Next, lets add support for
- Multiple datatypes (
number
andboolean
) - Calling external functions
In the process of doing so, we will learn about
- Tagged Representations
- Calling Conventions
Plan
Our plan will be to (start with boa
) and add the following features:
Representing boolean values (and numbers)
Arithmetic Operations
Arithmetic Comparisons
Dynamic Checking (to ensure operators are well behaved)
1. Representation
Motivation: Why booleans?
In the year 2021, its a bit silly to use
0
forfalse
and- non-zero for
true
.
But really, boolean
is a stepping stone to other data
- Pointers
- Tuples
- Structures
- Closures
The Key Issue
How to distinguish numbers from booleans?
- Need extra information to mark values as
number
orbool
.
A Word
(A reminder for me, since I always get mixed up)
- A Bit is 1-bit
- A Byte is 8-bits
- A Word is 2-bytes = 16 bits
- A Double Word is 2-words = 4-bytes = 32 bits
- A Quad Word is 4-words = 8-bytes = 64 bits
We are working in x86_64
where the default size is a qword
- Registers are 64-bits
- Arithmetic is 64-bits
- Stack slots should be 64-bits
- etc.
Option 1: Use Two (Quad-)Words
How to distinguish numbers from booleans?
Need extra information to mark values as
number
orbool
.
First word is 0
means bool
, is 1
means number
, 2
means pointer etc.
| Value | Representation (HEX) |
|---|---|
3 |
[0x000000000][0x00000003] |
5 |
[0x000000000][0x00000005] |
12 |
[0x000000000][0x0000000c] |
42 |
[0x000000000][0x0000002a] |
false |
[0x000000001][0x00000000] |
true |
[0x000000001][0x00000001] |
Pros
- Can have lots of different types, but
Cons
Takes up double memory,
Operators
+
,-
require two memory reads.
In short, rather wasteful! We don’t need so many types.
Option 2: Use a Tag Bit
Can distinguish two types with a single bit.
Least Significant Bit (LSB) is
0
fornumber
1
forboolean
Question: why not 0
for boolean
and 1
for number
?
Tag Bit: Numbers
So number
is the binary representation shifted left by 1 bit
- Lowest bit is always
0
- Remaining bits are number’s binary representation
For example, in binary:
| Value | Representation (Binary) |
|---|---|
3 |
[0b00000110] |
5 |
[0b00001010] |
12 |
[0b00011000] |
42 |
[0b01010100] |
Or in hexadecimal:
| Value | Representation (HEX) |
|---|---|
3 |
[0x06] |
5 |
[0x0a] |
12 |
[0x18] |
42 |
[0x54] |
Tag Bit: Booleans
Most Significant Bit (MSB) is
1
fortrue
0
forfalse
For example
| Value | Representation (Binary) |
|---|---|
true |
[0b10000000000000000000000000000001] |
false |
[0b00000000000000000000000000000001] |
Or, in HEX
| Value | Representation (HEX) |
|---|---|
true |
[0x80000001] |
false |
[0x00000001] |
(eliding the 32/8 zeros in the “most-significant” DWORD
)
Types
Lets extend our source types with boolean
constants
data Expr a
= ...
| Boolean Bool a
Correspondingly, we extend our assembly Arg
(values) with
data Arg
= ...
| HexConst Int
So, our examples become:
| Value | Representation (HEX) |
|---|---|
Boolean False |
HexConst 0x00000001 |
Boolean True |
HexConst 0x80000001 |
Number 3 |
HexConst 0x00000006 |
Number 5 |
HexConst 0x0000000a |
Number 12 |
HexConst 0x0000000c |
Number 42 |
HexConst 0x0000002a |
Transforms
Next, lets update our implementation
The parse
, anf
and tag
stages are straightforward.
Lets focus on the compile
function.
A TypeClass for Representing Constants
Its convenient to introduce a type class describing Haskell types that can be represented as x86 arguments:
class Repr a where
repr :: a -> Arg
We can now define instances for Int
and Bool
as:
instance Repr Int where
= Const (Data.Bits.shift n 1) -- left-shift `n` by 1
repr n
instance Repr Bool where
False = HexConst 0x00000001
repr True = HexConst 0x80000001 repr
Immediate Values to Arguments
Boolean b
is an immediate value (like Number n
).
Lets extend immArg
that transforms an immediate expression to an x86 argument.
immArg :: Env -> ImmTag -> Arg
Var x _) = ...
immArg (Number n _) = repr n
immArg (Boolean b _) = repr b immArg (
Compiling Constants
Finally, we can easily update the compile
function as:
compileEnv :: Env -> AnfTagE -> Asm
@(Number _ _) = [IMov (Reg RAX) (immArg env e)]
compileEnv _ e@(Boolean _ _) = [IMov (Reg RAX) (immArg env e)] compileEnv _ e
(The other cases remain unchanged.)
Lets run some tests to double check.
QUIZ
What is the result of:
> exec "15" ghci
A. Error
B. 0
C. 15
D. 30
Output Representation
Say what?! Need to update our run-time printer in main.c
void print(int val){
if (val == CONST_TRUE)
"true");
printf(else if (val == CONST_FALSE)
"false");
printf(else // should be a number!
"%d", d >> 1); // shift right to remove tag bit.
printf( }
and now we get:
> exec "15"
ghci15
Can you think of some other tests we should write?
QUIZ
What is the result of
> exec "let x = 15 in x" ghci
A. Error
B. 0
C. 15
D. 30
QUIZ
What is the result of
>>> exec "if 3: 12 else: 49"
>>> exec "if 0: 12 else: 49"
>>> exec "if true: 12 else: 49"
>>> exec "if false: 12 else: 49"
A. Error
B. 0
C. 12
D. 49
Lets go and fix the code so the above do the right thing!
2. Arithmetic Operations
Constants like 2
, 29
, false
are only useful if we can perform computations with them.
First lets see what happens with our arithmetic operators.
QUIZ: Addition
What will be the result of:
> exec "12 + 4" ghci
A. Does not compile
B. Run-time error (e.g. segmentation fault)
C. 16
D. 32
E. 0
Shifted Representation and Addition
We are representing a number n
by shifting it left by 1
n
has the machine representation2*n
Thus, our source values have the following _representations:
| Source Value | Representation (DEC) |
|---|---|
3 |
6 |
5 |
10 |
3 + 5 = 8 |
6 + 10 = 16 |
n1 + n2 |
2*n1 + 2*n2 = 2*(n1 + n2) |
That is, addition (and similarly, subtraction) works as is with the shifted representation.
QUIZ: Multiplication
What will be the result (using our code so far) of:
> exec "12 * 4" ghci
A. Does not compile
B. Run-time error (e.g. segmentation fault)
C. 24
D. 48
E. 96
Shifted Representation and Multiplication
We are representing a number n
by shifting it left by 1
n
has the machine representation2*n
Thus, our source values have the following _representations:
| Source Value | Representation (DEC) |
|---|---|
3 |
6 |
5 |
10 |
3 * 5 = 15 |
6 * 10 = 60 |
n1 * n2 |
2*n1 * 2*n2 = 4*(n1 + n2) |
Thus, multiplication ends up accumulating the factor of 2.
- Result is two times the desired one.
Strategy
Thus, our strategy for compiling arithmetic operations is:
Addition and Subtraction “just work” - as shifting “cancels out”,
Multiplication result must be “adjusted” by dividing-by-two
- i.e. right shifting by 1
Types
The source language does not change at all, for the Asm
lets add a “right shift” instruction (shr
):
data Instruction
= ...
| IShr Arg Arg
Transforms
We need only modify compileEnv
to account for the “fixing up”
compileEnv :: Env -> AnfTagE -> [Instruction]
Prim2 o v1 v2 _) = compilePrim2 env o v1 v2 compileEnv env (
where the helper compilePrim2
works for Prim2
(binary) operators and immediate arguments:
compilePrim2 :: Env -> Prim2 -> ImmE -> ImmE -> [Instruction]
Plus v1 v2 = [ IMov (Reg RAX) (immArg env v1)
compilePrim2 env IAdd (Reg RAX) (immArg env v2)
,
]Minus v1 v2 = [ IMov (Reg RAX) (immArg env v1)
compilePrim2 env ISub (Reg RAX) (immArg env v2)
,
]Times v1 v2 = [ IMov (Reg RAX) (immArg env v1)
compilePrim2 env IMul (Reg RAX) (immArg env v2)
, IShr (Reg RAX) (Const 1)
, ]
Tests
Lets take it out for a drive.
> exec' "2 * (0 - 1)"
ghci4611686018427387902
Whoa?!
Well, its easy to figure out if you look at the generated assembly:
mov rax, 4
imul rax, -2
shr rax, 1
ret
Two’s Complement
The negative result is in twos-complement format.
When we shift that right-by-one, we get the odd value
- does not “divide by two”
| Decimal | Hexadecimal |
|---|---|
-8 |
0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF8 |
2147483644 |
0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFC |
Solution: Signed/Arithmetic Shift
The instruction sar
shift arithmetic right does what we want, namely:
- preserves the sign-bit when shifting
- i.e. doesn’t introduce a
0
by default
Transforms Revisited
Lets add sar
to our target:
data Instruction
= ...
| ISar Arg Arg
and use it to fix the post-multiplication adjustment
- i.e. use
ISar
instead ofIShr
Times v1 v2 = [ IMov (Reg RAX) (immArg env v1)
compilePrim2 env IMul (Reg RAX) (immArg env v2)
, ISar (Reg RAX) (Const 1)
, ]
After which all is well:
> exec' "2 * (-1)"
ghci-2
3. Arithmetic Comparisons
Next, lets try to implement comparisons:
> exec "1 < 2"
ghci...
: lib/Language/Boa/Compiler.hs:(104,1)-(106,43): Non-exhaustive patterns in function compilePrim2 boa
Oops. Need to implement it first!
How to implement comparisons?
Many ways to do this:
branches
jne, jl, jg
orbit-twiddling.
Option 1: Comparisons via Branches
Key Idea:
Use the machine comparisons and branch
To implement arg1 < arg2
IF
arg1 < arg2
THEN
rax := <true>
ELSE
rax := <false>
mov rax, <arg1>
cmp rax, <arg2> # flags are set with comparison
jg false_label # if cmp-greater then false else true
mov rax, <true> # assign to RAX := true
jmp exit_label
false_label:
mov rax, <false> # assign to RAX := false
exit_label:
Option 2: Comparisons via Bit-Twiddling
Key idea:
A negative number’s most significant bit is
1
To implement arg1 < arg2
, compute arg1 - arg2
- When result is negative, MSB is
1
, ensurerax
set to0x80000001
- When result is non-negative, MSB is
0
, ensurerax
set to0x00000001
- Can extract msb by bitwise
and
with0x8000000000000000
. - Can shift msb to 32-position with
shr
- Can set tag bit by bitwise
or
with0x00000001
So compilation strategy is:
mov rax, arg1
sub rax, arg2
and rax, 0x8000000000000000 ; mask out "sign" bit (msb)
shr rax, 32 ; shift "sign" bit (msb) by 32
or rax, 0x00000001 ; set tag bit to bool
Comparisons: Implementation
Lets go and extend:
- The
Instruction
type
data Instruction
= ...
| IAnd Arg Arg
| IOr Arg Arg
- The
instrAsm
converter
instrAsm :: Instruction -> Text
IAnd a1 a2) = ...
instrAsm (IOr a1 a2) = ... instrAsm (
- The actual
compilePrim2
function
Do in class
Exercise: Comparisons via Bit-Twiddling
- Can compute
arg1 > arg2
by computingarg2 < arg1
. - Can compute
arg1 != arg2
by computingarg1 < arg2 || arg2 < arg1
- Can compute
arg1 = arg2
by computing! (arg1 != arg2)
For the above, can you figure out how to implement:
- Boolean
!
? - Boolean
||
? - Boolean
&&
?
You may find these instructions useful
4. Dynamic Checking
We’ve added support for Number
and Boolean
but we have no way to ensure that we don’t write gibberish programs like:
2 + true
or
7 < false
In fact, lets try to see what happens with our code on the above:
> exec "2 + true" ghci
Oops.
Static vs. Dynamic Type Checking
Later we will add a static type system
- that rejects meaningless programs at compile time.
Now lets add a dynamic system
- that aborts execution with wrong operands at run time.
Checking Tags at Run-Time
Here are the allowed types of operands for each primitive operation.
| Operation | Op-1 | Op-2 |
|---|---|---|
+ |
int |
int |
- |
int |
int |
* |
int |
int |
< |
int |
int |
> |
int |
int |
&& |
bool |
bool |
|| |
bool |
bool |
! |
bool |
|
if |
bool |
|
= |
int or bool |
int or bool |
Strategy: Asserting a Type
To check if arg
is a number
Suffices to check that the LSB is
0
If not, jump to special
error_non_int
label
For example
mov rax, arg
mov rbx, rax ; copy into rbx register
and rbx, 0x00000001 ; extract lsb
cmp rbx, 0 ; check if lsb equals 0
jne error_non_number
...
at error_non_number
we can call into a C
function:
error_non_number:
mov rdi, 0 ; pass error code
mov rsi, rax ; pass erroneous value
call error ; call run-time "error" function
Finally, the error
function is part of the run-time and looks like:
void error(long code, long v){
if (code == 0) {
"Error: expected a number but got %#010x\n", v);
fprintf(stderr,
}else if (code == 1) {
// print out message for errorcode 1 ...
}else if (code == 2) {
// print out message for errorcode 2 ...
} ...1);
exit( }
Strategy By Example
Lets implement the above in a simple file tests/output/int-check.s
section .text
extern error
extern print
global our_code_starts_here
our_code_starts_here:
mov rax, 1 ; not a valid number
mov rbx, rax ; copy into rbx register
and rbx, 0x00000001 ; extract lsb
cmp rbx, 0 ; check if lsb equals 0
jne error_non_number
error_non_number:
mov rdi, 0
mov rsi, rax
call error
Alas
make tests/output/int-check.result
... segmentation fault ...
What happened ?
Managing the Call Stack
To properly call into C functions (like error
), we must play by the rules of the C calling convention
- The local variables of an (executing) function are saved in its stack frame.
- The start of the stack frame is saved in register
rbp
, - The start of the next frame is saved in register
rsp
.
Calling Convention
We must preserve the above invariant as follows:
In the Callee
At the start of the function
push rbp ; SAVE (previous) caller's base-pointer on stack
mov rbp, rsp ; set our base-pointer using the current stack-pointer
sub rsp, 8*N ; ALLOCATE space for N local variables
At the end of the function
add rsp, 8*N0 ; FREE space for N local variables
pop rbp ; RESTORE caller's base-pointer from stack
ret ; return to caller
Fixed Strategy By Example
Lets implement the above in a simple file tests/output/int-check.s
section .text
extern error
extern print
global our_code_starts_here
our_code_starts_here:
push rbp ; save caller's base-pointer
mov rbp, rsp ; set our base-pointer
sub rsp, 1600 ; alloc '100' vars
mov rax, 1 ; not a valid number
mov rbx, rax ; copy into rbx register
and rbx, 0x00000001 ; extract lsb
cmp rbx, 0 ; check if lsb equals 0
jne error_non_number
add rsp, 1600 ; de-alloc '100' vars
pop rbp ; restore caller's base-pointer
ret
error_non_number:
mov rdi, 0
mov rsi, rax
call error
Aha, now the above works!
make tests/output/int-check.result
... expected number but got ...
Q: What NEW thing does our compiler need to compute?
Hint: Why do we sub esp, 1600
above?
Types
Lets implement the above strategy.
To do so, we need a new data type for run-time types:
data Ty = TNumber | TBoolean
a new Label
for the error
data Label
= ...
| TypeError Ty -- Type Error Labels
| Builtin Text -- Functions implemented in C
and thats it.
Transforms
The compiler must generate code to:
- Perform dynamic type checks,
- Exit by calling
error
if a failure occurs, - Manage the stack per the convention above.
1. Type Assertions
The key step in the implementation is to write a function
assertType :: Env -> IExp -> Ty -> [Instruction]
assertType env v ty= [ IMov (Reg RAX) (immArg env v)
IMov (Reg RBX) (Reg RAX)
, IAnd (Reg RBX) (HexConst 0x00000001)
, ICmp (Reg RBX) (typeTag ty)
, IJne (TypeError ty)
, ]
where typeTag
is:
typeTag :: Ty -> Arg
TNumber = HexConst 0x00000000
typeTag TBoolean = HexConst 0x00000001 typeTag
You can now splice assertType
prior to doing the actual computations, e.g.
compilePrim2 :: Env -> Prim2 -> ImmE -> ImmE -> [Instruction]
Plus v1 v2 = assertType env v1 TNumber
compilePrim2 env ++ assertType env v2 TNumber
++ [ IMov (Reg RAX) (immArg env v1)
IAdd (Reg RAX) (immArg env v2)
, ]
2. Errors
We must also add code at the TypeError TNumber
and TypeError TBoolean
labels.
errorHandler :: Ty -> Asm
=
errorHandler t ILabel (TypeError t) -- the expected-number error
[ IMov (Reg RDI) (ecode t) -- set the first "code" param,
, IMov (Reg RSI) (Reg RAX) -- set the second "value" param first,
, ICall (Builtin "error") -- call the run-time's "error" function.
,
]
ecode :: Ty -> Arg
TNumber = Const 0
ecode TBoolean = Const 1 ecode
3. Stack Management
Maintaining rsp
and rbp
We need to make sure that all our code respects the C calling convention..
To do so, just wrap the generated code, with instructions to save and restore rbp
and rsp
compileBody :: AnfTagE -> Asm
= entryCode e
compileBody e ++ compileEnv emptyEnv e
++ exitCode e
entryCode :: AnfTagE -> Asm
= [ IPush (Reg RBP) -- SAVE caller's RBP
entryCode e IMov (Reg RBP) (Reg RSP) -- SET our RBP
, ISub (Reg RSP) (Const (argBytes n)) -- ALLOC n local-vars
,
]where
= countVars e
n
exitCode :: AnfTagE -> Asm
= [ IAdd (Reg RSP) (Const (argBytes n)) -- FREE n local-vars
exitCode e IPop (Reg RBP) -- RESTORE caller's RBP
, IRet -- RETURN to caller
,
]where
= countVars e n
the rsp
needs to be a multiple of 16
so:
argBytes :: Int -> Int
= 8 * n'
argBytes n where
= if even n then n else n + 1 n'
Q: But how shall we compute countVars
?
Here’s a shady kludge:
countVars :: AnfTagE -> Int
= 100 countVars
Obviously a sleazy hack (why?), but lets use it to test everything else; then we can fix it.
4. Computing the Size of the Stack
Ok, now that everything (else) seems to work, lets work out:
countVars :: AnfTagE -> Int
Finding the exact answer is undecidable in general (CSE 105), i.e. is impossible to compute.
However, it is easy to find an overapproximate heuristic, i.e.
a value guaranteed to be larger than the than the max size,
and which is reasonable in practice.
As usual, lets see if we can work out a heuristic by example.
QUIZ
How many stack slots/vars are needed for the following program?
1 + 2
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
QUIZ
How many stack slots/vars are needed for the following program?
let x = 1
= 2
, y = 3
, z in
+ y + z x
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 4
QUIZ
How many stack slots/vars are needed for the following program?
if true:
let x = 1
= 2
, y = 3
, z in
+ y + z
x else:
0
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 4
QUIZ
How many stack slots/vars are needed for the following program?
let x =
let y =
let z = 3
in z + 1
in y + 1
in x + 1
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 4
Strategy
Let countVars e
be:
The maximum number of let-binds in scope at any point inside
e
, i.e.The maximum size of the
Env
when compilinge
Lets work it out on a case-by-case basis:
- Immediate values like
Number
orVar
- are compiled without pushing anything onto the
Env
- i.e.
countVars
= 0
- are compiled without pushing anything onto the
- Binary Operations like
Prim2 o v1 v2
take immediate values,- are compiled without pushing anything onto the
Env
- i.e.
countVars
= 0
- are compiled without pushing anything onto the
- Branches like
If v e1 e2
can go either way- can’t tell at compile-time
- i.e. worst-case is larger of
countVars e1
andcountVars e2
- Let-bindings like
Let x e1 e2
require- evaluating
e1
and - pushing the result onto the stack and then evaluating
e2
- i.e. larger of
countVars e1
and1 + countVars e2
- evaluating
Implementation
We can implement the above a simple recursive function:
countVars :: AnfTagE -> Int
If v e1 e2) = max (countVars e1) (countVars e2)
countVars (Let x e1 e2) = max (countVars e1) (1 + countVars e2)
countVars (= 0 countVars _
Naive Heuristic is Naive
The above method is quite simplistic. For example, consider the expression:
let x = 1
= 2
, y = 3
, z in
0
countVars
would tell us that we need to allocate 3
stack spaces but clearly none of the variables are actually used.
Will revisit this problem later, when looking at optimizations.
Recap
We just saw how to add support for
- Multiple datatypes (
number
andboolean
) - Calling external functions
and in doing so, learned about
- Tagged Representations
- Calling Conventions
To get some practice, in your assignment, you will add:
- Dynamic Checks for Arithmetic Overflows (see the
jo
andjno
operations) - A Primitive
print
operation implemented by a function in thec
run-time.
And next, we’ll see how to add user-defined functions.


val startIndex: Int
Index of the string of the email message where header of the quote begins (inclusive).
startIndex - Index of the string of the email message where header of the quote begins (inclusive).
startIndex


Name: Wess
Location: Nairobi
Specialized in: Illustrations
Bio: Began to love art after seeing a live caricature session. tried my hand at portraits and the love for art grew in leaps and bounds from there...


Let’s chalk out a rough sketch of the strategic planning process in an enterprise. It begins with the strategy formulation, wherein business units within the enterprise engage in preparing their business plans. They derive their business strategy based on the CEO’s mandate and the implied business maxims. Then they identify the business initiatives they will undertake and prepare a time-bound business plan to implement their strategy. Earlier in EA-1, “Defining IT Strategy”, we had a cursory look at how this happens in a car manufacturer example, Car4Us.
Figure 3-16 depicts an illustrative portfolio planning process. One of the primary inputs to this process is the collection of business plans coming from all business units. Each business plan identifies the gaps in the enterprise’s IT landscape that need to be bridged for the respective business unit so that it can meet its business objectives. These gaps can broadly be classified as functional gaps and technology gaps. The functional gaps are translated into business needs. The technology gaps are translated into IT needs. These business and IT needs form the basis for identifying and defining IT initiatives or projects.
At this stage, the needs are stated at high level only, sufficient enough to scope the IT initiatives and gauge the order of magnitude for each initiative. This helps arrive at a ballpark cost estimate for each initiative. Evidently this exercise calls for deep insight into the enterprise that only the experienced program managers and seasoned architects there can bring to the table. For that reason, the Portfolio Steering Committee at Bank4Us is composed of Dave Callaghan, the CIO as the chairperson, and senior program managers. Chief architect Oscar Salgado is invited along as a member as well.
In general, enterprise architects are not accountable for portfolio planning. It is the business units that drive the CIO’s agenda. Nevertheless, enterprise architects play an important part in it. Acting as an assessor or an advisor, enterprise architects are well positioned and fully equipped to perform the following activities:
With day-to-day exposure to the activities in EA-1 through EA-8, enterprise architects know what the enterprise does, how it works, and how it behaves. This insight can make them influential personalities in the portfolio planning process. In Bank4Us, Oscar, the chief architect, is a member of the Portfolio Steering Committee for the very same role—as an advisor and as an assessor.


| # | Book Cover | Book Title | Author | Date Borrowed | Expected Return Date | Days Left | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Practical Business Anal... | Abbey Delight | 21st-July-2017 | 26th-July-2017 | 0 | ||
| 2 | Act like a success... | Steve Harvey | 30st-July-2017 | 4th-August-2017 | 3 | ||
| 3 | Learn Angular 2 | Jeremy Hondara | 20th-June-2017 | 24th-June-2017 | -3 |


Binder wins Malaysian Moto2 race, Marquez takes title
Sepang - Spain's Alex Marquez was crowned world champion in the Moto2 class as he finished second in the Malaysian Grand Prix on Sunday following a tough race against winner Brad Binder.
The Kalex rider, who is the younger brother of MotoGP world title holder Marc Marquez, completed the race at the Sepang circuit in 38:08.601.
He was 0.758 behind Binder, but a second-placed finish was enough for him to take an unbeatable lead in the standings with 262 points, and just one race remaining this season.
"It's a dream come true," said an emotional Marquez, as his brother Marc jumped and cheered at the side of the track, pumping his fists in the air.
The 18-lap race was a hard-fought duel between Binder and Marquez. The South African, riding a KTM, initially took the lead only for Marquez to push past him near the start of the race.
But a few laps later, Binder managed to swing inside the Spaniard as they rounded Turn 1, with the rivals' bikes wobbling as they briefly made contact, and get back in front.
The South African held on to the lead for the rest of the race, with Marquez never really looking like a threat, but coming second was enough to hand the 23-year-old the world title.
Binder said that he gave "my absolute all today".
"The track was insane, the grip was absolutely nothing compared to what we had all weekend," he added.


Aimee Esler
Manager
- ID: 01
- Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Office number: 1
Matthew Esler
Engineer
- ID: 02
- Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- GitHub: MOE
John Smith
Engineer
- ID: 05
- Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- GitHub: johnbob
Islay Esler
Intern
- ID: 03
- Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- School: Bark Univeristy
Jane Doe
Intern
- ID: 04
- Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- School: UCLA


| pspline {survival} | R Documentation |
Specifies a penalised spline basis for the predictor. This is done by fitting a comparatively small set of splines and penalising the integrated second derivative. Traditional smoothing splines use one basis per observation, but several authors have pointed out that the final results of the fit are indistinguishable for any number of basis functions greater than about 2-3 times the degrees of freedom. Eilers and Marx point out that if the basis functions are evenly spaced, this leads to significant computational simplification, they refer to the result as a p-spline.
pspline(x, df=4, theta, nterm=2.5 * df, degree=3, eps=0.1, method, Boundary.knots=range(x), intercept=FALSE, penalty=TRUE, combine, ...) psplineinverse(x)
x |
for psline: a covariate vector. The function does not apply to factor variables. For psplineinverse x will be the result of a pspline call. |
df |
the desired degrees of freedom.
One of the arguments |
theta |
roughness penalty for the fit. It is a monotone function of the degrees of freedom, with theta=1 corresponding to a linear fit and theta=0 to an unconstrained fit of nterm degrees of freedom. |
nterm |
number of splines in the basis |
degree |
degree of splines |
eps |
accuracy for |
method |
the method for choosing the tuning parameter |
... |
optional arguments to the control function |
Boundary.knots |
the spline is linear beyond the boundary knots. These default to the range of the data. |
intercept |
if TRUE, the basis functions include the intercept. |
penalty |
if FALSE a large number of attributes having to do with penalized fits are excluded. This is useful to create a pspline basis matrix for other uses. |
combine |
an optional vector of increasing integers. If two
adjacent values of |
Object of class pspline, coxph.penalty
containing the spline basis,
with the appropriate attributes to be
recognized as a penalized term by the coxph or survreg functions.
For psplineinverse the original x vector is reconstructed.
Eilers, Paul H. and Marx, Brian D. (1996). Flexible smoothing with B-splines and penalties. Statistical Science, 11, 89-121.
Hurvich, C.M. and Simonoff, J.S. and Tsai, Chih-Ling (1998).


Guidance
This has been replaced by the updated early years foundation stage profile handbook
This handbook has been developed to support practitioners in making accurate judgements about each child's attainment.
Ref: STA/14/7088 PDF , 651KB , 60 pages
This handbook will be updated in September 2014 for the 2014 to 2015 academic year.
The EYFS profile summarises and describes children’s attainment at the end of the EYFS . It is based on ongoing observation and assessment in the 3 prime and 4 specific areas of learning, and the 3 learning characteristics.
A completed profile consists of 20 items of information: the attainment of each child assessed in relation to the 17 early learning goal ( ELG ) descriptors, together with a short narrative describing the child’s three learning characteristics.
This handbook provides exemplification to enable effective moderation of judgements so that EYFS profile outcomes are accurate and consistent across all settings.
It should be used alongside the EYFS assessment and reporting arrangements document and the exemplification materials .
The early years foundation stage framework is also available.
Published: 3 October 2013
Updated: 8 September 2014
From: Department for Education Standards and Testing Agency
Part of: Early years


WITNESS LIST Appropriations-S/C on Dedicated Funds Committee April 9, 1997-8:30A S/C on Dedicated Funds On: Gonzalez, Lita (State Comptroller) Griswold, Kathie (State Comptroller) Stinson, Bill (TX. Assoc. of Reactors)


Home Page
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%UseLnInsteadOfLog
TurnOffApproximations(0);
trigFun=SelectAtRandom{}(sin, cos);
a = RandomInteger((2,15));
b=RandomInteger(2,6);
theR= b+trigFun{}(a \theta);
theX=theR cos{} (\theta);
theY=theR sin{} (\theta);
leftPoint=0;
rightPoint=2\pi;
theAntiDerivative=\int 1/2 theR^2 {\text d}{} \theta
PlotFill(
PlotCurve( (theX, theY), 0, 2\pi, blue ),
pink)
Find the area locked by the curve given in polar coordinates by \(r=\) theR.
Answer:
(\theta=rightPoint; theAntiDerivative)_2
-
(\theta=leftPoint; theAntiDerivative)_2-AlgebraAnswer==0
(\theta=rightPoint; theAntiDerivative)_2
-
(\theta=leftPoint; theAntiDerivative)_2;
TurnOffApproximations(0);
EnsureExpressionDependsOnlyOn(AlgebraAnswer,none);
Suppose a curve given in polar coordinates by \(r=r(\theta)\) intersects itself
for two parameter values \(\theta_1,\theta_2\).
This can happen only when exactly one the three mutually exclusive conditions holds:
- \(\theta_1=\theta_2+2k\pi \), \(k\)-integer and \(r(\theta_1)=r(\theta_2)\neq 0\);
- \(\theta_1=\theta_2+(2k+1)\pi \), \(k\)-integer and \(r(\theta_1)=-r(\theta_2)\neq 0\);
- \(r(\theta_1)=r(\theta_2)=0\).
Since \(-1\leq trigFun{}(a \theta)\leq 1\) it follows that
\(r(\theta)=trigFun{}(a \theta)+b \gt 0\) for all \(\theta\) and so
the first option is the only one possible. If the curve parameter starts at \(\theta=0\),
this implies the curve cannot self-intersect for \(\theta\lt 2\pi\), and since
trigFun{}(a \theta)
is \(2\pi\)-periodic (it is actually 2\pi/a-periodic),
it follows that the curve self-intersects for the the first time at \(\theta=2\pi\).
In other words, a full loop of the curve is traversed for no interval shorter than \(0\leq \theta\leq 2\pi\).
By theory, the area swept by a curve given in polar coordinates by \(r=r(\theta)\) for \(\theta_1\leq \theta\leq \theta_2 \) is
\(A=\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\int_{\theta_1}^{\theta_2}r^2(\theta){\text d} \theta \).


|
DAC
1.0
Digital to analog converter with preset waveforms and settable frequency
|
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
#include "timer.h"
#include "Sig_gen.h"
#include "lcd.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "uart.h"
Go to the source code of this file.
Macros | |
| #define | F_CPU 16000000 |
| F_CPU. More... | |
Functions | |
| void | decode_button () |
| Decodes the selected button from butt variable. | |
| void | change_size () |
| Changes the size of an array appropriatel to period, can switch timer ovf period if required (if the period does not fit within the interval, not used currently) | |
| int | main (void) |
| ISR (TIMER0_OVF_vect) | |
| Frame buffer update timer (main sampling clock generator) moves in frame buffer. | |
| ISR (TIMER2_OVF_vect) | |


public interface StarColumnPredicate extends StarPredicate
StarPredicate
which constrains precisely one column.| Modifier and Type | Interface and Description |
|---|---|
static class |
StarColumnPredicate.Overlap
Returned by
intersect(mondrian.rolap.StarColumnPredicate) ,
describes whether two predicates overlap, and if so, the remaining
predicate. |
WILDCARD
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
StarColumnPredicate |
cloneWithColumn(RolapStar.Column column)
This method is required because unfortunately some ColumnPredicate
objects are created without a column.
|
boolean |
evaluate(Object value)
Returns whether this constraint would return
true for a
given value. |
RolapStar.Column |
getConstrainedColumn()
Returns the column constrained by this predicate.
|
StarColumnPredicate.Overlap |
intersect(StarColumnPredicate predicate)
Applies this predicate to a predicate from the axis of
a segment, and tests for overlap.
|
boolean |
mightIntersect(StarPredicate other)
Returns whether this predicate might intersect another predicate.
|
StarColumnPredicate |
minus(StarPredicate predicate)
Returns the logical inverse of this Predicate.
|
StarColumnPredicate |
orColumn(StarColumnPredicate predicate)
Returns this union of this Predicate with another.
|
void |
values(Collection<Object> collection)
Adds the values in this constraint to a collection.
|
and, describe, equalConstraint, evaluate, getConstrainedColumnBitKey, getConstrainedColumnList, or, toSql
void values(Collection<Object> collection)
collection
- Collection to add values toboolean evaluate(Object value)
true
for a
given value.value
- ValueRolapStar.Column getConstrainedColumn()
StarColumnPredicate.Overlap intersect(StarColumnPredicate predicate)
predicate
- Predicateboolean mightIntersect(StarPredicate other)
other
- Other constraintStarColumnPredicate minus(StarPredicate predicate)
StarPredicate
minus
in interface StarPredicate
predicate
- PredicateStarColumnPredicate orColumn(StarColumnPredicate predicate)
Unlike StarPredicate.or(mondrian.rolap.StarPredicate)
, the other predicate must be on this column, and
the result is a column predicate.
predicate
- Another predicate on this columnStarColumnPredicate cloneWithColumn(RolapStar.Column column)
We call this method to provide a fake column, then call
StarPredicate.toSql(mondrian.rolap.sql.SqlQuery, StringBuilder)
.
todo: remove this method when
bug MONDRIAN-313
and
bug MONDRIAN-314
are fixed.


Train
Times
Current Train Schedule
Train Name
Destination
Frequency (min)
Next Arrival
Minutes Away
Add Train
Train Name
Destination
First Train Time (HH:mm - military time)
Frequency (min)
Submit


designed by
1" class="ms-2">
{p.count, plural, one {Produced in {{ p.count }} copy} other {Produced in {{ p.count }} copies}}
{p.count, plural, one {Produced in about {{ p.count }} copy} other {Produced in about
{{ p.count }} copies}}
Produced in a single copy


Punctuating in the Javascript language
25 April 2016
Every programming language has a bunch of different grouping characters to tell the computer how to treat a group of code.
Here are some of the grouping characters used in Javascript and all their possible uses.
Parentheses ( )
Parentheses are used before a function's body to take in parameters and before a loop orif
statement to determine whether the code will run.
- When writing a function, between the parentheses, parameters can receive values.
function averageScore (sumOfScores, numberOfScores) {...}
- Functions use parentheses to run with parameters e.g.
whichIsBigger(12.5, 12.459)
. - Just like in mathematics, they can be used to prioritise calculations.
(4 + 2) / 3 == 2
Brackets [ ]
Brackets are often used to store and retrieve items from lists (arrays).- Storing items in an array, the array is indicated by square brackets.
var myArray = [1, 2, 4, 8];
- Getting a value from an array uses square brackets.
myArray[0]
will return the number 2. - Similar to getting a value from an array, bracket notation gets properties from inside objects.
ourDog = {dogName: "Spark", breed: "Beagle"}; ourDog["dogName"]
returns "Spark"
Braces { }
Braces enclose blocks of code to be run for functions, loops andif
statements. They also group object literals.
- The
ourDog = {dogName: ..., ...}
object literal above is grouped by its braces - Braces enclose blocks of code for functions.
function bigCodeBlock () {/* do something important */}
'Single' and "doubles" quotes
A pair of single quotes 'content here' and double quotes "content here" can be used interchangeably with Javascript not noticing the difference.- Quotes surround simple text, e.g.
var myName = "Troy";
. - They can also be used to get values from an object literal - using bracket notation.
ourDog['dogName']


#Genuary2021
January 1st
Prompt
// TRIPLE NESTED LOOP
Interpretation
The composition is built up from three levels of loops:- The written word "loop"
- An animation that rotates the image of the first level
- A set of plingo iterative animations created from each frame of step 2
Output
Explanation
As the result of this experiment is not easily understandable, here's some explanation.
Image 1The code itself basically created a matrix of output images. On the x-axis it has the iterations of the second loop. On the y-axis it has the plingo iterations created from each frame of the outer loop. Image 1 to the right shows an overview over this image matrix.
The main animation of the video (big image in the center) zig-zags thru that matrix thus creating a linear animation from the three nested loops. But as this animation does not clearly reveal what happens, I added some linear helpers to the sides. These helpers show linear cuts thru the matrix so you can see different stages of the plingo iterations over the second loo
The images below show the relationship between the image matrix and the different animations.


{{site.user_description}}
I am extremely comfortable with HTML5 and CSS3 programming, utilising Bootstrap 3 and 4 as a baseline.
I primarily code in Python, using Flask to create web apps, but I'm also very comfortable with Django, as well as Ruby and Rails.
My DevOps skills are basic, but I have an understanding of Git, Linux, Docker, Cheff, and Ansible.


TongFen (通分) means to convert two fractions to the least common denominator, typically in preparation for further manipulation like addition or subtraction. In English, that’s a mouthful and sounds complicated. But in Chinese there is a word for this, TongFen, which makes this process appear very simple.
When working with geospatial datasets we often want to compare data that is given on different regions. For example census data and election data. Or data from two different censuses. To properly compare this data we first need to convert it to a common geography. The process to do this is quite analogous to the process of TongFen for fractions, so we appropriate this term to give it a simple name. Using the tongfen package, preparing data on disparate geographies for comparison by converting them to a common geography is as easy as typing tongfen
.
The package can be installed from GitHub.
devtools::install_github("mountainmath/tongfen")
library(tongfen)
The get_tongfen_census_ct
and get_tongfen_census_ct_from_da
methods make use of the StatCan correspondence files. To speed up this process it is useful to permanently cache these files instead of having to download them repeatedly. If caching is desired, set either
options("tongfen.cache_path"="<your local cache path>")
Sys.setenv("tongfen.cache_path"="<your local cache path>")
options("custom_data_path"="<your local cache path>")
in your .Rprofile
or .Renviron
file.
The tongfen
package is build around the following basic TongFen workflow:
estimate_tongfen_correspondence
.meta_for_additive_variables
function does this for additive variables.tongfen_aggregate
.A convenience function to validate geographic TongFen fit via area comparison is available via check_tongfen_areas
, it allows to explore and deal with spatial mismatches during TongFen.
Finding a common tiling of several different yet congruent geographies is only one part of the problem TongFen addresses, aggregating up the variables is the other part. The tongfen
package deals with this using a metadata table that specifies how variables should be aggregated. In it’s simplest form values are simply added up. The meta_for_additive_variables
convenience function builds the metadata for additive variables. Metadata for non-additive variables like averages, ratios or percentages needs more care to build, it requires additional information on the parent variable that specifies the denominator of the average, ratio or percentage. Other data, like medians, can’t be aggregated up, although tongfen
can provide estimates of medians on aggregated geographies by treating them as averages.
The need for TongFen comes up frequently with certain types of geographies. Census geographies is one such example. In some cases these data sources come with their own correspondence files that go beyond geographic matchup but also join regions to alleviate data integrity problems like geocoding issues.
In such cases it can be worthwhile to wrap data acquisition and TongFen into one convenience function, and also extend the TongFen method parameter to allow for external correspondence files to be used.
The package is well-integrated to work with Canadian census data in two essential ways.
meta_for_ca_census_vectors
builds rich metadata for a given list of Canadian census variables by utilizing the metadata available via CensusMapper. In particular, this automates the proper aggregation of non-count variables like averages, ratios and percentages.get_tongfen_ca_census
wraps the process of data acquisition (via CensusMapper and the cancensus package and tongfen into one convenience function. At the same time it adds the TongFen method = "statcan"
option that uses the Statistics Canada correspondence files to build the common geography.get_tongfen_correspondence_ca_census
function breaks out the correspondence generation to aid the process of accessing the Statistics Canada correspondence files (and better integration of generating correspondences for Canadian census geographies in general) to facilitate mixing in non-census data coming on census geographies, like for example CMHC data.get_tongfen_us_census
integrates the data acquisition (via the tidycensus package) with TongFen, and adds the tongfen method = "census.gov"
to use the US Census Bureau correspondence files for matching.The tongfen
package is open to add extensions for other specialized data sources, as well as extensions of existing ones.
When geographies aren’t sufficiently congruent or the target geography is fixed, we won’t be able to use the tongfen
methods to compute the data on a common geography but have to instead rely on estimates. The tongfen_estimate
makes no assumption on the underlying geographies and returns estimates of the data on the target geography. It uses area-weighted interpolation to achieve this, and can be refined to dasymmetric estimates using the proportional_reaggregate
function.
This method has the example that it works independent of the nature of the underlying geographies, but comes at the heavy price of only being an estimate. To be useful for research purposes we also need methods to estimate the errors this introduces and the effects this has on subsequent analysis results.
Methods to facilitate this are still under active development.


SDLXX
1.0.0
Modern C++17 wrapper for SDL
Class Hierarchy
Go to the textual class hierarchy
Generated by
1.8.13


I-205 Ramp OD Distribution - AM period
This chart shows traffic flows between I-205 ramps.
Larger circles indicate higher traffic volumes. Hover the mouse above nodes to see the visual flows of traffic to other nodes.


Curved top headstone with shaped shoulders and 3 kerbstones. Cross engraved in roundel above inscription. Stone 8 sided flower holder to foot of grave and round metal flower vase to head end of grave.
IN LOVING MEMORY OF ERNEST HALEY WHO ENTERED INTO REST 7TH DECEMBER 1942 AGED 57 YEARS. "TILL WE MEET AGAIN." ALSO OF HIS BELOVED WIFE LIZZIE FLORENCE FELL ASLEEP 29TH AUGUST 1956 AGED 64 YEARS. RE-UNITED
Burial Register: B792 C102
The Parish Church of St. Mary, Cogges, Oxfordshire.


--- layout: ocpj8-notes title: Java SE 8 Programmer II - Use Java SE 8 Date/Time API permalink: /:path/:basename ---
The new Date/Time API was designed with the following principles:
The first classes to learn when using the new API are LocalDate, LocalTime and LocalDateTime, which is a pairing of the former classes:
LocalTime time = LocalTime.now();
LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();
LocalDateTime dt = LocalDateTime.of( date, time ); // You can also call LocalDateTime.now();
They are local in the sense that they represent date and time from the context of one observer, in contrast to time zones.
All the core classes in the new API are constructed by factory methods. When constructing a value through its fields, the factory is called of. When converting from another type, the factory is called from. There are also parse methods that take strings as parameters:
LocalDate ld1 = LocalDate.of(2014, Month.SEPTEMBER, 19);
LocalDate ld2 = LocalDate.ofEpochDay(1000);
LocalTime lt1 = LocalTime.of(14, 05);
LocalTime lt2 = LocalTime.parse("14:05:00");
You can use standard getters to obtain values from the classes:
int m = LocalDate.now().getDayOfMonth();
int y = LocalDate.now().getYear();
int h = LocalTime.now().getHour();
int min = LocalTime.now().getMinute();
You can also modify the object values by using the with methods instead of using setters (because the classes are immutable, which also means that you don't actually modify a class, a new one is returned):
LocalDateTime thePast = dt.withDayOfYear(90).withHour(21);
There are other methods to perform calculations:
LocalDateTime dt = dt.plusMinutes(10).plus(2, ChronoUnit.DAYS);
LocalDateTime dt = dt.minusYears(10);
An instant is a point of time counting from the first second of 1/1/1970, also known as epoch. Instants after the epoch have positive values, and earlier instants have negative values and a larger value is always later on the timeline than a smaller value.
The range of an instant requires the storage of a number larger than a long. To achieve this, the class stores a long representing epoch-seconds and an int representing nanosecond-of-second, which will always be between 0 and 999,999,999.
An Instant can be created in a similar way as a date or a time:
Instant now = Instant.now();
Instant epochNow = Instant.ofEpochSecond(1000000);
It also has get, plus and minus methods:
long s = now.getEpochSecond();
int n = now.getNano();
Instant twoSecondsAfter = now.plusSeconds(2);
Instant twoSecondsBefore = now.minusSeconds(2);
A period represents a value such as "1 months and 15 days", in contrast to the other classes that represent a point in time.
Here are some ways to create a period:
Period period = Period.of(1, 2, 3); // 1 year, 2 months, 3 days
Period periodTwoMonths = Period.ofMonths(2);
Period period20142015 = Period.between(LocalDate.of( 2014, Month.JANUARY, 1), LocalDate.of( 2015, Month.JANUARY, 1));
It also has get, plus and minus methods:
int y = period.getYears();
Period newPeriod = period.plusDays(2).minusMonths(1);
You can modify the values of dates using periods:
LocalDate newDate = date.plus(period);
A duration is similar to a period but its precision is based on hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds.
A duration can be created using an amount of seconds or minutes or hours or by specifying start and end times:
Duration d2 = Duration.ofSeconds(10, 50); // 10 seconds and 50 nanoseconds
Duration d2 = Duration.between(LocalTime.NOON, LocalTime.MIDNIGHT);
It's also possible to perform normal plus, minus, and with operations on durations and also like periods, modify the value of a date or time using a duration.
Time zones are defined by their offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and correspond to a region in which the time is the same.
Time zones can be referred to by two identifiers: abbreviated, for example, "PLT" and longer, for example, "Europe/Paris". ZoneId is an identifier for a region:
ZoneId id = ZoneId.of("Europe/Paris");
ZoneOffset is the period of time representing a difference between Greenwich/UTC and a time zone.
ZoneOffset offset = ZoneOffset.of("-06:00");
ZonedDateTime is a date and time with a fully qualified time zone. You should use this class if you want to represent a date and time without relying on the context of a specific server.
ZonedDateTime zdt1 = ZonedDateTime.parse("2014-12-03T10:15:300[Europe/Paris]");//2014-12-03T10:15:300Z[Europe/Dublin]
ZonedDateTime zdt2 = ZonedDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("Europe/Paris"));
OffsetDateTime is an immutable representation of a date-time with an offset from UTC/Greenwich, for example '2000-12-31T10:15:30+01:00'.
OffsetDateTime, ZonedDateTime, and Instant all store an instant on the timeline to a nanosecond precision. Instant is the simplest, just representing the instant. OffsetDateTime adds to the instant the offset from UTC/Greenwich, which allows the local date-time to be obtained. ZonedDateTime adds full timezone data.
OffsetTime is a time with an offset from UTC/Greenwich in the ISO-8601 calendar system, such as '08:45:21+05:00'.
OffsetDateTime odt = OffsetDateTime.of(LocaDateTime.now(),ZoneOffset.of("-4")); //2015-05-22T23:42:20.101-06:00
OffsetTime ot = OffsetTime.ofInstant(Intant.now(),ZoneId.of("America/Los_Angeles")); //22:42:20.101-07:00
Clock gives us the ability to get the current date/time from the system clock with a specific timezone:
Clock defaultZone = Clock.systemDefaultZone();
Clock clock = Clock.system(ZoneId.of("Europe/Italy"));
java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter is the class for printing and parsing date-time objects.
This class works by using:
The date-time classes provide two methods - one for formatting, for example:
LocalDateTime dt = LocalDateTime.of( 2010, Month.JULY, 03, 09, 0, 30 );
String isoDateTime = dt.format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE_TIME);
And one for parsing, for example:
LocalDate dt = LocalDate.parse( "2014/09/19 14:05:12", DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern( "yyyy/MM/dd kk:mm:ss" ) );
The last example makes use of a pattern. Patterns are sequences of letters and symbols used to create a Formatter using the ofPattern(String)
and ofPattern(String, Locale)
methods.
Instant captures the current moment in time. They are useful for obtaining timestamps to a nanosecond precision.
Instant i = Instants.now();
Period represents an amount of time in years, months, and/or days. They are useful for adding/subtracting time to/from a date:
LocalDateTime today = LocalDateTime.now();
Period period = Period.ofDays(7);
LocalDateTime nextWeek = today.plus(period);
Duration represents an amount of time in hours, minutes, and/or seconds. Same concept as period but with time units:
LocalTime now = LocalDateTime.now();
Duration tenMinutes = Duration.ofMinutes(10);
LocalTime tenMinutesLater = now.plus(tenMinutes);
Period and Duration also have a between()
method to for determining elapsed time between dates (or time) objects:
LocalDate ld1 = LocalDate.parse("2015-05-23");
LocalDate ld2 = LocalDate.parse("2014-05-23");
Period timeBetween = Period.between(ld1,ld2); //Difference in years, months, days
Duration timeSpan = Duration.between(ld1,ld2); //Difference in hours, minutes, seconds
TemporalUnit is an interface that represents a unit of date-time, like years, months, days, hours, minutes and seconds. It doesn't represent the amount of the unit. Its implementation is the class ChronoUnit, which contains enum constants like:
And almost any other time unit you can imagine. It has some helpful methods like between()
. For example, if you need to find the number of years between two dates:
ChronoUnit.YEARS.between(date1, date2):


(Deprecated API)
(Deprecated API)
(Deprecated API)
Same great maps plus a SLA, support, and control over ads
Note: The Google Maps Javascript API Version 2 has been officially deprecated as of May 19, 2010. The V2 API will continue to work as per our deprecation policy, but we encourage you to migrate your code to version 3 of the Maps Javascript API.
JavaScript within the browser is event driven, meaning that JavaScript responds to interactions by generating events, and expects a program to listen to interesting events. For example, within browsers, user mouse and keyboard interactions create events that propagate within the DOM. Programs interested in certain events will register JavaScript event listeners for those events and execute code when those events are received.
The Google Maps API adds to this event model by defining custom events for Maps API objects. It is important to note that the Maps API events are separate and distinct from the standard DOM events. However, as different browsers implement different DOM event models, the Maps API also provides mechanisms to listen for and respond to these DOM events without needing to handle the various cross-browser peculiarities.
Events in the Google Maps API are handled by using utility functions
within the GEvent
namespace to register event listeners.
Each Maps API object exports a
number of named events. For example, the GMap2
object exports
click
, dblclick
, and move
events,
and a host of others as well. Each event happens within a given context,
and can pass arguments that identify that context. For example, the
mousemove
event fires when the user moves the mouse
within a map object, and passes the GLatLng
of the geographic location in which the mouse is located.
For a complete list of GMap2
events and the arguments they generate, see
GMap2.Events.
To register for notification of these events, use the static method
GEvent.addListener()
. That method takes an object,
an event to listen for, and a function to call when the specified
event occurs. For example, this code snippet shows an alert every time the user
clicks on the map:
var map = new GMap2(document.getElementById("map")); map.setCenter(new GLatLng(37.4419, -122.1419), 13); GEvent.addListener(map, "click", function() { alert("You clicked the map."); });
View example (event-simple.html)
When executing an event listener, it is often advantageous to have both private and persistent data attached to an object. JavaScript does not support "private" instance data, but it does support closures which allows inner functions to access outer variables. Closures are useful within event listeners to access variables not normally attached to the objects on which events occur.
The following example uses a function closure in the event listener to assign a secret message to a set of markers. Clicking on each marker will review a portion of the secret message, which is not contained within the marker itself.
var map = new GMap2(document.getElementById("map_canvas")); map.setCenter(new GLatLng(37.4419, -122.1419), 13); // Creates a marker at the given point // The five markers show a secret message when clicked // but that message is not within the marker's instance data function createMarker(point, number) { var marker = new GMarker(point); var message = ["This","is","the","secret","message"]; marker.value = number; GEvent.addListener(marker, "click", function() { var myHtml = "#" + number + "
" + message[number -1]; map.openInfoWindowHtml(point, myHtml); }); return marker; } // Add 5 markers to the map at random locations var bounds = map.getBounds(); var southWest = bounds.getSouthWest(); var northEast = bounds.getNorthEast(); var lngSpan = northEast.lng() - southWest.lng(); var latSpan = northEast.lat() - southWest.lat(); for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++) { var point = new GLatLng(southWest.lat() + latSpan * Math.random(), southWest.lng() + lngSpan * Math.random()); map.addOverlay(createMarker(point, i + 1)); }
View example (event-closure.html)
Many events in the Maps API event system pass arguments when the event
is triggered. For example, the GMap2
"click" event passes an
overlay
and overlaylatlng
if the map click occurs on an overlay; otherwise, it passes a
latlng
of the map coordinate. You can access these arguments
by passing the specified symbols directly to the functions
within the event listeners.
In the example below, we first test to ensure the click was on a map tile
by checking if the latlng
argument is defined; if so, we open
an info window above the clicked coordinate and display the coordinate
converted to pixel space along with the zoom level.
var map = new GMap2(document.getElementById("map_canvas")); map.setCenter(new GLatLng(37.4419, -122.1419), 13); GEvent.addListener(map,"click", function(overlay, latlng) { if (latlng) { var myHtml = "The GPoint value is: " + map.fromLatLngToDivPixel(latlng) + " at zoom level " + map.getZoom(); map.openInfoWindow(latlng, myHtml); } }); map.addControl(new GSmallMapControl()); map.addControl(new GMapTypeControl());
View example (event-arguments.html)
Events typically act directly on the object receiving the event. For example, if
you attach a 'click'
event listener to a GMap2
object,
you usually call methods on the map itself within the event listener's
attached function.
You can test this behavior within your code by replacing
a reference to the object to this
; if the event listener acts on the object
receiving the event, both this
and the object reference are equivalent.
# The following event listeners are equivalent: # Access the map using the 'map' symbol var map = new GMap2(document.getElementById("map")); GEvent.addListener(map, "moveend", function() { var center = map.getCenter(); document.getElementById("message").innerHTML = center.toString(); }); # Access the map using the 'this' keyword var map = new GMap2(document.getElementById("map")); GEvent.addListener(map, "moveend", function() { var center = this.getCenter(); document.getElementById("message").innerHTML = center.toString(); });
If instead, you wish to invoke a method on a separate object in response to
events, you can use GEvent.bind()
to bind a method to a different object
than the one receiving the event.
In the following example, the event listener binds map 'click'
events to an instance of the Counter
object, and invokes a method
defined within that object:
function initialize() { if (GBrowserIsCompatible()) { var map = new GMap2(document.getElementById("map_canvas")); var myCounter = new Counter(); map.setCenter(new GLatLng(37.4419, -122.1419), 13); GEvent.bind(map, "click", myCounter, myCounter.increment); } } function Counter() { this.counter = 0; } Counter.prototype.increment = function() { this.counter++; alert("You have clicked the map " + this.counter + (this.counter == 1 ?" time":" times")); }
View example (event-bind.html)
The Google Maps API event model creates and manages its own custom events. However the DOM also creates and dispatches its own events, according to the particular browser event model in use. If you wish to capture and respond to these events, the Google Maps API provides browser-neutral wrappers to listen and bind DOM events, without the need for custom code.
The GEvent.addDomListener()
static method registers an
event handler for a DOM event on a DOM node. Similarly, the
static method GEvent.bindDom()
allows you to register
event handlers for DOM events on class instances.
When an event listener is no longer needed, you should remove it. This
might even be needed in cases where the event should only be fired once.
Removing event listeners that were defined via anonymous functions within
closures can be difficult. However, the addListener()
,
addDomListener()
, bind()
, and bindDom()
functions return a GEventListener
handle, which
can be used to eventually deregister the handler.
The following example responds to a click by placing a marker on the
map. Any subsequent click removes the event listener. Notice that the removeOverlay()
code is never executed as a result. Also, notice that you can remove
an event listener even from within the event listener itself.
function MyApplication() { this.counter = 0; this.map = new GMap2(document.getElementById("map")); this.map.setCenter(new GLatLng(37.4419, -122.1419), 13); var myEventListener = GEvent.bind(this.map, "click", this, function(overlay, latlng) { if (this.counter == 0) { if (latlng) { this.map.addOverlay(new GMarker(latlng)) this.counter++; } else if (overlay instanceof GMarker) { this.removeOverlay(marker) } } else { GEvent.removeListener(myEventListener); } }); } function load() { var application = new MyApplication(); }


CrimPapers
Articles published on 30 August 2017
On 30 August 2017, 11 new articles were published in 6 journals.
Book Review: From Deportation to Prison: the Politics of Immigration Enforcement in Post-Civil Rights America
Book Review: Methamphetamine: A Love Story
Change in Police Organizations: Perceptions, Experiences, and the Failure to Launch
The Issue of Racial Profiling in Traffic Stop Citations
Correctional Shorthands: Focal Concerns and the Decision to Administer Solitary Confinement
Age-Related Differences in Trauma Experiences, Mental-Health Needs, and Mental-Health-Service Use in Victims of Human Trafficking: A Pilot Investigation of Transition-Aged Youth Compared to Older Adults by Bita Ghafoori, Rachel Taylor
Forward Looking Or Backward Stepping: Evaluating Child Protection From Sexual Exploitation in Nigeria by Iyabode Ogunniran
Awareness Without Re-Exploitation: Empowering Approaches to Sharing the Message About Human Trafficking by Karen Countryman-Roswurm, Bailey Patton Brackin
Lessons Learned: Benefits and Challenges in Interagency Coalitions Addressing Sex Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation by Lara Gerassi, Andrea Nichols, Erica Michelson
Program Evaluation in the Context of Supervision Regime Change: Motivational Interviewing in Colorado by Jeffrey Lin
A Social-Cognitive Model of Animal Cruelty by Bill Henry


{% set scriptdir = './common/js/' %} {% set cssdir = './common/css/' %} {% extends "templates/indexbase.tmpl" %} {% block pagetitle %}Application Development{% endblock %} {% block title %}{% endblock %} {% block header %}{% endblock header %} {% block content %}
You interact with an OpenStack cloud using a number of tools. The tool you choose depends on your use case in the cloud. Here are some starting points.
A Software Development Kit (SDK) is a collection of code, examples, and documentation that helps you to create applications in the language of your choice on OpenStack clouds. If one of the following SDKs do not support your language or use case, you can use the API or one of the other Known SDKs.
An Application Programming Interface (API) offers a way to use the capabilities of a service by using predefined functions. Use the API when the programming language you're using is not supported in an SDK. Please consider contributing that work to one of the Known SDKs. The OpenStack API Quick Start gives you the basics for interacting with the services.
An OpenStack Command Line Interface (CLI) is a text based client that helps you to create scripts for interacting with OpenStack clouds.
Documentation treated like code, powered by the community - interested? Here's how to contribute .
The OpenStack project is provided under the Apache 2.0 license. Openstack.org is powered by Rackspace Cloud Computing .


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
Just a little Insite into what it has taken for me to start this journey!


This website is unavaible in landscape format for smartphone.
brand new road
Welcome to Fallout : Brand New Road. For the best experience, we recommand you to enable the sound.
After a long period of conflict, in 2077, a nuclear war broke out. Following decades of ruin, survive in a shattered world and write your destiny.
After the end of World War II in 1945, due to the rising of communism, the USA decided to create thirteen Commonwealths to prevent a political transition of their states. Consequently, the national flag has been redesigned to represent the Commonwealths and the unity of the country. Furthermore, a long period of scarcity of resources began, particularly oil, therefore some countries like the USA embraced nuclear energy to improve their weaponry.
In 2052, oil reserves begin to run dry and Resource Wars begin across the world. In first, Mexico has been invaded in 2051 by the USA to enhance, insignificantly, their production of oil. Next year, the European Commonwealths started a campaign to conquest the Middle East and acquire their resources. At the same period, New Plagues arise in the U.S. and kill more than 200 000 people, a national lockdown has been declared at the end of the year.
China seeing the last oil reserves dry, tried to launch two operations to prevent their collapse. The first is to build an oil platform on the Pacific, the second is to trade talks with the USA to export their oil. However, the U.S. refused to export its resources and sabotaged the oil platform project of China. In winter, China invades Alaska and takes control of the last oil reserve. In answer, powers armor is sent to the Anchorage Front Line. However, Canada has considerable reticence to allow American troops on their soil.
Canada’s resources depleted by U.S. Army cause a lot of riots and protestations. Finally, an attack occurs on the Alaskan pipeline. In retaliation, the U.S. government decided to annex Canada by force in 2072. Two years later, the U.S. Army is deployed in China. Due to the long supply lines, the United States can no longer move forward over the Yangtze River. Furthermore, sino-Americans are sent to a concentration camp in the southwest of the U.S. and are used for military experiments.
In 2075, a new project lead by Wesk Tek is born, his objective is to cure the New Plague but it evolves into a virus to create super soldiers by increasing size and resistance to viral contagions. On January 10th, 2077, Alaska has been retaken by the American forces. A few months later, the October 23rd the Great War begins. The world seeing Chinese and American nuclear bombs deploy, each country deploys their own, and an exchange of fire ensued. No one knows who strikes first.


{{site.user_description}}
Hello. Everyone!!
I am Inconito3000 a noob programmer(I am still 9.)
Anyways I use a lot of Python, and Pycharm , but also Arduino.
At last, to boast a little bit of myself (and to fill the empty space) I am fully trilingual, I can speak French, English, and Korean.
In addition, I have a super nice and smart professor named ggory15
Make sure to subscribe and turn post notification to his channel
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Mumblecore hexagon kombucha, pitchfork four loko raclette intelligentsia master cleanse. Vinyl XOXO lumbersexual
Mumblecore hexagon kombucha, pitchfork four loko raclette intelligentsia master cleanse. Vinyl XOXO lumbersexual


KISS performed a concert for sharks - but none turned up
KISS performed a rare show specifically for great white sharks in Australia this week, but their underwater fans didn’t turn up for the occasion.
Gene Simmons, Eric Singer and Tommy Thayer headed to the coast of Port Lincoln in South Australia on Monday, to host a special gig for just eight fans and some members of the press on their The End of the Road Tour.
The point of the show, hosted by Adventure Bay Charters, was to show how the company attracts sharks using sound waves rather than bait like blood.
However, it seems the great whites either didn’t get the memo or got the date on their invitation wrong as they were a complete no-show.
Adventure Bay Charters owner Matt Waller praised KISS’ performance so it’s unlikely their rock hits scared the sharks off – or maybe they did.
Advertisement Advertisement
‘The guys were tight, they were right into it, it was loud, there were lights, there were smoke machines — it was everything that a KISS concert should be,’ Waller told ABC Eyre Peninsula.
Songs featured in KISS’ set, which was filmed by 7 News, included I Love It Loud, Deuce, Black Diamond and Rock and Roll All Nite.
It’s said that sharks are attracted to the ‘low-frequency sounds of rock n roll’, so speakers were broadcast underwater in an attempt to entice them towards the performance.
Perhaps thrashing around in the water is their way of rocking out? Sharks have been totally misunderstood this whole time – they’re not hungry, just rockers.
KISS member Paul Stanley was forced to miss out on the performance after being diagnosed with the flu recently. But he previously admitted he found the concept of the shark performance interesting, and said: ‘I’m not sure how much of us the sharks can take. I’m hoping they know Rock And Roll All Nite.’
It was the only Australian date on KISS’ tour as they cancelled the other seven shows Down Under due to Paul’s sickness.
KISS are expected to resume their farewell tour on 8 December in Sendai, Japan. It’s not known if Paul will rejoin the group.
Advertisement Advertisement
The tour will run until 17 July 2021 at a currently undisclosed location in New York City.
We’re guessing there will be no sharks that night either.
Got a showbiz story?
If you've got a story, video or pictures get in touch with the Metro.co.uk Entertainment team by emailing us<EMAIL_ADDRESS>calling 020 3615 2145 or by visiting our Submit Stuff page - we'd love to hear from you.


WILD BILL A film review by Ben Hoffman Copyright 1996 Ben Hoffman
The Wild Bill (Jeff Bridges) we are seeing is Hickock but he is now in the latter part of his life. Not quite the hotshot he was when he justly earned the appellation "Wild Bill," and his eyesight not as focused as it once was, he is still not anyone with whom one would want to tangle, unless you include the kid Dave Arquette (Jack McCall) who would like a shot at Hickock who long ago killed Dave's father.
Along with Wild Bill we get Calamity Jane (Ellen Barkin). She may be one tough woman but the keyword is woman and she, among others, loves Hickock. Just about everybody loves old Bill.
One thing you have to say about Hickock: he knew his Wild Bill days were over but he would never back down when challenged. What else could you ask of a man? Or woman?
Included in the film for no good reason I could discern are some pretty good actors in pretty crummy roles: John Hurt, Diana Lane, Christina Applegate, Bruce Dern, Marjoe Gortner (as a bible-thumping preacher; type cast?) and Keith Carradine as Buffalo Bill Cody.
Despite everyone's trying real hard to make something of the film, and Directed by William Hill it gets:
2 Bytes
4 bytes = Superb 3 bytes = Too good to be missed 2 bytes = So so 1 byte - Save your money
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Elon Musk Announces 146,000 Tesla Cybertrucks Have Been Preodered
In just two days.
by Robert Marshall Jr.Yesterday, just two days after the unveiling of Tesla’s Cybertruck, the automaker’s founder, Elon Musk, tweeted that the company had already sold 146,000 vehicles via preorder, and because these reservations require a $100 USD refundable deposit, Tesla has tallied $14.6 million USD in 48 hours.
Of course, there is no telling how many drivers will actually go through with the purchase of this angular electric truck, whose price ranges from $39,900 USD to $69,900 USD, but it should bring a bit of optimism to the often scrutinized company.
The Cybertruck has been met with a lot of skepticism and polarizing thoughts, many for it and many against, with a large number of Wall Street analysts among the latter. However, with the amount of interest in the obscure-looking car, evident by the aforementioned presale numbers, it may be safe to say Musk has another hit among his loyal followers; safer than the truck’s glass that is.
In other automotive news, check out Aston Martin super-luxe DBX SUV.


I am an electronics prototyping specialist from Las Vegas, Nevada. In 2013, I graduated from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, with a B.S. in Computer Engineering and collected two minors in Computer Science and Technology Commercialization. I previously worked with Dronesmith Technologies to design custom flight controllers for drones that were used in higher education research settings.
I currently accept freelance work, designing electronics prototypes and firmware. In my free time I study information security, practice system administration, make IoT home improvements and occassionally make progress on my Steam backlog.


WWT Web Client Poly
Settings
Show Crosshairs
Show Figures
Annotations
Show Circles
Show Polygon
Show PolyLine


Notice that, unlike the trigger() method, the triggerHandler() method does not cause the default behavior of the event to occur (The text is not marked).


Soap Sizer
Switch to imperial ==>
volume (cubic Centimeters):
Lye Conc.(%):
SuperFat(%):
Saponification value (NaOH):
Calculate Results


A collection of different CALayer
subclasses:
CATextLayer
CAEmitterLayer
CAShapeLayer
CAScrollLayer
CAGradientLayer
CAReplicatorLayer
CATiledLayer
CAEAGLayer
This example demonstrates Reveal's support for different CALayer
subclasses.
In Reveal try selecting the CAShapeLayerView
and then altering the Line, Stroke and Fill attributes on the Layer inspector to see how they alter the rendering of the circle.


Making A New Personal Site - Jekyll Edition
Profile sites are basically a person’s way of interacting and showing the outside world the kind of work you’ve done. I’ve had a profile site for a while but never really “loved” it. I’ve had a website since 2016, to serve as a place to link to when showing people work and also have an email that isn’t @gmail.com.
I had a site made by my good friend Zak Tan and it worked for me at the time, but didn’t quite meet my vision, and I wasn’t sure how to move on from there. Most sites are very image heavy, but as a data scientist, my work really wasn’t image heavy overall. I wanted images to play back seat to content.
Technologically, it also felt a little problematic for me. It was based off Wordpress, which is a fine technology stack, but didn’t work for me. I didn’t really want to keep hosting a Wordpress server that was both cumbersome to manage, but also had so many extra features I wasn’t taking advantage of, and was too difficult for me to modify. If I wanted to change things, the code was a little too bespoke for me to change without learning the full stack. I also had little to no desire to learn PHP, arguably a dying language, and definitely not something really used by data scientists.
Looking around at the options, a lot of things pointed to using Jekyll. While it’s a bit played out, Jekyll is the language of tech people, who don’t need a WYSIWG editor, who want to get things done quickly, who want to host on GitHub Pages for free.
After having done some work with getting the Luminar Extra Life Site online, I felt like GitHub would be the right place to have host my new site.
Additionally, I drew a lot of inspiration from Lilian Chen. The website style was very close to what I wanted although far more artistic than I had the ability to continuously do. I wanted to try and tweak her design into something that I would love to use. But it did give me a sense of what I wanted and as a not designer, her breakdown of her approach helped me also refine what I was looking for, and what I didn’t really care about.
After all of that, Jekyll seemed like the obvious choice. I actually initially tried copying her code directly, but it clearly wasn’t designed to be completely understood by a beginner, or to even be copied. Which is fair, unless you’re planning on sharing something, there really isn’t a huge point in generalizing things for other people.
That, combined with Jekyll being relatively poorly documented in my opinion, and it’s just difficult to get things set up. I had to start with something… simpler so I took a look at free Jekyll templates, and immediately Mediumish, one of the most used Jekyll templates, spoke to me. Visually it wasn’t quite what I wanted, much more image forward, but structurally it was designed to be copied and modified, and I felt like I could take it the last mile.
But in order to reach the certain vision I wanted to implement, it proved to be fairly difficult. Jekyll tech is based off of a combination of Ruby, Liquid templating, and Markdown for the last mile. For someone who has never done this before… it proved… confusing. Most of my experience programming would be in the form of analysis, not design so all of this was new to me.
Ultimately, took me a lot of work, lots of googling, but it got to the site that you see now. Now this may change in the future, but this seems pretty good to me. It’s not a image forward, but rather more text forward and really serves some of the things that I immediately wanted.


---
layout: project
title: Google Internship Presentation
order: 14
about: During my Summer 2019 internship at Google, I took part in the Intern Talks program at the Google office in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
photo: /images/Google-Internship-Presentation/title.jpg
---
During my Summer 2019 internship at Google, I took part in the Intern
Talks program at the Google office in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada. This gave me the opportunity to give a ten to fifteen minute
presentation, on a topic of my choice, to Google engineers and interns.
I entitled the presentation “Treasures in Retrogame Archeology”, and I
chose to present about some of the lessons that I had learned studying
retro videogames in the
retrogames
special topic class offered by the University of Calgary.


We are working with ARMmbed Nucleo F411RE to prototype remote sensor systems to collect data.ARM cloud service enables a quick way to connect RTMs.We intend on exploring Raspberry Pi especially to experiment on image recognition algorithms.
Machine Learning involves using data to create Algorithms that builds into an AI system.We intend too use the large and bulk data collected from sensor systems to achieve this.
The future technology will be based on data and intelligent systems that are reliable efficient.all about AI,Machine learning,cyber security,IOT,Big data.
Bulk data generated in the world everyday is wasted.Therefore there is need to use the data for smart systems.
ARMmbed development for developers aids development and prototyping systems .
WELCOME TO DID_G
We focus on IOT,DATA SCIENCE and MACHINE LEARNING,TRAINING MODELS
We are ready for new members to join our Journey in transforming Africa with IOT,huge Data Analysis and Intelligent Systems to drive future Environment conservations,Agriculture and Disaster Management.


--- author_profile: true layout: portfolio-main collection: portfolio collection_tags: ["Work","Project"] entries_layout: grid sort_by: 'date' sort_order: 'reverse' sidebar: nav: "shortcut-links" --- Welcome to my portfolio! Over here are all the works and side projects that I have worked on! {%- comment -%}


Let them in is a rythm game settled in a forest, made during Ludum Dare 37. For its theme, "Small room" we decided to flip the view and show that room from the outside.
You use four keys on the keyboard to let feral animals (and a lumberjack) in a small cabin for the greatest party of all times.
For this project I got to work with another graphic designer that made the lights, the scene and the asset integration, while I was modeling and animating all the characters on Maya.
48 hours game for LD37
modelisation - animation
Rythm game
Rated #34 in audio and #64 in graphics by users
Keyboard controls
Download the game


Enums
The following enums are available globally.
-
Determines the type of alert to present after a successful version check has been performed.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public enum SirenAlertType
-
Determines the frequency in which the the version check is performed.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public enum SirenVersionCheckType: Int
-
Determines the available languages in which the update message and alert button titles should appear.
By default, the operating system’s default lanuage setting is used. However, you can force a specific language by setting the forceLanguageLocalization property before calling checkVersion()
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public enum SirenLanguageType: String


Methods
Classes and Modules
- CLASS Up::Application
Constants
| Version | = | VERSION = '0.0.1' |
Class Public methods
# File lib/up.rb, line 4 4: def self.detect_rack_handler(server) 5: servers = server.split(',') 6: servers.each do |server_name| 7: begin 8: return Rack::Handler.get(server_name.downcase) 9: rescue LoadError 10: rescue NameError 11: end 12: end 13: fail "Server handler (#{servers.join(',')}) not found." 14: end


{% include "front/black/header/top-header.html" %}
{% include "front/black/header/wrap-sticky.html" %}
{% include "front/black/header/user-modal.html" %}
{% include "front/package/search.html" %}
{% include "front/package/page-header.html" %}
{% include "front/package/article-views.html" %}
{% include "front/package/newslatter.html" %}
{% include "front/package/insta-content.html" %}
{% include "front/black/footer/footer-black.html" %}