Section 7 Spatial data
Spatial data refers to any dataset that associates specific recorded values with a unique region of space. This can be latitude/longitude, state or city name, country, or any other spatial information.
In R, spatial data comes in a variety of formats. Amongst the most common are shapefiles, geodatabases, and geojson files. All of these data can be read and processed into a dataframe just like common data formats (csv, excel, etc.). However, we often have to use special libraries to do so. In addition, because of the nature of this data, spatial relationship operations can also be performed to join or create new features. Later in this tutorial, we will generate some examples using the sf
and raster
libraries to perform these analyses.
7.1 Importing spatial data
In this first section, we will use two libraries, ‘dplyr’ and ‘viridis’.
In general, the most common forms of geospatial data are shapefiles
for vectors and tiffs
for rasters. This tutorial will focus primarily on these 2 types of data and how to manipulate them.
7.1.1 Reading shapefile
The shapefile format consists of at least 3 files: the main file (.shp), the index file (.shx), and the table file (.dbf). Sometimes there is also a projection file (.prj). Please visit this webpage for more details on the distinctions and importance of each of these elements.
Because of this multi-file structure, it is good practice to save your shapefile in a folder or .zip file with its associated index file and table file. When reading the data into R, we can simply point to the .shp
file in this folder and the code will know how to use the other files. In a similar way to how we read in csv files in the first page of instruction, we will use the sf() package to read the shapefile.
## Linking to GEOS 3.7.2, GDAL 2.4.2, PROJ 5.2.0
## tibble [27,459 × 11] (S3: sf/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ ID : int [1:27459] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
## $ TSEVENT_ID: int [1:27459] 3 9 10 10 10 10 10 11 27 27 ...
## $ YEAR : int [1:27459] -1610 -479 -426 -426 -426 -426 -426 -373 142 142 ...
## $ MONTH : int [1:27459] NA NA 6 6 6 6 6 NA NA NA ...
## $ DAY : int [1:27459] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
## $ DATE_STRIN: chr [1:27459] "-1610/??/??" "-0479/??/??" "-0426/06/??" "-0426/06/??"  NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:10] "ID" "TSEVENT_ID" "YEAR" "MONTH" ...
When looking at the dataframe structure above, we see that the shapefile is processed similarly to how a regular dataframe is processed, except for the additional geometry
field which contains the spatial information. If we want to view the data, it will show up much as a regular csv would, with rows representing observations and columns representing features.
If we want to plot this data, we can simply use the base plot
function.
If you only want to plot the geometry (points):
7.2 Processing
7.2.1 Creating point data
This example shows how to convert data with latitude and longitude coordinates into a spatial dataframe. We’ll use the charcoal records from the GCD
package as our field.
library(GCD)
data("paleofiresites")
df.table <- paleofiresites
wgs84crs <- 4269
sf.table <- st_as_sf(df.table, coords=c('long', 'lat'), crs=wgs84crs, remove=F)
The code above helps us to access the data of charcoal records, save them into a dataframe, and use the st_as_sf() function to transform the data into a shapefile by encoding the ‘long’ and ‘lat’ columns as the coordinate pairs for each observation. We gave the argument remove=F so that the function would not then take these points out of the data, so that we can continue to see them.
By saving what was a regular dataframe as a shapefile, we can now see the difference in how plot() treats the data. Below we give two identical calls, one on the df.table object and the other on the transformed sf.table() object. What you will see is that the first call produces the usual matrix plot we expect when we ask plot() to look at multiple columns in a dataset. The second call gives us points plotted according to their geospatial coordinates. With a dataset large enough and broad enough, these data begin to resemble a global map:
7.2.2 Joining with another dataframe
Oftentimes, we want to join non-spatial data with their geographic location. For example, if we have information on energy production and consumption by state, we can join it with a spatial feature for better visualization.
To do this, we use a function called ‘inner_join’, which is one of four possible types of joining. With an inner join, we only include the points from both datafiles that overlap. If you are curious about the distinctions between different types of joins, more information can be found towards the end of the ‘Structuring’ page earlier in our collection.
# Get energy data
energy.data <- read.csv('data/energy-by_state.csv')
# Use USABoundaries library to get US spatial data
library(USAboundaries)
us.geo <- us_states(resolution='low')
joined.data <- us.geo %>% inner_join(energy.data, by=c('state_abbr'='State'))
joined.data.albers <- st_transform(joined.data, crs=5070)
# Plot the data
plot(joined.data.albers[,'Production..U.S..Share'])
7.2.3 Spatial joining
If we look at the paleofiresites
data, we can see that we do not have a US state corresponding to each point location. We can create this variable with a spatial join.
# Get all paleo sites for the US
us.paleo <- paleofiresites %>% filter(country=='USA') %>%
st_as_sf(coords=c('long', 'lat'), crs=wgs84crs)
# Set data to the same coordinate system
us.paleo.albers <- st_transform(us.paleo, crs=5070)
us.geo.albers <- st_transform(us.geo, crs=5070)
# Perform a spatial join within
sp.join <- st_join(us.paleo.albers, us.geo.albers, join=st_within)
# Produce the plot
{plot(st_geometry(us.geo.albers))
plot(sp.join[, 'state_name'], add=T, pch=16)}
For more information on what you can do with a vector file in R, please visit the sf
library reference or read the book Geocomputation with R.
7.3 Some Visualization Examples
Now that we have walked through how to read in, manipulate, and clean spatial data, we are going to run through a few key examples of visualization. Below we use the rnaturalearth() package, in coordination with the ggplot2() and ggrepel() libraries, to generate a few examplesm=, so that you can see the breadth of what plotting spatial data with R can accomplish.
7.3.1 Plotting charcoal data
# Get a world map from rnaturalearth library
library(rnaturalearth)
world <- ne_countries(scale='small', returnclass='sf')
# Project to robinson projection
sf.world.robin <- st_transform(world, crs='+proj=robin')
# Use imported graticule data for viz
grat <- st_geometry(read_sf('data/ne_110m_graticules_all/ne_110m_wgs84_bounding_box.shp'))
# Get data for paleo sites
paleosites <- paleofiresites %>%
mutate(site_name = trimws(as.character(site_name))) %>%
st_as_sf(coords=c('long', 'lat'), crs=4326) %>%
st_transform(crs='+proj=robin')
newCoods <- st_coordinates(paleosites)
paleosites$Lon <- newCoods[,1]
paleosites$Lat <- newCoods[,2]
# Set ggplot theme
library(ggplot2)
library(ggrepel)
ggTheme <- theme(
legend.position='none',
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank(),
plot.background = element_rect(fill='#e6e8ed'),
panel.border = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_blank(),
axis.text.x = element_blank(),
axis.text.y = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.title.x = element_blank(),
axis.title.y = element_blank(),
plot.title = element_text(size=22)
)
# Pick a few sites to be highlighted
selected.sites <- c(
'Little Molas Lake','Xindi','Laguna Oprasa','Morro de Itapeva',
'Aracatuba', 'Lago del Greppo','Nursery Swamp', 'Huguangyan Maar Lake'
)
# Complete the mapping
map <- ggplot(data=sf.world.robin) +
geom_sf(data=grat, fill='white', color='white') +
geom_sf(fill='#c1cdcd', size=.1, color='white') +
geom_point(
data=paleosites,
aes(x=Lon, y=Lat), color='#009ACD',size=1) +
geom_point(
data=paleosites %>% filter(site_name %in% selected.sites),
aes(x=Lon, y=Lat), color='#FF0000',size=2) +
geom_text_repel(
data=paleosites %>% filter(site_name %in% selected.sites),
aes(x=Lon, y=Lat, label=site_name),
color='#000000',
size=4) +
coord_sf(datum=st_crs(54030)) +
ggTheme
# Print the map
map


--- layout: post title: Back to School date: 2011-02-01 10:27:54.000000000 -05:00 categories: - Family Life tags: - Scarlett - School - Steiner - Waldorf status: publish type: post published: true meta: _edit_last: '1' aktt_notify_twitter: 'no' _wp_old_slug: '' author: login: cint email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Jacinta first_name: Jacinta last_name: '' ---
Today was Scarlett's first day back at school for 2011. She is in grade 2 this year. She attends a lovely Steiner/Waldorf school. She was quite excited to be starting back. My dad briefly dropped in to see her off to school which was pretty special, as he works interstate and often misses special occasions. She talked the whole way home about every little detail of the day. A swim in the paddling pool after school topped off a fun day. I hope her enthusiasm lasts the year through. Tomorrow Scarlett's class gets to welcome the class 1 students to the school. It is a beautiful ceremony where the class 2 students individually give the class 1 students a rose and lead them to their classroom. When I watched it last year, when Scarlett was in class 1, I had tears in my eyes. It's these little things that make Steiner education stand out for me.


Amazon Removes ‘Daddy’s Little Slut’ Kids Merch After Backlash
by Julia BanimAmazon has removed a kid’s T-shirt bearing the slogan ‘Daddy’s little slut’ from sales following a fierce public backlash.
The shocking tee had been sold via a third party seller called Onlybabycare, priced at $18 (£14). According to the product description, this is a unisex clothing item and can be worn by ‘little girls or boys’. It could also be purchased in baby and toddler sizes.
The description on Amazon also offered examples of where the grossly offensive T-shirt could be worn, listing occasions such as ‘playing outside, birthday party, baby shower, baptism, wedding, baby photography, daily wear, family day’.
The grim item had been on sale since June 2019, with shipping only available in the US, though the T-shirt itself has now been removed from the sales site, as the Independent reports.
Shoppers were understandably baffled and horrified by this apparent sexualising of children, taking to social media to demand Amazon remove the product with immediate effect.
 You better start checking stuff. I will cancel my card.
Another remarked that, although the top in question had been removed, there were still other disturbing clothing items being sold via Amazon from Onlybabycare. Other slogans included ‘Boats and Hoes’ and ‘Black guns matter’.
An Amazon spokesperson has since given the following comment:
All sellers must follow our selling guidelines and those who do not will be subject to action including potential removal of their account,
The product in question is no longer available.
According to Amazon’s Seller Code of Conduct, ‘pornographic, obscene or offensive content’ is prohibited in ‘detail page titles, descriptions, bullet points or images’.
This isn’t the only incident in recent times where a retailer has faced criticism for selling inappropriate clothing through their site.
Museum officials at Auschwitz were left appalled earlier this year after learning Redbubble were selling mini skirts and pillow cases featuring photographs of the Nazi concentration camp.
One photo showed the chimneys at Auschwitz, while another showed the train tracks that led so many to their deaths. The items have since been removed from the site.
If you’ve been affected by any of these issues, and want to speak to someone in confidence regarding the welfare of a child contact the NSPCC on 0808 800 5000.
Jules studied English Literature with Creative Writing at Lancaster University before earning her masters in International Relations at Leiden University in The Netherlands (Hoi!). She then trained as a journalist through News Associates in Manchester. Jules has previously worked as a mental health blogger, copywriter and freelancer for various publications.


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: ! 'VMworld 2011 - General Session #2 with Steve Herrod' author: display_name: iguy login: iguy email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: iguy author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 629 wordpress_url: http://itsjustanotherlayer.com/?p=629 date: !binary |- MjAxMS0wOC0zMCAyMDo1MzoxMCAtMDUwMA== date_gmt: !binary |- MjAxMS0wOC0zMSAwMTo1MzoxMCAtMDUwMA== categories: - VMware tags: - future - keynote - vmworld comments: [] ---
Live Blog and notes taken during the session
Steve Herrod, VMware CTO, presenting for the General Session 2.
One of the great changes is the shift from servers and technology to End Devices and Services. Universal access to the environment is critical part of this. As such these have high expectations compared to past environments in computing. DUH! (Devices, Universal Access, High Expectations).
Directions that need to address the DUH is IT needs to simplify, manage and connect the end folks to the services they care about. Desktop services will be need to be contained and compartmentalized. This includes the full Desktop (View) or just the applications (Thinapp). Now if we can separate the Desktop, the Applications and the Data apart from each other, powerful policies can do quite a bit. Once this is done User/Application/Data policies can take place.
View is the direct solution to handle the Desktop Service. Well known and announced View 5.0.
To handle applications ThinApp is the direction being followed. There is a new service called ThinApp Factory as part of the application store. This tool will help auto create ThinApp packages. Fully automated creations of these packages following some recipes.
Project Octopus deals with the data service layer. This is built around providing a dropbox equivalent services in an enterprise. http://www.vmwareoctopus.com
Horizon has a Mobile piece that allows IT to securely gain access to the application space. Along with that is the Mobile Virtual Machine space. As part of pushing the access/application, can have a controlled/contained environment on the phone.
One of the great things coming is a feature called AppBlast. It can present the application, not a full desktop to devices like an iThing. This works on HTML5, not a custom unique protocol to deliver it. So to edit an Excel presentation on an iPad, just connect to the internal IT and work with Excel.
vSphere 5 is the basis for all of this. The HyperVisor is still not a commodity as many of these powerful features come from the fact that the base is solid and functional.
vSphere 5 can now handle 32 vCPUs, 1,000GB RAM, 1 Million per Host. Melvin the Monster VM has come.
Some of the other great features are around performance guarantees. Storage IO assurance is good. By creating Storage Pools, can organize by application, purpose, performance and other validations. Once a pool is created, automation on placement can take place. Along with that can perform DRS with Storage now using Storage VMotion. This can be done automatically. Setup the policies and forget about it as the infrastructure deals with it.
vSphere 5 allows the IT admin to now set Storage I/O Control to assure performance. Dealing with the noisy neighbor is a significant issue to control as the central system in the hypervisor. Along with that network I/O control has arrived also.
As the future comes to pass, one of the largest challenges is the IP problem. Right now networking in the TCP/IP stack is built with Location = Identifier. If a machine wants to move around, the location and Identifier are tied together. For example moving a VM from an internal Cloud to an External Cloud the VM needs to be given a new IP. This can be a very disruptive activity.
VMware has a solution now called VXLAN which is Virtual eXtensible LAN. This technology has been worked on with Intel, Emulex, Cisco, Arista, Broadcom. The spec has been sent to IETF. This is a big step on the virtualization solution. Once this tie has been broken cloud mobility becomes feasible and deliverable.
Management is the end game after a solid reportable infrastructure is available. From there the approach is


We have solutions!
- exploit bleeding-edge infomediaries
- empower scalable e-tailers
- harness dynamic functionalities
- innovate real-time relationships
- disintermediate web-enabled applications
- whiteboard open-source convergence
- incentivize revolutionary metrics
- recontextualize magnetic e-services
- leverage enterprise mindshare
- strategize clicks-and-mortar experiences
- disintermediate 24/7 web services
- e-enable rich paradigms
- syndicate seamless systems
- architect proactive convergence


| Started Since: 6/13/2013 2:27:52 PM |
| Bound to: /0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0%0:61613 |
| Protocol: any |
| Currently Connected: 1 |
| Connection Counter: 2 |
| Outbound Messages: 0 |
| Inbound Messages: 0 |
| Data Transferred In: 396 bytes |
| Data Transferred Out: 252 bytes |
| Remote Address | Protocol | User | Data In | Data Out | Msgs In | Msgs out | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1%0:57122 | stomp | admin | 198 bytes | 126 bytes | 0 | 0 |


| AppWidgetProviderInfoBuilder |
|
| AttestedKeyPairFactory |
Factory to create AttestedKeyPair.
|
| BrightnessChangeEventBuilder |
|
| CachedPathIteratorFactory |
Class that returns iterators for a given path.
|
| ClassNameResolver<T> |
|
| Converter<T> |
|
| Converter.FromArray |
|
| Converter.FromAttrData |
|
| Converter.FromCharSequence |
|
| Converter.FromColor |
|
| Converter.FromFilePath |
|
| Converter2<T> |
|
| Converter2.FromCharSequence |
|
| Converter2.FromColor |
|
| DragEventBuilder |
|
| EpsBearerQosSessionAttributesBuilder |
|
| FrameMetricsBuilder |
|
| GnssStatusBuilder |
Deprecated.
|
| GnssStatusBuilder.GnssSatelliteInfo |
Information about a single satellite in a GnssStatus .
|
| GnssStatusBuilder.GnssSatelliteInfo.Builder |
|
| ImageUtil |
|
| LegacyManifestParser |
|
| LooperShadowPicker<T> |
|
| MediaCodecInfoBuilder |
|
| MediaCodecInfoBuilder.CodecCapabilitiesBuilder |
|
| ModuleInfoBuilder |
Builder for ModuleInfo as ModuleInfo has hidden constructors, this builder class has been
added as a way to make custom ModuleInfo objects when needed.
|
| NativeAndroidInput |
Java representation of framework native system headers Transliterated from oreo-mr1 (SDK 27)
frameworks/native/include/android/Input.h
|
| NativeBitSet64 |
Transliteration of native BitSet64.
|
| NativeInput |
Java representation of framework native input Transliterated from oreo-mr1 (SDK 27)
frameworks/native/include/input/Input.h and libs/input/Input.cpp
|
| NrQosSessionAttributesBuilder |
|
| PackageRollbackInfoBuilder |
Builder for PackageRollbackInfo as PackageRollbackInfo has hidden constructors, this
builder class has been added as a way to make custom PackageRollbackInfo objects when needed.
|
| PhoneAccountBuilder |
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| PlaybackInfoBuilder |
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| PreciseDataConnectionStateBuilder |
|
| RangingSessionBuilder |
Class to build RangingSession
|
| ResourceHelper |
Helper class to provide various conversion method used in handling android resources.
|
| ResourceHelper2 |
Helper class to provide various conversion method used in handling android resources.
|
| ResourceModeShadowPicker<T> |
|
| RollbackInfoBuilder |
Builder for RollbackInfo as RollbackInfo has hidden constructors, this builder class has
been added as a way to make custom RollbackInfo objects when needed.
|
| RoundRectangle |
Defines a rectangle with rounded corners, where the sizes of the corners are potentially
different.
|
| RunningTaskInfoBuilder |
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| ShadowAbsListView |
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| ShadowAbsSeekBar |
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| ShadowAbsSpinner |
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| ShadowAbstractCursor |
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| ShadowAccessibilityButtonController |
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| ShadowAccessibilityManager |
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| ShadowAccessibilityNodeInfo |
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| ShadowAccessibilityNodeInfo.ShadowAccessibilityAction |
Shadow of AccessibilityAction.
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| ShadowAccessibilityRecord |
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| ShadowAccessibilityService |
Shadow of AccessibilityService that tracks global actions and provides a mechanism to simulate
the window list.
|
| ShadowAccessibilityService.GestureDispatch |
Represents a gesture that has been dispatched through the accessibility service.
|
| ShadowAccessibilityWindowInfo |
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| ShadowAccountManager |
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| ShadowActivity |
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| ShadowActivity.IntentForResult |
Container object to hold an Intent, together with the requestCode used in a call to
Activity.startActivityForResult(Intent, int)
|
| ShadowActivity.IntentSenderRequest |
Class to holds details of a startIntentSenderForResult request.
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| ShadowActivity.PermissionsRequest |
Class to hold a permissions request, including its request code.
|
| ShadowActivityGroup |
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| ShadowActivityManager |
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| ShadowActivityManager.ApplicationExitInfoBuilder |
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| ShadowActivityManagerNative |
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| ShadowActivityTaskManager |
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| ShadowActivityThread |
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| ShadowAdapterView<T extends Adapter> |
|
| ShadowAlarmManager |
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| ShadowAlarmManager.ScheduledAlarm |
Container object to hold a PendingIntent and parameters describing when to send it.
|
| ShadowAlertController |
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| ShadowAlertDialog |
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| ShadowAlertDialog.ShadowBuilder |
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| ShadowAndroidBidi |
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| ShadowAndroidHttpClient |
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| ShadowAnimationBridge |
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| ShadowAnimationUtils |
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| ShadowAnnotationValidations |
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| ShadowApkAssets |
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| ShadowApkAssets.Picker |
|
| ShadowAppIntegrityManager |
Shadow of AppIntegrityManager
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| ShadowApplication |
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| ShadowApplication.Wrapper |
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| ShadowApplicationPackageManager |
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| ShadowAppOpsManager |
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| ShadowAppOpsManager.ModeAndException |
Class holding usage mode and excpetion packages.
|
| ShadowAppTask |
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| ShadowAppWidgetHost |
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| ShadowAppWidgetHostView |
|
| ShadowAppWidgetManager |
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| ShadowArrayAdapter<T> |
|
| ShadowArscApkAssets9 |
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| ShadowArscApkAssets9.Key |
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| ShadowArscAssetInputStream |
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| ShadowArscAssetManager |
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| ShadowArscAssetManager10 |
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| ShadowArscAssetManager9 |
|
| ShadowArscResourcesImpl |
|
| ShadowAssetInputStream |
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| ShadowAssetInputStream.Picker |
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| ShadowAssetManager |
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| ShadowAssetManager.ArscBase |
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| ShadowAssetManager.Picker |
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| ShadowAsyncQueryHandler |
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| ShadowAsyncTask<Params,Progress,Result> |
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| ShadowAsyncTask.Picker |
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| ShadowAsyncTaskLoader<D> |
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| ShadowAsyncTaskLoader.Picker |
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| ShadowAudioEffect |
Implements AudioEffect by shadowing its native methods.
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| ShadowAudioManager |
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| ShadowAudioManager.AudioFocusRequest |
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| ShadowAudioRecord |
Shadow AudioRecord which by default will fulfil any requests for audio data by completely
filling any requested buffers.
|
| ShadowAudioSystem |
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| ShadowAudioTrack |
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| ShadowAutofillManager |
Robolectric implementation of android.os.AutofillManager .
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| ShadowBackdropFrameRenderer |
Shadow for BackdropFrameRenderer
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| ShadowBackgroundThread |
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| ShadowBackupManager |
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| ShadowBaseAdapter |
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| ShadowBasicTagTechnology |
Extends BasicTagTechnology to allow for testing.
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| ShadowBatteryManager |
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| ShadowBinder |
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| ShadowBinderBridge |
Bridge between shadow and Binder .
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| ShadowBiometricManager |
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| ShadowBitmap |
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| ShadowBitmapDrawable |
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| ShadowBitmapFactory |
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| ShadowBitmapRegionDecoder |
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| ShadowBitmapShader |
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| ShadowBlockGuardOs |
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| ShadowBluetoothA2dp |
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| ShadowBluetoothAdapter |
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| ShadowBluetoothDevice |
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| ShadowBluetoothGatt |
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| ShadowBluetoothHeadset |
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| ShadowBluetoothLeScanner |
Adds Robolectric support for BLE scanning.
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| ShadowBluetoothLeScanner.ScanParams |
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| ShadowBluetoothManager |
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| ShadowBluetoothServerSocket |
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| ShadowBluetoothSocket |
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| ShadowBroadcastPendingResult |
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| ShadowBroadcastReceiver |
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| ShadowBugreportManager |
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| ShadowBuild |
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| ShadowCall |
Robolectric test for Call .
|
| ShadowCall.ShadowRttCall |
|
| ShadowCallLogCalls |
Shadow for the system's CallLog.Call class that allows tests to configure the most recent call.
|
| ShadowCallScreeningService |
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| ShadowCallScreeningService.RespondToCallInput |
|
| ShadowCamera |
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| ShadowCamera.ShadowParameters |
Shadows the Android Camera.Parameters class.
|
| ShadowCamera.ShadowSize |
|
| ShadowCameraCaptureSessionImpl |
Shadow class for CameraCaptureSessionImpl
|
| ShadowCameraCharacteristics |
|
| ShadowCameraDeviceImpl |
Shadow class for CameraDeviceImpl
|
| ShadowCameraManager |
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| ShadowCameraManager.ShadowCameraManagerGlobal |
Shadow class for internal class CameraManager$CameraManagerGlobal
|
| ShadowCameraMetadataNative |
Shadow class for CameraMetadataNative
|
| ShadowCameraMetadataNativePicker |
Base class for shadow implementations of CameraMetadataNative
|
| ShadowCameraMetadataNativePicker.Picker |
This subclass is required to avoid an internal error when loading the picker.
|
| ShadowCameraMetadataNativeR |
Shadow class for CameraMetadataNative
|
| ShadowCanvas |
Broken.
|
| ShadowCanvas.ArcPaintHistoryEvent |
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| ShadowCanvas.CirclePaintHistoryEvent |
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| ShadowCanvas.LinePaintHistoryEvent |
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| ShadowCanvas.OvalPaintHistoryEvent |
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| ShadowCanvas.RectPaintHistoryEvent |
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| ShadowCanvas.RoundRectPaintHistoryEvent |
Captures round rectangle drawing events
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| ShadowCanvas.TextHistoryEvent |
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| ShadowCaptioningManager |
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| ShadowCaptureRequestBuilder |
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| ShadowCaptureResult |
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| ShadowCardEmulation |
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| ShadowCarrierConfigManager |
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| ShadowChoreographer |
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| ShadowChoreographer.Picker |
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| ShadowClipboardManager |
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| ShadowCloseGuard |
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| ShadowColor |
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| ShadowColorDisplayManager |
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| ShadowColorMatrixColorFilter |
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| ShadowColorSpace |
Container for implementations of ColorSpace
|
| ShadowColorSpace.ShadowRgb |
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| ShadowCompanionDeviceManager |
Shadow for CompanionDeviceManager.
|
| ShadowCompatibility |
Robolectric shadow to disable CALL_ACTIVITY_RESULT_BEFORE_RESUME using Compatibility's
isChangeEnabled.
|
| ShadowCompoundButton |
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| ShadowConnection |
Shadow for Connection that represents a phone call or connection to a remote endpoint
that carries voice and/or video traffic.
|
| ShadowConnectivityManager |
|
| ShadowContentCaptureManager |
A Shadow for android.view.contentcapture.ContentCaptureManager added in Android R.
|
| ShadowContentProvider |
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| ShadowContentProviderClient |
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| ShadowContentProviderOperation |
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| ShadowContentProviderResult |
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| ShadowContentResolver |
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| ShadowContentResolver.DeleteStatement |
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| ShadowContentResolver.InsertStatement |
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| ShadowContentResolver.NotifiedUri |
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| ShadowContentResolver.Statement |
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| ShadowContentResolver.Status |
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| ShadowContentResolver.UpdateStatement |
|
| ShadowContentUris |
|
| ShadowContextHubClient |
Shadow for ContextHubClient .
|
| ShadowContextHubManager |
Shadow for ContextHubManager .
|
| ShadowContextImpl |
|
| ShadowContextThemeWrapper |
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| ShadowContextWrapper |
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| ShadowCookieManager |
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| ShadowCookieSyncManager |
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| ShadowCornerPathEffect |
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| ShadowCountDownTimer |
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| ShadowCrossProfileApps |
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| ShadowCrossProfileApps.StartedActivity |
|
| ShadowCrossProfileApps.StartedMainActivity |
Deprecated.
|
| ShadowCursorWindow |
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| ShadowCursorWindow.Picker |
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| ShadowCursorWrapper |
|
| ShadowDashPathEffect |
|
| ShadowDateIntervalFormat |
|
| ShadowDatePickerDialog |
|
| ShadowDebug |
|
| ShadowDeviceConfig |
|
| ShadowDevicePolicyManager |
|
| ShadowDexFile |
Shadow implementation of dalvik.system.Dexfile.
|
| ShadowDialog |
|
| ShadowDiscoverySession |
|
| ShadowDisplay |
It is possible to override some display properties using setters on ShadowDisplay .
|
| ShadowDisplayEventReceiver |
|
| ShadowDisplayHashManager |
|
| ShadowDisplayListCanvas |
Shadow for android.view.DisplayListCanvas from API versions M to R
|
| ShadowDisplayManager |
For tests, display properties may be changed and devices may be added or removed
programmatically.
|
| ShadowDisplayManagerGlobal |
|
| ShadowDownloadManager |
|
| ShadowDownloadManager.CompletedDownload |
Value class to represent a "completed download" sent to DownloadManager using the
addCompletedDownload APIs.
|
| ShadowDownloadManager.ShadowQuery |
|
| ShadowDownloadManager.ShadowRequest |
|
| ShadowDrawable |
|
| ShadowDropBoxManager |
Fake dropbox manager that starts with no entries.
|
| ShadowDynamicsProcessing |
|
| ShadowEdgeEffect |
|
| ShadowEGL14 |
Shadow for EGL14.
|
| ShadowEnvironment |
|
| ShadowEnvironment.ShadowUserEnvironment |
|
| ShadowEuiccManager |
|
| ShadowEventLog |
|
| ShadowEventLog.EventBuilder |
|
| ShadowEventLog.ShadowEvent |
|
| ShadowExpandableListView |
|
| ShadowFileObserver |
A shadow implementation of FileObserver that uses java.nio.file.WatchService.
|
| ShadowFileUtils |
|
| ShadowFilter |
|
| ShadowFingerprintManager |
|
| ShadowFloatMath |
|
| ShadowFont |
Shadow for Font for Android S
|
| ShadowFontBuilder |
|
| ShadowFontFamily |
|
| ShadowFontsContract |
|
| ShadowGeocoder |
|
| ShadowGestureDetector |
|
| ShadowGLES20 |
|
| ShadowGLSurfaceView |
Fake implementation of GLSurfaceView
|
| ShadowGradientDrawable |
|
| ShadowHardwareBuffer |
Shadow of android.hardware.HardwareBuffer.
|
| ShadowHardwareRenderer |
|
| ShadowHttpResponseCache |
|
| ShadowIAppOpsService |
|
| ShadowIAppOpsService.ShadowStub |
|
| ShadowIcon |
|
| ShadowICU |
|
| ShadowImageDecoder |
|
| ShadowImageReader |
|
| ShadowImageReader.ShadowSurfaceImage |
|
| ShadowImeTracingClientImpl |
|
| ShadowImsMmTelManager |
Supports IMS by default.
|
| ShadowInCallAdapter |
|
| ShadowInCallService |
|
| ShadowInetAddressUtils |
Shadow InetAddressUtils class that doesn't use native Libcore function.
|
| ShadowInputDevice |
|
| ShadowInputEvent |
|
| ShadowInputEventReceiver |
|
| ShadowInputManager |
|
| ShadowInputMethodManager |
|
| ShadowInstrumentation |
|
| ShadowIntent |
|
| ShadowIntentService |
|
| ShadowIoUtils |
|
| ShadowIsoDep |
Extends IsoDep to allow for testing.
|
| ShadowJobScheduler |
|
| ShadowJobScheduler.ShadowJobSchedulerImpl |
|
| ShadowJobService |
|
| ShadowJsPromptResult |
|
| ShadowJsResult |
|
| ShadowKeyCharacterMap |
|
| ShadowKeyguardManager |
|
| ShadowKeyguardManager.ShadowKeyguardLock |
|
| ShadowLauncherApps |
|
| ShadowLayoutAnimationController |
|
| ShadowLegacyApkAssets |
Shadow for ApkAssets that is used for legacy resources.
|
| ShadowLegacyAssetInputStream |
|
| ShadowLegacyAssetManager |
|
| ShadowLegacyAsyncTask<Params,Progress,Result> |
A AsyncTask shadow for LooperMode.Mode.LEGACY .
|
| ShadowLegacyAsyncTaskLoader<D> |
|
| ShadowLegacyChoreographer |
|
| ShadowLegacyCursorWindow |
Legacy shadow for CursowWindow .
|
| ShadowLegacyLooper |
The shadow Looper implementation for LooperMode.Mode.LEGACY .
|
| ShadowLegacyMessage |
The shadow Message for LooperMode.Mode.LEGACY .
|
| ShadowLegacyMessageQueue |
|
| ShadowLegacyResourcesImpl |
|
| ShadowLegacyResourcesImpl.ShadowLegacyThemeImpl |
|
| ShadowLegacySQLiteConnection |
|
| ShadowLegacySystemClock |
A shadow SystemClock for LooperMode.Mode.LEGACY
|
| ShadowLibcoreOsConstants |
Implements OsConstants on APIs 20 and below.
|
| ShadowLinearGradient |
|
| ShadowLinearLayout |
|
| ShadowLineBreaker |
|
| ShadowLinkMovementMethod |
|
| ShadowLinux |
|
| ShadowListPopupWindow |
|
| ShadowListView |
|
| ShadowLoadedApk |
|
| ShadowLocalActivityManager |
|
| ShadowLocaleData |
Robolectric only supports en_US regardless of the default locale set in the JVM.
|
| ShadowLocaleList |
|
| ShadowLocationManager |
|
| ShadowLocationManager.ProviderProperties |
ProviderProperties is not public prior to S, so a new class is required to represent it prior
to that platform.
|
| ShadowLocationManager.RoboLocationRequest |
LocationRequest doesn't exist prior to Kitkat, and is not public prior to S, so a new class is
required to represent it prior to those platforms.
|
| ShadowLog |
Controls the behavior of Log and provides access to log messages.
|
| ShadowLog.LogItem |
A single log item.
|
| ShadowLooper |
The base shadow API class for controlling Loopers.
|
| ShadowLooper.Picker |
|
| ShadowMagnificationController |
Shadow of MagnificationController.
|
| ShadowMatrix |
|
| ShadowMeasuredParagraph |
|
| ShadowMeasuredTextBuilder |
|
| ShadowMediaActionSound |
|
| ShadowMediaCodec |
Implementation of MediaCodec which supports both asynchronous and
synchronous modes.
|
| ShadowMediaCodec.CodecConfig |
Configuration that can be supplied to ShadowMediaCodec to simulate actual
encoding/decoding.
|
| ShadowMediaCodec.ShadowCodecBuffer |
Shadows CodecBuffer to prevent attempting to free non-direct ByteBuffer objects.
|
| ShadowMediaCodecList |
|
| ShadowMediaController |
|
| ShadowMediaExtractor |
A shadow for the MediaExtractor class.
|
| ShadowMediaMetadataRetriever |
|
| ShadowMediaMuxer |
Implementation of MediaMuxer which directly passes input bytes to the
specified file, with no modification.
|
| ShadowMediaPlayer |
Automated testing of media playback can be a difficult thing - especially testing that your code
properly handles asynchronous errors and events.
|
| ShadowMediaPlayer.MediaInfo |
Class specifying information for an emulated media object.
|
| ShadowMediaRecorder |
|
| ShadowMediaRouter |
|
| ShadowMediaScannerConnection |
|
| ShadowMediaSession |
|
| ShadowMediaSessionManager |
|
| ShadowMediaStore |
|
| ShadowMediaStore.ShadowImages |
|
| ShadowMediaStore.ShadowImages.ShadowMedia |
|
| ShadowMediaStore.ShadowImages.ShadowThumbnails |
|
| ShadowMediaStore.ShadowVideo |
|
| ShadowMediaStore.ShadowVideo.ShadowThumbnails |
|
| ShadowMemoryMappedFile |
This is used by Android to load and inferFromValue time zone information.
|
| ShadowMemoryMappedFile.RoboBufferIterator |
|
| ShadowMemoryMappedFileS |
Fork of ShadowMemoryMappedFile to adjust to changed package names of MemoryMappedFile in S.
|
| ShadowMemoryMappedFileS.RoboBufferIterator |
|
| ShadowMessage |
|
| ShadowMessage.Picker |
The shadow Picker for this class
|
| ShadowMessageQueue |
|
| ShadowMessageQueue.Picker |
The shadow Picker for this class.
|
| ShadowMessenger |
|
| ShadowMimeTypeMap |
|
| ShadowMotionEvent |
Shadow of MotionEvent.
|
| ShadowNativeAllocationRegistry |
|
| ShadowNativeCursorWindow |
|
| ShadowNativePluralRules |
|
| ShadowNativeSQLiteConnection |
|
| ShadowNetwork |
|
| ShadowNetworkCapabilities |
Robolectic provides overrides for fetching and updating transport.
|
| ShadowNetworkInfo |
|
| ShadowNetworkScoreManager |
|
| ShadowNfcAdapter |
|
| ShadowNinePatch |
|
| ShadowNotification |
|
| ShadowNotificationListenerService |
|
| ShadowNotificationManager |
Shadows for NotificationManager.
|
| ShadowNsdManager |
|
| ShadowNumberPicker |
|
| ShadowObjectAnimator |
|
| ShadowOpenGLMatrix |
|
| ShadowOs |
A Shadow for android.system.Os
|
| ShadowOsConstants |
|
| ShadowOutline |
|
| ShadowOverlayConfig |
Shadow for OverlayConfig .
|
| ShadowPackageBackwardCompatibility |
Shadow of PackageBackwardCompatibility to handle a scenario that can come up when
multiple Android versions end up on the classpath
|
| ShadowPackageInstaller |
|
| ShadowPackageInstaller.ShadowSession |
|
| ShadowPackageManager |
|
| ShadowPackageManager.ComponentState |
|
| ShadowPackageManager.IntentComparator |
|
| ShadowPackageManager.PackageSetting |
Settings for a particular package.
|
| ShadowPackageParser |
|
| ShadowPaint |
|
| ShadowParcel |
Robolectric's Parcel pretends to be backed by a byte buffer, closely matching Parcel 's position, size, and capacity behavior.
|
| ShadowParcelFileDescriptor |
|
| ShadowPath |
The shadow only supports straight-line paths.
|
| ShadowPath.Point |
|
| ShadowPathMeasure |
|
| ShadowPathParser |
|
| ShadowPathParser.PathDataNode |
|
| ShadowPathParser.ShadowPathData |
|
| ShadowPausedAsyncTask<Params,Progress,Result> |
A AsyncTask shadow for LooperMode.Mode.PAUSED
|
| ShadowPausedAsyncTaskLoader<D> |
|
| ShadowPausedChoreographer |
|
| ShadowPausedLooper |
The shadow Looper for LooperMode.Mode.PAUSED .
|
| ShadowPausedMessage |
The shadow Message for LooperMode.Mode.PAUSED .
|
| ShadowPausedMessageQueue |
The shadow MessageQueue} for LooperMode.Mode.PAUSED
|
| ShadowPausedSystemClock |
|
| ShadowPeerHandle |
|
| ShadowPendingIntent |
|
| ShadowPhone |
|
| ShadowPhoneWindow |
Shadow for PhoneWindow for APIs 23+
|
| ShadowPhoneWindowFor22 |
Shadow for the API 16-22 PhoneWindow.li
|
| ShadowPicture |
|
| ShadowPlayerBase |
|
| ShadowPolicyManager |
|
| ShadowPopupMenu |
|
| ShadowPopupWindow |
|
| ShadowPorterDuffColorFilter |
|
| ShadowPosix |
|
| ShadowPowerManager |
Shadow of PowerManager
|
| ShadowPowerManager.ShadowWakeLock |
|
| ShadowPrecomputedText |
|
| ShadowPreference |
|
| ShadowProcess |
|
| ShadowProgressBar |
|
| ShadowProgressDialog |
|
| ShadowQueuedWork |
|
| ShadowQuickAccessWalletService |
|
| ShadowRangingResult |
|
| ShadowRangingResult.Builder |
A builder for creating ShadowRangingResults.
|
| ShadowRangingSession |
Adds Robolectric support for UWB ranging.
|
| ShadowRanking |
|
| ShadowRcsUceAdapter |
|
| ShadowRcsUceAdapter.CapabilityFailureInfo |
A data class holding the info for a failed capabilities exchange
|
| ShadowRecordingCanvas |
|
| ShadowRegion |
|
| ShadowRelativeLayout |
|
| ShadowRemoteCallbackList<E extends IInterface> |
|
| ShadowRenderNode |
|
| ShadowRenderNodeAnimator |
|
| ShadowRenderNodeAnimatorR |
Copy of ShadowRenderNodeAnimator that reflects move of RenderNodeAnimator to android.graphics in
R
|
| ShadowRenderNodeQ |
|
| ShadowResolveInfo |
|
| ShadowResources |
|
| ShadowResources.ShadowLegacyTheme |
|
| ShadowResources.ShadowNotFoundException |
|
| ShadowResources.ShadowTheme |
|
| ShadowResources.ShadowTheme.Picker |
|
| ShadowResourcesImpl |
|
| ShadowResourcesImpl.Picker |
|
| ShadowResourcesImpl.ShadowThemeImpl |
|
| ShadowResourcesImpl.ShadowThemeImpl.Picker |
|
| ShadowResourcesManager |
|
| ShadowRestrictionsManager |
|
| ShadowResultReceiver |
|
| ShadowRingtoneManager |
|
| ShadowRoleControllerManager |
|
| ShadowRoleManager |
|
| ShadowRollbackManager |
A Shadow for android.content.rollback.RollbackManager added in Android Q.
|
| ShadowRotationWatcher |
Shadow for RotationWatcher for API 23+
|
| ShadowRotationWatcherFor22 |
Shadow for RotationWatcher for API 16-22
|
| ShadowScaleGestureDetector |
|
| ShadowScanResult |
|
| ShadowScrollView |
|
| ShadowSearchManager |
|
| ShadowSeekBar |
|
| ShadowSensor |
|
| ShadowSensorManager |
|
| ShadowService |
|
| ShadowServiceManager |
|
| ShadowSettings |
|
| ShadowSettings.ShadowGlobal |
|
| ShadowSettings.ShadowSecure |
|
| ShadowSettings.ShadowSystem |
|
| ShadowSharedMemory |
|
| ShadowSharedPreferences |
Placeholder container class for nested shadow class
|
| ShadowSharedPreferences.ShadowSharedPreferencesEditorImpl |
|
| ShadowShortcutManager |
|
| ShadowSigningInfo |
|
| ShadowSliceManager |
|
| ShadowSmsManager |
|
| ShadowSmsManager.DataMessageParams |
|
| ShadowSmsManager.DownloadMultimediaMessageParams |
|
| ShadowSmsManager.MultimediaMessageParams |
|
| ShadowSmsManager.SendMultimediaMessageParams |
|
| ShadowSmsManager.TextMultipartParams |
|
| ShadowSmsManager.TextSmsParams |
|
| ShadowSocketTagger |
|
| ShadowSoftKeyboardController |
Shadow of SoftKeyboardController.
|
| ShadowSoundPool |
|
| ShadowSoundPool.Playback |
|
| ShadowSpeechRecognizer |
Robolectric shadow for SpeechRecognizer.
|
| ShadowSpellChecker |
|
| ShadowSQLiteConnection |
|
| ShadowSQLiteConnection.Picker |
|
| ShadowSQLiteOpenHelper |
Avoid calls to setIdleConnectionTimeout.
|
| ShadowSslErrorHandler |
|
| ShadowStateListDrawable |
|
| ShadowStatFs |
Robolectic doesn't provide actual filesystem stats; rather, it provides the ability to specify
stats values in advance.
|
| ShadowStaticLayout |
|
| ShadowStatsLog |
|
| ShadowStatsLog.StatsLogItem |
Single atom log item for write api.
|
| ShadowStatusBarManager |
|
| ShadowStorageManager |
|
| ShadowStorageStatsManager |
|
| ShadowStrictModeVmPolicy |
|
| ShadowStringBlock |
|
| ShadowSubscriptionManager |
|
| ShadowSubscriptionManager.SubscriptionInfoBuilder |
|
| ShadowSurface |
|
| ShadowSurfaceControl |
|
| ShadowSurfaceTexture |
|
| ShadowSurfaceView |
|
| ShadowSurfaceView.FakeSurfaceHolder |
|
| ShadowSuspendDialogInfo |
|
| ShadowSystem |
|
| ShadowSystemClock |
|
| ShadowSystemClock.Picker |
|
| ShadowSystemFonts |
|
| ShadowSystemProperties |
|
| ShadowSystemServiceRegistry |
|
| ShadowSystemVibrator |
|
| ShadowTabActivity |
|
| ShadowTabHost |
|
| ShadowTabHost.ShadowTabSpec |
|
| ShadowTabWidget |
|
| ShadowTelecomManager |
|
| ShadowTelecomManager.CallRecord |
Deprecated.
|
| ShadowTelecomManager.IncomingCallRecord |
|
| ShadowTelecomManager.OutgoingCallRecord |
|
| ShadowTelecomManager.UnknownCallRecord |
|
| ShadowTelephony |
|
| ShadowTelephony.ShadowSms |
|
| ShadowTelephonyFrameworkInitializer |
|
| ShadowTelephonyManager |
|
| ShadowTextToSpeech |
|
| ShadowTextUtils |
Implement by truncating the text.
|
| ShadowTextView |
|
| ShadowThreadedRenderer |
|
| ShadowTile |
|
| ShadowTileService |
|
| ShadowTime |
|
| ShadowTimeManager |
Shadow for internal Android TimeManager class introduced in S.
|
| ShadowTimePickerDialog |
|
| ShadowTimeZoneFinder |
Shadow of TimeZoneFinder for Android O and P.
|
| ShadowTimeZoneFinderQ |
Shadow for TimeZoneFinder on Q after Developer Preview 1.
|
| ShadowTimeZoneFinderS |
Shadow for TimeZoneFinder on S or above.
|
| ShadowToast |
|
| ShadowToneGenerator |
Shadow of ToneGenerator.
|
| ShadowToneGenerator.Tone |
Stores data about a tone played by the ToneGenerator
|
| ShadowTotalCaptureResult |
|
| ShadowTouchDelegate |
|
| ShadowTrace |
Shadow implementation for Trace , which stores the traces locally in arrays (unlike the
real implementation) and allows reading them.
|
| ShadowTrace.AsyncTraceSection |
AutoValue representation of a trace triggered by one of the async apis
|
| ShadowTrace.AsyncTraceSection.Builder |
Builder for traces triggered by one of the async apis
|
| ShadowTrace.Counter |
Counters emitted with the setCounter API
|
| ShadowTrace.Counter.Builder |
Builder for counters emitted with the setCounter API
|
| ShadowTrafficStats |
|
| ShadowTypedArray |
|
| ShadowTypedArray.Picker |
|
| ShadowTypeface |
|
| ShadowTypeface.FontDesc |
|
| ShadowTypeface.ShadowBuilder |
|
| ShadowUIModeManager |
|
| ShadowUsageStatsManager |
|
| ShadowUsageStatsManager.AppUsageLimitObserver |
|
| ShadowUsageStatsManager.AppUsageObserver |
|
| ShadowUsageStatsManager.EventBuilder |
|
| ShadowUsageStatsManager.UsageSessionObserver |
Usage session observer registered via UsageStatsManager#registerUsageSessionObserver(int, String[], long, TimeUnit, long, TimeUnit,
PendingIntent, PendingIntent) .
|
| ShadowUsageStatsManager.UsageStatsBuilder |
|
| ShadowUsbManager |
|
| ShadowUserManager |
|
| ShadowUwbManager |
Adds Robolectric support for UWB ranging.
|
| ShadowValueAnimator |
|
| ShadowVcnManager |
A Shadow for android.net.vcn.VcnManager added in Android S.
|
| ShadowVectorDrawable |
|
| ShadowVelocityTracker |
|
| ShadowVibrator |
|
| ShadowVideoView |
|
| ShadowView |
|
| ShadowView.WindowIdHelper |
|
| ShadowViewAnimator |
|
| ShadowViewConfiguration |
|
| ShadowViewGroup |
|
| ShadowViewRootImpl |
|
| ShadowVirtualRefBasePtr |
|
| ShadowVisualizer |
|
| ShadowVisualVoicemailSms |
|
| ShadowVMRuntime |
|
| ShadowVoiceInteractionService |
|
| ShadowVoiceInteractionSession |
|
| ShadowVoiceInteractor |
|
| ShadowVpnService |
|
| ShadowWallpaperManager |
|
| ShadowWallpaperManager.WallpaperCommandRecord |
|
| ShadowWebSettings |
Shadow of WebSettings which returns a dummy user a stub instance rather than the
User-Agent used by a WebView.
|
| ShadowWebStorage |
Shadow of WebStorage which constructs a stub instance rather than attempting to create a
full Chromium-backed instance.
|
| ShadowWebSyncManager |
|
| ShadowWebView |
|
| ShadowWebView.LoadData |
|
| ShadowWebView.LoadDataWithBaseURL |
|
| ShadowWebViewDatabase |
|
| ShadowWifiAwareManager |
|
| ShadowWifiConfiguration |
|
| ShadowWifiInfo |
|
| ShadowWifiManager |
|
| ShadowWifiManager.ShadowMulticastLock |
|
| ShadowWifiManager.ShadowWifiLock |
|
| ShadowWifiManager.WifiUsabilityScore |
Class to record scores passed to WifiManager#updateWifiUsabilityScore
|
| ShadowWifiP2pGroup |
|
| ShadowWifiP2pManager |
|
| ShadowWifiRttManager |
|
| ShadowWindow |
|
| ShadowWindowManager |
|
| ShadowWindowManagerGlobal |
|
| ShadowWindowManagerImpl |
|
| ShadowWindowManagerImpl.ShadowCompatModeWrapper |
|
| ShadowXmlBlock |
|
| ShadowXmlBlock.ShadowParser |
Shadow of XmlBlock.Parser.
|
| ShadowZoomButtonsController |
|
| SQLiteShadowPicker<T> |
A ShadowPicker that selects between shadows given the SQLite mode
|
| StorageVolumeBuilder |
|
| StreamConfigurationMapBuilder |
Builder for StreamConfigurationMap
|
| VibrationAttributesBuilder |
|
| WifiUsabilityStatsEntryBuilder |
|


Emilia Clarke says she was told to perform nude scenes to not "disappoint" fans
by Nick FitzgeraldThe former Game Of Thrones actress admits she was pressured to do nude scenes early on even though she was highly uncomfortable
Former Game Of Thrones actress Emilia Clarke has admitted she was pressured to perform nude scenes early on, despite being highly uncomfortable.
Clarke reveals GOT bosses told her if she refused to take part in nude scenes she would "disappoint" fans of the show.
The revelations come in an interview the 33-year-old had with Dax Shepard on his Armchair Expert podcast.
Speaking to the podcast host she said:
“I’m a lot more savvy with what I’m comfortable with, and what I am okay with doing.
“I’ve had fights on set before where I’m like, ‘No, the sheet stays up’, and they’re like, ‘You don’t wanna disappoint your Game of Thrones fans’. And I’m like, ‘F**k you.'”
In the first season of GOT Clarke describes the level of nudity as a "f**k ton of nudity", to which she felt overwhelmed by.
She also said that when she joined the show back in 2011 she was only out of drama school. As she was only starting out she felt like she had no other option.
"I took the job and then they sent me the scripts and I was reading them, and I was, like, 'Oh, there's the catch!'" she recalls.
Clarke continued: “So I came to terms with that beforehand, but then going in and doing it… I’m floating through this first season and I have no idea what I’m doing, I have no idea what any of this is.
“I’ve never been on a film set like this before, I’d been on a film set twice before then, and I’m now on a film set completely naked with all of these people, and I don’t know what I’m meant to do and I don’t know what’s expected of me, and I don’t know what you want and I don’t know what I want.”
The actress then went on to explain it was Jason Momoa, her lover Khal Drogo in GOT, who made her open her eyes to how much power she had in reality.
"It was definitely hard," she said. "Which is why the scenes, when I got to do them with Jason, were wonderful, because he was like, 'No, sweetie, this isn't OK.' And I was like, 'Ohhhh.'"
Emilia is now starring in festive flick Last Christmas which is currently in cinemas.


| with_mock {testthat} | R Documentation |
with_mock()
and local_mock()
are superseded in favour of the more
rigorous techniques found in the mockr
and mockery packages.
Mocking allows you to temporary replace the implementation of functions within a package, which useful for testing code that relies on functions that are slow, have unintended side effects or access resources that may not be available when testing.
This works by using some C code to temporarily modify the mocked function in place. On exit, all functions are restored to their previous state. This is somewhat abusive of R's internals so use with care. In particular, functions in base packages cannot be mocked; to work aroud you'll need to make a wrapper function in your own package..
with_mock(..., .env = topenv()) local_mock(..., .env = topenv(), .local_envir = parent.frame())
... |
named parameters redefine mocked functions, unnamed parameters will be evaluated after mocking the functions |
.env |
the environment in which to patch the functions, defaults to the top-level environment. A character is interpreted as package name. |
.local_env |
Environment in which to add exit hander. For expert use only. |
The result of the last unnamed parameter
with_mock()
and local_mock()
are deprecated in the third edition.
Suraj Gupta (2012): How R Searches And Finds Stuff
add_one <- function(x) x + 1 expect_equal(add_one(2), 3) with_mock( add_one = function(x) x - 1, expect_equal(add_one(2), 1) ) square_add_one <- function(x) add_one(x)^2 expect_equal(square_add_one(2), 9) expect_equal( with_mock( add_one = function(x) x - 1, square_add_one(2) ), 1 ) # local_mock() ------------------------------- plus <- function(x, y) x + y test_that("plus(1, 1) == 2", { expect_equal(plus(1, 1), 2) }) test_that("plus(1, 1) == 3", { local_mock(plus = function(x, y) 3) expect_equal(plus(1, 1), 3) })


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Q5. The variable height is a numeric vector in the code below. Which statement returns the value 35?
[ ] height(length(height))
[x] height[length(height)]
[ ] height[length[height]]
[ ] height(5)
Q6. In the image below, the data frame is named rates. The statement sd(rates[, 2]) returns 39. As what does R regard Ellen’s product ratings?
[ ] sample with replacement
[ ] population
[ ] trimmed sample
[x] sample <– not sure
Q7. Which choice does R regard as an acceptable name for a variable?
[ ] Var_A!
[ ] _VarA
[ ] .2Var_A
[x] Var2_A
Q8. What is the principal difference between an array and a matrix?
[x] A matrix has two dimensions, while an array can have three or more dimensions.
[ ] An array is a subtype of the data frame, while a matrix is a separate type entirely.
[ ] A matrix can have columns of different lengths, but an array’s columns must all be the same length.
[ ] A matrix may contain numeric values only, while an array can mix different types of values.
Q9. Which is not a property of lists and vectors?
[ ] type
[ ] length
[ ] attributes
[x] scalar
Q10. In the image below, the data frame on lines 1 through 4 is names StDf. State and Capital are both factors. Which statement returns the results shown on lines 6 and 7?
[ ] StDf[1:2,-3]
[x] StDf[1:2,1]
[ ] StDf[1:2,]
[ ] StDf[1,2,]
Q11. Which function displays the first five rows of the data frame named pizza?
[ ] BOF(pizza, 5)
[ ] first(pizza, 5)
[ ] top(pizza, 5)
[x] head(pizza, 5)
Q12. You accidentally display a large data frame on the R console, losing all the statements you entered during the current session. What is the best way to get the prior 25 statements back?
[ ] console(-25)
[ ] console(reverse=TRUE)
[ ] history()
[x] history(max.show = 25)
Q13. d.pizza is a data frame. It’s column named temperature contains only numbers. If u extract temperature using the [] accessors, its class defaults to numeric. How can you access temperature so that it retains the class of data.frame?
> class( d.pizza[ , "temperature" ] )
> "numeric"
[ ] class( d.pizza( , "temperature" ) )
[ ] class( d.pizza[ , "temperature" ] )
[ ] class( d.pizza$temperature )
[x] class( d.pizza[ , "temperature", drop=F ] )
Q14. What does c contain?
a <- c(3,3,6.5,8)
b <- c(7,2,5.5,10)
c <- a < b
[ ] [1] NaN
[ ] [1] -4
[ ] [1] 4 -1 -1 2
[x] [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
Q15. Review the statements below. Does the use of the dim function change the class of y, and if so what is y’s new class?
Q22. Two variable in the mydata data frame are named Var1 and Var2. How do you tell a bivariate function, such as cor.test, which two variables you want to analyze?
[ ] cor.test(Var1 ~ Var2)
[ ] cor.test(mydata$(Var1,Var2))
[x] cor.test(mydata$Var1,mydata$Var2)
[ ] cor.test(Var1,Var2, mydata)
Q23. A data frame named d.pizza is part of the DescTools package. A statement is missing from the following R code and an error is therefore likely to occur. Which statement is missing?


Why we do
The App, is designed to serve students in JNU. We found that it's not convenient to get some information related to us; for example, when we want to know the amount of our cards, we may visit websites, or use wechat to inquire, or more terribly from the machine, which involves many operations and costs much time(honestly). So we make it, less operation and better experience.


Woring with Placeholder Content via Holder, Placehold.it and Base64
Great for web conversion.
Quick and dirty.
Simplicity with more control.


Sri Sadhan Jujjavarapu is a Ph.D. candidate in the Human in the Loop Systems Lab at the Univerity at Buffalo. His research interests include mechanism design, optimal control, and Human-in-the-loop control for human-robot interaction applications.
PhD in Mechanical, 2021 (expected)
University at Buffalo
MS in Mechanical, 2017
University at Buffalo
BTech in Mechanical, 2014
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, India


Preparation time
overnight
Cooking time
1 to 2 hours
Serves
Serves 12
This classic Provençal fish stew is given an upgrade with juicy langoustine and seared scallops.
Put the red mullet and gurnard in a large bowl. Add the onion, fennel, garlic, leek, extra virgin olive oil, herbs, salt, spices and plum tomatoes and mix well. Cover and marinate in the fridge for 24 hours, turning the contents every 4–6 hours.
Separate the fish from the vegetables and spice mix, reserving the liquid. Heat 2 tablespoons olive oil in a large frying pan over a medium heat and fry the fish, discarding the heads and tails, for 10–15 minutes, or until golden brown on all sides.
Meanwhile, heat the remaining 1 tablespoon oil in a saucepan large enough to hold the soup. Add the vegetables and sweat for 5–7 minutes, without allowing them to colour. Season with salt and pepper.
Remove the fish from its pan and keep warm. Deglaze the pan with a splash of the wine and add to the vegetables.
When the vegetables are soft, add the tomato purée and cook for 5 minutes. Add the chopped tomatoes, reserved liquid and remaining wine, increase the heat and simmer for 10 minutes. Add the stock, bring to the boil rapidly, reduce to a simmer and cook for 20 minutes.
Meanwhile, cook the potatoes in a large pan of salted water for 20 minutes, or until soft.
Blend the soup in a blender until very smooth. Pass through a fine sieve and keep warm.
Blanch the whole leeks in a large pan of salted water for 5 minutes. Drain and slice into 1cm/½in slices.
Drain the potatoes and add to the soup along with the leeks.
Bring a large saucepan of salted water to the boil, then add the langoustines and cook for 1 minute. Drain and set aside to cool slightly before removing the tail meat, then add to the soup to cook through.
Sear the monkfish tail in a hot frying pan for 5 minutes, until golden on each side but not quite cooked through. Remove from the pan and cut into 24 slices. Add to the soup to cook through.
Season the scallops in the same pan, sear and cook them through.
To serve, divide the soup between 12 warmed serving bowls and top each one with a seared scallop. Drizzle the fish with lemon juice and serve alongside.


COVID-19 Daily News
- Live Updates: Oregon Reports 3 COVID-19 Deaths, 436 New Cases OPB News
- Sun, 19 Jul 2020 19:35:28 GMT
- https://www.opb.org/news/article/live-updates-oregon-washington-coronavirus-covid-19-july-19/
- Michigan coronavirus (COVID-19) cases up to 73,663; Death toll now at 6,119 WDIV ClickOnDetroit
- Sun, 19 Jul 2020 19:08:00 GMT
- https://www.clickondetroit.com/health/2020/07/19/michigan-coronavirus-covid-19-cases-up-to-73663-death-toll-now-at-6119/
- Brazos County confirms one additional death, 24 new COVID-19 cases KBTX
- Sun, 19 Jul 2020 17:21:39 GMT
- https://www.kbtx.com/2020/07/19/brazos-county-confirms-one-additional-death-24-new-covid-19-cases/
- Latest on COVID-19 in MN: Number of newly confirmed cases jumps Minnesota Public Radio News
- Sun, 19 Jul 2020 16:13:00 GMT
- https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/07/19/latest-on-covid19-in-mn
- Western Pa. reports three deaths, 246 cases of COVID-19 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
- Sun, 19 Jul 2020 15:22:34 GMT
- https://www.post-gazette.com/news/health/2020/07/19/COVID-19-coronavirus-Allegheny-County-Western-Pennsylvania-cases-deaths-data-pandemic-40/stories/202007190153
- COVID-19 Daily Update 7-18-2020 - 5 PM West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources
- Sat, 18 Jul 2020 21:03:17 GMT
- https://dhhr.wv.gov/News/2020/Pages/COVID-19-Daily-Update-7-18-2020---5-PM.aspx
- Governor Cuomo Updates New Yorkers On State's Progress During Covid-19 Pandemic ny.gov
- Sat, 18 Jul 2020 13:43:27 GMT
- https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-updates-new-yorkers-states-progress-during-covid-19-pandemic-12
- Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Issues First Emergency Authorization for Sample Pooling in Diagnostic
Testing FDA.gov
- Sat, 18 Jul 2020 04:00:00 GMT
- https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-issues-first-emergency-authorization-sample-pooling-diagnostic
- Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: Daily Roundup July 17, 2020 FDA.gov
- Fri, 17 Jul 2020 22:43:00 GMT
- https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-daily-roundup-july-17-2020
- COVID-19 Daily Update 7-17-2020 - 5 PM West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources
- Fri, 17 Jul 2020 20:59:41 GMT
- https://dhhr.wv.gov/News/2020/Pages/COVID-19-Daily-Update-7-17-2020---5-PM.aspx


[Erowid Note: 30 grams of Morning Glory is considered an extremely high dose, see Morning Glory Dose Chart]
I remember the taste of nothing. The seeds I had chosen from the hardware store had no labels letting on that they had been treated, so I took them as such. I noticed no chemical flavor. They tasted like nothing at all. In fact, I added ground salt for just a pinch of spice.
After an hour and a half or so, the trip started coming on very hard. I was vacillating between the den inside and the back yard, partly because I was unsure what was happening to me. I had only one mushroom trip to my experience. I would find that I was completely unprepared for what would happen next.
At the onset of the trip, at first, colors took on an aural sheen to their periphery. I remember staring at a brass sun wall decoration and seeing the diminishing daylight ricochet, refract and split into rainbows in the area directly in front of me. Following this, aural hallucinations began to creep from behind me to filling my mind with cackles and laughs. As the sun set outside, I began to see imaginary lines of my reality shoot out in front of me and vanish into perspective. From their extensions beyond me, the lines I saw began to bend until they broke. At the epicenter of their union, what I thought looked like a portal opened up. From the tear in my imaginary sky, demons, the ultimate source of the laughter, fell into my plane. Needless to say, this freaked me out beyond words and I decided it would be for the best if I went back inside.
My thought processes slowed down. I could not operate a remote control to turn on my television.  My inner voice was gone, replaced with an overwhelming static and my thoughts came slowly. When my dad asked me how I was feeling, I could not answer him. I had no words. I was beginning to lose my mind.
I remember watching the television and changing the channels non-stop. In my brain, I could not focus on a single point of thought. There was a violent ebbing of feeling in my mind. I began to fixate on the words from that seminal masterpiece of writing, A Scanner Darkly: “There are no weekend warriors on the D. You’re either on it, or you haven’t tried it.” Paranoia took hold. I knew this was only going to end badly.
I curled into a ball on the floor. In my mind, I was convinced that instead of taking a simple seed, I had instead taken Substance D, from the movie. I remember going through my house but I did not feel like I was moving. I can not remember any physical sensation, actually. I informed my dad, watching TV in another part of the house, that I had taken “Substance D” and, having done that, began to cry. My mother took me to the emergency room not long after she found out.
I remember lying in the back of the car with my eyes closed. I remember the voices of my mother and my aunt but I can not recall their conversation. In my mind, other happenings took precedence. I imagined that the sum of my high school anti-drug education was subliminal messaging that these seeds, my “Substance D,” were going to fry my brain. I saw myself (impossibly, but remember that I’m out of my mind right now) retching on the seats. I saw myself as a vegetable at the conclusion of my trip, due to my fixation on the movie.
I was almost to the hospital when the demon appeared.  Perhaps now my sheer panic is evident as the car door opened and I was escorted into the emergency intake ward at the hospital. Much like in A Scanner Darkly, peoples faces (especially the doctors) were oblique and cartoon-like. I remember trying to explain why I took the seeds, but to no avail. I wanted to say that I felt inspired by my favorite authors: Allen Ginsberg, Philip K. Dick, Burroughs, and Hunter S. Thompson all had their flings back in the day, experimenting and trying to revel in new consciousness… but no words came. I felt ashamed. I felt busted.
The trip was beginning to subside in intensity, but I would feel its effects on my brain, especially the paranoia and feeling of injury, throughout the night. Sleep did not come—my brain still was revving high and hotly. The entire night, I feared I had caused permanent damage to myself. My consciousness waned and for a few minutes, I was asleep.
The next day dragged on harshly.  I had no short-term memory. I had no memory at all. Words would not come and my conversations were short and terminal. I was convinced at this point that I was brain damaged. As the day progressed and I attempted to rest more, I started to feel better. By the end of evening I was able to eat solid food again, but just barely.
It has been over a month since my tragic miscalculation of dosage. I am back up at my university and I am still attending my classes. To my overwhelming joy, I have suffered no lasting ill effects. I realize now how much substance I actually took in, and I feel like I lucked out. I can not imagine how my trip could have been worse. Besides the terror, my family found out about this particular drug habit. But I am glad that my suffering was negligible. I have sworn off psychoactive drugs and everything except marijuana for my future. I even plan to kick the green eventually.
Never, EVER do what I did. A crash dose of LSA will likely give voices to inner demons you were previously aware of. I included many of my hallucinations but it’s not nearly all of them. The paranoia alone is unsettling and bending. Know from this story that horrible things happen when one loses all touch with reality. I have a new respect for those seeds (producing those little blue flowers—get it now?) and how they made me insane, for a day.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


@(trails: Seq[Trail], numItemsVisible: Int = 5, numWithImages: Int = 5, related: Boolean = false, showFeatured: Boolean = true)(implicit request: RequestHeader)
@trails.take(numItemsVisible).zipWithRowInfo.map{ case (trail, info) =>
@info.rowNum match {
case featuredRow if featuredRow == 1 & showFeatured => { @fragments.trails.featured(trail, featuredRow, related) }
case thumbnailRow if thumbnailRow <= numWithImages => { @fragments.trails.thumbnail(trail, thumbnailRow, related) }
case headlineRow => { @fragments.trails.headline(trail, headlineRow, related) }
}
}


add an event you are signed in as markdalgleish, do you want to sign out?
presented by Divya Manian
presented by Dave Johnson
presented by Max Wheeler
presented by Tammy Butow
presented by John Allsopp
presented by Damon Oehlman
presented by Silvia Pfeiffer
presented by Anson Parker
presented by Faruk Ateş
presented by Andrew Fisher
presented by Ryan Seddon
presented by Rob Hawkes
presented by Dmitry Baranovskiy
presented by Mark Dalgleish
presented by Jed Schmidt and Dinkumiser
presented by Tony Milne
presented by Damon Oehlman
presented by Anette Bergo
presented by Jared Wyles
501 Bourke St, Melbourne, 3000 - Enter through the front door - you'll see where to go
27 people attended
25 people tracking
Organiser


TEST MODE
You are playing in test mode. None of your actions will result in debit/credit. Kindly read the instructions.
{% else %}
Hello, stranger!
Your balance is {{ amount_out }}.
If this is your first try, kindly read the instructions down bellow. If you are familiar with, jump right to the game
{% endif %}
This website doesn't apply any kind of trick to steal from you. If you are skeptical, and you always should be, please go to the skeptical section. For any assistance/question/suggestion e-mail us<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Game has started
You need to point which card do you think the prize is hidden at. You can do this by clicking on any SELECT button.
Keep it or change it
You have selected a card and now need either keep your choice or change to another card. We {% if stage == 0 %}will flip{% else %}flipped{% endif %} a card showing where the prize IS NOT.
Will you win?
Your result will be displyed here once you confirm your choice.
How can you be sure we didn't change the game while you were playing?
When you start a game, we generate game data, which contains since from begining which card hides the prize. This game data file can be downloaded after your current game finishes. We extract a SHA1 hash from file content, which you can find down below. Each card has its visible card id, which you can compare with game data prize card.
You can use online tools to generate SHA1 hashes such as Password Generator or Online MD5
SHA1: {{ checksum }}
{% endblock %}


- ICommand - Interface in eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.interfaces
-
Command interface.
- ICommandFactory - Interface in eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.interfaces
-
Basic factory prototype for generating commands for use with JDroidLib.
- IDevice - Interface in eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.interfaces
-
Rudimentary interface defining the most basic of device.
- IDirectory - Interface in eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.interfaces
-
- IExecutioner - Interface in eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.interfaces
-
Interface defining methods for the many ways to execute a
command in JDroidLib!
The name is a pun.
- IFile - Interface in eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.interfaces
-
Defines a file stored on a
Device
's file system.
- IFileSystemEntry - Interface in eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.interfaces
-
Defines a filesystem entry on a given device.
- IllegalDeviceStateException - Exception in eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.exception
-
Exception thrown when a targeted device is in an unexpected state.
- IllegalDeviceStateException() - Constructor for exception eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.exception.IllegalDeviceStateException
-
- IllegalDeviceStateException(String) - Constructor for exception eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.exception.IllegalDeviceStateException
-
- INSTALLER_DEFINITION - Static variable in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.device.PackageManager
-
- installFiles() - Method in interface eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.interfaces.IResourceManager
-
Installs the downloaded files to a JDroidLib-specific location.
- InstallFlag - Enum in eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.enums
-
Flags for use during application installation on a given
Device
.
- installPackage(ApkFile, InstallFlag...) - Method in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.device.PackageManager
-
Install a package on to a
Device
.
- Ip4Address - Class in eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.util
-
Represents an IPv4 address.
- IP_MATCH_REGEX - Static variable in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.util.Ip4Address
-
- IP_PORT_MATCH_REGEX - Static variable in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.util.Ip4Address
-
- IResourceManager - Interface in eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.interfaces
-
Interface for defining the resource manager used internally by JDroidLib.
- isAcPowered() - Method in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.device.Battery
-
Is ac powered boolean.
- isCharging() - Method in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.device.Battery
-
Is charging boolean.
- isConnectedViaTcpIp() - Method in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.device.Device
-
Gets a value indicating whether this device is connected to the host via
TCP/IP or not.
- isFile(IFileSystemEntry) - Static method in interface eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.interfaces.IFileSystemEntry
-
Gets a value indicating whether an instance of this interface represents a file or not.
- isHidden() - Method in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.device.fs.AndroidDirectory
-
Gets a value indicating whether the file is hidden on the device's file system.
- isHidden() - Method in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.device.fs.AndroidFile
-
Gets a value indicating whether the file is hidden on the device's file system.
- isHidden() - Method in interface eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.interfaces.IFileSystemEntry
-
Gets a value indicating whether the file is hidden on the device's file system.
- isInstalled() - Method in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.device.SuperUser
-
Gets a value indicating whether superuser is installed on a given
Device
.
- isIp4Address(String) - Static method in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.util.Ip4Address
-
Determines whether a given string is an IP address or not.
- isPresent() - Method in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.device.Battery
-
Is present boolean.
- isText() - Method in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.device.fs.AndroidFile
-
Gets a value indicating whether a file is a text file or not.
- isText() - Method in interface eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.interfaces.IFile
-
Gets a value indicating whether a file is a text file or not.
- isUsbPowered() - Method in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.device.Battery
-
Is usb powered boolean.
- isWirelessPowered() - Method in class eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.device.Battery
-
Is wireless powered boolean.
- ITuple2<T1,T2> - Interface in eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.interfaces
-
Basic interface for defining a simple two-type tuple.
- ITuple5<T1,T2,T3,T4,T5> - Interface in eu.casoftworks.jdroidlib.interfaces
-


It's a wonderful device a detector that detects the things you need! There is a detector for everything — Applied Phlebotinum, Green Rocks, guns, bombs, spaceships, ghosts, mice, cheese, socks... If you live in a high-tech setting and need to find something, there is a type of The Little Detecto that will detect it!
The physics behind the Little Detecto is never explained. It just detects the thing that is the local Serious Business.
The trope namer is a gadget from one Tom and Jerry cartoon that was used to detect mice.
Compare Thing-O-Meter, a comedy trope. Contrast with Everything Sensor; The Little Detecto only detects the one thing that is Serious Business.
Examples:
- About the only good thing about the Brand of Sacrifice from Berserk is that it lets Guts know when the demons are coming for him by bleeding.
- In Digimon Tamers, the D-Arc is able to detect where are the Digital Fields, which contain Digimon that crossed to the real world.
- Every version of the Digivice has something like this, detecting either Digimon, Upgrade Artifacts, rifts that can let someone travel between it and the human world, and so forth... pretty much whatever is needed.
- The dragon radar in Dragon Ball, made by Bulma to find the Dragon Balls. Handwaved by saying that the Dragonballs emit a special kind of radiation in the first chapter of the series.
- In Love Hina, Kaolla Su produces a device that detects turtles... and some kind of pot, the two words being homonyms in Japanese. She later upgrades it to detect Keitarou and Naru.
- On Pokémon, Officer Jenny (Junsa in the original) just happened to have a sleep wave detector in her pocket when the situation called for it. Dogasu (he compares the dub to the original) says here:
The whole thing is fine at first.  Because, y'know, that's what police officers just happen to carry around with them at all times. I can totally imagine Junsa's orientation day at the police station. "OK...here's your badge, your gun, and your standard issue sleep wave detector. Good luck."
- In addition to being the source of a Magical Girl's power and their effective phylactery, Soul Gems in Puella Magi Madoka Magica are also handy Witch detectors as shown in the second episode, glowing brightly when they're close to a Witch's presence.
- In Yu Yu Hakusho, when Yusuke and his teammates need to locate Hiei, Botan mentions the Spirit Detective Tools. The Demon Compass finds demons by measuring demon energy.
Hiei: I only came to find the source of the vile noise... and kill it.
- The HEYDAR and the BTRS Meter on The Middleman.
- In the Warhammer fic An ISOT in Grimdark, German scientists invent special "magic indicators" that prove invaluable in helping detect concealed magic wielders and dangerous magical artifacts like the warpstone bombs...
- In the Harry Potter fic Mr. Black and the Demoness, a mad scientist friend of Harry's made a "Dork Lord" detector out of an old alarm clock.
- The Return, pattern detectors. Little palmtop things that tell you if the creature currently ripping your heart out through your ribcage is a demon or not.
- Luckily, Calhoun from Wreck-It Ralph just happens to have a hand-held Cy-Bug detector, for those times that a Cy-Bug escapes the game.
- The motion detectors in Alien use changes in air pressure to detect movement. Very small changes in air density are what we call sound. So, it's a microphone?
Ripley: What's it key off?
Ash: Micro changes in air density. - Of course, the PKE (psycho-kinetic energy) Meters (for detecting ghosts and ghost phenomena), Ecto-Goggles (for seeing invisible ghosts), Giga-Meter (maybe for environmental psychokinetic effects?), and the ghost-sniffer (may be a real-world gas detector for crossing off "hallucination stemming from gas inhalation," may be an in-universe paranormal detector using a real-world detector as a prop), all from Ghostbusters (1984).
- X-Men: Days of Future Past features special devices capable of detecting the Mutant X-gene ... as early as 1973. Makes you wonder why the government didn't use those in any of the films set later
- J-Men Forever. The J-Men use the rock-and-roll-detector to locate the Lightning Bug's secret broadcast cave. Of course the whole thing is Played for Laughs, which is why they don't just use a Radio Direction Finder.
- Poul Anderson's The Snows Of Ganymede: The Planetary Engineers carry a 'general unit' which can be modified for any purpose required, as they are an order of Gadgeteer Geniuses.
A man in the field, who might have to work hundreds of kilometers from camp, couldnt pack twenty different meters and detectors. He needed a single device, rugged and portable, which could be adjusted to perform twenty different functions. Davenant had simply connected the thermopile with the galvanometer, blinkered the lens to provide sharp directionality, and come up with an infrared spotter.
- Isaac Asimov's "First Law": The MA series is equipped with "vibro-detectors" because Titan doesn't have a magnetic field and it had been difficult to stay oriented in the Perpetual Storm of its atmosphere. What the vibro-detectors actually detect isn't clear, since you can use gyrocompasses instead of magnetic compasses, which determine true north from the planet's rotation instead of its magnetic field.
- Chrestomanci: In Witch Week, Inquisitors carry witchcraft detectors. Chrestomanci's, however, is just a cigarette case that he causes to beep at appropriate times; he doesn't need a machine to tell him when someone's a witch.
- Terry Pratchett's Discworld
- "Numbers" Riktor designed numerous Little Detectos for different things. The only one that became relevant to the books was the resograph, which alerted the wizards to a serious incursion in reality. Probably named after the Richter Scale.
- The thaumometer, as used by Ponder Stibbons and others, is the Discworld examplar of the universal Everything Detector.
- The swords of the Nac Mac Feegle glow when they're near lawyers, a reference to The Lord of the Rings.
- Rama II: Nicole, the life sciences officer, uses robotic nanites to monitor the heart rates and chemical levels in the bloodstream of the Newton astronauts. It tells her when Reggie is drugged, though that data was tampered with and she had to recover the originals, and also tells her that Takagishi has a weak heart, which is what did him n; she had warned him that his arrhythmia was flaring up, and he had gone on a night mission and had an unfortunate encounter with an octospider.
- Brandon Sanderson's Mistborn: Bronze Allomancers (also known as Seekers), can detect Allomancy. The most basic level is simply being able to sense when Allomancy is being used and who's using it, but more skilled Seekers can detect what metal is being burned, whether or not it's being flared, which emotions a Soother or Rioter is trying to affect, and even how much metal the Allomancer has left.
- JRR Tolkein's The Lord of the Rings: Elven swords, made during their war against the goblins, glow when in the presence of orcs. During The Hobbit, the protagonists discover three such swords hidden in the cave of the trolls. Glamdring and Orcrist are taken by Gandalf and Thorin, while Bilbo takes up a much smaller sword and names it Sting. Frodo inherits Sting, and its detection ability is used in Moria and Mordor.
- Blake's 7. In "Seek Locate Destroy", molecular shift detectors are set up around a Federation base that Blake is expected to attack. No explanation is given as to why we don't see them installed at other Federation bases in later episodes.
Escon: Apparently there's an enormous kinetic potential set up by teleport communications. A rough analogy would be the static buildup during an electrical storm.Travis: Yes, well, I'm always grateful for a rough analogy. What does it do?Escon: It tells us exactly where and when they land.
- Doctor Who:
- In "The Time Monster", the Doctor tracked down the Master with a device that Jo christened "a TARDIS sniffer-outer".
- "The Android Invasion", in which androids are passing as humans, has a robot detector. It's a small box with a single red indicator light on it.
- "Blink" memorably featured the timey-wimey detector. It goes 'ding' when there's stuff.
- "The Day of the Doctor": The Tenth Doctor has a gadget intended to detect Zygons. However, it's not quite as reliable as he'd like.
- In The Flash (2014), Earth-2 has a cellphone app that can detect nearby Metahumans.
- Molly Walker from Heroes can find people.
- The Muppet Show: Bunsen Honeydew once invented a gorilla detector. It completely failed to detect the gorilla until after it had already attacked his computers, and him. Bunsen originally attributed the failure to the fact that the attacker was not actually a gorilla.
- In People of Earth a guy at a UFO convention has a device that he claims detects cosmic radiation on people, but Alex is quite skeptical when he claims she has a very high level of cosmic rays, indicating she's been to space.note She thinks the wand looks like a curling iron. But, later Don passes by the booth and the device goes crazy.
- Stargate Atlantis features the Life Signs Detector, about the size of a PDA and highly useful in many situations.
- BIONICLE has the Kanohi Elda, Mask of Detection. It functions as a detector for the fabled Mask of Life, and signals to its wearer with an ever-intensifying headache.  Yeah, nasty mask... but when the situation called for the Mask of Life to be located, headaches were among the least of the wearer's worries.
- Our Miss Brooks: Walter and Miss Brooks use a Geiger counter in "Rare Black Orchid" to search for uranium. Walter had discovered some on his shoe and concluded he had unknowingly stepped in uranium recently.
- In Dungeons & Dragons, many spells work like The Little Detecto. They have titles beginning with "Detect", as simple as that. Detect Magic, Detect Evil, Detect Undead, Detect Traps...
- There's also "Locate City", but that's mostly known for a trick called the Locate City Nuke. It involves placing 4 different metamagics on the otherwise harmless spell so that it becomes a viable target for putting a metamagic spell that throws people outside the range of the spell. Since Locate City's range is measured in miles and being thrown out of the range does 1d6 per ten feet, it kills pretty much everything in range, including the caster.
- Lesser Globe Of Invulnerability, a normally useless spell, comes into play here as it can stop you being thrown the 400ish miles for over 200,000d6 damage.
- The Detect advantage in GURPS, of course. In the Magic book nearly all the spells relating to this stem from "Detect Foes".
- The most basic building block of Enhanced Senses powers in the Hero System. For example, radar is basically "Detect objects that reflect radar signals" with some modifiers tacked on to make it work like proper radar in terms of game mechanics.
- In Mistborn Adventure Game, bronze Allomancers (also known as Seekers), can detect Allomancy. The most basic level is simply being able to sense when Allomancy is being used and who's using it, but more skilled Seekers can detect what metal is being burned, whether or not it's being flared, which emotions a Soother or Rioter is trying to affect, and even how much metal the Allomancer has left.
- Auspexes in Warhammer 40,000 range from handheld devices to helmet-mounted trackers, mostly used to track invisible enemies, though some can be used to detect incoming enemies. Unfortunately, they can apparently only be calibrated for one species at a time, and if there's something not entirely human about...
- Orks use a lifeform detector called a Gitfinda'. It finds gits so they can get to the fighting without wasting time looking for targets.
- Beyond Good & Evil has both the Pearl Detector and the Animal Detector, which help you find Plot Coupons and animals for your First Person Snapshooter sidequest.
- In Dishonored, The Heart lets you detect runes and bone talismans, and can tell you secrets about people you point it at.
- The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind has three detection spells, Detect Magic, Detect Creatures, and Detect Key. While the last is very handy, one wonders what aspect of keys makes them detectable versus any other particular object. (Although it does serve a kind of Mundane Utility verisimilitude. One can only imagine a wizard inventing it after turning his laboratory inside-out trying to figure out where he left his keys last night.)
- In Final Fantasy IX, the chocobo acts as this while you ride it. They are able to detect things buried in the ground, and a text bubble appears for you to play Hot and Cold as you run around to find the item.
- The 2009 Ghost Busters The Video Game used the PKE Meters from the films as well the goggles worn by the Player Character to detect objectives, scan ghosts and collect haunted items. Since scanning requires a switch to first person from the camera's usual over the shoulder view, it also made for a Jump Scare or two.
- Cole from inFAMOUS has the inherent ability to detect nearby Blast Shards, the general direction of dead drops and sources of electricity, including ones in people. This is denoted by icons on the radar and a quick Aura Vision onscreen.
- In Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, a bomb disposal expert creates one which specifically searches for the aftershave his Apprentice turned Mad Bomber applies to all his bombs. It turns out he no longer applies it to all his bombs.
- In the Pokémon games, there's also the Item Finder, which shows you when you're close to items... which can be everything from medicine, to Poke Balls, to glass flutes, to chunks of gold. How it picks these up and ignores everything else is never explained other than "It's just a game, relax."
- In Diamond and Pearl, in the Sinnoh Underground, you also have a "radar" which lets you find things buried in the ground and walls. These can be both traps and "orbs," which you use to buy things down there.
- Pokémon Colosseum has a character that can detect an "aura" around Shadow Pokemon. XD replaces her with a device that looks like a DBZ Scouter.
- The Powder Toy has DTEC. It generates electricity when a specific type (defined by DTEC's ctype) of particle touches it.
- Rainbow Six Siege has IQ's electronics detector and Pulse's heartbeat sensor.
- Sam Fisher's goggles in Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory gain the ability to view electromagnetic fields, which essentially shows the player electric/electronic devices they can interact with.
- The STALKER series has the Artifact Detectors, though they only really appeared in Call of Pripyat after being Dummied Out of the earlier installments. There are several different versions, the best of which leans slightly towards being an Everything Sensor as it can also mark the position of non-moving anomalies.
- Starbound has the Ore Detector, which sends a pulse that detects different ores in the screen you're in, even if they're within the ground.
- Viscera Cleanup Detail provides a detector as one of your core tools. Toggle it one way and it detects any liquid waste, the other and it detects solid waste. It's incredibly sensitive, able to find things that are nearly (or entirely due to physics engine weirdness) invisible, and can even detect dangerous living organisms or anchors for most incorporeal malignant entities. While it's theoretically possible to get almost any area perfectly clean without using your detector (provided you're painstakingly careful never to make the slightest extra mess yourself), detector sweeps aren't really optional.
- In the Warhammer 40,000 game Dawn of War II—Retribution, during the Ork Campaign when pursuing teleporting Eldars, trusty second in command Mister Nail-Brainz set his git-finda to "Pansy" mode.
- Antares Fairchild's route of Starship Promise kicks off because the protagonist has invented one of these which picks up signs of alien life from outside the known galaxy. Upgrading the device (which the protagonist has named the Blip Bop) occupies most of Antares's first season.
- We have Bakura's Gaydar from Yu-Gi-Oh! The Abridged Series.
- In The Fairly Oddparents, Mr. Crocker has a "fairy detector" that he uses to hunt down Timmy's fairies.
- In Futurama, Bender once claimed to have built-in Gaydar.
- Leela has "This thing on my wrist" which sometimes acts as one.
- The robot convention had a Soul Detector. If anything sentient came walking in, they had to pay an admission fee.
- Bender once went looking for frozen mammoths.
Fry: The ship has a mammoth detector?
Bender: You're drunk, Fry. This is the elephant detector. I just set it to big and woolly.
- Phineas and Ferb:
- In "Vanessessary Roughness", Dr. Doofenshmirtz "just happens" to have a pizzazium detector in his top pocket after he and his daughter stumble upon a sample at the mall. It comes in handy when Baljeet snags the pizzazium first.
- In "The Chronicles of Meap", Phineas converts a GPS into a "cute tracker" to find an adorable alien the boys call "Meap". Isabella, who harbors a crush on Phineas, is annoyed that the device apparently ignores her, until Phineas reveals that he deliberately had it ignore Isabella's cuteness. When he adjusts the device to stop ignoring Isabella, it self-destructs.
- Spoofed on The Ren & Stimpy Show episode "Marooned". Cadet Stimpy pointed one such device at various things on a strange planet, but all that he found out was that "this thing makes the coolest noises."
- Gargamel had various items used for detecting Smurfs in The Smurfs cartoon show.
- At the end of Xiaolin Showdown's first season, Jack Spicer builds a Shen Gong Wu detecto-bot.
- Metal detectors work by sensing changes in permittivity. Chunks of metal cause this. So do other, non-metal objects, like say a large chunk of meat (in the opposite direction, so it's possible to discriminate between the two, though the cheapest, most primitive kinds don't).
- Bomb detectors are usually "sniffers" that detect volatile materials given off by the explosives. Or they're glorified metal detectors. Or they're X-ray machines that display something that causes an attendant to think "Hmm, that looks bomb-ish."
- "Gun detectors" ditto. Basically just metal detectors or X-ray machines that display a suspicious outline.
- Geiger counters detect ionizing radiation. They're wonderfully agnostic about the source, so they'll happily go nuts if you point them at, say, a cathode ray tube. They're also remarkably insensitive to gamma rays unless properly constructed; they actually react to secondary electrons kicked out of the material surrounding the detector tube by high-energy photons (gamma rays).
- The Church of Happyology uses these.  Or maybe how tightly you grab the metal cans of the thing.
- Thanks to their remarkable sense of smell, detection dogs have been trained to work as specialized detectors for rather esoteric things such as explosives, drugs, contraband, blood, human remains, bedbugs, and even cancer. Detection dogs are often used for law enforcement and military purposes, but can also be service dogs (for instance, they can smell when a diabetic patient is hypoglycemic) or working dogs (locating gourmet truffles for cooking, or finding wildlife droppings for conserving endangered species).


BFA or Bachelor of Fine Arts is an undergraduate degree course which deals with the study of Visual or Performing Arts. The course is sometimes also referred to as Bachelor of Visual Arts (BVA) in which the study of Visual Arts includes subjects such as painting, sculpture, photography, literature, animation, etc. On the other hand, the study of Performing Arts involves subjects such as dance, theatre and music. A Bachelor of Fine Arts degree often requires an area of specialisation to be chosen by the candidate as per his/her interest. Depending on the candidate’s chosen specialisation, BFA is typically a three to four year duration course that can be pursued as a full-time, part-time, online or distance-learning programme. A BFA course not only educates but reforms the skills of candidates to enable them become artists in their chosen field. Career opportunities for fine arts graduates are ample wherein they can choose to be an art teacher, writer, fine artist, actor, art director, and a lot more. These days many students are opting for a career in Fine Arts not only to earn high remuneration but also to gain popularity and prestige. Aspirants can choose an area in which they can specialise in subjects which can not only enhance their skills and fine-tune the aspirant’s creativeness, it also allows candidates to explore varied options. Know the complete requirements of BFA course in terms of the skillset, eligibility criteria, course curriculum, and types of job profiles below.
BFA Eligibility Criteria
All candidates who have cleared Standard XII in any stream from a recognised board meet Bachelor of Fine Arts eligibility criteria. Although there is usually no other set criteria but some universities/ colleges may also demand a minimum percentage (usually 50 – 60%) that candidates need to secure in Class 12th to get admission in BFA course. Apart from this, preference at the time of admission is sometimes given to candidates who have studied Arts/ Humanities in Class 12th and have some basic knowledge of the Fine Arts subject which they are looking to pursue. Required Skillset for BFA A Fine Arts course is usually pursued by students who have an artist hidden in them. However, candidates who have a creative bent of mind and a natural instinct towards visual or performing arts are a good fit for BFA course. Basic skills that candidates looking pursue a BFA course should have are:
Skillset for BFA Aspirants
Sketching skills , Drawing skills , Visualisation skills , Imaginative skills , Artistic skills , Presentation skills , Problem-solving skills , Communication skills
Course curriculum for BFA
As mentioned earlier, duration of a BFA course is between three to four years that are typically divided into six to eight semesters. Usually BFA course is offered in various specialisations. Candidates can select any of the specialisation of their interest and choose to major in that subject. Some of the popular BFA specialisations are:
BFA Specialisations
Painting , Applied Arts , Plastic Arts , Pottery & Ceramics , Textile Design , Music , Drama & Theatre , Digital Arts , Calligraphy , Cartooning , Dance , Graphic Designing , Illustration , Photography , Printmaking , Sculpture
The course curriculum of BFA is inclusive of both theoretical as well as practical subjects. Apart from this, some institutions also encourage candidates to publish their own artworks in the form of research papers or maintain their own journals of artworks. Curriculum for a BFA course majorly depends on the specialisation a candidate has chosen. However, given below are the core subjects that are generally taught in BFA programme:
BFA Theory Subjects
English , Hindi , Punjabi , Cultural History of India , Health Education , History of Indian Art , Environmental Studies , Basics of Computer Fundamentals , Aesthetics , Design & Communication Practice , Human Values & Professional Ethics , Market Research , Mural , Visual Graphics
BFA Practical Subjects
Geometry Perspective , Sketching & Drawing , Painting , Design , Lettering Layout , Clay Modelling & Sculpture ,Printmaking ,2D Art & Design ,Computer Graphics ,Communication Illustration ,Communication Design ,Advertising Art ,Market Research ,Visual Arts Process & Practices Composition
BFA: Job Profiles & Top Recruiters
There are a wide variety of jobs available for Fine Arts graduates in India. There is a good demand for BFA graduates in the sectors of cinema, television, advertising, animation, publishing, textile, art studios, boutiques, educational institutes, and so on. However, the types of job profiles for BFA graduates vary according to their chosen specialisation.
Have a look at different BFA job profiles below:
Art Teacher: As an art teacher a candidate can teach others his/ her form of art. A candidate can choose to be a teacher in any Fine Arts field such as painting and sculpting. However, a candidate needs to have a BEd degree as well in order to start their career in the field of teaching. Fine Artist: The main job role of a fine artist is to produce artwork by using a variety of techniques. As a fine artist a candidate may find a job as painter, sculptor, illustrator or printmaker in a commercial art studio, design company, publishing house, advertising agency, etc. A fine artist can also choose to work independently and sell their work through art galleries. Actor: Candidates who possess BFA degree with a specialisation in theatre can go ahead to work as an actor on screen or stage. As an actor a candidate can express ideas and portray characters in television, film, theatre and other performing arts media. An actor can also choose to work at theme parks or live events. Multimedia Artist: Candidates who pass their BFA course with a specialisation in multimedia have the major responsibility of creating animation sequences or storyboards. Such candidates typically work for ad agencies or software, gaming, designing, and television companies. Art Director: Candidates who clear BFA course with a graphic or multimedia design specialisation usually go ahead to become an art director. Major responsibilities of an art director include guiding the development of visual and written material through layout and design of artwork and copy. An art director typically works for publishing houses or ad agencies. Writer: A BFA graduate in creative writing may find a job as creative writer, technical writer, copywriter or freelance writer. A writer can work for advertising agencies, broadcast companies, PR agencies, newspapers or publishing houses. Painter: As a painter, a candidate can create various artworks such as water colour painting, oil painting, ink wash painting, acrylic painting, pastel colour painting, glass painting, encaustic painting etc. A painter usually works independently and exhibits or sells his/ her paintings at art galleries. Graphic Designer: A graphic designer typically creates visual concepts by hand or by using software to communicate ideas that inform as well as captivate consumers. A graphic designer develops an overall layout and production design for advertisements, magazines, brochures, etc. Animator: An animator has the main job of creating pictures and visuals for movies, video games, books, television, etc. In today’s digital era, most of the animation is computer-generated but animators still need to create their initial sketches by hand. Art Conservator: An art conservator, also known as art restorer, is responsible for preserving as well as analysing artifacts and works of art. S/he is also responsible for repairing damages done to different forms of artwork such as sculptures, paintings, murals, ceramics, textiles, books, historical artifacts, etc. Photographer: A photographer is an artist with a camera who uses his/ her technical skills as well as artistic ability to take pictures of people, places, landscapes, food, and a lot more. Musician: The main job of a musician is to compose music and writing out catchy tunes. A musician can work as a solo artist or can also work in bands, choirs, orchestra, etc. A musician can develop music for video games, commercials, stage productions, etc. The salary of a BFA graduate depends on the specialisation that s/he has chosen as well as how reformed his/ her skills are. However, the starting salary of a graduate in fine arts is usually between 2 to 3 lakhs per annum. The salary, however, increases along with the experience and knowledge of a candidate. Some of the popular companies that recruit BFA graduates are:
Popular Recruiting Companies for BFA Graduates
AAPC ,Cognizant ,Microsoft Corporation ,Lowe Lintas ,Robosoft Technologies