the affairs of France alone, but of all Europe, perhaps of more than Europe. All circumstances taken together, the French Revolution is the most astonishing that has hitherto happened in the world. The most wonderful things are brought about in many instances by means the most absurd and ridiculous; in the most ridiculous modes; and, apparently, by the most contemptible instruments. Everything seems out of nature in this strange chaos of levity and ferocity, and of all sorts of crimes jumbled together with all sorts of follies. In viewing this monstrous tragi-comic scene, the most opposite passions necessarily succeed, and sometimes mix with each other in the mind; alternate contempt and indignation; alternate laughter and tears; alternate scorn and horror.
It cannot, however, be denied, that to some this strange scene appeared in quite another point of view. Into them it inspired no other sentiments than those of exultation and rapture. They saw nothing in what has been done in France, but a firm and temperate exertion of freedom; so consistent, on the whole, with morals and with piety as to make it deserving not only of the secular applause of dashing Machiavelian politicians, but to render it a fit theme for all the devout effusions of sacred eloquence.
On the forenoon of the 4th of November last. Doctor Richard Price, a non-conforming minister of eminence, preached at the dissenting meeting-house of the Old Jewry, to his club or society, a very extraordinary miscellaneous sermon, in which there are some good moral and religious sentiments, and not ill expressed, mixed up in a sort of porridge of various political opinions and reflections; but the Revolution in France is the grand ingredient in the cauldron. I consider the address transmitted by the Revolution Society to the National Assembly, through Earl Stanhope, as originating in the principles of the sermon, and as a corollary from them. It was moved by the preacher of that discourse. It was passed by those who came reeking from the effect of the sermon, without any censure or qualification, expressed or implied. If, however, any of the gendemen concerned shall wish to separate the sermon from the resolution, they know how to acknowledge the one, and to disavow the other. They may do it: I cannot.
For my part, I looked on that sermon as the public declaration of a man much connected with literary caballers, and intriguing philosophers; with political theologians, and theological politicians, both at home and abroad. I know they set him up as a sort of oracle; because, with the best intentions in the world, he naturally philippizes, and chants his prophetic song in exact unison with their designs.
That sermon is in a strain which I believe has not been heard in this kingdom, in any of the pulpits which are tolerated or encouraged in it, since the year 1648; when a predecessor of Dr. Price, the Rev. Hugh Peters, made the vault of the king's own chapel at St. James's ring with the honour and privilege of the saints, who, with the "high praises of God in their mouths, and a two-edged sword in their hands, were to execute judgment on the heathen and punishments upon the people; to bind their kings with chains, and their nobles with fetters of iron." Few harangues from the pulpit, except in the days of your league in France, or in the days of our solemn league and covenant in England, have ever breathed less of the spirit of moderation than this lecture in the Old Jewry. Supposing, however, that something like moderation were visible in this political sermon; yet politics and the pulpit are terms that have little agreement. No sound ought to be heard in the church but the healing voice of Christian charity. The cause of civil liberty and civil government gains as little as that of religion by this confusion of duties. Those who quit their proper character, to assume what does not belong to them, are, for the greater part, ignorant both of the character they leave, and of the character they assume. Wholly unacquainted with the world in which they are so fond of meddling, and inexperienced in all its affairs, on which they pronounce with so much confidence, they have nothing of politics but the passions they excite. Surely the church is a place where one day's truce ought to be allowed to the dissensions and animosities of mankind.
This pulpit style, revived after so long a discontinuance, had to me the air of novelty, and of a novelty not wholly without danger. I do not charge this danger equally to every part of the discourse. The hint given to a noble and reverend lay-divine, who is supposed high in office in one of our universities, and other lay-divines "of rank and literature," may be proper and seasonable, though somewhat new. If the noble Seekers should find nothing to satisfy their pious fancies in the old staple of the national church, or in all the rich variety to be found in the well-assorted warehouses of the dissenting congregations. Dr. Price advises them to improve upon nonconformity; and to set up, each of them, a separate meeting-house upon his own particular principles. It is somewhat remarkable that this reverend divine should be so earnest for setting up new churches, and so perfectly indifferent concerning the doctrine which may be taught in them. His zeal is of a curious character. It is not for the propagation of his own opinions, but of any opinions. It is not for the diffusion of truth, but for the spreading of contradiction. Let the noble teachers but dissent, it is no matter from whom or from what. This great point once secured, it is taken for granted their religion will be rational and manly. I doubt whether religion would reap all the benefits which the calculating divine computes from this "great company of great preachers." It would certainly be a valuable addition of nondescripts to the ample collection of known classes, genera and species, which at present beautify the hortus siccus of dissent. A sermon from a noble duke, or a noble marquis, or a noble earl, or baron bold, would certainly increase and diversify the amusements of this town, which begins to grow satiated with the uniform round of its vapid dissipations, I should only stipulate that these new Mess-Johns in robes and coronets should keep some sort of bounds in the democratic and levelling principles which are expected from their titled pulpits. The new evangelists will, I dare say, disappoint the hopes that are conceived of them. They will not become, literally as well as figuratively, polemic divines, nor be disposed so to drill their congregations, that they may, as in former blessed times, preach their doctrines to regiments of dragoons and corps of infantry and artillery. Such arrangements, however favourable to the cause of compulsory freedom, civil and religious, may not be equally conducive to the national tranquillity. These few restrictions I hope are no great stretches of intolerance, no very violent exertions of despotism.
But I may say of our preacher, "utinam nugis tota illa dedisset tempora sævitiæ!" — All things in this his fulminating bull are not of so innoxious a tendency. His doctrines affect our constitution in its vital parts. He tells the Revolution Society in this political sermon, that his Majesty "is almost the only lawful king in the world, because the only one who owes his crown to the choice of his people." As to the kings of the world, all of whom (except one) this archpontiff of the rights of men, with all the plenitude, and with more than the boldness, of the papal deposing power in its meridian fervour of the twelfth century, puts into one sweeping clause of ban and anathema, and proclaims usurpers by circles of longitude and latitude, over the whole globe, it behoves them to consider how they admit into their territories these apostolic missionaries, who are to tell their subjects they are not lawful kings. That is their concern. It is ours, as a domestic interest of some moment, seriously to consider the solidity of the only principle upon which these gentlemen acknowledge a king of Great Britain to be entitled to their allegiance.
This doctrine, as applied to the prince now on the British throne, either is nonsense, and therefore neither true nor false, or it affirms a most unfounded, dangerous, illegal, and unconstitutional position. According to this spiritual doctor of politics, if his Majesty does not owe his crown to the choice of his people, he is no lawful king. Now nothing can be more untrue than that the crown of this kingdom is so held by his Majesty. Therefore if you follow their rule, the king of Great Britain, who most certainly does not owe his high office to any form of popular election, is in no respect better than the rest of the gang of usurpers, who reign, or rather rob, all over the face of this our miserable world, without any sort of right or title to the allegiance of their people. The policy of this general doctrine, so qualified, is evident enough. The propagators of this political gospel are in hopes that their abstract principle (their principle that a popular choice is necessary to the legal existence of the sovereign magistracy) would be overlooked, whilst the king of Great Britain was not affected by it. In the mean time the ears of their congregations would be gradually habituated to it, as if it were a first principle admitted without dispute. For the present it would only operate as a theory, pickled in the preserving juices of pulpit eloquence, and laid by for future use. Condo et compono quæ mox depromere possim. By this policy, whilst our government is soothed with a reservation in its favour, to which it has no claim, the security, which it has in common with all governments, so far as opinion is security, is taken away.
Thus these politicians proceed, whilst little notice is taken of their doctrines; but when they come to be examined upon the plain meaning of their words, and the direct tendency of their doctrines, then equivocations and slippery constructions come into play. When they say the king owes his crown to the choice of his people, and is therefore the only lawful sovereign in the world, they will perhaps tell us they mean to say no more than that some of the king's predecessors have been called to the throne by some sort of choice; and therefore he owes his crown to the choice of his people. Thus, by a miserable subterfuge, they hope to render their proposition safe, by rendering it nugatory. They are welcome to the asylum they seek for their offence, since they take refuge in their folly. For, if you admit this interpretation, how does their idea of election differ from our idea of inheritance?
And how does the settlement of the crown in the Brunswick line derived from James the First come to legalize our monarchy, rather than that of any of the neighbouring countries? At some time or other, to be sure, all the beginners of dynasties were chosen by those who called them to govern. There is ground enough for the opinion that all the kingdoms of Europe were, at a remote period, elective, with more or fewer limitations in the objects of choice. But whatever kings might have been here, or elsewhere, a thousand years ago, or in whatever manner the ruling dynasties of England or France may have begun, the king of Great Britain is, at this day, king by a fixed rule of succession, according to the laws of his country; and whilst the legal conditions of the compact of sovereignty are performed by him, (as they are performed,) he holds his crown in contempt of the choice of the Revolution Society, who have not a single vote for a king amongst them, either individually or collectively; though I make no doubt they would soon erect themselves into an electoral college, if things were ripe to give effect to their claim. His Majesty's heirs and successors, each in his time and order, will come to the crown with the same contempt of their choice with which his Majesty has succeeded to that he wears.
Whatever may be the success of evasion in explaining away the gross error of fact, which supposes that his Majesty (though he holds it in concurrence with the wishes) owes his crown to the choice of his people, yet nothing can evade their full explicit declaration concerning the principle of a right in the people to choose; which right is directly maintained, and tenaciously adhered to. All the oblique insinuations concerning election bottom in this proposition, and are referable to it. Lest the foundation of the king's exclusive legal title should pass for a mere rant of adulatory freedom, the political divine proceeds dogmatically to assert, that, by the principles of the Revolution, the people of England have acquired three fundamental rights, all which, with him, compose one system, and lie together in one short sentence; namely, that we have acquired a right
These gentlemen of the Old Jewry, in all their reasonings on the Revolution of 1688, have a Revolution which happened in England about forty years before, and the late French Revolution, so much before their eyes, and in their hearts, that they are constantly confounding all the three together. It is necessary that we should separate what they confound. We must recall their erring fancies to the acts of the Revolution which we revere, for the discovery of its true principles. If the principles of the Revolution of 1688 are anywhere to be found, it is in the statute called the Declaration of Right. In that most wise, sober, and considerate declaration, drawn up by great lawyers and great statesmen, and not by warm and inexperienced enthusiasts, not one word is said, nor one suggestion made, of a general right "to choose our own governors; to cashier them for misconduct; and to form a government for ourselves."
This Declaration of Right (the act of the 1st of William and Mary, sess. 2, ch. 2) is the corner-stone of our constitution, as reinforced, explained, improved, and in its fundamental principles for ever settled. It is called "An Act for declaring the rights and liberties of the subject, and for settling the succession of the crown." You will observe, that these rights and this succession are declared in one body, and bound indissolubly together.
A few years after this period, a second opportunity offered for asserting a right of election to the crown. On the prospect of a total failure of issue from King William, and from the Princess, afterwards Queen Anne, the consideration of the settlement of the crown, and of a further security for the liberties of the people, again came before the legislature. Did they this second time make any provision for legalizing the crown on the spurious revolution principles of the Old Jewry? No. They followed the principles which prevailed in the Declaration of Right; indicating with more precision the persons who were to inherit in the Protestant line. This act also incorporated, by the same policy, our liberties, and an hereditary succession in the same act. Instead of a right to choose our own governors, they declared that the succession in that line (the Protestant line drawn from James the First) was absolutely necessary "for the peace, quiet, and security of the realm," and that it was equally urgent on them "to maintain a certainty in the succession thereof, to which the subjects may safely have recourse for their protection." Both these acts, in which are heard the unerring, unambiguous oracles of revolution policy, instead of countenancing the delusive, gipsy predictions of a "right to choose our governors," prove to a demonstration how totally adverse the wisdom of the nation was from turning a case of necessity into a rule of law.
Unquestionably there was at the Revolution, in the person of King William, a small and a temporary deviation from the strict order of a regular hereditary succession; but it is against all genuine principles of jurisprudence to draw a principle from a law made in a special case, and regarding an individual person. Privilegium non transit in exemplum. If ever there was a time favourable for establishing the principle, that a king of popular choice was the only legal king, without all doubt it was at the Revolution. Its not being done at that time is a proof that the nation was of opinion it ought not to be done at any time. There is no person so completely ignorant of our history as not to know, that the majority in parliament of both parties were so little disposed to anything resembling that principle, that at first they were determined to place the vacant crown, not on the head of the Prince of Orange, but on that of his wife Mary, daughter of King James, the eldest born of the issue of that king, which they acknowledged as undoubtedly his. It would be to repeat a very trite story, to recall to your memory all those circumstances which demonstrated that their accepting King William was not properly a choice; but to all those who did not wish, in effect, to recall King James, or to deluge their country in blood, and again to bring their religion, laws, and liberties into the peril they had just escaped, it was an act of necessity, in the strictest moral sense in which necessity can be taken.


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14.2.63 linear regression line
An instructor asked a random sample of eight students to record their study times at the beginning of a course. She then made a table for total hours studied (x) over 2 weeks and test score (y) at the end of the 2 weeks. The table is given below. Complete parts (a) through (f).
\(\sum x = 396, \sum y = 2362, \sum xy = 118330, \sum x^2 = 19870\)(a). Find the regression equation for the data points.
First we need to get the data from the question. (We can import it from Excel)
<- c(12, 15, 11, 19, 8, 17, 16, 23)
x<- c(95, 76, 80, 75, 90, 75, 83, 75) y
From formula sheet
\(S_{xx}=\sum(x_i-\bar{x})^2=\sum x_i^2-(\sum x_i)^2/n\)
\(S_{xy}=\sum(x_i-\bar{x})(y_i-\bar{y})=\sum x_iy_i-(\sum x_i)(\sum y_i)/n\)
\(S_{yy}=\sum(y_i-\bar{y})^2=\sum y_i^2-(\sum y_i)^2/n\)
Regression equation: \(\hat{y} = b_0 +b_1x\) where
\(b_1=\frac{S_{xy}}{S_{xx}}\) and
\(b_0 = \frac{1}{n}(\sum y_i-b_1\sum x_i)=\bar{y} - b_1\bar{x}\)
Names of variables
\(S_{xx}: Sxx\)
\(S_{xy}: Sxy\)
\(S_{yy}: Syy\)
First approach, we find linear regression line by using the formula
1.1 we find \(S_{xy}, S_{xx}, S_{yy}\) without finding \(\bar x, \bar y\)
= length(x) n
Find \(S_{xy}, S_{xx}, S_{yy}\)
= sum(y*y) - sum(y)^2/n
Syy = sum(x*x) - sum(x)^2/n
Sxx = sum(x*y) - sum(x) * sum(y) /n Sxy
Sxx
## [1] 158.875
Sxy
## [1] -183.125
Syy
## [1] 414.875
1.2 finding \(S_{xy}, S_{xx}, S_{yy}\) using \(\bar x, \bar y\)
= sum((x-mean(x))^2)
Sxx = sum((x-mean(x))*(y-mean(y)))
Sxy = sum((y-mean(y))^2) Syy
Sxx
## [1] 158.875
Sxy
## [1] -183.125
Syy
## [1] 414.875
To find \(b_0\) and \(b_1\) in the regression equation: \(\hat{y} = b_0 +b_1x\), we run
= Sxy / Sxx
b1 b1
## [1] -1.152636
= mean(y) - b1 * mean(x)
b0 b0
## [1] 98.55862
Round to two decimal places
round(b1, 2)
## [1] -1.15
round(b0, 2)
## [1] 98.56
Second approach, we find linear regression line by using lm() in R
lm(y~x)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = y ~ x)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept) x
## 98.559 -1.153
In case that R does not give enough accuracy, we use print()
print(lm(y~x), 15)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = y ~ x)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept) x
## 98.55861526357197 -1.15263571990559
Since we have two approaches here, we could do both to double check our answers before submiting.
(b). Graph the regression equation and the data points.
We draw a graph by using plot() and abline(). Abline() takes 2 arguments y-intercept (\(b_0\)) and slope (\(b_1\))
plot(x,y)
abline(b0, b1)
(c) Describe the apparent relationship between the two variables.
Since we have negative slope, when x increasess y tends to decrease which means Test Score tends to decrease as Hours Studied increases
(d) Identify the predictor and response variables.
The predictor variable is x and the response variable is y.
So the predictor variable is Hours Studied and the response variable is Test Score.
(e) Identify outliers and potential influential observations.
“An outlier is an observation that lies outside the overall pattern of the data. In the context of regression analysis, an outlier is a data point that lies far from the regression line relative to the other data points. An influential observation is a data point whose removal causes the regression equation and line to change considerably.”
We can tell from the graph that there is no outlier or potential influential observation.
(f). Predict the score for a student that studies for 15hours.
Since the regression equaation in part a requires rounding the answer to two decimal places
= round(b0, 2)
b0 = round(b1, 2) b1
b0
## [1] 98.56
b1
## [1] -1.15
To find predicted score for a student that studies for 15 hours, we run
+ 15 * b1 b0
## [1] 81.31
Round to the nearest whole number as needed
ceiling(b0 + 15 * b1)
## [1] 82
Hope that helps!


The player with the best score on the previous hole has the honour of teeing off first. Playing out of turn is considered ill-mannered and runs counter to the spirit and history of the game.
If there is no outright winner of a hole, then the order of play does not change from the previous tee.
In informal games one can play ready golf and not wait for the best score on the hole to tee it up first.
A golfer should always know which brand of ball they are using to avoid confusion during play. It can also help to mark or otherwise distinguish the ball, so a golfer can identify it more easily without having to pick it up. Not only does this save time and help avoid penalties, it also helps to demonstrate organizational skills and seriousness about the game.
Slow play is a critical problem with the game of golf, and cannot be attributed to any one factor. It should not be correlated with skill level, age, gender, or experience. However, it does represent a significant issue for many golfers, often stemming from a single or twosome playing into a group with higher numbers. Regardlesss, slow players should yield the field of play if there is substantive room in front of them. To do otherwise is remiss, and represents a deviation from etiquette described in this sections.
From the first drive to the last hole, each player should be ready to play when it is their turn. Normally, the player furthest from the hole (being "away") plays first, and continues until another player becomes "away." While this is a good tradition to follow, golfers may play out of turn if their playing partners agree that it will speed up the pace of play. A golfer should avoid taking unreasonable time over their swing, which might well produce a bad shot.
Golfers should try to follow closely the group ahead of them, and not to be "pushed" by the group behind them.  Otherwise, their pace of play may be too slow.
A golfer should not waste time after a poor shot before hitting the next one. Although professional golfers often seem to take long amounts of time before each shot during televised tournaments, they have their careers on the line.  A quicker pace of play makes the game more enjoyable for all golfers.
A golfer should choose the correct tee for their skill level, regardless of where the other members of the group are playing. The different tee lengths are one way to help even the playing field. A golfer should tee the ball between the two markers for their given distance. The ball must be even with or behind the markers. Should a golfer swing and miss, it counts as one stroke. Should a golfer knock the ball off the tee during a practice swing, they are allowed to re-tee the ball without incurring a penalty.
Even in informal play, a "mulligan" is not automatic. If a golfer wishes to take one, they should ask permission and not waste time about it. A mulligan is technically not part of the game and goes against the very essence of the game.
Golfers should call ahead for tee times, especially on weekends or holidays, when many other golfers may be playing. Golfers are advised to come at least 45 minutes before their assigned time. If golfers are unable to play at the assigned time, they should inform the staff at the golf course.
Some golf courses mandate policies regarding attire, so golfers are recommended to inquire about clothing rules. The usual golfing attire for men are slacks, a collared shirt, and golf shoes. For women, a golfing outfit usually consists of a knee-length skirt, a collared shirt, and golf shoes. Many golfers also wear golf hats, which differ depending on players' needs and preferences.


DROWNING BY NUMBERS (1987) A Film Review by Ted Prigge Copyright 1998 Ted Prigge
Writer/Director: Peter Greenaway Starring: Joan Plowright, Juliet Stephenson, Joely Richardson, Bernard Hill, Jason Edwards, Bryan Pringle, Trevor Cooper, David Morrissey, Kenny Ireland, Michael Percival
Explaining the plot of "Drowning by Numbers" almost makes it seem like a high-concept film: one that can be explained in about one sentence (if that). In fact, my one film book has one very short sentence explaining the film, as well as their thoughts on it: "Three women decide to drown their husbands." This is essentially what goes on in this film, making it easy to explain to anyone who asks what it's about. The weird thing is that behind the simplicity of the concept, the film is one of the most engagingly frustrating films to watch. You watch it once, maybe even twice, and you're suddenly set off on a cinematic puzzle, desperately trying to figure out what you've just seen and comprehend it.
"Drowning by Numbers" tells the story of three generations of women, a delightful trio all named Cissie Colpitts: there's the mother, played by Joan Plowright (who has the ability to give a unique droll dignity to any film she's in); her older daughter, played by Juliet Stephenson (from "Truly, Madly, Deeply"); and the younger, spunkier daughter, played by Joely Richardson, daughter of Vanessa Redgrave. Over the course of the film, they all drown their respective husbands, starting off with the mother, who starts the trend when she catches her husband with another woman, realizes she's had enough of him, and pushes his head underneath the water level of a bath tub his wading in.
Their shananigans is easily covered up by the local coroner, Madgitt (Bernard Hill, perhaps known to American audiences as the Captain in "Titanic," although you wouldn't recognize him here), who lies on his statements, and requests that his payment for his crooked deeds be that he's given some sex from each of the women, none who fully cooperate. All the while, the film introduces us to games that Madgitt and his son, Smut (Jason Edwards), play constantly, with Smut narrating the rules of how to play them.
Just to make things more frustrating for the audience, as well as more fun, the film gives us numbers throughout the film that are marked either conspicuously (the film shows a copy of Joseph Heller's "Catch-22" as one of the numbers) or blatantly (on the rump of two cows), but nevertheless are shown in order for the audience to count up as the film goes along. While this may seem like just a fun thing to do throughout the film, to count your way until the ending, for others, it intoduces a bizarre mix to the story, further complicating it as to why it, as well as the references to numerous games, is included in the context of the film, and how it relates to all the other elements.
The film was directed by Peter Greenaway, who directed one of my all-time favorites, "The Cook, the Thief, His Wife, and Her Lover," a film that is as fascinating story-wise as it is visual-wise. I have once said that he is probably the best director of mise-en-scene ever, or at least working today. "Drowning by Numbers" is no exception. It's a gorgeous-looking film, almost coming off as a living Rembrandt painting.
Greenaway often works with many of the same crew members for his films, and it's obvious why: they're so damn good at what they do. Sacha Vierny, the Director of Photography, and who's worked with Resnais and Bunuel on some of their films, definitely has an eye for making a shot look absolutely beautiful, so much that most of the frames in this film, and some of Greenaway's other films, could be framed and sold as artwork. Another one of his members is Michael Nyman, the film composer (who's also worked on "The Piano" and "Gattaca"), who's beautiful background music effortlessly gives every scene the right tone that Greenaway is going for, even if much of it is redundant (and recylced in or from other Greenaway films). Give Nyman a couple years and I'll easily say that he's the best film composer since Bernard Herrman.
One of the resons I like Greenaway's films so much is because not only are they gorgeous piece of art, but they stimulate the mind, making it work hard to understand not so much what's going on, but why they are placed together in the first place. "Drowning by Numbers" is basically a living puzzle. We struggle to look at every shot as a piece in the puzzle, wondering why things are happening, and why they are included in this film. At first glance it seems like a mixture of a bunch of different puzzles, where some pieces fit together but don't make up the same thing.
This approach is often criticized for distancing the audience from the film, looking down at them and laughing at them for not being able to understand what's going on. This is because the ambiguity is so high, and it's almost impossible to understand Greenaway's intentions for placing so many weird devices together in one film. Why are there numbers throughout the film? Why are game rules introduced? Why did he make it? All of this is anyone's guess.
My theory? The film is making fun of order and trends, and showing them for what they are.  But the following ones have a gradual descent into obscurity, being done possibly as a trend of what the first one was, and lacking the reasoning and intensity that the first one had. There's also other kinds of trends in the film, like Smut who follows all sorts of rules of games to a T, and does whatever a little girl, who jumpropes throughout the film, says (like circumsising, for instance). There are the games that are introduced that show rule-following at their peak. And, of course, there are the numbers, that give the film a sense of order and duration, that it will only last as long as there are 100 numbers (after 100, everything becomes bland, as the film points out).
What I got out of the film was a sense of order and trends becoming stale after awhile, and a loss of originality and passion lacking after awhile. The numbers, at first intriguing and fascinating, become redundant, and soon lose the luster they once had. He seems to be saying that traditions cause people who honor them to forget why they were started in the first place, and instead do them because they just think they ought to. At least that's what I got out of it.
Is this what Greenaway was going for? I have no clue. But such is the fun of ambiguity. We can try and make up explanations of films like this, never knowing if we're right or not, but intrigued as to whether we are or not. It's one of the reasons I like Greenaway's films so much. As he's an aquired taste, many people may be put off by his lack of an easy-to-understand message. But even if you can't understand this film at all, and have no clue what he was going for, "Drowning by Numbers" is still incredibly entertaining. It has a playful, humorous nature, filled with a giddy kind of tone, and is endlessly fascinating, never becoming boring, probably because it's so complex and at times frustrating. That's why Greenaway gets away with this film, which would be a big disappointment for probably any other director.
MY RATING (out of 4): ***1/2
Homepage at: http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Hills/8335/
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Your browser doesn't support the features required by impress.js, so you are presented with a simplified version of this presentation.
For the best experience please use the latest Chrome, Safari or Firefox browser.
Creating your own project? - Need to have learnt Scratch first! - Need to decide how your game's going to work.


Welcome to your ivestment helper. Here you will be able to use an investment frequency calculator in order how and when to invest your money.
Results from this calculator should not be taken as any kind of investment advice. “Optimal” refers only to solving a particular mathematical problem based on constant rates of return and cannot predict or take into account the actual future movements in financial markets. Every individual situation is different and you should consult a qualified financial planner and/or tax accountant.


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| Packages that use ProbabilityDistribution | |
|---|---|
| de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.controller | Represents the controller of the MVC pattern; it's not allowed to get access to the data model directly, instead use this package to do so. |
| de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.controller.datageneration.distribution | To make data generation flexible and not static, random data is used; This data is calculated by probability distributions. |
| de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.controller.worker | Long running background tasks for I/O, database or any other computational intensive task are separated from the EDT. |
| de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.model | Represents the data model of MVC pattern; therefore, the data structures used in this application are stored here. |
| de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.model.datastructure | Contains the Meta-Meta-Model artefact class describing the EMF Ecore Meta-Model. |
| de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.view | Represents the view of the MVC pattern and interacts with the user through a UI. |
| Uses of ProbabilityDistribution in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.controller |
|---|
| Methods in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.controller with parameters of type ProbabilityDistribution | |
|---|---|
void |
ControllerBackgroundTask.generateProabilityDensityFunction(ProbabilityDistribution distribution,
Graph graph)
to get a clue of the current probability distribution it is visualized at a graph panel. |
void |
ControllerImpl.unregisterDistribution(ProbabilityDistribution distribution,
ObserverDistribution observer)
|
void |
Controller.unregisterDistribution(ProbabilityDistribution distribution,
ObserverDistribution observer)
of course, it's possible to unregister any probability distribution. |
| Uses of ProbabilityDistribution in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.controller.datageneration.distribution |
|---|
| Subclasses of ProbabilityDistribution in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.controller.datageneration.distribution | |
|---|---|
class |
NormalDistribution
X ~ N(μ, σ²) |
class |
UniformDistribution
X ~ U(a, b) |
| Methods in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.controller.datageneration.distribution with parameters of type ProbabilityDistribution | |
|---|---|
void |
ObserverDistribution.updateProbabilityDistribution(boolean add,
ProbabilityDistribution distribution)
The method makes sure the observer gets the latest updates about probability distributions (subject). |
| Constructors in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.controller.datageneration.distribution with parameters of type ProbabilityDistribution | |
|---|---|
ProbabilityDistribution(ProbabilityDistribution distribution)
Clone Constructor This constructor is only visible to package and is used to make a copy of this distribution. |
| Uses of ProbabilityDistribution in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.controller.worker |
|---|
| Constructors in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.controller.worker with parameters of type ProbabilityDistribution | |
|---|---|
ProbabilityDensityFunctionUpdater(ProbabilityDistribution distribution,
Graph graph)
constructor is passed the selected distribution with its parameters and a graph object to draw the probability density function. |
| Uses of ProbabilityDistribution in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.model |
|---|
| Methods in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.model with parameters of type ProbabilityDistribution | |
|---|---|
void |
ModelImpl.addProbabilityDistribution(ProbabilityDistribution distribution)
|
void |
Model.addProbabilityDistribution(ProbabilityDistribution distribution)
adds a new probability distribution to the model layer. |
void |
ModelImpl.removeProbabilityDistribution(ProbabilityDistribution distribution)
|
void |
Model.removeProbabilityDistribution(ProbabilityDistribution distribution)
removes a probability distribution from the model layer. |
| Uses of ProbabilityDistribution in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.model.datastructure |
|---|
| Methods in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.model.datastructure that return ProbabilityDistribution | |
|---|---|
ProbabilityDistribution |
MetaAttribute.getDistribution()
gets the probability distribution attached to this attribute. |
| Methods in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.model.datastructure with parameters of type ProbabilityDistribution | |
|---|---|
void |
MetaAttribute.setDistribution(ProbabilityDistribution pd)
sets the probability distribution to an attribute. |
| Uses of ProbabilityDistribution in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.view |
|---|
| Methods in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.view that return ProbabilityDistribution | |
|---|---|
protected ProbabilityDistribution |
DistributionParameterPanel.getDistribution()
gets the reference of the probability distribution to which this panel belongs. |
protected ProbabilityDistribution |
DataGeneratorView.isProbabilityAlreadySet()
used by: DistributionPanel this method gets the currently set probability distribution in case it has already been set. |
| Methods in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.view with parameters of type ProbabilityDistribution | |
|---|---|
protected void |
DistributionPanel.addProbability(ProbabilityDistribution distribution,
DistributionParameterPanel parameterPanel)
Probability distributions which cause an update are handed down here, if an add update is invoked. |
protected void |
DataGeneratorView.drawProbabilityDensityFunction(ProbabilityDistribution dist)
this method passes the call on to the controller layer where a background task is created and the probability density function is generated. |
protected void |
DistributionPanel.removeProbability(ProbabilityDistribution distribution)
Probability distributions can also send an update about removing it from the UI list. |
protected void |
DistributionParameterPanel.setDistribution(ProbabilityDistribution distribution)
sets the probability distribution. |
protected void |
DataGeneratorView.setProbabilityIntoTable(ProbabilityDistribution dist,
boolean updateGraph)
used by: DistributionPanel Because distributions are sourced out into a separate panel (which is represented as a class) we've to provide an access point to set it into the table. |
protected void |
DistributionPanel.updateAndSetValues(ProbabilityDistribution dist,
boolean updateGraph)
Whenever an change occurs on panels below of this we get an update and pass it on to the view. |
void |
DataGeneratorView.updateProbabilityDistribution(boolean add,
ProbabilityDistribution distribution)
|
protected void |
DistributionPanel.updateWithoutSettingValues(ProbabilityDistribution dist)
this method is usually called, when any distribution has been set earlier and the same row & column are selected again. |
protected void |
DistributionPanel.useValuesAlreadySet(ProbabilityDistribution dist)
this method uses the values of the last time when the tester had made his/her choices. |
| Constructors in de.uni.bamberg.wiai.minf.forflow.datagenerator.view with parameters of type ProbabilityDistribution | |
|---|---|
NormalDistributionPanel(ProbabilityDistribution distribution)
constructor is passed the probability distribution to which it belongs. |
|
NormalDistributionPanel(ProbabilityDistribution distribution,
DistributionPanel panel)
constructor is passed the probability distribution and the parent panel. |
|
UniformDistributionPanel(ProbabilityDistribution distribution)
constructor is passed the probability distribution to which it belongs. |
|
UniformDistributionPanel(ProbabilityDistribution distribution,
DistributionPanel panel)
constructor is passed the probability distribution and the parent panel. |
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{% extends "staff/base.html" %} {% import 'diff.html' as diff with context %} {% block title %} {{assignment.display_name}} Diff Graph {% endblock %} {% block main %} {{ student.identifier }}'s {{ assignment.display_name }} {{ current_course.offering }} Assignments {{ assignment.display_name }} {{ student.identifier }} History {% include 'alerts.html' %} Submitter Information {% if group %} Group: {% for member in group %} {{ member.email }} {% endfor %} {% endif %} {% for graph in graphs %} {{ graph.render() | safe }} {% endfor %} {% endblock %}


News anchor Shawn Ching leaving Hawaii News Now to spend more time with ohana | Honolulu Star-Advertiser
News anchor Shawn Ching is leaving Hawaii News Now to spend more time with his wife and one-year-old son, he said in a letter posted on the TV station’s website.
Ching’s son, Eli, was born premature last year and his wife, Stephanie, experienced complications related to the early birth, he said in the letter.
“Our son’s birth changed everything. It opened up a completely new life for me, a life I’ve fallen in love with,” Ching said. “When you think about death — and are faced with the very real possibility of losing the ones you love — it changes how you think about your own life. Taking that fact to heart has brought a sense of clarity and energy to the present. I know I’ve got this one opportunity to be present at a time when I’m needed most.”
The longtime anchor who rejoined the TV station in November 2016 after a three-year break to be a lawyer is co-anchor of the 5 p.m. newscast with Stephanie Lum. Ching will return to practicing law.
“He’s been through a real ordeal with the birth of his son. We’ve lived through this with him,” HNN General Manager Rick Blangiardi told the Honolulu Star-Advertiser. “He has my complete respect and admiration for making this decision.”
Blangiardi, who posted Ching’s job nationally last Friday, said that he is looking to fill the position with someone with strong ties to Hawaii.


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I am a very simple card. I am good at containing small bits of information.
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I am a very simple card. I am good at containing small bits of information.
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I am a very simple card. I am good at containing small bits of information.
This is title of card
I am a very simple card. I am good at containing small bits of information.


EastEnders SPOILERS: Martin Fowler shocked by heartbreaking Stacey news tonight
Stacey left Walford earlier this year
by Charlotte RodriguesMartin Fowler is left heartbroken by news about Stacey in tonight's EastEnders (November 22 2019).
It's been a busy week as Martin continued to work for Ben Mitchell, who was blackmailing him into doing criminal activity.
But in last night's episode (November 21 2019) Ben dropped his employees Tubbs and Martin as he no longer wanted to be involved in crime.
His sudden decision comes from his boyfriend Callum wanting to become a police officer.
Ben told Martin his wife Stacey could finally come home.
Viewers know Stacey has been in hiding after attacking Phil Mitchell.
Ben banished Stacey from Walford and even threatened her and the kids to Martin if he ever saw her around Albert Square.
Read More: Lorraine Stanley shares sweet photo with EastEnders co-star Suzette Llewellyn
Thinking it was the right thing to do, he ended his marriage with Stacey hoping she wouldn't come back, which seemingly worked.
But now she can come back, will Martin regret his decision?
Tonight things don't go to plan for Martin when a mystery man shows up with some news.
In spoiler pictures obtained by Express, Martin can be seen threatening the man while Jean stands next to him.
Read More: EastEnders fans spot 'clue' that Chantelle will murder abuser Gray
Meanwhile Martin's best friend and father of Stacey's son Arthur, Kush can be seen holding Martin back.
What could the news be?
EastEnders airs Monday and Friday at 8pm and Tuesday and Thursday at 7.30pm on BBC One.
What do you think the news will be? Leave us a comment on our Facebook page @EntertainmentDailyFix and let us know what you think!


--- layout: detailed img_path: img/OpticalExperimentswithElectronsPartII1928.jpg title: Optical Experiments with Electrons, Part II, 1928 description: Offprint technical monograph by Lester H. Germer, published by Bell Telephone Laboratories, summarizing the results of optical experiments with electrons conducted at Bell Telephone Laboratories with Clinton Davisson. The 17-page bound pamphlet is punched with notebook-sized holes along its left edge and illustrated with figures and photographs. The cover reads, "Bell Telephone Laboratories / Incorporated / November 1928 / Reprint B-360 / Optical Experiments with Electrons--Part II / by / L. H. Germer / A continuation of the account of experiments / on electron scattering by the author and C. J. Davisson / in which it was discovered that a stream of electrons / possesses the properties of a beam of waves." The pamphlet's first page explains that the pamphlet is a reprint of a paper published in the Journal of Chemical Education (V [October 1928], pp. 1255-1271). accession_number: 1986.052 artifact_class: Books and Printing Materials artifact_class_short: books category: Industry (as a whole) dimension: creation_date: 1928 material: pamphlet related_movie: medium: ---
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|
hcash
2.0.0
hcash
|
#include <Condition.hpp>
Public Member Functions | |
| MultisigCondition () | |
| MultisigCondition (uint32_t m, set< Address > owners) | |
Public Attributes | |
| uint32_t | required |
| std::set< Address > | owners |
|
inline |
|
inline |
| std::set<Address> hsrcore::blockchain::MultisigCondition::owners |
| uint32_t hsrcore::blockchain::MultisigCondition::required |


Access
Java Programming Resources for CSC 120 via this link.
CSC 120 Programming Assignment 4
This assignment must be handed in to the PA4 dropbox in D2L before
the due date/time.
Overview:
Using the class definition you developed for Programming Assignment 2, create a Java
application that provides a Graphical User Interface that allows the user to enter
data values in TextFields for each property of the class, and displays output as described
in these instructions in a scrollable TextArea.
Instructions:
Note: It is expected that each student will complete this
assignment INDIVIDUALLY.
- Initial Set-up.
- Create a NetBeans Java Application named PA4 in your network space.
It should contain the class named MUFrame from the starter template we've used
previously. Start with the files named MUFrame.form and MUFrame.java stored
in the MUFrameWithGUIDesigner.zip file
that is available in the "Starter Templates" section of the CSC 120 Student Resources page of the
course web site. You won't need to use the
MUPanel.java file for this assignment.
- Copy the .java file for the class you wrote for PA2 into the src folder of the PA4 project.
- Open the MUFrame.java file in the NetBeans editor, switch to "Source" view, and delete the three lines that refer
to an object named
muPanel
. After doing this, you should be able to
run the MUFrame.java without errors an obtain a blank output screen.
- Ensure that your class from PA2 has all required parts.
- Your class must have at least 4 properties, at least 2 of which are a numeric type (either Integer or Double).
The class must have a constructor method that stores initial values in the properties of
the object. The class must have a "getter" method for each property, and the class must have
a
toString
method that returns a String that shows all the property values.
- If your class doesn't satisfy all these requirements, fix it so that it does satisfy the requirements.
Failing to do this will result in point deductions for PA4.
- Create your User Interface.
- Switch to "Design" view for the MUFrame.java file in NetBeans, and create a User
Interface for your program that
has a TextField for each of the properties in the class you wrote for PA2. Each
of the fields should be preceded by a Label that describes what the user should enter
into each field.
- Add two Buttons to the interface that will allow the user to click and display results
as described later in these instructions.
- Add a TextArea to the interface. This will be used for program output display.
- Be sure to "Edit Text" for each of the TextFields so that they are blank to start with,
and "Edit Text" for each of the Labels so that they display
appropriate messages to the user indicating what should be entered into each of
the TextFields. Also, "Edit Text" on the Buttons so that one of them displays a message
saying "Process Form Data" or something like that, and the other Button's message should
be something like "Display Numeric Statistics".
- Also be sure to "Change Variable Name" for all of the TextFields, the Buttons and the
TextArea so that they use names that are meaningful to your program topic.
As an example, if your class has properties
named
albumName
and tracksOnCD
, then your should name
your TextFields albumNameField
and tracksOnCDField
.
- Code the actionPerformed method for the "Process Form Data" Button.
- Double-click on the Button that will process the form data in your User Interface
to make NetBeans insert an
actionPerformed method into the MUFrame class.
- When the user clicks on this Button, your application should do the following in this order:
- retrieve all data from the TextFields into String objects
- instantiate a new object from your class (you will need to convert some input data into Integer and/or Double data types)
- display the results of the
toString
method called for the new object in the TextArea of the User Interface
- call the "getter" method of the new object for one of the numeric properties in your class, and add the value retrieved
to a "total" variable of the proper data type.
- add one to a "count" variable that will keep track of how many times the "Process Form Data" button has been
clicked. This will be needed to calculate the average value described below.
- The messages appended to the TextArea should be displayed on separate lines, with a blank line
between the output generated by successive button clicks.
- Of course your program will have to use
Integer.parseInt
and/or
Double.parseDouble
to convert the String
data from the TextFields for
the numeric properties of your object into the proper numeric type before instantiating your
object.
- Code the actionPerformed method for the "Display Numeric Statistics" Button.
- Double-click on the other Button in your Interface
to make NetBeans insert another
actionPerformed method into the MUFrame class.
- When the user clicks on this Button, your application should calculate the average value of the numeric field
you've chosen to use, and then display the total and average values that the user has entered for the numeric field.
- The average must be displayed with decimal places, even if the field you are averaging is an Integer field. The average
must be computed as a Double value, and show the exact average, not truncated to an Integer value.
- Display a blank line
between the output generated by successive button clicks.
- Optional: Keep track of statistics for two or more properties of your class, if you would like.
- If it makes sense for your topic, you can separately keep track of the "total" for each
of your class' numeric properties. Just be sure not to mix them up.
- When the user clicks on the Button that displays the statistics, be sure to clearly
indicate in the output which property's statistics are being displayed on each line.
- You are not required to keep the total for more than one of your numeric properties for this assignment; you can do
that if you choose. The requirements are to keep the total for at least one of the numeric properties of your class.
Turning in your Program for Grading:
Convert your
CSC120\PA4 folder into a .zip file named PA4.zip
and obtain a screen capture of your program after entering several sets of data and then clicking the "Display Numeric Statistics" button. Then submit both files to the PA4 dropbox
in D2L.
Note, for Dr. Huibregtse's section the folder name is PA4-LastName so zip and submit that will all project and images files included.
Grading Rubric:
PA4 Grading Rubric


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PgDay UK 2013
The slides are
here
.
Thanks to everyone involved for making it such a good day. See you in 2014!