By Dennis Overbye
March 17, 2014
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — One night late in 1979, an itinerant young physicist named Alan Guth, with a new son and a year’s appointment at Stanford, stayed up late with his notebook and equations, venturing far beyond the world of known physics.
He was trying to understand why there was no trace of some exotic particles that should have been created in the Big Bang. Instead he discovered what might have made the universe bang to begin with. A potential hitch in the presumed course of cosmic evolution could have infused space itself with a special energy that exerted a repulsive force, causing the universe to swell faster than the speed of light for a prodigiously violent instant.
If true, the rapid engorgement would solve paradoxes like why the heavens look uniform from pole to pole and not like a jagged, warped mess. The enormous ballooning would iron out all the wrinkles and irregularities. Those particles were not missing, but would be diluted beyond detection, like spit in the ocean.
“SPECTACULAR REALIZATION,” Dr. Guth wrote across the top of the page and drew a double box around it.
On Monday, Dr. Guth’s starship came in. Radio astronomers reported that they had seen the beginning of the Big Bang, and that his hypothesis, known undramatically as inflation, looked right.
Reaching back across 13.8 billion years to the first sliver of cosmic time with telescopes at the South Pole, a team of astronomers led by John M. Kovac of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics detected ripples in the fabric of space-time — so-called gravitational waves — the signature of a universe being wrenched violently apart when it was roughly a trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second old. They are the long-sought smoking-gun evidence of inflation, proof, Dr. Kovac and his colleagues say, that Dr. Guth was correct.
Inflation has been the workhorse of cosmology for 35 years, though many, including Dr. Guth, wondered whether it could ever be proved.
If corroborated, Dr. Kovac’s work will stand as a landmark in science comparable to the recent discovery of dark energy pushing the universe apart, or of the Big Bang itself. It would open vast realms of time and space and energy to science and speculation.
Confirming inflation would mean that the universe we see, extending 14 billion light-years in space with its hundreds of billions of galaxies, is only an infinitesimal patch in a larger cosmos whose extent, architecture and fate are unknowable. Moreover, beyond our own universe there might be an endless number of other universes bubbling into frothy eternity, like a pot of pasta water boiling over.
'As Big as It Gets'
In our own universe, it would serve as a window into the forces operating at energies forever beyond the reach of particle accelerators on Earth and yield new insights into gravity itself. Dr. Kovac’s ripples would be the first direct observation of gravitational waves, which, according to Einstein’s theory of general relativity, should ruffle space-time.
Marc Kamionkowski of Johns Hopkins University, an early-universe expert who was not part of the team, said, “This is huge, as big as it gets.”
He continued, “This is a signal from the very earliest universe, sending a telegram encoded in gravitational waves.”
The ripples manifested themselves as faint spiral patterns in a bath of microwave radiation that permeates space and preserves a picture of the universe when it was 380,000 years old and as hot as the surface of the sun.
Dr. Kovac and his collaborators, working in an experiment known as Bicep, for Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization, reported their results in a scientific briefing at the Center for Astrophysics here on Monday and in a set of papers submitted to The Astrophysical Journal.
The Theory of Inflation
Astronomers have found evidence to support the theory of inflation, which explains how the universe expanded so uniformly and so quickly in the instant after the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago.
THE UNIVERSE is just under 14 billion years old. From our position in the Milky Way galaxy, we can observe a sphere that is now about 92 billion light-years across. But there's a mystery. Wherever we look, the universe has an even temperature.
NOT ENOUGH TIME The universe is not old enough for light to have traveled the vast distance from one side of the universe to the other, and there has not been enough time for scattered patches of hot and cold to mix into an even temperature.
DISTANT COFFEE At a smaller scale, imagine using a telescope to look a mile in one direction. You see a coffee cup, and from the amount of steam, you can estimate its temperature and how much it has cooled.
COFFEE EVERYWHERE Now turn around and look a mile in the other direction. You see a similar coffee cup, at exactly the same temperature. Coincidence? Maybe. But if you see a similar cup in every direction, you might want to look for another explanation.
 But if all the coffee cups were somehow filled from a single coffee pot, all at the same time, that might explain their even temperature.
INFLATION solves this problem. The theory proposes that, less than a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang, the universe expanded faster than the speed of light. Tiny ripples in the violently expanding energy field eventually grew into the large-scale structures of the universe.
FLUCTUATION Astronomers have now detected evidence of these ancient fluctuations in swirls of polarized light in the cosmic background radiation, which is energy left over from the early universe. These are gravitational waves predicted by Einstein.
EXPANSION Returning to our coffee, imagine a single, central pot expanding faster than light and cooling to an even temperature as it expands. That is something like inflation. And the structure of the universe mirrors the froth and foam of the original pot
By LARRY BUCHANAN and JONATHAN CORUM
Dr. Kovac said the chance that the results were a fluke was only one in 10 million.
Dr. Guth, now 67, pronounced himself “bowled over,” saying he had not expected such a definite confirmation in his lifetime.
“With nature, you have to be lucky,” he said. “Apparently we have been lucky.”
The results are the closely guarded distillation of three years’ worth of observations and analysis. Eschewing email for fear of a leak, Dr. Kovac personally delivered drafts of his work to a select few, meeting with Dr. Guth, who is now a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (as is his son, Larry, who was sleeping that night in 1979), in his office last week.
“It was a very special moment, and one we took very seriously as scientists,” said Dr. Kovac, who chose his words as carefully as he tended his radio telescopes.
Andrei Linde of Stanford, a prolific theorist who first described the most popular variant of inflation, known as chaotic inflation, in 1983, was about to go on vacation in the Caribbean last week when Chao-Lin Kuo, a Stanford colleague and a member of Dr. Kovac’s team, knocked on his door with a bottle of Champagne to tell him the news.
Confused, Dr. Linde called out to his wife, asking if she had ordered anything.
“And then I told him that in the beginning we thought that this was a delivery but we did not think that we ordered anything, but I simply forgot that actually I did order it, 30 years ago,” Dr. Linde wrote in an email.
Calling from Bonaire, the Dutch Caribbean island, Dr. Linde said he was still hyperventilating. “Having news like this is the best way of spoiling a vacation,” he said.
By last weekend, as social media was buzzing with rumors that inflation had been seen and news spread, astrophysicists responded with a mixture of jubilation and caution.
Max Tegmark, a cosmologist at M.I.T., wrote in an email, “I think that if this stays true, it will go down as one of the greatest discoveries in the history of science.”
John E. Carlstrom of the University of Chicago, Dr. Kovac’s mentor and head of a competing project called the South Pole Telescope, pronounced himself deeply impressed. “I think the results are beautiful and very convincing,” he said.
Paul J. Steinhardt of Princeton, author of a competitor to inflation that posits the clash of a pair of universes as the cause of genesis, said that if true, the Bicep result would eliminate his model, but he expressed reservations about inflation.
Lawrence M. Krauss of Arizona State and others also emphasized the need for confirmation, noting that the new results exceeded earlier estimates based on temperature maps of the cosmic background by the European Space Agency’s Planck satellite and other assumptions about the universe.
“So we will need to wait and see before we jump up and down,” Dr. Krauss said.
Corroboration might not be long in coming. The Planck spacecraft will report its own findings this year. At least a dozen other teams are trying similar measurements from balloons, mountaintops and space.
Spirals in the Sky
Gravity waves are the latest and deepest secret yet pried out of the cosmic microwaves, which were discovered accidentally by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson at Bell Labs 50 years ago. They won the Nobel Prize.
Dr. Kovac has spent his career trying to read the secrets of these waves. He is one of four leaders of Bicep, which has operated a series of increasingly sensitive radio telescopes at the South Pole, where the thin, dry air creates ideal observing conditions. The others are Clement Pryke of the University of Minnesota, Jamie Bock of the California Institute of Technology and Dr. Kuo of Stanford.
“The South Pole is the closest you can get to space and still be on the ground,” Dr. Kovac said. He has been there 23 times, he said, wintering over in 1994. “I’ve been hooked ever since,” he said.
In 2002, he was part of a team that discovered that the microwave radiation was polarized, meaning the light waves had a slight preference to vibrate in one direction rather than another.
This was a step toward the ultimate goal of detecting the gravitational waves from inflation. Such waves, squeezing space in one direction and stretching it in another as they go by, would twist the direction of polarization of the microwaves, theorists said. As a result, maps of the polarization in the sky should have little arrows going in spirals.
Detecting those spirals required measuring infinitesimally small differences in the temperature of the microwaves. The group’s telescope, Bicep2, is basically a giant superconducting thermometer.
“We had no expectations what we would see,” Dr. Kovac said.
The strength of the signal surprised the researchers, and they spent a year burning up time on a Harvard supercomputer, making sure they had things right and worrying that competitors might beat them to the breakthrough
A Special Time
The data traced the onset of inflation to a time that physicists like Dr. Guth, staying up late in his Palo Alto house 35 years ago, suspected was a special break point in the evolution of the universe.
Physicists recognize four forces at work in the world today: gravity, electromagnetism, and strong and weak nuclear forces. But they have long suspected that those are simply different manifestations of a single unified force that ruled the universe in its earliest, hottest moments.
As the universe cooled, according to this theory, there was a fall from grace, like some old folk mythology of gods or brothers falling out with each other. The laws of physics evolved, with one force after another splitting away.
That was where Dr. Guth came in.
Under some circumstances, a glass of water can stay liquid as the temperature falls below 32 degrees, until it is disturbed, at which point it will rapidly freeze, releasing latent heat.
Similarly, the universe could “supercool” and stay in a unified state too long. In that case, space itself would become imbued with a mysterious latent energy.
Inserted into Einstein’s equations, the latent energy would act as a kind of antigravity, and the universe would blow itself up. Since it was space itself supplying the repulsive force, the more space was created, the harder it pushed apart.
What would become our observable universe mushroomed in size at least a trillion trillionfold — from a submicroscopic speck of primordial energy to the size of a grapefruit — in less than a cosmic eye-blink.
Almost as quickly, this pulse would subside, relaxing into ordinary particles and radiation. All of normal cosmic history was still ahead, resulting in today’s observable universe, a patch of sky and stars billions of light-years across. “It’s often said that there is no such thing as a free lunch,” Dr. Guth likes to say, “but the universe might be the ultimate free lunch.”
Make that free lunches. Most of the hundred or so models resulting from Dr. Guth’s original vision suggest that inflation, once started, is eternal. Even as our own universe settled down to a comfortable homey expansion, the rest of the cosmos will continue blowing up, spinning off other bubbles endlessly, a concept known as the multiverse.
So the future of the cosmos is perhaps bright and fecund, but do not bother asking about going any deeper into the past.
We might never know what happened before inflation, at the very beginning, because inflation erases everything that came before it. All the chaos and randomness of the primordial moment are swept away, forever out of our view.
“If you trace your cosmic roots,” said Abraham Loeb, a Harvard-Smithsonian astronomer who was not part of the team, “you wind up at inflation.”


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FizzBuzz with Sitecore 8.1 Update 3 MVC
Rules are super simple, count number one after another but when the number:
- is dividable by 3 say Fizz
- is dividable by 5 say Buzz
- is dividable by 3 and 5 say Fizz Buzz
- otherwise the number The expected outptut for the number 16 would be,
1,2,fizz,4,buzz,fizz,7,8,fizz,buzz,11,fizz,13,14,fizzbuzz,16....
otherwise the number.
This is a demo of combining ASP.NET MVC + Sitecore 8.1 Update 3 with MVC + NUnit + Unity dependency injection + AngularJS + Twitter Bootstrap


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Farm veggie, turkey, cheese
$7.00
Pizza
Farm veggie, mozzarella, gluten-free dough, arugula
$7.00
Breakfast #1
Farm veggie, avocado, chicken nuggets
$10.00
Breakfast #2
Farm veggie, eggs, rice
$10.00
Salad
Farm veggie
$5.00
Beet's Hunnus
Avocado, beet's hummus, toast
$5.00
MENU
Hot Drinks
Espresso3
100% Arabica, or 100% Robusta, or mixed
Latte4
100% Arabica, farm milk or oat/almond milk
Hot Lemon Toddy4
Lemon, lemon juice, honey, cinnamon stick
Cappuccino4
100% Arabica, farm milk or oat/almond milk
Hot Chocolate4
Cocoa powder, farm milk or oat/almond milk
Hot Tea4
Variety: Jasmin, Oolong, Ginger, Earl Gray, Chamomile
Cold Drinks
Juice3
Fresh: apple, orange, carrot, mango, mix
Italian Soda4
Torani syrup, club soda, cream
Ice Tea4
Variety: Jasmin, Oolong, Ginger, Earl Gray, Chamomile
Ice Coffee4
100% Arabica, farm milk or oat/almond milk, syrup
Sandwiches
Tuna Reg / Melt7
Fresh baked bread, tuna, seasonal veggie, spicy, cheese
Turkey Reg / Melt7
Fresh baked bread, turkey, seasonal veggie, spicy, cheese
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Fresh baked bread,avocado, seasonal veggie
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Fresh baked bread, swiss cheese or cheddar
Breakfast
Oatmeal4
Farm milk or homemade almond milk, oat
Toast with Jam4
Fresh baked bread, jam (choice), peanut butter


Understanding Result Ordering
Over time, Alfred learns your usage and presents sorted default results so that the most relevant result is always a few keystrokes away. If you'd like to understand a little more how Alfred achieves this, read on...
1. Rolling Knowledge
Alfred keeps a heuristic fingerprint of your usage, maintained on a 4 week rolling window. In other words, the more you use certain results within Alfred, the higher you'll see them in your default results list.
The usage graph you see in Alfred's preferences is based on this knowledge.
2. Keyword Latching
By default, Alfred latches the typed query phrase to the selected result. This is extremely useful when understood and leveraged, and works around the issue certain highly used results from dominating Alfred's coveted top result match.
For example, if you use Safari.app 100 times per day, and Spotify.app 10 times per day, but you always want Spotify as the top result when typing "s" into Alfred. With latching enabled, if you type "s" into Alfred, and select Spotify 2 or 3 times, Alfred will very quickly re-learn your intention, and always show Spotify for the keyword "s".
3. Default File Ordering
When Alfred has no internal knowledge of your file usage, the macOS metadata index has a couple of very useful fields which help the default result sorting. These are "Last Used", and "Last Modified", and are automatically maintained during normal usage of your Mac, both inside and outside of Alfred.
Alfred uses this default knowledge to present the most likely candidates at the top of his results.
Caveats and Troubleshooting
If Alfred's sorting isn't working as described above, there are a few things you can try:
Disable keyword latching
You may prefer Alfred to simply present the most used results at the top of the list. You can do this by disabling "Top Result Keyword Latching" in Alfred's Advanced Preferences.
Clear the knowledge
You can re-start Alfred's path to enlightenment by clearing his Knowledge in his Advanced Preferences. This will reset the prior knowledge and your usage graph.
Old or unused files being shown at the top
If you're seeing unexpected file based results at the top of Alfred's results, it's likely that something has happened to the underlying macOS metadata index. Alfred relies on the "Last Used" and "Last Modified" results being valid to even receive a collection of "recent" results which he can subsequently sort using internal knowledge.
In this case, it's best to rebuild the macOS metadata index to flush out these types of issues. Please be aware that this may also clear the "Last Used" flags, so it can take a few weeks of general macOS and Alfred usage after this to really start seeing great results!


During the development of accessible components, reoccurring behaviors are often found leading to frequent code
duplication. One of these instances is interaction detection. Besides the "click" event, both "space" and
"enter" can be an indication of the user's will to select something. This requires the developer to implement
handlers for all three of these events. To eliminate that much-repeated code, utilize the
fdClicked
directive. The syntax is very simple, instead of writing
(click)="onClickHandler($event)"
, you will write
(fdkClicked)="onClickHandler($event)"
and it will catch both "keydown.enter" and "keydown.space" events alongside the regular "click" event.
(fdkClicked)
also works with the @HostListener
decorator and with
Renderer2.listen
Include ClickedBehaviorModule.forRoot()
in imports
array of your Root module to
have access to the event handler.


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drb (Date Regex Builder) is a library to aide in generating regular expressions to match dates.
Regular expressions are difficult to get right and can get messy quickly. Consider creating a regular expression to match a day of the month. A naïve attempt might be to create a regex that matches two digits:
\d{2}
But there's a problem with this - 99
matches this regular expression and is not a valid day of the month. So we must refactor this to be a little more clever:
[0-3][0-9]
This is closer to what we want, but it still matches numbers from 32
to 39
.
[0-2][0-9]|3[0-1]
We're almost there. Valid dates still match correctly, and 32+
numbers are not matching, which is what we want. However, 00
generates a false-positive match when using this regex. We can finally meet all of the requirements with the following regex:
0[1-9]|[1-2][0-9]|3[0-1]
Using drb, this regex is easy to generate:
const drbMoment = drb(momentFormatter)
const regex = drbMoment('DD')
console.log(regex) // (?:(?:0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01]))
Install with npm:
$ npm install --save drb
Or optionally using yarn
$ yarn add drb
Import drb and a formatter (currently only Moment.js is supported) using one of these methods:
Node.js
const { drb } = require('drb')
const { momentFormatter } = require('drb/formatters/momentFormatter')
ES6/TypeScript
import { drb } from 'drb'
import { momentFormatter } from 'drb/formatters/momentFormatter'
Now combine drb with a formatter
const drbMoment = drb(momentFormatter)
Use drbMoment
to create regexes using the syntax provided by Moment.js
const regex1 = drbMoment('DD')
console.log(regex1) // (?:(?:0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01]))
const regex2 = drbMoment('MM-DD-YYYY hh:mm:ss')
console.log(regex2)
// (?:(?:0[1-9]|1[0-2]))(?:-)(?:(?:0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01]))(?:-)(?:\d{4})(?: )(?:(?:0[1-9]|1[0-2]))(?::)(?:(?:0[0-9]|[1-5][0-9]))(?::)(?:(?:0[0-9]|[1-5][0-9]))
MIT
Generated using TypeDoc


Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms.
Python is a popular programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum, and released in 1991.
It is used for:
- web development (server-side),
- software development,
- mathematics,
- system scripting.
Python indentation
Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.
Where in other programming languages the indentation in code is for readability only, the indentation in Python is very important.
Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.
if 10 > 2:
print("Ten is greater than two!")
Comments
Python has commenting capability for the purpose of in-code documentation.
Comments start with a #, and Python will render the rest of the line as a comment:
#This is a comment.
print("Hello, World!")
Creating Variables
Python has no command for declaring a variable.
A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it.
x = 3
y = "Phoebe"
print (x)
print (y)
Strings
Strings in python are surrounded by either single quotation marks, or double quotation marks.
'hello' is the same as "hello"
String concatenation
To concatenate, or combine, two strings you can use + operator.
a = "Hello"
b = "World"
c = a + b
print(c)
There are three numeric types in Python:
- int
- float
- complex


Guardian.Permissions
Functions for dealing with permissions sets.
Guardian provides facilities for working with many permission sets in parallel. Guardian must be configured with it’s permissions at start time.
config :guardian, Guardian,
permissions: %{
default: [
:read_profile,
:write_profile,
:create_item,
:read_item,
:write_item,
:delete_item
],
admin: [
:users_read,
:users_write,
:financials_read,
:financials_write,
]
}
Guardian.Permissions encodes the permissions for each as bitstrings (integers) so you have 31 permissions per group. (remember javascript is only a 32 bit system) Guardian tokens will remain small, event with a full 31 permissions in a set. You should use less sets and more permissions, rather than more sets with fewer permissions per set. Permissions that are unknown are ignored. This is to support backwards compatibility with previously issued tokens.
Example working with permissions manually
# Accessing default permissions
Guardian.Permissions.to_value([:read_profile, :write_profile]) # 3
Guardian.Permissions.to_list(3) # [:read_profile, :write_profile]
# Accessing 'admin' permissions (see config above)
Guardian.Permissions.to_value([:financials_read, :financials_write], :admin) # 12
Guardian.Permissions.to_list(12, :admin) # [:financials_read, :financials_write]
# Checking permissions
Guardian.Permissions.all?(3, [:users_read, :users_write], :admin) # true
Guardian.Permissions.all?(1, [:users_read, :users_write], :admin) # false
Guardian.Permissions.any?(12, [:users_read, :financial_read], :admin) # true
Guardian.Permissions.any?(11, [:read_profile, :read_item]) # true
Guardian.Permissions.any?(11, [:delete_item, :write_item]) # false
Reading permissions from claims
Permissions are encoded into claims under the :pem key and are a map of “type”:
claims = %{ pem: %{
"default" => 3,
"admin" => 1
} }
Guardian.Permissions.from_claims(claims) # 3
Guardian.Permissions.from_claims(claims, :admin) # 1
# returns [:users_read]
Guardian.Permissions.from_claims(claims) |> Guardian.Permissions.to_list
Adding permissions to claims
This will encode the permissions as a map with integer values
Guardian.Claims.permissions(existing_claims, admin: [:users_read], default: [:read_item, :write_item])
Assign all permissions (and all future ones)
max = Guardian.Permissions.max
Guardian.Claims.permissions(existing_claims, admin: max, default: max)
Signing in with permissions
This will encode the permissions as a map with integer values
Guardian.Plug.sign_in(user, :token_type, perms: %{ admin: [:users_read], default: [:read_item, :write_item] })
Minting credentials with permissions
This will encode the permissions as a map with integer values
Guardian.mint(user, :token_type, perms: %{ admin: [:users_read], default: [:read_item, :write_item] })
Summary↑
| all?(value, expected, key \\ :default) | |
| any?(value, expected, key \\ :default) | |
| available() | Fetches the list of known permissions for the default type |
| available(type) | Fetches the list of known permissions for the given type |
| from_claims(claims) | Fetches the permissions from the claims. Permissions live in the :pem key and are a map
of
“ |
| max() | |
| to_list(thing) | |
| to_list(list, type) | |
| to_list(, , list) | |
| to_value(list) | Fetches the value as a bitstring (integer) of the list of permissions in the |
Functions
Specs:
- available :: List
Fetches the list of known permissions for the default type
Specs:
- available(atom) :: List
Fetches the list of known permissions for the given type
Specs:
- from_claims(Map) :: Lsit
Fetches the permissions from the claims. Permissions live in the :pem key and are a map
of
“
Specs:
- to_value(Integer) :: Integer
Fetches the value as a bitstring (integer) of the list of permissions in the type
list


{% verbatim %} {% endverbatim %}
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Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.
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The system works very similar to the prepaid mobile card. It provides you 10k units every month free with a validity of 1 month. Every key action executed on the report or dataset has a cost associated with it in terms of units and is deducted from this account. You can always recharge your account with additional units.
The system works very similar to the prepaid mobile card. It provides you 10k units every month free with a validity of 1 month. Every key action executed on the report or dataset has a cost associated with it in terms of units and is deducted from this account. You can always recharge your account with additional units.
The system works very similar to the prepaid mobile card. It provides you 10k units every month free with a validity of 1 month. Every key action executed on the report or dataset has a cost associated with it in terms of units and is deducted from this account. You can always recharge your account with additional units.
The system works very similar to the prepaid mobile card. It provides you 10k units every month free with a validity of 1 month. Every key action executed on the report or dataset has a cost associated with it in terms of units and is deducted from this account. You can always recharge your account with additional units.


The first journey to hometown
The idea of cycling to hometown came many days ago but due to several reasons, I could not perform this awesome plan immediately. However, today - a beautiful day, I decided to come back home by riding using my second lover - Columbia 18x (it is MTB bicycle). Although there were some issues in my road, it was still wonderful experience to me. That means I will continue this plan, go back Hanoi (our capital city) and come back my village again, utilizing Columbia in both cases.
Start
In my mind set up yesterday, I was planning to wake up at 4.30 a.m and do prepare something to start the journey at 5.00 a.m. However, it was broken. I woke up at 5.20 a.m. It was not good job. That is why the journey was started at 6.00 a.m instead of 5.00 a.m as ideal time. This time is summer in Vietnam, so starting later means I had to face with heat when the time is 7.00 a.m or 8.00 a.m. Though it was late, I still began. 6.04 a.m, I started the journey. I also checked the meter which displayed that Sum of ridden length: 91 km, time: 6.04 a.m.
Ride
After 10 km was passed, I felt very tired on account of weight of backpack which is predicted 10 kg weight. Surprisingly, it just took 15 minutes to accomplish that length however. This record made me more confident to go.
55 minutes for going off the city with 20 km length, I was coming to Thang Long Bridge which is across Hong River. Feeling of pleasantness, I confirm that wind from river is very wonderful. However, there was a problem when I passed the bridge. I got water-bottle for drinking but when I put back, it was fallen unfortunately and the bicycle across it badly. Water was out, and I had the empty bottle right after. Unluckily! This journey is approximately 60 km length, so water is necessary extremely, especially in hot weather like today. Consequently, I must stop to buy water two times in the rest of journey.
At kilometer 132th in the clock of bicycle, I saw a car accident. Both of cars are 30 seats. Luckily, none of passengers are injured. Continuing the journey, it remained 22 km.
Finish
Finally, I reached my home at 8.40 a.m. That means it took 2.5 hours for 55 km length. It really is impressive job. The average velocity is 22 km per hour, so I think I am able to increase this number if I have more experience. Hope that I will reduce time in the next time.
That is it, my first journey!!!
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Balcers scores twice, including OT winner as AHL Senators beat Sound Tigers
BELLEVILLE, Ont. — Rudolfs Balcers tied the game late in the third, then added the overtime winner to lift the Belleville Senators to a 4-3 win over the Bridgeport Sound Tigers on Friday in the American Hockey League.
by Canadian PressBELLEVILLE, Ont. — Rudolfs Balcers tied the game late in the third, then added the overtime winner to lift the Belleville Senators to a 4-3 win over the Bridgeport Sound Tigers on Friday in the American Hockey League.
Vitaly Abramov and Morgan Klimchuk also scored for Belleville (8-6-1), which has picked up at least a point in six straight games (5-0-1).
Oliver Wahlstrom, Arnaud Durandeau and Andrew Ladd scored for the Sound Tigers (4-9-4).
Senators goaltender Marcus Hoberg made 21 saves. Bridgeport's Christopher Gibson stopped 31 shots.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 15, 2019.
The Canadian Press


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a {
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* selects all anchor tags
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* selects any element with the class `menu`
*/
}
#footer {
/*
* selects the element with the id `footer`
*/
}
[type="email"] {
/*
* selects any element with the
* `type` attribute `email`
*/
}
[alt] {
/*
* selects any element with an
* `alt` attribute
*/
}
.clearfix::after {
/*
* selects the pseudo-element at the end
* of `.clearfix`
*/
}
::placeholder {
/*
* selects the placeholder in an input
*/
}
input:focus {
/*
* selects inputs when they have focus
*/
}
a:hover {
/*
* selects anchors when they're hovered
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}
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| Inline | ID | Class Attribute Ps-Class |
Tag Ps-Element |
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| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
*
: 0,0,0,0
0,0,0,1
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Only if you really know what you're doing…
Finds a single element that matches all conditions of the selector
a.link:hover
Specificity: 0,0,2,1
Finds any matching element in the parent, no matter how deeply nested
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Specificity: 0,0,1,1
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Finds any matching element nested one level deep inside the parent
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Specificity: 0,1,0,1
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Finds a matching sibling element immediately after the first element
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Finds any matching sibling after the first element
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[type="password"][value$="a"] {
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[type="password"][value$="b"] {
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url("https://bad-guy.com/password/b");
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jdsteinbach


The LfeNavLogger is responsible for parameter logging and publishing of log data as messages.
More...
#include <lfe_nav_logger.h>
|
| | LfeNavLogger (ros::NodeHandle &nh) |
| | Overloaded constructor that takes in a nodehandle. More...
|
| |
| void | bo_log_init (double back_velocity, double back_duration, int wait_duration, std::vector< double > human_dist_seq, std::vector< double > human_dist_time_seq, double human_approach_vel, double robot_vel, std::string frame_id) |
| | Overloaded method to initialize a back-off log message in a frontal path-crossing situation. More...
|
| |
| void | st_log_init (int wait_duration, std::vector< double > human_dist_seq, std::vector< double > human_dist_time_seq, double human_approach_vel, double robot_vel, std::string frame_id) |
| | Overloaded method to initialize a stop motion cue log message in a frontal path-crossing situation. More...
|
| |
| void | bo_log_init (double back_velocity, double back_duration, int wait_duration, double robot_vel, std::string frame_id) |
| | Overloaded method to initialize a back-off log message in a lateral path-crossing situation. More...
|
| |
| void | st_log_init (int wait_duration, double robot_vel, std::string frame_id) |
| | Overloaded method to initialize a stop motion cue log message in a lateral path-crossing situation. More...
|
| |
| void | finalize_log (bool back_off, std::vector< double > human_mc_dist_seq, std::vector< double > human_mc_dist_time_seq, bool human_continue_goal) |
| | Method finalizing the logging of both, back-off and stop motion cue, and publishing it as a message. More...
|
| |
The LfeNavLogger is responsible for parameter logging and publishing of log data as messages.
Methods of the LfeNavLogger are called by the DynamicObstacleListener to initialize or finalize a logging message. Logging messages are published and can be recorded into bagfiles.
| lfe_navigation::LfeNavLogger::LfeNavLogger |
( |
ros::NodeHandle & |
nh | ) |
|
Overloaded constructor that takes in a nodehandle.
- Parameters
-
| nh | The nodehandle by which logging messages are published |
| void lfe_navigation::LfeNavLogger::bo_log_init |
( |
double |
back_velocity, |
|
|
double |
back_duration, |
|
|
int |
wait_duration, |
|
|
std::vector< double > |
human_dist_seq, |
|
|
std::vector< double > |
human_dist_time_seq, |
|
|
double |
human_approach_vel, |
|
|
double |
robot_vel, |
|
|
std::string |
frame_id |
|
) |
| |
Overloaded method to initialize a back-off log message in a frontal path-crossing situation.
- Parameters
-
| back_velocity | Configured back-off backwards velocity |
| back_duration | Configured duration of the back-off |
| wait_duration | Configured duration to wait before navigation is continued |
| human_dist_seq | Stores the distances of the approaching human |
| human_dist_time_seq | Stores the timestamp of the distances in human_dist_seq |
| human_approach_vel | Stores the approaching velocity of the human |
| robot_vel | Current robot velocity |
| frame_id | Frame id of the image, from which the back-off was triggered |
| void lfe_navigation::LfeNavLogger::bo_log_init |
( |
double |
back_velocity, |
|
|
double |
back_duration, |
|
|
int |
wait_duration, |
|
|
double |
robot_vel, |
|
|
std::string |
frame_id |
|
) |
| |
Overloaded method to initialize a back-off log message in a lateral path-crossing situation.
- Parameters
-
| back_velocity | Configured back-off backwards velocity |
| back_duration | Configured duration of the back-off |
| wait_duration | Configured duration to wait before navigation is continued |
| robot_vel | Current robot velocity |
| frame_id | Frame id of the image, from which the back-off was triggered |
| void lfe_navigation::LfeNavLogger::finalize_log |
( |
bool |
back_off, |
|
|
std::vector< double > |
human_mc_dist_seq, |
|
|
std::vector< double > |
human_mc_dist_time_seq, |
|
|
bool |
human_continue_goal |
|
) |
| |
Method finalizing the logging of both, back-off and stop motion cue, and publishing it as a message.
- Parameters
-
| back_off | True, if motion cue is back-off, False, if motion cue is stop |
| human_mc_dist_seq | Stores the distances of the human during the motion cue execution |
| human_mc_dist_time_seq | Stores the time stamps of the distances in the humanh_mc_dist_seq array |
| human_continue_goal | True, if a human was still detected while continuing the navigation |
| void lfe_navigation::LfeNavLogger::st_log_init |
( |
int |
wait_duration, |
|
|
std::vector< double > |
human_dist_seq, |
|
|
std::vector< double > |
human_dist_time_seq, |
|
|
double |
human_approach_vel, |
|
|
double |
robot_vel, |
|
|
std::string |
frame_id |
|
) |
| |
Overloaded method to initialize a stop motion cue log message in a frontal path-crossing situation.
- Parameters
-
| wait_duration | Configured duration to wait before navigation is continued |
| human_dist_seq | Stores the distances of the approaching human |
| human_dist_time_seq | Stores the timestamp of the distances in human_dist_seq |
| human_approach_vel | Stores the approaching velocity of the human |
| robot_vel | Current robot velocity |
| frame_id | Frame id of the image, from which the back-off was triggered |
| void lfe_navigation::LfeNavLogger::st_log_init |
( |
int |
wait_duration, |
|
|
double |
robot_vel, |
|
|
std::string |
frame_id |
|
) |
| |
Overloaded method to initialize a stop motion cue log message in a lateral path-crossing situation.
- Parameters
-
| wait_duration | Configured duration to wait before navigation is continued |
| robot_vel | Current robot velocity |
| frame_id | Frame id of the image, from which the back-off was triggered |
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


SPIMSP432DMA Object. More...
#include <SPIMSP432DMA.h>
Data Fields | |
| HwiP_Handle | hwiHandle |
| Power_NotifyObj | perfChangeNotify |
| SemaphoreP_Handle | transferComplete |
| SPI_CallbackFxn | transferCallbackFxn |
| SPI_Transaction * | transaction |
| UDMAMSP432_Handle | dmaHandle |
| size_t | amtDataXferred |
| size_t | currentXferAmt |
| uint32_t | bitRate |
| uint32_t | perfConstraintMask |
| uint32_t | transferTimeout |
| uint16_t | clockPolarity |
| uint16_t | clockPhase |
| SPI_Mode | spiMode |
| SPI_TransferMode | transferMode |
| bool | cancelInProgress |
| bool | isOpen |
| uint8_t | scratchBuffer |
SPIMSP432DMA Object.
The application must not access any member variables of this structure!
| HwiP_Handle SPIMSP432DMA_Object::hwiHandle |
| Power_NotifyObj SPIMSP432DMA_Object::perfChangeNotify |
| SemaphoreP_Handle SPIMSP432DMA_Object::transferComplete |
| SPI_CallbackFxn SPIMSP432DMA_Object::transferCallbackFxn |
| SPI_Transaction* SPIMSP432DMA_Object::transaction |
| UDMAMSP432_Handle SPIMSP432DMA_Object::dmaHandle |
| size_t SPIMSP432DMA_Object::amtDataXferred |
| size_t SPIMSP432DMA_Object::currentXferAmt |
| uint32_t SPIMSP432DMA_Object::bitRate |
| uint32_t SPIMSP432DMA_Object::perfConstraintMask |
| uint32_t SPIMSP432DMA_Object::transferTimeout |
| uint16_t SPIMSP432DMA_Object::clockPolarity |
| uint16_t SPIMSP432DMA_Object::clockPhase |
| SPI_Mode SPIMSP432DMA_Object::spiMode |
| SPI_TransferMode SPIMSP432DMA_Object::transferMode |
| bool SPIMSP432DMA_Object::cancelInProgress |
| bool SPIMSP432DMA_Object::isOpen |
| uint8_t SPIMSP432DMA_Object::scratchBuffer |


Configuration
The harbor-sync binary
Environment Variables
| ENV | DEFAULT | DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|---|
HARBOR_API_ENDPOINT |
- | specify the harbor URL |
HARBOR_API_PREFIX |
- | Prefix of the Harbor API. For Harbor v2 set this to ‘/api/v2.0/’ |
HARBOR_USERNAME |
- | set the username used for authenticating with harbor |
HARBOR_PASSWORD |
- | password for harbor authentication |
LEADER_ELECT |
true | enable/disable leader election |
NAMESPACE |
kube-system | namespace in which harbor-sync runs (used for leader-election) |
HARBOR_POLL_INTERVAL |
5m | poll interval to update harbor projects & robot accounts |
FORCE_SYNC_INTERVAL |
10m | set this to force reconciliation after a certain time |
ROTATION_INTERVAL |
60m | set this to rotate the credentials after the specified time |
Running Harbor v2
This project supports harbor v2. You must set HARBOR_API_PREFIX
to /api/v2.0/
to point the controller to the correct API endpoint
Command Line Interface
The harbor-sync binary has a subcommand that starts sync process: controller
.
Standalone mode
The controller may run in standalone
mode: This removes the necessity to run inside the Kubernetes cluster. In this mode harbor-sync
reads a config file (see kind: HarborSync
and kind: HarborRobotAccount
) and reconciles the robot accounts in Harbor. Webhooks will be called to propagate the credentials into other subsystems. The mappings
field will have not effect - this is specific to Kubernetes. In standalone mode state (i.e. the credentials for the robot accounts) is stored on disk.
Controller should run inside Kubernetes. It reconciles the desired state by managing the robot accounts in Harbor.
Usage:
harbor-sync controller [flags]
harbor-sync controller [command]
Available Commands:
standalone Runs the controller in standalone mode. Does not require Kubernetes. It manages robot accounts and sends webhooks.
Flags:
--force-sync-interval duration set this to force reconciliation after a certain time (default 10m0s)
--harbor-api-endpoint string URL to the Harbor API Endpoint
--harbor-api-prefix string Prefix of the Harbor API. For Harbor v2 set this to '/api/v2.0/' (default /api/)
--harbor-password string Harbor password to use for authentication
--harbor-poll-interval duration poll interval to update harbor projects & robot accounts (default 5m0s)
--harbor-username string Harbor username to use for authentication
-h, --help help for controller
--leader-elect enable leader election (default true)
--metrics-addr string The address the metric endpoint binds to. (default ":8080")
--namespace string namespace in which harbor-sync runs (used for leader-election) (default "kube-system")
--rotation-interval duration set this to rotate the credentials after the specified time (default 1h0m0s)
--skip-tls-verification Skip TLS certificate verification
Global Flags:
--loglevel string set the loglevel (default "info")


|
| Sweetly Naughty |
- rose, sandalwood, and bergamot |
| Dancing Naked |
- lavender, mint, white lily, babies breath |
| Freak n Da Club |
- lily, jasmine, pine, hazel |
| Kinky Thoughts |
- lilac, tabasco, amber, vanilla |
| Sweet Seductions |
- amber, vanilla blossom |
| Wet Dreams |
- huckleberry and sugar blossom |
| Ridin Dirty |
- beachwood, vetiver, and Sea spray driftwood |
| Nip Slip |
- citron blossom and cassis |
| Tasty Nuts |
- indonesian patchouli and amber |
| Cherry Popper |
- cranberry, strawberry, and mango |
| Naughty Night |
- black amber, plum, peppermint, and eucalyptus |
| Sex in da Dusk |
- sparkling citron and oak barrel vanilla |
| Trainwrecked Cupcake |
- coming soon |
| Dirty Spice |
- cinnamon and melaleuca |
| Frisky Kitty |
- coming soon |
| Drunk at Sea |
- goji berry and mango |
| Lustful Afternoon |
- acai and pomelo |
| Kinky Mermaid |
- coming soon |
| Horny Honey |
- coming soon |
| Hot Pink Center |
- jasmine, lavender, rose, and baby powder |
| Ying & Yang |
- white tea and rain water |
| Warm Red Center |
- pomegranate and cinnamon |
| Slutty Night |
- lilac, rose, woodberry, lemon, hazel, and vanilla |
| Jelly Da Bean |
- coming soon |
| KrAzY Beeotch |
- watermelon, watermint and clementine |
| Chia Makin |
- strudel, spice and fresh coffee |
| Pole Dancer |
- oakmoss, amber, white sage, and lavender |
| Peach Fuzz |
- peach blossom and sandalwood |
| Black Hole |
- cypress, bayberry, and blue spruce |
| Cotton Candy Freak |
- baby powder and cotton candy |
| Trapped In The Attic |
- |
| Bathroom Lockdown |
- melaleuca, orange, and lime |
| Naughty Laundry |
- lemon, peppermint, and lavender |
| Milky Mystery |
- coming soon |
| Smexy Butterfly |
- english garden and peach nectar |
| Secret Admirer |
- lavender, vetiver, magnolia and peony |
| Bosom Sweat |
- amber noir and caribbean teakwood |
| Never Leave Me |
- coming soon |
| Silent Stalker |
- lemon and cypress |
| Sex Tape |
- whiskey and hazelnut coffee |
| Naughty Worm |
- coming soon |
| Your Fantasy |
- macintosh apple and fallen leaves |
| Freaky Basement |
- coming soon |
| Imma Creep |
- malin and goetz |


This web app has the highest respect for your privacy. It works entirely offline, does not store any cookies, and does not do or allow any tracking. It is open source, licensed under MIT, and developed and hosted on GitHub.


MathJax Speech Converter
This tool converts math input expressions given in LaTeX, MathML or AsciiMath to text output.
Input:
LaTeX
AsciiMath
MathML
Locale
Markup
None
Punctuation
SSML
Sable
Expression:
Mathspeak Output:
Style
Verbose
Brief
Superbrief
Clearspeak Output:
Preferences:


This plugin allows for a toast style element to appear when a validation error occurs on a user form. This type of feature is already a common UI feature, but this takes it a step further by not only giving you an error count, but it wall take you to the first error to be addressed. Upon fixing the error (on event blur), it will automatically scroll to the next error if one exists. As fields are corrected, the error count will automatically re-calculate.
This plugin is intended for very long web forms where users may have a hard time trying to find where a validation errors occurs. This ideal situation would apply especially to mobile/tablet devices. I would recommend a UI aid such as this to allow for a more pleasant user experience with lengthy forms.
NOTE: To get straight to the demo, I have already pre-filled data into the form, purposely leaving some fields blank to force a validation error, thus triggering the script. All you need to do is click "SUBMIT" down below.


Mapping, also known as a map, is an association between a particular concept in one code system or dataset and code in another, rarely the same, code system that has the same (or similar) meaning. Also, Mapping is the process to transform one concept into a Standard one. The Standardized Clinical Data Tables allow only Standard Concepts, thus all other codes used in the source databases have to be translated to Standard Concepts. Mapping is done through records in the CONCEPT_RELATIONSHIP table. They connect each Concept to a Standard Concept through a number of special RELATIONSHIP_IDs:
| Relationship ID | Purpose | Features |
|---|---|---|
| Maps to | Mapping a Source Concept to a Standard Concept to be placed into the
following fields of Standardized Clinical Data Tables condition_concept_id observation_concept_id measurement_concept_id drug_concept_id procedure_concept_id device_concept_id Note, that this relationship is also used for mapping of concepts to populate value_as_concept_id |
- Stands for either a full equivalence or an “uphill” mapping
(mapping to a more general semantic category) - Can be single or multiple for each Source Concept |
| Maps to value | A special mapping between a Source Concept and a Standard Concept to be placed into the value_as_concept_id field of the MEASUREMENT and OBSERVATION tables | - Points to a concept, indicating the value of Measurements or
content of Observations - Is used only in combination with a single “Maps to” |
Note! Classification Concepts (standard_concept=‘C’) do not have a mapping to a Standard Concept.
Single “Maps to” for mapping to an Equivalent Standard Concept
| Source Concept Code | Source Concept Name | Relationship ID | Standard Concept ID | Standard Concept Code | Standard Concept Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M65.3 | Trigger finger | Maps to | 763891 |<PHONE_NUMBER>24102 | Trigger finger |
| A06 | Amebiasis | Maps to | 438959 | 111910009 | Amebic infection |
Single “Maps to” for mapping to a Non-equivalent Standard Concept
| Source Concept Code | Source Concept Name | Relationship ID | Standard Concept ID | Standard Concept Code | Standard Concept Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D46.5 | Refractory anaemia with multi-lineage dysplasia | Maps to | 4003185 | 109996008 | Refractory anemia |
| M81.50 | Idiopathic osteoporosis, multiple sites | Maps to | 81390 | 3345002 | Idiopathic osteoporosis |
Multiple “Maps to” for mapping to several Standard Concepts fully covering semantic space of a Source Concept
| Source Concept Code | Source Concept Name | Relationship ID | Standard Concept ID | Standard Concept Code | Standard Concept Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S61.1 | Open wound of finger(s) with damage to nail | Maps to | 4054063 | 125653000 | Open wound of finger |
| Maps to | 4167909 | 275320004 | Injury of nail | ||
| I26.0 | Pulmonary embolism with mention of acute cor pulmonale | Maps to | 440417 | 59282003 | Pulmonary embolism |
| Maps to | 312927 | 49584005 | Acute cor pulmonale | ||
| G44.311 | Acute post-traumatic headache, intractable | Maps to | 42535403 |<PHONE_NUMBER>19101 | Intractable headache following trauma |
| Maps to | 44782681 |<PHONE_NUMBER>19105 | Acute posttraumatic headache |
Multiple “Maps to” for mapping to several Standard Concepts partially covering semantic space of a Source Concept
| Source Concept Code | Source Concept Name | Relationship ID | Standard Concept ID | Standard Concept Code | Standard Concept Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V01.11 | Pedestrian on roller-skates injured in collision with pedal cycle in traffic accident | Maps to | 442247 | 215142005 | Pedal cycle accident involving collision between pedal cycle and pedestrian, pedestrian injured |
| Maps to | 441188 | 32906002 | Victim, pedestrian in vehicular AND/OR traffic accident | ||
| T36.1x4 | Poisoning by cephalosporins and other beta-lactam antibiotics, undetermined | Maps to | 4303975 | 419347003 | Poisoning by antibacterial drug |
| Maps to | 4055774 | 242975003 | Poisoning of undetermined intent by drug |
To preserve the meaning of Source concepts indicating values of Measurements or content of Observations, “Maps to” are complemented with a comprehensive set of “Maps to value” relationships. Such mappings are considered to be equivalent. There are the following semantic groups of Source concepts which are mapped in such a way:
Examples of usage:
| Case # | Source Concept Code | Source Concept Name | Relationship ID | Standard Concept Code | Standard Concept Name | Standard Concept Domain ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | R77.0 | Abnormality of albumin | Maps to | 26758005 | Albumin measurement | Measurement |
| Maps to value | 263654008 | Abnormal | Spec Disease Status | |||
| 2 | Z47.0 | Follow-up care involving removal of fracture plate and other internal fixation device | Maps to | 390906007 | Follow-up encounter | Observation |
| Maps to value | 72010008 | Removal of internal fixation device | Procedure | |||
| 3 | Y71 | Cardiovascular devices associated with adverse incidents | Maps to | 269691005 | Medical accidents to patients during surgical and medical care | Observation |
| Maps to value | 303476002 | Cardiovascular equipment | Device | |||
| 4 | Z23.2 | Need for immunization against tuberculosis [BCG] | Maps to | 723620004 | Requires vaccination | Observation |
| Maps to value | 42284007 | BCG vaccination | Procedure | |||
| 5 | Z86.4 | Personal history of psychoactive substance abuse | Maps to | 417662000 | History of clinical finding in subject | Observation |
| Maps to value | 91388009 | Psychoactive substance abuse | Condition | |||
| 6 | Z84.1 | Family history of disorders of kidney and ureter | Maps to | 416471007 | Family history of clinical finding | Observation |
| Maps to value | 443820000 | Disorder of kidney and/or ureter | Condition | |||
| 7 | Z92.2 | Personal history of long-term (current) use of other medicaments | Maps to | 416940007 | Past history of procedure | Observation |
| Maps to value | 266713003 | Long-term drug therapy | Procedure | |||
| 8 | Z96.3 | Presence of artificial larynx | Maps to | 416940007 | Past history of procedure | Observation |
| Maps to value | 27926003 | Construction of artificial larynx | Procedure | |||
| 9 | Z53.2 | Procedure not carried out because of patient’s decision for other and unspecified reasons | Maps to | 416237000 | Procedure not done | Observation |
| Maps to value | 105480006 | Refusal of treatment by patient | Observation |
1. The hierarchical discrepancy between Source and Standard Vocabularies
It is not uncommon for heavily pre-coordinated Concepts (complex and fine-grained Concepts that are combinations of different dimensions). The coordination depends on the structure of the topology of the vocabularies from and to which the Concept is mapped. If they are not equivalent, no direct mapping can be established. But in order to maintain the ability to retrieve these Concepts when searching using hierarchical Concepts, two or more mappings are provided instead.
For example, in ICD-10-CM diabetic complications are a part of the disorder of Diabetes Mellitus, while in SNOMED Diabetes Mellitus and its complications reside in distinct hierarchical branches.
As another example, ICD-10 codes indicating complications of pregnancy are in the chapter of “Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium” that has a semantic relation to the fact of pregnancy, while in SNOMED denoting pregnancy conditions and their complications are in the separate hierarchical branches.
The solution for both examples is to map Non-standard concepts to several standard ones. Even though there is no distinct equivalent in SNOMED, hierarchical queries will retrieve the correct records.
2. Missing Source Concept equivalent
This is possible due to the following reasons:
Vague formulation of a Source Concept
| source concept code | source concept name | relationship ID | standard concept ID | standard concept code | standard concept name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M99.9 | Biomechanical lesion, unspecified | Maps to | 4244662 | 928000 | Disorder of musculoskeletal system |
| A28.9 | Zoonotic bacterial disease, unspecified | Maps to | 432545 | 87628006 | Bacterial infectious disease |
Source Concept excessive granularity
| source concept code | source concept name | relationship ID | standard concept ID | standard concept code | standard concept name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B33.4 | Hantavirus (cardio-)pulmonary syndrome [HPS] [HCPS] | Maps to | 441784 | 359761005 | Disease due to Hantavirus |
| I12.9 | Hypertensive renal disease without renal failure | Maps to | 201313 | 38481006 | Hypertensive renal disease |
| S06.4x9 | Epidural hemorrhage with loss of consciousness of unspecified duration | Maps to | 4306943 | 82999001 | Epidural hemorrhage |
| Maps to | 372448 | 419045004 | Loss of consciousness | ||
| S35.415 | Laceration of left renal vein | Maps to | 4124868 | 234084003 | Venous laceration |
| Maps to | 195125 | 5753006 | Injury of renal vein |
Classification difference between Source and Standard Vocabularies
| source concept code | source concept name | relationship ID | standard concept ID | standard concept code | standard concept name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I48 | Atrial fibrillation and flutter | Maps to | 4068155 | 17366009 | Atrial arrhythmia |
| G06.0 | Intracranial abscess and granuloma | Maps to | 4181187 | 363176004 | Inflammatory disorder of head |
| J38.0 | Paralysis of vocal cords and larynx | Maps to | 4233244 | 89927005 | Paralysis of larynx |
| U82.1 | Resistance to methicillin | Maps to | 37017452 | 713728002 | Drug resistance to antibacterial agent |
Other possible issues that one could encounter:
In general, Conditions are records suggesting the presence of a disease or medical condition stated as a diagnosis, a sign or a symptom. However, there are a lot of conditions that are not originating in the biological function of the human body but still require medical attention. Or they are true Conditions, but not at the time of the recording (History of) or in the person itself (Family history of). The mapping rules for these are as follows:
Aftercare after procedures. Those are mapped to a single concept 413467001 “Aftercare”, and with a second “Maps to value” relationship to the adequate procedure. For example, ICD10CM Z47.1 “Aftercare following joint replacement surgery” maps to both 413467001 “Aftercare” and to the procedure 4189532 “Implantation of joint prosthesis”. Note that “Aftercare” is itself not a condition, but belongs to the Observation Domain.
Late effects or sequelae of other conditions. If possible, these are mapped to single concepts describing them as such late effects. For example, ICD10CM S82.874S concept_id 45589204 “Nondisplaced pilon fracture of right tibia, sequela” is mapped to 197150 “Late effect of fracture of lower extremities”. The Domain is Condition.
History of a condition. These are conditions, but not at the time of the condition_start_date. Therefore, they are mapped to the Concept 4214956 “History of clinical finding in subject”, which is in the Observation Domain. The condition itself is recorded through the “Maps to value” relationship. For example, ICD10CM Z87.820 concept_id “Personal history of traumatic brain injury” maps to 4214956 “History of clinical finding in subject” and with “Maps to value” 4132546 “Traumatic brain injury”.
Family history of a condition. These, too, have a dual mapping to 4167217 “Family history of clinical finding” and a to the actual condition through a “Maps to value” relationship. For example, ICD10/ICD10CM Z80.0 concept_id 45542462 “Family history of malignant neoplasm of digestive organs” maps to 4167217 “Family history of clinical finding” as well as 443568 “Malignant neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract”.
History of medical treatment. Similarly, these are mapped to Observation Concept 4207283 “History of drug therapy”, and through a “Maps to value” link to the actual therapy. For example, ICD10 Z92.0 concept_id 45605174 “Personal history of contraception” goes to 4207283 “History of drug therapy” history of drug therapy and 4027509 “Contraception”. If the exact Ingredient or Clinical/Branded Drug is known, the map would direct to these Drug Concepts. But that is not typical.
Adverse effect of medication. If possible, these are mapped to a direct equivalent. However, that usually does not exist, and then they are treated as the above history of medical treatments. For example, both ICD10CM T36.8X5A concept_id 45551127 “Adverse effect of other systemic antibiotics, initial encounter” and T36.8X5D “Adverse effect of other systemic antibiotics, subsequent encounter” map to 437191 “Antibacterial drug adverse reaction”, while ICD10CM T36.8X5S concept_id 45560654 “Adverse effect of other systemic antibiotics, sequela” maps to 4207283 “History of drug therapy”.
Underdosing of medication. This information is handled similarly to the adverse effects, and the equivalent SNOMED concepts generally do not exist. For example, ICD10CM T36.0X6A concept_id 45565479 “Underdosing of penicillins, initial encounter” and T36.0X6D concept_id 45565480 “Underdosing of penicillins, subsequent encounter” go to 40488434 “Medication dose too low”, while T36.0X6S concept_id 45565481 “Underdosing of penicillins, sequela” points at 4207283 “History of drug therapy”.
Status of organ absence or transplant/prosthetic presence. Absent organs are due to a procedure having removed them (unless they are inborn conditions, which are mapped as such). Therefore, they are mapped to 4215685 “Past history of procedure” and the appropriate procedure that removed the organ through a “Maps to value” link. For example, ICD10CM Z94.0 concept_id 35225404 “Kidney transplant status” maps to 4215685 “Past history of procedure” and 4322471 “Transplant of kidney”. Z95.5 concept_id 35225418 “Presence of coronary angioplasty implant and graft” is pointed to 4215685 “Past history of procedure” and 4184832 “Coronary angioplasty”.
Pre-coordinated Concepts listing two or more semantic components through AND or OR. These concepts are treated with the following order of precedence:
Examples for these 3 possibilities are:
Maternal care. Many conditions require attention not because of a condition of a pregnant woman but of the fetus. However, all such conditions are being mapped to the mother anyway. For example, ICD10 O35.6 concept_id 45567927 “Maternal care for (suspected) damage to fetus by radiation” has two “Maps to” relationships to 199553006 “Fetus with radiation damage” and 289908002 “pregnancy”. Both conditions are recorded with the mother.
Need for immunization. These Concepts are mapped to an Observation indicating such an immunity gap. A second mapping with the relationship_id “Maps to value” is then directed to the Condition (represented as a SNOMED Concept) the immunization is inoculating against. Note that it is not mapped to the vaccine itself (which would be represented as a RxNorm Concept). For example, ICD10 Z23 concept_id 45556822 “Need for immunization against single bacterial diseases” maps to 170536002 “Vaccination required” and maps to value 87628006 “Bacterial infectious disease”.
Conditions indicating abnormal levels of a test. These are split into the Measurement and result Concepts. For example, ICD10 R77.1 concept_id 45553745 “Abnormality of globulin” has a “Maps to” relationship to the Measurement 4353510 “Globulin measurement” and a “Maps to value” relationship to 4135493 “Abnormal”.
Conditions resulting from the use of Devices. Adverse or other outcomes of the exposure to a device are mapped to 473023007 “Complication associated with device and with another”Maps to value” relationship to the device itself, if possible. For example, ICD10 Y73.0 concept_id 45590664 “Gastroenterology and urology devices associated with adverse incidents, diagnostic and monitoring devices” has a “Maps to value” link to 45767866 “Gastro-urological device”.


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Glucocorticoid hormone suppression of human neutrophil -mediated tumor cell cytostasis.
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the effect of glucocorticoid hormones on neutrophil -mediated tumor cell cytostasis and found that hydrocortisone and a synthetic hormone, dexamethasone (Dex), inhibited cytostasis in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The effect of Dex was completely reversed by a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU38486. To clarify the underlying mechanisms, we examined effects of Dex on the binding avidity of beta2 integrin on the neutrophil surface and how these might in turn affect neutrophil -to-tumor cell binding. Dex was found to inhibit these neutrophil properties, and RU38486 completely suppressed both forms of Dex inhibition. Taken together, our findings suggest that glucocorticoid hormone inhibition of neutrophil -mediated tumor cell cytostasis is at least partially due to a lowering of the ligand binding avidity of beta2 integrin on the neutrophil surface.


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This is my Minesweeper AI project. I wanted to develop an AI that beats Minesweeper as quickly as possible without brute forcing.
This involved creating algorithms that I would use to play the game and then implementing them as efficiently as possible.
C++
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C
Java
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Python
Object-Oriented Programming
Algorithm Development
Agile
University of Maryland, Baltimore County | Baltimore, MD
Received Presidential Scholarship 2012 ($15k)
Bradenton, FL
Hired as a banquet server and quickly took initiative to showcase my abilities and become a server in the hotel restaurant as well. Proved my worth as a banquet server and staged solo events. Ran the restaurant as the sole server in a dining room of fourteen tables.
Sarasota, FL
Quickly proved leadership qualities by taking initiative to ensure events run smoothly. Became a key employee earning access to 90%+ of all shifts within weeks. Responsible for ensuring success of over one hundred events.
Sarasota, FL
Focused on creating an upscale, luxury dining experience through rigorous attention to detail with friendly, positive, and professional interactions with guests.
Columbia, MD
Hired as a host and quickly earned promotion to server after proving my work ethic and ability. Progressed from a new server with sales below the 50th percentile to one of the top servers with sales consistently at the 85th percentile. Fine dining. Teamwork style service. Trainer of new employees.
Timonium, MD
Hired as a gutter cleaner, quickly promoted to a repair service technician, and ended as the head of the gutter sales division after proving initiative and worth. Took charge of acquisition, coordination, and execution of all gutter repair and new installation jobs. Supervised and directed other repair technicians.
Columbia, MD
Held positions of increasing responsibility including sales associate, senior staff member, and store key holder.
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WITNESS LIST Human Services Committee April 2, 2002-10:00A Charge Five For: Boyd, Larry (Texas State Employees Union) Houston, Alberta (Self) Lovings, Mary (Self) Mayo, Pi-Yi (Self) On: Cooke, Jason (Texas Health and Human Services Commission) Daniel, Patti (Parkland Health and Hospital System) Dwyer, Sister Jean Thomas (Self and Catholic Charities Family Assistance Center) Gross, Michael (Texas State Employees Union) Hine, Jim (Texas Department of Human Services) Mendoza, Adrienne (University of Texas Medical Branch - Galveston) Charge Four For: Anderson, Antony D. (Self and Texas Medical Association, Texas Academy of Family Physicians) Boyd, Debra (Self) Constant, George (Self and Texas Medical Association) Eberhardt, Patrick (Self) Gantt, Melanie (Mental Health Association of Texas) Halligan, Mike (Texas Mental Health Consumers) Keller, Merily (Self) Kern, Diana (National Association of the Mentally Ill of Texas) Loar, Molly (Self) McIntosh, Glen (Self) McIntosh, Mary (Self) Richards, Janis (Self) Sanders, Pat (Self and Crisis Community Coalition, Alamo Area Suicide Prevention) Smith, Judie (Texas Suicide Prevention Plan Steering Committee) Stratton, Melissa (Self) Thornton, Joe (Self) Vorkoper, Charles (Self) Younger, Kevin (Self) On: Hellsten, John (Texas Department of Health) Sapp, Mary (Texas Department on Aging)


This tool is very suitable to use when almost all or even the whole modules of format info pattern are unknown or damaged.
It will try all possibilities of Format info pattern. Since QR code only has 4 ECC level and 8 Mask pattern, it just needs 32 trials to find the correct one.
Though, this condition is very rarely happen to QR code.
Brute-force Format Info Pattern is toggleable tool. Which means, it will remain active until you de-activate it or the tool has found the correct pattern.
As long as this tool is active, you cannot edit or set the format info pattern.
This tool will be executed when you decode the QR code through Decode mode.
(The image above displays brute-force result with ECC level H and Mask pattern 2 along with the decoded message)
Keep in mind, that it may generate more than one result. You can check all result(s) by clicking the arrow button.


Joslyn Carole Robich
Democrat
Nonprofit professional - CareerWise USA
High School Honors Diploma, Valedictorian, Rogue River High School, Rogue River, OR Bachelor of Arts, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY Coursework Completed, Master of Arts, International and Intercultural Communication (concentration in public policy and conflict resolution), University of Denver, Denver, CO
80211
I donated money to Michael Johnston's campaign for Colorado Governor in 2018.
Child Advocates - Denver CASA Board Member, 2012 – 2020 “I Have a Dream”® Foundation, Griffin Class Sponsor, 2011 – present Vitalant/Bonfils/American Red Cross Donor, 2000 – present Colorado Association of School Executives 2017-2020 Rocky Mountain Project Management Institute member 2014-2016 Sunnyside United Neighborhood Association
For the past eight years, I served on the board for Child Advocates-Denver CASA. This organization recruits and trains community volunteers to advocate for the best interests of children who have experienced abuse or neglect in the Denver Court System. As an employee with the Colorado Department of Education, I served as a representative on a variety of statewide review teams including Colorado Teacher of the Year, Milken Educator Award, State Induction Review Team, Retaining Teachers Grant Review Team, and Unified Improvement Plan Review Team providing feedback and recommendations for the applicants. At Denver Public Schools and the Colorado Charter School institute, I participated on unit review teams, and made recommendations to proposals including charter school authorization, renewal, and school closure. I have served on multiple committees advocating for first generation college students, female staff, and staff of color at the University of Denver.
I am fascinated with how the process of how policy is introduced by legislators, written, and how it ultimately gets translated on the ground for practitioners and the public. In all of my work roles, I look for ways to serve as a pivot point between the policy created at the legislative level and how to make it meaningful, relevant, and maximize the intent of the law with those on the ground. Serving on this commission would allow me to participate in the future of Colorado, the first state I have truly called home. Seeing the impact of how the current district lines have been drawn, as well as having traveled to and worked directly with school leadership in cities and towns across the state, I believe I can provide a unique voice as we determine our new district lines based on census information. I am very well-acquainted with Colorado's desire to maintain local control and would strive to promote this sentiment throughout the process.
Building relationships has always been the core of my professional positions and I often interact with a variety of constituents daily, including staff of all levels, superintendents, district and school leaders, faculty, students, parents, and community organizations. With this large cross-section of people, I have been responsible for communicating often complex federal and state policies. One of my favorite roles is to work with this diverse cross-section of stakeholders on a daily basis allowing me to better understand local issues and the desired autonomy as they work to implement policy changes in a meaningful way for their communities. My background in conflict resolution has given me tools to promote consensus and my background interpreting policy, which may not always be popular, reinforces my ability to be fair or impartial.
I received my bachelor's degree in biology, and analytical skills are at the base of the scientific method. These skills allow me to evaluate problems from simple to complex and incorporate some of my strongest attributes including researching skills, attention to detail, critical thinking ability, and decision-making as I examine a problem and reach a solution. These same skills are applied to policy interpretation and implementation.
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I'm a Web Analyst and Programmer at Appignition
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Speech
Jeremy Benson presents a speech to the Capita Secondary Maths Conference.
Good morning
Let me start by apologising on behalf of my colleague, Ian Stockford, who was due to be with you today but is unfortunately unwell and asked me to take his place. I’m Jeremy Benson, and although my main focus now is on vocational qualifications, I was heavily involved in the early stages of the GQ reform programme – and of course I continue to take a close interest in work that is a very important and visible part of what Ofqual does.
I am very pleased to be here today to give you our perspective on the reforms to GCSEs, AS and A levels in England that we are a part of introducing. I say a part of, because we are just one of several stakeholders each with a unique role to play in the process. And of course the reforms themselves sit in the context of the wider objectives for mathematics education; we recognise that context, but we make no apologies, as the qualifications regulator, for focusing on the qualifications and trying to make them as good and valid as they can be.
As Vanessa has just set out, the Department for Education is responsible for developing new content for those qualifications being reformed, and specifically in the case of GCSEs, more demanding content. Our focus has been on working with subject and assessment experts to develop and test thinking on a range of matters relating to assessment, which has led us, at a high level, to move away from modularisation and review the extent of non-exam assessment; and specifically for GCSEs, to reconsider tiering in each subject and determine a new grading structure.
Of course some of these changes don’t apply to maths. Linear specifications in maths already existed before reform and the subject has been exclusively assessed by exam for many years. Maths is also one of the few subjects which will be tiered under the new system.
These assessment designs represent our first involvement in the process. Then there are the exam boards, whose responsibility it is to take the Department’s content, and our regulatory conditions and guidance, and craft subject specifications that meet our rigorous accreditation standards. This process is ongoing for those subjects being first taught in September 2016 and 2017 and there is much work still to do. But for GCSE maths, along with English and English literature, we’ve already found the right formula and pupils started studying these new subjects earlier this month.
I would like to use this speech in particular to reflect on the decisions we have taken on GCSEs, and maths specifically. For those of you who have followed progress, you will know it has not been as easy as two plus two, but I want to explain why we are confident we have got to the right answer as regulator. Before delving into the detail, it is perhaps worth setting out the decisions we have taken for GCSEs at the most general level. In summary:
Importantly, we are considering and consulting on assessment arrangements for each new GCSE subject independently. In the case of maths, strengthened mathematical problem solving is a key feature of reformed qualification, as is also the case for AS and A level maths, which will be introduced for first teaching in 2017. The Department’s subject content makes clear that mathematical problem solving is not just for the highest achieving candidates. It is a core part of mathematics which can and should be accessible to the full range of candidates. In precise terms, this means that students studying the new qualification should be able to:
This is new territory for maths at this level. There is a great deal of intangibility surrounding maths assessment and there are many views and solutions put forward about how this can and should be done. It was therefore vital that we took the time to engage with the exam boards to reach a common understanding of how problem solving could and should be assessed before any actual assessments were designed. Consistency is always key.
In addition to this broader content, the exam boards had the challenge of raising the expected level of difficulty of the qualification, and doing so in a way that continued to provide appropriate differentiation across the full range of candidate ability.
This has been achieved through increased content which I have already mentioned. But many would also argue that full linearisation in itself can increase demand, particularly for certain groups of students who may work better by learning in bite- sized chunks.
It has been vital, through the process, not to lose sight of the fact that GCSE maths is essentially a whole cohort subject. It needs to accommodate the mathematicians, scientists and engineers of the future, although they’ll inevitably go on to study maths at a higher level; along with those who find mathematics incredibly challenging and are unlikely to further their study beyond GCSE. One of the challenges through this process has been to deliver something that provides the opportunity for students to stretch themselves across this range, culminating in assessments that fairly differentiate between students of different abilities while simultaneously encapsulating the desired changes to content.
Both of these issues – the introduction of new elements such as mathematical problem solving and the need to differentiate between students of different abilities – were addressed as part of our accreditation of each exam board’s specification. This was by no means a simple tick-box exercise. With the number of moving parts here and the multi-faceted nature of assessment standards – essentially the level of difficulty – defining the assessment standard in any meaningful way in advance was very challenging.
To prepare for this process, we undertook a degree of pre-accreditation preparation like never before. This included developing industry standards such as more precise definitions of the assessment objectives, publishing rules about the design of the assessment, and, as part of the development of the Department’s subject content, mapping that content to tiers of assessment. This was all aimed at reducing the potential differences in the assessment standards between specifications, but it was not intended to limit valid differences in how each exam board addressed our requirements.
Even after this initial work, none of the boards’ initial submissions – which include the specifications, sample assessments and, for the first time, an assessment strategy – were accredited by our panel of six independent experts on first submission. Some submissions were considered too demanding, the language used in others too complicated. But eventually each board developed an appropriate assessment strategy that we believe can be implemented in a way that ensures they can continue to meet our regulatory requirements over time.
So, if that is what accreditation can do, and did, what doesn’t accreditation do?
With my vocational qualifications hat on, I often talk about the ‘life-cycle’ of qualifications: the idea, which is central to our regulatory approach, that every stage of the design, delivery and award of a qualification has to be right for the qualification to be sufficiently valid. It’s necessary for a qualification to be well-designed, but it’s not sufficient. A qualification that looks good at accreditation could still be awarded wrongly. So while up-front accreditation is sometimes necessary – as it is with GCSEs and A levels – it’s not the end of the story – though it’s surprising how often others assume that it is, and that accreditation is some sort of guarantee.
In particular, what accreditation cannot do – and wasn’t designed to do – is say for certain that the level of expected difficulty across the qualifications from the different boards was precisely the same. Accreditation is not a comparability exercise. We cannot say for certain that the level of demand across the qualifications is precisely the same. So in order to reassure ourselves, the exam boards, students and other stakeholders on this matter, we undertook a comprehensive research programme into the boards’ sample exam papers earlier this year. The work comprised four strands, to varying extents innovative in nature. The programme involved 35 mathematicians making 35,000 judgements of relative question difficulty in strand 1; 3,865 students from 30 different schools sitting sample papers and 50 markers scoring them in strand 2; 33 maths experts and more students in strand 3; and another five maths experts in strand 4.
Our findings were in some ways surprising but also incredibly useful. There were, indeed, differences between the approaches of the exam boards – we knew that at the point of accreditation – but this research allowed us to evaluate in a more detailed way the consequences of those differences. One key finding was that, even having taken account of the students piloting the sample assessments not having been taught the new curriculum, the assessments might have failed to effectively differentiate between students across the range of abilities. In response to these findings, exam boards submitted fresh sample papers to us, which we evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. After some final adjustments we judged the boards’ final sample papers to be very similar, in terms of expected difficulty, and also likely to differentiate across the full ability range of students. They meet our requirements.
But of course our work has not ended there.
We are looking ahead to 2017, and thinking about the checks and balances we will put in place beforehand to make sure that the real exams are able to effectively assess students at all levels of ability and differentiate between them. We will provide more details in the period up to summer 2017.
As I have explained, the methodologies we applied to evaluating the different GCSE maths specs were to a great extent innovative. When we released those results earlier this year we said that we would consider the benefits of undertaking similar research for other new GCSEs or A levels prior to exam board specifications being accredited.
Given the amount of change in GCSE science we more recently decided that it would be appropriate to undertake some supplementary research looking at the various sample papers (for biology, chemistry and physics) submitted to us as part of accreditation. This work ran parallel to accreditation and we are looking at how that evidence may inform our accreditation decisions.
In summary, we asked just over 100 science teachers to judge the expected difficulty of more than 6,000 questions taken from the exam boards’ sample papers and the question papers they used in 2014. Each teacher was asked to compare pairs of questions and decide which of them their students would find it more difficult to answer. They were asked to do this for 1,000 pairs of questions and the questions and teachers were split by subject – biology, chemistry and physics – to make meaningful comparisons.
When we announced this research back in August we said we were uncertain about what we would find and how meaningful the data would be. We have analysed data from these judgements to provide evidence to the accreditation panel about the expected difficulty of the sample papers. As it turns out, the evidence has proved not to be as beneficial as it was with GCSE maths. Nevertheless, we will now continue to look at this work from a purely research point of view. We will evaluate it further and consider changes that might make the approach, and subsequent findings, beneficial when looking at other subjects.
Those studying the new GCSE maths from this year will have the opportunity in turn to study the reformed A level from 2017. Those of you who have been following the reform process closely will know that new AS and A levels in maths and further maths were due to be taught from 2016. However, we advised Government that it would be beneficial to have more time to be sure that the new A level content requirements, particularly those relating to problem solving, were sufficiently well specified and commonly understood by each exam board, and that the new A and AS levels would sit sensibly alongside the new GCSE. To that end, we convened an A level Mathematics Working Group in March this year to provide expert advice in a number of areas, specifically mathematical problem solving, modelling and the use of large data sets in statistics.
This working group will report later this autumn and its work will help to achieve three key aims:
Alongside the report from the working group we will be launching a consultation on assessment objectives for A level maths to which I would encourage you all to respond. Returning to GCSEs, perhaps the most obvious change, certainly for those outside the education system, will be the introduction of a new grading scale. Reformed GCSEs will from 2017 be graded from 9 to 1, instead of A* to G.
As a result, students taking GCSEs over the transition period will receive a mixture of 9 to 1 grades, where they are taking reformed subjects, and A* to G grades, for other subjects. The reasons for this new scale are two-fold. Firstly we felt it was important that people could recognise immediately that these are new qualifications. I have already talked to you about the many changes that have been introduced. However, as the qualifications are still called GCSEs there could be confusion over whether students have studied the old or the reformed qualifications. The new grades will show this straight away.
Secondly, you’ll notice that there is now an extra grade on the scale: we’ve gone from 8 possible grades to 9. This has been done to allow greater differentiation at the top end of the scale, which was one of the policy objectives of the reform programme. We want the very highest achieving students to be able to demonstrate their full potential, while also still ensuring that the scale covers the full range of abilities.
I’ve nearly finished but I do want to touch on standard-setting. When there is a change in the design of a qualification, there is always the potential for students sitting new qualifications to be disadvantaged relative to earlier or later cohorts. The material is less familiar to teachers and students and the support materials are less developed than when a specification is mature. This may have a material impact on student performance around this transition. To protect against any adverse effects, we have therefore committed to use a statistical method, known as comparable outcomes, in 2017. We consulted on this principle last year, and received broad support for it.
Assuming a comparable cohort, this means that: broadly the same proportion of students will achieve a grade 4 and above on the new scale as currently achieve a grade C and above; broadly the same proportion of students will achieve a grade 7 and above as currently achieve a grade A and above; the bottom of grade 1 will be aligned with the bottom of grade G; and roughly the top third of students gaining a current grade C and bottom third of grade B will be awarded a grade 5 on the new scale.
Although statistical evidence, particularly from the performance of the cohort in Key Stage tests, has been used as a central source of evidence in awarding for many years and as a regulatory tool more recently, this approach places a greater reliance on statistics than would otherwise normally be the case. It is, however, the best approach when there is so much change in the system, to protect the interests of students and to retain as much stability as is possible at a time of change.
In future we will also have the potential to draw on evidence provided by the new National Reference Test in the awarding of GCSEs. We recognise that sole reliance on statistical evidence in the way I’ve described on an ongoing basis would impact on the extent to which genuine changes in the performance of students can be reflected in the grades received by students. We are therefore looking at ways that these changes in performance could be reflected without leaving the system vulnerable to grade inflation. In future, a key part of this evidence will come from the National Reference Test, which we are now rolling out. Each year, around 300 schools in England will take part in the tests. At each school, around 30 students will take an English paper and around another 30 students will take a maths paper. The tests will take around an hour to complete and will be administered and invigilated by the National Foundation for Educational Research.
We will publish national test results towards the end of August each year. Over time, the tests have the potential to provide a valuable additional source of information that may be taken into account when GCSEs are awarded.
Field trials for the test are being conducted next week, while a full-scale trial in March 2016 will allow us to check processes ahead of the first live test in 2017.
Finally, I would like to provide an update on where we are with accreditation. We are currently looking at submissions from exam boards for 20 new GCSEs and 11 A levels for first teaching in September next year. We aim to have these available to schools as soon as possible; however, our priority has to be to ensure that their specifications meet our standards. We have today issued a new postcard explaining our accreditation process, along with a more detailed blog. As with GCSE maths last year, it is not unusual for specifications not to be accredited on first submission, and the exam boards are responding to our feedback in those circumstances. We will provide updates on those specifications that have been accredited on our website.
That is all I wanted to say today, but I hope you will understand that it is only a partial set of the issues we, as the qualifications regulator in England, are tackling. There is certainly a lot of change at present; but as I hope is clear, we are thinking about it very carefully and taking considered, evidence-based decisions. I am confident that the sum total of the work that we and many others are doing will lead to better qualifications. And I am confident that what we’re doing, in every way, all adds up.
Thank you.


List of URLs which will be included in the Context unless also excluded.
Each line is a URL Regex and should be in the form of:
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e.g. \Qhttp://localhost:8180/bodgeit\E.*
e.g. http://localhost:8180/bodgeit/logout.php
e.g. \Qhttp://localhost:8180/bodgeit/logout.php\E
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