Hartwell Insurance
hartwell-insurance.comHartwell Insurance is an insurance company set up solely to service the Broker community.
By combining Hugo, Service Worker and Netlify, we were able to achieve incredible global site performance.
The site was built by Tomango
We’ve just launched a shiny new website for Hartwell Insurance – I’m really proud of it. It was tackled in a different way to most previous Tomango site builds, using some fancy new tools and some vintage web standards.
It’s a multi-page, single-page (!) website written in Hugo, a static site generator built with performance as a first-class feature. I’ve outlined a load of benefits to Hugo & static sites here, in case you’re interested.
In essence, a static site generator pre-renders the whole site into HTML files and serves them like it’s 1995.
There’s no Apache or Node backend that does compilation at runtime, it’s all done at the build step. This means the server; Netlify in this case, only has to do one thing – serve files. Unsurprisingly, serving simple files is VERY quick.
The starter point was the Victor Hugo repository that Netlify have created. It let me dive in with Hugo, PostCSS, BrowserSync and ES6 without setting up any tooling myself – always a win!
I then took all the content from the design file and moved it into Markdown, putting shortcodes in where necessary. This site did need a number of custom shortcodes for the presentational elements like the expanding circles and full width backgrounds. But mostly it was just clean, semantic HTML with some CSS and JS enhancement thrown in.
For example, this two column layout shown below. I used CSS Columns with a break-after: always;
on the <h1>
. No multi-wrapper or difficult-to-clear shortcodes, just clean HTML.
For the ripple effects on the section headings, I used JS to prepend a <canvas>
element then animated it with RequestAnimationFrame
. It adds a nice bit of movement on the page.
On the Hartwell Profitmaker section, I toyed with the idea of using Vue.js for the calculator, but after giving it some thought, I decided to code in Vanilla. The result, all of the site JS comes in at 3.2KB!
The plan was to host with Netlify and therefore get access to Netlify Forms. It meant spending 0 minutes on getting a backend set up – I could focus fully on the frontend.
Cache invalidation isn’t normally something I spend all that much time thinking about when building a site. But as this site was going to be a Progressive Web App, invalidating files would be important to ensure the site didn’t appear broken when we made changes. As I was using Victor-Hugo, I wasn’t really sure how to best tackle this and sadly spent far too many hours wrangling with Webpack and Gulp files to try and get hashed file names working nicely.
Then; while I was waiting for a haircut, I read a Netlify blog post on how they do cache invalidation with HTTP2 and it promptly blew my mind.
When you request an asset, they send an ETag in the headers which is a hash of the file. There’s also a header to tell the browser not to trust it’s own cache (which sounds a little bit bonkers).
So when you request the page, it opens a persistent HTTP2 connection up (so no new connections for file requests). When it gets to requesting that asset, the browser sends the ETag back to Netlify and they either return nothing if the ETag matches, or the new file with the new ETag. No app.klfjlkdsfjdslkfjdslkfdsj.js
or app.js?v=20180112
. Just a clean app.js
with instant cache invalidation. Amazing.
Finally, the Service Worker could be added. This turned out to be straightforward as the Netlify cache invalidation system solved most of the pain points. I went for a network-first, cache-fallback setup for both assets and HTML. This does mean flaky speeds are reliant on the page connection time, but given we’re on HTTP2, I’m hoping the persistent connection and tiny ETag size will keep it quick. For online connections, every request is up to date and instantly live after any update. Offline connections fall back to every assets’ last cached state. It seems to work really nicely, and there’s no need for an update prompt if assets have changed.
The results
The WebPageTest results are looking good. The speed index is 456, 10x smaller than the average Alexa top 300,000 score.
TestMySite.io is return ~2ms time to first byte from the CDN edge nodes. Lighthouse audits are also very promising. There’s still some improvement to be gained lazy-loading the images and inlining the CSS. I’m less excited about the second suggestion, but I’ll certainly look at some lazy-loading, especially as I’m already using IntersectionObserver
for some animations.
The most encouraging result is how quick the site is around the world. Most Tomango clients (and their customers) are pretty local and almost exclusively UK-based. We have a dedicated server in Surrey that serves our market pretty well. It did take me by surprise just how much slower a connection from the USA, Australia and Japan to our server was. They’re waiting ~500ms just for the first byte, let alone downloading each asset.
Hartwell Insurance are a US company so by putting them on our server, we’d be instantly hampering their local response times by literally seconds. This was one of the main reasons for going with Netlify. They provide global CDN hosting that’s quick from anywhere in the world.
This project was such a blast to develop, it’s a real pleasure to put new technologies to good use in production, and to see real performance and usability benefits from them. Even using classic web methods of serving folders with files is fun when you’ve been databasing for a while – there’s something really ‘pure’ about it.
This was originally posted on my website


--- layout: api title: "v2.1.9 JavaScript Library: L.IControl" categories: api version: v2.1.9 permalink: /api/v2.1.9/l-icontrol/ ---
Represents a UI element in one of the corners of the map. Implemented by zoom, attribution, scale and layers controls.
Every control in Leaflet should extend from Control class and additionally have the following methods:
| Method | Returns | Description |
|---|---|---|
onAdd(
|
HTMLElement |
Should contain code that creates all the neccessary DOM elements for the control, adds listeners on relevant map events, and returns the element containing the control. Called on map.addControl(control) or control.addTo(map) . |
onRemove(
|
- | Optional, should contain all clean up code (e.g. removes control's event listeners). Called on map.removeControl(control) or control.removeFrom(map) . The control's DOM container is removed automatically. |
var MyControl = L.Control.extend({
options: {
position: 'topright'
},
onAdd: function (map) {
// create the control container with a particular class name
var container = L.DomUtil.create('div', 'my-custom-control');
// ... initialize other DOM elements, add listeners, etc.
return container;
}
});
map.addControl(new MyControl());
If specify your own constructor for the control, you'll also probably want to process options properly:
var MyControl = L.Control.extend({
initialize: function (foo, options) {
// ...
L.Util.setOptions(this, options);
},
// ...
});
This will allow you to pass options like position
when creating the control instances:
map.addControl(new MyControl('bar', {position: 'bottomleft'}));


Before Change
x = np.arange(n)
// Calculate final number of samples after re-sampling
num = int(np.round((sampling_rate / bin_sr) * n))
resampled = {}
for f_name in self.features:
values = self.data[f_name]
After Change
max_duration = self.onset[-1] + self.duration[-1]
// Calculate final number of samples after re-sampling
num = math.ceil(max_duration / interval)
// Maximum duration in bin_sr upscaling space
max_dur_bin_sr = int(num * interval * bin_sr)
x = np.arange(max_dur_bin_sr)
resampled = {}
for f_name in self.features:
values = self.data[f_name]
ts = np.zeros(int(max_dur_bin_sr), dtype=values.dtype)
start = 0
for i, val in enumerate(values):
_onset = int(start + onsets[i])


Recipe 18.7. Caching Objects with a FIFO Pruning StrategyCredit: David M. Wilson, Raymond Hettinger ProblemYou need to build a mapping to be used as a cache, holding up to a fixed number of previous entries and automatically discarding older entries. SolutionA mapping can implement a relatively small number of core methods and rely on UserDict.DictMixin to provide all the other methods that make up the full official mapping interface. Here is a mapping class for FIFO caching, implemented with this "let DictMixin do it" strategy: import UserDict class FifoCache(object, UserDict.DictMixin): ''' A mapping that remembers the last `num_entries' items that were set ''' def _ _init_ _(self, num_entries, dct=( )): self.num_entries = num_entries self.dct = dict(dct) self.lst = [ ] def _ _repr_ _(self): return '%r(%r,%r)' % ( self._ _class_ _._ _name_ _, self.num_entries, self.dct) def copy(self): return self._ _class_ _(self.num_entries, self.dct) def keys(self): return list(self.lst) def _ _getitem_ _(self, key): return self.dct[key] def _ _setitem_ _(self, key, value): dct = self.dct lst = self.lst if key in dct: lst.remove(key) dct[key] = value lst.append(key) if len(lst) > self.num_entries: del dct[lst.pop(0)] def _ _delitem_ _(self, key): self.dct.pop(key) self.lst.remove(key) # a method explicitly defined only as an optimization def _ _contains_ _(self, item): return item in self.dct has_key = _ _contains_ _ DiscussionHere is a typical example of usage for this FifoCache class: if _ _name_ _ == '_ _main_ _': f = FifoCache(num_entries=3) f["fly"] = "foo" f["moo"] = "two" f["bar"] = "baz" f["dave"] = "wilson" f["age"] = 20 print f.keys( ) # emits ['bar', 'dave', 'age'] For any case where you might use a dictionary object to cache expensive lookups, the FifoCache class shown in this recipe might be a safer alternative for use in long-running applications, whose caches might otherwise consume all system memory if left unchecked. Thanks to UserDict.DictMixin, class FifoCache exhibits a full dictionary (i.e., mapping) interface: you can substitute an instance of FifoCache wherever you're using a dictionary (as long as you do want entries that were set "a long time ago" to drop out automatically to make space for newer ones). In Python 2.4, you can get a faster version of FifoCache by setting self.lst to be an instance of collections.deque rather than a list, and using self.lst.popleft() where this recipe's solution uses self.lst.pop(0). Since the deque type does not have a remove method, you have to implement that with a little auxiliary function: def remove_from_deque(d, x): for i, v in enumerate(d): if v == x: del d[i] return raise ValueError, '%r not in %r' % (x, d) and use remove_from_deque(self.lst, key) where this recipe's Solution uses self.list.remove(key). While, as always, you should measure how useful this optimization is in the context of your specific application, it's likely to be helpful when num_entries is high, since self.lst.pop(0) on a list self.lst is O(n), while self.list.popleft( ) on a deque self.lst is O(1). (remove_from_deque, like list.remove, is unfortunately and unavoidably O(n)). FIFO is not the ideal policy for a cache's decision about what should "fall off"; a better one would be LRU (Least Recently Used). You can tweak this class' policy into LRU by subclassing and overriding: class LRUCache(FifoCache): def _ _getitem_ _(self, key): if key in self.dct: self.lst.remove(key) else: raise KeyError self.lst.append(key) return self.dct[key] This variant does ensure the use of the LRU policy without much extra code. Unfortunately, it makes every read access quite costly O(n), where n is the number of entries in the cache at that time), due to the need for the self.lst.remove call. Therefore, this recipe's official "Solution" uses the simpler implementation, even though FIFO is notoriously suboptimal as a cache replacement strategy. See AlsoLibrary Reference and Python in a Nutshell docs for module UserDict; Recipe 5.14 also uses UserDict.DictMixin to round up a mapping interface while coding a minimum of boilerplate. |


A report from the course XXX
S01
Question 1)
Personally, I've utilized Git through an application called GitHub Desktop and the inbuilt features of IntelliJ IDE. The main advantage of this is that I never really had the to learn to utilize Git via a terminal since the UI does it for one. Other than that my knowledge prior to this introduction were limited. I've hear about it but never really utilized these functions
Question 2)
No, I've never created a webpages beyond utilizing Tomcat for some RESTful web applications that involves accessing some sort of data.
Question 3)
I've never had much experience with web applications beyond some features that Tomcat had for some laborations.
Question 4)
TIL: The basics of utilizing Git through terminal and it's features.
S02
Question 1)
I haven't utilized HTML, CSS or JavaScript prior to this course so my knowledge about how to use them is slim. The only exposure I have had about them is flipping through some webpages and textbooks
Question 2)
The roles for the various elements are the following: CSS is primarily used to for style. You use this to make your webpage stylized and prettier. HTML is quite simple. It's what makes your website readable for humans. JavaScript is what makes your website dynamic. It's the coding part of designing a website.
Question 3)
How the browser, HTTP and web services interact is quite simple. First and foremost a web service is the very heart of communication between two machines. It allows one to communicate with each other utilizing an agreed upon protocol. This is where HTTP comes into places since HTTP is the most common utilized protocol for such communication. HTTP is a request/response style protocol where the client sends a request and gets back a response. In this one's web browser is the client and it's purpose is to send a request and get back a response that it can display for the user.
Question 4)
TIL: The basics of utilizing HTML, CSS and JavaScript.
S03
Question 1)
Programming with client side JavaScript I have next to no experience in prior to this course.
Question 2)
Comparing to the languages I know which is Java and Android's Java, there are some similarities between them. For instance is that all of these languages are object-oriented.I.E they deal with the concepts of objects. However there are some difference that do stick them apart. One of these difference that's noticeable is that JavaScript is a much more dynamic language compare to Java. As type checking is done during run time rather than compile time. So when comparing them in my view it's like comparing night and day.
Question 3)
The grade I aimed for was a grade 4. How my code turned out to be was a bit narrowed minded to be honest. For one part I was stuck at displaying the schools properly so I had to search the web for some help. But beside some overbloating in the css style where I chucked the flags in, I'd say it's okay.
Question 4)
TIL: The basics of utilizing HTML, CSS and JavaScript.
S04
Question 1
I've had no previous experience with node/npm previously. I've had however experience with Tomcat as a RESTful service
Question 2
I enjoyed working with JavaScript, Node and Express. It was refreshing to see how it all was intertwined with each other.
Question 3
For this coding assignment I decided to first do the pre-requs for it. Studied them up to see how everything worked out. Any major plans I did not really have. I did the pre-requs and the they were for the most part a good stepping stone to learn how to utilize node.js and npm.
Question 4
For the moment I aimed for a grade 3. And it wasn't difficult at all. I might before the course end try to see if I can improve on the grade.
Question 5
TIL: How to utilize node.js and Express to make web applications.
S05
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S06
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S07
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S10
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This class creates a mesh from the level set with all grid points with a level set value <= 0.5. These grid points are shifted in space towards the direction of their normal vector by grid delta * LS value. Grid delta and the origin grid point are saved for each point. This allows for a simple setup of disks for ray tracing.
More...
|
| | lsToDiskMesh () |
| |
| | lsToDiskMesh (lsSmartPointer< lsMesh< N > > passedMesh, T passedMaxValue=0.5) |
| |
| | lsToDiskMesh (lsSmartPointer< lsDomain< T, D > > passedLevelSet, lsSmartPointer< lsMesh< N > > passedMesh, T passedMaxValue=0.5) |
| |
| | lsToDiskMesh (lsSmartPointer< lsDomain< T, D > > passedLevelSet, lsSmartPointer< lsMesh< N > > passedMesh, lsSmartPointer< TranslatorType > passedTranslator, T passedMaxValue=0.5) |
| |
| void | setLevelSet (lsSmartPointer< lsDomain< T, D > > passedLevelSet) |
| |
| void | insertNextLevelSet (lsSmartPointer< lsDomain< T, D > > passedLevelSet) |
| | Pushes the passed level set to the back of the list of level sets. More...
|
| |
| void | setMesh (lsSmartPointer< lsMesh< N > > passedMesh) |
| |
| void | setTranslator (lsSmartPointer< TranslatorType > passedTranslator) |
| |
| void | setMaxValue (const T passedMaxValue) |
| |
| void | apply () |
| |
| | lsToDiskMesh () |
| |
| | lsToDiskMesh (lsSmartPointer< lsMesh< N > > passedMesh, T passedMaxValue=0.5) |
| |
| | lsToDiskMesh (lsSmartPointer< lsDomain< T, D > > passedLevelSet, lsSmartPointer< lsMesh< N > > passedMesh, T passedMaxValue=0.5) |
| |
| | lsToDiskMesh (lsSmartPointer< lsDomain< T, D > > passedLevelSet, lsSmartPointer< lsMesh< N > > passedMesh, lsSmartPointer< TranslatorType > passedTranslator, T passedMaxValue=0.5) |
| |
| void | setLevelSet (lsSmartPointer< lsDomain< T, D > > passedLevelSet) |
| |
| void | insertNextLevelSet (lsSmartPointer< lsDomain< T, D > > passedLevelSet) |
| | Pushes the passed level set to the back of the list of level sets. More...
|
| |
| void | setMesh (lsSmartPointer< lsMesh< N > > passedMesh) |
| |
| void | setTranslator (lsSmartPointer< TranslatorType > passedTranslator) |
| |
| void | setMaxValue (const T passedMaxValue) |
| |
| void | apply () |
| |
template<class T, int D, class N = T, bool keepNormals = false>
class lsToDiskMesh< T, D, N, keepNormals >
This class creates a mesh from the level set with all grid points with a level set value <= 0.5. These grid points are shifted in space towards the direction of their normal vector by grid delta * LS value. Grid delta and the origin grid point are saved for each point. This allows for a simple setup of disks for ray tracing.
- Examples
- PatternedSubstrate.cpp.


Using the Graph Wizard, you can easily visualise your data! To do this, simply determine the desired visualisation type in the following steps and then select the data to be displayed accordingly.


Next: eval-when, Previous: compile, Up: Evaluation and Compilation Dictionary
eval
form ⇒ {result}*
form—a form.
results—the values yielded by the evaluation of form.
Evaluates form in the current dynamic environment and the null lexical environment.
eval is a user interface to the evaluator.
The evaluator expands macro calls as if through the use of macroexpand-1.
Constants appearing in code processed by eval are not copied nor coalesced. The code resulting from the execution of eval references objects that are eql to the corresponding objects in the source code.
(setq form '(1+ a) a 999) ⇒ 999 (eval form) ⇒ 1000 (eval 'form) ⇒ (1+ A) (let ((a '(this would break if eval used local value))) (eval form)) ⇒ 1000
macroexpand-1, The Evaluation Model
To obtain the current dynamic value of a symbol, use of symbol-value is equivalent (and usually preferable) to use of eval.
Note that an eval form involves two levels of evaluation for its argument. First, form is evaluated by the normal argument evaluation mechanism as would occur with any call. The object that results from this normal argument evaluation becomes the value of the form parameter, and is then evaluated as part of the eval form. For example:
(eval (list 'cdr (car '((quote (a . b)) c)))) ⇒ b
The argument form (list 'cdr (car '((quote (a . b)) c))) is evaluated in the usual way to produce the argument (cdr (quote (a . b))); eval then evaluates its argument, (cdr (quote (a . b))), to produce b. Since a single evaluation already occurs for any argument form in any function form, eval is sometimes said to perform "an extra level of evaluation."
Next: eval-when, Previous: compile, Up: Evaluation and Compilation Dictionary


twisted.web2.auth
implements Digest
and Basic HTTP Authentication as specified
by RFC 2617.
This document attempts to describe:
twisted.cred
is used to support
pluggable authentication for HTTP.ICredentialFactory
Interface is used to define authentication schemes.HTTPAuthResource
to
protect a portion or all of your resource tree.twisted.cred
is a pluggable
authentication framework which allows application/protocol
developers to easily support multiple authentication types
regardless of the backend used. This document assumes some
familiarity with cred and suggests you
read Cred:
Pluggable Authentication
and the twisted.cred
API Reference for
further information. However several of the application specific
implementations of objects required by cred
are listed below.
Credential Factories as defined
by ICredentialFactory
are
the heart of HTTP Authentication. Their functions are two-fold:
The ICredentialFactory
interface defines the following:
scheme
an attribute containing the textual representation of the scheme name, for HTTP this will be used in the www-authenticate and authorization headers.
getChallenge
(peer)
called whenever a new challenge is to be issued, the
argument peer may be used to calculate a unique challenge
based on the IAddress
of the
client.
decode
(response,
method=None)
called with a string response (such as the body of an
Authorization header) and (for HTTP based protocols) the
HTTP method by which the initial response was sent, such as
GET, POST, REGISTER, etc. This will either return an
ICredential
or raise a
LoginFailed
Exception if it is unable to decode the response.
The purpose of HTTPAuthResource
is to
trap both locateChild
and
renderHTTP
and require
authentication before allowing requests to pass on to it's
wrappedResource. It does this by returning an
UnauthorizedResource
if
the following conditions are not met:
ICredentialFactory
for the specified schemecheckPassword
for the ICredentials
returned by the
specified ICredentialFactory
failed.This simple example consists of the following application specific components.
ICredentialCheckers
. In
this case a simple checker that stores usernames and
passwords in memory and should not be used for anything other
than as an example.ICredentialFactory
,
in this case a DigestCredentialFactory
using the md5 algorithm and with a realm of
"My Realm"
HTTPAuthResource
is provided
largely as a lowest common denominator authentication solution. As a
result, it has a few limitations:
There's no limit to the number of authentication attempts that a
client can make. HTTPAuthResource
will always
respond to a failed authentication with a 401 UNAUTHORIZED message, and
the client will always be issued a new challenge to which it is welcome
to respond again and again. A better solution, not yet implemented,
would be to issue a 403 FORBIDDEN response code for a particular client
at some point.
Currently nothing is done with the avatar returned by a successful login. In a future version, this avatar may be attached to the request so that resources below it benefit from the information.
Currently there is no provided means of limiting only a subset of possible HTTP methods to require HTTP Authentication. The HTTP mmethods GET, PUT, POST are all treated exactly the same, which permits only the choices of a total lockdown of the resource or leaving it wide open.
As a result of these limitations HTTPAuthResource
is provided more
as an example of how you can work with twisted.web2.auth
rather than as a definitive
solution.


--- title: Ken Karpel date: 1998-11-10T11:00:00.000Z age: Who's Asking? gender: Uncertain city: Somewhere over the rainbow thinkLotrRules: Of course ---
nahhh, Jeremy your page is pretty good. I have a ppage and i know how much work you must of put into it, Jeremy you rock.


Hello, I'm Ian Mwangi.
I'm a web developer.
Hi.
I am a web developer as well as having a degree in Electronics and Computer Engineering. I have a strong passion for technology and logical thinking hence i gravitate towards the backend development of web applications.
Responsive
My layouts will work on any device, big or small.
Simplistic
I find beauty in simplistic design and code hence i strive to incorporate this when making websites.
Dynamic
I like making my websites as dynamic as possible to make them come alive.
Technologies I use.
Python
HTML 5
CSS 3
Bootstrap 4
AngularJs
Django
Flask
Django Rest Framework
Project Review
Django
My Blog
Flask
Photo Gallery
Django
Github User Search
Angular
Greate Quotes App
Angular
Phone Number:


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: VMworld Public Voting author: display_name: iguy login: iguy email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: iguy author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 430 wordpress_url: http://itsjustanotherlayer.com/?p=430 date: !binary |- MjAxMC0wNS0xNyAyMTo0OToyMCAtMDUwMA== date_gmt: !binary |- MjAxMC0wNS0xOCAwMjo0OToyMCAtMDUwMA== categories: - VMware tags: - vmworld comments: - id: 114 author: ThatFridgeGuy author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>author_url: '' date: !binary |- MjAxMC0wNS0xNyAyMjo1NjozMCAtMDUwMA== date_gmt: !binary |- MjAxMC0wNS0xOCAwMzo1NjozMCAtMDUwMA== content: ! 'Ian, Good post. I agree with a lot of what you had to say. It''s somewhat of a catch-22 situation. Many of the sessions I voted for are people I know or people whom I know of. Why do I know or know of these people? Mainly because they are people who are interested in and knowledgeable in the same areas that I am interested in. On the other hand, I am already following them on Twitter and or reading their blogs so I am exposed to their knowledge and opinions already. It would be good to hear from some other people and their perspectives. It''s a tough choice; more from a known and respected presenter or take a chance on the unknown person with what may be a different perspective and who has the potential to become a new addition to the list of valued resources. What makes it harder is that to really go through the list of sessions and look at them closely takes a long time. For me and many of us in IT, free time is not something we have in abundance. In the end I looked through the list for topics that interested me the most (also tough with so many great choices) and when in doubt I tended to go with the known person. It would be interesting if they did this without listing who the presenter is. Obviously there would still be plenty of people marketing their own session, but it would me much less of a popularity contest. Rod' - id: 115 author: VMworld 2010 – the time to chose is upon us | PlanetVM author_email: '' author_url: http://planetvm.net/blog/?p=1561 date: !binary |- MjAxMC0wNS0xOSAwMjowMToxOCAtMDUwMA== date_gmt: !binary |- MjAxMC0wNS0xOSAwNzowMToxOCAtMDUwMA== content: ! '[...] promotion over and done with. A little bit about voting strategy, many people have already stated this, but the fact remains, this voting is becoming a popularity contest, this is not how it should [...]' ---
In an attempt to get better sessions picked out at VMworld, the part of the selection process is now done via public voting.
http://vmworld.com/community/conferences/2010/cfpvote/
This has been an interesting process watching Twitter and a variety of blogs discuss various sessions and which ones are good and which ones folks want to go see. As one would expect the immediate result is that there is a lot of sales pitching going on.
"Vote for my session". "Vote for me". "My company's session needs some love to get to VMworld".
Overall this has been fairly harmless in my mind. The immediate gut feel is the sessions are going to be popularity contests. Those folks that are the most popular are going to get sessions. That must be bad. That can't be right.. good sessions aren't only folks that are popular. True to an extent. Once one starts thinking about popularity and why individuals are popular, my reasoning says this is actually a good thing. The question to be asked is "Why are those folks popular?" Any of a multitude of reasons means that session is likely going to be a good one.
At the end of the day isn't the goal to have a good session whatever the reason this presenter is popular?


Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program developed for the Microsoft Windows and Mac OS computer operating systems. Being widely used by businesspeople, educators and trainers, it is among the most prevalent forms of persuasion technology. According to its vendor, Microsoft Corporation, some 30 million presentations are made with PowerPoint every day.
In Microsoft PowerPoint, as in most other presentation software, text, graphics, movies, and other objects are positioned on individual pages or "slides". The "slide" analogy is a reference to the slide projector, a device which has become somewhat obsolete due to the use of PowerPoint and other presentation software. Slides can be printed, or (more usually) displayed on-screen and navigated through at the command of the presenter. Transitions between slides can be animated in a variety of ways, as can the emergence of elements on a slide itself. The overall design of a presentation can be controlled with a master slide and the overall structure, extending to the text on each slide, can be edited using a primitive outliner. Presentations can be saved and run in any of the file formats :
The default .ppt (presentation),
.pot (template) or .pps (PowerPoint Show).


Provides the classes that handle the array values (array model) to be used by displaying the charts.


The strategy of becoming the best at anything is making it about something you love, Evaluate your work and effectiveness, seeking support to improve and most importantly commitment. These are the qualities that every team member must have. In other words, love something and make it F'N awesome.
What does A.R.M.S. stand for?
Aside from the fact that A.R.M.S. actually stands for Academic Register Management Services, We stand for fun, honesty, truth, and above all, commitment. We believe in the due diligence required for a group of web developers such as ourselves to come together and find meaning in the creative designs and complex skeletons that bring web applications to life.
Who are part of A.R.M.S. Project?
Youth, enthusiastic about programming and web development. Basically, we are a team of people who love to code.
How can I join A.R.M.S. Project?
Easy. simply look out for the internship positions that are open every year and sign up. Be part of something big.
Web Development
Creative Designs and Backend Skeleton Structuring to create web based applications
Finding Web Based Solutions
Implementing ideas to solve problems in an ever dynamic, revolutionized world of technology
Unlocking Potential
Create a family of coders that will continue to teach many others the fun and benefits of coding
Commitment
Showing the qualities that every web development team must have in order to succeed
"A team of young educated people in the field of web design and web development projects with the intention of creating innovative and lasting solutions to embody ideas in a clear and effective cart within the international standards."


A Prehistory of The Ethereum Protocol
Although the ideas behind the current Ethereum protocol have largely been stable for two years, Ethereum did not emerge all at once, in its current conception and fully formed. Before the blockchain has launched, the protocol went through a number of significant evolutions and design decisions. The purpose of this article will be to go through the various evolutions that the protocol went through from start to launch; the countless work that was done on the implementations of the protocol such as Geth, cppethereum, pyethereum, and EthereumJ, as well as the history of applications and businesses in the Ethereum ecosystem, is deliberately out of scope.
Also out of scope is the history of Casper and sharding research. While we can certainly make more blog posts talking about all of the various ideas Vlad, Gavin, myself and others came up with, and discarded, including “proof of proof of work”, hub-and-spoke chains, “hypercubes”, shadow chains (arguably a precursor to Plasma), chain fibers, and various iterations of Casper, as well as Vlad’s rapidly evolving thoughts on reasoning about incentives of actors in consensus protocols and properties thereof, this would also be far too complex a story to go through in one post, so we will leave it out for now.
Let us first begin with the very earliest version of what would eventually become Ethereum, back when it was not even called Ethereum. When I was visiting Israel in October 2013, I spent quite a bit of time with the Mastercoin team, and even suggested a few features for them. After spending a couple of times thinking about what they were doing, I sent the team a proposal to make their protocol more generalized and support more types of contracts without adding an equally large and complex set of features: https://web.archive.org/web/20150627031414/http://vbuterin.com/ultimatescripting.html
Notice that this is very far from the later and more expansive vision of Ethereum: it specialized purely in what Mastercoin was trying to specialize in already, namely two-party contracts where parties A and B would both put in money, and then they would later get money out according to some formula specified in the contract (eg. a bet would say “if X happens then give all the money to A, otherwise give all the money to B”). The scripting language was not Turing-complete.
The Mastercoin team was impressed, but they were not interested in dropping everything they were doing to go in this direction, which I was increasingly convinced is the correct choice. So here comes version 2, circa December: https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030753/http://vitalik.ca/ethereum.html
Here you can see the results of a substantial rearchitecting, largely a result of a long walk through San Francisco I took in November once I realized that smart contracts could potentially be fully generalized. Instead of the scripting language being simply a way of describing the terms of relations between two parties, contracts were themselves fully-fledged accounts, and had the ability to hold, send and receive assets, and even maintain a permanent storage (back then, the permanent storage was called “memory”, and the only temporary “memory” was the 256 registers). The language switched from being a stack-based machine to being a register-based one on my own volition; I had little argument for this other than that it seemed more sophisticated.
Additionally, notice that there is now a built-in fee mechanism:
At this point, ether literally was gas; after every single computational step, the balance of the contract that a transaction was calling would drop a little bit, and if the contract ran out of money execution would halt. Note that this “receiver pays” mechanism meant that the contract itself had to require the sender to pay the contract a fee, and immediately exit if this fee is not present; the protocol allocated an allowance of 16 free execution steps to allow contracts to reject non-fee-paying transactions.
This was the time when the Ethereum protocol was entirely my own creation. From here on, however, new participants started to join the fold. By far the most prominent on the protocol side was Gavin Wood, who reached out to me in an about.me message in December 2013:
Jeffrey Wilcke, lead developer of the Go client (back then called “ethereal”) also reached out and started coding around the same time, though his contributions were much more on the side of client development rather than protocol research.
Gavin’s initial contributions were two-fold. First, you might notice that the contract calling model in the initial design was an asynchronous one: although contract A could create an “internal transaction” to contract B (“internal transaction” is Etherscan’s lingo; initially they were just called “transactions” and then later “message calls” or “calls”), the internal transaction’s execution would not start until the execution of the first transaction completely finished. This meant that transactions could not use internal transactions as a way of getting information from other contracts; the only way to do that was the EXTRO opcode (kind of like an SLOAD that you could use to read other contracts’ storage), and this too was later removed with the support of Gavin and others.
When implementing my initial spec, Gavin naturally implemented internal transactions synchronously without even realizing that the intent was different - that is to say, in Gavin’s implementation, when a contract calls another contract, the internal transaction gets executed immediately, and once that execution finishes, the VM returns back to the contract that created the internal transaction and proceeds to the next opcode. This approach seemed to both of us to be superior, so we decided to make it part of the spec.
Second, a discussion between him and myself (during a walk in San Francisco, so the exact details will be forever lost to the winds of history and possibly a copy or two in the deep archives of the NSA) led to a re-factoring of the transaction fee model, moving away from the “contract pays” approach to a “sender pays” approach, and also switching to the “gas” architecture. Instead of each individual transaction step immediately taking away a bit of ether, the transaction sender pays for and is allocated some “gas” (roughly, a counter of computational steps), and computational steps drew from this allowance of gas. If a transaction runs out of gas, the gas would still be forfeit, but the entire execution would be reverted; this seemed like the safest thing to do, as it removed an entire class of “partial execution” attacks that contracts previously had to worry about. When a transaction execution finishes, the fee for any unused gas is refunded.
Gavin can also be largely credited for the subtle change in vision from viewing Ethereum as a platform for building programmable money, with blockchain-based contracts that can hold digital assets and transfer them according to pre-set rules, to a general-purpose computing platform. This started with subtle changes in emphasis and terminology, and later this influence became stronger with the increasing emphasis on the “Web 3” ensemble, which saw Ethereum as being one piece of a suite of decentralized technologies, the other two being Whisper and Swarm.
There were also changes made around the start of 2014 that were suggested by others. We ended up moving back to a stack-based architecture after the idea was suggested by Andrew Miller and others.
Charles Hoskinson suggested the switch from Bitcoin’s SHA256 to the newer SHA3 (or, more accurately, keccak256). Although there was some controversy for a while, discussions with Gavin, Andrew and others led to establishing that the size of values on the stack should be limited to 32 bytes; the other alternative being considered, unlimited-size integers, had the problem that it was too difficult to figure out how much gas to charge for additions, multiplications and other operations.
The initial mining algorithm that we had in mind, back in January 2014, was a contraption called Dagger: https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/blob/master/Dagger.md
Dagger was named after the “directed acyclic graph” (DAG), the mathematical structure that is used in the algorithm. The idea is that every N blocks, a new DAG would be pseudorandomly generated from a seed, and the bottom layer of the DAG would be a collection of nodes that takes several gigabytes to store. However, generating any individual value in the DAG would require calculating only a few thousand entries. A “Dagger computation” involved getting some number of values in random positions in this bottom-level dataset and hashing them together. This meant that there was a fast way to make a Dagger calculation - already having the data in memory, and a slow, but not memory intensive way - regenerating each value from the DAG that you need to get from scratch.
The intention of this algorithm was to have the same “memory-hardness” properties as algorithms that were popular at the time, like Scrypt, but still be light-client friendly. Miners would use the fast way, and so their mining would be constrained by memory bandwidth (the theory is that consumer-grade RAM is already very heavily optimized, and so it would be hard to further optimize it with ASICs), but light clients could use the memory-free but slower version for verification. The fast way might take a few microseconds and the slow but memory-free way a few milliseconds, so it would still be very viable for light clients.
From here, the algorithm would change several times over the course of Ethereum development. The next idea that we went through is “adaptive proof of work”; here, the proof of work would involve executing randomly selected Ethereum contracts, and there is a clever reason why this is expected to be ASIC-resistant: if an ASIC was developed, competing miners would have the incentive to create and publish many contracts that that ASIC was not good at executing. There is no such thing as an ASIC for general computation, the story goes, as that is just a CPU, so we could instead use this kind of adversarial incentive mechanism to make a proof of work that essentially was executing general computation.
This fell apart for one simple reason: long-range attacks. An attacker could start a chain from block 1, fill it up with only simple contracts that they can create specialized hardware for, and rapidly overtake the main chain. So… back to the drawing board.
The next algorithm was something called Random Circuit, described in this google doc here, proposed by myself and Vlad Zamfir, and analyzed by Matthew Wampler-Doty and others. The idea here was also to simulate general-purpose computation inside a mining algorithm, this time by executing randomly generated circuits. There’s no hard proof that something based on these principles could not work, but the computer hardware experts that we reached out to in 2014 tended to be fairly pessimistic on it. Matthew Wampler-Doty himself suggested a proof of work based on SAT solving, but this too was ultimately rejected.
Finally, we came full circle with an algorithm called “Dagger Hashimoto”. “Dashimoto”, as it was sometimes called in short, borrowed many ideas from Hashimoto, a proof of work algorithm by Thaddeus Dryja that pioneered the notion of “I/O bound proof of work”, where the dominant limiting factor in mining speed was not hashes per second, but rather megabytes per second of RAM access. However, it combined this with Dagger’s notion of light-client-friendly DAG-generated datasets. After many rounds of tweaking by myself, Matthew, Tim and others, the ideas finally converged into the algorithm we now call Ethash.
By the summer of 2014, the protocol had considerably stabilized, with the major exception of the proof of work algorithm which would not reach the Ethash phase until around the beginning of 2015, and a semi-formal specification existed in the form of Gavin’s yellow paper.
In August 2014, I developed and introduced the uncle mechanism, which allows Ethereum’s blockchain to have a shorter block time and higher capacity while mitigating centralization risks. This was introduced as part of PoC6.
Discussions with the Bitshares team led us to consider adding heaps as a first-class data structure, though we ended up not doing this due to lack of time, and later security audits and DoS attacks will show that it is actually much harder than we had thought at the time to do this safely.
In September, Gavin and I planned out the next two major changes to the protocol design. First, alongside the state tree and transaction tree, every block would also contain a “receipt tree”. The receipt tree would include hashes of the logs created by a transaction, along with intermediate state roots. Logs would allow transactions to create “outputs” that are saved in the blockchain, and are accessible to light clients, but that are not accessible to future state calculations. This could be used to allow decentralized applications to easily query for events, such as token transfers, purchases, exchange orders being created and filled, auctions being started, and so forth.
There were other ideas that were considered, like making a Merkle tree out of the entire execution trace of a transaction to allow anything to be proven; logs were chosen because they were a compromise between simplicity and completeness.
The second was the idea of “precompiles”, solving the problem of allowing complex cryptographic computations to be usable in the EVM without having to deal with EVM overhead. We had also gone through many more ambitious ideas about “native contracts”, where if miners have an optimized implementation of some contracts they could “vote” the gasprice of those contracts down, so contracts that most miners could execute much more quickly would naturally have a lower gas price; however, all of these ideas were rejected because we could not come up with a cryptoeconomically safe way to implement such a thing. An attacker could always create a contract which executes some trapdoored cryptographic operation, distribute the trapdoor to themselves and their friends to allow them to execute this contract much faster, then vote the gasprice down and use this to DoS the network. Instead we opted for the much less ambitious approach of having a smaller number of precompiles that are simply specified in the protocol, for common operations such as hashes and signature schemes.
Gavin was also a key initial voice in developing the idea of “protocol abstraction” - moving as many parts of the protocol such as ether balances, transaction signing algorithms, nonces, etc into the protocol itself as contracts, with a theoretical final goal of reaching a situation where the entire ethereum protocol could be described as making a function call into a virtual machine that has some pre-initialized state. There was not enough time for these ideas to get into the initial Frontier release, but the principles are expected to start slowly getting integrated through some of the Constantinople changes, the Casper contract and the sharding specification.
This was all implemented in PoC7; after PoC7, the protocol did not really change much, with the exception of minor, though in some cases important, details that would come out through security audits…
In early 2015, came the pre-launch security audits organized by Jutta Steiner and others, which included both software code audits and academic audits. The software audits were primarily on the C++ and Go implementations, which were led by Gavin Wood and Jeffrey Wilcke, respectively, though there was also a smaller audit on my pyethereum implementation. Of the two academic audits, one was performed by Ittay Eyal (of “selfish mining” fame), and the other by Andrew Miller and others from Least Authority. The Eyal audit led to a minor protocol change: the total difficulty of a chain would not include uncles. The Least Authority audit was more focused on smart contract and gas economics, as well as the Patricia tree. This audit led to several protocol changes. One small one is the use of sha3(addr) and sha3(key) as trie keys instead of the address and key directly; this would make it harder to perform a worst-case attack on the trie.
Another significant thing that we discussed was the gas limit voting mechanism. At the time, we were already concerned by perceived lack of progress in the bitcoin block size debate, and wanted to have a more flexible design in Ethereum that could adjust over time as needed. But the challenge is: what is the optimal limit? My initial thought had been to make a dynamic limit, targeting 1.5 times the long-term exponential moving average of the actual gas usage, so that in the long run on average blocks would be 2/3 full. However, Andrew showed that this was exploitable in some ways - specifically, miners who wanted to raise the limit would simply include transactions in their own blocks that consume a very large amount of gas, but take very little time to process, and thereby always create full blocks at no cost to themselves. The security model was thus, at least in the upward direction, equivalent to simply having miners vote on the gas limit.
We did not manage to come up with a gas limit strategy that was less likely to break, and so Andrew’s recommended solution was to simply have miners vote on the gas limit explicitly, and have the default strategy for voting be the 1.5x EMA rule. The reasoning was that we were still very far from knowing the right approach for setting maximum gas limits, and the risk of any specific approach failing seemed greater than the risk of miners abusing their voting power. Hence, we might as well simply let miners vote on the gas limit, and accept the risk that the limit will go too high or too low, in exchange for the benefit of flexibility, and the ability for miners to work together to very quickly adjust the limit upwards or downwards as needed.
After a mini-hackathon between Gavin, Jeff and myself, PoC9 was launched in March, and was intended to be the final proof of concept release. A testnet, Olympic, ran for four months, using the protocol that was intended to be used in the livenet, and Ethereum’s long-term plan was established. Vinay Gupta wrote a blog post, “The Ethereum Launch Process”, that described the four expected stages of Ethereum livenet development, and gave them their current names: Frontier, Homestead, Metropolis and Serenity.
Olympic ran for four months. In the first two months, many bugs were found in the various implementations, consensus failures happened, among other issues, but around June the network noticeably stabilized. In July a decision was made to make a code-freeze, followed by a release, and on July 30 the release took place.


School bullies 'held a knife to a boy's throat'. Two weeks later the school can't say what's happened to them 'because of GDPR' and his mum hasn't heard back from the police
'He's just meant to put on a brave face. To top it all off the police haven't even phoned me'
by Steve Robson, https://www.facebook.com/Manchester-City-Centre-News-381745735717650/A mum has accused police and schools of failing to tackle knife crime after her son was allegedly targeted by bullies in a series of frightening attacks.
The 14-year-old, who has special needs, is a pupil at Priestnall School in Stockport.

But the situation escalated in recent weeks when her son allegedly had a knife held to his throat by a fellow Priestnall pupil in an attempted mugging.
The incident is said to have happened at the home of the alleged offender.
The mum believes her son was 'lured' into visiting the boy's address where she says he was threatened with the blade and told to hand over his phone and wallet.
The boy managed to flee, but was confronted by the alleged offender and another boy near to their school in Heaton Moor the next day, his mum says.
"They got him in a headlock and threw him to the floor," his mum said.
"Then the two of them stamped on his head.
"He said to me 'mummy I just put my hands over my head and just lay there.'
"It was very violent.
"If they're willing to do that at 8.40 in the morning in broad daylight, they've no fear.
"They were all in uniform so members of the public told the school, the lollipop man told the school."
The mum believes the incident on Friday, November 15, was reported to Greater Manchester Police by the school, while she also reported it and the knife threat via 101 as well.
But almost two weeks later, the mum says she's not heard anything.
"I've not had a phone call, I've not spoken to a police officer, neither has my son," she said.
"I'm very disappointed in the police response."
Meanwhile, the mum says the leadership team at Priestnall School will not reveal what action, if any, has been taken against the perpetrators 'due to GDRP'.
The General Data Protection Regulation came into force last May and was designed to protect the personal information of individuals.
It has caused a number of disputes between citizens and public bodies, especially schools.
We reported in September how a school in Rochdale said a boy had to be called 'Harry2' in order to comply with GDPR rules.
But in this case, the mum believes Priestnall's approach means she doesn't feel reassured that her son is safe to return to school.
"Due to GDPR, the school can't tell me anything," the mum said.
"They've not told my son what's happened to these boys.
"He's had threats on his phone, someone saying 'we're going to punch your face in at school'.
"We've kept him off and all we've had is a phone call from the school saying 'we're putting measures in place'.
"He's just meant to put on a brave face and go into school. It's shocking.
"To top it all off the police haven't even phoned me.
"We feel very let down by the system.
"He's already missed a week of school and if I send him back in I wonder if I'm going to get a call that he's been stabbed or beaten again?
"We're really worried - do I buy him a stab vest to send him into school?
"He was very lucky this time but what about the next?

Asked for a response to the mum's claims, Priestnall School insists it has followed 'established procedures and processes' in dealing with the incident.
The mum says not having spoken to Greater Manchester Police about the incident has made things more difficult.
"I know there's been cuts and they're under staffed," she said.
"But two weeks is ridiculous."
The mum has now made an official complaint to GMP about the length of time she has had to wait for a response.
A spokesperson for Priestnall School said: "The school are aware of the incident that took place outside of school hours and we have fully co-operated with the police as required.
"We have followed established procedures and processes in supporting all those concerned and will continue to do so."
GMP has not responded to the M.E.N's request for comment.
Get breaking news first on the free Manchester Evening News app - download it here for your Apple or Android device. You can also get a round-up of the biggest stories sent direct to your inbox every day with the MEN email newsletter - subscribe here . And you can follow us on Facebook here .


Put the names of \label
s and other commands into
the margins of a draft document.
Version 1.8, 2016 June 9,
http://purl.org/nxg/dist/showlabels
.
This class option helps you keep track of all the labels in your
documents, by putting the name of the new label into the margin
whenever either the \label
command is used, or an
equation is automatically numbered. It is compatible with the
amsmath
and hyperref
packages.
It is similar to, but does a little more than, the showkeys package.
You invoke this package with the command
\usepackage{showlabels}
in the preamble. You can control
where the labels appear – in the margins or in the interline gaps –
and you can change the appearance of the formatted labels to some
extent.
As well, you can have the arguments to other commands besides
\label
displayed. This is fairly obviously useful for
the \cite
command, but it can be useful for
\ref
or \begin
as well.
The package will also work in the presence of the
[twocolumn]
option. In this case, the options
[inner]
and [outer]
will be ignored, and the
label will be placed in the nearer margin.
For reasonably obvious reasons, this package will not work at
all well with the multicol package, and for possibly less obvious
reasons, it won't work with the [leqno]
option either (at
some point it should be modified to at least recognise and warn of the
conflict in either case). The package can occasionally place labels
in the wrong margins, near the top of a page – see the documentation
for a discussion of this.
showlabels.ins
– this will
unpack the style file showlabels.sty
amongst other files.
Place this somewhere where TeX can find it. showlabels.dtx
to obtain the
documentation.Links:
http://purl.org/nxg/dist/showlabels
This work is Copyright 1999, 2001-09, 2013-16, Norman Gray, and may be distributed and/or modified under the conditions of the LaTeX Project Public Licence, either version 1.3 of this licence or (at your option) any later version.
ntheorem
package exposed an apparently
long-standing incompleteness in the handling of amsmath
documents.
Fixes issue 9.\showlabels
an optional formatting argument
(implements issue 1
– thanks to Francesco Biccari for the suggestion).[final]
option now works with the
{amsmath}
package
(fixes issue 3
– thanks to Guillermo Garza and Enno Nagel for the report, and to
Guillermo for the test case).\ref*{label}
variant
(fixes issue 4
– thanks to Alex Watson for the report and test case).\showlabelrefline
and
ensure that \color
works in
\showlabelfont
.\eqref
(which is good; might this finally be fixed?).eqnarray
became the only thing that worked
within amsmath)! Fixed. Doh!\showlabels
command will now work with commands
(such as \cite
or \includegraphics
) which
take an optional argument.\showlabelfont
using
\ttfamily
rather than \tt
(I'd
avoided doing this before to avoid a seemingly pointless
incompatibility with LaTeX 2.09, but (a) I imagine the
package is incompatible with that for other reasons, and (b)
it's really not worth the hassle...).\showlabelfont
and
\showlabelsetlabel
commands, allowing
customisation of the printed labels. Added and documented
options [final], [draft] (the former makes this package do
nothing; the latter is the default behaviour).
[left]
and
[right]
options, and fixed a bug which affected
\label
commands in captions.\showlabels
command, to have the package display
references to commands other than \label
(\cite
and \ref
are obvious ones),
and an [inline]
option to have labels (etc.)
displayed inline where possible, rather than always in the
margin.\label
command. This will
work, however, only if the showlabels package is loaded after
other packages which do this. Notwithstanding Sebastian
Rahtz's excellent general advice on this, showlabels should
indeed be loaded after hyperref.After a long delay, here is an updated version of my showlabels package. It corrects all the reported bugs which I could reproduce, namely:
\label
command appears outside either an equation or a
\caption
(silly of me).\usepackage{showlabels}
command must come after
the \usepackage{amsmath}
command. Bug-sightings here
will be warmly appreciated.amsmath
uses to produce equation
numbers. I don't habitually use amsmath
, so I won't
discover any bugs or weaknesses with its support here, and I'd
consequently be glad to be informed of any that appear. Do note that
the \usepackage{showlabels}
command must appear
after the \usepackage{amsmath}
if it is to detect that
you are using the amsmath package. Note also that, since these
additions appeared, AMS-LaTeX and the amstex
package seem
to have been declared ‘obsolete’ in favour of the amsmath
package. This package now claims conformance with the
amsmath
package alone, though it will probably work with
older versions in fact.
labels.sty
.
On 1992 January 29, Darrel Hankerson
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>), made the update to NFSS, and
changed the name to showlabel.sty
.


"We're all about helping you find new ways to explore the city. We'll help you meet up with your friends and let you earn points and unlock badges for discovering new places, doing new things and meeting new people."
A heat map is a way to visualize location data using color on a map. Denser concentrations of color indicate more Foursquare check-ins at a venue at that particular location.


| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| org.apache.hadoop.yarn.webapp.hamlet |
Deprecated.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Hamlet
Deprecated.
Use org.apache.hadoop.yarn.webapp.hamlet2 package instead.
|
| Hamlet.A
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.ABBR
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.ACRONYM
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.ADDRESS
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.AREA
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.B
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.BASE
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.BDO
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.BLOCKQUOTE
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.BODY
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.BR
Deprecated.
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| Hamlet.BUTTON
Deprecated.
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| Hamlet.CAPTION
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.CITE
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.CODE
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.COL
Deprecated.
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| Hamlet.COLGROUP
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.DD
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.DEL
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.DFN
Deprecated.
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| Hamlet.DIV
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.DL
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.DT
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.EM
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.FIELDSET
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.FORM
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.H1
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.H2
Deprecated.
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| Hamlet.H3
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.H4
Deprecated.
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| Hamlet.H5
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.H6
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.HEAD
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.HR
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.HTML
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.I
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.IMG
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.INPUT
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.INS
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.KBD
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.LABEL
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.LEGEND
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.LI
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.LINK
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.MAP
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.META
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.OBJECT
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.OL
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.OPTGROUP
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.OPTION
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.P
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.PARAM
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.PRE
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.Q
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.SAMP
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.SCRIPT
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.SELECT
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.SMALL
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.SPAN
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.STRONG
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.STYLE
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.SUB
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.SUP
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.TABLE
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.TBODY
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.TD
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.TEXTAREA
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.TFOOT
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.TH
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.THEAD
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.TITLE
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.TR
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.UL
Deprecated.
|
| Hamlet.VAR
Deprecated.
|
| HamletImpl
Deprecated.
Use org.apache.hadoop.yarn.webapp.hamlet2 package instead.
|
| HamletImpl.EImp
Deprecated.
The base class for elements
|
| HamletImpl.EOpt
Deprecated.
Element options.
|
| HamletImpl.Generic
Deprecated.
|
| HamletSpec
Deprecated.
Use org.apache.hadoop.yarn.webapp.hamlet2 package instead.
|
| HamletSpec._
Deprecated.
|
| HamletSpec._Anchor
Deprecated.
|
| HamletSpec._Block
Deprecated.
%block -(FORM|FIELDSET)
|
| HamletSpec._Body
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._Cell
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._Child
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._Content
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._Dl
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._FieldSet
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._FontSize
Deprecated.
Part of %pre.exclusion
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| HamletSpec._FontStyle
Deprecated.
%fontstyle -(%pre.exclusion)
|
| HamletSpec._Form
Deprecated.
|
| HamletSpec._FormCtrl
Deprecated.
|
| HamletSpec._Head
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._Html
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._ImgObject
Deprecated.
Part of %pre.exclusion
|
| HamletSpec._InsDel
Deprecated.
INS and DEL are unusual for HTML
"in that they may serve as either block-level or inline elements
(but not both)".
|
| HamletSpec._Label
Deprecated.
|
| HamletSpec._Legend
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._Li
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._Object
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._Option
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._Param
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._RawContent
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._Script
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._Special
Deprecated.
%special -(A|%pre.exclusion)
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| HamletSpec._SubSup
Deprecated.
Part of %pre.exclusion
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| HamletSpec._Table
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._TableCol
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._TableRow
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec._Tr
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.A
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.ABBR
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.ACRONYM
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.ADDRESS
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.AREA
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.Attrs
Deprecated.
%attrs
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| HamletSpec.B
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.BASE
Deprecated.
|
| HamletSpec.BDO
Deprecated.
The dir attribute is required for the BDO element
|
| HamletSpec.Block
Deprecated.
%block
|
| HamletSpec.BLOCKQUOTE
Deprecated.
|
| HamletSpec.BODY
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.BR
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.BUTTON
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.ButtonType
Deprecated.
Values for button types
|
| HamletSpec.CAPTION
Deprecated.
|
| HamletSpec.CITE
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.CODE
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.COL
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.COLGROUP
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.CoreAttrs
Deprecated.
%coreattrs
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| HamletSpec.DD
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.DEL
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.DFN
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.Dir
Deprecated.
Values for the %18n dir attribute (case-insensitive)
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| HamletSpec.DIV
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.DL
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.DT
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.Element
Deprecated.
The element annotation for specifying element options other than
attributes and allowed child elements
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| HamletSpec.EM
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.EventsAttrs
Deprecated.
%events
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| HamletSpec.FIELDSET
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.Flow
Deprecated.
%flow
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| HamletSpec.FontStyle
Deprecated.
%fontstyle
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| HamletSpec.FORM
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.FormCtrl
Deprecated.
%formctrl
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| HamletSpec.H1
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| HamletSpec.H2
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.H3
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| HamletSpec.Heading
Deprecated.
%heading
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| HamletSpec.HeadMisc
Deprecated.
%head.misc
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| HamletSpec.HR
Deprecated.
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| HamletSpec.HTML
Deprecated.
The root element
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| HamletSpec.I
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| HamletSpec.I18nAttrs
Deprecated.
%i18n
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| HamletSpec.IMG
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| HamletSpec.Inline
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%inline
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| HamletSpec.INPUT
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| HamletSpec.InputType
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%InputType (case-insensitive)
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| HamletSpec.LINK
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| HamletSpec.LinkType
Deprecated.
%LinkTypes (case-insensitive)
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| HamletSpec.Listing
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%list
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%MediaDesc (case-sensitive)
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Deprecated.
Values for form methods (case-insensitive)
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| HamletSpec.OBJECT
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#PCDATA
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%Scope (case-insensitive)
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TBODY should be used after THEAD/TFOOT, iff there're no TABLE.TR elements.
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Copyright © 2008–2022 Apache Software Foundation. All rights reserved.


CodeMirror: Question Editor demo
Problem: // EduPlayCloud: Write your comment here about Problem. Parameters: { f: readfile('test') c:Write your Parameter function here or delete this line } P: Write here... PQuestion: // EduPlayCloud: Write your comment here about Question. */ \Attr { Difficulty: easy Time: '10' Tag: 'math, numbers' Type: mutlichoice } Q: Write here... sdflkjsdlfk < djsjdfs eui >= Answers: +A: Write here... -A: Write here... -A: Write here... -A: Write here... Hints: -H: Write here... -H: Write here...


| qr {pbdDMAT} | R Documentation |
qr()
takes the QR decomposition.
## S4 method for signature 'ddmatrix' qr(x, tol = 1e-07) ## S4 method for signature 'ANY' qr.Q(x, complete = FALSE, Dvec) ## S4 method for signature 'ANY' qr.R(x, complete = FALSE) ## S4 method for signature 'ANY' qr.qy(x, y) ## S4 method for signature 'ANY' qr.qty(x, y)
x, y |
numeric distributed matrices for |
tol |
logical value, determines whether or not columns are zero centered. |
complete |
logical expression of length 1. Indicates whether an arbitrary orthogonal completion of the Q or X matrices is to be made, or whether the R matrix is to be completed by binding zero-value rows beneath the square upper triangle. |
Dvec |
Not implemented for objects of class |
qr.Q()
recovers Q from the output of qr()
.
qr.R()
recovers R from the output of qr()
.
qr.qy()
multiplies y
by Q.
qr.qty()
multiplies y
by the transpose of Q.
Functions for forming a QR decomposition and for using the outputs of these numerical QR routines.
qr()
returns a list consisting of: qr
- rank
-
calculated numerical rank, tau
- pivot
- "class"
-
attribute "qr".
## Not run: # Save code in a file "demo.r" and run with 2 processors by # > mpiexec -np 2 Rscript demo.r library(pbdDMAT, quiet = TRUE) init.grid() # don't do this in production code x <- matrix(1:9, 3) x <- as.ddmatrix(x) Q <- qr.Q(qr(x)) print(Q) finalize() ## End(Not run)


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Preparation time
over 2 hours
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Serves 4
Dietary
Roasted tomatoes have superb sweetness, Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall makes a superb cold soup topped with homemade pesto.
Place the tomatoes cut side up in a baking tray, add the whole garlic cloves. Season well with salt and pepper, sprinkle with the sugar and drizzle over the olive oil. Roast in a moderate oven (180C/375F/Gas 4) for about 45 minutes, until the tomatoes are lightly browned and beginning to ooze juice. Remove the tray from the oven and leave to cool for a few moments.
Pick out the roasted garlic cloves and squeeze the soft flesh out of the browned papery husks onto a saucer. Place a sieve over a bowl and rub the tomatoes through it to extract the juice and flesh. Rub the roasted garlic pulp through the sieve as well, along with any oily juices from the pan.
Tomatoes vary in juiciness and flavour, so taste the mixture and adjust the seasonings. Thinning with a little stock, or even water, may help to get the flavour and consistency you want. Remember that the flavours will be muted somewhat when the soup is chilled.
Place the bowl in the fridge and chill for at least four hours (or accelerate the chilling process by placing the bowl in a larger bowl of ice and water and stirring occasionally).
Pound together, or chop together with a large knife, the basil, garlic and pine nuts, until you have a fine grained pulp. Stir into the olive oil. This pesto is meant to be quite runny. Leaving to stand for an hour or two will mellow the harsh edge of the raw garlic.
Serve the soup by ladling into chilled bowls and drizzling a generous tablespoon of the pesto over each bowl.


Apache Olingo - OData2 Library
Spring / Apache CXF / RefScenario Sample
JAX-RS
Service Document and Metadata
wadl
service document
metadata
EntitySets
Employees
Managers
Buildings
Rooms
Container2.Photos
Entities
Employees('1')
Managers('1')
Buildings('1')
Rooms('1')
Container2.Photos(Id=4,Type='foo')


Trustworthy Machine Learning, Computer Vision
Ziquan Liu is a Postdoc Research Fellow at University College London, working with Prof. Miguel Rodrigues and Prof. Carsten Gerner-Beuerle. He obtained Bachelor of Engineering in Information Engineering from Beihang University and secondary Bachelor of Science in Mathematics from the same university, both in 2017. He spent five wonderful years at VISAL lab of City University of Hong Kong under the supervision of Prof. Antoni B. Chan and got his PhD degree in 2022.


As mentioned by Pamela Fox ( @pamelafox )
It is recommended that you click the sync
button each time you visit the site, or the data that you're seeing could be out-of-date. We do not automatically run sync
each time you visit the site; as it takes a fairly long time to complete. We might eventually figure out a better way of doing this, but until then we do apologize about this.


AdaptrisMessage implementation that supports arbitarily large messages.
The AdaptrisMessage implementation is backed by a pair of files; there is minor support for the existing {@link com.adaptris.core.AdaptrisMessage#getPayload()} and {@link com.adaptris.core.AdaptrisMessage#getStringPayload()} methods, however, RuntimeExceptions will be thrown if there is an attempt to use those methods on files above a certain size as determined by {@link com.adaptris.core.lms.FileBackedMessageFactory#getMaxMemorySizeBytes()}. Generally speaking you should be using {@link com.adaptris.core.AdaptrisMessage#getInputStream()} and {@link com.adaptris.core.AdaptrisMessage#getOutputStream()} to read and write from the payload respectively.


No matter how much we go ‘Awww’ for Hollywood movie weddinf, the real entertainment comes only in Indian wedding, where you’ve a chance to rock it off and steal the thunders be it in your mindriff barring lehengas or showing off your amazing braiding skills and royal and elegant kurtas and sherwanis!!!
Desi Indian shaadi’s are full on entertainment packages where you find the whole family from both the sides including their ‘DHOOR KE RISHTEDAAR’!!!
The best part is all the cousins, who are grown u together, bestpartners in crime ever since the childhood come up and make it a celebration. For them, a cousins marriage is the timeto have a lot of fun.
We find some typical kinds of cousins at every Indian wedding like show-off one, excited one’ fun loving one, lazy one, jealous one, complaining one, and finally the self-obsessed one!!!It’s undoubtedly a great feeling to have all of them around.
The most importantly! Grooving to the peppy Bollywood numbers! Sometimes , the hardest part of that is just picking the right song! So we’re making it easier for you!!!

Dilli waali Girlfriend
This is the perfect number for the first and fast ones! It is soo much funto dance on this song!!! Make the way Ranbir and Deepika completely rocked it!
Bole Chudiya
This might be the old classic, starring, gorgeous Kareena Kapoor Khan, but is an all time favourite one!!!All the ladies in the wedding can dedicate this song to their hubbies by tapping to it!
London thumkada
This is he new wedding sensational song with all the essentials in it! Starring Queen ‘Kangana ‘ already being the shaadi nazaara songs, it becomes the compulsory choice at the wedding1 As it includes both the slow and fast beats, everybody at the wedding can dance on it.
Banno tera swagger
Put some glasses on girls and you’ll sure fill this song at the wedding! This could be a perfect song for the bride and her girls! Irrspective of age, this song can make everyone feel they’ve that ‘Desi feel’ in them.
Punjabi Wedding song
I like dandiya! I like garba! But if you really wanna party! Throw your hands up and twist them around! Do the bhangra everybody! Come on do the bhangra everybody! Already being the wedding song, it boosts up the energy and emotion of the people at the wedding! The lyrics perfectly describes a wedding, and is a best one to choose!
Raadha
Three years of this song!Still is the top of the must haves on a shaadi playlist! With the best background scores, this song is the favourite pick of all the youngsters at the wedding who want to be the star to steal the show.
Mehendi lagake Rakhna
This is the ever-green song of shahrukh and kajol! Which never fails to touch the right chord of mirthful teasing and flirtation that is underway in a wedding It is also the best one for the couple to perform! And enhance the fun.
Ainvayi Ainvayi
It is the hot favourite song of everyone, ever since it is released! This song can be best for both boys and girls at wedding! It has both fun side and dancing elements in it! So any one can shake a leg on!
Raat ke Dhaai Baje
It is a song with complete wedding essence!!! Without any prior preparations, you can get on to the floor with fun beats! In the movie, the song has special ‘Lanvi’ step, which when practised can add extra colours and attention to the performance!
*Its just how you can enjoy the wedding, how you get exposed to everyone, At this point, nobody judges you how you dance.
Presented to you by Inaayat Inc. .
Content by Varun Raghunathan . Photographs from google , copyright-free.
Editors Uday | Parthiban .
Page designed by Uday | Parthiban .


Button
Button in Naked Css look like this :
Button Round
Button Group
Button groups are great when you need to display a group of actions in a bar. These build off the button styles and work perfectly with the grid.
There are two ways to build button groups in Naked CSS: with our predefined HTML classes or with our structure and mixins. Building button groups using our predefined classes is a breeze, you'll just wrap a button inside an

.
The button styles will work the same as they do when building a single button, but they'll float next to each other to create a group. You also have access to the same radius classes as buttons, only they'll go on the unordered list instead of the button. You can even make sure the buttons take up even space within the container you put them in.
Button Group Round
Button Bar
A button bar is a group of button groups (I N C E P T I O N), perfect for situations where you want groups of actions that are all related to a similar element or page. Simply wrap two or more button groups in a .button-bar
.
Button Solid
Button Solid
ButtonButton Solid Error
ErrorButton Solid Success
SuccessButton Solid Warning
WarningButton Solid Round
Button Solid
ButtonButton Solid Error
ErrorButton Solid Success
SuccessButton Solid Warning
WarningButton Solid Group
Button groups are great when you need to display a group of actions in a bar. These build off the button styles and work perfectly with the grid.
There are two ways to build button groups in Naked CSS: with our predefined HTML classes or with our structure and mixins. Building button groups using our predefined classes is a breeze, you'll just wrap a button inside an

.
The button styles will work the same as they do when building a single button, but they'll float next to each other to create a group. You also have access to the same radius classes as buttons, only they'll go on the unordered list instead of the button. You can even make sure the buttons take up even space within the container you put them in.
Button Solid Group Round
Button Solid Bar
A button bar is a group of button groups (I N C E P T I O N), perfect for situations where you want groups of actions that are all related to a similar element or page. Simply wrap two or more button groups in a .button-bar
.


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---
layout: default
---
Chicago Booth
2022-23
TA for MBA / EMBA Quantitative Portfolio Management (Instructor: Ralph Koijen)
TA for MBA Blockchain, Cryptocurrencies, and Web3 (Instructor: Anup Malani & Anthony Zhang)
Organizer for Econ Dynamics Working Group (Faculty Advisor: Lars Hansen)
Organizer for Booth Asset Pricing Working Group (Faculty Advisor: Ralph Koijen & Stefan Nagel)
Organizer for Booth ML in Finance Reading Group (Faculty Advisor: Stefan Nagel)
2021-22
TA for PhD Portfolio Choice & Asset Pricing (Instructor: Stefan Nagel)
TA for MBA / EMBA Quantitative Portfolio Management (Instructor: Ralph Koijen)
Organizer for Econ Dynamics Working Group (Faculty Advisor: Lars Hansen)
Organizer for Booth Asset Pricing Working Group (Faculty Advisor: Ralph Koijen & Stefan Nagel)
Organizer for Booth ML in Finance Reading Group (Faculty Advisor: Stefan Nagel)
2020-21
TA for PhD Portfolio Choice & Asset Pricing (Instructor: Stefan Nagel)
TA for PhD Corporate Finance Theory (Instructors: Douglas Diamond & Zhiguo He)
TA for MBA Quantitative Portfolio Management (Instructor: Ralph Koijen)
TA for MBA / EMBA International Financial Policy (Instructor: Brent Neiman)
Organizer for Booth ML in Finance Reading Group (Faculty Advisor: Stefan Nagel)
Organizer for Fama-Miller Center Seminar for Research Professionals
2019-20
TA for MBA Big Data (Instructor: Veronika Rockova)
Wharton
2017-18
Instructor for Wharton Investment Trading Group - Quant Team
TA for MBA / UG Investment Management (Instructor: Robert Stambaugh)
TA for MBA / UG International Financial Markets (Instructor: Amir Yaron)
TA for MBA / UG Behavioral Finance (Instructor: Nikolai Roussanov)
TA for UG Research Seminar (Instructor: Catherine Schrand)
2016-17
TA for MBA / UG Investment Management (Instructor: Robert Stambaugh)


- whiskey barrel
- whiskey decanter
- whiskey stones
- bourbon
- jack daniels
- gifts for him
- beer
- boyfriend gift
- flask
Looking for shops? whiskeynweddingbells, WhiskeyWoodCraft, WhiskeyCartel. See more.
Get top trends and fresh editors' picks in your inbox with Etsy Finds.


Deploy your {{ clusterType }} cluster on your local workstation
Deploy your {{ clusterType }} cluster on VMware vSphere
Deploy your {{ clusterType }} cluster on Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
Deploy your {{ clusterType }} cluster on Microsoft Azure


Created by: CHIEFS CIPA
The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of a need to solve a serious number-crunching crisis. By 1880, the U.S. population had grown so large that it took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S. Census results. The government sought a faster way to get the job done, giving rise to punch-card based computers that took up entire rooms. Today, we carry more computing power on our smartphones than was available in these early models. The following brief history of computing is a timeline of how computers evolved from their humble beginnings to the machines of today that surf the Internet, play games and stream multimedia in addition to crunching numbers.
In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch cards.
English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers. The project, funded by the English government, is a failure. More than a century later, however, the world's first computer was actually built.
Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing the task in just three years and saving the government $5 million. He establishes a company that would ultimately become IBM.
Alan Turing presents the notion of a universal machine, later called the Turing machine, capable of computing anything that is computable. The central concept of the modern computer was based on his ideas.
J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University, attempts to build the first computer without gears, cams, belts or shafts.
Hewlett-Packard is founded by David Packard and Bill Hewlett in a Palo Alto, California, garage, according to the Computer History Museum.
Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design a computer that can solve 29 equations simultaneously. This marks the first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory.
Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). Considered the grandfather of digital computers, it fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and has 18,000 vacuum tubes.
Mauchly and Presper leave the University of Pennsylvania and receive funding from the Census Bureau to build the UNIVAC, the first commercial computer for business and government applications.
William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories invent the transistor. They discovered how to make an electric switch with solid materials and no need for a vacuum.
Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which eventually becomes known as COBOL. Thomas Johnson Watson Jr., son of IBM CEO Thomas Johnson Watson Sr., conceives the IBM 701 EDPM to help the United Nations keep tabs on Korea during the war.
Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the integrated circuit, known as the computer chip. Kilby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for his work.
Douglas Engelbart shows a prototype of the modern computer, with a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI). This marks the evolution of the computer from a specialized machine for scientists and mathematicians to technology that is more accessible to the general public.
The newly formed Intel unveils the Intel 1103, the first Dynamic Access Memory (DRAM) chip.
Robert Metcalfe, a member of the research staff for Xerox, develops Ethernet for connecting multiple computers and other hardware.
The January issue of Popular Electronics magazine features the Altair 8080, described as the "world's first minicomputer kit to rival commercial models." Two "computer geeks," Paul Allen and Bill Gates, offer to write software for the Altair, using the new BASIC language. On April 4, after the success of this first endeavor, the two childhood friends form their own software company, Microsoft.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start Apple Computers on April Fool's Day and roll out the Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board, according to Stanford University.
Jobs and Wozniak incorporate Apple and show the Apple II at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It offers color graphics and incorporates an audio cassette drive for storage.
The first IBM personal computer, code-named "Acorn," is introduced. It uses Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system. It has an Intel chip, two floppy disks and an optional color monitor. Sears & Roebuck and Computerland sell the machines, marking the first time a computer is available through outside distributors. It also popularizes the term PC.
Microsoft announces Windows, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. This was the company's response to Apple's GUI. Commodore unveils the Amiga 1000, which features advanced audio and video capabilities.
PCs become gaming machines as "Command & Conquer," "Alone in the Dark 2," "Theme Park," "Magic Carpet," "Descent" and "Little Big Adventure" are among the games to hit the market.
Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple, which was struggling at the time, ending Apple's court case against Microsoft in which it alleged that Microsoft copied the "look and feel" of its operating system.
Apple unveils the Mac OS X operating system, which provides protected memory architecture and pre-emptive multi-tasking, among other benefits. Not to be outdone, Microsoft rolls out Windows XP, which has a significantly redesigned GUI.
The first 64-bit processor, AMD's Athlon 64, becomes available to the consumer market.
Apple introduces the MacBook Pro, its first Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer, as well as an Intel-based iMac. Nintendo's Wii game console hits the market.
The first reprogrammable quantum computer was created. "Until now, there hasn't been any quantum-computing platform that had the capability to program new algorithms into their system. They're usually each tailored to attack a particular algorithm," said study lead author Shantanu Debnath, a quantum physicist and optical engineer at the University of Maryland, College Park.
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing a new "Molecular Informatics" program that uses molecules as computers. "Chemistry offers a rich set of properties that we may be able to harness for rapid, scalable information storage and processing," Anne Fischer, program manager in DARPA's Defense Sciences Office, said in a statement. "Millions of molecules exist, and each molecule has a unique three-dimensional atomic structure as well as variables such as shape, size, or even color. This richness provides a vast design space for exploring novel and multi-value ways to encode and process data beyond the 0s and 1s of current logic-based, digital architectures."


This web page, the browser, the OS, the hardware used, all employ these ideas!
Algorithms are simply a set of instructions; a way of getting something done. For example, a recipe is an example of an algorithms. In computing, algorithms are created in order to lay down the ideas and logic behind programs, so that they can then be transformed into a piece of software.
Algorithms contain three basic components: Sequence, Selection and Iteration. Algorithms are very useful in order to take big, complex problems, and break them down into smaller, more managable problems known as subtasks. Basic requirements for a successful algorithm are speed, efficiency and simplicity. Some examples of algorithms include: The Binary Search Algorithm, The Bubble Sort Algorithm and The Merge Sort Algotithm.
Abstract Thinking (Abstraction) is the process of separating ideas from implementation. For example, in computer science, there are two types of abstraction: Control Abstraction and Data Abstraction.
Control abstraction is a way of letting a developer focus on their program without getting stuck in machine code.
Data Abstraction hides how data eg. integers are arranged into bits.
The basic premise of abstraction is to abstract away various layers so that at a given level, a person can focus on their job. For example, Java is an abstraction; an application written in Java will run everywhere, where Java runs. This is an example of abstraction because the Java VM handles all of the hardware specific drivers etc. meaning that the developer writing Java code can simple focus on their program. Another example is of a writer, who is writing a book; the writer does not know or care how their works are encoded and saved, all the writer cares about is getting the book finished. In this way, technical aspects have been abstracted.
Steps of abstraction. 1 - Identify the problem. 2 - Define inputs and outputs. 3 - Identify the main components of the problem ie. the main functions which will be required. 4 - Identify reusable code eg. Libraries, OOP etc. 5 - Design the algorithms using Flow Diagrams, Pseudocode etc.


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The iPhone 12: in which Apple finally returns to the best form factor the phone ever had. (And the Mini is closest to its best incarnation: the original SE.)