|
1-Wire API for Compact.NET Version 4.00
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UPacketBuilder contains the methods to build a communication packet to the DS2480 based serial adapter. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| UPacketBuilder (UAdapterState startUState) | |
| Constructs a new u packet builder. | |
| virtual void | Restart () |
| Reset the packet builder to start a new one. | |
| virtual void | NewPacket () |
| Take the current packet and place it into the vector. | |
| virtual int | OneWireReset () |
| Add the command to reset the OneWire at the current speed. | |
| virtual int | DataBytes (byte[] dataBytesValue) |
| Append data bytes (read/write) to the packet. | |
| virtual int | DataBytes (byte[] dataBytesValue, int off, int len) |
| Append data bytes (read/write) to the packet. | |
| virtual int | DataByte (byte dataByteValue) |
| Append a data byte (read/write) to the packet. | |
| virtual int | PrimedDataByte (byte dataByteValue) |
| Append a data byte (read/write) to the packet. | |
| virtual int | DataBit (bool dataBit, bool strong5V) |
| Append a data bit (read/write) to the packet. | |
| virtual int | Search (OneWireState mState) |
| Append a Search to the packet. | |
| virtual void | SetSpeed () |
| Append a Search off to set the current speed. | |
| virtual void | SetToCommandMode () |
| Set the U state to command mode. | |
| virtual void | SetToDataMode () |
| Set the U state to data mode. | |
| virtual int | GetParameter (Parameter parameter) |
| Append a get parameter to the packet. | |
| virtual int | SetParameter (SlewRate parameterValue) |
| Append a set parameter to the packet. | |
| virtual int | SetParameter (ProgramPulseTime12 parameterValue) |
| Append a set parameter to the packet. | |
| virtual int | SetParameter (ProgramPulseTime5 parameterValue) |
| Append a set parameter to the packet. | |
| virtual int | SetParameter (WriteOneLowTime parameterValue) |
| Append a set parameter to the packet. | |
| virtual int | SetParameter (SampleOffsetTime parameterValue) |
| Append a set parameter to the packet. | |
| virtual int | SetParameter (AdapterBaud parameterValue) |
| Append a set parameter to the packet. | |
| virtual int | SendCommand (byte command, bool expectResponse) |
| Append a send command to the packet. | |
| virtual void | InterpretDataBytes (byte[] dataByteResponse, int responseOffset, byte[] result, int offset, int len) |
| Interpret the block of bytes. | |
| virtual OWResetResult | InterpretOneWireReset (byte resetResponse) |
| Interpret the reset response byte from a U adapter. | |
| virtual bool | InterpretOneWireBit (byte bitResponse) |
| Interpret the bit response byte from a U adapter. | |
| virtual bool | InterpretSearch (OneWireState mState, byte[] searchResponse, int responseOffset) |
| Interpret the Search response and set the 1-Wire state accordingly. | |
| virtual byte | InterpretPrimedByte (byte[] primedDataResponse, int responseOffset) |
| Interpret the data response byte from a primed byte operation. | |
| virtual bool | BitRead (byte[] bitBuffer, int address) |
| Bit utility to read a bit in the provided array of chars. | |
| virtual void | BitWrite (byte[] bitBuffer, int address, bool newBitState) |
| Bit utility to write a bit in the provided array of chars. | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static uint | GetDesiredBaud (int operation, OWSpeed owSpeed, uint maxBaud) |
| Request the maximum rate to do an operation. | |
Public Attributes | |
| const int | OPERATION_BYTE = 0 |
| Byte operation. | |
| const int | OPERATION_SEARCH = 1 |
| Byte operation. | |
| const byte | MAX_BYTES_STREAMED = (byte)(64) |
| Max bytes to stream at once. | |
| const byte | FUNCTION_BIT = (byte)(0x81) |
| DS9097U funciton command, single bit. | |
| const byte | FUNCTION_SEARCHON = (byte)(0xB1) |
| DS9097U funciton command, turn Search mode on. | |
| const byte | FUNCTION_SEARCHOFF = (byte)(0xA1) |
| DS9097U funciton command, turn Search mode off. | |
| const byte | FUNCTION_RESET = (byte)(0xC1) |
| DS9097U funciton command, OneWire reset. | |
| const byte | FUNCTION_5VPULSE_NOW = (byte)(0xED) |
| DS9097U funciton command, 5V pulse imediate. | |
| const byte | FUNCTION_12VPULSE_NOW = (byte)(0xFD) |
| DS9097U funciton command, 12V pulse imediate. | |
| const byte | FUNCTION_5VPULSE_ARM = (byte)(0xEF) |
| DS9097U funciton command, 5V pulse after next byte. | |
| const byte | FUNCTION_STOP_PULSE = (byte)(0xF1) |
| DS9097U funciton command to stop an ongoing pulse. | |
| const byte | BIT_ONE = (byte)(0x10) |
| DS9097U bit polarity one for function FUNCTION_BIT. | |
| const byte | BIT_ZERO = (byte)(0x00) |
| DS9097U bit polarity zero for function FUNCTION_BIT. | |
| const byte | PRIME5V_TRUE = (byte)(0x02) |
| DS9097U 5V prime on for function FUNCTION_BIT. | |
| const byte | PRIME5V_FALSE = (byte)(0x00) |
| DS9097U 5V prime off for function FUNCTION_BIT. | |
| const byte | CONFIG_MASK = (byte)(0x01) |
| DS9097U mask to read or write a configuration parameter. | |
| const byte | RESPONSE_RESET_MASK = (byte)(0x03) |
| DS9097U mask to read the OneWire reset response byte. | |
| const byte | RESPONSE_RESET_SHORT = (byte)(0x00) |
| DS9097U OneWire reset result = shorted. | |
| const byte | RESPONSE_RESET_PRESENCE = (byte)(0x01) |
| DS9097U OneWire reset result = presence. | |
| const byte | RESPONSE_RESET_ALARM = (byte)(0x02) |
| DS9097U OneWire reset result = alarm. | |
| const byte | RESPONSE_RESET_NOPRESENCE = (byte)(0x03) |
| DS9097U OneWire reset result = no presence. | |
| const byte | RESPONSE_BIT_MASK = (byte)(0x03) |
| DS9097U mask to read bit operation result. | |
| const byte | RESPONSE_BIT_ONE = (byte)(0x03) |
| DS9097U read bit operation 1. | |
| const byte | RESPONSE_BIT_ZERO = (byte)(0x00) |
| DS9097U read bit operation 0. | |
Static Public Attributes | |
| static bool | doDebugMessages = false |
| Enable/disable debug messages. | |
Protected Attributes | |
| internal int | totalReturnLength |
| The current current count for the number of return bytes from the packet being created. | |
| internal RawSendPacket | packet |
| Current raw send packet before it is added to the packetsVector. | |
| internal System.Collections.ArrayList | packetsVector |
| Vector of raw send packets. | |
| internal bool | bitsOnly |
| Flag to send only 'bit' commands to the DS2480. | |
Properties | |
| System.Collections.IEnumerator | Packets [get] |
| Retrieve enumeration of raw send packets. |
UPacketBuilder contains the methods to build a communication packet to the DS2480 based serial adapter.
<version>0.00</version> <author>DS, SH</author>
| UPacketBuilder | ( | UAdapterState | startUState | ) |
Constructs a new u packet builder.
| startUState | the object that contains the U brick state which is reference when creating packets |
| virtual bool BitRead | ( | byte[] | bitBuffer, |
| int | address | ||
| ) | [virtual] |
Bit utility to read a bit in the provided array of chars.
| bitBuffer | array of chars where the bit to read is located |
| address | bit location to read (LSBit of first Byte in bitBuffer is postion 0) |
| virtual void BitWrite | ( | byte[] | bitBuffer, |
| int | address, | ||
| bool | newBitState | ||
| ) | [virtual] |
Bit utility to write a bit in the provided array of chars.
| bitBuffer | array of chars where the bit to write is located |
| address | bit location to write (LSBit of first Byte in bitBuffer is postion 0) |
| newBitState | new bit state |
| virtual int DataBit | ( | bool | dataBit, |
| bool | strong5V | ||
| ) | [virtual] |
Append a data bit (read/write) to the packet.
| DataBit | bit to append |
| strong5V | true if want strong5V after bit |
| virtual int DataByte | ( | byte | dataByteValue | ) | [virtual] |
Append a data byte (read/write) to the packet.
| dataByteValue | data byte to append |
| virtual int DataBytes | ( | byte[] | dataBytesValue, |
| int | off, | ||
| int | len | ||
| ) | [virtual] |
Append data bytes (read/write) to the packet.
| dataBytesValue | byte array of data bytes |
| off | offset into the array of data to start |
| len | length of data to send / receive starting at 'off' |
| virtual int DataBytes | ( | byte[] | dataBytesValue | ) | [virtual] |
Append data bytes (read/write) to the packet.
| dataBytesValue | character array of data bytes |
| static uint GetDesiredBaud | ( | int | operation, |
| OWSpeed | owSpeed, | ||
| uint | maxBaud | ||
| ) | [static] |
Request the maximum rate to do an operation.
| virtual int GetParameter | ( | Parameter | parameter | ) | [virtual] |
Append a get parameter to the packet.
| parameter | parameter to get |
| virtual void InterpretDataBytes | ( | byte[] | dataByteResponse, |
| int | responseOffset, | ||
| byte[] | result, | ||
| int | offset, | ||
| int | len | ||
| ) | [virtual] |
Interpret the block of bytes.
| dataByteResponse |
responseOffset
result
offset
len
| virtual bool InterpretOneWireBit | ( | byte | bitResponse | ) | [virtual] |
Interpret the bit response byte from a U adapter.
| bitResponse | bit response byte from U |
| virtual OWResetResult InterpretOneWireReset | ( | byte | resetResponse | ) | [virtual] |
Interpret the reset response byte from a U adapter.
| resetResponse | reset response byte from U |
| virtual byte InterpretPrimedByte | ( | byte[] | primedDataResponse, |
| int | responseOffset | ||
| ) | [virtual] |
Interpret the data response byte from a primed byte operation.
primedDataResponse
responseOffset
| virtual bool InterpretSearch | ( | OneWireState | mState, |
| byte[] | searchResponse, | ||
| int | responseOffset | ||
| ) | [virtual] |
Interpret the Search response and set the 1-Wire state accordingly.
| bitResponse | bit response byte from U |
mState
searchResponse
responseOffset
| virtual void NewPacket | ( | ) | [virtual] |
Take the current packet and place it into the vector.
This indicates a place where we need to wait for the results from DS9097U adapter.
| virtual int OneWireReset | ( | ) | [virtual] |
Add the command to reset the OneWire at the current speed.
| virtual int PrimedDataByte | ( | byte | dataByteValue | ) | [virtual] |
Append a data byte (read/write) to the packet.
Do a strong pullup when the byte is complete
| dataByteValue | data byte to append |
| virtual void Restart | ( | ) | [virtual] |
Reset the packet builder to start a new one.
| virtual int Search | ( | OneWireState | mState | ) | [virtual] |
Append a Search to the packet.
Assume that any reset and Search command have already been appended. This will add only the Search itself.
| mState | OneWire state |
| virtual int SendCommand | ( | byte | command, |
| bool | expectResponse | ||
| ) | [virtual] |
Append a send command to the packet.
This command does not elicit a response byte.
| command | command to send |
expectResponse
| virtual int SetParameter | ( | ProgramPulseTime5 | parameterValue | ) | [virtual] |
Append a set parameter to the packet.
| parameterValue | parameter value
|
| virtual int SetParameter | ( | ProgramPulseTime12 | parameterValue | ) | [virtual] |
Append a set parameter to the packet.
| parameterValue | parameter value
|
| virtual int SetParameter | ( | AdapterBaud | parameterValue | ) | [virtual] |
Append a set parameter to the packet.
| parameterValue | parameter value
|
| virtual int SetParameter | ( | WriteOneLowTime | parameterValue | ) | [virtual] |
Append a set parameter to the packet.
| parameterValue | parameter value
|
| virtual int SetParameter | ( | SampleOffsetTime | parameterValue | ) | [virtual] |
Append a set parameter to the packet.
| parameterValue | parameter value
|
| virtual int SetParameter | ( | SlewRate | parameterValue | ) | [virtual] |
Append a set parameter to the packet.
| parameterValue | parameter value
|
| virtual void SetSpeed | ( | ) | [virtual] |
Append a Search off to set the current speed.
| virtual void SetToCommandMode | ( | ) | [virtual] |
Set the U state to command mode.
| virtual void SetToDataMode | ( | ) | [virtual] |
Set the U state to data mode.
| const byte BIT_ONE = (byte)(0x10) |
DS9097U bit polarity one for function FUNCTION_BIT.
| const byte BIT_ZERO = (byte)(0x00) |
DS9097U bit polarity zero for function FUNCTION_BIT.
internal bool bitsOnly [protected] |
Flag to send only 'bit' commands to the DS2480.
| const byte CONFIG_MASK = (byte)(0x01) |
DS9097U mask to read or write a configuration parameter.
bool doDebugMessages = false [static] |
Enable/disable debug messages.
| const byte FUNCTION_12VPULSE_NOW = (byte)(0xFD) |
DS9097U funciton command, 12V pulse imediate.
| const byte FUNCTION_5VPULSE_ARM = (byte)(0xEF) |
DS9097U funciton command, 5V pulse after next byte.
| const byte FUNCTION_5VPULSE_NOW = (byte)(0xED) |
DS9097U funciton command, 5V pulse imediate.
| const byte FUNCTION_BIT = (byte)(0x81) |
DS9097U funciton command, single bit.
| const byte FUNCTION_RESET = (byte)(0xC1) |
DS9097U funciton command, OneWire reset.
| const byte FUNCTION_SEARCHOFF = (byte)(0xA1) |
DS9097U funciton command, turn Search mode off.
| const byte FUNCTION_SEARCHON = (byte)(0xB1) |
DS9097U funciton command, turn Search mode on.
| const byte FUNCTION_STOP_PULSE = (byte)(0xF1) |
DS9097U funciton command to stop an ongoing pulse.
| const byte MAX_BYTES_STREAMED = (byte)(64) |
Max bytes to stream at once.
| const int OPERATION_BYTE = 0 |
Byte operation.
| const int OPERATION_SEARCH = 1 |
Byte operation.
internal RawSendPacket packet [protected] |
Current raw send packet before it is added to the packetsVector.
internal System.Collections.ArrayList packetsVector [protected] |
Vector of raw send packets.
| const byte PRIME5V_FALSE = (byte)(0x00) |
DS9097U 5V prime off for function FUNCTION_BIT.
| const byte PRIME5V_TRUE = (byte)(0x02) |
DS9097U 5V prime on for function FUNCTION_BIT.
| const byte RESPONSE_BIT_MASK = (byte)(0x03) |
DS9097U mask to read bit operation result.
| const byte RESPONSE_BIT_ONE = (byte)(0x03) |
DS9097U read bit operation 1.
| const byte RESPONSE_BIT_ZERO = (byte)(0x00) |
DS9097U read bit operation 0.
| const byte RESPONSE_RESET_ALARM = (byte)(0x02) |
DS9097U OneWire reset result = alarm.
| const byte RESPONSE_RESET_MASK = (byte)(0x03) |
DS9097U mask to read the OneWire reset response byte.
| const byte RESPONSE_RESET_NOPRESENCE = (byte)(0x03) |
DS9097U OneWire reset result = no presence.
| const byte RESPONSE_RESET_PRESENCE = (byte)(0x01) |
DS9097U OneWire reset result = presence.
| const byte RESPONSE_RESET_SHORT = (byte)(0x00) |
DS9097U OneWire reset result = shorted.
System.Collections.IEnumerator Packets [get] |
Retrieve enumeration of raw send packets.


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A toolkit with infrastructure for representing, summarizing, and visualizing tree-structured regression and classification models. This unified infrastructure can be used for reading/coercing tree models from different sources ('rpart', 'RWeka', 'PMML') yielding objects that share functionality for print()/plot()/predict() methods. Furthermore, new and improved reimplementations of conditional inference trees (ctree()) and model-based recursive partitioning (mob()) from the 'party' package are provided based on the new infrastructure. A description of this package was published by Hothorn and Zeileis (2015) <http://jmlr.org/papers/v16/hothorn15a.html>.
| Version: | 1.2-2 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.1.0), graphics, grid, libcoin (≥ 1.0-0), mvtnorm |
| Imports: | grDevices, stats, utils, survival, Formula (≥ 1.2-1), inum (≥ 1.0-0), rpart (≥ 4.1-11) |
| Suggests: | XML, pmml, rJava, sandwich, strucchange, vcd, AER, mlbench, TH.data (≥ 1.0-3), coin (≥ 1.1-0), RWeka (≥ 0.4-19), datasets, parallel, psychotools (≥ 0.3-0), psychotree, party (≥ 1.3-0) |
| Published: | 2018-06-05 |
| Author: | Torsten Hothorn [aut, cre], Heidi Seibold [ctb], Achim Zeileis [aut] |
| Maintainer: | Torsten Hothorn <Torsten.Hothorn at R-project.org> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 |
| URL: | http://partykit.R-Forge.R-project.org/partykit |
| NeedsCompilation: | yes |
| Citation: | partykit citation info |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| In views: | MachineLearning |
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| Reference manual: | partykit.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Constant Partying: Growing and Handling Trees with Constant Fits ctree: Conditional Inference Trees Parties, Models, Mobsters: A New Implementation of Model-Based Recursive Partitioning in R partykit: A Toolkit for Recursive Partytioning |
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Old care home being sold as a 20-bedroom development opportunity
Hollis Morgan says the property has 'huge potential'
by Alexander BrockAn old care home in Clifton is being sold as a 20-bedroom development opportunity with "huge potential".
Hollis Morgan, who is marketing the property, say it presents "scope to convert into eight flats and a detached coach house".
The period property, which previously operated as nursing home, is just a short walk away from Whiteladies Road and is expected to sell for a whopping £1.5million.
The online advert describes the property as an "imposing detached period property occupying a prime position on a substantial plot."
It goes on to say: "The property has over 8,000sqft of accommodation arranged over four floors and retains many of the original period features.
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"There are excellent amenities on the nearby Whiteladies Road which provide a wide range of supermarkets, shops, restaurants and pubs.
"A choice of primary and secondary schools are nearby and, in addition, there is excellent access to the city, as well as to Cribbs Causeway and the motorway network."
According to Hollis Morgan, the property is ideally suited for a residential conversion and there is currently a proposed scheme of eight flats as well as a detached coach house.
Alternatively, the estate agents say the property could be converted into a nursery or school.
The property will be auctioned off on Wednesday (November 27) at All Saints Church in Pembroke Road, Clifton.
You can find the online advert for the property here.
For the latest news in and around Bristol, visit and bookmark Bristol Live's homepage .


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How much money are people willing to spend on their kids this Christmas?
Are you going to spend more or less than the UK average?
by Trinity Shaw, Neil ShawNew figures from money.com estimate Brits will spend massively this Christmas, buying well over £33.3billion worth of gifts for family and friends.
Children will see the bulk of this money spent on them, with a national average of £105.99 for older children and £129.79 for under-16s comparative to partners and spouses who receive around £120.51. And mums and dads having roughly £60 spent per parent.
A 2,000 person study by Nationwide earlier this year suggested a lot less will be spent in 2019, with people spending around two weeks wages over the entire span of Christmas - equating to around £727 for celebrations, work parties and festivities.
Roughly 1 in 12 will spend more than this, splashing over £800 - with some landing in crippling debt, reports LiverpoolEcho .
Guy Simmonds head of customer management at Nationwide, said: "The cost of Christmas can quickly mount up.
"t's incredibly easy to spend more than we can afford. Planning is vital to sensible spending."
Figures from Nationwide show nearly one in five people will be struggling financially by January, one in 10 will end up deep into their overdraft and 7% will start 2020 in significant debt.
How much people spend on each item/person at Christmas:
£363 for food
£67 for kids
£40 for mums
£33 for dads
£28 for grandparents
£31 for sibings
£30 for inlaws
£22 for uncles and aunts
£20 for pets
£63 for partners.
This is despite the 4% of people who admit to spending nothing on their other half. And 23% feeling pressure to buy Secret Santa presents for colleagues.
The expense is not helped by 42% of men and 33% of women setting no budget on their Christmas. The figures setting no budget are 45% in north east england, 44% in Scotland and 49% in wales.
This compares to 30% of people from the south west who bought two to six months in advance.
The advice is to budget well and keep tabs on your money this Christmas.


Summary
HTTP offers a number of methods that can be used to perform actions on the web server. Many of theses methods are designed to aid developers in deploying and testing HTTP applications. These HTTP methods can be used for nefarious purposes if the web server is misconfigured. Additionally, Cross Site Tracing (XST), a form of cross site scripting using the server's HTTP TRACE method, is examined.
While GET and POST are by far the most common methods that are used to access information provided by a web server, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) allows several other (and somewhat less known) methods. RFC 2616 (which describes HTTP version 1.1 which is the standard today) defines the following eight methods:
- HEAD
- GET
- POST
- PUT
- DELETE
- TRACE
- OPTIONS
- CONNECT
Some of these methods can potentially pose a security risk for a web application, as they allow an attacker to modify the files stored on the web server and, in some scenarios, steal the credentials of legitimate users. More specifically, the methods that should be disabled are the following:
- PUT: This method allows a client to upload new files on the web server. An attacker can exploit it by uploading malicious files (e.g.: an asp file that executes commands by invoking cmd.exe), or by simply using the victim's server as a file repository.
- DELETE: This method allows a client to delete a file on the web server. An attacker can exploit it as a very simple and direct way to deface a web site or to mount a DoS attack.
- CONNECT: This method could allow a client to use the web server as a proxy.
- TRACE: This method simply echoes back to the client whatever string has been sent to the server, and is used mainly for debugging purposes. This method, originally assumed harmless, can be used to mount an attack known as Cross Site Tracing, which has been discovered by Jeremiah Grossman (see links at the bottom of the page).
If an application needs one or more of these methods, such as REST Web Services (which may require PUT or DELETE), it is important to check that their usage is properly limited to trusted users and safe conditions.
Arbitrary HTTP Methods
Arshan Dabirsiaghi (see links) discovered that many web application frameworks allowed well chosen or arbitrary HTTP methods to bypass an environment level access control check:
- Many frameworks and languages treat "HEAD" as a "GET" request, albeit one without any body in the response. If a security constraint was set on "GET" requests such that only "authenticatedUsers" could access GET requests for a particular servlet or resource, it would be bypassed for the "HEAD" version. This allowed unauthorized blind submission of any privileged GET request.
- Some frameworks allowed arbitrary HTTP methods such as "JEFF" or "CATS" to be used without limitation. These were treated as if a "GET" method was issued, and were found not to be subject to method role based access control checks on a number of languages and frameworks, again allowing unauthorized blind submission of privileged GET requests.
In many cases, code which explicitly checked for a "GET" or "POST" method would be safe.
How to Test
Discover the Supported Methods
To perform this test, the tester needs some way to figure out which HTTP methods are supported by the web server that is being examined. The OPTIONS HTTP method provides the tester with the most direct and effective way to do that. RFC 2616 states that, "The OPTIONS method represents a request for information about the communication options available on the request/response chain identified by the Request-URI".
The testing method is extremely straightforward and we only need to fire up netcat (or telnet):
$ nc www.victim.com 80
OPTIONS / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.victim.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Microsoft-IIS/5.0
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2006 08:00:29 GMT
Connection: close
Allow: GET, HEAD, POST, TRACE, OPTIONS
Content-Length: 0
As we can see in the example, OPTIONS provides a list of the methods that are supported by the web server, and in this case we can see that TRACE method is enabled. The danger that is posed by this method is illustrated in the following section
The same test can also be executed using nmap and the http-methods NSE script:
C:\Tools\nmap-6.40>nmap -p 443 --script http-methods localhost
Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2015-11-04 11:52 Romance Standard Time
Nmap scan report for localhost (<IP_ADDRESS>)
Host is up (0.0094s latency).
PORT STATE SERVICE
443/tcp open https
| http-methods: OPTIONS TRACE GET HEAD POST
| Potentially risky methods: TRACE
|_See http://nmap.org/nsedoc/scripts/http-methods.html
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 20.48 seconds
Test XST Potential
Note: in order to understand the logic and the goals of this attack one must be familiar with Cross Site Scripting attacks.
The TRACE method, while apparently harmless, can be successfully leveraged in some scenarios to steal legitimate users' credentials. This attack technique was discovered by Jeremiah Grossman in 2003, in an attempt to bypass the HTTPOnly tag that Microsoft introduced in Internet Explorer 6 SP1 to protect cookies from being accessed by JavaScript. As a matter of fact, one of the most recurring attack patterns in Cross Site Scripting is to access the document.cookie object and send it to a web server controlled by the attacker so that he or she can hijack the victim's session. Tagging a cookie as httpOnly forbids JavaScript from accessing it, protecting it from being sent to a third party. However, the TRACE method can be used to bypass this protection and access the cookie even in this scenario.
As mentioned before, TRACE simply returns any string that is sent to the web server. In order to verify its presence (or to double-check the results of the OPTIONS request shown above), the tester can proceed as shown in the following example:
$ nc www.victim.com 80
TRACE / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.victim.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Microsoft-IIS/5.0
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2006 08:01:48 GMT
Connection: close
Content-Type: message/http
Content-Length: 39
TRACE / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.victim.com
The response body is exactly a copy of our original request, meaning that the target allows this method. Now, where is the danger lurking? If the tester instructs a browser to issue a TRACE request to the web server, and this browser has a cookie for that domain, the cookie will be automatically included in the request headers, and will therefore be echoed back in the resulting response. At that point, the cookie string will be accessible by JavaScript and it will be finally possible to send it to a third party even when the cookie is tagged as httpOnly.
There are multiple ways to make a browser issue a TRACE request, such as the XMLHTTP ActiveX control in Internet Explorer and XMLDOM in Mozilla and Netscape. However, for security reasons the browser is allowed to start a connection only to the domain where the hostile script resides. This is a mitigating factor, as the attacker needs to combine the TRACE method with another vulnerability in order to mount the attack.
An attacker has two ways to successfully launch a Cross Site Tracing attack:
- Leveraging another server-side vulnerability: the attacker injects the hostile JavaScript snippet that contains the TRACE request in the vulnerable application, as in a normal Cross Site Scripting attack
- Leveraging a client-side vulnerability: the attacker creates a malicious website that contains the hostile JavaScript snippet and exploits some cross-domain vulnerability of the browser of the victim, in order to make the JavaScript code successfully perform a connection to the site that supports the TRACE method and that originated the cookie that the attacker is trying to steal.
More detailed information, together with code samples, can be found in the original whitepaper written by Jeremiah Grossman.
Testing for arbitrary HTTP methods
Find a page to visit that has a security constraint such that it would normally force a 302 redirect to a log in page or forces a log in directly. The test URL in this example works like this, as do many web applications. However, if a tester obtains a "200" response that is not a log in page, it is possible to bypass authentication and thus authorization.
$ nc www.example.com 80
JEFF / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 22:38:40 GMT
Server: Apache
Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=K53QW...
If the framework or firewall or application does not support the "JEFF" method, it should issue an error page (or preferably a 405 Not Allowed or 501 Not implemented error page). If it services the request, it is vulnerable to this issue.
If the tester feels that the system is vulnerable to this issue, they should issue CSRF-like attacks to exploit the issue more fully:
- FOOBAR /admin/createUser.php?member=myAdmin
- JEFF /admin/changePw.php?member=myAdmin&passwd=foo123&confirm=foo123
- CATS /admin/groupEdit.php?group=Admins&member=myAdmin&action=add
With some luck, using the above three commands - modified to suit the application under test and testing requirements - a new user would be created, a password assigned, and made an administrator.
Testing for HEAD access control bypass
Find a page to visit that has a security constraint such that it would normally force a 302 redirect to a log in page or forces a log in directly. The test URL in this example works like this, as do many web applications. However, if the tester obtains a "200" response that is not a login page, it is possible to bypass authentication and thus authorization.
$ nc www.example.com 80
HEAD /admin HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 22:44:11 GMT
Server: Apache
Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=pKi...; path=/; HttpOnly
Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT
Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0
Pragma: no-cache
Set-Cookie: adminOnlyCookie1=...; expires=Tue, 18-Aug-2009 22:44:31 GMT; domain=www.example.com
Set-Cookie: adminOnlyCookie2=...; expires=Mon, 18-Aug-2008 22:54:31 GMT; domain=www.example.com
Set-Cookie: adminOnlyCookie3=...; expires=Sun, 19-Aug-2007 22:44:30 GMT; domain=www.example.com
Content-Language: EN
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
If the tester gets a "405 Method not allowed" or "501 Method Unimplemented", the target (application/framework/language/system/firewall) is working correctly. If a "200" response code comes back, and the response contains no body, it's likely that the application has processed the request without authentication or authorization and further testing is warranted.
If the tester thinks that the system is vulnerable to this issue, they should issue CSRF-like attacks to exploit the issue more fully:
- HEAD /admin/createUser.php?member=myAdmin
- HEAD /admin/changePw.php?member=myAdmin&passwd=foo123&confirm=foo123
- HEAD /admin/groupEdit.php?group=Admins&member=myAdmin&action=add
With some luck, using the above three commands - modified to suit the application under test and testing requirements - a new user would be created, a password assigned, and made an administrator, all using blind request submission.
Tools
References
Whitepapers


Written by: David Crane & Marta Kauffman
Transcribed by: Eric Aasen
[Scene: The Wedding Hall, Monica and Chandler have just said "I do," and the photographer is taking the required pictures. First of Monica, Chandler, Ross and Joey.]
Photographer: Great. (Takes a picture.) Great! Just give me a sec to change film.
Monica: Okay.
Ross: (To Monica) Okay, I know Im not supposed to know, but I do. And Im so excited for you!
Joey: What? Whats going on?
Ross: Monicas pregnant!
Joey: Oh my God! Is that why you guys had to get married?!
Monica: Guys! Im not pregnant.
Joey: Ah. (To Chandler) Slow swimmers? (Chandler looks at him.)
Ross: What?! What do you mean? You-you-youre not pregnant?
Monica: You didnt tell anybody I was did you?!
Ross: No! (Pause) Ill be right back. (Exits.)

Monica: (To Joey) Oh, about that. Joey, you have to change before the party.
Joey: I cant! I-I dont have any other clothes here.
Monica: Find some! Please! Anything that doesnt say I-I died tragically in France. (Joey leaves to find clothes.)
Photographer: Well then why dont we see the bride and the groom and the bridemaids.
Phoebe: Okay. (Phoebe and Rachel join Monica and Chandler on the altar.) Hey Mon, why did you tell the guys you werent pregnant?
Monica: Because Im not.
Phoebe: We found your test in the trash, if youre not pregnant(She sees Rachel shaking her head)Its because I am.
(Flash, the photographer takes a picture of Monica and Chandlers stunned faces.)
Chandler: What?! What are you talking about?
Monica: What are you talking about?
Phoebe: Yes, I I am with child. (Flash) And I didnt want to say anything because its your day; I didnt want to steal your thunder.
Monica: Wait a minute! So you told people I was pregnant?! (Flash) Does this look like a conversation that I want to remember?!
Chandler: Whos the father?
Monica: Yeah!
Phoebe: I cant say.
Monica: Why?!
Chandler: Why not?
Phoebe: I cant say because hes famous.
Rachel: Oh my God, who is it?! (Phoebe rolls her eyes.)
Monica: Phoebe, come on, you have to tell us.
Phoebe: Okay, okay. Its James Brolin. James Brolin is the father of my baby.
Chandler: As in Barbara Streisands husband James Brolin?
Phoebe: What?! Well he never said that to me!
Opening Credits
[Scene: The Wedding Hall, continued from earlier.]
Photographer: Why dont we have Monica step away and well get Chandler and the bridemaids.
Phoebe: How about just the bridemaids?
Chandler: Yknow I am the groom right? I was told it was kinda big deal.
Phoebe: It is.
Rachel: For you. (Chandler leaves.)
Phoebe: Oh my God!
Rachel: Oh, thank you for doing that. I just cant deal with this just quite yet.
Phoebe: So instead you told me Monica was pregnant.
Rachel: You said that she was, I just didnt disagree with you.
Phoebe: Sneaky.
Rachel: Oh yeah.
Photographer: Smile ladies.
Rachel: Oh! (They smile and the picture is taken.) Oh by the way?
Phoebe: Uh-hmm.
Rachel: James Brolin?
Phoebe: Oh, I know. I could only think of two names, him and Ed Begley Jr. and then I remembered hes gay.

Phoebe: (intrigued) Really?!
[Scene: The Reception Hall, the party is in full swing.]
Bandleader: Thank you very much! Ladies and gentlemen, it gives me great pleasure to introduce to you for the very first time, Mr. and Mrs. Chandler Bing!
(They enter.)
Chandler: Before we go out there Ive got a present for ya.
Monica: Honey, Im going to put my hand in your pocket!
Chandler: No?
Monica: No.
Chandler: Ive been taking dancing lessons.
Monica: What?!
Chandler: Yeah, the last six weeks. I wanted this to be a moment you will never forget.
Monica: Oh that is so sweet!
Chandler: So? Would you care to join me in our first dance as husband and wife?
Monica: Yes.
(They walk onto the dance floor and Chandler slips and almost falls.)
Monica: Whats the matter?
Chandler: I dont know, its these new shoes, theyre all slippery.
Monica: Well, are you going to be able to do this?
Chandler: Not well.
(They start dancing and Chandler starts slipping around.)
Monica: Well, the good news is, I dont think anyones looking at us.
[Cut to Phoebe and Rachel at their table.]
Phoebe: So, are you ready to talk about it?
Rachel: No.
(Pause)
Phoebe: Now?
Rachel: No!
Phoebe: Okay, well talk about something else then.
Rachel: Thank you.
Phoebe: Whos the father?!
Rachel: Ugh! Look honey yknow what? I havent told him yet, so until I do I dont think I should tell anybody else.
Phoebe: Yeah. Thats fine. Thats fair. Is it Tag?
Rachel: Phoebe!!
Phoebe: Okay, Im sorry. Ill stop.
Rachel: Okay.
Phoebe: Is it Ross? Its Ross isnt itOh my God, its Joey!
Rachel: Honey, stop it! I am not going to tell you until I tell him.
Phoebe: Ah-hah! At least we know its a him.
[Cut to Joey entering wearing a preppy tennis outfit.]
Monica: (seeing him) Oh sweet Lord.
Joey: Im sorry! Okay? I went down to the gift shop and its either this or a bathrobe! Look, whats more important, the way Im dressed or me being with you on your special day?
Monica: Honey, Im not even going to pretend I was listening. (Sees someone else.) Hey! Hey! (Goes over to that person.)
[Cut to the hallway outside the room, Ross is going to see which table hes at and sees a beautiful woman doing the same thing.]
Ross: Hi. Im uh, Im Ross. I dont, I dont believe weve met. Im Monicas older brother.
Woman: Oh hi, Im, Im Mona from her restaurant.
Ross: Oh! Hello uh, Mona from her restaurant. (He uses his card to mouth those words.) (Pause) Mona, wow what a, what a beautiful name.
Mona: You think so? Ive always kinda hated it.
Ross: Aw come on, Mona Lisa?
Mona: Uh-huh.
Ross: Mona umm Clickclocken. The famous botanist? Huh? Oh no shes uhwell shes dead now. No, supposedly she was once quite the hottie of the plant world.
Mona: Really?! Well see? I never knew about her.
Ross: Linda Clickclocken. (Pause) So what uh, what-what table are you at? (She shows him.) Oh, uh me too.
Mona: Oh good. Now therell be someone there who likes my name.
Ross: (sexily) Yes there will. (Mona leaves and Ross tries to find the same table.) Oh guess what, Molly Gilbert youve just been bumped up to table one. And if its all right with you Im gonna take your place at table sixMartin Clickclocken.
[Cut back inside to Joey giving a beautiful woman a tennis lesson by standing behind her.]
Joey: Thats better, now just bend your arms a little more. There you go. Okay, look straight ahead.   His birth mother, not the mother who recently visited one of those clinics in Sweden.]
Mrs. Bing: Chandler darling! Look, my date has finally arrived. Id like you to meet Dennis Phillips.
Dennis Phillips: Congratulations.
Chandler: Thank you.
Mrs. Bing: Dennis is a dear old friend and a fantastic lover.
Chandler: Bravo Dennis thanks for pleasing my mother so.
Dennis Phillips: Oh, Im so sorry I missed the ceremony, I was stuck at auditions.
Mrs. Bing: Oh yes, Dennis is directing a new Broadway show.
Joey: I dont believe weve met, Joey Tribbiani.
Dennis Phillips: Dennis Phillips
Joey: Wow, Ive admired your work for years. You-youve done some really amazing stuff.
Dennis Phillips: Oh, thank you. Well if youll excuse me, Im gonna go get myself a drink. Be back in a moment. (Walks away.)
Joey: Wow Dennis Phillips! Thats great! How did you guys meet?
Mrs. Bing: Well, its a funny story.
 The band is finishing another song.]
Bandleader: Thank you, thank you very much. If everyone will please take your seats, dinner will be served.
(Ross starts looking for table six and finds out that its the kids table. He sees Mona sitting at another table.)
Ross: Hey! Uh, I thought, I thought you were at table six.
Mona: No, nine. (Shows him the card again.)
Ross: Oh see, before you uh, when you showed it to me you-you held it that way (he turns her hand upside down) which uh, which was misleading. Well Im (He goes at sits down at his new table and the kids stare at him.) Hello.
[Cut to the hallway, Chandler is putting tape on the bottom of his shoes.]
Joey: Chandler.  Cause if I can get in a Broadway show then I wouldve done it all, film, television, and theater. The only think left would be radio, and thats just for ugly people.
Chandler: What size shoes do you wear?
Joey: Uh, eleven, eleven and a half.
Chandler: Great, because my shoes are giving me a little problem on the dance floor, can I borrow the boots from your costume?
Joey: Uh, I dont even really know where I left those. Sorry.
Chandler: (looking at Joeys feet) Those arent eleven and a half.
Joey: Okay fine! Im a seven! All right, I have surprisingly small feet. But the rest of me is good, Ill show ya!
[Cut to Monica and Rachel at their table.]
Monica: Can you believe Phoebe got pregnant?!
Rachel: Oh yknow what honey? Lets not talk about that right now?
Monica: This is so huge.
Rachel: Sure, but come on, as big as your wedding?
Monica: Of course not nothing is. Between me and you
Rachel: Yeah.
Monica: in this day and age how dumb do you have to be to get pregnant?
Rachel: Hey! Yknow, sometimes you can do everything right, everyone can wear everything theyre supposed to wear, and one of those little guys just gets through!
Monica: How?
Rachel: I dont know! Maybe they have tools.
Monica: Well I-I talked to and uh, shes definitely going to have this baby. Yknow, she said she was gonna raise it on her own.
Rachel: Well, maybe thats, maybe thats really brave.
Monica: Maybe. I just hope she realizes how hard its gonna be.
Rachel: Maybe she hasnt really thought it through that well.
Monica: Well, theres a lot to think about.  How is she going to juggle work? Does she realize shes not going to have a date again for the next eighteen years?
Rachel: (starting to cry) I dont know.
Monica: Are you okay?
Rachel: Uh-hmm. Im just thinking about Phoebe; poor knocked up Phoebe.
Waiter: Champagne?
Rachel: Oh yes! Thank you very much! (She grabs a glass, takes a sip, and realizes what she just did. She then tries to spit the champagne back into the glass without Monica noticing. It doesnt work.) Oh thats-thats actually how the French drink it.
(Monica gasps.)
Commercial Break
[Scene: continued from earlier, only now Phoebe joins them.]
Phoebe: Well, I just got off the phone with my lover, James Brolin
Monica: Oh really?!
Phoebe: Yes, and apparently he is married to some singer, but he said he would leave her for me. And I said, "James, James Brolin, are you sure?" James Brolin said
Monica: (interrupting) Rachels really the one whos pregnant.
Phoebe: (shocked) What?! (deadpan) Why bother?
Monica: How do you feel?
Rachel: I dont know. I dont know how I feel. This is all happening so fast. I have to make all these decisions that I dont want to make. (Takes another sip of champagne and spits it back out) Somebody just take this away from me!!
Phoebe: Calm down. Maybe youre not pregnant.
Rachel: What?!
Phoebe: When I got pregnant with the triplets, I took that test like three times just to make sure.
Monica: Yes! Maybe its a false positive. Are you sure you peed on the stick right?
Rachel: How many ways are there to do that?

Rachel: All right, Ill-Ill take it again when I get home.
Monica: You-you gotta take it now. Come on, do it as a present to me.
Rachel: Okay. Thank you.
Monica: Okay.

Rachel: Oh, you guys are so great.
Monica: Oh, wait a minute! Whos is the father?!
Phoebe: Oh no, she wont tell us.
Monica: Oh, come on its my wedding! That can be my present.
Rachel: WhHey, I just gave you peeing on a stick.
Phoebe: See? This is why you register.
[Cut to Ross at the kiddie table. He reaches for something and a fart noise emanates which causes the kids to laugh.]
Ross: It was the chair again! Okay? Im not doing it! It whatlook, I dontyknow whateh-eh (He walks away and goes over to Mona.) Hi.
Mona: Hi!
Ross: Umm, would you like to dance?
Mona: Sure.
Ross: Yeah?
Mona: Yeah.
Ross: Oh great! (They get up to dance and Ross is interrupted by a little girl.)
Little Girl: Dr. Geller?
Ross: I wasnt farting! (To Mona) Uh, a little game from our table. (To the little girl) Yes?
Little Girl: Dr. Geller, will you dance with me?
Ross: Oh umm, well uh, maybe-maybe later. Right now, Im about to dance with this lady.
Little Girl: Okay. (She drops her head in disappointment and walks away.)
Mona: Ohhhh!
Ross: Uh, unless! Unless, uh this lady wouldnt mind letting you go first.
Mona: Id be happy to. (To Ross) You are very sweet.
Ross: Yes I-I am. In fact umm hey, why dont we try it my special way? You can dance on my feet.
Little Girl: Sure!
Ross: Yeah? Hop on. (They start dancing and Mona sits down.) Is the pretty lady looking?
Little Girl: Uh-huh.
Ross: Keep dancing.
[Cut to Chandler in the hallway practicing dancing and is doing it very well.]
Chandler: And the world will never know.
Joey: Hey! Did you talk to Dennis about me yet?
Chandler: Yes, I told him how talented you were. I told him all about Days Of Our Lives.
Joey: No-no! No! No! You dont tell a Broadway guy that! Now he just thinks Im a soap actor.
Chandler: But youre not just a soap actor.
Joey: Hey!
[Joey walks back inside just as Rosss dance is finishing.]
Little Girl: Thank you.
Ross: No-no, thank you Miranda.
Little Girl: Melinda!
Ross: All right. (Walks over to Mona.)
Mona: How cute was that?
Ross: Oh-oh, were you, were you watching?
(Another little girl walks over to him.)
Second Girl: Can I go next?
Ross: What? Of course you can! Hop on!
Mona: Okay, but I get to hop on after her. (Ross bites the air in response.)
Ross: I am so gonna score.
Second Girl: What?
Ross: I like your bow.
[Behind them, Joey goes up to the bandleader and interrupts the song.]
Joey: (clinks his glass) Id like to propose a toast. To Monica and Chandler, the greatest couple in the world. And my best friends. Now, my when I first found out they were getting married I was, I was a little angry. I was like, (overly angry) "Why God? Why? How can you take them away from me?!" But then I thought back over all our memories together, some happy memories. (Does a fake laugh.) And-and there was some sad memories. (Starts to break down and cry.) Im sorry. And-and some scared memoriesWhoa! (He jumps back, startled.) Eh? And then, and then I realized Ill always be their friend, their friend who can speak in many dialects and has training in stage combat and is willing to do partial nudity. (Starts to walk away, but realizes something.) Oh! To the happy couple!
[Time Lapse, the interrupted song is finishing.]
Bandleader: Thank you.
Ross: (to the second girl) That was very nice Ashley.
Ashley: Can we do it again?
Ross: No-no. (Walks over to Mona again.)
Mona: So, is it my turn now?

Fat Girl: Im next!
Ross: Oh! (Recoils in horror.)
Mona: Uh, thats okay. You can dance with her first.
Ross: Oh, you-you sure? (She nods yes.) Okay. (To the girl) Okay. So whats uh, whats your name.
Fat Girl: Gert!
Ross: Thats, thats pretty. (They start to dance and Gert tries to step on Rosss feet, but he pulls them out of harms way.) Whoa! Whoa! Whoa! What are you doing there Gert?
Gert: Dancing on your feet! Like the other girls did it.
Ross: Okay. (Swallows hard.) Hop on Gert. (She does and Ross winces in pain.)
Gert: Why arent you moving your feet?
Ross: Im trying. (He strains to move his feet.)
Gert: Faster! Youre not going fast enough!
Ross: Maybe I should stand on your feet! (Gerts shocked and Ross realizes what he said and tries to brush it off.)
[Cut to Joey going over to talk to Dennis Phillips.]
Joey: So did you uh, happen to catch my toast up there?
Dennis Phillips: Oh my God, that was for my benefit?
Joey: Well, Id like to think there was something for everyone.
Joey: Oh, see thats where youre wrong. Whatever it is I can do it. And if didnt see it up there, just-just try me.
Dennis Phillips: Its an all Chinese cast. Can you be Chinese?
Joey: Well Im not proud of this, but (He turns around and starts to mess with his eyelids.)
Dennis Phillips: Oh my God! No-no-no! Please! Please! Dont-dont-dont!
[Cut to Monica walking up to Chandler.]
Monica: Hey, are you ready to get back on the dance floor?
Chandler: Did it turn into sand?
Monica: Ohh come on, I love this song! Come on, youll be fine. (She starts to walk towards the floor.)
Chandler: (sliding up behind her) No. No, I wont. Do you know why I took all those lessons?
Monica: Oh sweetie, you can never embarrass me. (Chandler grunts.) Okay, you can easily embarrass me. But come on, it doesnt matter. All right? I married you! So I want to dance on my wedding night with my husband. Come on. (They go onto the floor.) Just try not to move your feet at all. (Chandler starts to get into the groove and bust a move.) There you go.
(Mr. Geller dances over.)
Mr. Geller: Chandler, Im gonna have you arrested.
Chandler: Why?
Mr.  (He starts to dance like Chandler was and Chandler stops.)
[Scene: The Womens Restroom, Rachel and Phoebe are waiting for the outcome of Rachels second test.]
Rachel: How much longer?
Phoebe: 30 seconds.
Rachel: 30 seconds, okay.
Monica: (entering) Did I miss it? (Phoebe nods no.) Rachel, I-I want you to know that, if its positive, were gonna
Rachel: Oh I know. I know. (They hug.)
Phoebe: Its time.
(Another woman starts to enter.)
The Girls: No!! (The woman backs out.)
Monica: Go ahead Rach.
(She goes over to look.)
Rachel: Oh wait! Yknow what? I cant, I cant look at it. I cant. Somebody else tell me, somebody tell me.
Phoebe: Okay.
Rachel: Okay.
Phoebe: Umm, its negative.
Rachel: What?
Phoebe: Its negative.
Rachel: Oh. Oh. Well there you go. Whew! (Pause) That isthats greatthat is really great-great news. (Pause) Yknow cause the whole not being ready and kinda the financial aspects, all that. Whew. Wow, this is so just the way it was supposed to be. (Starts to cry.) God.
Monica: Well Well, great.
Phoebe: Here. (Gives Rachel a tissue.)
Rachel: Thanks.  (Pause) How could I be upset over something I never had? Its negative?
Phoebe: No, its positive.
Rachel: What?!
Phoebe: Its-its not negative, its positive.
Rachel: Are you sure?
Phoebe: Well yeah, I lied before.
Rachel: Oh!
Monica: Oh God
Phoebe: Now you know how you really feel about it.
Rachel: Oh-oh, thats a risky little game!

Rachel: Yeah. Im gonna have a baby. Im gonna have a baby. Im gonna have a baby! (They all hug.)
Phoebe: With who?
Rachel: Ah, its still not the time.
Dedicated to the People of New York City
Closing Credits
[Scene: The Reception, Joey is helping Ross walk after Gert got through with him and Mona is looking on concerned.]
Ross: I just didnt see the fast song coming.

Ross: Oh, thank you.
Mona: That is so sweet!
Joey: Yeah.
Mona: No, I mean it. There are so few genuinely nice guys out there.
Joey: Tell me about it, I feel like Im holding down the fort all by myself.
Mona: Its Joey right?
Joey: Yeah.
Ross: Wait a minute! No! Im the nice one! Im the one who danced with the kids all night! How How small are your feet?! (They all look down.)
End


itemList
home
The itemList directive renders simple list
<item-list item-list="{Array}"> </item-list>
Data structure used for list rendering
This method will pull all recommendations based on selected items
Array
String
It doesn't return


By the numbers
Schools at a Glance
There a variety of schools serving various purposes in the US and its territories. At a high-level, it's important to know what is going on with these schools. What's their distributions look like for different data? Would someone know whether schools are generally expensive or cheap, and would they be able to afford it? Is it easy to be admitted into a school based on the type of person you are? Questions like these require an initial understanding of the data, and hopefully we can provide some of that insight here.
There are some interesting variables to comb over in the college data, which lead to interesting conclusions. To get started, there are some fun facts about the dataset
- Did you know that there over 7300 accredited institutions in the US and its territories? There are over 35 major programs offered across the institutions.
- Over 50% of students get Pell grants when applying for colleges - makes the financial aid easier to get!
- Student populations on average tend to be around 1.5% veterans, but some have special incentive programs to allow for more attendance.
School Types - An Overview
There are three primary school types in the dataset - Public, Private, and For Profit. It's important to make a distinction between the different school types for the high-level data visualizations since each is different in their education models.
Public schools are open to all students and funded through local, state, and federal taxes. They tend to have a variety of student population sizes and provide relatively cheap ways to get a full education.
Private schools are those that are funded primarily through tuition and grants, but don't operate as profit-institutions. They have high tuition but also provide extensive research and internship opportunities.
For Profit are schools that tend to serve specific purposes, such as additional professional training and vocational education. Most tend to be smaller schools that focus on one area and allow for professional specialization.
School Types - The Finances
For most prospective students and their families, costs in attending schools are an incredibly important consideration to make. Across the US, there are a variety of family situations and schools which are available to attend for those families so the different types of schools can provide varying cost benefits.
It is important to note that to put things into perspective, several statistics are needed. To begin with, the average net cost for all schools is $16,200 per semester, including tuition, books, campus fees, and more. For a two year education, this ends up being almosts $65,000, which can be a heavy load for families. As a result, almost 50% of students apply and qualify for Pell grants, which is surprisingly high for a prosperous and developed country. But this becomes obvious when the average family income of $38,490 for students attending all school types is taken into consideration.
Below, explore the data by selecting the School Type color on the left, or even searching for a specific school in the search bar. The displays are linked so they will update based on the selections.
School Admissions - Capability and Identity
One of the most nerve-wracking aspects of the application process is figuring out schools which are within the range of attendance. Test scores, grades, resumes, and activites all combine to create a "holistic" view of the student, removing the dependency on the student being "just a number". However, it is inevitable the students get analyzed based on their test scores and other metrics. Within the US, the SAT - originally the Scholastic Aptitude Test - is the premier test to determine students positioning. As such, it is interesting to see that, out of a max possible 1600 (for this dataset), the average score across students is 1132. An alternative test, called the ACT, is similarly used for assessment. It is scored out of 36, and across the US, students taking the ACT average a 23.
With the US, there are a variety of races represented, since the US prides itself on being a "melting pot" of cultures and people. While the country is primarily Caucasian, there are still large representations from different races, specifically Black and Hispanic citizens. This country-level grouping can be seen in the variety of college students who enter different schools across the country. As it is to be reasonably expected, there are around 50% white students across all schools, though this is different from the around 75% white total population. A discrepancy like this can be explained by the fact that some schools are located in U.S. territories, and tend to have 100% native populations, which are not white.
Explore the admission statistics below comparing test metrics and race. The Highlight selections can make comparing across school types easier.


This notebook implements a thermal convection model with temperature dependent viscosity.
$$ \nabla \cdot \left( \eta \nabla \dot\varepsilon \right) - \nabla p = \mathrm{Ra} T \mathbf{\hat z} $$$$ \nabla \cdot \mathbf{v} = 0 $$The thermal evolution is controlled by advection and diffusion:
$$ \frac{D T}{D t} = \nabla^2 T $$The viscosity is defined by
$$ \eta = \eta_0 \exp\left( \frac{E}{T+1} \right) $$$\mathrm{Ra}$ is the Rayleigh number is defined by
$$ \mathrm{Ra} = \frac{g \rho \alpha \Delta T h ^3}{\kappa \eta _0} ; $$An initial temperature distribution is required. It could be read in from a previous calculation but here we use a perturbed linear temperature gradient.
$$ T = (1 - y) + 0.1 \cdot \left( \sin(\pi y) + \cos(\pi x) \right) $$We compare the temperature at each point with a simple solidus defined as a linear function with depth and capped below a certain depth. The excess temperature could be used as the start of a very simple instantaneous and history-independent melting model such as that of Watson & McKenzie (1991).
We can also see how the melting at depth can be mapped to the surface and tracked on particles through time.
Watson, S., McKenzie, D., Melt Generation by Plumes: A Study of Hawaiian Volcanism J. Petrology (1991) 32 (3): 501-537 doi:10.1093/petrology/32.3.501
# Convection model that uses functions to determine where the temperature
# lies above a simple solidus (linear with depth, then capped)
# Also shows how to map the melt production values on a swarm to the surface (but not how to
# create an integral of the values ...
# TODO: show how we can track the melt history over time 1) for a particle and 2) for a particle at the surface
# recording melt distribution (will also be useful for subduction to track the arc)
%matplotlib inline
import underworld as uw
import math
from underworld import function as fn
import glucifer.pylab as plt
dim = 2
# create mesh objects (make alternates - either Q2dP1 or Q1dP0 which can be used for computation. The discontinuous
# submeshes can also be retrieved)
Q2dQ1Mesh = uw.mesh.FeMesh_Cartesian( elementType='Q2/dPc1',
elementRes=(64,16),
minCoord=(0.,0.),
maxCoord=(4.,1.) )
Q2Mesh = Q2dQ1Mesh # the default action is to behave as the master mesh
dQ1Mesh = Q2dQ1Mesh.subMesh
Q1dP0Mesh = uw.mesh.FeMesh_Cartesian( elementType='Q1/dQ0',
elementRes=(128,32),
minCoord=(0.,0.),
maxCoord=(4.,1.) )
Q1Mesh = Q1dP0Mesh
dP0Mesh = Q1dP0Mesh.subMesh
velocityMesh = Q2Mesh
pressureMesh = dQ1Mesh
# create meshvariables
velocityField = uw.mesh.MeshVariable( mesh=velocityMesh, nodeDofCount=dim )
pressureField = uw.mesh.MeshVariable( mesh=pressureMesh, nodeDofCount=1 )
temperatureField = uw.mesh.MeshVariable( mesh=velocityMesh, nodeDofCount=1 )
# Initialise data.. Note that we are also setting boundary conditions here
velocityField.data[:] = [0.,0.]
pressureField.data[:] = 0.
temperatureField.data[:] = 0.
# Setup temperature initial condition via underlying data viewed as numpy arrays
toptemp = 0.
bottomtemp = 1.
scaleFactor = bottomtemp - toptemp
import math
tempData = temperatureField.data
perturbation_scale = 0.1
for index, coord in enumerate(velocityMesh.data):
pertCoeff = math.cos( math.pi * coord[0] ) * math.sin( math.pi * coord[1] )
tempData[index] = min(1,max(0,toptemp + scaleFactor*(1. - coord[1]) + perturbation_scale * pertCoeff ));
figtemp = plt.Figure(figsize=(1024,256))
tempminmax = fn.view.min_max(temperatureField)
figtemp.Surface(tempminmax, velocityMesh, colours=["red", "white", "blue"], colourBar=False)
figtemp.show()
# Get list of special sets.
# These are sets of vertices on the mesh. In this case we want to set them as boundary conditions.
velocityMesh.specialSets.keys()
# Get the actual sets
#
# HJJJJJJH
# I I
# I I
# I I
# HJJJJJJH
#
# Note that H = I & J
# Note that we use operator overloading to combine sets
IWalls = velocityMesh.specialSets["MinI_VertexSet"] + velocityMesh.specialSets["MaxI_VertexSet"]
JWalls = velocityMesh.specialSets["MinJ_VertexSet"] + velocityMesh.specialSets["MaxJ_VertexSet"]
# Now setup the dirichlet boundary condition
# Note that through this object, we are flagging to the system
# that these nodes are to be considered as boundary conditions.
# Also note that we provide a tuple of sets.. One for the Vx, one for Vy.
freeslipBC = uw.conditions.DirichletCondition( variable=velocityField,
indexSetsPerDof=(IWalls,JWalls) )
# also set dirichlet for temp field
tempBC = uw.conditions.DirichletCondition( variable=temperatureField,
indexSetsPerDof=(JWalls,) )
# lets ensure temp boundaries are still what we want as the IC above might have set slightly different values
# on the boundaries
for index in velocityMesh.specialSets["MinJ_VertexSet"]:
temperatureField.data[index] = 1.
for index in velocityMesh.specialSets["MaxJ_VertexSet"]:
temperatureField.data[index] = 0
# We create swarms of particles which can advect, and which we can use to track history
gSwarm = uw.swarm.Swarm( mesh=velocityMesh )
# Now we add a data variable which will store an index to determine material
materialVariable = gSwarm.add_variable( dataType="float", count=1 )
spareVariable = gSwarm.add_variable( dataType="float", count=1 )
# Layouts are used to populate the swarm across the whole domain
# Create the layout object
layout = uw.swarm.layouts.GlobalSpaceFillerLayout( swarm=gSwarm, particlesPerCell=13 )
# Now use it to populate.
gSwarm.populate_using_layout( layout=layout )
import numpy
materialVariable.data[:] = 100.0
xCoord = numpy.sign(numpy.mod(gSwarm.particleCoordinates.data.T[0],0.25) - 0.125).reshape(-1,1)
yCoord = numpy.sign(numpy.mod(gSwarm.particleCoordinates.data.T[1],0.25) - 0.125).reshape(-1,1)
materialVariable.data[:] = xCoord[:] * yCoord[:]
mVmin = materialVariable.data.min()
mVmax = materialVariable.data.max()
materialVariable.data[:] = (materialVariable.data[:] - mVmin) / (mVmax-mVmin)
spareVariable.data[:] = 1.0 + (materialVariable.data[:] - mVmin) / (mVmax-mVmin)
# Rheology
eta0 = 1.0e-3
activationEnergy = 2.0 * math.log(1/eta0)
Ra = 1.e6
fn_viscosity = eta0 * fn.math.exp( activationEnergy / (fn.misc.max(0.0,fn.misc.min(1.0,temperatureField))+1.) )
densityFn = Ra*temperatureField
# Define our gravity using a python tuple (this will be automatically converted to a function)
gravity = ( 0.0, 1.0 )
# now create a buoyancy force vector.. the gravity tuple is converted to a function
# here via operator overloading
buoyancyFn = gravity*densityFn
print "Delta eta = ", fn_viscosity.evaluate((0.0,1.0)) / fn_viscosity.evaluate((0.0,0.0))
# lets take a look at the eta function
figEta = plt.Figure(figsize=(1024,256))
figEta.Surface(fn_viscosity, velocityMesh, colours=["#FFFFFF","#555555", "#111111", '#000000'], colourBar=False)
figEta.Points(gSwarm, colours=["darkred", "blue"], pointSize=3.0, sizeVariable=materialVariable, colourVariable=materialVariable, opacity=0.5, colourBar=False)
figEta.show()
# Setup a stokes system
# For PIC style integration, we include a swarm for the a PIC integration swarm is generated within.
# For gauss integration, simple do not include the swarm. Nearest neighbour is used where required.
stokes = uw.systems.Stokes(velocityField=velocityField,
pressureField=pressureField,
conditions=[freeslipBC,],
fn_viscosity=fn.exception.SafeMaths(fn_viscosity),
fn_bodyforce=buoyancyFn )
solver=uw.systems.Solver(stokes)
solver.options.main.Q22_pc_type='uw' # also try 'gtkg', 'gkgdiag' and 'uwscale'
solver.options.main.penalty = 1.0
solver.options.A11.ksp_rtol=1e-4
solver.options.scr.ksp_rtol=1e-3
solver.options.scr.use_previous_guess = True
solver.options.scr.ksp_set_min_it_converge = 1
solver.options.scr.ksp_set_max_it = 100
solver.options.mg.levels = 5
solver.options.mg.mg_levels_ksp_type = 'chebyshev'
solver.options.mg_accel.mg_accelerating_smoothing = True
solver.options.mg_accel.mg_accelerating_smoothing_view = False
solver.options.mg_accel.mg_smooths_to_start = 1
# Load this solver onto the equation system (displacing the default)
stokes.solve = solver.solve
# Create advdiff system
advDiff = uw.systems.AdvectionDiffusion( temperatureField, velocityField, fn_diffusivity=1., conditions=[tempBC,] )
# And the particle updating system
advector = uw.systems.SwarmAdvector( swarm=gSwarm, velocityField=velocityField, order=2 )
# Also create some integral objects which are used to calculate statistics
v2sum_integral = uw.utils.Integral( mesh=velocityMesh, fn=fn.math.dot(velocityField, velocityField) )
volume_integral = uw.utils.Integral( mesh=velocityMesh, fn=1. )
def nusselt(temp_field, mesh):
surface_Tgradient = -temp_field.fn_gradient.evaluate(velocityMesh.specialSets["MaxJ_VertexSet"]).T[1]
basalT = temp_field.evaluate(velocityMesh.specialSets["MinJ_VertexSet"])
nusselt = surface_Tgradient.mean() / basalT.mean()
return nusselt
# Stepping. Initialise time and timestep.
realtime = 0.
step = 0
time_vals = []
vrms_vals = []
Nu_vals = []
import time
start = time.clock()
# Perform 1000 or so steps
volume = volume_integral.integrate()
while step<500:
# Get solution for initial configuration
stokes.solve()
# Retrieve the maximum possible timestep for the AD system.
dt = advDiff.get_max_dt()
if step == 0:
dt = 0.
# Advect using this timestep siz
advDiff.integrate(dt)
advector.integrate(dt)
# Calculate the RMS velocity
v2sum = v2sum_integral.integrate()
rms_v = math.sqrt(v2sum[0]/volume[0])
nu_no = nusselt(temperatureField, velocityMesh)
# Increment time and store results
realtime += dt
step += 1
vrms_vals.append( rms_v )
time_vals.append( realtime )
Nu_vals.append(nu_no)
if step == 0 or step % 25 == 0:
print "step = {:04d}; time = {:.6f}, vrms = {:6.2f}, nusselt = {:6.4f}, CPU = {:4.1f}s".format(
step, realtime, rms_v, nu_no, time.clock()-start)
# Animation frame
figVT = plt.Figure()
figVT = plt.Figure(figsize=(1024,512))
figVT.Surface(temperatureField, velocityMesh, colours=["#333333","#666666", "#999999", '#FFFFFFF'])
figVT.Points(gSwarm, colours=["red", "blue"], colourBar=False, pointSize=4.0, colourVariable=materialVariable, opacity=0.5)
figVT.VectorArrows(velocityField, velocityMesh, lengthScale=0.1/rms_v, arrowHeadSize=0.15 )
figVT.save_image("TEST/Temperature+Markers.{:04d}".format(step))
del figVT
print "average time per timestep = ", (time.clock() - start)/float(step), " over ", step, " steps"
import matplotlib.pyplot as pyplot
#import numpy as np
surface_points_X = velocityMesh.data[velocityMesh.specialSets["MinJ_VertexSet"].data].T[0]
figure, (plot1, plot2) = pyplot.subplots(1,2)
figure.set_size_inches(10,6)
plot1.plot(time_vals, vrms_vals, linewidth=2.5)
plot2.plot(time_vals, Nu_vals, linewidth=2.5)
figure.show()
figVT = plt.Figure(figsize=(1024,384))
figVT.Surface(temperatureField, velocityMesh, colours=["#333333","#666666", "#999999", '#FFFFFFF'])
figVT.Points(gSwarm, colours=["darkred", "white"], colourBar=True, pointSize=4.0, colourVariable=materialVariable, opacity=0.25)
figVT.VectorArrows(velocityField, velocityMesh, lengthScale=0.1/rms_v, arrowHeadSize=0.15 )
figVT.show()
# Definition of a linear solidus (with cutoff) using underworld functions
T0 = 0.7
D0 = 1.0
Tex = 0.85
Dex = 0.5
yCoordFn = fn.input()[1]
solidusFn = T0 - ((T0 - Tex) / (D0 - Dex)) * (D0 - yCoordFn)
excessTempFn = fn.misc.max(0.0, temperatureField - solidusFn)
ET2 = excessTempFn.evaluate(gSwarm)
spareVariable.data[:] = ET2[:]
limTempFn = fn.misc.min(fn.misc.max(temperatureField, 0.0),1.0)
figVT = plt.Figure(figsize=(1024,256))
figVT.Surface(limTempFn, velocityMesh, colours=["#00000","#444444", "#999999", '#FFFFFFF'])
figVT.Points(gSwarm, colours=["white", "red", "yellow"], colourBar=True, pointSize=100.0,
colourVariable=spareVariable, sizeVariable=spareVariable)
figVT.VectorArrows(velocityField, velocityMesh, lengthScale=0.1/rms_v, arrowHeadSize=0.15 )
figVT.show()
## map the melt production rate (currently excess temperature) to the surface
## in parallel this requires us to communicate the information to processes which
## own the surface. One way to do this for swarm data is to teleport the whole lot to y=1.0
# An improvement would be to only make a swarm with the particles having non-zero melt
# and then flatten this to the surface
melting_particles = numpy.where(spareVariable.data > 0.0)[0]
spareSwarm = uw.swarm.Swarm( mesh=Q1Mesh )
spareSwarm.add_particles_with_coordinates(gSwarm.particleCoordinates.data[melting_particles])
newVar = spareSwarm.add_variable(dataType="float", count=1)
newVar.data[:] = spareVariable.data[melting_particles]
# Flatten swarm to surface
spareSwarm.particleCoordinates.data[:,1] = 1.0
spareSwarm.update_particle_owners()
ExcessTField = uw.mesh.MeshVariable( mesh=dP0Mesh, nodeDofCount=1 )
ExcessTField.data[:] = 0.0
for point, value in enumerate(newVar.data):
# print point, value
cell = spareSwarm.owningCell.data[point]
ExcessTField.data[ cell ] += value
print numpy.count_nonzero(ExcessTField.data)
figVT = plt.Figure(figsize=(1024,256))
figVT.Surface(ExcessTField, Q1Mesh, colours=["#00000","red", "orange", 'yellow'])
figVT.Points(gSwarm, colours=["white", "red", "yellow"], colourBar=True, pointSize=100.0,
colourVariable=spareVariable, sizeVariable=spareVariable)
figVT.show()
surfacePoints = velocityMesh.data[velocityMesh.specialSets["MaxJ_VertexSet"].data]
surfaceExcessT = ExcessTField.evaluate(surfacePoints)
figure, (plot1) = pyplot.subplots(1,1)
figure.set_size_inches(12,3)
plot1.scatter(surfacePoints.T[0], surfaceExcessT, marker="x")
plot1.set_xlim(0,4)
figure.show()
## What does the stress look like ?


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% load staticfiles %} {% block content %}
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Here, you can find records on criminals, cases connected to them, information on the detectives working on those cases and get statistical information on the crimes bing committed.


Equivalent to clicking the Maximize command on the Control menu for the application window. Maximizes the Microsoft Excel window.
Syntax
APP.MAXIMIZE( )
Note This function is only for Microsoft Excel for Windows. You can use this function in macros created with Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh, but it will return the #N/A error value.
Related Functions
APP.ACTIVATE Switches to an application
APP.MINIMIZE Minimizes the Microsoft Excel application window
APP.MOVE Moves the Microsoft Excel application window
APP.RESTORE Restores the Microsoft Excel application window
APP.SIZE Changes the size of the Microsoft Excel application window
FULL.SCREEN Controls full screen display
Return to index


Before Change
await hass.async_block_till_done()
// Fake webhook thermostat mode change to "Frost Guard"
response = (
b"{"user_id": "91763b24c43d3e344f424e8b","user": {"id": "91763b24c43d3e344f424e8b","
b""email"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"home_id": "91763b24c43d3e344f424e8b","
b""event_type": "therm_mode", "home": {"id": "91763b24c43d3e344f424e8b","
b""therm_mode": "hg"}, "mode": "hg", "previous_mode": "schedule","
b""push_type":"home_event_changed"}"
)
await simulate_webhook(hass, webhook_id, response)
assert hass.states.get(climate_entity_livingroom).state == "auto"
assert (
After Change
await hass.async_block_till_done()
// Fake webhook thermostat mode change to "Frost Guard"
response = {
"event_type": "therm_mode",
"home": {"id": "91763b24c43d3e344f424e8b", "therm_mode": "hg"},
"mode": "hg",
"previous_mode": "schedule",
"push_type": "home_event_changed",
}
await simulate_webhook(hass, webhook_id, response)
assert hass.states.get(climate_entity_livingroom).state == "auto"
assert (
hass.states.get(climate_entity_livingroom).attributes["preset_mode"]
== "Frost Guard"
)
// Test service setting the preset mode to "frost guard"
await hass.services.async_call(
CLIMATE_DOMAIN,
SERVICE_SET_PRESET_MODE,
{
ATTR_ENTITY_ID: climate_entity_livingroom,
ATTR_PRESET_MODE: PRESET_SCHEDULE,
},
blocking=True,
)
await hass.async_block_till_done()
// Test webhook thermostat mode change to "Schedule"
response = {
"event_type": "therm_mode",
"home": {"id": "91763b24c43d3e344f424e8b", "therm_mode": "schedule"},
"mode": "schedule",
"previous_mode": "hg",
"push_type": "home_event_changed",
}
await simulate_webhook(hass, webhook_id, response)
assert hass.states.get(climate_entity_livingroom).state == "auto"
assert (


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AbstractImageLoader
- Class in
com.xtremelabs.imageutils
AbstractImageLoader.Options
- Class in
com.xtremelabs.imageutils
This class provides all the options that can be set when making loadImage calls.
AbstractImageLoader.Options()
- Constructor for class com.xtremelabs.imageutils.
AbstractImageLoader.Options
AbstractImageLoader.Options.ScalingPreference
- Enum in
com.xtremelabs.imageutils
AbstractImageLoader.Options.ScalingPreference.LARGER_THAN_VIEW_OR_FULL_SIZE
This option guarantees that the image being returned will be larger than the view's bounds, or it's maximum size.
add(T)
- Method in class com.xtremelabs.imageutils.
HashedQueue
addAll(Collection<? extends T>)
- Method in class com.xtremelabs.imageutils.
HashedQueue
addOrUpdateFile(String, long, int, int)
- Method in class com.xtremelabs.imageutils.
DiskDatabaseHelper
AdvancedMemoryLRUCacher
- Class in
com.xtremelabs.imageutils
AdvancedMemoryLRUCacher()
- Constructor for class com.xtremelabs.imageutils.
AdvancedMemoryLRUCacher
app_name
- Static variable in class com.xtremelabs.imageutils.
R.string
areMapsEmpty()
- Method in class com.xtremelabs.imageutils.
AsyncOperationsMaps
AsyncOperationsMaps
- Class in
com.xtremelabs.imageutils
AsyncOperationsMaps(AsyncOperationsObserver)
- Constructor for class com.xtremelabs.imageutils.
AsyncOperationsMaps
AsyncOperationsMaps.AsyncOperationState
- Enum in
com.xtremelabs.imageutils
AsyncOperationsObserver
- Interface in
com.xtremelabs.imageutils
autoDetectBounds
- Variable in class com.xtremelabs.imageutils.
AbstractImageLoader.Options
If true, the ImageLoader will attempt to optimize the sample size for the image being returned.
Default value: true.
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starship
The minimal, blazing-fast, and infinitely customizable prompt for any shell.
Some subcommands such as `starship init` have their own usage documentation.
More information: home page
- Print the starship integration code for the specified shell:
starship init bash|elvish|fish|ion|powershell|tcsh|zsh
- Explain each part of the current prompt and show the time taken to render them:
starship explain
- Print the computed starship configuration (use `--default` to print default configuration instead):
starship print-config
- List supported modules:
starship module --list
- Edit the starship configuration in the default editor:
starship configure
- Create a bug report GitHub issue pre-populated with information about the system and starship configuration:
starship bug-report
- Print the completion script for the specified shell:
starship completions bash|elvish|fish|powershell|zsh
- Display help for a subcommand:
starship subcommand --help


Arrive at your destination in style with this air-conditioned automatic. With room for 4 passengers and 2 pieces of luggage, it's ideal for small groups looking to get from A to B in comfort. Price can change at any moment so book now to avoid disappointment!
Car Features
- Up to 4 Passengers
- 2 Pieces of Laggage
- Automatic Transmission
Default Equipment
- Climate Control
- Stereo CD/MP3
- In-Car Wi-Fi
Pickup Features
- Terminal Pickup
- Door to Door


My name is Rachith Aiyappa.
I am a third year student in the Informatics (Complex Networks and Systems) Ph.D. program at the Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering at Indiana University in Bloomington with a minor in Computer Science. Not so long ago, this seemed like a distant dream.
Currently, I am studying for my qualification exams. Exciting times!
My ongoing projects include
- Identifying superspreaders of information on Twitter with the Networks and Agents Network (NaN) team led by 'OsoMe (read - awesome)' Dr. Fil Menczer at IU.
- Modelling (and hopefully emprically validating via Large Language Models) human belief networks and social contagion with the super cool Dr. YY Ahn .
- Graph Compression with Dr. Filippo Radicchi
- Some bit of machine learning to identify inluential nodes in networks.
Did you notice how I've just used a bunch of buzzwords? :P
A bit about my recent academic past
Between August-December 2020, I was a Teaching Fellow in the Physics Department at Ashoka University, India where I helped run a foundational course called Principles of Science which I deeply believe it. Teaching is indeed therapeutic!
In July 2019, I gradauted with dual degree, a B.E (Hons.) in Mechanical Engineering and an M.Sc.(Hons.) in Physics from Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani, India .
During the 5 years it took me to earn this dual degree, I have enjoyed rains on Marine Drive while interning at the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (Pune, India), cliff dived into Mediterranean whilst a Charpak Summer Research Scholar at Collective Animal Behaviour lab (Univeristy of Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France), cherished mum's company during my Bachelor Thesis at the Theoretical Ecology and Evolution lab at Indian Institute of Science (Bangalore, India) and experienced a massive culture shock during my Master Thesis at Institute of Theoretical Biology at Humboldt University (Berlin, Germany).
Just to reiterate, yes I have a degree in Physics and Mechanical Engineering :P
I like physics but I love tennis. Been playing the sport since I was as tall as the racquet! Simpler times!
Actually, I like and do lots of other things. More on that to follow...
Long story short, happy times these :)


Environment - Directive
Name: Logo
Status: Rarely used
General: Some text explaining what the directive as a whole is doing


Pets JSP Sample
This example adopts the very simple pet identification system to Java Server Pages.
The source code is in:
- PetsJSPBean.java - This Java bean encapsulates calling the Amzi! Logic
Server to load pets.xpl and get the animal type from the sound it makes.
- PetsJSP.jsp - The Java Server Page that invokes PetsJSPBean.class.
- pets.pro - The logicbase that identifies a pet from its sound.
Building the Sample
To build the sample:
- Build pets.xpl by compiling and linking pets.pro.
- Change the pathname in the call to ls.Load to match your webserver (see
below).
- Build PetsJSPBean.class by compiling PetsJSPBean.java with javac
- Organize the files into the proper directories for your JSP/web server
software. You will also need to put amzi.dll and amzijni.dll (Windows) or
libamzi.so and libamzijni.so (Unix) where the JSP/web server can find it.
Running the Sample
Tomcat
Tomcat generally installs in a directory named Apache Group/Tomcat X.X.
In order to run this servlet under Tomcat (where X.X is replaced by
the version of Tomcat you are running, and N.N by the version of Java
you are running):
- Create a sudirectory in ...Apache Group/Tomcat X.X/webapps named
'amzi' (or use another name like amzi1 if you already have an amzi subdirectory).
- Copy the amzi/samples/internet/jsp/pets/WEB-INF subdirectory tree to ...Tomcat
X.X/webapps/amzi.
- Create a directory named 'pets' under the 'classes' subdirectory resulting
in ...Tomcat X.X/webapps/amzi/WEB-INF/classes/pets.
- Copy PetsJSPBean.class to ...Tomcat X.X/webapps/amzi/WEB-INF/classes/pets.
- Copy pets.xpl to ...Tomcat X.X/webapps/amzi
- Copy amzi.dll, amzijni.dll (from amzi/bin) to ...Tomcat X.X/webapps/amzi/WEB-INF/classes.
Alternatively, you can load these libraries (and LSXs) explicitly in Java
with Runtime.getRuntime().load(libraryPath) or loadLibrary(libraryName).
- Copy the entire amzi/ls subdirectory tree (from amzi/langbindings/java) to ...Tomcat
X.X/webapps/amzi/WEB-INF/classes (so you now have the Logic Server
.class files in Tomcat X.X/webapps/amzi/WEB-INF/classes/amzi/ls).
- Stop and restart Tomcat.
- In your browser type, http://localhost:8080/amzi/PetsJSP.jsp. Enter a sound,
e.g. 'woof' when prompted.


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