Pattern Recognition and Reinforcement Learning¶
Overview¶
Problem: Getting son to eat broccoli
Strategies:
- Acclimatization: Serve once a week until he gets used to it
- Better than alternative: It’s better than spinach
- Enticements: We’ll watch your favorite movie after
- Trickery: It’s candy
- Testimonial: Your best friend likes it
- Wait it out: We’re not leaving this table until …
- Piecemeal: Just one little bite
- Appeal to Reason: Great source of vitamins K and C
Reinforcement Learning:
Randomly try strategies. If they work, choose them more often.
Rock Paper Scissors¶
This is an iterated adversarial zero-sum two-person game of perfect information.
The scoring logic is easily encoded in a Python dictionary:
# scorer['RS'] -> 1 meaning Rock cuts Scissors is +1 for the first player.
scorer = dict(SP=1, PR=1, RS=1, PS=-1, RP=-1, SR=-1, SS=0, PP=0, RR=0)
Now, it’s time to thinking about winning (not losing):
- Playing randomly assures that we lose no more than one-third of the time, regardless of our opponent’s strategy.
- If our opponent is completely predictable, we can always win.
- In the real world, humans have a hard time simulating perfect randomness
or who “have a plan” to beat us:
- A mild preference for paper
- Propensity to select rock after they’ve played scissors
- If we play paper, they often select scissors on the next round
- They tend to copy our last play
- In other words, there may be patterns that we can detect and exploit to win more than a third of the time.
Our Approach¶
Generate multiple competing pattern recognition strategies
Choose between the strategies multi-arm bandit approach to reinforcement learning.
Core logic:
for trial in range(trials): # choose our move # get opponent's move # determine the winner # update move history and strategy weights
Helpful Python Skills¶
itertools.chain()
links to multiple iterables into one:>>> from itertools import chain >>> list(chain('RPRPS', 'RPS')) ['R', 'P', 'R', 'P', 'S', 'R', 'P', 'S']
itertools.cycle()
repeats a sequence over and over again:>>> from itertools import cycle, islice >>> list(islice(cycle('RPS'), 9)) ['R', 'P', 'S', 'R', 'P', 'S', 'R', 'P', 'S']
collections.Counter()
tallies frequencies of the inputs:>>> from collections import Counter >>> Counter('RPRPSRPSR') Counter({'R': 4, 'P': 3, 'S': 2})
Counter.most_common(n)
picks the n most common counts:>>> Counter('RPRPSRPSR').most_common(2) [('R', 4), ('P', 3)]
zip(*somedict.items())
transposes items into a separate keys and values:>>> d = dict(R=4, P=3, S=2) >>> keys, values = zip(*d.items()) >>> keys ('R', 'P', 'S') >>> values (4, 3, 2)
zip(a, a[1:])
groups input into overlapping digraphs:>>> a = 'abcde' >>> list(zip(a, a[1:])) [('a', 'b'), ('b', 'c'), ('c', 'd'), ('d', 'e')]
random.choices(population, weights)[0]
makes a weighted choice from a population:>>> from random import choices >>> choices(['R', 'P', 'S'], [6, 3, 1], k=10) ['P', 'P', 'R', 'S', 'R', 'P', 'P', 'R', 'R', 'P'] >>> Counter(_) Counter({'P': 5, 'R': 4, 'S': 1})
The Code¶
''' Generic learning algorithm for adversarial two-person
zero-sum games of perfect information.
General approach: Make a list of strategies based
on pattern recognition. Use the multi-arm bandit
approach to learning which strategies win the most.
'''
from collections import Counter
from random import choices, choice
from itertools import chain, cycle
from pprint import pprint
# Game Definition ################################
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%E2%80%93paper%E2%80%93scissors
# scorer['RS'] -> 1 meaning Rock cuts Scissors is +1 for the first player.
scorer = dict(SP=1, PR=1, RS=1, PS=-1, RP=-1, SR=-1, SS=0, PP=0, RR=0)
# Scissors cuts Paper; Paper covers Rock; Rock crushes Scissors
ideal_response = {'P': 'S', 'R': 'P', 'S': 'R'}
options = ['R', 'P', 'S']
# Strategy Utilities #############################
def select_proportional(events, baseline=()):
rel_freq = Counter(chain(baseline, events))
population, weights = zip(*rel_freq.items())
return choices(population, weights)[0]
def select_maximum(events, baseline=()):
rel_freq = Counter(chain(baseline, events))
return rel_freq.most_common(1)[0][0]
# Strategies #####################################
def random_reply(p1hist, p2hist):
return choice(options)
def single_event_proportional(p1hist, p2hist):
""" When opponent plays R two-thirds of the time,
respond with P two-thirds of the time.'
"""
prediction = select_proportional(p2hist, options)
return ideal_response[prediction]
def single_event_greedy(p1hist, p2hist):
""" When opponent plays R more than P or S,
always respond with P.'
"""
prediction = select_maximum(p2hist, options)
return ideal_response[prediction]
def digraph_event_proportional(p1hist, p2hist):
""" When opponent's most recent play is S
and they usually play R two-thirds of the time
after an S, respond with P two-thirds of the time.
"""
recent_play = p2hist[-1:]
digraphs = zip(p2hist, p2hist[1:])
followers = [b for a, b in digraphs if a == recent_play]
prediction = select_proportional(followers, options)
return ideal_response[prediction]
def digraph_event_greedy(p1hist, p2hist):
""" When opponent's most recent play is S
and they usually play R two-thirds of the time
after an S, respond with P all of the time.
"""
recent_play = p2hist[-1:]
digraphs = zip(p2hist, p2hist[1:])
followers = [b for a, b in digraphs if a == recent_play]
prediction = select_maximum(followers, options)
return ideal_response[prediction]
strategies = [random_reply, single_event_proportional, single_event_greedy,
digraph_event_proportional, digraph_event_greedy]
def play_and_learn(opposition, strategies=strategies,
trials=1000, verbose=False):
strategy_range = range(len(strategies))
weights = [1] * len(strategies)
p1hist = []
p2hist = []
cum_score = 0
for trial in range(trials):
# choose our move
our_moves = [strategy(p1hist, p2hist) for strategy in strategies]
i = choices(strategy_range, weights)[0]
our_move = our_moves[i]
# get opponent's move
opponent_move = opposition(p2hist, p1hist)
# determine the winner
score = scorer[our_move + opponent_move]
if verbose:
print(f'{our_move} ~ {opponent_move} = {score:+d}'
f'\t\t{strategies[i].__name__}')
cum_score += score
# update move history and strategy weights
p1hist.append(our_move)
p2hist.append(opponent_move)
for i, our_move in enumerate(our_moves):
if scorer[our_move + opponent_move] == 1:
weights[i] += 1
print(f'---- vs. {opposition.__name__} ----')
print('Total score:', cum_score)
pprint(sorted([(weight, strategy.__name__) for weight, strategy in zip(weights, strategies)]))
if __name__ == '__main__':
def human(p1hist, p2hist):
return input(f'Choose one of {options!r}: ')
def fixed_ratio(p1hist, p2hist):
return choices(options, (1, 2, 3))[0]
def cycling(series):
iterator = cycle(series)
def cycle_opponent(p1hist, p2hist):
return next(iterator)
return cycle_opponent
play_and_learn(opposition=fixed_ratio)
play_and_learn(opposition=random_reply)
play_and_learn(opposition=cycling('RPRSS'))
play_and_learn(opposition=human, trials=10, verbose=True)
Critiques and Improvements¶
- When humans are losing, they generally change they strategy, so we should “age” our weights to adapt to the change.
- The random_reply strategy wins one-third of the time so it keeps getting selected when other strategies are doing better.
- We need to keep random_reply in the mix in case our strategies get figured-out and gamed. Randomness is your best defense against a smarter adversary.
- The multi-arm bandit approach (choosing the strategy proportionally to wins and losses) results in very slow learning.
- Humans get bored with this game quickly, so it is hard get people to test it.
Where you can go from here¶
- None of the code logic is hard-wired to the basic game.
- It is easy to add new strategies.
- Or to evaluate various published how-to-win strategies.
- Changing the game definition logic allows for more complex games such as rock-paper-scissors-lizard-spock:


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# Options ## Usage Users can configure lint using `lint.xml` files, turning on and off checks, changing the default severity, ignoring violations based on paths or regular expressions matching paths or messages, and so on. They can also configure “options” on a per issue type basis. Options are simply strings, booleans, integers or paths that configure how a detector works. For example, in the following `lint.xml` file, we're configuring the `UnknownNullness` detector to turn on its `ignoreDeprecated` option, and we're telling the `TooManyViews` detector that the maximum number of views in a layout it should allow before generating a warning should be set to 20: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <lint> <issue id="UnknownNullness"> <option name="ignoreDeprecated" value="true" /> </issue> <issue id="TooManyViews"> <option name="maxCount" value="20" /> </issue> </lint> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Note that `lint.xml` files can be located not just in the project directory but nested as well, for example for a particular source folder. (See the [lint.xml](../usage/lintxml.md.html) documentation for more.) ## Creating Options First, create an `Option` and register it with the corresponding `Issue`. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~kotlin val MAX_COUNT = IntOption("maxCount", "Max number of views allowed", 80) val MY_ISSUE = Issue.create("MyId", ...) .setOptions(listOf(MAX_COUNT)) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ An option has a few pieces of metadata: * The name, which is a short identifier. Users will configure the option by listing this key along with the configured value in their `lint.xml` files. By convention this should be using camel case and only valid Java identifier characters. * A description. This should be a short sentence which lists the purpose of the option (and should be capitalized, and not end with punctuation). * A default value. This is the value that will be returned from `Option.getValue()` if the user has not configured the setting. * For integer and float options, minimum and maximum allowed values. * An optional explanation. This is a longer explanation of the option, if necessary. The name and default value are used by lint when options are looked up by detectors; the description, explanation and allowed ranges are used to include information about available options when lint generates for example HTML reports, or text reports including explanations, or displaying lint checks in the IDE settings panel, and so on. There are currently 5 types of options: Strings, booleans, ints, floats and paths. There's a separate option class for each one, which makes it easier to look up these options since for example for a `StringOption`, `getValue` returns a `String`, for an `IntOption` it returns an `Int`, and so on. Option Type | Option Class ------------------------|----------------------------------- `String` | `StringOption` `Boolean` | `BooleanOption` `Int` | `IntOption` `Float` | `FloatOption` `File` | `FileOption` ## Reading Options To look up the configured value for an option, just call `getValue` and pass in the `context`: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~kotlin val maxCount = MAX_COUNT.getValue(context) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This will return the `Int` value configured for this option by the user, or if not set, our original default value, in this case 80. ## Specific Configurations The above call will look up the option configured for the specific source file in the current `context`, which might be an individual Kotlin source file. That's generally what you want; users can configure `lint.xml` files not just at the root of the project; they can be placed throughout the source folders and are interpreted by lint to apply to the folders below. Therefore, if we're analyzing a particular Kotlin file and we want to check an option, you generally want to check what's configured locally for this file. However, there are cases where you want to look up options up front, for example at the project level. In that case, first look up the particular configuration you want, and then pass in that configuration instead of the context to the `Option.getValue` call. For example, the context for the current module is already available in the `context`, so you might for example look up the option value like this: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~kotlin val maxCount = MAX_COUNT.getValue(context.configuration) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If you want to find the most applicable configuration for a given source file, use ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~kotlin val configuration = context.findConfiguration(context.file) val maxCount = MAX_COUNT.getValue(configuration) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ## Files Note that there is a special `Option` type for files and paths: `FileOption`. Make sure that you use this instead of just a `StringOption` if you are planning on configuring files, because in the case of paths, users will want to specify paths relative to the location of the `lint.xml` file where the path is defined. For `FileOption` lint is aware of this and will convert the relative path string as necessary. ## Constraints Note that the integer and float options allow you to specify a valid range for the configured value -- a minimum (inclusive) and a maximum (exclusive): This range will be included with the option documentation, such as in “**duration** (default is 1.5): Expected duration in seconds. Must be at least 0.0 and less than 15.0.” ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~kotlin private val DURATION_OPTION = FloatOption( name = "duration", description = "Expected duration", defaultValue = 1.5f, min = 0f, max = 15f ) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ It will also be checked at runtime, and if the configured value is outside of the range, lint will report an error and pinpoint the location in the invalid `lint.xml` file: ```text lint.xml:4: Error: duration: Must be less than 15.0 [LintError] ---------------------------------------- 1 errors, 0 warnings ``` ## Testing Options When writing a lint unit test, you can easily configure specific values for your detector options. On the `lint()` test task, you can call `configureOption(option, value)`. There are a number of overloads for this method, so you can reference the option by its string name, or passing in the option instance, and if you do, you can pass in strings, integers, booleans, floats and files as values. Here's an example: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~kotlin lint().files( kotlin("fun test() { println("Hello World.") }") ) .configureOption(MAX_COUNT, 150) .run() .expectClean() ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ## Supporting Lint 4.2, 7.0 and 7.1 The `Option` support is new in 7.2. If your lint check still needs to work with older versions of lint, you can bypass the option registration, and just read option values directly from the configuration. First, find the configuration as shown above, and then instead of calling `Option.getValue`, call `getOption` on the configuration: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~kotlin val option: String? = configuration.getOption(ISSUE, "maxCount") ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The `getOption` method returns a `String`. For numbers and booleans, the coniguration also provides lookups which will convert the value to a number or boolean respectively: `getOptionAsInt`, `getOptionAsBoolean`, and most importantly, `getOptionAsFile`. If you are looking up paths, be sure to use `getOptionAsFile` since it has the important attribute that it allows paths to be relative to the configuration file where the (possibly inherited) value was defined, which is what users expect when editing `lint.xml` files. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~kotlin val option = configuration.getOptionAsInt(ISSUE, "maxCount", 100) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


| Name | Contact | Address | |
|
{{company.Name}} .Pending.. {{company.Code}}: {{company.FullName}} |
{{company.Contact}} {{company.Mobile}} {{company.Mail}} {{company.WebSite}} |
{{company.Country}} {{company.Address}} |


SESSION NAME: #{helloBackingBean.name}
(Update 19/2/16)
This afternoon, Pearl Jam bassist Jeff Ament and manager Kelly
Curtis took part in a Twitter QeA, revealing some of their plans for
2016, as Alternative Nation points out. Curtis confirmed that Pearl
Jam will tour in 2016, confirming for now only the presence in
MAdelia Sound 2016. He mentioned Tampa, Florida and Canada as among
the planned stops. Additionally, he said the band has something
planned to mark their 25th anniversary, but couldn’t share any
specifics. If you recall, Pearl Jam celebrated their 20th
anniversary with a three-day music festival.
Asked about the prospects of a new album, Curtis said Pearl Jam are “always in and out of the studio and constantly writing.” However, Ament said nothing has been recorded. Pearl Jam’s last album came in the form of 2013’s Lightning Bolt. Curtis was asked if Pearl Jam would ever be interested in headlining a Super Bowl Halftime show, to which he responded, “Ask me in 10 years OR if the Superbowl is ever in Seattle.”


T
- extends CardPlayer
. The type of player that will participate in this game.public abstract class CardGame<T extends CardPlayer>
extends java.lang.Object
implements java.lang.Runnable
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
protected int |
currentPlayer |
protected com.passkeysoft.Deck |
deck
The card Deck containing a deck of all the cards used by this game.
|
protected boolean |
gameOver |
protected boolean |
isRoundOver
A flag indicating whether a round of play for this game is complete.
|
protected java.lang.Runnable |
monitor
A
Runnable object that will be used to monitor the play of this game. |
protected int |
nextPlayer |
java.util.List<T> |
playerList
A list of players participating in this game.
|
protected int |
targetPlayer |
| Modifier | Constructor and Description |
|---|---|
protected |
CardGame(int timeout,
java.lang.Runnable monitor)
CardGame Constructor. |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
java.lang.String |
buildCardAsJSON(java.lang.String pathToFaceImage,
com.passkeysoft.Card card)
Proxy method to protect access to the
deck protected variable. |
java.lang.String |
buildHandAsJSON(java.lang.String pathToFaceImage,
java.util.List<com.passkeysoft.Card> hand)
Proxy method to protect access to the
deck protected variable. |
com.passkeysoft.Card |
drawCard(int player)
Proxy method to protect access to the
deck protected variable. |
int |
getCurrentPlayer() |
java.util.List<com.passkeysoft.Card> |
getHandByOwner(int playerId)
Proxy method to protect access to the
deck protected variable. |
int |
getNumPlayers() |
int |
getNumWithdrawn() |
abstract int |
getScoreForPlayer(int playerId)
Gets the current score for the specified player.
|
boolean |
isPaused() |
protected boolean |
isPlayable(com.passkeysoft.Card cardPlayed,
int player,
int target)
Indicates whether a specific card can be played by a specific player against a specific
targeted player.
|
boolean |
isRoundOver() |
void |
pause()
Pause the current round.
|
abstract void |
play(java.lang.Object objectPlayed,
int player,
int target)
Generally, plays a specific card by a specific player.
|
int |
restart(int firstPlayer,
boolean withDiscard)
Restarts a round of play.
|
void |
run()
Started in a new thread, when triggered this method calls the abstract
play(Object, int, int)
method, which is specific to the derived sub-class. |
void |
setObjectToBePlayed(java.lang.Object toBePlayed,
int playerIdx,
int targetIdx)
Sets instance values used by the
play(java.lang.Object, int, int) method when called from inside
the run() method. |
java.lang.Thread |
start()
Create a new
Thread that will "Play" this game on behalf of a specified player
when notified. |
void |
unPause()
Unpause the current round.
|
public final java.util.List<T extends CardPlayer> playerList
protected com.passkeysoft.Deck deck
protected final java.lang.Runnable monitor
Runnable
object that will be used to monitor the play of this game. It is
provided by the class instantiating this class, but the Thread containing the monitor
will be started by this classes and a Thread reference will be maintained as an instance
variable in this instance.protected boolean gameOver
protected int currentPlayer
protected int nextPlayer
protected int targetPlayer
protected boolean isRoundOver
protected CardGame(int timeout, java.lang.Runnable monitor)
CardGame
Constructor. This method is protected, so this object cannot be
instantiated directly, it can only be used by derived sub-classes.timeout
- How long the run()
method will wait before automatically playing
for the next playermonitor
- A Runnable
object that will be notified when play for the specified
player is completed.public boolean isRoundOver()
public int getCurrentPlayer()
public int getNumPlayers()
public int getNumWithdrawn()
public void setObjectToBePlayed(java.lang.Object toBePlayed, int playerIdx, int targetIdx)
play(java.lang.Object, int, int)
method when called from inside
the run()
method. The contents of these instance values are consumed by
the run()
method in a different thread, so it is imperative that write
access to these instance values by synchronized on this instance.toBePlayed
- The object to be played. Typically, in card shedding games or card war games
the toBePlayed object is a Card
object.playerIdx
- The index into the player list of the player who is playingtargetIdx
- The index into the player list of the player who is the target of the action (optional).public java.lang.Thread start()
Thread
that will "Play" this game on behalf of a specified player
when notified. It also creates the monitor thread for the monitor object which was
furnished in the constructor. If the monitor property is null, no new Thread
s
will be created.
run()
method.public int restart(int firstPlayer, boolean withDiscard)
deck
to 0 (the deck) and shuffles it, and sets the state
of the round to paused.firstPlayer
- The index of the player in the playerList
who will be the
first to play the new round.withDiscard
- If true, the first card in the newly shuffled deck will be discarded to
start the discard stack.public abstract void play(java.lang.Object objectPlayed, int player, int target) throws IllegalGamePlayException
objectPlayed
- The object to be played. Typically in shedding style card games
(e.g. Hearts) or "war" style card games (e.g. Milles Bornes
the objectPlayed is an instance of Card
.player
- the index of the player playing the card.target
- the index of the player who is the target of the play. If the value is
65535 then the card is being discarded. If the value is zero then
the target is (typically) ignored.IllegalGamePlayException}
- thrown when game play cannot be completed for non-Java reasons.IllegalGamePlayException
public abstract int getScoreForPlayer(int playerId)
playerId
- The index of the player whose score is being sought.protected boolean isPlayable(com.passkeysoft.Card cardPlayed, int player, int target)
cardPlayed
- The card intended to be playedplayer
- The index of the player intending to play the cardtarget
- The index of the player who is the recipient of the card, if anypublic void run()
play(Object, int, int)
method, which is specific to the derived sub-class. If the trigger is the expiration of the
wait timeout, it probably means that the play method should be called as a proxy for a real
player who is taking too long.
The play(Object, int, int)
method will not be called if play is paused.
When unPause()
is called the timeout will be reset and play will resume.
This thread will terminate when gameOver
becomes true (and the timeout expires).
If timeout
is zero when this method is first called the thread will immediately
terminate (in those cases where timers are not needed).
When this method ends it will also interrupt the monitor thread, if any.run
in interface java.lang.Runnable
public boolean isPaused()
public void pause()
public void unPause()
public java.lang.String buildHandAsJSON(java.lang.String pathToFaceImage, java.util.List<com.passkeysoft.Card> hand)
deck
protected variable.public java.util.List<com.passkeysoft.Card> getHandByOwner(int playerId)
deck
protected variable.public java.lang.String buildCardAsJSON(java.lang.String pathToFaceImage, com.passkeysoft.Card card)
deck
protected variable.public com.passkeysoft.Card drawCard(int player)
deck
protected variable.


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NANCY was so shocked at seeing the beautiful necklace taken from her sleeve that for a
moment she was speechless.
Her father came to her defense.  My daughter certainly does not own that
and did not take it from anyone.”
The officer asked how she could explain its presence in her sleeve. “You had better come up
with a good story, or I will have to take you to headquarters!” he said sternly.
“I have already spoken to the chief about a case I’m working on involving stolen jewelry,”
Nancy said.
The officer raised his eyebrows in amazement.
“It started in the United States,” the girl detective went on. “A valuable necklace was stolen
from a jeweler in my hometown just before the jeweler mysteriously disappeared. My
father and I came here to investigate because several leads pointed to Japan. We hope to
locate the stolen piece and also the thief.”
“Is it this necklace?” the officer asked.
“No. But I saw a very suspicious man take a string of pearls from a woman. When I accused
him, he denied it. Since he didn’t have it on his person, we couldn’t prove it, and he left.
Then other people complained about having their jewelry stolen. I know he framed me
before slipping out so I could not pursue him any longer!”
Nancy gave more details of the case, and the young officer did not know how to proceed.
Since evidence was found on her person, could he legally let her go?
58
By this time Mr. and Mrs. Mise had come up to Nancy and her father and asked what the
trouble was. They knew the officer. As soon as they heard what had happened, both
vouched for Nancy, saying the accusation was unjust.
The policeman finally agreed to release Nancy into the Mises’ custody if they would
guarantee her appearance in court if she were called. Mr. Mise promised.
The commotion over the jewelry thefts had ruined the wedding reception. Nancy and her
father went to find the bride and groom and their parents, but all of them had left.
“I certainly feel sorry for them,” Nancy declared. “It should have been such a happy
occasion. To have something like this happen will be an unfortunate memory for them.”
Mr. Drew and the Mises agreed.
“I see they have opened the doors once more,” Mr. Mise said. “I suppose they did not find
the thief and his accomplice. Evidently they escaped before the doors were closed. We may
as well go home ourselves now.”
He kept in close touch with the police for the next few hours, but learned nothing helpful.
Had the reception thieves left the country, or was Caputti still in Japan?
Mrs. Mise remarked, “As long as Mrs. Caputti is in jail, I doubt that her husband would leave
town.”
“He might,” Mr. Drew said. “Benny’s a very cruel man.”
The following morning Nancy asked Mr. Mise if he would take her and her father back to the
World Wide Gems offices to talk to Mr. Kampura about the case. He was not in, and the only
person available was Mr. Hashi, the local manager.
When questioned by the Drews about the various jewel thefts, he said he knew nothing
about them. Nancy asked him if he was aware that World Wide Gems was under suspicion.
“Oh, no! We are a reputable organization!” he replied. “Where did you hear such a rumor?”
Nancy gave no details but thought she detected a frown on the man’s face. Other than that,
he showed no sign of being disturbed. Instead, he insisted on the fine reputation of the
company and that it was considered the finest jewelry wholesaler in the world.
“That must be of great satisfaction to you and the other executives,” Nancy said. “Actually
we were told that the president and other top of ficials are not directly involved.”
Mr. Hashi was annoyed. He took this remark as an inference that he might be under
suspicion, not being a top official himself.
59
“If you are implying that I am dishonest, I wish to inform you that my integrity has never
been questioned. Now I must say good-by to you,” he said coldly.
He arose, then bowed stiffly and held this position until the callers had left his office. As
they were walking down the hallway, the visitors came face to face with Mr. Taro, the
president of the company. He wished them a pleasant morning and kept on going.
Nancy stopped him. “Mr. Taro,” she said, “we came to ask if any jewelry has been offered to
you by a Mr. Caputti or a Mr. Slate.”
“No, neither one of them has been here,” the man replied. “In fact, recently no one has
come to me with anything valuable to sell.”
“Thank you,” Nancy said, and her group continued toward the elevator.
Suddenly her father turned around and hurried back to Mr. Taro. “Pardon me,” he said to
the president, “but it is important for me as a lawyer to know whether you, as head of this
company, are aware of the fact that World Wide Gems is presently under suspicion of
underhanded dealings.”
Mr. Taro laughed. “It is impossible. You heard a rumor that is absolutely not true.” With
that, he hurried on.
Mr. Drew joined Nancy and Mr. Mise in front of the elevator. Before it arrived, a young
Japanese woman, who evidently worked for World Wide Gems, approached them.
“Follow me,” she said to Nancy in a low voice. “I can tell you something importantl”
Nancy signaled to her father to watch where they were going in case of foul play, then
walked quickly after the woman to a ladies restroom.
When the door was closed behind them, the stranger said, “I cannot stay away from my
desk very long or my boss will be suspicious. I am Mr. Taro’s secretary, and I am worried
about him. He is an honest man, but recently he has become suspicious of certain officials in
the company. He is afraid that they are carrying on some dishonest schemes in regard to the
purchase of jewelry.”
Nancy nodded. “He probably didn’t want to admit it to us. How did you find out about it?”
“I overheard a conversation on his private telephone line. I do not know to whom he was
speaking, but the other person said, ”Yes, I received a warning note that said four plus nine
equals thirteen.”
Nancy was startled. The look on her face prompted the young woman to ask whether she
knew what it meant.
60
“I have an idea it stands for danger,” Nancy replied, but did not mention having received
several similar warnings.
“I know you are a detective,” the Japanese woman went on. “I spent some time in your
country and read about you. When I overheard your name today, I felt I could trust you. I
am so worried about Mr. Taro. Perhaps you can help him. He is a wonderful person, and I do
not wish to have any harm come to him.”
“I’m glad you told me,” Nancy said. “I’ll do my best.”
“Thank you,” the girl said. “Now I must go.”
She opened the door and hurried out quickly. Nancy waited several seconds before
following her, so that no one in the hallway would suspect that they had been talking. Then
she joined her father and Mr. Mise again. They all went down and walked into the street.
When they arrived home Nancy told her story so that Mrs. Mise could hear it, too. When
she was finished, everyone was shocked.
“This is a most complicated affair,” Mrs. Mise said. “Those jewel thieves are dreadful
people!”
“I have a feeling that top officials at World Wide Gems who are not involved with the
underworld might be in grave danger. They must have found out certain things and are now
being threatened.”
“And the criminals would stop at nothing to gain their ends,” Mr. Mise added. “I am so
worried about both of you.”
The Drews did not feel comfortable either, but said that they had been in precarious
situations before and never quit when they were hot on the trail of wrongdoers.
“I’d like very much to see a list of all people working for World Wide Gems,” she added.
Mr. Mise jumped up from his chair. “It just occurred to me that I have one. I own a small
amount of stock in the company. A list came with the annual report. However, it gives only
the names of officers.”
“That’s enough to start with,” Nancy said, and he went to get it. Nancy and her father read
the names of the many vice presidents.
Suddenly the girl exclaimed, “Look! I can’t believe it!”
“Don’t tell me Mr. Caputti is an executive of World Wide Gems,” her father teased.
“No, but wait until you hear who is ! Mrs. Tanya Rossmeyer!”
61
Mr. Drew stared at her. “You’re kidding!” I had no idea that she was active in any business.”
“She certainly doesn’t act like a business woman,” Nancy added, “traveling from one place
to another without telling anyone her schedule.”
“That’s true,” her father agreed. “On the other hand, with her love and knowledge of gems,
she would be qualified.”
“She had some quite valuable jewelry stolen,” Nancy mused. “Perhaps she was allowing
herself to be robbed by a confederate of the company as a cover up! Dad, Mrs. Rossmeyer
could be in league with the thieves at World Wide Gems!”
Mrs. Mise had sat down in one corner and started to read the morning paper. Suddenly she
cried out, “Here is an amazing article!”
“What does it say?” Nancy asked.
“It is a report from Rome that states that Mrs. Tanya Rossmeyer, while attending a dinner,
was robbed of a priceless necklacel”


I pay for the 4Mb/sec down, 512 Kb/set up service from O2. Infact, it's relatively quick, and stable...
I pay for the 4Mb/sec down, 512 Kb/set up service from O2. Infact, it's relatively quick, and stable...
I pay for the 4Mb/sec down, 512 Kb/set up service from O2. Infact, it's relatively quick, and stable...
I pay for the 4Mb/sec down, 512 Kb/set up service from O2. Infact, it's relatively quick, and stable...
I pay for the 4Mb/sec down, 512 Kb/set up service from O2. Infact, it's relatively quick, and stable...
I pay for the 4Mb/sec down, 512 Kb/set up service from O2. Infact, it's relatively quick, and stable...
I pay for the 4Mb/sec down, 512 Kb/set up service from O2. Infact, it's relatively quick, and stable...


To make JCC work you need a simple HTML to start (see the snippet bellow). The main point is to include the 'jcc.min.js' and 'jcc.min.css' in your HTML and then at the end of your HTML to initialize the JCCUI library with the DOM-node you want (i.e. document.body). Please note that we have marked the body to have visibility hidden and after initializing the JCCUI we set it back to visible. This optional trick might be needed to avoid showing the 'unenhanced' version of your HTML-code especialy when the HTML-code is really 'heavy'.
<!DOCTYPE html>

<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0" />

<meta name="msapplication-tap-highlight" content="no"/>
<title>Your page title</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../ionicons/ionicons.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../dist/jcc.min.css">

Collapsible example

<input type="checkbox"/>
Collapsible

1. Collapsible contents

Some content is supposed to come here.

1.1. Collapsible contents continued

Some continued content is supposed to come here.


Pellegrini wants Carroll to battle past injuries at Newcastle
West Ham manager Manuel Pellegrini hopes Andy Carroll can overcome his injury woes as the Newcastle United striker faces a race against time to prove his fitness for a return to the London Stadium on Saturday.
REUTERS: West Ham manager Manuel Pellegrini hopes Andy Carroll can overcome his injury woes as the Newcastle United striker faces a race against time to prove his fitness for a return to the London Stadium on Saturday.
Carroll re-signed for his hometown club Newcastle in August after seven injury-plagued seasons at West Ham, where he scored 33 goals in 126 Premier League appearances.
The 30-year-old rejoined first-team training on Thursday as he continues to recover from a groin strain that has kept him on the sidelines since Newcastle's 1-0 defeat by Chelsea on Oct. 19.
Pellegrini wants to see Carroll in full flight, even if it means a difficult Saturday afternoon for the West Ham defenders.
"I hope he will be fit as he, like (West Ham defender) Winston Reid, is a player who has had many injuries, long injuries and they deserve to have a normal career," Pellegrini told a news conference on Thursday.
"If he is on the bench, it will be one more difficult player that Newcastle will have. If not, they will have another one.
"I think the fans will give him a good welcome. For different reasons, Andy couldn’t stay here. When you defend the shirt, the fans applaud you so often. He will deserve the same respect."
New Zealand defender Reid, who has missed almost a year-and-a-half after suffering a serious knee injury with West Ham, played over an hour with the club's under-23 team on Wednesday.
Pellegrini was delighted to see Reid pull on a West Ham jersey again and now expects his backroom staff to carefully manage the player's return to first-team action.
"He played 65 minutes without any problems," the Chilean coach said.
"We'll see how he reacts. Next, he'll aim to play another match for the whole game, and as soon as he can, he'll start working with the first-team squad."
Meanwhile, midfielder Jack Wilshere has suffered another injury setback and will not be available for selection against Newcastle.
(Reporting by Hardik Vyas in Bengaluru; Editing by Christian Radnedge)


I have never watched a single episode of the BBC soap opera EastEnders, so I had no idea who Cockney matriarch Lou Beale was. I do, however, read obituaries with great interest, including those of people of whom I have never heard. And when reading the Guardian obituary of Anna Wing, the actress who played Lou Beale, I learned that “between 1953 and 1960, she was the partner of the surrealist poet Philip O'Connor” and “she encouraged [him] to write his first book, the extraordinary Memoirs of a Public Baby (1958)”.
I had never heard of O'Connor either, and my interest was piqued—rightly so, I realised, when I read his 1998 obituary in The Independent. Here I learned, among other things, that his mother abandoned him twice during his childhood, and the second time
he was again adopted, this time by a one-legged bachelor civil servant who wore size 13 boots and owned a small wooden hut on Box Hill near Dorking
and that
The impression that he created as a young man in wartime Fitzrovia was of utter precariousness. As thin as a skeleton, his face already eroded, his smile never calm, he lived off doughnuts and Woodbines, ogled at women and spoke in cryptograms, spoonerisms and jingles, delivering sentences backwards and falling about in drunken exhilaration
and
Many people knew him simply as The Man Who Stood Behind The Door And Said “Boo!” To T.S. Eliot
Who could read those snippets and not want to read the Memoirs? So I borrowed a copy from the library, and am already delighted, by page 35, to learn that Philip O'Connor had “a lasting fear of monkeys . . . feeling horribly near to them and that I have a secret they might discover which would involve me in some unconscious activity consequent upon the discovery of a bond between us.”
Self-consciously “bohemian” drunkard poets are tiresome, particularly when convinced of their own genius, and no doubt in person O'Connor was—as Stephen Spender says in his introduction to the Memoirs—“a menace”. But they can also, sometimes, write wonderful books, and Memoirs Of A Public Baby—what I have read of it so far—is one. Bear in mind, too, that the Independent obituary notes that O'Connor “dabbled interestingly with chickens”.


The other day I found myself in a position in which I needed to delete a few thousand records. The tough part of this situation is that I needed to ensure the ActiveRecord callbacks were made on these objects thus making a simple SQL statement unfeasible. Also, I didn't want to wait all day to select and destroy these objects. queue_classic to the rescue! (no pun intended)
The API of queue_classic enables you to quickly dispatch jobs to workers. In my
case I wanted to call Invoice.destroy(id)
a few thousand times. I fired up a
heroku console session and executed this line:
Invoice.find(:all, :select => "id", :conditions => "some condition").map {|i| QC.enqueue("Invoice.destroy", i.id) }
With the help of 20 workers I was able to destroy all of these records (preserving their callbacks) in a few minutes.
I have seen several cases where the application will enqueue jobs in batches. For instance, you may be sending 1,000 emails out. In this case, it would be foolish to do 1,000 individual transaction. Instead, you want to open a new transaction, enqueue all of your jobs and then commit the transaction. This will save tons of time in the database.
To achieve this we will create a helper method:
def qc_txn
begin
QC.database.execute("BEGIN")
yield
QC.database.execute("COMMIT")
rescue Exception
QC.database.execute("ROLLBACK")
raise
end
end
Now in your application code you can do something like:
qc_txn do
Account.all.each do |act|
QC.enqueue("Emailer.send_notice", act.id)
end
end


El Al flight diverted to Athens due to unruly passenger
Plane traveling from Israel to Berlin makes unplanned landing in Athens where unruly passenger arrested by local police.
by Arutz Sheva StaffAn El Al flight traveling from Ben Gurion Airport to Berlin, Germany, had to make an unscheduled landing in Athens on Sunday, after a Polish passenger smoked in a toilet and acted in a disorderly fashion.
The flight attendants on flight LY2373 asked the passenger to stop smoking in the toilet, but he cursed them and was unruly.
Upon landing in Athens, Greek police entered the plane and took the passenger for interrogation. The plane then took off for the German capital.
El Al said, "An El Al flight to Berlin was forced to land in Athens in order to take off a foreign national who was smoking during the flight and did not obey the instructions of the crew. The flight landed in Athens and the local police arrested the passenger. The flight then continued to Berlin."


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block appbar %} {% include "home/menuHome.html" %} {% endblock %} {% block main %}
Here is some more information about this product that is only revealed once clicked on.
Here is some more information about this product that is only revealed once clicked on.
Here is some more information about this product that is only revealed once clicked on.
Here is some more information about this product that is only revealed once clicked on.


Theater actor ready to make coding his next great performance.
Previously worked at catering business and now ready to serve up some code.
Chemistry grad ready to combine HTML, CSS, and JavaScript into perfect ratios.
Accounting specialist with a love of tech. Aspiring coder who wants to build cool stuff.


POSSE A film review by James Berardinelli Copyright 1993 James Berardinelli
Rating: 8.2 out of 10 (B, **1/2 out of ****)
Date Released: 5/14/93 Running Length: 1:51 Rated: R (Violence, language, sex, nudity)
Starring: Mario Van Peebles, Stephen Baldwin, Billy Zane, Charles Lane, Big Daddy Kane, Salli Richardson Director: Mario Van Peebles Producers: Preston Holmes and Jim Steele Screenplay: Sy Richardson and Dario Scardapane Music: Michel Colombier Released by Gramercy Pictures
The posse of Jessie Lee (Mario Van Peebles) is assembled in Cuba when a small group of dissenters escape from an ambush set by the sadistic Colonel Graham (Billy Zane). From Cuba of 1896 to the U.S., Lee's posse moves west as he pursues vengeance against the men who murdered his father. With Colonel Graham hot on his heels, Lee arrives in Freemanville (a community of ex-slaves), the culmination of his father's dreams and a place in danger from a group of corrupt whites from the next town over.
In constructing POSSE, Van Peebles has put together something of a traditional western with a twist: with the exception of Baldwin's Little J, the members of the group are black. Some interesting race-related points are raised, but Van Peebles disappoints by focusing instead on the standard elements of the picture. By the film's end, this has degenerated into little more than a 19th-Century shoot-em-up. POSSE is a violent movie, but without the grittiness that characterized Clint Eastwood's Academy Award winning UNFORGIVEN.
Technically, this film is a mess. Considering how well NEW JACK CITY (Van Peebles' previous effort) fared in this arena, that's something of a surprise. However, in POSSE, the editing is sub-par--scenes often come to jarring conclusions. The music at times seems better-suited to a contemporary action film than a western, and the quick changing of camera angles occasionally makes POSSE feel like something created for MTV.
Despite numerous problems, POSSE remains an entertaining film. In addition to bringing a refreshingly new perspective to the western, it tells a solid story. The subplot involving Graham perhaps creates some unnecessary baggage, but the main conflict between Van Peebles and Richard Jordan in Freemanville is well-developed. We are also given a rare (for movies) glimpse into the interrelationship between Native Americans and African Americans.
A comparison to GLORY is worth making. In many ways, the intentions of the two films are similar--both attempt to redress the historical inaccuracies of Hollywood. However, where GLORY succeeds brilliantly by wedding the dramatic impact of the black man's role in the Civil War with its overall tale, POSSE fails to attain the same level. With only a few minor script alterations and some re-casting, this could easily have been an all-white film. Many of the most important and intriguing questions about the real roles of blacks in the Old West are sadly left unexplored. POSSE serves merely to whet our appetites.
Even considering the limited success of the attempt, it's important that the effort was made, if for no other reason than that to open a few eyes and make some people aware of the bias of a white-written American history. POSSE also has enough entertainment value to make it worth a look, especially for those who enjoy westerns. It certainly isn't a definitive film, but it has its high points.
- James Berardinelli<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Both legends should display: tree, flower and lemon. Both plots should show 10 different datapoints. The second plot was normalized during addDataPoint operations whereas the first plot shows data that exceeds the height of the plot.


--- layout: single permalink: /reading/ classes: single author_profile: true --- {% include base_path %}


To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video


Aim: Each of the blocks in the right box either has the character da4 (big), li4(to set up) or ri4(sun) as a part of their character. Some characters have exactly two of the aforementioned characters.
You need to recognize which characters are neighbors (characters having da4 as a component are neighbors and so on) and place in the grid on the left by clicking on them.
The scoreboard will update after each placement. Try to score above 75.
Score:


Cheaper
More than cheeaper all!
Happier
Thank you!
Speed
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Authentic Grace makes me feel both authentic and graceful. It's nuts.
- Jessica Blurple, Long Island, NY
I usually feel quite ugly but shopping here has done a world of good for my self-confidence. Thank you, AG.
- Amy Flowers, Cedar Cove, WA
If I need a cute dress for a wedding of two people I hate, I know Authentic Grace has it.
- Geri Miller, Smith, IA
Authentic Grace, 2428 Khale Street, Charleston, SC 29424<PHONE_NUMBER>


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113488-general/topic/linarith.20.26.20nat.html ---
@Rob Lewis I started remembering to use linarith
to solve some easy goals like f < g -> -f - -g <= 0 -> false
.
Do you have a sense of how hard it would be to support -
on nat? I guess at least in simple cases there should be a translation to a new linear system (maybe involving adding an extra variable).
Yeah, there's a translation that can be done. My instinct: it would take more work to go from the current state to supporting -
than it took to go from no nat
support to here. The bigger worry is that these are all just stopgaps, ultimately we want omega
or cooper
or something nat/int specific. linarith
will never work completely right on nat
.
does linarith support max
and min
?
Maybe focus effort on that, and then you can get nat.sub easy by rewriting it to a max
Not natively.  That's exactly how the translation would go, and it's not efficient, you get an explosion of linarith
calls.
So linarith
only handles convex regions?
You can interpret a max
or min
as a conjunction sometimes, and then there is no case split
but when the inequality is the wrong way you get a disjunction and have to case split
I don't see any way to avoid exponential blowup
Right, that makes sense.
Yeah. linarith
has no fancy logic handling at all, and again, I'm not sure how much it's worth bundling more and more into the current tactic. Eventually you just end up approximating an SMT solver.
On the other hand, sometimes the problems we want to solve are quite small. Like I had this one: define def I (j : ℕ) : ℕ := if j ≤ e then e - j else j
, and then prove lemma II {j : ℕ} : I (I j) = j
. (e
is some constant nat.)
Haha, that's the trick isn't it. Once you write the tactic to do X, then everything will start to look like "almost X, if only..."
With ring
I started to learn how to use what we had to get what I wanted in two lines rather than one. For example if the goal is (x+1)^2 < x^2+2*x+2
then instead of thinking "a souped-up ring
should make progress here" you prove h : x^2+2*x+2=(x+1)^2+1 := by ring
and then rewrite. For ring
in particular, having a very clear idea of exactly what it can and can't do is of great help to me, and I am beginning to understand simp
and dec_trivial
in the same way. I only wish I had a better grasp on what things like cc
, linarith
and finish
did -- these are still tactics which I apply "randomly" in some sense (like how I used to apply simp
when I was a beginner).
We use (outside of the theorem proover world) a simplification and decision procedure for Presburger arithmetic based on linear programming / dual simplex.
While probably the easiest is to implement omega / cooper / or Leo's extensions to cooper as used in Z3, I am interested in exploring an approach based on the mathematics implemented in a constraint based math library such as isl, visible e.g. at nhttp://playground.pollylabs.org/.
I am interested to discuss this topic in more depth (and will also be in Freiburg).
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


--- layout: page title: HTML as program subtitle: Executable HTML for Ambulatory Assessment (AA) protocols (and other uses) use-site-title: false ---
executable HTML is a set of custom elements, which help the author of HTML content prescribe the way pieces of HTML are inserted into the document, without necessitating the use of JavaScript by the author.
Below, you can find two examples:
A program producing output in an infinite loop, and
A program producing a conditional questionnaire, with elements that expect synchronous input from the user
This example uses executable HTML to replicate the famous Commodore 64 BASIC oneliner:
10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10An example of the running c64 program can be found at this youtube video. Done in executable HTML, this could be written as:
<aa-sequence> <aa-function-random min="1" max="2" name="rnd"><aa-function-random> <aa-choose> <aa-when test="rnd==1">m<aa-when> <aa-otherwise>n<aa-otherwise> <aa-choose> <aa-jump goto="rnd"><aa-jump> <aa-sequence>The following CodePen demonstrates it running:
See the Pen 10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10 by b3008 (@b3008) on CodePen.
This example illustrates how a possible part of a questionnaire could be made, including the generation of a random value, the choice of a screen to present to the user based on that, and a "thank you" screen as a final step in the sequence.
See the Pen questionnaireDemo by b3008 (@b3008) on CodePen.
The repository for executable HTML can be found at https://github.com/b3008/executable_HTML


The RP must have obtained the key out-of-band during the registration
process
The Response Type request parameter 'response_type' determines
which tokens are returned from the endpoints used.
Informs the OpenID Provider of the mechanism to be used for returning parameters
from the Authorization Endpoint. The default and only option for the Authorization Code flow is 'query'.
We don't support the 'query' response_mode for the Implicit flow.


Store Name sentiment_very_satisfied Write the full product name
Store Email sentiment_very_satisfied Write the number of colours whithin the range
Store Phone Number sentiment_very_satisfied Assign a grade to the product
Store Website sentiment_very_satisfied Choose Consistency


WEEK 16 THURSDAY
Year 1 (Year 2)
FIRST READING Exodus 19:1-2.9-11.16-20
A reading from the Book of Exodus
On the third new moon after the people of
The word of the Lord
RESPONSORIAL PSALM Daniel 3:29-<IP_ADDRESS>.34 (R. 29b)
R. You are to be praised and highly exalted for ever!
Blessed are you, O Lord, God of our fathers, and to
be praised and highly exalted for ever. And blessed is your glorious, holy name
and to be highly praised and highly exalted for ever.
R. You are to be praised and highly exalted for ever!
Blessed are you in the temple of your holy glory
and to be extolled and highly glorified for ever.
R. You are to be praised and highly exalted for ever!
Blessed are you upon the throne of your kingdom and
to be extolled and highly glorified for ever.
R. You are to be praised and highly exalted for ever!
 You are to be praised and highly exalted for ever!
Blessed are you in the firmament of heaven and to
be sung and glorified for ever.
R. You are to be praised and highly exalted for ever!
FIRST READING Jeremiah 2:1-3.7-8.12-13
A reading from the Book of Jeremiah
It happened that the word of the LORD came to me,
saying, "Go and proclaim in the hearing of
The word of the Lord
RESPONSORIAL PSALM Psalm 36:6-7ab.8-9.10-11 (R. 10a)
R. With you, O Lord, is the fountain of life.
Your mercy, LORD, reaches to heaven, your truth to
the clouds. Your justice is like God's mountains; like the great deep, your
judgments.
R. With you, O Lord, is the fountain of life.
How precious is your mercy, O God! The children of
men seek shelter in the shadow of your wings. They feast on the riches of your
house; you give them drink from the stream of your delight.
R. With you, O Lord, is the fountain of life.
For with you is the fountain of life, and in your
light we see light.
R. With you, O Lord, is the fountain of life.
R. Alleluia. Blessed are you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that you have revealed to little ones the mysteries of the kingdom. R. Alleluia.
GOSPEL Matthew 13:10-17
A reading from the holy Gospel according to Matthew
At that time: The disciples came and said to Jesus, "Why do you speak to them in parables?" And he answered them, "To you it has been given to know the secrets of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it has not been given. For to him who has will more be given, and he will have abundance; but from him who has not, even what he has will be taken away. This is why I speak to them in parables, because seeing they do not see, and hearing they do not hear, nor do they understand. With them indeed is fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah which says: 'You shall indeed hear but never understand, and you shall indeed see but never perceive. For this people's heart has grown dull, and their ears are heavy of hearing, and their eyes they have closed, lest they should perceive with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and turn for me to heal them.' But blessed are your eyes, for they see, and your ears, for they hear. Truly, I say to you, many prophets and righteous men longed to see what you see, and did not see it, and to hear what you hear, and did not hear it.
The Gospel of the Lord


What's CCFinderX?
| Author: | Toshihiro Kamiya |
| Date: | 2008/May/2 |
| Contact: |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Copyright: | 2005-2008 ( C ) Toshihiro Kamiya. All rights reserved. |
Code clone is a duplicated code fragment in source file.
Typically, code clones are generated by copy-and-paste programming.
Existing of code clone makes it harder to modify source code.
Moreover, it is also difficult to find code clones in large source bodies.
Code clone is a "bad smell" in refactoring.
CCFinderX is a code clone detection tool, which is totally re-designed from the previous tool CCFinder [Kamiya2002]. Its characteristics are:
- Multi-threadding for multi-core CPU (10.2 or later)
- AST-based preprocessing with an island-parser like parser.
- Search functions (10.2 or later).
- Support for programming languages in (as possible as) equal level
- Users can adapt the tool to another programming languages or dialects.
- Analysis using metrics of code clone
- For interoperability with another tools, the tool can read/write data in TSV(tab separated values) text format.
- Block shaper [Higo2002] , majoritatarian shaper (10.2 or later).
- P-match [Baker1995] .
- Interactive analysis with multiple views of GUI front-end GemX.
(Note for CCFinder users: The GemX is a re-designed tool of Gemini [Ueda2002] .)
CCFinderX consists of a batch (command-line) tool ccfx and its GUI front-end GemX .
This article describes how to detect and analyze code clone using GemX.
| [Kamiya2002] | Toshihiro Kamiya, Shinji Kusumoto, and Katsuro Inoue, "CCFinder: A Multi-Linguistic Token-based Code Clone Detection System for Large Scale Source Code," IEEE Trans. Software Engineering, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 654-670, (2002-7). |
| [Higo2002] | Yoshiki Higo, Yasushi Ueda, Toshihiro Kamiya, Shinji Kusumoto and Katsuro Inoue, "On software maintenance process improvement based on code clone analysis", Proc. 4th International Conference, PROFES 2002 Rovaniemi, Finland, pp.185-197, (2002-12) |
| [Baker1995] | B.S. Baker, "On Finding Duplication and Near-Duplication in Large Software Systems," Proc. Second Working Conf. Reverse Eng. (WCRE '95), pp. 86-95,July 1995. |
| [Ueda2002] | Yasushi Ueda, Yoshiki Higo, Toshihiro Kamiya, Shinji Kusumoto, and Katsuro Inoue"Gemini: Code Clone Analysis Tool," Proc. of 2002 International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering (ISESE2002), vol.2, pp.31-32, Nara-ken New Public Hall, Nara, Japan, (October 3-4, 2002). |


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Library section:
Interactions:
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Style effects
Repeater
Clicking the button opens the overflow menu.
–
Menu options can be disabled, proper cursor is displayed.
–
Menu options can have a bottom border (separator).
–
Danger option with different interaction styles at the bottom.
–
Implemented features
[...]
/
menu (G)
/
rpt options
Select the repeater
–
and edit the data in the Styles pane.
Usage
Widget consist of a "button group and a "menu group that should be aligned.
button
menu
To disable a menu item, set value of disabled column to 1.
–
disabled
To add a separator after menu item, set value of bottom_border column to 1.
–
bottom_border
Menu options can be edited in data set of the repeater in the menu group.
menu
Danger option is a separate shape below the repeater.
After editing the menu content, resize the menu shadow element to fit.
menu shadow


Reports about data classes that have too big memory footprint.
Thus you can perform a simplest but most efficient performance improvements. Just check your DTOs if they fit into 64 bytes of processor's cache line.


Be sure to give the keyword to the recipient so that they can decrypt the text. I suggest to use a safer way than email to deliver the keyword (chat, txt, voice maybe). To decrypt a text use the same way and press the decrypt button. None of the data you enter is saved or even being sent to the server, the encryption happens in your browser (via JavaScript).


public class SimpleColorMap extends java.lang.Object implements ColorMap
You can customize the interpolation by overriding the transformLevel(...) method. This method receives a level value and the minimum and maximum values before it's clamped to a minimum or maximum color; you can modify this level value and return a new value (ideally between the minimum and maximum). For example, you could move the values to a log of their previous values.
The default of transformLevel(...) calls another optional function you can override: the filterLevel(...) method. This method is passed a level value which has been pre-transformed such that 0.0 is the "minimum" and 1.0 is the "maximum". You can override this method to return a new value between 0.0 and 1.0 which will be "de-transformed" and used instead. The default simply returns the value itself.
You should only override transformLevel(...), of filterLevel(...), or none, but not both.
The user can provide both a color table and an interpolation; in this case, the color table takes precedence over the interpolation in that region where the color table is relevant. You specify a color table with setColorTable(), and you specify an interpolation range with setLevels(). It's important to note that transformLevel(...) and filterLevel(...) are not applied to the color table, only to the interpolation. So if you provide 2.7 as a level, and have some fancy-shmancy transformation for that in transformLevel(...), but you've made a color table 5 elements long, color number 2 will be used directly without every checking your transformLevel(...) method.
validLevel() is set to return true if the level range is between min-level and max-level, or if it's inside the color table range. Neither transformLevel(...) nor filterLevel(...) are called.
defaultValue() is set to return 0 if the color table exists, else min-level is provided.
NaN is assumed to be the same color as negative infinity.
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
java.awt.Color[] |
colors
User-provided color table
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
SimpleColorMap()
Constructs a ColorMap that gradiates from 0.0 -> black to 1.0 -> white.
|
SimpleColorMap(java.awt.Color[] colorTable)
Given an array of size n, constructs a ColorMap that maps integers from 0 to n-1 to the colors in the array.
|
SimpleColorMap(java.awt.Color[] colorTable,
double minLevel,
double maxLevel,
java.awt.Color minColor,
java.awt.Color maxColor)
Given an array of size n, constructs a ColorMap that maps integers from 0 to n-1 to the colors in the array,
and gradiates from minLevel -> minColor to maxLevel -> maxColor for certain other values.
|
SimpleColorMap(double minLevel,
double maxLevel,
java.awt.Color minColor,
java.awt.Color maxColor)
Constructs a ColorMap that gradiates from minLevel -> minColor to maxLevel -> maxColor.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
double |
defaultValue()
Returns some level which is valid (that is, validLevel(defaultValue()) should
always return true).
|
double |
filterLevel(double level)
Override this to convert level values to new values using some appropriate mathematical transformation.
|
int |
getAlpha(double level)
Returns the alpha value for a color for the given level.
|
java.awt.Color |
getColor(double level)
Returns a color for the given level
|
int |
getRGB(double level)
Returns the RGB values, plus alpha, for a color for the given level.
|
java.awt.Color[] |
setColorTable(java.awt.Color[] colorTable)
Specifies that if a value (cast into an int) in the IntGrid2D or DoubleGrid2D falls in the range 0 ...
|
void |
setLevels(double minLevel,
double maxLevel,
java.awt.Color minColor,
java.awt.Color maxColor)
Sets the color levels for the ValueGridPortrayal2D values for use by the default getColor(...)
method.
|
double |
transformLevel(double level,
double minLevel,
double maxLevel)
Override this to convert level values to new values using some appropriate mathematical transformation.
|
boolean |
validLevel(double value)
Returns true if a level is "valid" (it provides a meaningful color)
|
public SimpleColorMap()
public SimpleColorMap(double minLevel, double maxLevel, java.awt.Color minColor, java.awt.Color maxColor)
public SimpleColorMap(java.awt.Color[] colorTable)
public SimpleColorMap(java.awt.Color[] colorTable, double minLevel, double maxLevel, java.awt.Color minColor, java.awt.Color maxColor)
public java.awt.Color[] setColorTable(java.awt.Color[] colorTable)
public double filterLevel(double level)
Do not override both this function and transformLevel(...). transformLevel simply calls this function.
public double transformLevel(double level, double minLevel, double maxLevel)
Do not override both this function and filterLevel(...). filterLevel is just used by this function.
public void setLevels(double minLevel, double maxLevel, java.awt.Color minColor, java.awt.Color maxColor)
public java.awt.Color getColor(double level)
ColorMap
public int getAlpha(double level)
ColorMap
return getRGB(level) >>> 24 ;
...or it could be written as:
return getColor(level).getAlpha()
...however it's likely that it this method could be written more efficiently than either of these.
public int getRGB(double level)
ColorMap
Why isn't this called getRGBA(...)? Because for some reason the underlying Color
method is likewise getRGB(), even though it ought to be called getRGBA().
... however it's likely that this method could be written more efficiently than this.
public boolean validLevel(double value)
ColorMap
validLevel
in interface ColorMap
public double defaultValue()
ColorMap
defaultValue
in interface ColorMap


stand location
Minimum amount of customer/Hour expected
Maximum amount of customer/Hour expected
Avarage cookies sold/Customer


Credits
Thanks to Glenn Lawyer for pointing out a Makefile fix for the tester example code.
Thanks to Holger Schemel for reminding me to actually free the hashtable in the destroy function...
Also for the hashtable_change function, now found in the hashtable utility source.
Thanks to John Muehlhausen for the iterator bug report - fixed 2003-03-19.
Thanks to Leonid Nilva for feedback.
Thanks to Mark Seneski for thoroughly reviewing my code, catching
some of my slips from best practice, and prompting me to finally get around to sizing the table using prime numbers.
Thanks due to Aaron Krowne for his table of prime numbers used to do this.
http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/GoodHashTablePrimes.html
Christopher
Clark
Updated 25th May, 2006.


Remote Desktop Connection
R32-your7digit#
or w7-your7digit#
Open your RStudio project
Open a New script
File > New File > R Script
Give it a name: 03_day.R
or jakku_plots.R
will work well
ifelse()
The poggle of porgs has returned to help us review the dplyr
functions. Follow along by downloading the porg data from the URL below.
library(readr)
porgs <- read_csv("https://itep-r.netlify.com/data/porg_data.csv")
So where were we? Oh right, we we’re enjoying our time on beautiful lush Endor. But aren’t we missing somebody?
That’s enough scuttlebutting around on Endor, Finn needs us back on Jakku. It turns out we forgot to pick-up Finn when we left. Now he’s being held ransom by Junk Boss Plutt. We’ll need to act fast to get to him before the Empire does. Blast off!
BB8 was busy on our flight back to Jakku, and was able to recover a full set of scrap records from the notorious Unkar Plutt. Let’s take a look.
library(readr)
library(dplyr)
# Read in the full scrap database
scrap <- read_csv("https://itep-r.netlify.com/data/starwars_scrap_jakku_full.csv")
Okay, so we’re back on the ol’ dust bucket. Let’s try not to forget anything while were here this time. We’re quickly running out of friends on this planet.
Mr. Baddy Plutt is demanding 10,000 items of scrap for Finn. Sounds expensive, but lucky for us he didn’t clarify the exact items. Let’s find the scrap that weighs the least per shipment and try to make this transaction as light as possible.
Take a look at our NEW scrap data and see if we have the weight of all the items.
# What unit types are in the data?
unique(scrap$units)
## [1] "Cubic Yards" "Items" "Tons"
Or return results as a data frame
distinct(scrap, units)
## # A tibble: 3 x 1
## units
## <chr>
## 1 Cubic Yards
## 2 Items
## 3 Tons
Hmmm…. So how much does a cubic yard of Hull Panel
weigh?
A lot? 32? Maybe…
I think we’re going to need some more data.
“Hey BB8!”
“Please do your magic data finding thing.”
It took a while, but with a few droid bribes BB8 was able to track down a Weight conversion table from his old droid buddies. Our current data shows the total cubic yards for some scrap shipments, but not how much the shipment weighs.
# The data's URL
convert_url <- "https://rtrain.netlify.com/data/conversion_table.csv"
# Read the conversion data
convert <- read_csv(convert_url)
head(convert, 3)
## # A tibble: 3 x 3
## item units pounds_per_unit
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 Bulkhead Cubic Yards 321
## 2 Hull Panel Cubic Yards 641
## 3 Repulsorlift array Cubic Yards 467
Stars! A cubic yard of Hull Panel
weighs 641 lbs. That’s what I thought!
Let’s join this new conversion table to the scrap data to make our calculations easier. To do that we need to make a new friend.
Say “Hello” to left_join()
!
left_join()
works like a zipper and combines two tables based on one or more variables. It’s called “left”-join because the entire table on the left side is retained. Anything that matches from the right table gets to join the party, but the rest will be ignored.
left_join(table1, table2, by = c("columns to join by"))
Remember our porg friends? How rude of us not to share their names. Wups!
Here they are:
Hey now! That’s not very helpful. Who’s who? Let’s join their names to the rest their data.
Let’s apply our new left_join()
skills to the scrap data.
Look at the tables. What columns in both tables do we want to join by?
scrap <- left_join(scrap, convert,
by = c("item" = "item", "units" = "units"))
Want to skimp on typing?
When the 2 tables share column names that are the same, left_join()
will automatically search for matching columns. Nice! So the code below does the same as above.
scrap <- left_join(scrap, convert)
head(scrap, 4)
## # A tibble: 4 x 8
## receipt_date item origin destination amount units price_per_pound
## <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 4/1/2013 Bulk~ Crate~ Raiders 4017 Cubi~ 1005.
## 2 4/2/2013 Star~ Outsk~ Trade cara~ 1249 Cubi~ 1129.
## 3 4/3/2013 Star~ Outsk~ Niima Outp~ 4434 Cubi~ 1129.
## 4 4/4/2013 Hull~ Crate~ Raiders 286 Cubi~ 843.
## # ... with 1 more variable: pounds_per_unit <dbl>
Want more details?
You can type ?left_join
to see all the arguments and options.
Let’s mutate!
Now that we have pounds per unit we can use mutate
to calculate the total pounds for each shipment.
Fill in the blank
scrap <- scrap %>%
mutate(total_pounds = amount * _____________ )
scrap <- scrap %>%
mutate(total_pounds = amount * pounds_per_unit)
We need to do some serious multiplication. We now have the total amount shipped in pounds, and the price per pound, but we want to know the total price for each transaction.
How do we calculate that?
# Calculate the total price for each shipment scrap <- scrap %>% mutate(credits = ________ * ________ )
We need to do some serious multiplication. We now have the total amount shipped in pounds, and the price per pound, but we want to know the total price for each transaction.
How do we calculate that?
# Calculate the total price for each shipment scrap <- scrap %>% mutate(credits = total_pounds * ________ )
We need to do some serious multiplication. We now have the total amount shipped in pounds, and the price per pound, but we want to know the total price for each transaction.
How do we calculate that?
# Calculate the total price for each shipment scrap <- scrap %>% mutate(credits = total_pounds * price_per_pound)
Great! Let’s add one last column. We can divide the shipment’s credits by the amount of items to get the price_per_unit
.
# Calculate the price per unit
scrap <- scrap %>%
mutate(price_per_unit = credits / amount)
Data analysts often get asked summary questions such as:
summarize()
!summarize()
this!summarize()
allows you to apply a summary function like median()
to a column and collapse your data down to a single row. To really dig into summarize
you’ll want to know some common summary functions, such as sum()
, mean()
, median()
, min()
, and max()
.
sum()
Use summarize()
and sum()
to find the total credits of all the scrap.
summarize(scrap, total_credits = sum(credits))
mean()
Use summarize()
and mean()
to calculate the mean price_per_pound
in the scrap report.
summarize(scrap, mean_price = mean(price_per_pound, na.rm = T))
Note the
na.rm = TRUE
in themean()
function. This tells R to ignore empty cells or missing values that show up in R asNA
. If you leavena.rm
out, the mean function will return ‘NA’ if it finds a missing value in the data.
median()
Use summarize to calculate the median price_per_pound in the scrap report.
summarize(scrap, median_price = median(price_per_pound, na.rm = T))
max()
Use summarize to calculate the maximum price per pound any scrapper got for their scrap.
summarize(scrap, max_price = max(price_per_pound, na.rm = T))
min()
Use summarize to calculate the minimum price per pound any scrapper got for their scrap.
summarize(scrap, min_price = min(price_per_pound, na.rm = T))
nth()
Use summarize()
and nth(Origin, 12)
to find the name of the Origin City that had the 12th highest scrapper haul.
Hint: Use arrange()
first.
arrange(scrap, desc(credits)) %>% summarize(price_12 = nth(origin, 12))
quantile()
Quantiles are great for finding the upper or lower range of a column. Use the quantile()
function to find the the 5th and 95th quantile of the prices.
summarize(scrap,
price_5th_pctile = quantile(price_per_pound, 0.05, na.rm = T),
price_95th_pctile = quantile(price_per_pound, 0.95))
Hint: Add na.rm = T
to quantile()
.
Create a summary of the scrap data that includes 3 of the summary functions above. The following is one example.
summary <- scrap %>%
summarize(max_credits = __________ ,
mean_credits = __________ ,
min_pounds = __________ )
n()
n()
stands for count. It has the smallest function name I know of, but is super useful.
Use summarize and n()
to count the number of reported scrap records going to Niima outpost
.
Hint: Use filter()
first.
niima_scrap <- filter(scrap, destination == "Niima Outpost")
niima_scrap <- summarize(niima_scrap, scrap_records = n())
Ok. That was fun. Now let’s do a summary for Cratertown. And then for Blowback Town. And then for Tuanul. And then for…
Do we really need to
filter
to the origin city that we’re interested in every single time?How about you just give me the mean price for every origin city. Then I could use that to answer a question about any city I want.
Okay. Fine. It’s time we talk about
group_by()
.
group_by()
Which origin city had the most shipments of junk?
Use group_by
with the column origin, and then usesummarize
to count the number of records at each origin city.
Fill in the blank
scrap_shipments <- group_by(scrap, ______ ) %>%
summarize(shipments = ______ )
scrap_shipments <- group_by(scrap, origin ) %>%
summarize(shipments = n() )
Which city had the most scrap shipments?
Tuanul
Outskirts
Reestki
Cratertown
Show solution
Cratertown
You’ve got the POWER!
Who’s selling goods for cheap?
Use group_by
with the column origin, and then usesummarize
to find the mean(price_per_unit)
at each origin city.
mean_prices <- group_by(scrap, origin) %>%
summarize(mean_price = mean(price_per_unit, na.rm = T)) %>%
ungroup()
EXPLORE: Rounding digits
You can round the prices to a certain number of digits using the round()
function. We can finish by adding the arrange()
function to sort the table by our new column.
mean_prices <- group_by(scrap, origin) %>%
summarize(mean_price = mean(price_per_unit, na.rm = T),
mean_price_round = round(mean_price, digits = 2)) %>%
arrange(mean_price_round) %>%
ungroup()
Special note
The round()
function in R does not automatically round values ending in 5 up. Instead it uses scientific rounding, which rounds values ending in 5 to the nearest even number. So 2.5 rounded to the nearest whole number rounds down to 2, and 3.5 rounded to the nearest whole number rounds up 4.
Ending with ungroup()
is good practice. This prevents your data from staying grouped after the summarizing has been completed.
Let’s save the mean price summary table we created to a CSV. That way we can transfer it to a droid courier for delivery to Rey. To save a data frame we use the write_csv()
function from our favorite readr
package.
# Write the file to your results folder
write_csv(mean_prices, "results/prices_by_origin.csv")
By default, when saving files R will overwrite a file if the file already exists in the same folder. It will not ask for confirmation. To be safe, save processed data to a new folder called results/
and not to your raw data/
folder.
ifelse()
[If this thing is true]
, "Do this"
, "Otherwise do this"
Here’s a handy ifelse
statement to help you identify lightsabers.
ifelse(
Is lightsaber GREEN?, Yes! Then it's Yoda's,
No! Then it's not Yoda's)
Say you want to label all the porgs over 60 cm as tall, and everyone else as short. In other words, we want to add a column where the value depends on the value found in the height column. We use ifelse()
for this.
Or maybe you have a list of prices for scrap, and you want to flag only the ones that cost less than 500 credits.
mutate()
+ ifelse()
is powerful!Bad news. We’re on a budget people. Rey can’t afford anything over 500 credits per item.
Let’s add a column that labels the items as “Cheap” if the price is less than 500.
Add an affordable column
library(dplyr)
library(readr)
# Add an affordable column
scrap <- scrap %>%
mutate(affordable = ifelse(price_per_unit < 500, "Cheap", "Expensive"))
Use filter()
to create a new cheap_scrap
table.
What is the cheapest item?

CONGRATULATIONS of galactic proportions to you.
We now have a clean and tidy data set. If BB8 receives new data to append, we can re-run this script and in 5 seconds we’ll have cleaned up data again!
ggplot()
sandwichggplot
has 3 ingredients.
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(scrap)
Note when we load the package it’s
library (ggplot2)
, but the function to make a plot isggplot(scrap)
. We admit, it is a bit silly.
The aesthetics assign the components from the data that you want to use in the chart. These also determine the dimensions of the plot.
ggplot(scrap, aes(x = origin, y = credits))
ggplot(scrap, aes(x = origin, y = credits)) + geom_point()
Try making a scatterplot of any two columns.
Hint: Numeric variables will be more informative.
ggplot(scrap, aes(x = __column1__, y = __column2__)) + geom_point()
Now let’s use color to show the destination of the scrap
ggplot(scrap, aes(x = origin, y = credits, color = destination)) +
geom_point()
Yikes! That point chart had too much detail. Let’s make a column chart and add up the sales to make it easier to understand. Note that we used fill =
instead of color =
. Try using color instead and see what happens.
ggplot(scrap, aes(x = origin, y = credits, fill = destination)) +
geom_col()
We can change the position of the bars to make it easier to compare sales by destination for each origin. For that we’ll use the – drum roll please – position
argument. Remember, you can use help(geom_col)
to learn about the different options for that type of plot.
ggplot(scrap, aes(x = origin, y = credits, fill = destination)) +
geom_col(position = "dodge")
An easy way to experiment with colors is to add layers like + scale_fill_viridis()
or + scale_fill_brewer()
to your plot, which will link to RcolorBrewer so you can have accessible color schemes.
Try adding one of thse to your column plot above.
Does the chart feel crowded to you? Let’s use facet wrap
to put each origin in a separate chart.
ggplot(scrap, aes(x = origin, y = credits, fill = destination)) +
geom_col(position = "dodge") +
facet_wrap("destination")
Seriously. Let’s pay that ransom already.
Where should we go to get our 10,000 Black boxes?
Step 1: Filter the scrap data to only Black box
.
cheap_scrap <- filter(scrap, ______ == _____ )
Step 2: Make a geom_col()
plot of the total pounds of Black boxes shipped to each destination.
ggplot(cheap_scrap, aes(x = , y = ) ) +
geom_
Show code
ggplot(cheap_scrap, aes(x = destination, y = total_pounds) ) +
geom_col()
Which destination has the most pounds of the cheapest item?
Trade caravan
Niima Outpost
Raiders
Show solution
Raiders
Woop! Go get em! So long Jakku - see you never!
Clap your hands. You have earned a great award.
Want to shake up the appearance of your plots? ggplot2
uses theme
functions to change the general appearance of a plot. Try some different themes out. Here’s theme_dark()
.
ggplot(scrap, aes(x = origin, y = credits, fill = destination)) +
geom_col(position = "dodge") +
facet_wrap("destination") +
theme_dark()
You can set the axis and title labels using the labs
function.
ggplot(scrap, aes(x = origin, y = credits, fill = destination)) +
geom_col(position = "dodge") +
facet_wrap("destination") +
labs(title = "Scrap sales by origin and destination",
subtitle = "Planet Jakku",
x = "Origin",
y = "Total sales",
caption = "Data gracefully provided by BB8")
1.0e+10
scientific notationIs your boss scared of scientific notation? To hide it we can use options(scipen = 999)
. Note that this is a general setting in R. Once you use options(scipen = 999)
in your current session you won’t have to use it again. Like loading a package, you only need to run the line once when you start RStudio.
options(scipen = 999)
ggplot(scrap, aes(x = origin, y = credits, fill = destination)) +
geom_col(position = "dodge") +
facet_wrap("destination") +
theme_bw() +
labs(title = "Scrap sales by origin and destination",
x = "Origin",
y = "Total sales")
CHALLENGE
Let’s say we don’t like printing so many zeros and want the labels to be in Millions of credits. How can you make it happen?
Sorry, the hint is missing. You’re on your own.
Be brave and make a boxplot. We’ve covered how to do a scatterplot with geom_point
and a bar chart with geom_col
, but how would you make a boxplot showing the prices at each destination? You’re on your own here. Feel free to add color
,facet_wrap
, theme
, and labs
to your boxplots.
May the force be with you.
You’ve hopefully made some plots you’re proud of, so let’s learn to save them so we can cherish them forever. There’s a function called ggsave
to do just that. How do we ggsave
our plots? HELP! Let’s type help(ggsave)
.
# Get help
help(ggsave)
?ggsave
# Copy and paste the r code of your favorite plot here
ggplot(data, aes()) +
.... +
....
# Save your plot to a png file of your choosing
ggsave("your_results_folder/plot_name.png")
Sometimes you may want to make a plot and save it for later. For that, you give your plot a name. Any name will do.
# The ggplot you want to save
my_plot <- ggplot(...)
# The name of the file the chart will be saved to.
where_to_save_it <- "___.png"
# Save it!
ggsave(filename = where_to_save_it, plot = my_plot)
Learn more about saving plots at http://stat545.com/
Table of aesthetics
| aes() |
|---|
x = |
y = |
alpha = |
fill = |
color = |
size = |
linetype = |
Table of geoms
Table of themes
You can customize the look of your plot by adding a theme()
function.
https://rtrain.netlify.com/data/porg_samples.csv
https://rtrain.netlify.com/data/air_endor.csv
Create 2 plots using the data.
If you make something really strange. Feel free to share! Consider it art and keep going.
When you add more layers using +
remember to place it at the end of each line.
# This will work
ggplot(scrap, aes(x = origin, y = credits)) +
geom_point()
# So will this
ggplot(scrap, aes(x = origin, y = credits)) + geom_point()
# But this won't
ggplot(scrap, aes(x = origin, y = credits))
+ geom_point()
theme_light()
or theme_bw()
theme(panel.grid.minor = element_line(colour = "white", size = 0.5))
theme_excel()
ggplot() + geom_point() + xlim(beginning, end) + ylim(beginning, end)
geom_point(aes(color = facility_name), show.legend = FALSE)
geom_line(aes(color = facility_name), linetype = "dashed")
"dotted"
and "dotdash"
, or even"twodash"
hotpink
is a color?
library(viridis)
provides some great default color palettes for charts and maps.


On behalf of the ManageIQ team, I’m pleased to announce the first release candidate (RC1) for ManageIQ Darga!
ManageIQ Blog
Let's translate ManageIQ together!
As we’re approaching the Darga release, we are adding translations for ManageIQ UI, and we need you to be part of the community translation effort!
Open Source License Change - April 2
When ManageIQ was open-sourced in June 2014, the project was carrying some bits that made it necessary to dual-license as GPL and Apache License. The intention was always to be single-licensed under the Apache license.
Sprint 38 review - March 30, 2016
There is a ManageIQ Sprint review every 3 weeks, and everyone in the community is welcome to participate. To join our Sprint review meeting, please use this Bluejeans link.
ManageIQ Design Summit 2016 - Call for Papers
As we announced last week, the ManageIQ Design Summit will be on June 6-7 in Mahwah, NJ. We are now opening the Call for Papers. If you’re interested in having a presentation at the summit, please submit your talk proposals here. The CFP will be open for the whole of March, ending on 2016-03-31 at 23:00 UTC. Speakers will be notified of acceptance by mid-April.
Announcing ManageIQ Design Summit - June 6 & 7, 2016 - save the date!
I am excited to share this piece of news with the community: the second ManageIQ Design Summit will take place this summer, on June 6 & 7 (Mon-Tue), at the Sheraton Mahwah Hotel in Mahwah, New Jersey.
Capablanca-2 released
The original Capablanca-1 release contains a number of bugs that have been reported to be breaking some sections of the application.
ManageIQ Capablanca: Azure, Containers, Self-Service UI
ManageIQ Capablanca is now available from all good download links!
Announcing Capablanca RC2
We’ve just wrapped up Capablanca RC2. As the release cycle draws to a close, this release contains bug fixes, numerous UI tweaks, and a couple of last-minute changes to the new Azure provider.
Announcing Capablanca RC-1
We’re pleased to announce that the first Capablanca release candidate is now available. Among the improvements in this release since the Beta:


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %}
So, you are feeling {{ res }}
Here are some songs that may help you


PlotKit Base
PlotKit Base contains a number of simple functions that are needed for the rest of the PlotKit libraries.
PlotKit.Base Functions
-
collapse()
Given an array, it will collapse all the values from the passed array into one big array.
[[1,2], [3,4], [5,6]] --> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-
findPosX(element)
Returns the X value of the element relative to the document in a browser independent way.
-
findPosY(element)
Returns the Y value of the element relative to the document in a browser independent way.
-
palette(baseColor, fromLevel = -0.2, toLevel = 0.2, increment = 0.1)
Takes in a base colour and generates a palette of colours based on the intensive levels.
-
roundInterval(value, precision)
Rounds a number to a specified precision. TODO: make more robust
-
uniq(array)
Acts like the UNIX uniq, takes a sorted array and returns a new array that only contains uniq elements.
Preset Styles
Color Schemes
There are some colour schemes, which are an array of MochiKit.Color.Colors.
-
colorScheme()
A default colour scheme that consists of red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, purple and magenta.
-
baseDarkPrimaryColors()
A set of five dark colours.
-
basePrimaryColors()
A set of five bright primary colours.
-
baseBlueColors()
Three colour set that have a nice professional blue hue.
Office Style
These are base styles that were inspired by charts in Office 12. The color schemes are fairly similar to those found in screenshots of charts available online.
-
officeBaseStyle
Contains the basic style independent of colours.
-
officeBlue()
Blue colors:
-
officeRed()
Red colors:
-
officeGreen()
Green colors:
-
officePurple()
Purple colors:
-
officeCyan()
Cyan colors:
-
officeOrange()
Orange colors:
-
officeBlack()
Black colors:
Usage
var layout = PlotKit.Layout("bar", officeOrange());


Registered: Oct 2002
Location: USA, Near Washington DC
Posts: 1157 |
well i hope not, but most likely yes they will, they just have to get their affairs in order, then they are gone
__________________
-If everyone is thinking alike, then somebody isn't thinking.
"When you are courting a nice girl an hour seems like a second. When you sit on a red-hot cinder a second seems like an hour. That's relativity."
Albert Einstein
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:: DeveloperApi :: Abstract class for ML attributes.
:: DeveloperApi :: Abstract class for ML attributes.
:: DeveloperApi :: Attributes that describe a vector ML column.
:: DeveloperApi :: Attributes that describe a vector ML column.
:: DeveloperApi :: An enum-like type for attribute types: AttributeType$#Numeric, AttributeType$#Nominal, and AttributeType$#Binary.
:: DeveloperApi :: An enum-like type for attribute types: AttributeType$#Numeric, AttributeType$#Nominal, and AttributeType$#Binary.
:: DeveloperApi :: A binary attribute.
:: DeveloperApi :: A binary attribute.
:: DeveloperApi :: A nominal attribute.
:: DeveloperApi :: A nominal attribute.
:: DeveloperApi :: A numeric attribute with optional summary statistics.
:: DeveloperApi :: A numeric attribute with optional summary statistics.
:: DeveloperApi ::
:: DeveloperApi ::
:: DeveloperApi :: Factory methods to create attribute groups.
:: DeveloperApi :: Factory methods to create attribute groups.
:: DeveloperApi ::
:: DeveloperApi ::
:: DeveloperApi :: Factory methods for binary attributes.
:: DeveloperApi :: Factory methods for binary attributes.
:: DeveloperApi :: Factory methods for nominal attributes.
:: DeveloperApi :: Factory methods for nominal attributes.
:: DeveloperApi :: Factory methods for numeric attributes.
:: DeveloperApi :: Factory methods for numeric attributes.
:: DeveloperApi :: An unresolved attribute.
:: DeveloperApi :: An unresolved attribute.
ML attributes
The ML pipeline API uses
DataFrame
s as ML datasets. Each dataset consists of typed columns, e.g., string, double, vector, etc. However, knowing only the column type may not be sufficient to handle the data properly. For instance, a double column with values 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, ... may represent some label indices, which cannot be treated as numeric values in ML algorithms, and, for another instance, we may want to know the names and types of features stored in a vector column. ML attributes are used to provide additional information to describe columns in a dataset.ML columns
A column with ML attributes attached is called an ML column. The data in ML columns are stored as double values, i.e., an ML column is either a scalar column of double values or a vector column. Columns of other types must be encoded into ML columns using transformers.  ML attributes are stored in the metadata field of the column schema.


I am originally from the Philippines. My maternal grandmother had me petitioned to move and live here in America, for better opportunities and to broaden my horizons.I moved when I was 20 years old and the only English I knew was from books. I wasn't aware that speaking it would be so different from learning it.
To me, learning a new language is fascinating. And that is one of the many reasons why I have chosen to take this course.
I have been in different jobs and in different places. I have listed my professional experience in order, starting from my very first job at 17 years old up to now.
After a major car accident: I moved here in Portland Oregon to start anew, and found a job as a Barista. I also found employment in the retail industry, in different positions. Currently, I am not working and just focusing in school.
In my free time, I like to draw portraits, play and watch other people play video games, and walking around and shopping downtown with my best friend, Fredrick.
Description:
This is a practice website that I have done in class with a partner on the first day.It uses simple hthml commands. Practicing what we just started to learn about Git and GitHub as well.
Description:
This is an already made code that we have fixed indentation,spacing and spelling.
Description:
This is a practice page for a very basic pet blog. HTML and simple commands in CSS are used.
Description:
This is a practice website about a small province in the Philippines, using git branch, clone and merge. The tools used are HTML, CSS.


displayY();
Power of Compound Interest ( $1000 Principle )
Interest Rates
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
Number of Years displayY
1y
2y
3y
4y
5y
6y
7y
8y
9y
10y
year
Your interest rate is:
Your saving is:


AP Top Political News at 11:01 a.m. EST
Impeachment testimony comes from White House budget official
Diplomat says he overheard Trump call about ‘investigations'
American held in Turkey as IS suspect returns to US
Biden, Warren absence at California gathering irks top Dems
Trump urges Louisianans to flip governor's office to GOP
Roger Stone guilty of witness tampering, lying to Congress
AP sources: Jail guards at time of Epstein death reject deal
The Latest: Diplomat describes Trump ‘investigations' call
The Latest: Ousted Ukraine ambassador has her say in hearing
GOP woman gets outsized role at impeachment hearing
Copyright 2019 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


Hello,
I'm Alex Ravan, a junior at Tufts University. I expect to graduate in May of 2015 with a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and a minor in Entrepreneurial Leadership.


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