--- layout: post tags: [Dependency Injection, Software Design, Design Patterns] date: 2011-07-28 15:22:04 UTC title: "Composition Root" description: "A Dependency Injection pattern." --- {% include JB/setup %}
In my book I describe the Composition Root pattern in chapter 3. This post serves as a summary description of the pattern.
The Constructor Injection pattern is easy to understand until a follow-up question comes up:
Where should we compose object graphs?
It's easy to understand that each class should require its dependencies through its constructor, but this pushes the responsibility of composing the classes with their dependencies to a third party. Where should that be?
It seems to me that most people are eager to compose as early as possible, but the correct answer is:
As close as possible to the application's entry point.
This place is called the Composition Root of the application and defined like this:
A Composition Root is a (preferably) unique location in an application where modules are composed together.
This means that all the application code relies solely on Constructor Injection (or other injection patterns), but is never composed. Only at the entry point of the application is the entire object graph finally composed.
The appropriate entry point depends on the framework:
(you can read more about framework-specific Composition Roots in chapter 7 of my book.)
The Composition Root is an application infrastructure component.
Only applications should have Composition Roots. Libraries and frameworks shouldn't.
The Composition Root can be implemented with Poor Man's DI Pure DI, but is also the (only) appropriate place to use a DI Container.
A DI Container should only be referenced from the Composition Root. All other modules should have no reference to the container.
Using a DI Container is often a good choice. In that case it should be applied using the Register Resolve Release pattern entirely from within the Composition Root.
Read more in Dependency Injection in .NET.
Comments
The earlier you compose, the more you limit your options, and there's simply no reason to do that.
You may or may not find this article helpful - otherwise, please write again :)
My question is quite parallel to David’s. How about we have a complex application that loads its modules dynamically on-demand, and these modules can consist of multiple assemblies.
For example, a client application that has a page-based navigation. Different modules can be deployed and undeployed all the time. At design-time we don’t know all the types we wanna compose and we don’t have direct reference to them.
Should we introduce some infrastructure code, like David suggested, to let the modules register their own types (e.g. services) to a child container, then we apply “resolve” on the loaded module and dispose the child container when we are done with the module?
Looking forward to the final release of your book BTW :-)
Thanks
One option is to use whichever DI Container you'd like from the Composition Root, and use its XML capabilities to configure the modules into each particular application that needs them. That's always possible, but adds some overhead, and is rarely required.
A better option is to simply drop all desired modules in an add-in folder and then use convention-based rules to scan each assembly. The most difficult part of that exercise is that you have to think explicitly about cardinality, but that's always an issue with add-in architectures. The MEF chapter of my book discusses cardinality a bit.
I think I'm headed in
UI(Asp.net) depends on Presentation layer and a pure interfaces/DTOs (with any serialization attributes/methods needed). so structure/schema of the 'model' lives in that domain-schema layer. domain model depends on the domain-schema layer, but is purely behaviors (methods/logic). In this way there's a sharing of schema/dto between service layer and presentation layer, with the clean separation of all business logic and only business logic living in the domain layer.So outside of the composition root, neither the UI, presentation layer, or resource access layers (public api -> internal adapter-> individual resource) can touch the domain methods or types. Requires we define an interface for the domain model classes I think? Cross cutting-concerns would live in their own assembly.
Any thoughts?
The catch comes when you look at the behavior, and you realize that there is hardly any behavior on these objects, making them little more than bags of getters and setters. Indeed often these models come with design rules that say that you are not to put any domain logic in the the domain objects. AnemicDomain Models - Martin Fowler
It becomes a 'real' domain model when it contains all (or most) of the behaviour that makes up the business domain (note I'm emphasising business logic, not UI or other orthogonal concerns). Anemic Domain Models - Stack overflow
I don't feel that this is headed into an Anemic domain model as the domain model assembly would contain all behaviors specific to the domain.
Designs that share very little state or, even better, have no state at all tend to be less prone to hard to analyze bugs and easier to repurpose when requirements change. Blog article - makes sense but i could be missing multiple boats here.
The domain would have zero state, and would depend on interfaces not DTOs. This would make test-ability and analysis simple.
Motivation for DTOs in the interfaces layer: presentation and persistence could all share the DTOs rather than having them duplicated in either place.
Barring that perceived gain, then the shared layer across all would just be interfaces.
The UI could depend on interfaces only, but the same assembly would contain DTOs that the presentation layer and any persistence could share without having to be duplicated/rewritten. So the domain is completely persistence and presentation ignorant.
The purpose of a DTO is "to transfer multiple items of data between two processes in a single method call." That is (I take it) not what you are attempting to do here.
Whether or not you implement the business logic in the same assembly as your DTOs has nothing to with avoiding an Anemic Domain Model. The behavior must be defined by the object that holds the data.
I am writing a WPF system tray application which has a primary constraint to keep lean, especially in terms of performance and memory usage. This constraint, along with the relatively low complexity of the application, means that I cannot justify the overhead of MVVM. In the absence of a prescribed architecture for building the object graph, I could set one up 'manually' in Application.OnStartup. Presumably it would mean instantiating all the Window objects (with dependences), which are utilised from time to time by the user.
However, I have a problem with these Window instance sitting in memory, doing nothing, 90% of the time. It seems much more sensible to me to instantiate these Window objects in the events where the user asks for them. Yet, I will want to maintain the inversion of control, so how can I avoid accessing the DI container in multiple points in my app?
You can use one of the solutions outlined in my recent series on Role Hints to avoid referencing a container outside of the Composition Root.
I wanted to post the following comment on your linked page, here
/2011/03/04/Composeobjectgraphswithconfidence
but I am encountering a page error on submission.
The above article suggests a great framework for delayed construction of resources, however I have a different reason for wanting this than loading an assembly.
In my scenario I have occasionally-needed Window objects with heavy GUIs, presenting lots of data. The GUI and data only need to be in memory while the Window is displayed. The lazy loading approach seems to apply, except it leaves me with a couple of questions.
1) When the window is closed again, I want to release the resources. How can I unload and reload it again?
2) What would this line look like when using an IoC like Ninject?
> new Lazy<ISolo<IMarker>>(() => new C1(
An alternative I am considering is putting classes defining events in the object graph, instead of the windows themselves. These event classes could be constructed with instances of dependencies which will be used in the event methods to construct Windows when needed. The dependancies I am wanting to inject to maintain inversion of control are light-weight objects like persistance services which will exist as singletons in memory anyway (due to the way most IoC's work). Do you see any problem with this?
Many thanks.
I can't help you with Ninject.
You make the point that only the composition root should register dependencies of various layers and components. And thereby only the project containing the composition root would have references to the DI container being used
In a couple of projects I've worked on we have multiple applications and thereby composition root, being websites, service endpoint, console applications etc. giving us around 10 application endpoints that needs to have their own composition roots. But at the same time we work with a components based design which nicely encapsulates different aspects of the system.
If I were to only do my registration code within the place of the composition roots, then applications using the same components would have to register exactly the same dependencies per compontent, leading to severe code duplication
At this point we've gone with a solution where every component has their own registration class which the composition root's then register, so basically out composition roots only compose another level of composition roots. I hope it makes sense!
What I'm explaining here directly violates the principles you make in this post. Which I already had I sense it would. But at the same time I don't know how else to manage this situation effectively. Do you have any ideas for how to handle this type of situation?
Allan, thank you for writing. In the end, you'll need to do what makes sense to you, and based on what you write, it may make sense to do what you do. Still, my first reaction is that I would probably tend to worry less about duplication than you seem to do. However, I don't know your particular project: neither how big your Composition Roots are, or how often they change. In other words, it's easy enough for me to say that a bit of duplication is okay, but that may not fit your reality at all.
Another point is that, in my experience at least, even if you have different applications (web sites, services, console applications, etc.) as part of the same overall system, and they share code, the way they should be composed tend to diverge the longer they live. This is reminiscent of Mathias Verraes' point that duplication may be coincidental, but that the duplicated code may deviate from each other in the future. This could also happen for such applications; e.g. at one point, you may wish to instrument some of your web site's dependencies, but not your batch job.
My best advice is to build smaller systems, in order to keep complexity down, and then build more of them, rather than building big systems. Again, that advice may not be useful in your case...
Another option, since you mention component-based design, is to move towards a convention-based approach, so that you don't have to maintain those Composition Roots at all: just drop in the binaries, and let your DI Container take care of the rest. Take a look at the Managed Extensibility Framework (MEF) for inspiration. Still, while MEF exposes some nice ideas, and is a good source of inspiration, I would personally chose to do something like this with a proper DI Container that also supports run-time Interception and programmable Pointcuts.
In the end, I think I understand your problem, but my overall reaction is that you seem to have a problem you shouldn't have, so my priority would be:
It seems that I have a certan inclination for reopening "old" posts. Still the may be considered evergreens! :) Now back on topic.
When it comes to the well known frameworks as ASP.NET MVC, Web.API, WCF, it is quite clear on where and how to set our composition root. But what if we do not have a clear "entry point" to our code? Imagine that you are writing an SDK, laying down some classes that will be used by other developers. Now, you have a class that exposes the following constructor.
public MyClass(IWhatEver whatEver)
Consider also that who is going to use this classes has no idea about IWhatEver nor it should have. For make the usage of MyClass as simple as possible, we I should be able to instatiate MyClass via the parameterless constructor. I had the idea of making the constructor that is used for DI, internal, and the only publically available one to be the paramtereless constructor. Then fetch somehow the instances of my dependencies in the paramterless constructor. Now imagine that I have several of classes as MyClass and that I do have a common set of "services" that are injected inside of them. Now, my questions are.-
Can I still have the single composition root?
-
How do I trigger the composition?
-
Does recreating the composition root per each "high level" class has a significant performance impact (considering a dependency tree of let's say 1000 objects).
-
Is there a better way (pattern) to solve a problem like this?
Some of this questions may be slightly off topic, still the main question is, how to deal with the composition root in cases like this cases. Hoping you will make some clarity, I do thank you in advance.Mario, thank you for writing. If you're writing an SDK, you are writing either a library or a framework, so the Composition Root pattern isn't appropriate (as stated above). Instead, consider the guidelines for writing DI friendly libraries or DI friendly frameworks.
So, in order to answer your specific questions:
1: Conceptually, there should only be a single Composition Root, but it belongs to the application, so as a library developer, then no: 'you' can't have any Composition Root.
2: A library shouldn't trigger any composition, but as I explain in my guidelines for writing DI friendly libraries, you can provide Facades to make the learning curve gentle. For frameworks, you may need to provide appropriate Abstract Factories.
3: The performance impact of Composition shouldn't be a major concern. However, the real problem of attempting to apply the Composition Root pattern where it doesn't apply is that it increases coupling and takes away options that the client developer may want to utilize; e.g. how can a client developer instrument a sub-graph with Decorators if that sub-graph isn't available?
4: There are better ways to design DI friendly libraries and DI friendly frameworks.
Thank you for your quick and valuable replay.
I read your posts and made some toughs about them. Still I am not convinced that what is described in that posts does tackle my problem. Even more I'm realizing that is less and less relevant to the topic of composition root. However, let me try describe a situation.
I do plan to write an SDK (a library that will allow developers to interact with my application and use some of it's functionality). Consider that I'm exposing a class called FancyCalculator. FancyCalculater needs to get some information from the settings repository. Now, I have a dependency on ISettingsRepository implementation and it is injected via a constructor into my FancyCalculator. Nevertheless, who is going to use the FancyCalculator, doesn't know and he shouldn't know anything about ISettingsRepository and it's dependency tree. He is expected only to make an instance of FancyCalculator and call a method on it. I do have a single implementation of ISettingsRepository in form of SettingsRepository class. In this case, how do I get to create an instance of SettingsRepository once my FancyCalculator is created?
A Factory? Service locator? Something else?
Composition root in applications like MVC, WebAPI, etc, is a very nice and clean approach, but what about the situations when we do not have a clean single entry point to the application?
Thank you again!
Mario, thank you for writing again. As far as I understand, you basically have this scenario:
Then you say: "a dependency on ISettingsRepository implementation and it is injected via a constructor into my FancyCalculator". Okay, that means this:
But then you say: "who is going to use the FancyCalculator, doesn't know and he shouldn't know anything about ISettingsRepository and it's dependency tree."
That sounds to me like mutually exclusive constraints. Why are you injecting ISettingsRepository into FancyCalculator if you don't want to enable the user to supply any implementation of ISettingsRepository? If you don't want to allow that, the solution is easy:
If you want the best of both worlds, the solution is the Facade pattern I already described in my DI Friendly library article.
Hi Mark, You got the example right. The reason of my choices are the following. I do not want user of my library to know about the dependencies for a couple of reason. First of all it needs to be as simple as possible to use. Second thing the dependencies are let's say "internal", so that code is loosely coupled and testable. He should not know even about them or get bothered at any point. Still I do not think it's wise to create instances of the dependencies in the parameterless constructor. Why? Well, I am concerned about maintainability. I would like a to somehow request the default instance of my dependency in the parameterless constructor and get it, so that I do have a single point in my sdk where teh default dependency is specified, and also that I do not need to handle the dependency tree. The fact is that I can't get what this something should be. I re-read the chapter 5 of your book this weekend to see if I can come up with something valid ideas. What I came up with is that I should use the parameterless constructor of each of my classes to handle it's own default dependencies. In this way, resolving the tree should be fine, and it is easy to maintain. Also to prevent user to see the constructors that to require the dependencies to be injected (and confuse it) I tough of declaring these constructors as internal. This are my words translated in code (easier to understand).
What do you think about a solution like this? What are a bad sides of this approach? Is there any pattern that encapsulates a practise like this?
Mario, you don't want the user of your library to know about the dependencies, in order to make it easy to use the SDK. That's fine: this goal is easily achieved with one of those Facade patterns I've already described. With either Constructor Chaining, or use of the Fluent Builder pattern, you can make it as easy to get started with FancyCalculator as possible: just invoke its parameterless constructor.
What then, is your motivation for wanting to make the other constructors internal? What do you gain from doing that?
Such code isn't loosely coupled, because only classes internal to the library can use those members. Thus, such a design violates the Open/Closed Principle, because these classes aren't open for extension.
Dear Mark,
I am pretty sure that Mario uses internal code in order to be able to write unit tests. Probably the interfaces of the dependecies which he is hiding should also be internal. I think it is a good aproach because thanks to it he can safely refactor those interfaces, beacuse it is not a public API and also he can have unit tests.
Yes - "Such code isn't loosely coupled, because only classes internal to the library can use those member", however I think that very often stable API is very important for libraries.
Could you give any comments on that?
Robert, thank you for writing. Your guess sounds reasonable. Even assuming that this is the case, I find it important to preface my answer with the caution that since I don't know the entire context, my answer is, at best, based on mainstream scenarios I can think of. There may be contexts where this approach is, indeed, the best solution, but in my experience, this tends not to be the case.
To me, the desire to keep an API stable leads to APIs that are so locked down that they are close to useless unless you happen to be so incredibly lucky that you're right on the path of a 'supported use case'. Over the years, I've worked with many object models in the .NET Base Class Library, where I've wanted it to do something a little out of the ordinary, only to find myself in a cul-de-sac of internal interfaces, sealed classes, or internal virtual methods. Many other people have had the same problems with .NET, which, I believe, has been a contributing factor causing so many of the brightest programmers to leave the platform for other, more open platforms and languages (Ruby, Clojure, JavaScript, Erlang, etc.).
The .NET platform is getting much better in this regard, but it's still not nearly as good as it could be. Additionally, .NET is littered with failed technologies that turned out to be completely useless after all (Windows Workflow Foundation, Commerce Server, (early versions of) Entity Framework, etc.).
.NET has suffered from a combination of fear of breaking backwards compatibility, combined with Big Design Up-Front (BDUF). The fact that (after all) it's still quite useful is a testament to the people who originally designed it; these people were (or are) some of most skilled people in the industry. Unless you're Anders Hejlsberg, Krzysztof Cwalina, Brad Abrams, or on a similar level, you can't expect to produce a useful and stable API if you take the conservative BDUF approach.
Instead, what you can do is to use TDD to explore the design of your API. This doesn't guarantee that you'll end up with a stable API, but it does help to make the API as useful as possible.
How do you ensure stability, then? One option is to realise that you can use interfaces as access modifiers. Thus, you can publish a library that mostly contains interfaces and a few high-level classes, and then add the public implementations of those interfaces in other libraries, and clearly document that these types are not guaranteed to remain stable. This option may be useful in some contexts, but if you're really exposing an API to the wild, you probably need a more robust strategy.
The best strategy I've been able to identify so far is to realise that you can't design a stable API up front. You will make mistakes, and you will need to deal with these design mistakes. One really effective strategy is to apply the Strangler pattern: leave the design mistakes in, but add new, better APIs as you learn; SOLID is append-only. In my Encapsulation and SOLID Pluralsight course, I discuss this particular problem and approach in the Append-Only section of the Liskov Substitution Principle module.
Good point Mark! I really like your point of view, in general I agree with you.
I will try to 'defend' the internal dependecies, beacuse it may help us explore all the possible reasonable usages of it.
1. Personlly I would hide my dependencies with internal access when I would be quite certain that my design is bad, but I do not have time to fix it, but I will do it for sure in probably near future.
2. Moreover if I would have unit tests without accessing to internal's (so not the case which I was writing in my previous comment), then I should be able to refactor the 'internals' without even touching the unit tests. This is why I see internal depedencies as a refactoring terchnique - especially when working with legacy code.
These were some cases for Library/Framework. What about internal access in non-modular Application development that is consists of several projects (dll's)? Personally I try to keep everthing internal by default and only make public interfaces, entities, messages etc. for things that are used between the projects. Then I compose them in a dedicated project (which I name Bootstrapper) which is a composition root and has access to all internal types... If your books covers this topic - please just give a reference. I have not read your book so far, but it is in the queue :)
Please note that I'm not saying that internal or private classes are always bad; all I'm saying is that unit testing internal classes (presumably using the [InternalsVisibleTo] attribute) is, in my opinion, not a good idea.
You can always come up with some edge cases against a blanket statement like never unit test internal classes, but in the general case, I believe I've already outlined why I think it's a really poor idea to do so.
Ultimately, I've never understood the need for the [InternalsVisibleTo] attribute. When you're applying it, you're basically making internal types public to select consumers, with all the coupling that implies. Why not make the types truly public then?
As far as I can tell, the main motivation for not making types public is when the creators don't trust their code. If this is the case, making things internal isn't a solution, it's a symptom. Address the problem instead of trying to hide it. Make the types trustworthy by applying encapsulation.
An example from my last days at work: I marked a class as internal that is wrapping some native library (driver for some hardware) using [DllImport]. I want clients of my Library use my classes - not the DLL wrapper - this is why I hide it using internal. However I needed InternalVisibleTo so that I could write integration tests to see if the wrapper really works.
Why making public when nobody outside is using it? YAGNI. I only expose when I know when its needed for the clients. Then for those that I have already exposed I need to have backward compability. The less I have exposed the more easily and safely I can refactor my design. And it is not about always bad design. New requirements frequently come in parallel with refactoring the design. This is why I like the Martin Fowler's idea of Published Interface which is also mentioned in his Access Modifier article.
Additionally I always had a feeling that making everything public can affect badly influence the software architecture. The more encaupsulated are the packages the better. And for me internal access is also a mean of encaupsulation at the packaging level. Three days ago Simon Brown had a presentation named "Software Architecture vs Code" on DevDay conference. When he told something like "do not make public classes by default" people were applauding!
My rules of a thumb for seting the class access modifiers are:
- private - when it is a helper for a class where it is being nested
- internal - when it used only in the package
- public - when other packages needs to use it
- oh and, how I would love to have this Published Interface!
So for each package I can end up with having some public interfaces and classes (like messages and entities) and many internal interfaces and classes which are only seen by the unit tests and a bootstrapping package (if I have such!) It really helps when you have a project that has about 300k lines of code :)Thank to Mark Seemann for his very inspiring write about Composition Root design pattern, /2011/07/28/CompositionRoot/
I wrote my own JavaScript Dependency Injection Framework called Di-Ninja with these principles in mind https://github.com/di-ninja/di-ninja
As I know, is the only one in javascript that implement the Composition-Root design pattern and it's documentation could be another good example to demonstrate how it works.
It work for both NodeJS and browser (with Webpack)


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Naked Lunch (1991, R)
Written and Directed by David Cronenberg
Based on the novel by William S. Burroughs
Starring Peter Weller, Judy Davis, Ian Holm, Julian Sands, and Roy Scheider
As Reviewed by James Brundage (MovieKritic2000)
Quick, off the top of your head, tell me all you know about this movie.
If you recalled fondly the line that Nelson said in an episode of "The Simpsons" after Bart uses a fake ID to get into this film ("I'll tell you two things wrong with that title"), then you're like most of America. I knew a little bit more coming in: that it was based on a novel by William S. Burroughs that is the quintessence of non-linear narrative and that it was directed by David Cronenberg.
On the way out, I know precious little more.
Naked Lunch is one of those films that is so mind blowing that it is baffling. So intelligent that it feels idiotic, and so strange that you wonder if you took something beforehand and forgot about it. Yet it was one of those movies critics loved.

In the movie Contact, James Woods asks "Why is it always the opinion of the egghead set that aliens are friendly?" Although the answer Jodie Foster gave back was sufficient, it should have been a more callous response: "Because we don't fear what we don't understand." However, among the intellectual set, things go one step further. Among the intellectual set, heresy is saying "I don't get it", and thus hidden meanings that weren't there in the first place are put into books and movies. The entire business is subjective, we will not know the metaphors placed into them unless we know their makers, and thus everyone is afraid to say "you're wrong" about what the meaning is.
The unknown doesn't scare us. Admitting we don't know it scares us.
Naked Lunch, like so many movies, has no real point to it. However, because it is so weird and so out of our heads it is the automatically taken position of the intellectual set that "if I don't understand it, it must be good." Two things come out of this. The first is the comedy when someone tries to give an idiotic explanation of what something means in the midst of ignorance (i.e. the man who thought "The Unbearable Lightness of Being" was an expose about Bill Clinton). The second is the tragedy when people keep their mouths shut, not brave enough to say what is on their mind.
What is on my mind, and the mind of just about anyone who has seen the film, is "what the hell?" You have no idea what is going on in the movie, and by the end you still have no idea what is going on in the movie. Yeah, you've seen a lot of weird sights (the transvestite drug dealer, the roach-centipede intelligence war, the cannibalistic typewriters), but you're no closer to understanding what went down than anyone else is.
There is a word for this, intellectual elite: incomprehensible. I know that it is the "I" word and that you're not supposed to say it in class or conversation, but that's what Naked Lunch is.
But, you know, what, it isn't just the intellectuals who do this.
It's everyone else, too. For more of my ranting and raving, go to see my review of The Sixth Sense at www.filmfrenzy.com .
That is, if you're not tired of hearing something that someone has needed to say for a long, long time.
Either way, stay away from Naked Lunch. Movies such as that will only confuse you. They will not entertain you and they will not enlighten you.
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Resolves #45
This project uses the standard GitHub mechanism for pull requests. See "GitHub: Contributing to a Project" for the basic information on how to fork the repository, create a pull request, etc.
Checklist before opening your PR to save time and avoid unnecessary back and forth:
All pull requests must be reviewed and approved by at least one owner before being accepted.
The documentation for this project is also stored in the repository, so we follow the same procedures for making changes to it. You may open issues against documentation, in the same way you would do for issues with the code. Documentation is important for new and future developers and users, so this is another vital part of any project. Details about design and implementation details should be added into the docs/design/ directory.


kafka manager
Resources
Brokers
Topics
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User-Defined Metrics
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--- notes: | Modifier classes and icons alter this component, see them in action in [vocab-list](/components.html#vocab-list). Classes: `-locked -unlockable -expanded` Icons: `.icon i-lock .icon i-unlocked .icon i-unlock` When used in review summary, `.readingset` is a link not a div! ---


WITNESS LIST County Affairs Committee April 25, 2001-8:00A HB 1318 For: DeLord, Ron (CLEAT) Gonzales, James (Travis County Sheriffs Officers Association) Richards, Dan T. (Self and Travis County Sheriff Margo L. Frasier) Whitehead, Richard (Travis County Sheriff's Officers Association) Against: Lee, Donald (Texas Conference of Urban Counties) HB 1666 For: Barrera, Humberto Rios (Mexican American Sheriff's Organization Harris County) Berry, Tyrone S. (Self and Constable Victor Trevino, Harris County Precinct # 6) Black, Todd (Self) Christensen, Ed (Harris County Deputies Organization) Freeman, Gary (Self) Gonsarlin, Samuel (Harris County Deputies Organization) Hazel, Eddie (Self) Jolly, Stan (Harris County Deputy Organization) Padilla, Terry J. (Harris County Deputies' Organization) Rivera, Alberto (Board Representative Mexican American Sheriff's Organization) Springer, Burt (Harris County Deputies' Organization) Against: Michna, Leroy C. (Glenn Cheek, Harris County Constable #5) On: Allison, Jim (County Judges & Commissioners Association of Texas) HB 2635 For: Padilla, Terry (Harris County Deputies' Organization) Springer, Burt (Harris County Deputies' Organization) Against: McWilliams, Don (Harris County Sheriff Tommy Thomas) HB 2708 For: Saucedo, Tony (Self and Deputy Sheriffs Association of Bexar County) Saucedo, Valentin (Self) Steward, Kenneth W. (Self) Against: Lee, Donald (Texas Conference of Urban Counties) Reynolds, John (Bexar County Sheriff) On: Mitchell, Seth (Bexar County Commissioners Court) HB 3320 For: Christensen, Ed (Harris County Deputies' Organization) Padilla, Terry (Harris County Deputies' Organization) Springer, Burt (Harris County Deputies' Organization) Against: McWilliams, Don (Harris County Sheriff Tommy Thomas) Smyth, Donald A. (Self and Harris County District Attorney's Office) HB 3683 For: Barrett, Andy (Coyote Crew Ranch, Ltd.)


Funding
- Continued development of ChEBI towards better usability for the systems biology
and metabolic modelling community. BBSRC; Bioinformatics and biological resources fund;
2013. £682,950.
(BB/K019783/1; Co-Investigator).
- Enriching Metabolic PATHwaY models with evidence from the literature (EMPATHY).
BBSRC; Responsive mode; 2014. £659,535.
(BB/M006891/1; Co-Investigator).
- Modelling and sensitivity analysis of metabolic networks in diabetic neuropathy.
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Interdisciplinary Projects in
Quantitative Biology; 2014. £46,798.
- Hackathon on Resources for Modelling in Biology 2014 (HARMONY 2014). BBSRC;
International workshops; 2014. £9047.
(BB/L026325/1; Co-Applicant).
- The relationship of clusters of gene expression associated with development in
childhood disease in the ageing adult. Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research
on Ageing (MICRA) Seedcorn Funding; 2014. £6000.
- Iron metabolism and its role in neurodegenerative disease. University of Manchester;
Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences Strategic Fund; 2013. £5200.
- Towards an integrated model of human metabolism, cell signalling and gene expression.
University of Manchester; Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences Strategic Fund;
2014. £4000.


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{% extends "vote/vote_base.html" %} {% load markup %} {% block post_header %} {% if last_measure_voted %}


As practice makes perfect, I cannot but make progress; each drawing one makes, each study one paints, is a step forward. Vincent Van Gogh


--- layout: post title: cream cheese brownies date: 2010-03-10 18:49:26.000000000 -05:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: - brownies - cookies tags: - cream cheese brownies meta: {} author: login: sophie email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Pika first_name: '' last_name: '' ---
need I say more?


Geovisual Web Applications - GIS Web Technologies - Data Services
Hello, my name is Benji Antolin! I started creating maps at Eastern Washington University (EWU) where I discovered that my hobby and admiration of maps and cartogrpahy could be translated into a career. After completing a Bachelor degree in Economics with Math and a certificate in GIS from EWU, I was hired by Oregon State Univerisity (OSU) Extension as a Faculty Research Assistant specializing in GIS and Data analytics and processing.
As a Faculty member of OSU I have had opportunity to utilize graduate level courses to advance my professional skill set. I have always been interested in dynamic and interactive maps and have had the opportunity to study and work along side Geovisualization Professor, Bo Zhao, in Wep Mapping and Geovisual Analytics. Through my experience, I have been trained to use HTML, CSS, Javascript and Javascripts libraries to build interactive geovisual web applications using open source tools.
As a professional, I strive to create customized web applications to fit stakeholders needs. If you have a dataset or multiple datasets that you would like visualized on a geovisual web platform, I can provide ongoing consultations, maintenance, and updates.
| Title | Employer | Start | End | Primary Duties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Faculty Research Assistant (GIS & Data Analyst) |
Oregon State University: Extension Admin: The Rural Communities Explorer |
Aug. 2017 | Present | - Geovisual Web Application Development - Web map consultation - GIS data processing - Ad-Hoc map and web map production - Database management, processing, and visualization - Research |
|
Cartographer (Geovisual Web Applications) |
Oregon State University: Cartography and Geovisualization Lab |
Jan. 2019 | Sept. 2019 | - Geovisual Web Application Development - GIS data processing - Web map consultation - Research new and emerging GIS web technologies |
|
Research Asisstant (GIS & Data Analyst)
|
Eastern Washington University: Institiute for Public Policy and Economic Anaysis |
May. 2016 | June. 2017 | - Database management, processing, and visualization - Ad-Hoc map production - Assist in statistical analysis - Execute data retrieval, manipulation, database upload |
| Teaching Assistant | Sept. 2015 | May. 2016 | - Provide support for Economic professors by assembling datasets and assisting in analysis. - Assist professors with class materials, grading, and proctoring exams - Tutor students in economics concepts, models, andmaterial presented in class |


Anyone using this on 120/60Hz? Any caveats?
One other question, is it possible to expand the system to handle more CT's? Similar to a Branch Circuit Monitor.
Thanks in advance!
Archived Forum |
|
Interested in using the Open EnergyMonitor in CanadaSubmitted by Guest on Fri, 09/11/2012 - 15:06Anyone using this on 120/60Hz? Any caveats? One other question, is it possible to expand the system to handle more CT's? Similar to a Branch Circuit Monitor. Thanks in advance! » |
Re: Interested in using the Open EnergyMonitor in Canada
Hello Tyrone,
As far as I know, this general system has been successfully used on your supply system (though whether in USA or Canada I can't remember now). You'll obviously need to recalculate the various fiddle factors for 120 V, and of course if you use a voltage monitor, that will need to be 120 V also. As far as I know, there is no problem with running at 60 Hz. But please remember this is a UK site and we tend to assume 240 V 50 Hz, so bear that in mind. I think there's enough explanation in the 'Building Blocks' section of this website, but don't be afraid to ask if anything is unclear.
The standard emonTx handles 3 c.t's. One user has recently posted about a 3-phase system with 3 stacked emonTx's (9 c.t's in total, though I think his design could be simplified to single phase).
One slight complication that you might need to think about: is your supply what I would describe as 2-phase, i.e. centre tapped 120 - 0 - 120 V? If it is, then you need to take that into account. A search of the forums should throw up a discussion about that - about March this year I think it was.
Re: Interested in using the Open EnergyMonitor in Canada
Thanks for the prompt response Robert!
I'll order the hardware right now and get ready for quite an adventure... :)
I'll spend some more time on the forums reading as much as I can while I wait for the hardware.
Thanks again.
Re: Interested in using the Open EnergyMonitor in Canada
Hey, I just put together a system here in Maui, using 2 CT's on the two phases coming into my North American style two phase electrical panel. Just had to setup a special feed in emoncms to add the two power readings together, so far so good! I used a 120 to 9 V adapter from Digikey, and skipped the rf stuff - I just have an Arduino with some perfboard for the CT analog input circuitry, and an old eeepc collecting the data directly from the Arduino via USB.
So far so good, only problem is the public dashboard on Emoncms isn't working, but I hope to figure that one out soon.
Let me know if you have any q's.
Wade


Discrete Mathematics
Mathematics can be broadly classified into two categories −
1. Continuous Mathematics − It is based upon continuous number line or the real numbers. It is characterized by the fact that between any two numbers, there are almost always an infinite set of numbers. For example, a function in continuous mathematics can be plotted in a smooth curve without breaks.
2. Discrete Mathematics − It involves distinct values; i.e. between any two points, there are a countable number of points. For example, if we have a finite set of objects, the function can be defined as a list of ordered pairs having these objects, and can be presented as a complete list of those pairs.
the following topics in Discrete Mathematics-
1. Sets, Relations and Functions
2. Mathematical Logic
3. Group theory
4. Counting Theory
5. Probability
6. Mathematical Induction and Recurrence Relations
7. Graph Theory
8. Trees
9. Boolean Algebra
View Content


from sympy.core.basic import Basic
from sympy import (sympify, eye, sin, cos, rot_axis1, rot_axis2,
rot_axis3, ImmutableMatrix as Matrix, Symbol)
from sympy.core.cache import cacheit
import sympy.vector
[docs]class Orienter(Basic):
"""
Super-class for all orienter classes.
"""
[docs] def rotation_matrix(self):
"""
The rotation matrix corresponding to this orienter
instance.
"""
return self._parent_orient
[docs]class AxisOrienter(Orienter):
"""
Class to denote an axis orienter.
"""
def __new__(cls, angle, axis):
if not isinstance(axis, sympy.vector.Vector):
raise TypeError("axis should be a Vector")
angle = sympify(angle)
obj = super(AxisOrienter, cls).__new__(cls, angle,
axis)
obj._angle = angle
obj._axis = axis
return obj
[docs] def __init__(self, angle, axis):
"""
Axis rotation is a rotation about an arbitrary axis by
some angle. The angle is supplied as a SymPy expr scalar, and
the axis is supplied as a Vector.
Parameters
==========
angle : Expr
The angle by which the new system is to be rotated
axis : Vector
The axis around which the rotation has to be performed
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.vector import CoordSysCartesian
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> q1 = symbols('q1')
>>> N = CoordSysCartesian('N')
>>> from sympy.vector import AxisOrienter
>>> orienter = AxisOrienter(q1, N.i + 2 * N.j)
>>> B = N.orient_new('B', (orienter, ))
"""
# Dummy initializer for docstrings
pass
@cacheit
[docs] def rotation_matrix(self, system):
"""
The rotation matrix corresponding to this orienter
instance.
Parameters
==========
system : CoordSysCartesian
The coordinate system wrt which the rotation matrix
is to be computed
"""
axis = sympy.vector.express(self.axis, system).normalize()
axis = axis.to_matrix(system)
theta = self.angle
parent_orient = ((eye(3) - axis * axis.T) * cos(theta) +
Matrix([[0, -axis[2], axis[1]],
[axis[2], 0, -axis[0]],
[-axis[1], axis[0], 0]]) * sin(theta) +
axis * axis.T)
parent_orient = parent_orient.T
return parent_orient
@property
def angle(self):
return self._angle
@property
def axis(self):
return self._axis
class ThreeAngleOrienter(Orienter):
"""
Super-class for Body and Space orienters.
"""
def __new__(cls, angle1, angle2, angle3, rot_order):
approved_orders = ('123', '231', '312', '132', '213',
'321', '121', '131', '212', '232',
'313', '323', '')
original_rot_order = rot_order
rot_order = str(rot_order).upper()
if not (len(rot_order) == 3):
raise TypeError('rot_order should be a str of length 3')
rot_order = [i.replace('X', '1') for i in rot_order]
rot_order = [i.replace('Y', '2') for i in rot_order]
rot_order = [i.replace('Z', '3') for i in rot_order]
rot_order = ''.join(rot_order)
if rot_order not in approved_orders:
raise TypeError('Invalid rot_type parameter')
a1 = int(rot_order[0])
a2 = int(rot_order[1])
a3 = int(rot_order[2])
angle1 = sympify(angle1)
angle2 = sympify(angle2)
angle3 = sympify(angle3)
if cls._in_order:
parent_orient = (_rot(a1, angle1) *
_rot(a2, angle2) *
_rot(a3, angle3))
else:
parent_orient = (_rot(a3, angle3) *
_rot(a2, angle2) *
_rot(a1, angle1))
parent_orient = parent_orient.T
obj = super(ThreeAngleOrienter, cls).__new__(
cls, angle1, angle2, angle3, Symbol(original_rot_order))
obj._angle1 = angle1
obj._angle2 = angle2
obj._angle3 = angle3
obj._rot_order = original_rot_order
obj._parent_orient = parent_orient
return obj
@property
def angle1(self):
return self._angle1
@property
def angle2(self):
return self._angle2
@property
def angle3(self):
return self._angle3
@property
def rot_order(self):
return self._rot_order
[docs]class BodyOrienter(ThreeAngleOrienter):
"""
Class to denote a body-orienter.
"""
_in_order = True
def __new__(cls, angle1, angle2, angle3, rot_order):
obj = ThreeAngleOrienter.__new__(cls, angle1, angle2, angle3,
rot_order)
return obj
[docs] def __init__(self, angle1, angle2, angle3, rot_order):
"""
Body orientation takes this coordinate system through three
successive simple rotations.
Body fixed rotations include both Euler Angles and
Tait-Bryan Angles, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_angles.
Parameters
==========
angle1, angle2, angle3 : Expr
Three successive angles to rotate the coordinate system by
rotation_order : string
String defining the order of axes for rotation
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.vector import CoordSysCartesian, BodyOrienter
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> q1, q2, q3 = symbols('q1 q2 q3')
>>> N = CoordSysCartesian('N')
A 'Body' fixed rotation is described by three angles and
three body-fixed rotation axes. To orient a coordinate system D
with respect to N, each sequential rotation is always about
the orthogonal unit vectors fixed to D. For example, a '123'
rotation will specify rotations about N.i, then D.j, then
D.k. (Initially, D.i is same as N.i)
Therefore,
>>> body_orienter = BodyOrienter(q1, q2, q3, '123')
>>> D = N.orient_new('D', (body_orienter, ))
is same as
>>> from sympy.vector import AxisOrienter
>>> axis_orienter1 = AxisOrienter(q1, N.i)
>>> D = N.orient_new('D', (axis_orienter1, ))
>>> axis_orienter2 = AxisOrienter(q2, D.j)
>>> D = D.orient_new('D', (axis_orienter2, ))
>>> axis_orienter3 = AxisOrienter(q3, D.k)
>>> D = D.orient_new('D', (axis_orienter3, ))
Acceptable rotation orders are of length 3, expressed in XYZ or
123, and cannot have a rotation about about an axis twice in a row.
>>> body_orienter1 = BodyOrienter(q1, q2, q3, '123')
>>> body_orienter2 = BodyOrienter(q1, q2, 0, 'ZXZ')
>>> body_orienter3 = BodyOrienter(0, 0, 0, 'XYX')
"""
# Dummy initializer for docstrings
pass
[docs]class SpaceOrienter(ThreeAngleOrienter):
"""
Class to denote a space-orienter.
"""
_in_order = False
def __new__(cls, angle1, angle2, angle3, rot_order):
obj = ThreeAngleOrienter.__new__(cls, angle1, angle2, angle3,
rot_order)
return obj
[docs] def __init__(self, angle1, angle2, angle3, rot_order):
"""
Space rotation is similar to Body rotation, but the rotations
are applied in the opposite order.
Parameters
==========
angle1, angle2, angle3 : Expr
Three successive angles to rotate the coordinate system by
rotation_order : string
String defining the order of axes for rotation
See Also
========
BodyOrienter : Orienter to orient systems wrt Euler angles.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.vector import CoordSysCartesian, SpaceOrienter
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> q1, q2, q3 = symbols('q1 q2 q3')
>>> N = CoordSysCartesian('N')
To orient a coordinate system D with respect to N, each
sequential rotation is always about N's orthogonal unit vectors.
For example, a '123' rotation will specify rotations about
N.i, then N.j, then N.k.
Therefore,
>>> space_orienter = SpaceOrienter(q1, q2, q3, '312')
>>> D = N.orient_new('D', (space_orienter, ))
is same as
>>> from sympy.vector import AxisOrienter
>>> axis_orienter1 = AxisOrienter(q1, N.i)
>>> B = N.orient_new('B', (axis_orienter1, ))
>>> axis_orienter2 = AxisOrienter(q2, N.j)
>>> C = B.orient_new('C', (axis_orienter2, ))
>>> axis_orienter3 = AxisOrienter(q3, N.k)
>>> D = C.orient_new('C', (axis_orienter3, ))
"""
# Dummy initializer for docstrings
pass
[docs]class QuaternionOrienter(Orienter):
"""
Class to denote a quaternion-orienter.
"""
def __new__(cls, q0, q1, q2, q3):
q0 = sympify(q0)
q1 = sympify(q1)
q2 = sympify(q2)
q3 = sympify(q3)
parent_orient = (Matrix([[q0 ** 2 + q1 ** 2 - q2 ** 2 -
q3 ** 2,
2 * (q1 * q2 - q0 * q3),
2 * (q0 * q2 + q1 * q3)],
[2 * (q1 * q2 + q0 * q3),
q0 ** 2 - q1 ** 2 +
q2 ** 2 - q3 ** 2,
2 * (q2 * q3 - q0 * q1)],
[2 * (q1 * q3 - q0 * q2),
2 * (q0 * q1 + q2 * q3),
q0 ** 2 - q1 ** 2 -
q2 ** 2 + q3 ** 2]]))
parent_orient = parent_orient.T
obj = super(QuaternionOrienter, cls).__new__(cls, q0, q1, q2, q3)
obj._q0 = q0
obj._q1 = q1
obj._q2 = q2
obj._q3 = q3
obj._parent_orient = parent_orient
return obj
[docs] def __init__(self, angle1, angle2, angle3, rot_order):
"""
Quaternion orientation orients the new CoordSysCartesian with
Quaternions, defined as a finite rotation about lambda, a unit
vector, by some amount theta.
This orientation is described by four parameters:
q0 = cos(theta/2)
q1 = lambda_x sin(theta/2)
q2 = lambda_y sin(theta/2)
q3 = lambda_z sin(theta/2)
Quaternion does not take in a rotation order.
Parameters
==========
q0, q1, q2, q3 : Expr
The quaternions to rotate the coordinate system by
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.vector import CoordSysCartesian
>>> from sympy import symbols
>>> q0, q1, q2, q3 = symbols('q0 q1 q2 q3')
>>> N = CoordSysCartesian('N')
>>> from sympy.vector import QuaternionOrienter
>>> q_orienter = QuaternionOrienter(q0, q1, q2, q3)
>>> B = N.orient_new('B', (q_orienter, ))
"""
# Dummy initializer for docstrings
pass
@property
def q0(self):
return self._q0
@property
def q1(self):
return self._q1
@property
def q2(self):
return self._q2
@property
def q3(self):
return self._q3
def _rot(axis, angle):
"""DCM for simple axis 1, 2 or 3 rotations. """
if axis == 1:
return Matrix(rot_axis1(angle).T)
elif axis == 2:
return Matrix(rot_axis2(angle).T)
elif axis == 3:
return Matrix(rot_axis3(angle).T)


Dragonback Mountains [ac33], mountain, in Oleg's Folly, wilderness
Last updated Turn #148
Dragonback Mountains [ac33], mountain, in Oleg's Folly, wilderness
------------------------------------------------------------------------
0: Garrison [hm8h], garrison, Pen, with ten workers guards Dragonback
0: Mountains [ac33].
Province controlled by Oleg's Refuge [g4z], castle, in Dragonback
Mountains [ae34]
Routes leaving Dragonback Mountains:
North, to Ocean [ab33], Crystal Sea, impassable
East, plain, to Wildhorse Plains [ac34], 7 days
Garrison [eg4t], garrison, uncontrolled, with ten workers
South, mountain, to Dragonback Mountains [ad33], 10 days
Garrison [al1u], garrison, uncontrolled, with ten peasants
West, to Ocean [ac32], Crystal Sea, impassable
Seen here:
Garrison [hm8h], garrison, uncontrolled, with ten workers
Stack of nazgul [en7q], nazgul, number: 4
Stack of cyclops [gg8j], cyclops, number: 18


Q: What's the most common cause of blindness among J programmers?
A: Conjunctivitis.
In the early weeks, complex tacit definitions are torturous to write and next-to-impossible to read; blurred vision and sleepless nights are the occupational hazard of the programmer who dives into tacit J. If a co-worker is banging into doors as he stumbles to refill his tankard of coffee, here's how to check him out: hold up three fingers and ask him how many he sees. If he says "three", he's merely fallen in love or is working to a deadline, and he will recover. But if he replies "I see a list of 3 items each of which is a finger", you can expect to start receiving emails that look like they've been encrypted.
You can offer as a temporary palliative J's mechanism for converting an explicit verb-definition to a tacit one. You request the conversion by using a left operand to : of 13 instead of 3 or 4 .
9!:3 (5) NB. Do this once to select simplified display
3 : 'x - y'
3 : 'x-y'
We defined a verb, and since we didn't assign it to anything, we see its value, which is just what we defined it to be.
13 : 'x - y'
-
by using 13 instead of 3, we ask the interpreter to try to find a tacit equivalent, which it did.
Here is another way to define the verb enclose from the previous chapter:
13 : '(>{.x) , y , (>{:x)'
([:
> [: {. [) , ] , [: > [: {: [
The interpreter likes to use [: in its tacit definitions. Note that you use 13 : to get an equivalent for both monadic and dyadic verbs; there is no 14 : .
I recommend that you use 13 : as your first choice for defining tacit verbs. It will find all tacit equivalents that can be generated systematically, and the explicit definition is much easier to read than a tacit definition. You will still have to use your tacit-definition skills for irregular cases, such as
13 : '+:^:x y'
4 : '+:^:x y'
If x or y is used as an operand to a conjunction, as in this example, the tacit converter is not going to be able to make a tacit equivalent. The result of 13 : is still a verb performing the requested function, but it is an explicit definition rather than a tacit one. Note that the interpreter saw that the definition contained a reference to x, so it made the verb a dyad.
2 (13 : '+:^:x y') 3
12
This verb applies monad +: to y, x times. Knowing about u^:v, you might find the tacit equivalent +:@]^:[ :
2 (+:@]^:[) 3
12
Assignments in 13 : Tacit Definitions
The verb in 13 : must be only one line long, and tacit definitions cannot include assignments; but for a special form the interpreter will allow a use of assignment to give the effect of a multi-line verb. An example is our old friend mean :
13 : '(s % t) [ s =. +/ y [ t =. #y'
+/ % #
Clever, eh? y [ t has the result y no matter what t is, so the interpreter recognizes the assignment to t as the creation of a temporary variable, and it substitutes the definition later in the expression when t is encountered. You may have any number of assigments lined up like this.
Special Verb-Forms Used in Tacit Definitions
It is impossible for a tacitly-defined verb to route one of its operands to an operand of a modifier inside the verb. For example, if we want a verb to set element x of y to 0, we can try
13 : '0 x} y'
4 : '0 x}y'
but we see that the converter was unable to find a tacit form.
Some modifiers have exotic forms that circumvent this problem. One such is the adverb } which supports the form x value`selector`operand} y . This produces the same result as (x value y) (x selector y)} (x operand y) so we could write
a =. 13 : 'x 0:`[`]} y'
a
0:`[`]}
3 a 9 7 5 3 1
9 7 5 0 1
Other such forms are x m&v y and x u&n y which are equivalent to m&v^:x y and u&n^:x y respectively.


Measles epidemic in Samoa claims the lives of 24 children, scores more sickened
WELLINGTON, New Zealand (AP) - Authorities say a measles epidemic sweeping through Samoa continues to worsen with the death toll rising to 25, all but one of them young children.
The government of the South Pacific nation said Monday that more than 140 new cases of people contracting the virus have been recorded within the past day, bringing the total to about 2,200 cases since the outbreak began last month.
Samoa declared a state of emergency nine days ago, closing all its schools, banning children from public gatherings and mandating that everybody get vaccinated.
According to the government figures, those who have died include 24 children under the age of 5, 11 of whom were infants under 12 months. The other person who died was in their 30s.
Samoa has low immunization rates.
Copyright 2019 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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BuildingCommons Configuration uses maven as its build tool. Any recent version of Maven should work. To build the Configuration jar, change into the directory where the source distribution resides and run "mvn install". This will compile the source and tests, run the tests, and then package the jar. The jar will also be copied into the local maven repository for use by other builds. According to the minimum Java version of Commons Configuration, this build requires a JDK 1.6 or higher. To build the web site run "mvn site". When it completes the web site will reside in the target/site directory and may be viewed by opening target/site/index.html. Note that due to a dependency to a maven reporting plugin, the build of the site requires JDK 1.7 or higher. Running Functional TestsTestWebdavConfigurationBuilder is a functional test that tests DefaultConfigurationBuilder with the configuration files stored in a WebDAV server. To run the test, execute the steps that follow
|


Spring Cloud Config Ajax Test (with BASIC Authentication)
Application Configuration Returned:
Spring Boot Ajax Test (without BASIC Authentication) example


Filter by
| Date Invested | Artist Name | # Tokens Invested | Total Gain/Loss | Total Tokens | Activity Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/29/1998 | Kayne West | 10 | +100 (+10%) | 1,000,000 | Sell |
| 12/11/2001 | Jay-Z | 50 | +10 (+1%) | 50,000 | Sell |
| 3/21/2008 | Muse | 20 | +10 (+10%) | 25,000 | Sell |
| 12/4/2011 | Flume | 10 | -100 (-10%) | 10,000 | Sell |
| 5/6/2015 | Eminem | 5 | -10 (-1%) | 5,000 | Sell |
| Transaction Date | Artist Name | # Tokens Transacted | Total Gain/Loss | Activity Type | Total Tokens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/29/1998 | Sublime | 10 | +100 (+10%) | Sold | 10,000 |
| 1/11/1999 | Jay-Z | 50 | +10 (+1%) | Contributed | 10,000 |
| 12/4/1999 | Spice Girls | 10 | -100 (-10%) | Sold | 100,000 |
| 2/6/2001 | Eminem | 5 | -10 (-1%) | Contributed | 100 |


Pong is one of the earliest arcade video games and the very first sports arcade video game. It depicts a table tennis sports game featuring simple two-dimensional graphics. The game was originally manufactured by Atari, which released it in 1972. Allan Alcorn created Pong as a training exercise assigned to him by Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell. Bushnell based the idea on an electronic ping-pong game included in the Magnavox Odyssey, which later resulted in a lawsuit against Atari. Surprised by the quality of Alcorn's work, Bushnell and Atari co-founder Ted Dabney decided to manufacture the game. Pong quickly became a success and is the first commercially successful arcade video game machine, which helped to establish the video game industry along with the first home console, the Magnavox Odyssey video game.
Soon after its release, several companies began producing games that copied Pong's gameplay, and eventually released new types of games. As a result, Atari encouraged its staff to produce more innovative games. The company released several sequels that built upon the original's gameplay by adding new features. During the 1975 Christmas season, Atari released a home version of Pong exclusively through Sears retail stores. It was also a commercial success and led to numerous copies. The game has been remade on numerous home and portable platforms following its release. Pong has been referenced and parodied in multiple television shows and video games, and has been a part of several video game and cultural exhibitions and programming challenges just like this one.
To move the top paddle, press the Q and W keyboard key for left and right respectively and to move the Bottom Paddle, hold down the LEFT and RIGHT arrow buttons for left and right respectively.


Microblog School Project this is the project
Part #1: Create a simple application for the management of a microblog.
Requirements:
- the administrator user can add new posts (a post consists of a title, date and time of publication, text of the post)
- the public (unregistered) user can read all the posts
Advanced level:
- provide the possibility of registration for public users
- registered public users can comment on posts
- comments can be read by all public users
Part #2: Watch the 2 videos of the lesson:
1 -->Implementation of the project provided on NetBeans
2 -->Using Postman to test the service
Download the Netbeans project from the link:
To use as an example to extend the Microblog project by implementing the following actions:
Read all POSTs:
- GET http://localhost:8080/Microblog/rest/posts
Read a post given his id:
- GET http://localhost:8080/Microblog/rest/posts/{id}
Enter a new POST:
- POST http://localhost:8080/Microblog/rest/posts
Passing the resource in JSON format in the leotard
Install Postman to test the serviceUseful online resources:
Part #3: Build a client to consume REST services:
-Generate a SPA application (Single Page Application) to consume the REST services realized in phase two of the Microblog project.
-Use as a reference the "managementStudentClient" project used during the lesson. To make it work it is necessary to download also the server project "manageStudentiClient".
-It is also possible to create a complete client via mobile application (Flutter) or with other client-side scripting language.
Below you'll find some of my recent work.


Munster are off to a new venue in Italy for some PRO14 action next February
by Online EditorsZebre are bringing PRO14 action to Milan after deciding to host their February 21 fixture with Munster as part of of a three-day rugby festival.
The soccer-mad northern Italian city was already set for a double dose of Six Nations action that weekend, with Italy’s under-20s taking on Scotland on the Saturday and their women’s team doing likewise on the Sunday.
But the weekend will now kick-off on the Friday at the 5,000-seat Giovanni Mari Stadium in Legnano with Johann van Graan’s Munster taking on Michael Bradley’s Zebre.
It’s new territory for the PRO14, visiting a city that hosted an All Blacks versus Italy Test match in November 2009 at the San Siro.
Zebre CEO Andrea Dalledonne said: “Playing a game in the context of Milan is for the Zebre Rugby Club and Italian rugby an important test.
(Continue reading below…)
“Despite the many difficulties of organising a match in a stadium away from Parma, it allows us to approach the most important Italian city and to show that rugby can return to being a sport that deserves the audience and attention that had in the past and that must return to have.
“I would like to thank the municipality of Legnano, the Parabiago Rugby and Rugbymeet for accepting this challenge. We know that we will be followed with great attention by the organising committee of the tournament and other important Italian and European cities.”
WATCH: RugbyPass goes behind the scenes at Zebre in the build-up to a pre-season match with local rivals Benetton


LIKE WATER FOR CHOCOLATE A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 1995 Steve Rhodes
RATING (0 TO ****): *** 1/2
LIKE WATER FOR CHOCOLATE is a wonderful, magical movie from Mexico. It is a tragedy of Shakespearean proportions. As I watched it, I keep thinking it reminded me of Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet and of Wager's opera Gotterdammerung.
The basic plot of the story is that there is a family in Mexico during the early part of this century where they have always had a tradition that the youngest girl must take care of her mother and never marry until her mother dies. The movie is about the youngest daughter.  The young girl falls in love with a boy, but her mother says she can not marry him and so he marries the girl's sister instead.
Within the confines of the basic plot setup is the heart of the movie. The youngest girl learns how to do a sort of magic with food. Try to imagine what she does. You will not be near as imaginative as the author (Laura Esquivel) was. I can only say: Wow! This food magic is the heart of the movie. I will not give any of it away, but I will say this. If your sweetheart seems to love cooking above all else and is extremely talented at it, then watch out!
The cinematography (Steve Bernstein and Emmanuel Lubezki) and the set decoration are very moving. It is set on a ranch. Even the outhouses, outdoor sleeping areas, and bathtubs play key roles. Most of the action however happens in the kitchen and the dinning room. Watch the lighting especially. The nights scenes are all candlelit and have a wonderful dark radiant glow. The day scenes inside have the natural light pouring in with a different beautiful lighting effect.
The director (Alfonso Arau) knew exactly what he wanted to do and did it flawlessly. The casting of the lead girl (Lumi Cavazos) and the bitter mother (Regina Torne) was perfect. I liked the way the girl was kind of cute but mainly homely. Her acting was just about perfect. The mother's was as well. Very easy to hate the mother. I thought the acting of the guy (Marco Leonardi) she falls in love was minimal. He seemed to be relying on his good looks to carry his part.
LIKE WATER FOR CHOCOLATE is in Spanish with easy to follow English subtitles. The movie is a short 1:53. It is rated R for a few scenes of full nudity of both sexes, but I think PG-13 would have been more appropriate. I think it would be an excellent show for teenagers to see. Oh yes, the ending is excellent. I recommend you see it and have no trouble awarding it *** 1/2.
**** = One of the top few films of this or any year. A must see film. *** = Excellent show. Look for it. ** = Average movie. Kind of enjoyable. * = Poor show.  Totally unbearable.
REVIEWED WRITTEN ON: July 14, 1994
Opinions expressed are mine and not meant to reflect my employer's.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


--- layout: default title: PostgreSQL JDBC Contributors resource: /media nav: / --- {% include submenu_community.html %}
Please do not contact the maintainers directly unless you have a specific need to contact just them. Please use the Github discussions if at all possible.
The original JDBC driver was written by Adrian Hall. Peter Mount and Barry Lind have maintained it in the past, but have since moved on to other things. We would also like to recognize the work previously done by the following
Most recent contributors can be found here


Jenna Dewan Apparently "Plans to Marry" Steve Kazee and Is "So in Love"
by Katherine J Igoe- Yesterday, reported by various outlets, Jenna Dewan was declared legally single from her now-ex Channing Tatum.
- Dewan, who's in a relationship and expecting a child with actor Steve Kazee, apparently "plans to marry" him and is "so in love."
- Dewan has been honest about her split from Tatum, saying she was "blindsided" by his new relationship and that she found out via the Internet (ouch).
Be still my Jenna-loving heart!! After it was just announced that Jenna Dewan and Channing Tatum have officially been declared single (they still have to work out their property assets and child custody, which I did not realize—the pair have both spoken publicly about their work to coparent effectively), a source tells E! News, "Jenna plans to marry Steve and is so in love with him. They have had many long and open talks about that and it's definitely the plan." Oh my God, I have been waiting for this news for ever—seriously, I've been analyzing her ring finger for signs of an engagement.
The source added, "What matters most though is that she and Steve are fully committed and so excited to have a baby and grow their family. She knows they will be engaged and married soon enough."
Neither Dewan nor Tatum have commented officially about their divorce being semi-finalized. If you remember, they separated in April 2018 and started divorce proceedings that October, and both have moved on since (Tatum is currently with Jessie J). The split broke people's hearts, mine included, but the two seem to be in a good place.
The last time Dewan posted about Kazee was three weeks ago to wish him a happy birthday, and the caption is just so cute I might melt into the floor right here and now:
So, you know, they're the perfect couple. Casual!
For more stories like this, including celebrity news, beauty and fashion advice, savvy political commentary, and fascinating features, sign up for the Marie Claire newsletter.


Azat Badretdinov, Ph.D.
New Hollywood product The Siege started this weekend in many theaters across the USA. The plot of this movie, as well as several other Hollywood movies (i.e. True Lies), is based on the issue of Arabic terrorism. Because of the trend in American industry to depict Arabs as fanatic terrorists, this movie received negative evaluation from several Muslim and non-Muslim American Organizations, which called up to boycott this movie. In order to decide myself I went to see The Siege last Saturday afternoon.
Review.
First scenes took place somewhere in the Middle East in the desert with violent CIA kidnapping of a sheik (presumably a leader of one of the Arabic guerilla groups). After that action is transfered to New York City and stays there for the rest of the movie.
Main characters include ?main-good-guy? - one of FBI chief officers (Denzel Washington), ?controversial-but-good-guy-must-die-in-the-end? - CIA operational officer (Annette Bening), ?main-bad-guy-must-die-in-the-end? - her lover Palestinian fighter Sarik, ?auxilliary-good-guy? - Lebanese-American FBI officer (Tony Shalhoub), ?stupid-good-guy? - army general (Bruce Willis, who degraded now to supporting character roles). Most of the time those characters verbally confront each other delivering standard Hollywood dialog lines with a slight percentage of action montage which was shot at a technical level somewhere between shooting the train of Lumiere brothers and Soviet action movies.
First New-York based scene - Arabic-sounding music over panoramic view of Manhattan canyons - leaves the audience in a quite a dismay. It is strange because, as we all know, and as it is also shown later in the movie, Muslim Middle East population in New-York City is mainly Brooklyn-based. Muslims of Manhattan live in Harlem and South Bronx, belong mainly to the Nation of Islam and have nothing to do with either Sunnis or Shiah or ?Arabic terrorism?.
Then follows quite standard Hollywood disaster escalation: warning bombing with the blue paint in the bus (there is quite elaborated and plain stupid discussion why the paint is blue and not green) - explosion of a city bus in Brooklyn - Broadway movie theater (where was a police, which should be immediately mobilized to control all the public places) - FBI building in New York City (certainly not a landmark, because it is first time I heard of it).
The standard Hollywood trick - FBI vs CIA - is developed in this movie ad absurdum - during whole movie the main obstacle in the investigation is not a sophistication of terrorist conspiracy, but a stupid opportunism of the CIA officer who is covering her lover - Palestinian guy, sponsoring J-1 visas (which is simply impossible - by rules of INS there should be an ORGANIZATION sponsoring them) used later by terrorists.
Just note - this naive CIA officer sponsored a suicide-terrorist - who was never arrested (except brief detention) not only in the first half of the movie, but even when the whole Muslim Middle East population was apprehended and incarcerated to a stadium (it is quite strange that in the following demonstrations there were no participating Yankee fans demanding their stadium back). High-ranked FBI agent could not save his son from detention, but CIA agent could hide her lover - clue figure in investigation as every character in the movie knows - until the very end of the movie!
 I never saw such a bad actor in major Hollywood movie. Besides the fact that he drinks wine (is not he supposed to be a Muslim fanatic?) with his CIA lover, his face knows only one very artificially looking expression of self-confident arrogance and the lines he delivers is always plain political message.
Poor Annette Bening (?controversial-but-good-guy-must-die-in-the-end?)! The supporting stuff of the movie had really bent over to mutilate her face, haircut and clothes. They made her so disgusting, that I refuse completely to understand why all the good and bad guys in the movie are so sexually attracted to her. Is it a new kind of perversion to fall in love with a woman dressed like a bum? The only explanation I have is that the director was afraid that people will cry rivers of tears when she dies in the end. Well, he certainly overshot - her death left the audience absolutely unemotional (probably, because of the strange twist in director's mind - he decided that the last words she should say should be 'inshallah' - which means 'if God will permit', which is by itself has nothing to do with the situation and it is strange for a CIA officer so fluent in Arabic).
There were quite a few moments that made the audience to react - a couple of ordinary jokes made by Lebanese FBIer caused a couple of laughing bursts in the audience.
Summarizing, this movie is very weak even at Hollywood standards. I would disagree with both views: that The Siege is against white-and-black view of Muslims (as the creators claim) and that it hurts Muslims (as Muslim groups claim) simply because it is so vanilla stupid that I am really surprised that it made $14M during its first weekend.
Indeed, American audience is attracted by bad reviews like a naive teenager is attracted to bad guys.
P.S. There was a moment that touched me personally only in the evening when I returned home. During Al-Fatiha (most favourite and popular Muslim prayer) I suddenly remembered with sheer poignancy one moment in the movie - when the only apprehended member of one of the terrorist groups (about half a dozen of other ?bad guys? died during suicide explosions, massive killing in a gas station and in the Brooklyn apartment) was delivering the same words that every Muslim pronounces at least 10 times a day. He said ?[Allah], lead us by the straight path, not the path of those who went astray? just before he was brutally tortured, killed and sent to heaven by USA army general (Bruce Willis). Since this guy appeared only first time in this movie, apparently he was punished for praying.
-----------== Posted via Deja News, The Discussion Network ==---------- http://www.dejanews.com/ Search, Read, Discuss, or Start Your Own
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


The GitHub dashboard is the screen that you will default to when you are logged into GitHub.
From the dashboard you can view updates from repositories that you follow.
You can also jump to repositories that you contribute to or your local repositories.


Easily manage your company, customer, order, inventory. Many tools integrated that make you feel more happy with your business


Below is an example of a dictionary that maps the names of dogs to their breed. Create a function called get_breed
that takes a dictionary like this and the name of a dog (a string), and returns a string combining that dog's breed and name (e.g., "Callie is a Pitbull"
. If the dog isn't in the dictionary, return "No dog"
. Call your function twice to test it and print the result: once with a name in the dictionary and once with a name not in the dictionary.
This program requires us to write a function that uses a dictionary, along with the name of a dog. If the name isn't in the dictionary, the function should return a special string. Otherwise, it'll return a message involving a value from the dictionary and the name of the dog. Looking at this problem, we see that we'll probably need an if
statement, and we'll be accessing and testing fields within the dictionary. Finally, there appears to be some string concatenation.
After we formulate the problem, it is a good idea to think of some representative cases that we can test. By keeping these, we can run our code regularly and make sure we're on track.
Here is a simple, normal case where the string exists in the dictionary.
{% filter highlight_python_code(False) %} print(get_breed(my_dogs, "Callie")) # => "Callie is a Pitbull" {% endfilter %}A case where the string is not in the dictionary.
{% filter highlight_python_code(False) %} print(get_breed(my_dogs, "Klaus")) # => "No dog" {% endfilter %}A case where the string is not in the dictionary because the dictionary is empty.
{% filter highlight_python_code(False) %} print(get_breed({}, "Callie")) # => "No dog" {% endfilter %}Our function needs to be called get_breed
and take two parameters. The first holds the name/breed associations, so reasonable names would be things like name_breeds
, name_to_breeds
, breed_map
, etc. Notice that we're being more generic with these names, because this function is able to handle multiple name/breed maps, not just the example one.
The second parameter holds a string representing the name of a dog, so a simple choice is name
:
The problem establishes two conditions: the name is in the given dictionary, or it is not. Therefore, we will need an if
statement. We can test if a given key is in a dictionary using the in
keyword. When working with dictionaries, the expression k in dictionary
will evaluate to True if the value stored in k is a key in the dictionary. So to check if the dog called name
is stored in the dictionary name_breeds
, we write
If this expression is True, it is safe to get the dog's breed from the dictionary. We'll worry about how to do that later; for now, we'll leave the body of the If statement empty.
{% filter highlight_python_code(False) %} if name in name_breeds: ... {% endfilter %}Not every function with separate conditions does something in the "otherwise" case. But for this one, we are supposed to return a special value. If the name wasn't available, then the we simply return "No dog"
.
Now that we've made sure the name is in our dictionary, we can get the breed from the dictionary using the name. To do this, we use square brackets with the key we want to look up.
{% filter highlight_python_code(False) %} breed = name_breeds[name] {% endfilter %}Notice that the name
wasn't surrounded with quotes, because we are using the parameter instead of a string literal.
The problem requires us to return messages of the form "Callie is a Pitbull"
. This general template seems to be "[Name] is a [Breed]". We already retrieved the breed from the name, so this becomes a simple matter of string concatenation.
There were several other ways to complete this, but this string addition (including a string literal in the middle) was a particularly simple way. This expresion can now be returned.
{% filter highlight_python_code(False) %} return message {% endfilter %}Putting these pieces together, we get our final result, which passes the tests we wrote up-front!
{% filter highlight_python_code(True) %} # Solution def get_breed(name_breeds, name): if name in name_breeds: breed = name_breeds[name] message = name + " is a " + breed return message else: return "No dog" # Example Value my_dogs = { "Callie": "Pitbull", "Sasha": "Jack Russell", "Lexy": "Chihuahua", "Tiny": "Caucasian Shepherd", "Snowball": "Poodle"} # Tests print(get_breed(my_dogs, "Callie")) # => "Callie is a Pitbull" print(get_breed(my_dogs, "Klaus")) # => "No dog" print(get_breed({}, "Callie")) # => "No dog" {% endfilter %}


tiff - TIFF reading, writing, and querying and manipulation of meta data
This package provides commands to query, modify, read, and write TIFF images. TIFF stands for Tagged Image File Format and is a standard for lossless storage of photographical images and associated metadata. It is specified at http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/tiff/index.html.
Multiple images may be stored in a single TIFF file. The ?image? options to the functions in this package are for accessing images other than the first. Data in a TIFF image is stored as a series of tags having a numerical value, which are represented in either a 4 digit hexadecimal format or a string name. For a reference on defined tags and their meanings see http://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags.html
Returns a boolean value indicating if file is a TIFF image.
Returns either big or little. Throws an error if file is not a TIFF image.
Returns the number of images in file. Throws an error if file is not a TIFF image.
Returns the dimensions of image number ?image? in file as a list of the horizontal and vertical pixel count. Throws an error if file is not a TIFF image.
Returns a dictionary with keys ImageWidth, ImageLength, BitsPerSample, Compression, PhotometricInterpretation, ImageDescription, Orientation, XResolution, YResolution, ResolutionUnit, DateTime, Artist, and HostComputer. The values are the associated properties of the TIFF ?image? in file. Values may be empty if the associated tag is not present in the file.
puts [::tiff::imageInfo photo.tif] ImageWidth 686 ImageLength 1024 BitsPerSample {8 8 8} Compression 1 PhotometricInterpretation 2 ImageDescription {} Orientation 1 XResolution 170.667 YResolution 170.667 ResolutionUnit 2 DateTime {2005:12:28 19:44:45} Artist {} HostComputer {}
There is nothing special about these tags, this is simply a convience procedure which calls getEntry with common entries. Throws an error if file is not a TIFF image.
Returns a list of all entries in the given file and ?image? in hexadecimal format. Throws an error if file is not a TIFF image.
Returns the value of entry from image ?image? in the TIFF file. entry may be a list of multiple entries. If an entry does not exist, an empty string is returned
set data [::tiff::getEntry photo.tif {0131 0132}] puts "file was written at [lindex $data 0] with software [lindex $data 1]"
Throws an error if file is not a TIFF image.
Adds the specified entries to the image named by ?image? (default 0), or optionally all. entry must be a list where each element is a list of tag, type, and value. If a tag already exists, it is overwritten.
::tiff::addEntry photo.tif {{010e 2 "an example photo"} {013b 2 "Aaron F"}}
The data types are defined as follows
BYTE (8 bit unsigned integer)
ASCII
SHORT (16 bit unsigned integer)
LONG (32 bit unsigned integer)
RATIONAL
SBYTE (8 bit signed byte)
UNDEFINED (uninterpreted binary data)
SSHORT (signed 16 bit integer)
SLONG (signed 32 bit integer)
SRATIONAL
FLOAT (32 bit floating point number)
DOUBLE (64 bit floating point number)
Throws an error if file is not a TIFF image.
Deletes the specified entries from the image named by ?image? (default 0), or optionally all. Throws an error if file is not a TIFF image.
Returns the name of a Tk image containing the image at index ?image? from file Throws an error if file is not a TIFF image, or if image is an unsupported format. Supported formats are uncompressed 24 bit RGB and uncompressed 8 bit palette.
Writes the contents of the Tk image image to a tiff file file. Files are written in the 24 bit uncompressed format, with big endian byte order. Additional entries to be added to the image may be specified, in the same format as tiff::addEntry
Returns a list with names translated from string to 4 digit format. 4 digit names in the input are passed through unchanged. Strings without a defined tag name will throw an error.
Returns a list with tags translated from 4 digit to string format. If a tag does not have a defined name it is passed through unchanged.
Prints everything we know about the given file in a nice format.
The mapping of 4 digit tag names to string names uses the array ::tiff::tiff_tags. The reverse mapping uses the array ::tiff::tiff_sgat.
Cannot write exif ifd
Reading limited to uncompressed 8 bit rgb and 8 bit palletized images
Writing limited to uncompressed 8 bit rgb
This document, and the package it describes, will undoubtedly contain bugs and other problems. Please report such in the category tiff of the Tcllib Trackers. Please also report any ideas for enhancements you may have for either package and/or documentation.
When proposing code changes, please provide unified diffs, i.e the output of diff -u.
Note further that attachments are strongly preferred over inlined patches. Attachments can be made by going to the Edit form of the ticket immediately after its creation, and then using the left-most button in the secondary navigation bar.
File formats
Copyright © 2005-2006, Aaron Faupell <afaupell@users.sourceforge.net>


@import gospeak.core.domain.Cfp @import gospeak.web.domain.Breadcrumb @import gospeak.web.pages.orga.cfps.routes.CfpCtrl @import gospeak.web.pages.orga.partials.html.{cfpFields, container} @import gospeak.web.pages.partials.form.html._ @import gospeak.web.utils.OrgaReq @(cfp: Cfp, form: Form[Cfp.Data], redirect: Option[String])(b: Breadcrumb)(implicit req: OrgaReq[AnyContent]) @container(s"Edit ${cfp.name.value}", b)() { @formElt(form, CfpCtrl.doEdit(req.group.slug, cfp.slug, redirect)) {


Mr. Roboger's Neighborhood
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Enter a number
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Early Americans¶
Author: Britt Anderson
1 Stub¶
1.2 William James¶
<IP_ADDRESS> Ludwig Wittgenstein is one of the most famous philosophers of the 20th century.¶
<IP_ADDRESS>.1 What form of philosophy is he most strongly associated with?¶
<IP_ADDRESS>.1.1 Analytical philosophy


Snake
Score:
0
Game Over
press
space
to begin a
new game
settings
Settings
new game
Speed:
Slow
Normal
Fast
Wall:
On
Off
Snake
new game
settings


Thank you for your interest in joining the Abbastanza community! We are so grateful for your dedication to mental health and body positivity. We are looking for passionate college students willing to volunteer as unpaid Abbastanza ambassadors. Please fill out the application below to let us know you're interested. If you have any questions please send an email to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>We will get back to you shortly.


GLMs¶
Ordinary linear regression comes with several assumptions that can be relaxed with a more flexible model class: generalized linear models (GLMs). Specifically, OLS assumes
The target variable is a linear function of the input variables
The errors are Normally distributed
The variance of the errors is constant
When these assumptions are violated, GLMs might be the answer.
GLM Structure¶
A GLM consists of a link function and a random component. The random component identifies the distribution of the target variable \(y_n\) conditional on the input variables \(\bx_n\). For instance, we might model \(Y_n\) as a Poisson random variable where the rate parameter \(\lambda_n\) depends on \(\bx_n\).
The link function specifies how \(\bx_n\) relates to the expected value of the target variable, \(\mu_n = E(Y_n)\). Let \(\eta\) be a linear function of the input variables, i.e. \(\eta_n = \bbeta^\top \bx_n\) for some coefficients \(\bbeta\). We then chose a nonlinear link function to relate \(\mu\) to \(\eta\). For link function \(g\) we have
In a GLM, we calculate \(\eta\) before calculating \(\mu\), so we often work with the inverse of \(g\):
Note
Note that because \(\eta_n\) is a function of the data, it will vary for each observation (though the \(\beta\)s will not).
In total then, a GLM assumes
where \(F\) is some distribution with mean parameter \(\mu_n\).
Fitting a GLM¶
“Fitting” a GLM, like fitting ordinary linear regression, really consists of estimating the coefficients, \(\bbeta\). Once we know \(\bbeta\), we have \(\eta\). Once we have a link function, \(\eta\) gives us \(\mu\) through \(g^{-1}\). A GLM can be fit in these four steps:
Specify the distribution of \(Y_n\), indexed by its mean parameter \(\mu_n\).
Specify the link function \(\eta_n = g(\mu_n)\).
Identify a loss function. This is typically the negative log-likelihood.
Find the \(\bbetahat\) that minimize that loss function.
In general, we can write the log-likelihood across our observations for a GLM as follows.
This shows how the log-likelihood depends on \(\bbeta\), the parameters we want to estimate. To fit the GLM, we want to find the \(\bbetahat\) to maximize this log-likelihood.
Example: Poisson Regression¶
Step 1
Suppose we choose to model \(Y_n\) conditional on \(\bx_n\) as a Poisson random variable with rate parameter \(\lambda_n\):
Since the expected value of a Poisson random variable is its rate parameter, \(E(Y_n) = \mu_n = \lambda_n\).
Step 2
To determine the link function, let’s think in terms of its inverse, \(\lambda_n = g^{-1}(\eta_n)\). We know that \(\lambda_n\) must be non-negative and \(\eta_n\) could be anywhere in the reals since it is a linear function of \(\bx_n\). One function that works is
meaning
This is the “canonical link” function for Poisson regression. More on that here.
Step 3
Let’s derive the negative log-likelihood for the Poisson. Let \(\blambda = \begin{bmatrix} \lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_N\end{bmatrix}^\top\).
Math Note
The PMF for \(Z \sim \text{Pois}(\lambda)\) is
Now let’s get our loss function, the negative log-likelihood. Recall that this should be in terms of \(\bbeta\) rather than \(\blambda\) since \(\bbeta\) is what we control.
Step 4
We obtain \(\bbetahat\) by minimizing this loss function. Let’s take the derivative of the loss function with respect to \(\bbeta\).
Ideally, we would solve for \(\bbetahat\) by setting this gradient equal to 0. Unfortunately, there is no closed-form solution. Instead, we can approximate \(\bbetahat\) through gradient descent. This is done in the construction section.
Since gradient descent calculates this gradient a large number of times, it’s important to calculate it efficiently. Let’s see if we can clean this expression up. First recall that $\( \hat{y}_n = \hat{\lambda}_n = \exp(\bbetahat^\top \bx_n). \)$
The loss function can then be written as
Further, this can be written in matrix form as
where \(\hat{\by}\) is the vector of fitted values. Finally note that this vector can be calculated as
where the exponential function is applied element-wise to each observation.
Many other GLMs exist. One important example is logistic regression, the topic of the next chapter.