WITNESS LIST Urban Affairs Committee April 26, 2005-8:00A HB 1819 For: Douglass, Tim (Self and South West Houston 2000, Inc) Goldberg, Mark (City of Houston Vice Mayor Pro Tem) Hatley, Michael (New Braeswood Revitilization Association) Mintz, David (Texas Apartment Association) Against: Hammerlein, George (Paul Bettencourt Harris County Tax Assessor Collecter) Hooper, Donald P. (Self) Skinner, Jr., Virgil M. (Self and Fisher-Haas Infiniti, Inc D.B.A. Southwest Infiniti Fisher-Haas L.T.D.) Wainwright, Walter (Houston Automobile DLS Assoc.) HB 3157 For: Bandy, Susan (City of Houston) Knodel, Jeff (City of Austin, TX) Parker, Annise (City of Houston) HB 3409 For: Gaylor, Tom (Texas Municipal Police Association) HB 3420 For: Claymon, Jennifer (Richardson Hospital Authority) Stephens, Brian (Wise Regional Health System) HB 3480 For: Gilmore, Robert G. (City of Richmond) Gonzales, Jim (Commissioner, City of Richmond) Gurecky, Joe (Mayor, City of Rosenberg) Howard, Glenn R. (Self) Lary, Trey (Richmond EDC & Rosenberg EDC) Neeley, David (City of Rosenberg, City Manager) Parker, Gail (Rose-Rich Chamber of Commerce) HB 3492 For: Lary, Trey (POAG & McEwen) Reid, Tom (Mayor of Pearland) Rogers, Bob (POAG & McEwen) Welch, Fred (Pearland Economic Development Corp.) HB 3493 For: Clutterbuck, Anne (Self and Southampton Civic Club) Goldberg, Mark (City of Houston Vice Mayor Pro Tem) Kelly, Hugh Rice (Self and Southampton Civic Club) Lary, Trey (Southhampton Civic Club) Randall, Les (Self and Southhampton Civic Club) Against: Hammerlein, George (Paul Bettencourt Harris County Tax Assessor Collector) Hooper, Donald P. (Self) HB 3494 For: Calderon, Bill (Museum Business Dist. Alliance) Lary, Trey (Hawes, Hill, Calderon, LLP) Littell, Brett (Self and Montrose Community Improvement District) Mullen, Laura A (Neartown Association) Wynn, Claude (Museum District Business Alliance) HB 3522 For: Allen, Joe B. (Friendswood Development Company) Cox, Ronald (City of Friendswood) Hammond, John (Autumn Creek Dev. Ltd., Friendswood Dev. Co., West Landard Cattle) HB 3529 For: Calderon, Bill (Self and Steering Committee for International Management District) Franklin, Toni J. (Tradition Bank) Lary, Trey (Hawes, Hill, Calderon, LLP) Lee, Wea H. (Wea H Lee Southern News Group) Li, Kenneth (Self) Against: Hammerlein, George (Paul Bettencourt, Harris County, Tax Assessor Collector) HB 3550 For: Austin, Tim (Aldine Improvement District) Bailey, Clyde (Aldine Emprovement District) Calderon, Bill (Self) Against: Hammerlein, George (Paul Bettencourt Harris County Tax Assessor Collector) HB 3554 For: Allen, Joe B. (Cherokee Investment Partners, LLC) Bennett, Kyndall (Cherokee Investment Partners, LLC) Bogard, Allen (City of Sugar Land , City Manager) HB 3562 For: Milbourn, Curtis W. (San Angelo Police Dept.) Vasquez, Tim (San Angelo Police Dept.) Against: DeLord, Ron (Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas) Mida, Steve (Self and San Angelo Coalition of Police) SB 716 For: Gaylor, Tom (Texas Municipal Police Association) Wilkison, Charley (Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas)


What’s up Steemit friends! Today I’m sharing some pictures taken with my phone, inspired by @juliank’s smartphonephotography contest themed “Curves”. They also serve as entries to @vandadream’s new challenge My Smartphone Photography. Check out their pages and join the fun! =)
I wrote about this cool museum from Brasilia 3 months ago, if you are interested, please read this previous post. See you soon!
大家好！我先发几张关于“曲线”的手机照片，未完待续。有兴趣的朋友可以先看看我以前写的关于巴西首都这个复古未来主义博物馆的帖子。谢谢关注！
This page is synchronized from the post: ‘#83 Curves ~ MySmartphonePhotography 手机摄影 ~ 曲线’


Real Madrid to beat Barcelona to Dani Olmo deal?
Real Madrid are reportedly weighing up a move for Dinamo Zagreb attacker Dani Olmo.
by Matt LawThe 21-year-old has enjoyed a productive start to the season for Dinamo, scoring six times and registering six assists in 18 appearances during the 2019-20 campaign.
The Croatian club are seemingly facing a battle to keep hold of the Spain international, though, with a number of clubs credited with an interest.
Manchester City and Juventus are two teams to be linked with a move, while Barcelona are also thought to be keen on bringing the attacker back to Camp Nou.
However, according to reports in Spain, Madrid are now in the race for the Spaniard, and Zinedine Zidane's side are determined to beat their Clasico rivals to his signature either in January or at the end of the campaign.
Olio, who scored on his senior international debut against Malta on November 15, has a contract at Stadion Maksimir until the end of the 2020-21 campaign.
body check tags ::


GPUPicker
webgl - gpu picking by
baoxuan
use key 'g' to switch between GPUPicker and regular raycasting; use key 'd' to hide/show debug rendering


Neuroplasticity. Neuro referring to nerves and nervous system and plasticity referring to the ability to reshape something. Your brain is responsible for receiving the data your body provides trough the 12 cranial nerves which do control everything from your breathing trough the Vagus Nerve to the Abducens Nerve which deals with eye movement. Neuroplasticity is the ability to reshape your brain trough thought, not just reshape the way you think either but reshape it physically which I think is pretty crazy. When you think about doing something or do something a lot the neural pathways strengthen making it easier to do and remember the tasks.
Knowing this is helpful to me because I know that things will not stay so hard to do. For example, I am trying to drink more water but I keep forgetting, but because I know about Neuroplasticity I know that if I keep on doing it for long enough I will be able to do it without thinking about it eventually because my neural pathway will be bigger. This does work for everyone with every habit or pathway you want to strengthen. The way you strengthen a neural pathway is practice practice practice. This does make the pathway used many times and make it bigger and easier to use. You have probably done this before and never realized because I know about it now and know I have.
The thing that attracts me the most about Neuroplasticity is how useful it is. The most fascinating thing about Neuroplasticity for me was a study done to strengthen muscle without working out and just imagine it. This did make them grow 22% muscle strength which I do find amazing because it means we can get better at stuff by just imagining doing it. I think I can use Neuroplasticity in my everyday life to benefit me.
A growth mindset is understanding that you learn and get smarter over time. Acknowledging that just because you do not know it now does not mean you will never know it. The opposite of a growth mindset is a fixed mindset which does accept failer. For example, you do not know how to change a margin with CSS and everything you read makes you more confused and you accept that you just can say "I do not know it". Someone with a growth mindset you say "I don't know it YET". The person with a growth mindset does understand that anything can be learned and just because you do not know it right now does not mean you can not learn it. This is why it is important because it stops people from giving up because they know that if they keep trying they will understand it.
I found out that I shamefully had a fixed mindset about somethings. In year 11 I took Science and it just felt like I could not understand somethings, so instead of trying harder, I did not put any real effort into trying to grasp what I need to know. Because of this, I missed out on an opportunity to learn and grow my mind. Because I know this now I will try harder to understand and when I get stuck I don't give up I will try after a break or come back to it later. The most surprising this for me was how kids understanding the growth mindset did so so much better than kids who had a fixed mindset because it is just a different way of thinking and they both had access to the same resources and opportunities. I find that inspiring and makes me want to change my mindset as much as I can.
In EDA I will rephrase what I say to myself when I get stuck on something, like when I take a break and think about it in my head or talk about it to someone I won't say "I don't get it" like I used to, I will say "I don't get it yet" and this will help change how I see my problems. I will also try to tell people about it, in and out of EDA.


|
Link
Send files over local network
|
application for sending files over Wifi connection More...
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "linkutils.h"
#include "master.h"
#include "sleave.h"
#include "argp.h"
Data Structures | |
| struct | arguments |
Functions | |
| int | main (int argc, char **argv) |
| main for link applications, it allows to send and receive file over Wifi. More... | |
application for sending files over Wifi connection
| int main | ( | int | argc, |
| char ** | argv | ||
| ) |
main for link applications, it allows to send and receive file over Wifi.
| argc | a number of arguments passed by command line. |
| **argv | array of arguments. |


Ole Gunnar Solskjaer wanted to keep me, claims Romelu Lukaku
by FSA EditorRomelu Lukaku says he made the decision to leave Manchester United in March, five months before he joined Inter.
Romelu Lukaku claimed Ole Gunnar Solskjaer wanted to keep him at Manchester United, contradicting the Red Devils manager’s claim he was happy to let the Belgian international join Inter in August.
Solskjaer told Sky Sports that starting the season a striker short due to Lukaku’s departure was “the decision that I made and I made it happily”, but Lukaku said there was a time when the move did not have the United boss’ approval.
Inter paid United £74million on the final day of the Premier League transfer window in August, ending months of speculation over the striker’s future.
But in an interview with Het Belang van Limburg, Lukaku said his departure was decided as early as March.
“Solskjaer has my eternal respect,” said Lukaku.
“He understood me when I said in March that it was time for me to leave.
“I had been in the Premier League as an 18-year-old boy and now I am 26. Solskjaer wanted to keep me, but I was ready for something new.”
Lukaku has scored nine goals in 12 Serie A appearances for Inter, but was subjected to racist abuse by Cagliari fans in September.
He said he knew what to expect when he arrived in Italy, and insisted he is enjoying his time in Milan.
“I knew it would happen,” said Lukaku.
“I was prepared because I had spoken to other footballers about it.
“But I’m having a good time in Italy. The people on the street are very good to me and it’s on that, that I want to focus.”


We are the Engineering Science Student Society of Simon Fraser University.
Our mission is do stuff that is good.
First years.  It's hopefully gonna be somewhat good. If not, we're sorry.
Let's McFreakin lose it. Get out of your mind.
Get involved. Come to our weekly meetings somewhere at some time. Come to our office hours which we probably won't even be at. Volunteer.
We need help sometimes.
This is just random filler text. I really have nothing more to say about anything. You're reading this anyways.
Geico, save 15% or more on car insurance or something like that.


Linear Models: Multiple explanatory variables
Contents
Linear Models: Multiple explanatory variables#
Introduction#
In this chapter we will explore fitting a linear model to data when you have multiple explanatory (predictor) variables.
The aims of this chapter are\(^{[1]}\):
Learning to build and fit a linear model that includes several explanatory variables
Learning to interpret the summary tables and diagnostics after fitting a linear model with multiple explanatory variables
An example#
The models we looked at in the ANOVA chapter explored whether the log genome size (C value, in picograms) of terrestrial mammals varied with trophic level and whether or not the species is ground dwelling. We will now look at a single model that includes both explanatory variables.
The first thing to do is look at the data again.
Exploring the data#
\(\star\) Create a new blank script called MulExpl.R
in your Code
directory and add some introductory comments.
\(\star\) Load the data saved at the end of the ANOVA chapter:
load('../data/mammals.Rdata')
Look back at the end of the previous chapter to see how you saved the RData file. If mammals.Rdata
is missing, just import the data again using read.csv
and add the log C Value
column to the imported data frame again (go back to the ANOVA chapter and have a look if you have forgotten how).
Use ls()
, and then str
to check that the data has loaded correctly:
str(mammals)
'data.frame': 379 obs. of 10 variables:
$ Binomial : Factor w/ 379 levels "Acinonyx jubatus",..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
$ meanCvalue : num 2.56 2.64 3.75 3.7 3.98 4.69 2.15 2.43 2.73 2.92 ...
$ Order : Factor w/ 21 levels "Artiodactyla",..: 2 17 17 17 1 1 4 17 17 17 ...
$ AdultBodyMass_g: num 50500 41.2 130 96.5 94700 52300 15 25.3 50.5 33 ...
$ DietBreadth : int 1 NA 2 NA 5 2 NA 4 NA NA ...
$ HabitatBreadth : int 1 NA 2 2 1 1 1 2 NA 1 ...
$ LitterSize : num 2.99 2.43 3.07 NA 1 1 0.99 4.59 3.9 3.77 ...
$ GroundDwelling : Factor w/ 2 levels "No","Yes": 2 NA 2 2 2 2 1 2 NA 2 ...
$ TrophicLevel : Factor w/ 3 levels "Carnivore","Herbivore",..: 1 NA 2 NA 2 2 NA 3 NA NA ...
$ logCvalue : num 0.94 0.971 1.322 1.308 1.381 ...
Previously, we asked if carnivores or herbivores had larger genomes. Now we want to ask questions like: do ground-dwelling carnivores have larger genomes than arboreal or flying omnivores? We need to look at plots within groups.
Before we do that, there is a lot of missing data in the data frame and we should make sure that we are using the same data for our plots and models. We will subset the data down to the complete data for the three variables:
mammals <- subset(mammals, select = c(GroundDwelling, TrophicLevel,
logCvalue))
mammals <- na.omit(mammals)
str(mammals)
'data.frame': 259 obs. of 3 variables:
$ GroundDwelling: Factor w/ 2 levels "No","Yes": 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 ...
$ TrophicLevel : Factor w/ 3 levels "Carnivore","Herbivore",..: 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 ...
$ logCvalue : num 0.94 1.322 1.381 1.545 0.888 ...
Boxplots within groups#
Previously, we used the subset
option to fit a model just to dragonflies. You can use subset
with plots too.
\(\star\) Add par(mfrow=c(1,2))
to your script to split the graphics into two panels.
\(\star\) Copy over and modify the code from the ANOVA chapter to create a boxplot of genome size by trophic level into your script.
\(\star\) Now further modify the code to generate the plots shown in the figure below (you will have to subset
your data for this, and also use the subset option of the plot
command).
Tip
You can use the plot
function’s option main =
to add titles to a plot.
Boxplots by groups#
The ggplot2
package provides a very neat way to plot data in groups with the facet
command.
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(mammals, aes(x = TrophicLevel, y= logCvalue)) +
geom_boxplot() + facet_grid(. ~ GroundDwelling)
The code logCvalue ~ TrophicLevel | GroundDwelling
means plot the relationship between genome size and trophic level, but group within levels of ground dwelling. We are using the function bwplot
, which is provided by lattice
to create box and whisker plots.
\(\star\) Create the lattice plots above from within your script.
Rearrange this code to have three plots, showing the box and whisker plots for GroundDwelling
, grouped within the levels of TrophicLevel
.
Try reshaping the R plot window and running the command again. Lattice tries to make good use of the available space when creating lattice plots.
Barplots again#
We’re going to make the barplot code from the Regression chapter even more complicated! This time we want to know the mean log genome size within combinations of TrophicLevel
and GroundDwelling
. We can still use tapply
, providing more than one grouping factor. We create a set of grouping factors like this:
groups <- list(mammals$GroundDwelling, mammals$TrophicLevel)
groupMeans <- tapply(mammals$logCvalue, groups, FUN = mean)
print(groupMeans)
Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore
No 0.9589465 1.012459 1.191760
Yes 1.2138170 1.297662 1.299017
\(\star\) Copy this code into your script and run it.
Use this code and the script from the ANOVA chapter to get the set of
standard errors for the groups groupSE
:
seMean <- function(x){
# get rid of missing values
x <- na.omit(x)
# calculate the standard error
se <- sqrt(var(x)/length(x))
# tell the function to report the standard error
return(se)
}
groups <- list(mammals$GroundDwelling, mammals$TrophicLevel)
groupMeans <- tapply(mammals$logCvalue, groups, FUN=mean)
print(groupMeans)
Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore
No 0.9589465 1.012459 1.191760
Yes 1.2138170 1.297662 1.299017
groupSE <- tapply(mammals$logCvalue, groups, FUN=seMean)
print(groupSE)
Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore
No 0.04842209 0.03418613 0.02410400
Yes 0.05975510 0.02787009 0.03586826
Now we can use barplot
. The default option for a barplot of
a table is to create a stacked barplot, which is not what we want. The
option beside=TRUE
makes the bars for each column appear
side by side.
Once again, we save the midpoints of the bars to add the error bars. The other options in the code below change the colours of the bars and the length of error bar caps.
# get upper and lower standard error height
upperSE <- groupMeans + groupSE
lowerSE <- groupMeans - groupSE
# create barplot
barMids <- barplot(groupMeans, ylim=c(0, max(upperSE)), beside=TRUE, ylab= ' log C value (pg) ' , col=c( ' white ' , ' grey70 '))
arrows(barMids, upperSE, barMids, lowerSE, ang=90, code=3, len=0.05)
\(\star\) Generate the barplot above and then edit your script to change the colours and error bar lengths to your taste.
Plotting means and confidence intervals#
We’ll use the plotmeans
function again as an exercise to change graph settings and to prepare figures for reports and write ups. This is the figure you should be able to reproduce the figure below.
\(\star\) Use plotmeans
from the ANOVA chapter and the subset
option to generate the two plots below. You will need to
set the ylim
option for the two plots to make them use the same \(y\) axis.
\(\star\) Use text
to add labels — the command par('usr')
will show you the limits of the plot (\(x_{min}, x_{max}, y_{min}, y_{max}\)) and help pick a location for the labels.
\(\star\) Change the par
settings in your code and redraw the plots to try and make better use of the space. In the example below, the box shows the edges of the R graphics window.
Note the following about the the figure above (generated using plotmeans)):
White space: The default options in R use wide margins and spaced out axes and take up a lot of space that could be used for plotting data. You’ve already seen the
par
function and the optionsmfrow
for multiple plots andmar
to adjust margin size. The optionmgp
adjusts the placement of the axis label, tick labels and tick locations. See?par
for help on the these options.Main titles: Adding large titles to graphs is also a bad idea — it uses lots of space to explain something that should be in the figure legend. With multiple plots in a figure, you have to label graphs so that the figure legend can refer to them. You can add labels using
text(x,y,'label')
.Figure legends: A figure caption and legend should give a clear stand-alone description of the whole figure.
Referring to figures: You must link from your text to your figures — a reader has to know which figures refer to which results. So: “There are clear differences in mean genome size between species at different trophic levels and between ground dwelling and other species, Figure xx”.
Fitting the linear model#
All those exploratory visualizations suggest:
Carnivores have smaller genome size; omnivores have larger genome size.
Herbivores are somewhere in between, but not consistently.
All ground dwelling mammals typically have larger genome sizes.
We suspected these things from the ANOVA chapter analyses, but now we can see that they might have separate effects. We’ll fit a linear model to explore this and add the two explanatory variables together.
\(\star\) This is an important section — read it through carefully and ask questions if you are unsure. Copy the code into your script and add comments. Do not just jump to the next action item!
\(\star\) First, fit the model:
model <- lm(logCvalue ~ TrophicLevel + GroundDwelling, data = mammals)
We’re going to do things right this time and check the model diagnostics before we rush into interpretation.
par(mfrow=c(2,2))
plot(model)
Examine these diagnostic plots. There are six predicted values now - three trophic levels for each of the two levels of ground dwelling. Those plots look ok so now we can look at the analysis of variance table:
anova(model)
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <int> | <dbl> | <dbl> | <dbl> | <dbl> | |
| TrophicLevel | 2 | 0.8141063 | 0.40705316 | 7.859815 | 4.870855e-04 |
| GroundDwelling | 1 | 2.7469218 | 2.74692183 | 53.040485 | 4.062981e-12 |
| Residuals | 255 | 13.2062341 | 0.05178915 | NA | NA |
Ignore the \(p\) values! Yes, they’re highly significant but we want to understand the model, not rubber stamp it with ‘significant’.
The sums of squares for the variables are both small compared to the residual sums of squares — there is lots of unexplained variation. We can calculate the \(r^2\) as explained sums of squares over total sums of squares:
Trophic level explain much less variation than ground dwelling — this makes intuitive sense from the plots since there are big differences between in the figure we generated above (using plotmeans) (a vs b), but small differences within.
We could also calculate a significance for the whole model by merging the terms. The total explained sums of squares of \(0.81 + 2.75 = 3.56\) uses \(2+1 =3\) degrees of freedom, so the mean sums of squares for all the terms together is \(3.56/3=1.187\). Dividing this by the residual mean square of 0.052 gives an F of \(1.187 / 0.052 = 22.83\).
Now we can look at the summary table to see the coefficients:
summary(model)
Call:
lm(formula = logCvalue ~ TrophicLevel + GroundDwelling, data = mammals)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-0.49902 -0.17844 -0.01462 0.12496 0.86242
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 0.97976 0.03539 27.682 < 2e-16 ***
TrophicLevelHerbivore 0.07659 0.03969 1.930 0.0547 .
TrophicLevelOmnivore 0.17269 0.03977 4.343 2.03e-05 ***
GroundDwellingYes 0.20947 0.02876 7.283 4.06e-12 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
Residual standard error: 0.2276 on 255 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.2124, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2031
F-statistic: 22.92 on 3 and 255 DF, p-value: 3.602e-13
Starting at the bottom of this output, summary
has again calculated \(r^2\) for us and also an \(F\) statistic for the whole model, which matches the calculation above.
The other important bits are the four coefficients. The intercept is now the reference level for two variables: it is the mean for carnivores that are not ground dwelling. We then have differences from this value for being an omnivore or herbivore and for being ground dwelling. There is a big change in genome size associated with ground dwelling and omnivory and both of these have large effects sizes, each introducing about a 20% difference in genome size from the non-ground dwelling carnivores. In contrast, herbivory makes a small difference — about 8%.
Because the difference is small and the standard error is large, the \(t\) value suggests that this difference might arise just by chance. Put another way, it isn’t significant.
The table below shows how these four coefficients combine to give the predicted values for each of the group means.
Carnivore |
Herbivore |
Omnivore |
|
|---|---|---|---|
Not ground |
0.98 = 0.98 |
0.98 + 0.08 = 1.06 |
0.98 + 0.17 = 1.15 |
Ground |
0.98 + 0.21 = 1.19 |
0.98 + 0.08 + 0.21 =1.27 |
0.98 + 0.17 + 0.21 = 1.36 |
Predicted values#
Getting the model predictions by hand in this way is tedious and error prone. There is a handy function called predict
which uses the model directly to calculate values. The default is to give you the prediction for each point in the original data, but you can also ask for specific predictions.
The first thing to do is to set up a small data frame containing the explanatory values we want to use. The variable names and the level name have to match exactly, so we’ll use the levels
function to get the names. We want to look at all six combinations, so we’ll use the rep
function to set this up. The each = 2
option repeats each value twice in succession; the times = 3
options repeats the whole set of values three times.
Let’s do it:
# data frame of combinations of variables
gd <- rep(levels(mammals$GroundDwelling), times = 3)
print(gd)
[1] "No" "Yes" "No" "Yes" "No" "Yes"
tl <- rep(levels(mammals$TrophicLevel), each = 2)
print(tl)
[1] "Carnivore" "Carnivore" "Herbivore" "Herbivore" "Omnivore" "Omnivore"
predVals <- data.frame(GroundDwelling = gd, TrophicLevel = tl)
Now we have the data frame of values we want, we can use predict
. Just as when we created log values, we can save the output back into a new column in the data frame:
predVals$predict <- predict(model, newdata = predVals)
print(predVals)
GroundDwelling TrophicLevel predict
1 No Carnivore 0.9797572
2 Yes Carnivore 1.1892226
3 No Herbivore 1.0563447
4 Yes Herbivore 1.2658102
5 No Omnivore 1.1524491
6 Yes Omnivore 1.3619145
Not that these are in the same order as the bars from your barplot.
\(\star\) Make a copy of the barplot and arrows code from above and modify it
barMids <- barplot(groupMeans, ylim=c(0, 1.4), ylab='log C value (pg)', beside=TRUE, col=c('white', 'grey70'))
arrows(barMids, upperSE, barMids, lowerSE, ang=90, code=3, len=0.1)
points(barMids, predVals$predict, col='red', pch=12)
The red markers do not match to the calculated means. This is because the model only includes a single difference between ground and non-ground species, which has to be the same for each trophic group. That is, there is no interaction between trophic level and ground / non-ground identity of each species in the current model.
\(\star\) Add the code for this plot to your script file.
Next, we will look at interactions, which allows these values to differ using an interaction term in the model.


Copyright
Â©
2011-2012
©
2011-2014
W3C
Â®
®
(
MIT
,
ERCIM
,
Keio
,
Beihang
),
All
Rights
Reserved.
W3C
liability
,
trademark
and
document
use
rules
apply.
HTML
microdata
[
MICRODATA
]
is
an
extension
to
HTML
used
to
embed
machine-readable
data
into
HTML
documents.
Whereas
the
microdata
specification
describes
a
means
of
markup,
the
output
format
is
JSON.
This
specification
describes
processing
rules
that
may
be
used
to
extract
RDF
[
RDF-CONCEPTS
RDF11-CONCEPTS
]
from
an
HTML
document
containing
microdata.
This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.
This document is an experimental work in progress. The concepts described herein are intended to provide guidance for a possible future Working Group chartered to provide a Recommendation for this transformation. As a consequence, implementers of this specification, either producers or consumers, should note that it may change prior to any possible publication as a Recommendation.
This
Working
Draft
is
an
update
of
the
W3C
Interest
Group
Note
,
published
in
March
October
2012.
This
update
adds
simplifies
processing
using
the
Vocabulary
Expansion
following
mechanisms:
md:item
RDF
Collection
to
reconstruct
the
@content
attribute
of
meta
element.
(see
issue
7
)
@value
attribute
of
the
data
or
meter
elements.
If
this
value
has
numeric
form,
it
will
produce
a
datatyped
literal
using
the
appropriate
datatype
from
[
XMLSCHEMA11-2
]
(see
issue
8
and
issue
9
)
propertyURI
registry
setting.
This
setting
could
previously
have
taken
either
the
vocabulary
or
contextual
settings.
As
contextual
was
never
used,
and
usage
in
the
wild
favors
the
vocabulary
setting,
support
for
contextual
has
been
eliminated,
and
consequently
support
for
the
propertyURI
element
within
the
registry
.
This
issue
remains
open
pending
community
review;
specifically,
anyone
depending
on
this
feature
should
provide
feedback
as
requested
below.
(see
issue
10
)
multipleValues
registry
setting
were
set
to
list
.
Although
the
previous
registry
did
have
such
a
setting
for
some
schema.org
values,
this
is
not
honored
by
most
search
engines,
and
so
has
been
dropped,
and
consequently
support
for
the
multipeValues
element
with
the
registry
.
This
issue
remains
open
pending
community
review;
specifically,
anyone
depending
on
this
feature
should
provide
feedback
as
requested
below.
(see
issue
10
)
vocab_expansion
option.
Support
for
Vocabulary
Expansion
The intention is to publish this draft as a new version of the Interest Group Note after gathering and incorporating community input.
This
document
was
published
by
the
Semantic
Web
Interest
Group
as
an
Interest
Group
Note.
If
you
wish
to
make
comments
regarding
this
document,
please
send
them
to
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(
subscribe
,
archives
).
All
feedback
is
comments
are
welcome.
Publication as an Interest Group Note does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.
The disclosure obligations of the Participants of this group are described in the charter .
This document is governed by the 1 August 2014 W3C Process Document .
This section is non-normative.
This
document
describes
a
means
of
transforming
HTML
containing
microdata
into
RDF.
HTML
Microdata
[
MICRODATA
]
is
an
extension
to
HTML
used
to
embed
machine-readable
data
to
HTML
documents.
This
specification
describes
transformation
directly
to
RDF
[
RDF-CONCEPTS
RDF11-CONCEPTS
].
There
are
a
variety
of
ways
in
which
a
mapping
from
microdata
to
RDF
might
be
configured
to
give
a
result
that
is
closer
to
the
required
result
for
a
particular
vocabulary.
This
specification
defines
terms
that
can
be
used
as
hooks
for
vocabulary-specific
behavior,
which
could
be
defined
within
a
registry
or
on
an
implementation-defined
basis.
However,
the
HTML
Data
TF
recommends
the
adoption
of
a
single
method
of
mapping
in
which
every
vocabulary
is
treated
as
if:
For background on the trade-offs between these options, see http://www.w3.org/wiki/Mapping_Microdata_to_RDF and GitHub Issues .
This section is non-normative.
Microdata [ MICRODATA ] is a way of embedding data in HTML documents using attributes. The HTML DOM is extended to provide an API for accessing microdata information, and the microdata specification defines how to generate a JSON representation from microdata markup.
Mapping microdata to RDF enables consumers to merge data expressed in other RDF-based formats with microdata. It facilitates the use of RDF vocabularies within microdata, and enables microdata to be used with the full RDF toolchain. Some use cases for this mapping are described in Section 1.2 below.
Microdata's data model does not align neatly with RDF.
http://example.org/Cat
can
have
both
the
property
color
and
the
property
http://example.org/color
,
and
these
properties
are
semantically
distinct
under
microdata.
In
RDF,
all
properties
have
IRIs.
@lang
attributes
could
be
used
to
provide
datatype
and
language
information
for
RDF
data,
this
would
be
contrary
to
the
microdata
specification.
Thus, in some places the needs of RDF consumers violate requirements of the microdata specification. This specification highlights where such violations occur and the reasons for them.
This specification allows for vocabulary -specific rules that affect the generation of property URIs and value serializations. This is facilitated by a registry that associates URIs with specific rules based on matching itemtype values against registered URI prefixes do determine a vocabulary and potentially vocabulary-specific processing rules.
This
specification
also
assumes
that
consumers
of
RDF
generated
from
microdata
may
have
to
process
the
results
in
order
to,
for
example,
assign
appropriate
datatypes
to
property
value
s.
values
.
This section is non-normative.
During the period of the task force, a number of use cases were put forth for the use of microdata in generating RDF:
rdf:List
values;
when
they
take
multiple
values
they
are
unordered.
The
rdfs:range
of
a
GoodRelations
property
indicates
the
datatype
of
the
expected
value,
and
GoodRelations
processors
will
expect
values
to
be
cast
to
that
type.
Language
information
from
the
HTML
needs
to
be
captured
as
it
is
common
that
multiple
values
will
be
used
to
specify
the
same
information
in
different
languages.
http://schema.org/musicGroupMember
,
and
an
author
might
express
more
detail
through
an
ad-hoc
sub-property
musicGroupMember/leadVocalist
,
having
the
URI
http://schema.org/musicGroupMember/leadVocalist
.
This section is non-normative.
Decisions
or
open
issues
in
the
specification
are
tracked
on
the
Task
Force
GitHub
Issue
Tracker
.
These
include
the
following:
Experimental
support
itemprop-reverse
.
This
specification
attempts
to
create
generic
rules
for
processing
microdata
with
typical
RDF
vocabularies.
A
registry
allows
for
exceptions
to
the
default
processing
rules
for
certain
well-known
vocabularies.
Issue
2
attribute
is
not
part
of
[
MICRODATA
Should
Microdata-RDF
generate
XMLLiteral
values.
This
issue
has
been
closed
with
no
change
]
and
is
included
as
this
would
violate
microdata's
data
model.
Issue
3
Should
an
experimental
feature.
Specific
feedback
from
the
registry
allow
property
datatype
specification.
The
consensus
community
is
that
datatypes
are
only
derived
from
HTML
semantics,
so
that
only
<time>
values
have
a
datatype
other
than
plain.
Issue
4
Should
requested.
Based
on
addoption,
the
registry
allow
a
name
or
URL
to
attribute
may
be
used
as
an
alias
considered
for
itemid
.
inclusion
in
forthcoming
versions
of
[
MICRODATA
]
and
this
note.
The purpose of this specification is to provide input to a future working group that can make decisions about the need for a registry and the details of processing. Among the options investigated by the Task Force are the following:
http://www.w3.org/ns/md#item
mapping
at
all.
rdf:Seq
,
or
place
all
values,
whether
or
not
multiple,
into
some
form
of
collection.
The microdata specification [ MICRODATA ] defines a number of attributes and the way in which those attributes are to be interpreted. The microdata DOM API provides methods and attributes for retrieving microdata from the HTML DOM.
For reference, attributes used for specifying and retrieving HTML microdata are referenced here:
element.itemType
on
the
element.
The
item
type
is
also
used
to
resolve
non-URL
element.itemType
.
(See
In RDF, it is common for people to shorten vocabulary terms via abbreviated URIs that use a 'prefix' and a 'reference'. throughout this document assume that the following vocabulary prefixes have been defined:
| dc: | http://purl.org/dc/terms/ |
| md: | http://www.w3.org/ns/md# |
| rdf: | http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# |
| rdf: | http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# |
| rdfa: | http://www.w3.org/ns/rdfa# |
| xsd: | http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# |
This section is non-normative.
In a perfect world, all processors would be able to generate the same output for a given input without regards to the requirements of a particular vocabulary . However, microdata doesn't provide sufficient syntactic help in making these decisions. Different vocabularies have different needs.
The
registry
is
located
at
the
namespace
defined
for
microdata:
http://www.w3.org/ns/md
in
a
variety
of
formats.
Under
control
of
a
runtime
option,
a
processor
should
use
another
provided
by
reference,
to
affect
processing.
The registry associates a URI prefix with one or more key-value pairs denoting processor behavior. A hypothetical JSON representation of such a registry might be the following:
{ "http://schema.org/": { "properties": { "additionalType": {"subPropertyOf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type"} }, "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard": {} } }
This
structure
associates
mappings
for
two
URIs,
URIs:
http://schema.org/
and
http://microformats.org/profile/hcard
.
Items
having
an
item
type
with
a
URI
prefix
from
this
registry
use
the
the
rules
described
for
that
prefix
within
the
scope
of
that
item
type
.
This
For
http://schema.org/
,
this
mapping
currently
defines
two
rules:
propertyURI
and
a
single
property:
with
multipleValues
additionalType
values
a
value
to
indicate
specific
behavior.
It
also
allows
overrides
on
a
per-property
basis;
the
item
properties
key
associates
an
individual
name
with
overrides
for
default
behavior.
The
interpretation
of
these
rules
is
defined
in
the
following
sections.
If
an
item
has
no
current
type
or
the
registry
contains
no
URI
prefix
matching
current
type
,
a
conforming
processor
must
MUST
use
the
default
values
defined
for
these
rules.
This section is non-normative.
For
name
names
s
which
are
not
absolute
URL
s,
the
propertyURI
rule
URLs
,
this
section
defines
the
algorithm
for
generating
an
absolute
URL
given
an
evaluation
context
including
a
current
type
,
current
name
and
current
vocabulary
.
The procedure for generating property URIs is defined in Generate Predicate URI .
Possible
values
for
propertyURI
are
the
following:
contextual
The
contextual
URI
generation
scheme
guarantees
that
generated
property
URIs
are
unique
based
on
the
value
of
current
name
.
This
is
required
as
the
microdata
data
model
requires
that
name
s
are
associated
with
specific
items
and
do
not
have
a
global
scope.
(See
Step
5
in
Generate
Predicate
URI
).
URI
creation
uses
a
base
URI
with
query
parameters
to
indicate
the
in-scope
type
and
name
list.
Consider
the
following
example:

Princeton

The
first
name
n
generates
the
URI
http://www.w3.org/ns/md?type=http://microformats.org/profile/hcard?prop=n
.
However,
the
included
name
given-name
is
included
in
untyped
item.
The
inherited
property
URI
is
used
to
create
a
new
property
URI:
http://www.w3.org/ns/md?type=http://microformats.org/profile/hcard?prop=n.given-name
.
This
scheme
is
compatible
with
the
needs
of
other
RDF
serialization
formats
such
as
RDF/XML
[
RDF-SYNTAX-GRAMMAR
],
which
rely
on
QNames
for
expressing
properties.
For
example,
the
generated
property
URIs
can
be
split
as
follows:
<rdf:Description xmlns:hcard="http://www.w3.org/ns/md?type=http://microformats.org/profile/hcard?prop="
rdf:type="http://microformats.org/profile/hcard">
<hcard:n>
<rdf:Description>
<hcard:n.given-name>
Princeton
</hcard:n.given-name>
</rdf:Description>
</hcard:n>
</rdf:Description>
Looking
at
another
example:

Jeni

This
would
generate
http://www.w3.org/ns/md?type=http://schema.org/Person&prop=name
.
vocabulary
The
vocabulary
URI
generation
scheme
appends
name
names
s
that
are
not
absolute
URL
URLs
s
to
the
URI
prefix
.
When
generating
property
URIs,
if
the
URI
prefix
does
not
end
with
a
'/'
or
'#',
a
'#'
is
appended
to
the
URI
prefix
.
(See
Step
4
in
Generate
Predicate
URI
.)
URI creation uses a base URL with query parameters to indicate the in-scope type and name list. Consider the following example:
   Princeton
Given
the
URI
prefix
http://microformats.org/profile/hcard
,
this
would
generate
http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#n
and
http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#given-name
.
Note
that
the
'#'
is
automatically
added
as
a
separator.
Looking at another example:

Jeni

Given
the
URI
prefix
http://schema.org/
,
this
would
generate
http://schema.org/name
.
Note
that
if
the
itemtype
were
http://schema.org/Person/Teacher
,
this
would
generate
the
same
property
URI.
If the registry contains no match for current type implementations MUST act as if there is a URI prefix made from the first itemtype value by stripping either the fragment content or last path segment , if the value has no fragment (See [ RFC3986 ]).
The vocabulary URI prefix is made from the first itemtype value by stripping either the fragment content or last path segment , if the value has no fragment (See [ RFC3986 ]).
Deconstructing the itemtype URL to create or identify a vocabulary URI is a violation of the microdata specification which is necessary to support the use of existing vocabularies designed for use with RDF, and shared or inherited properties within all vocabularies.

Just a Geek

In
this
example,
assuming
no
matching
entry
in
the
registry
,
the
URI
prefix
is
constructed
by
removing
the
last
path
segment
,
leaving
the
URI
.
http://schema.org/
http://example.org/
As
there
is
no
explicit
propertyURI
,
the
default
vocabulary
is
used,
and
the
The
resulting
property
URI
would
be
.
http://schema.org/title
http://example.org/title
This
section
If
there
is
non-normative.
For
items
having
multiple
values
for
a
given
property
no
in-scope
itemtype
,
property
URIs
are
generated
using
the
multipleValues
rule
defines
base
URI
of
the
algorithm
for
serializing
these
values.
Microdata
uses
document
order
when
generating
property
value
s,
as
defined
in
Microdata
DOM
API
as
element.itemValue
.
However,
many
RDF
vocabularies
expect
multiple
values
to
be
generated
as
triples
sharing
a
common
subject
and
predicate.
In
some
cases,
it
may
be
useful
to
retain
value
ordering.
The
procedure
for
generating
property
value
s
is
defined
in
Generate
Property
Values
.
Possible
values
for
multipleValues
are
the
following:
unordered
Values
are
serialized
without
ordering
using
a
common
subject
and
predicate.
(See
Step
7
in
Generate
Property
Values
).
list
Multi-valued
itemprop
s
are
serialized
using
an
RDF
Collection
.
(See
Step
8
in
Generate
Property
Values
name
).
An
example
of
how
this
might
be
specified
in
as
a
registry
is
fragment
Consider
the
following:
following
example:

 Baz

Additionally,
some
vocabularies
may
wish
to
specify
this
on
a
per-property
basis.
For
example,
within
http://schema.org/MusicPlaylist
If
the
document
is
located
at
,
the
tracks
property
might
depend
on
http://example/author
order
of
values
to
to
reproduce
associated
MusicRecording
values.
{
"http://schema.org/": {
"propertyURI": "vocabulary",
"multipleValues": "unordered",
"properties": {
"tracks": {"multipleValues": "list"}
}
}
}
The
properties
key
takes
a
JSON
Object
as
a
value,
which
in
turn
has
keys
for
each
property
that
is
to
be
given
alternate
semantics.
Each
name
is
implicitly
expanded
to
it's
URI
representation
as
defined
in
Generate
Predicate
URI
,
so
that
the
behavior
is
bar
generates
the
same
whether
or
not
URI
http://example/author#bar
.
However,
the
included
name
baz
is
listed
as
an
absolute
URL
.
included
in
untyped
item.
The
default
value
of
multipleValues
inherited
property
URI
is
used
to
create
a
new
property
URI:
.
unordered
http://example/author#baz
This
scheme
is
compatible
with
the
needs
of
other
RDF
serialization
formats
such
as
RDF/XML
[
RDF-SYNTAX-GRAMMAR
An
alternative
mechanism
would
output
],
which
rely
on
both
QNames
unordered
and
ordered
values,
to
allow
an
application
to
choose
the
most
useful
representation.
for
expressing
properties.
For
example,
consider
the
following:

Classic Rock Playlist
<meta itemprop="numTracks" content="2"/>

Including works by
Lynard Skynard and
AC/DC
.

1.Sweet Home Alabama -
Lynard Skynard
<link href="sweet-home-alabama" itemprop="url" />

2.Shook you all Night Long -
AC/DC
<link href="shook-you-all-night-long" itemprop="url" />

This
might
generate
the
following
Turtle:
@prefix md: <http://www.w3.org/ns/md#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfa: <http://www.w3.org/ns/rdfa#> .
@prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> .
<> md:item [
a schema:MusicPlaylist;
schema:name "Classic Rock Playlist";
schema:byArtist ("Lynard Skynard" "AC/DC");
schema:numTracks "2";
schema:tracks _:track1, _:track2, (_:track1 _:track2)
];
rdfa:usesVocabulary schema:
.
_:track1 a schema:MusicRecording;
schema:byArtist ("Lynard Skynard");
schema:name "Sweet Home Alabama";
schema:url <sweet-home-alabama> .
_:track2 a schema:MusicRecording;
schema:byArtist ("AC/DC");
schema:name "Shook you all Night Long";
schema:url
<shook-you-all-night-long>
.
By
providing
both
_:track1
and
_:track2
as
object
values
of
the
playlist
along
with
an
RDF
Collection
containing
the
ordered
values,
the
data
may
generated
property
URIs
can
be
queried
via
a
simple
query
using
the
playlist
subject,
or
split
as
an
ordered
collection.
follows:
<rdf:Description xmlns:base="http://example/author#" rdf:type="http://microformats.org/profile/hcard"> <base:bar> <rdf:Description> <base:baz>Baz</base:baz> </rdf:Description> </base:bar> </rdf:Description>
This section is non-normative.
In microdata, all values are strings. In RDF, values may be resources or may be typed with an appropriate datatype.
In some cases, the type of a microdata value can be determined from the element on which it is specified. In particular:
time
element
provides
unordered
data
and
ordered
meter
Microdata requires that all values of itemtype come from the same vocabulary. This is required as itemprop values are resolved relative to that vocabulary. However, it is often useful to define an item to have types from multiple different vocabularies.
Vocabulary
expansion
uses
simple
rules
to
generate
additional
triples
based
on
rules
and
property
relationships
described
in
the
registry
.
Within
the
registry
,
a
property
definition
may
have
either
equivalentProperty
or
subPropertyOf
keys
having
a
IRI
value
(or
array
of
IRI
values)
of
the
associated
property.
Such
an
entry
causes
the
processor
to
generate
triples
associating
the
source
property
IRI
with
the
target
property
IRI
using
either
or
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subPropertyOf
rdf:subPropertyOf
predicates.
http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#equivalentProperty
owl:equivalentProperty
For
example,
the
registry
definition
for
the
additionalType
property
within
schema.org,
defines
additionalType
to
have
an
rdfs:subPropertyOf
relationship
with
.
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type
rdf:type

 <link itemprop="additionalType" href="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"/> <a itemprop="email http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/mbox"<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>

The
previous
example,
indicates
a
registry
rule,
which
causes
the
processor
to
emit
an
extra
triple
when
first
seeing
the
additionalProperty
itemprop
:
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> . @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> . @prefix rdfa: <http://www.w3.org/ns/rdfa#> . @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> . @prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . [ a schema:Person; schema:additionalType foaf:Person; schema:email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>] .
After
performing
vocabulary
expansion,
an
additional
rdf:type
triple
is
generated:
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> . @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> . @prefix rdfa: <http://www.w3.org/ns/rdfa#> . @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> . @prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . <> rdfa:usesVocabulary schema: . [ a schema:Person, foaf:Person; schema:additionalType foaf:Person; schema:email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>] .
While
the
formal
definition
of
the
Entailment
refers
to
the
general
OWL
2
Semantics,
practical
implementations
may
rely
on
a
subset
of
the
OWL
2
RL
Profileâ€™s
entailment
expressed
in
rules
(
section
4.3
of
[
OWL2-PROFILES
]).
The
relevant
rules
are,
using
the
rule
identifications
in
section
4.3
of
[
OWL2-PROFILES
]):
rule
is
more
powerfull
than
prp-spo1
,
owl:equivalentProperty
,
prp-eqp1
rdfs:subPropertyOf
and
prp-eqp2
.
[
RDFA-CORE
]
implements
a
more
complete
form
of
vocabulary
entailement,
including
retrieving
in
that
if
any
equivalent
property
matches,
then
the
vocabulary
URI
to
find
additional
class
and
source
property
expansion
definitions,
as
described
in
RDFa
Vocabulary
Entailment
.
Microdata
implementations
may
use
RDFa
Vocabulary
Entailment
as
an
alternative
to
implementing
would
also
cause
a
separate
entailment
algorithm.
To
allow
[
RDFA-CORE
]
processors
triple
to
be
used
for
microdata
vocabulary
expansion,
microdata
acts
as
generated.
For
example,
if
there
is
an
implicit
the
registry
stated
that
@vocab
name
RDFa
attribute
set
was
equivalent
to
rdfs:label
,
than
any
use
of
name
in
a
detected
vocabulary
by
emitting
itemprop
would
cause
a
triple
using
the
rdfa:usesVocabulary
rdfs:label
predicate.
Note
The
entailment
described
in
this
section
is
the
minimum
useful
level
for
microdata.
Processors
may,
of
course,
choose
to
follow
more
powerful
entailment
regimes,
e.g.,
include
full
RDFS
[
RDF-MT
]
or
OWL2
[
OWL2-OVERVIEW
]
entailments.
Using
those
entailments
applications
may
perform
datatype
validation
by
checking
be
emitted,
as
with
.
However,
logically,
any
use
of
rdfs:range
rdfs:subPropertyOf
label
where
the
current
voabulary
were
rdfs:
could
also
cause
a
triple
using
schema:name
to
be
emitted.
To
simplify
processing,
this
specification
requires
that
all
values
of
a
property,
or
use
owl:equivalentProperty
registry
entry
have
their
own
rules
with
those
values
as
keys
within
the
advanced
facilities
offered
by,
e.g.,
OWL2â€™s
property
section
of
their
respective
vocabularies.
chains
to
interlink
vocabularies
further.
Conforming
processors
The
external
registry
may
be
controlled
by
the
registry
option
passed
to
the
microdata
processor.
If
specified,
the
registry
must
be
loaded
from
the
location
indicated
as
the
option
value,
Otherwise,
the
processor
MUST
perform
load
the
basic
vocabulary
expansion.
default
registry
from
http://www.w3.org/ns/md
.
If
vocabulary
expansion
Setting
registry
is
performed
by
the
microdata
processor
in
a
processor-specific
way.
When
accessed
as
a
web
service
using
[
RDFA-CORE
]
vocabulary
expansion,
and
the
HTTP
GET,
POST
or
similar
action,
processors
SHOULD
use
query
parameter.
Acceptable
values
for
vocab_expansion
registry
registry
option
is
passed
to
the
microdata
processor,
a
URI-encoded
URL.
Web
service
processors
SHOULD
return
the
full
resulting
RDF
graph
using
a
requested
format
specified
by
HTTP
Content
Negotiation
for
an
acceptable
content
type.
Web
service
processors
MUST
support
[
RDFA-CORE
N-TRIPLES
]
expansion
must
also
be
performed.
].
Transformation
of
Microdata
to
RDF
makes
use
of
general
processing
rules
described
in
[
MICRODATA
]
for
the
treatment
of
item
s.
items
.
document.getItems
method.
element.properties
attribute.
a
,
area
,
audio
,
embed
,
iframe
,
img
,
link
,
object
,
source
,
track
or
video
)
element.itemValue
.
(See
relevant
attribute
descriptions
in
[
HTML5
]).
meter
or
data
element.
element.itemValue
.
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer
.
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double
.
meta
element
with
a
@content
attribute.
@content
attribute
with
language
information
set
from
the
language
of
the
property
element.
Otherwise,
the
value
is
a
simple
literal
created
from
the
value
of
the
@content
attribute.
time
element.
element.itemValue
.
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date
.
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#time
.
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime
.
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#gYearMonth
.
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#gYear
.
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#duration
.
The HTML valid yearless date string is similar to xsd:gMonthDay , but the lexical forms differ, so it is not included in this conversion.
See
The
time
element
in
[
HTML5
].
See
The
lang
and
xml:lang
attributes
in
[
HTML5
]
for
determining
the
language
of
a
node.
document.getItems
.
(See
The
HTML5/microdata
content
model
for
@href
,
@src
,
@data
,
itemtype
and
itemprop
and
itemid
is
that
of
a
URL,
not
a
URI
or
IRI.
A
proposed
mechanism
for
specifying
the
range
of
property
value
values
s
to
be
URI
reference
or
IRI
could
allow
these
to
be
specified
as
subject
or
object
using
a
@content
attribute.
A
HTML
document
containing
microdata
may
MAY
be
converted
to
any
other
RDF-compatible
document
format
using
the
algorithm
specified
in
this
section.
A
conforming
microdata
processor
implementing
RDF
conversion
must
MUST
implement
a
processing
algorithm
that
results
in
the
equivalent
triples
to
those
that
the
following
algorithm
generates:
When the user agent is to Generate triples for an item item , given evaluation context , it must run the following steps:
This algorithm has undergone substantial change from the original microdata specification [ MICRODATA ].
element.itemType
of
the
element
defining
the
item
.
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type
element.itemType
of
the
element
defining
the
item
.
subPropertyOf
or
equivalentProperty
,
for
each
such
value
Predicate
URI
generation
makes
use
of
current
type
,
current
name
,
and
current
vocabulary
from
an
evaluation
context
context
along
with
name
.
http://example.org/doc
and
an
itemprop
of
'title',
a
URI
will
be
constructed
to
be
http://example.org/doc#title
.
s
This
section
is
non-normative.
be
current
name
The
WebSchemas
community
has
proposed
from
context
.
If
http://www.w3.org/ns/md?type=
is
a
prefix
of
s
,
return
the
concatenation
use
of
s
,
a
U+002E
FULL
STOP
character
(.)
and
the
fragment-escape
new
Microdata
attribute:
itemprop-reverse
.
Although
not
present
in
[
MICRODATA
d
value
]
at
this
time,
the
attribute
can
be
very
useful
in
many
markup
examples
where
items
are
related
using
the
reverse
of
name
.
Otherwise,
return
a
common
property;
this
saves
creating
new
properties
which
exist
solely
for
the
concatenation
purpose
of
http://www.w3.org/ns/md?type=
,
describing
such
reverse
relationships.
Evidence
for
the
fragment-escape
d
value
utility
of
current
type
,
such
a
feature
can
be
seen
in
the
string
RDFa
attribute
[
RDFA-CORE
]
and
the
&prop=
,
@rev
fragment-escape
JSON-LD
@reverse
property
d
value
of
name
.
If
the
registry
[
JSON-LD
entry
for
propertyURI
].
See
issue
5
has
an
equivalentProperty
key,
generate
for
further
reference.
This
feature
adds
the
following
triple
using
the
value
of
that
key:
attribute:
The Algorithm is extended accordingly:
Property
value
serialization
makes
use
of
subject
,
predicate
and
values
.
The
Triples
generation
algorithm
is
extended
with
the
following
step
to
take
place
immediately
after
Step
9
:
An
RDF
Collection
is
a
mechanism
for
defining
ordered
sequences
of
objects
in
RDF
(See
RDF
Collections
in
[
RDF-SCHEMA
]).
As
the
RDF
data-model
is
that
Simple
use
of
an
unordered
graph,
a
linking
method
using
properties
rdf:first
and
rdf:next
is
required
to
be
able
to
specify
a
particular
order.
In
the
microdata
to
RDF
mapping,
RDF
Collection
s
are
used
when
an
item
has
more
than
one
value
associated
with
a
given
property
to
ensure
that
the
original
document
order
is
maintained.
The
following
procedure
should
be
used
to
generate
triples
when
an
item
property
has
more
than
one
value
(contained
in
list
):
itemprop-reverse
:

 William Shakespeare <link itemprop-reverse="creator" href="http://www.freebase.com/m/0yq9mqd">

Results
in
array
the
following
triple
is
generated:
subject
bnode
predicate
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest
Turtle:
@prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . <http://www.freebase.com/m/0yq9mqd> schema:creator [ a schema:Person; schema:name "William Shakespeare" ] .
This section is non-normative.
A test suite [ MICRODATA-RDF-TESTS ] under development to help processor developers verify conformance to this specification.
This section is non-normative.
The microdata example below expresses book information as an FRBR Work item.

Title

Just a Geek

By

Wil Wheaton

Format

 <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://books.example.com/product-types/BOOK"> Print

 <link itemprop="http://purl.org/dc/terms/type" href="http://books.example.com/product-types/EBOOK"> Ebook

Assuming
that
registry
contains
a
an
entry
for
http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#
with
propertyURI
set
to
vocabulary
,
this
is
equivalent
to
the
following
Turtle:
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . @prefix frbr: <http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#> . @prefix rdfa: <http://www.w3.org/ns/rdfa#> . <> rdfa:usesVocabulary frbr: . <http://books.example.com/works/45U8QJGZSQKDH8N> a frbr:Work ; dc:creator "Wil Wheaton"@en ; dc:title "Just a Geek"@en ; frbr:realization <http://books.example.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK>, <http://books.example.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK> . <http://books.example.com/products/9780596007683.BOOK> a frbr:Expression ; dc:type <http://books.example.com/product-types/BOOK> . <http://books.example.com/products/9780596802189.EBOOK> a frbr:Expression ; dc:type <http://books.example.com/product-types/EBOOK> .
The
following
snippet
of
HTML
has
microdata
for
two
people
with
the
same
address.
This
illustrates
two
item
items
s
referencing
a
third
item,
and
how
only
a
single
RDF
resource
definition
is
created
for
that
third
item.

 Both  Princeton  and  Trekkie  live at  Avenue Q.

Assuming
that
registry
contains
a
an
entry
for
http://microformats.org/profile/hcard
with
propertyURI
set
to
vocabulary
,
it
generates
these
triples
expressed
in
Turtle:
@prefix hcard: <http://microformats.org/profile/hcard#> . @prefix rdfa: <http://www.w3.org/ns/rdfa#> . [ a <http://microformats.org/profile/hcard>; hcard:fn "Princeton"; hcard:n [ hcard:given-name "Princeton" ]; hcard:adr _:a ] . [ a <http://microformats.org/profile/hcard>; hcard:fn "Trekkie"; hcard:n [ hcard:given-name "Trekkie" ]; hcard:adr _:a ] . _:a hcard:street-address "Avenue Q" .
The
following
snippet
of
HTML
has
microdata
for
a
playlist,
playlist
and
illustrates
overriding
a
property
to
place
elements
in
an
RDF
Collection.
This
also
illustrates
the
use
of
the
schema:additionalType
property
to
relate
recordings
to
the
Music
Ontology
:

 Classic Rock Playlist <meta itemprop="numTracks" content="2"/>
Including works by Lynard Skynard and AC/DC
.
 <link itemprop="additionalType" href="http://purl.org/ontology/mo/MusicalManifestation"/> 1.Sweet Home Alabama - Lynard Skynard <link href="sweet-home-alabama" itemprop="url" />

 <link itemprop="additionalType" href="http://purl.org/ontology/mo/MusicalManifestation"/> 2.Shook you all Night Long - AC/DC <link href="shook-you-all-night-long" itemprop="url" />

Assuming
that
registry
contains
a
an
entry
for
http://schema.org/
with
propertyURI
set
to
vocabulary
,
multipleValues
set
to
unordered
with
the
properties
track
and
byArtist
having
multipleValues
set
to
list
,
it
generates
these
triples
expressed
in
Turtle:
@prefix mo: <http://purl.org/ontology/mo/> . @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> . @prefix rdfa: <http://www.w3.org/ns/rdfa#> . @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> . @prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . [ a schema:MusicPlaylist; schema:name "Classic Rock Playlist"; schema:byArtist "Lynard Skynard" "AC/DC"; schema:numTracks "2"; schema:tracks [ a schema:MusicRecording, mo:MusicalManifestation; schema:additionalType mo:MusicalManifestation; schema:byArtist "Lynard Skynard"; schema:name "Sweet Home Alabama"; schema:url <sweet-home-alabama> ], [ a schema:MusicRecording, mo:MusicalManifestation; schema:additionalType mo:MusicalManifestation; schema:byArtist "AC/DC";; schema:name "Shook you all Night Long"; schema:url <shook-you-all-night-long> ] ] .
This section is non-normative.
The
following
is
an
example
the
default
registry
in
JSON
format.
format,
as
of
the
time
of
publication.
{ "http://schema.org/": { "properties": { "additionalType": {"subPropertyOf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type"} } }, "http://microformats.org/profile/hcard": {} }
This section is non-normative.
Thanks to Richard Cyganiak for property URI and vocabulary terminology and the general excellent consideration of practical problems in generating RDF from microdata.


|
CCfits
2.4
|
Image reading calls are made very simple: the FITS object is created with the readDataFlag set to true, and reading is done on construction. The following call
image.read(contents)
calls
PHDU::read(std::valarray<S>& image).
This copies the entire image from the FITS object into the std::valarray object contents, sizing it as necessary. PHDU::read() and ExtHDU::read() [for image extensions] take a range of arguments that support (a) reading the entire image - as in this example; (b) sections of an image starting from a given pixel; (c) rectangular subsets. See the class references for PHDU and ExtHDU for details.
int readImage() { std::auto_ptr<FITS> pInfile(new FITS("atestfil.fit",Read,true)); PHDU& image = pInfile->pHDU(); std::valarray<unsigned long> contents; // read all user-specifed, coordinate, and checksum keys in the image image.readAllKeys(); image.read(contents); // this doesn't print the data, just header info. std::cout << image << std::endl; long ax1(image.axis(0)); long ax2(image.axis(1)); for (long j = 0; j < ax2; j+=10) { std::ostream_iterator<short> c(std::cout,"\t"); std::copy(&contents[j*ax1],&contents[(j+1)*ax1-1],c); std::cout << '\n'; } std::cout << std::endl; return 0; }


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}Permission Denied{% endblock %} {% block content %}
You do not have the proper permissions to view this page.


Use
Stacked Bar Charts, Slope Graphs
Again, the bar chart is better becuase rectangles are easier than
wedges when it comes to comparing areas. Stacked bar charts also
convey that you are breaking a whole into parts in the same way a
pie chart does. It actually works a bit better when you have
multiple stacks because your eye sees that the total length doen't
change.
Slopegraphs don't make it obvious that your categories are parts of
a whole, but they do well at highlighting what categories are
changing and by how much. Categories with similar variation will
be grouped together by your eye.
Further reading can be found on storytellingwithdata.com
and varianceexplained.org.


Welcome to BookLook! BookLook is a recommender system for book readers which aims to assist users in the task of finding the next book to read. BookLook will take into account both the dislikes and likes of the reader and his/her friends to recommend the “Next book to read”.


pyGPGO.surrogates.tStudentProcessMCMC module¶
-
class
pyGPGO.surrogates.tStudentProcessMCMC.
tStudentProcessMCMC
(covfunc, nu=3.0, niter=2000, burnin=1000, init='ADVI', step=None)[source]¶ Bases:
object
Student-t class using MCMC sampling of covariance function hyperparameters.
Parameters: - covfunc – Covariance function to use. Currently this instance only supports squaredExponential and Matern from the covfunc module.
- nu (float) – Degrees of freedom (>2.0)
- niter (int) – Number of iterations to run MCMC.
- burnin (int) – Burn-in iterations to discard at trace.
- init (str) – Initialization method for NUTS. Check pyMC3 docs.
-
__init__
(covfunc, nu=3.0, niter=2000, burnin=1000, init='ADVI', step=None)[source]¶ Student-t class using MCMC sampling of covariance function hyperparameters.
Parameters: - covfunc – Covariance function to use. Currently this instance only supports squaredExponential and Matern from the covfunc module.
- nu (float) – Degrees of freedom (>2.0)
- niter (int) – Number of iterations to run MCMC.
- burnin (int) – Burn-in iterations to discard at trace.
- init (str) – Initialization method for NUTS. Check pyMC3 docs.
-
fit
(X, y)[source]¶ Fits a Student-t regressor using MCMC.
Parameters: - X (np.ndarray, shape=(nsamples, nfeatures)) – Training instances to fit the GP.
- y (np.ndarray, shape=(nsamples,)) – Corresponding continuous target values to X.
-
predict
(Xstar, return_std=False, nsamples=10)[source]¶ Returns mean and covariances for each posterior sampled Student-t Process.
Parameters: - Xstar (np.ndarray, shape=((nsamples, nfeatures))) – Testing instances to predict.
- return_std (bool) – Whether to return the standard deviation of the posterior process. Otherwise, it returns the whole covariance matrix of the posterior process.
- nsamples – Number of posterior MCMC samples to consider.
Returns: - np.ndarray – Mean of the posterior process for each MCMC sample and Xstar.
- np.ndarray – Covariance posterior process for each MCMC sample and Xstar.


Tag: dp
-
Leetcode 0010 Regular Expression Matching (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0022. Generate Parentheses (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0032. Longest Valid Parentheses (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0039. Combination Sum (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0042. Trapping Rain Water (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0045. Jump Game II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0062. Unique Paths (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0063. Unique Paths II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0070. Climbing Stairs (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0072. Edit Distance (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0091. Decode Ways (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0096. Unique Binary Search Trees (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0097. Interleaving String (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0118. Pascal's Triangle (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0119. Pascal's Triangle II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0120. Triangle (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0121. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0123. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0131. Palindrome Partitioning (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0132. Palindrome Partitioning II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0139. Word Break (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0140. Word Break II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0152. Maximum Product Subarray (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0161 One Edit Distance (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0174. Dungeon Game (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0188. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock IV (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0198. House Robber (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0213. House Robber II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0216. Combination Sum III (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0256. Paint House (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0264. Ugly Number II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0265. Paint House II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0276. Paint Fence (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0279. Perfect Squares (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0294. Flip Game II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0300. Longest Increasing Subsequence (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0304. Range Sum Query 2D - Immutable (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0309. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock with Cooldown (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0312. Burst Balloons (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0313. Super Ugly Number (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0322. Coin Change (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0329. Longest Increasing Path in a Matrix (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0334. Increasing Triplet Subsequence (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0337. House Robber III (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0338. Counting Bits (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0343. Integer Break (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0354. Russian Doll Envelopes (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0361. Bomb Enemy (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0363. Max Sum of Rectangle No Larger Than K (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0368. Largest Divisible Subset (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0375. Guess Number Higher or Lower II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0376. Wiggle Subsequence (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0377. Combination Sum IV (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0392. Is Subsequence (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0410. Split Array Largest Sum (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0413. Arithmetic Slices (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0416. Partition Equal Subset Sum (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0465 Optimal Account Balancing (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0473 Matchsticks to Square (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0474. Ones and Zeroes (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0509. Fibonacci Number (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0518. Coin Change 2 (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0526. Beautiful Arrangement (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0542. 01 Matrix (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0546. Remove Boxes (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0576. Out of Boundary Paths (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0583. Delete Operation for Two Strings (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0600. Non-negative Integers without Consecutive Ones (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0629. K Inverse Pairs Array (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0630. Course Schedule III (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0639. Decode Ways II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0647. Palindromic Substrings (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0673. Number of Longest Increasing Subsequence (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0698. Partition to K Equal Sum Subsets (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0714. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock with Transaction Fee (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0718. Maximum Length of Repeated Subarray (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0746. Min Cost Climbing Stairs (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0787. Cheapest Flights Within K Stops (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0799. Champagne Tower (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0823. Binary Trees With Factors (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0847 Shortest Path Visiting All Nodes (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0854 K-Similar Strings (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0871. Minimum Number of Refueling Stops (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0877. Stone Game (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0926. Flip String to Monotone Increasing (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0943. Find the Shortest Superstring (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0968. Binary Tree Cameras (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0983. Minimum Cost For Tickets (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0987. Vertical Order Traversal of a Binary Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1048. Longest String Chain (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1074. Number of Submatrices That Sum to Target (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1125. Smallest Sufficient Team (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1136. Parallel Courses (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1147. Longest Chunked Palindrome Decomposition (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1187. Make Array Strictly Increasing (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1220. Count Vowels Permutation (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1223. Dice Roll Simulation (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1269. Number of Ways to Stay in the Same Place After Some Steps (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1289. Minimum Falling Path Sum II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1301. Number of Paths with Max Score (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1312. Minimum Insertion Steps to Make a String Palindrome (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1320. Minimum Distance to Type a Word Using Two Fingers (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1326. Minimum Number of Taps to Open to Water a Garden (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1335. Minimum Difficulty of a Job Schedule (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1340. Jump Game V (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1349 Maximum Students Taking Exam (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1359. Count All Valid Pickup and Delivery Options (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1363. Largest Multiple of Three (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1388. Pizza With 3n Slices (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1397. Find All Good Strings (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1402. Reducing Dishes (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1406. Stone Game III (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1423. Maximum Points You Can Obtain from Cards (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1425. Constrained Subsequence Sum (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1434 Number of Ways to Wear Different Hats to Each Other (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1458. Max Dot Product of Two Subsequences (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1463. Cherry Pickup II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1478. Allocate Mailboxes (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1493. Longest Subarray of 1's After Deleting One Element (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1510. Stone Game IV (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1521. Find a Value of a Mysterious Function Closest to Target (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1531. String Compression II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1537. Get the Maximum Score (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1553. Minimum Number of Days to Eat N Oranges (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1563. Stone Game V (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1575. Count All Possible Routes (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1595. Minimum Cost to Connect Two Groups of Points (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1611. Minimum One Bit Operations to Make Integers Zero (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1639. Number of Ways to Form a Target String Given a Dictionary (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1641. Count Sorted Vowel Strings (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1643. Kth Smallest Instructions (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1655 Distribute Repeating Integers (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1671. Minimum Number of Removals to Make Mountain Array (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1681. Minimum Incompatibility (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1690. Stone Game VII (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1723. Find Minimum Time to Finish All Jobs (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1745. Palindrome Partitioning IV (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1808. Maximize Number of Nice Divisors (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1830. Minimum Number of Operations to Make String Sorted (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1857. Largest Color Value in a Directed Graph (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1872. Stone Game VIII (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1878. Get Biggest Three Rhombus Sums in a Grid (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1879. Minimum XOR Sum of Two Arrays (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1883. Minimum Skips to Arrive at Meeting On Time (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1896. Minimum Cost to Change the Final Value of Expression (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1900. The Earliest and Latest Rounds Where Players Compete (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1911. Maximum Alternating Subsequence Sum (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1916. Count Ways to Build Rooms in an Ant Colony (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1928. Minimum Cost to Reach Destination in Time (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1931. Painting a Grid With Three Different Colors (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1937. Maximum Number of Points with Cost (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1947. Maximum Compatibility Score Sum (14 Aug 2021)


You are viewing an historical archive of past issues. Please
report new issues to the appropriate project issue tracker on
GitHub.
Comments
-
Greg Hurrell
Yep, very familiar with this problem... it seems to be the remaining thorn in my side...
See:
https://wincent.com/a/support/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=640
Closing this one as a duplicate.
Add a comment
Comments are now closed for this issue.


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CGCLASSIFY
Section: libcgroup Manual (1)Updated: 2009-03-15
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
cgclassify - move running task(s) to given cgroupsSYNOPSIS
cgclassify [-g <controllers>:<path>] [--sticky | --cancel-sticky] <pidlist>DESCRIPTION
this command moves processes defined by the list of processes (pidlist) to given control groups.The pids in the pidlist are separated by spaces
- -g <controllers>:<path>
-
defines control groups where the task will be moved.
controllers is a list of controllers and
path is the relative path to control groups
in the given controllers list.
This flag can be used multiple times to define multiple pairs of lists of controllers and relative paths. Instead of the list of all mounted controllers, wildcard * can be used.
If this option is not used then cgclassify will automatically place the task to the control group based on /etc/cgrules.conf.
- --sticky
-
If this option is used, the daemon of service cgred (cgrulesengd
process) does not change both the specified pidlist and their
children tasks. Without this option, the daemon does not change the
specified pidlist but it changes their children tasks to the
right cgroup based on /etc/cgrules.conf automatically.
- --cancel-sticky
-
If this option is used, the daemon of service cgred (cgrulesengd
process) can change both the specified pidlist and their
children tasks to right cgroup based on /etc/cgrules.conf
automatically.
FILES
- /etc/cgrules.conf
- default libcgroup configuration file
-
SEE ALSO
cgrules.conf (5), cgexec (1)
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:29:02 GMT, December 24, 2015


Komodo
equaliser
100 messages
Before 05-Dec-19 12:00 AM
Gateway
BOT
10-Jul-18 07:43 PM
[dscrdeql] <
KQweci
> Yeah 7 lol
[dscrdeql] <
KQweci
> Right but I've to be at work during the day and get home little tired these days. Maybe I have to be active on Computer
[dscrdeql] <ECA Gorillaz> lol @ the alien meme
[dscrdeql] <ECA Gorillaz> @
KQweci
you just need more coffee
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> i want to be a pokemon master
[dscrdeql] <
KQweci
> Maybe lol
[dscrdeql] <
KQweci
>
@cellulitis
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> i got invited to Mewtwo raid but wasn't able to catch it
[dscrdeql] <slipersty> haha lol @cellulitis xD
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> pwned
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> @Thorth you changes avatar pics I see
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> Nice one
[dscrdeql] <Jonathan> 3:46 pm here
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> 5:45am here
[dscrdeql] <Jonathan>
https://www.tenor.co/S1BM.gif
early bird
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers> Just left work!!
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers> Driving home finally
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers> 3:50pm here
[dscrdeql] <
KQweci
> Drive safe
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers> I always do thank you @
KQweci
[dscrdeql] <
KQweci
> Uwc
[dscrdeql] <Cypher - Founder> They going home, they going , Belgium's going home
[dscrdeql] <
KQweci
> Won't there be a third n forth place
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers> That’s it? France won?
[dscrdeql] <
KQweci
> Yeah and thru to the final
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers> Wow
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers> Nice
[dscrdeql] <
KQweci
> It should be France vs England final
[dscrdeql] <x2maano> france will b the champs
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers> Going to be a good game
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis>
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> i won!
[dscrdeql] <x2maano> what?
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> thank you France
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> i was betting on another channel
[dscrdeql] <x2maano> oh
[dscrdeql] <!!!
Thorth
!!!> yeap
@jellysmash trying somthing new
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> was Loki the rebel Asgard?
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> in SG1
[dscrdeql] <!!!
Thorth
!!!> yeap
[dscrdeql] <!!!
Thorth
!!!> even in north mytology
Loki is the rebel god
(edited)
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> oh ya i remember now
[dscrdeql] <!!!
Thorth
!!!>
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers>
Gateway
BOT
10-Jul-18 08:24 PM
[dscrdeql] <CombatWombat>
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers>
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis>
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> I remember Loki from the movies
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> Thors brother
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> that too but this is from SG1
[dscrdeql] <ECA Gorillaz> Good thing I don't get sports lol
[dscrdeql] <!!!
Thorth
!!!>
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> SG1 has nothing to do with sports
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis>
[dscrdeql] <!!!
Thorth
!!!>
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> Asgard don't have tears
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> they show no emotion like the Vulcans
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers> Hi
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> hello Donald
[dscrdeql] <!!!
Thorth
!!!> lol
[dscrdeql] <!!!
Thorth
!!!> this is virtual
[dscrdeql] <!!!
Thorth
!!!> that's the reason for tears
[dscrdeql] <tanya> anyone know if the game is still on?
[dscrdeql] <tanya> and hey donald
[dscrdeql] <!!!
Thorth
!!!> what game ?
[dscrdeql] <sisana10> I think there was a world cup game on today.
[dscrdeql] <sisana10> @tanya Its over.
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> France won
[dscrdeql] <Catalyst> Did they say Bonjour?
[dscrdeql] <Catalyst> Hehe
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers>
Gateway
BOT
10-Jul-18 09:19 PM
[dscrdeql] <!!!
Thorth
!!!> france is in the final ?
[dscrdeql] <NWhiskeyTango> Wow france pulled it off?
[dscrdeql] <NWhiskeyTango> Big shocker to me
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> Didn't know
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> Thanks....so frame is in
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> France
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> Cool
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> oh this was semi's?
Gateway
BOT
10-Jul-18 09:44 PM
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> Still,
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> Australia never makes it anywhere near semis
[dscrdeql] <ECA Gorillaz> Yeah I woulda put money on belgium glad I didn't
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers> Hi
Gateway
BOT
10-Jul-18 10:02 PM
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> Hi there
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers>
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers> How’s it going
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> good how are you
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers> Wonderful
Gateway
BOT
10-Jul-18 10:26 PM
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> 5 more mins home time
[dscrdeql] <CryptoNoob8[BuyTheFuckingMN]> Hey @jellysmash
[dscrdeql] <CryptoNoob8[BuyTheFuckingMN]> Hey @cellulitis
Gateway
BOT
10-Jul-18 10:50 PM
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> Hey @CryptoNoob8[BuyTheFuckingMN]
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> On train
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> How's it going?
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> I'm just leaving now
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> Hello @CryptoNoob8[BuyTheFuckingMN]
[dscrdeql] <cellulitis> What’s shakin
[dscrdeql] <sourge> just getting home myself
[dscrdeql] <sourge> done for the day
[dscrdeql] <donaldmathers>


--- layout: post title: Why still PHP? date: 2016-01-12 16:59:31.000000000 +08:00 tags: - php is dead - rants about php permalink: why-still-php/ header-img: "img/16152348572_af4ea313ac_k.jpg" subtitle: "I've seen MeteorJS, Ruby on Rails Django and Java Spring Framework. But I still keep coming back to PHP. Here is why..." ---
There is a famous saying:
Life is what happens to you while you're busy making other plans.
Can be directly translated to its counterpart:
PHP is what happens while you are busy learning other languages
The quest for the ultimate programming language is a never ending process.  What they do care is if your software does what they need and thats it. While you are busy learning the yet-another-hipster language, PHP-based scripts and tools is continously eating up the whole industry gaining stronger foothold while you keep pondering what is the ultimate language choice.
In contrary to many thread and forums lead you to believe, programmers doesn't choose the language/frameworks. It is the project managers and CTO who does. This is specially true for corporate environment on which a change in language requires tons of political arguments. It is not true that just because you saw someone posted "Rails 5 is cool" in a Slack chatroom means you can suddenly let the company fund the migration of entire PHP codebase to Rails 5.
Rails/Django is great. I'm all to that.  Manpower costs for hiring Rails developer is way higher than most of Senior PHP developers. The overflowing supply of PHP developers in all levels makes it very easy to bargain salaries in lower price. If I can produce something with less resource and low upfront cost, that is way better moneywise.
What is fascinating on most people who chooses other language other than PHP is they tend to believe that if you choose PHP, one uses PHP on everything. Most of the PHP developers I know (including myself) can code Python/Ruby/JavaScript/Java whenever when we see fit. That is because our mind is not constrained by ecosystem that makes you believe it is the superior one and everything you do should be done with tools that comes with its ecosystem (there is a Gem for everything).
PHP has tons of security issues. But by experience, this can be usually mitigated with strong network/server level security (and tons of sysadmin is very aware of this process). Even so, a 2-3 pages w/o any sort of database backend for publishing few banners requires no high-level security, cases on which Rails will be an overkill.
the problem with Technical debt is, you cant prove it exists unless management could see it themselves in action -- and PHP is great tool to demonstrate that. That seems a very "mean" way to describe how PHP should be used, but in reality seeing a spaghetti codebase makes a very strong case to use other language.
You cant justify a rewrite of an app to whatever preferred language you want if its still working and has no issues! and having a throw-away project using PHP makes a very strong case in able to demonstrate what happens if you let Technical debt was left unchecked.
Not every user can avail of the latest iPhone model. That is a fact. You can even still see many people using Nokia 3315 today (yes I do). Same can be said for language.
As developers learn things, they tend to abandon PHP when they say learned Java Play, ExpressJS or RoR. That is natural, we learn better things and move to the next level. Ths in effect, causing a brain drain of "expert-level" developers in PHP community, opening a very high demand for expert-level PHP developers.
Migration of competent level devs to other languages + the need for Senior-level PHP developers makes a good combination and opportunity for you to monetize your skills with very minimal resource input.
This scenario also opens a lot of opportunity to make name for yourself. Like developing a library that wasn't written yet. In Rails community, it has very rare chance there is something that wasn't written yet as Ruby Gems.
This might not be the strong case for you to use PHP, but like I've said. It's better you carry a toolbelt (on which a set of tools is available including PHP) instead of carrying a hammer (which makes you think everything is a nail).


Brett Zamir
on 2009-11-07 12:27:57
@rem: Thanks for alerting us to this. While most of the ingredients were there, I guess someone forgot to do the escaping...Fixed in http://github.com/kvz/phpjs/commit/7e0c05cb7c5049dfa89c39fc8460df48aca76948 . Should also be online here shortly.
rem
on 2009-11-04 17:08:02
What if to rtrim a string like stringname[0]
rtrim(stringname[0], '[0]') will return 'stringname[' which it's incorect


One Kensington Gardens, Kensington Road, London W8
An exceptional development, designed by Sir David Chipperfield, of 97 apartments situated opposite Kensington Palace and Gardens with world class amenities.
Residents benefit from a 24-hour dedicated concierge, valet parking, health spa, 25m indoor swimming pool, a private health and fitness centre, sauna and steam room, in addition to private treatment rooms.
The development is complete and ready for occupation with show apartments available to view.
From the outside this house looks old, but wonderful. It has been built with white bricks and has brown stone decorations. Short, wide windows let in plenty of light and have been added to the house in a mostly asymmetric way.
The house is equipped with a huge kitchen and one large bathroom, it also has a snug living room, five bedrooms, a large dining room, a playroom and a grand basement.
The building is square shaped. The house is fully surrounded by a patio.
The second floor is smaller than the first, which allowed for a roof garden on two sides of the house. This floor has roughly the same style as the floor below.
The roof is low and v-shaped and is covered with grey wood shingles. Two small chimneys sit at the side of the house. Several long, thin windows let in plenty of light to the rooms below the roof.
The house itself is surrounded by a modest, childsafe garden covered mostly in grass and with a children's playground in the center.
One Kensington Gardens is situated in the heart of London’s illustrious Royal Borough, opposite Kensington Palace Gardens and Hyde Park, and within walking distance of the shopping and transport facilities of Kensington High Street and Knightsbridge


@{ ViewBag.Title = "Sample page title"; } @section scripts{ } Welcome, @model.name! Hope you enjoy the samples!


Application controller, parent class to all other controllers, provides all methods which are used in multiple controllers
Manages the errors caught by the resuce_from Ropenstack::RopenstackError Catches the type of error it is, creates a nice message and then returns the request with the correct http code to match the error.
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 20 def error_respond(exception) case exception when Ropenstack::NotFoundError then code = 404 message = "Unable to locate on openstack, 404 - Not Found Exception" when Ropenstack::UnauthorisedError then code = 401 flash[:error] ||= "Invalid token!" message = "You are unauthorised to perform this action on openstack." when Ropenstack::TimeoutError then code = 503 message = "Connecting to openstack took to long." + "Please check your connection and try again." else code = 500 message = "There has been an error talking to openstack" + exception.to_s end logger.info(message) respond_to do |format| format.json { render :json => {"message" => message}, :status => code } end end
A simple helper function which provides the ‘respond_to do’ for a list to be returned in the json format.
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 49 def json_respond(list) respond_to do |format| format.json{ render :json => list } end end
Returns true or false only based on if the user is logged in or not
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 212 def logged_in? !!session[:current_token] end
Functions to do with the management and storage of data in the cookie.
A utility function for getting the data out from the storages table using the id stored in the cookie.
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 178 def get_data(key) Storage.find(cookies[key]).data end
Removed a peice of data stored in the cookie object and removes it from the Storages model
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 186 def remove_store(key, value) @data = Storage.find(value) @data.destroy session[key] = nil cookies.delete key end
Places data into the Storages table and places the id for that peice of data into the cookie with the key specified.
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 197 def store(key, data) store = Storage.new store.data = data if store.save session[key] = store.id cookies[key] = store.id end end
This section of the Application controller provides function wrappers for the basic http requested needed to talk to a REST API.
Build the headers required to make a rest request, specifiying content type and including the users token if it exists as the X-Auth-Token header.
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 76 def build_headers(token) headers = {'Content-Type' =>'application/json'} unless token.nil? headers['X-Auth-Token'] = token end return headers end
Build a http request using the URI specified, sets the timeout of the operation to 10 seconds for both opening the connection and reading.
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 65 def build_http(uri) http = Net::HTTP.new(uri.host, uri.port) http.open_timeout = 10 http.read_timeout = 10 return http end
Delete request wrapper function returns a HTTPResponse object
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 98 def delete_request(uri) http = build_http(uri) request = Net::HTTP::Delete.new(uri.request_uri, initheader = build_headers()) return http.request(request) end
Get request wrapper function returns a HTTPResponse object
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 88 def get_request(uri, token) http = build_http(uri) request = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri.request_uri, initheader = build_headers(token)) return http.request(request) end
Post request wrapper function returns a HTTPResponse object
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 119 def post_request(uri, body) http = build_http(uri) request = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri.request_uri, initheader = build_headers()) request.body = body return http.request(request) end
Put request wrapper function returns a HTTPResponse object
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 108 def put_request(uri, body) http = build_http(uri) request = Net::HTTP::Put.new(uri.request_uri, initheader = build_headers()) request.body = body return http.request(request) end
This section provides wrapper functionc for the creation of ropenstack objects for use in the controllers. They make sure to create the object with the correct data pulled in from the cookie.
Returns a Ropenstack cinder object created with the users token and stored cinder ip address
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 146 def cinder() cinderIP = URI.parse(Storage.find(cookies[:cinder_ip]).data) return Ropenstack::Cinder.new(cinderIP, Storage.find(cookies[:current_token]).data) end
Returns a Ropenstack glance object created with the users token and stored glace ip address
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 164 def glance() glanceIP = URI.parse(Storage.find(cookies[:glance_ip]).data) return Ropenstack::Glance.new(glanceIP, Storage.find(cookies[:current_token]).data) end
Returns a Ropenstack nova object created with the users token and stored nova ip address
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 137 def nova() novaIP = URI.parse(Storage.find(cookies[:nova_ip]).data) return Ropenstack::Nova.new(novaIP, Storage.find(cookies[:current_token]).data) end
Returns a Ropenstack quantum object created with the users token and stored quantum ip address
# File app/controllers/application_controller.rb, line 155 def quantum() quantumIP = URI.parse(Storage.find(cookies[:quantum_ip]).data) return Ropenstack::Quantum.new(quantumIP, Storage.find(cookies[:current_token]).data) end