--- layout: page title: "About" description: "Over 80 Decades of Unity, Friendship, Leadership, Service" header-img: "img/fallicc2016.jpg" ---
The sisterhood of Sigma Omicron Pi was established at San Francisco State University in 1930 by ten Asian American women pursuing the interest of teaching. They chose the Greek letters of Σ, Ο and Π to represent themselves as the "Sisters of Pedagogy." At the advent of World War II, the organization was forced to become inactive. Since its inception, Sigma Omicron Pi has grown in membership with student chapters at:
• Beta Chapter, San Francisco State University • Gamma Chapter, San Jose State University • Delta Chapter, University of California, Davis • Epsilon Chapter, California State University, Sacramento • Zeta Chapter, University of California, Santa Cruz • Eta Chapter, University of Maryland • Theta Chapter, University of California, Irvine • Iota Chapter, Pennsylvania State University • Kappa Chapter, University of California, San Diego • Lambda Chapter, The Johns Hopkins University • Mu Chapter, University of California, Riverside • Nu Chapter, State University of New York, Binghamton
As strong women participating in various social, academic, and community activities, we maintain our objectives of unity, friendship, leadership, and community service established over 80 years ago. The purpose of ΣΟΠ is to promote unity, lifelong friendships, leadership, and community service. This organization offers women a supportive network of sisters to achieve academic and social growth. The sisterhood of ΣΟΠ provides an environment where sisters may utilize and develop their organizational skills.
Each one of our sisters has different interests and aspirations, yet we all share one common ground - ΣΟΠ. We have based our sisterhood on four objectives - UNITY, FRIENDSHIP, LEADERSHIP and SERVICE. In addition, ΣΟΠ has a tradition of lifelong friendship that has prevailed for over eight decades. We have over 1,000 alumni sisters across the country. Be apart of our long history. Make a difference in the Asian American community and experience the sisterhood


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{% extends "layout_bootstrap.html" %} {% set active_page = "/about" %} {% block content %}
Hello there! This is an application that allows users to follow the availability of certain items on Amazon.
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Submit your email and a link to an item on Amazon's website and we will update you twice a day as to the availability of the item. Thank you so much for checking out our app; we look forward to helping you during these uncertain times!
{% endblock %}


JavaScript evaluates expressions from left to right. Different sequences can produce different results:
JavaScript has dynamic types. This means that the same variable can be used to hold different data types:
Numbers can be written with, or without decimals:
Extra large or extra small numbers can be written with scientific (exponential) notation:
Array indexes are zero-based, which means the first item is [0].
The below is single object with different values for its varibales
The typeof operator returns the type of a variable or an expression.
Objects can be emptied by setting the value to null.


{% set pagetitle = "How to take
blood pressure" %}
{% set seq_length = 5 %}
{% set seq_position = 5 %}
{% set seq_llink = "How_to_take_blood_pressure4.html" %} ## set rlink equal to next page href
{% set seq_rlink = "javascript:;" %} ## set llink equal to previous page href
{% extends "templates.jinja/base.page-with-sequence.html" %}
{% block title %} Hesperian - Pregnancy & Birth{% endblock %}
{% block id %}How_to_take_blood_pressure5{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
6. Then open the valve just a little so that the air leaks out slowly. As the air leaks out, you will start to hear the mother's pulse through your stethoscope.
Notice where the needle or mercury is:


|
FLINT 0.9.8
Fortran Library for numerical INTegration of differential equations
|
StepSize Module. More...
Functions/Subroutines | |
| subroutine | stepsz0hairer (h, p, n, X0, Y0, F0, Sc, hSign, hMax, FCalls, pDiffEqSys, Params) |
| Subroutine for computing the starting step size using Hairer's algorithm. More... | |
| real(wp) function | stepszhairer (h, IsLastStepRejected, q, e, StepSzParams) |
| Pure function for computing the new step size using Hairer's algorithm. More... | |
Variables | |
| real(wp), parameter | sf = 0.9_WP |
| Safety factor. More... | |
| real(wp), parameter | sfmin = 0.333_WP |
| Minimum safety factor, so we dont decrease the step size too fast. More... | |
| real(wp), parameter | sfmax = 6.0_WP |
| Maximum safety factor, so we dont increase the step size too fast More... | |
| real(wp), parameter | hbyhoptold = 1.0e-4_WP |
| Lund stabilization PI control term (see Hairer's code) More... | |
StepSize Module.
This module provides procedures for step size computation.
| subroutine stepsize::stepsz0hairer | ( | real(wp), intent(out) | h, |
| integer, intent(in) | p, | ||
| integer, intent(in) | n, | ||
| real(wp), intent(in) | X0, | ||
| real(wp), dimension(n), intent(in) | Y0, | ||
| real(wp), dimension(n), intent(in) | F0, | ||
| real(wp), dimension(n), intent(in) | Sc, | ||
| real(wp), intent(in) | hSign, | ||
| real(wp), intent(in) | hMax, | ||
| integer, intent(out) | FCalls, | ||
| class(diffeqsys), intent(inout), pointer | pDiffEqSys, | ||
| real(wp), dimension(:), intent(in), optional | Params | ||
| ) |
Subroutine for computing the starting step size using Hairer's algorithm.
For details on the algorithm, see Hairer's book "Solving ODE I" or his code dop853.f at http://www.unige.ch/~hairer/prog/nonstiff/dop853.f.
| [out] | h | Computed step size |
| [in] | p | Order of the method, which is used to advance the integration. For example, for Dormand-Prince 8(7) ERK method, p=8. |
| [in] | n | dimension of the DiffEq system |
| [in] | x0 | Initial value of the independent variable |
| [in] | y0 | Initial condition |
| [in] | f0 | DiffEq Function evaluated at Y0 |
| [in] | sc | Error Scale factor |
| [in] | hsign | Must be either +1.0 or -1.0 depending on the forward or backward integration, respectively |
| [in] | hmax | Maximum allowed step size |
| [out] | fcalls | Number of Calls that this routine makes to DiffEq function "F" |
| [in,out] | pdiffeqsys | DiffEq system |
| [in] | params | Real parameter array to be passed to DEFunc |
In Hairer's dop853 code, he actually uses instead of as the power of for reasons unknown. He uses for his dop853.
Definition at line 50 of file StepSz.f90.
| real(wp) function stepsize::stepszhairer | ( | real(wp), intent(in) | h, |
| logical, intent(in) | IsLastStepRejected, | ||
| integer, intent(in) | q, | ||
| real(wp), intent(in) | e, | ||
| real(wp), dimension(6), intent(inout) | StepSzParams | ||
| ) |
Pure function for computing the new step size using Hairer's algorithm.
For details on the algorithm, see Hairer's book "Solving ODE I" or his code dop853.f at http://www.unige.ch/~hairer/prog/nonstiff/dop853.f.
| [in] | h | current step size |
| [in] | islaststeprejected | If true then the step size is decreased else increased. |
| [in] | q | q = min(p,phat) but Hairer uses q=8 in DOP853. |
| [in] | e | Error norm |
| [in,out] | stepszparams | Contains safety factor and Lund stabilization related parameters |
Definition at line 120 of file StepSz.f90.
References hbyhoptold, sf, sfmax, sfmin, and stepszhairer().
Referenced by stepszhairer().
| real(wp), parameter stepsize::hbyhoptold = 1.0e-4_WP |
Lund stabilization PI control term (see Hairer's code)
Definition at line 41 of file StepSz.f90.
Referenced by stepszhairer().
| real(wp), parameter stepsize::sf = 0.9_WP |
| real(wp), parameter stepsize::sfmax = 6.0_WP |
Maximum safety factor, so we dont increase the step size too fast
Definition at line 38 of file StepSz.f90.
Referenced by stepszhairer().
| real(wp), parameter stepsize::sfmin = 0.333_WP |
Minimum safety factor, so we dont decrease the step size too fast.
Definition at line 35 of file StepSz.f90.
Referenced by stepszhairer().


豫ICP备14029863号 OligoDesigner V1.0 probedesigner software
All rights received @{{thisyear}} Zhengzhou Kodia biotechnology Co., Ltd Privacy policy


[1]
blue ray!. 3D ready!. awesome!. free PSN. Awesome games; No Bluetooth:(. Thats it
[2]
Design, Graphics, Sound, Features, Blu-Ray disc player.; Lots of Glitches, no PS2 support.


gist
Codes for sharing to external websites.
Index:
the_law_of_large_numbers.html
- d3 line chart for the law of large numbers
normal_distribution.html
- d3 line chart for the normal_distribution
St_Petersburg_Paradox.html
- St.Petersburg Paradox game emulation to find the expectations
HTML5AudioAPI.html
- Simple audio visualization demo with HTML5 audio API and canvas
***
My music source comes from:
Epic, Bensound.com
Sad Day, Bensound.com
***
Image Reference:
http://www.morguefile.com/archive/display/627017


Printed
Thursday, May 01, 2008
After we got up I got on the computer and tried to enter my time. I had to call Janet about 3 times to finally get it entered correctly. I worked on the rabbit pens most of the morning in Bob’s garage. It was to cold to work outside on them. It snowed for a while this morning. Mae went to the Family History Center in Clearfield and worked on Brother Farr’s records. At noon she and Georgia went out to lunch. I went in to work and drove a Special Ed. Bus this afternoon. We had planned on going to the Temple at 5PM but Bob and Carroll bought a new love seat and I had to help get it in the house. We made the later session so was still able to go on one of our Stake assigned sessions. We took Mark with us this evening. I was tired this evening but really don’t want to go to bed. I got to work at Bryce’s tomorrow so I had better get some rest.
Friday, May 02, 2008
I had planned on going to Bryce and Deanna’s this morning but decided that I had to get the rabbit pens finished. I worked on them this morning and got the pens finished except for putting on some roofing which I will do later. With Mark’s help we took the pens to the back and put the rabbits in them. I ate dinner with Mae and then went to Bryce’s and worked until late. Even though it was late when I got home we stayed up and watched a John Wayne movie.
Saturday, May 03, 2008
I didn’t get to Bryce’s until 11AM as I planned on some irrigation changes for the garden and ordered the parts for Mark to pick up today. The sheetrock mud wasn’t completely dry so I worked on getting the back door installed and some electrical rewired. I came home and had to hurry to get ready for our evening Stake Conference meeting. After the meeting I took Mae out to eat at the Hello China. We came home and was going to watch a movie but I couldn’t get the Comcast to work.
Sunday, May 04, 2008
I went out and feed the rabbits and then came in and prepared breakfast of French toast. We attended the 10AM to 12 noon session of Stake Conference. It was held at our building and came to by satellite broadcast. Elder Gerald Lund of the Seventies conducted the meeting and was the first speaker. The Primary General President was the next speaker, followed by Elder Bitner spoke and the concluding speaker was President Iring. They were all excellent talks and I especially enjoyed President Iring’s talk about Prophets. We had a light lunch and then I took a nap. We went over to Jeff and Gail’s, taking dinner and all the makings. David and his family joined us. Noland family joined us after dinner. We had a good time visiting. It was 8:30PM when we got home. I wrote some in my personal history before we went to bed.
Monday, May 05, 2008
We slept in until 7:15AM and then I got up and got ready to go into the bus terminal for some Special Education Training. That finished at 11:30AM so I thought I would be able to get to Bryce’s a little early today. However Mark caught me and discussed the garden for a few minutes. When I hooked the trailer up the left turn signal light did not work. I found that the light was burned out but I had to replace the whole light as it was a sealed unit. Anyway it was 2:30PM before I got to Bryce’s. I worked until 7PM and came home. I took a shower and then we watched an old John Wayne movie before going to bed.
Tuesday, May 06, 2008
I really didn’t want to get up but finally did and after eating breakfast went to class at the bus terminal. After class I made an appointment with for my final interview before I can start driving as a substitute. When I got home Mae and Sandy had dinner cooking in the sun oven. This is the first time we have used the sun oven and it worked pretty good. After eating dinner I went over to the Health Clinic and got a new medical card for driving with a CDL. This card will have to be updated each year. I then filled my truck with natural gas before returning home. I started digging a trench to run a water line to the garden area. Brother Bodily called me and asked if I could install handicap bars in Sister Virginia Johnston’s shower this evening. Mae and I went over and visited with Brother Higley concerning Brother Farr’s Family History records. We decided that we will work out a system to number the file folders and have volunteers help verify the information against the Ancestral File. We then came back home and I got some tools and we went back to Sister Johnston’s and I installed the bars. Today haws been a busy day and I didn’t get all that I wanted to do done.
Wednesday, May 07, 2008
I went into the bus terminal and took my last class on Special Education training. After the class I met with Mishelle and she checked all my requirements and took me to Roberta who lined me up with Babe for an afternoon rout on Monday. I got home for lunch. Scott was there but Jeff was working a little longer so he didn’t get here in time to eat with us. Mae is tending Benji and Rachel this afternoon. I took my boat into Peterson Marina to have then service it for summer. I went to Bryce’s getting there at 2:45PM. I worked until 7:45PM getting the sheet rocking finished and the locks set for the back door. I showered and then was going to watch a show on Comcast but I got a call to make a bus run tomorrow. I filled out this entry and we went to bed.
Thursday, May 08, 2008
I woke with a dream that I had over slept and was late for this morning’s bus run. I went into the bathroom and felt that I was still ok on time so I read my scriptures. I then looked at my watch and I was already late leaving. I rushed into the kitchen and looked at the clocks. It was 1:30AM and I realized that I was looking at my watch upside down. I went back to bed but woke at 4:30AM. I got up and got ready and drove almost to the bus compound when I realized that I was 1 hour early so I returned home and slept in the recliner for a ½ hour. When I got to the compound I went to the dispatch and got a trip sheet. I was told that I should take bus 359 as bus 462 was down. I went to the parking lot and both busses were there. one of the drivers asked if I needed help and he said that I should take #359 so I pre-checked the bus and waited for my assistant to show. When she was late getting there I called the dispatch and the asked me why I was on bus #359 and I told them that was the bus I was told to take. They said I should be on bus #462 so I went there and the assistant was waiting so we got off. The run went well and we got to school about 10 minutes late. After I got home I entered my payroll information and then went outside and worked on the water line to the garden. I did get a short nap before I went back for the afternoon run. Mae went to the Family History Center and worked on Brother Farr’s Family History. She got home to get me off to work. It is a good thing that she did as when I fell asleep I really went out. This afternoon run went very well but it really surprised me to the distances we had to travel to return some children to their homes. I went from the bus compound into Peterson Marina and got my boat. On the way home I stopped at Gibby’s Floral and ordered flowers for Mae for Mothers Day. I also went over to J.B.’s and filled the truck and boat with gas so Randy and I can leave early in the morning to go fishing. Mae went to the book group this evening. Bob and Carroll invited me for dinner. After dinner I cleaned up the boat and installed the new mower blades on to the lawn mower. When I came in the house I entered my payroll for today’s time and finished this entry. We soon went to bed as I will be getting up early to go fishing.
Friday, May 09, 2008
I got up early so that Randy and I could go fishing. We took my boat and went up to East Canyon Reservoir, getting on the lake about 7:30AM. We had a good time and both caught our limit by 9:30AM. It started to rain just as we came into the dock. I was home by 12:30PM and cleaned the fish. Mae was at the Family History Center when I got home. Bob invited me up for some Lazona for lunch. I then came downstairs and took a nap. This evening Mae and I went over to Rick and Georgia’s where I cut up a tree stump for Rick. Rick gave me the siding, off of their shed that they took down, for me to side our shed. He and I then did some planning on a concrete slab for a new storage shed for them. Mae and Georgia bought some Sub-Way sandwiches for dinner and then we played a game of Rummy. It was midnight when Mae and I got home.
Saturday, May 10, 2008
We slept in and when I woke I remembered that I was to go to the chapel and help clean it up. Brother Higley called to see if I was going to help. I went over and there was only Brother Higley, Mark and Brother Graham there. I started helping and Brother Graham then had to go to a program in that his Grand-daughter was in. After we finished up I came home and help Mae set up for our family to come to. We had all of our family with the exceptions of Shellie and Roy’s family of course, then there was Mike’s David as he had to work, Shauna and Conner as Conner had his tonsils removed yesterday. Mishelle also had to stay home as she came down with a migraine headache. JaNae and Brad also brought their air jumping house and set it up. The children had a great time playing in it. They also used it to play Annie High Over which Scott leading the children in that game. Every one brought food and Mike brought several pizzas that they bought from Costco’s on the way up. It was a wonderful day of spending a good time with our family. Everyone helped clean up before they left but we were very tired and ready for bed when they all left. Mae received several books and gifts from our children and their companions. I bought her a dress a couple of weeks ago and I had a nice bouquet of flowers delivered to her.
Sunday, May 11, 2008
I got up in time to go to the Church and help set up the chairs. Again it was the same four that cleaned the building yesterday. Because of the Regional Conference last week we had Fast Sunday today. Bob prepared dinner for us and invited us up. This afternoon we put on the DVD of “The Sound of Music” that Becky gave Mae yesterday. Scott and Mishelle and the children came over for a few minutes so Mishelle could give Mae a gift. Mishelle still isn’t feeling the best but a little better that she was yesterday. This evening Shellie called Mae to wish her a Happy Mothers Day. I worked on my life stories for a couple of hours. I quit at 9:45PM and we went to bed.
Monday, May 12, 2008
I got up and went into the bus terminal and road Babe the driver of bus #411. We had a Jr. High pickup and a Elementary pickup. After the morning run I came home and we went to our class at the Family History Center in Ogden. We came home and I took a nap before going in and making the afternoon run on my own. I tried to fill the bus with fuel but I couldn’t get the pump to work. I finally went with out refueling until I returned. The only problem I had on the run is that I passed the one turn as the street sign was in such a location that I didn’t see it until it was too late to turn. One of the students made the comment that I was an old man and I guess he is right. This evening we read the Priesthood, Relief Society lesson for next week and then watched a show on TV. We started to watch a second show on Comcast but the language got rough so I turned it off. I filled out my journal before we went to bed.
Tuesday, May 13, 2008
I went into the bus shop for a meeting that was scheduled for substitute bus drivers and when I got there I was told that it had been canceled because of the great amount of drivers that are needed during these last few days of school. While I was there I put in some bids for field trip runs. I came home and added a few more bids. Mae and I went to the Davis County Animal Control center in Fruit Heights and bought a buck rabbit. They charged us $15.00 for the one we picked. We stopped on the way and priced a numbering stamp and bought some stickers for the control we need on Brother Farr’s Family History File folders. I got a call from the School bus shop asking if I could take an afternoon run today and also cover the routs tomorrow. I agreed to do it. Bob prepared a cabbage casserole for lunch. I made the bus run and then went over to Macy’s and bought two bags of Morning Moo milk. Mae had dinner ready when I returned home. At 7PM we went to the church house and taught some volunteers how to check the files of Brother Farr’s. Well! Mark went with us and Glenn Higley met us at the chapel. The four of us worked 2 ½ hours on ten files finding errors. Mae will now take them back to the Clearfield library and enter the corrections. It was after 10PM when we got to bed.
Wednesday, May 14, 2008
I went in at 7AM and ran the morning run for Alan. When I got home I repaired two sprinkler heads and made some plans to build a stand for the pen that Kip gave me when he gave me the rabbits. Scott and Jeff came over for lunch with us and we sure enjoyed that. I took a short nap before I went back for the afternoon run. When I got home I built the frame to hold the rabbit pen and we will keep the buck in it. Bob and I went Home Teaching this evening and were able to visit all of our families. I entered my time and filled out my journal entry for today. We are going to watch a movie on DVD before going to bed tonight.
Thursday, May 15, 2008
We slept in and then I went to Bryce and Deanna’s. I worked 7 hours getting the items that I was doing for them finished. This evening when I got home Mae had a nice dinner ready. While we ate we watched a show on Hallmark. We had seen most of it before but enjoyed it again. I got a call form the dispatch and they want me to drive tomorrow. I will be serving Clearfield High, Syracuse Jr. High and Sam Springs Elementary. I have never been to these schools not alone these routs. Oh well, new experiences.
Friday, May 16, 2008
It was a good experience driving this morning. I about missed the first student and he ran to catch me. he also helped me with the rest of the rout. After dropping the High School students at Clearfield High I started to get the students for Syracuse Jr. High. I passed Antelope drive realizing that I should have turned when I came to a R.R. crossing on an illegal for school bus’s to cross. However I couldn’t turn or back up so I crossed. I called the shop and was told to go up further were I could go around a block and then when I came back just before the crossing I should turn left and could go thru a new sub-division. However if I had continued another block south and then turned west I would have been where I needed to be any way. As it was I went back to Antelope, turned west and then turned one light to soon and got myself into another sub-division that I had to turn around in. in following the rout sheet I found that W. Gentile Street was detoured to where it block my rout to pickup a student. I called dispatch and Mishelle told me that it has been blocked for several months. I just told her that it didn’t say anything about it on my rout sheet and how was I to pickup the student. Another driver broke in and said they would let the bus through so I went down but the student wasn’t at the stop so I had to leave anyway. That cost me a few extra minutes. I made it to the 2nd pickup and then had a student direct me with the rest. I then picked up the grade school students and had s student help me there also. I was only five minutes late at the end of the run. I came home and got myself some lunch. Mae took Kylan and Ashley to Dinosaur Park in Ogden. My afternoon run went much better than this mornings run. I got some things ready to go to Sandi and Nick’s when Mae returns. Mae got here about 5:30PM and we loaded every thing and then took Kylan and Ashley home. Scott and Mishelle told us that they had gone into the Doctor who took an ultra sound and found that they are going to have twins. I think both Scott and Mishelle are in shock. We didn’t get to Sandi and Nick’s until 6:30PM. JaNae was there with her children and Chelci and Steve were there with their baby. It was neat that they wanted to be there if Mae and I were coming out. Nick had prepared spaghetti sauce and Sandi finished the dinner up. After eating we stayed up and played a game that Chelci and Steve taught us. it was a very enjoyable evening.
Saturday, May 17, 2008
Mae and Sandi had an appointment to have pedicures this morning at 7 AM. I slept in until 8 AM and then we I was ready Nick and I took the Bounce House out to Brad and JaNae’s. When we got back I cooked buiscuts and gravy and also trout. Nick had a bale game he had to referee this morning. I helped Sandi adjust their lawn sprinklers. We also talked over some ideas of their back yard. It was late when we left for home. We stopped and got a Sub-Way sandwich for lunch that we ate on the way home. We also stopped in Salt Lake and filled the pickup with natural gas. Mae trimmed the lawn when we got home. I lay down and took a short nap. This evening we played a game of canasta whit Bob and Carroll. Bob and I were in head and looked like we would win but the last hand Mae and Carroll really skunked us. I think that is 2 or 3 times they have beaten us in a roll. Mae gave me a hair cut, I then caught my journal up and we took showers before going to bed late.
Sunday, May 18, 2008
We woke in time for me to get to the Church house and help Brother Higley set up chairs. Mae and I ate some breakfast when I got back home. We enjoyed the Block meeting today. After returning home I fed the rabbits and then Bob invited us for dinner. He cooked some roast beef, potatoes and cauliflower for dinner. I took a nap this afternoon and was awaken by a telephone call from Jim Frazier. He just wanted to talk to us. I called Sister June Mecham in Firth Idaho and visited with her concerning the Family History records of Brother Farr. I had found her name on one of his sheets as the submitting the record to the Ancestral File. She did not know of Brother Farr or any relationship to the Farr’s or the Kimble’s. I enjoyed visiting with her for a few minutes anyway. We were going to go to Brother Farr’s and visit with him but I called first and his daughter said that he is sick. We will make it another time. I spent some time working on a score sheet and rules for the game that Chelci and Steve taught us Friday evening. Irven and Sandy came over and spent the evening with us. We ate a light super and then played the new game Bunches and Runs. After they went home I worked on more stories and today’s journal entry before we went to bed.
Monday, May 19, 2008
I woke about 5 AM wondering if the school was going to call me. I tried but just tossed. Mae had a dental appointment at 9AM so I got up also. I worked at Irven and Sandy’s installing their new dish washer. Before leaving I got their AC ready to use. Mae went into her appointment and found out that she needs over $3,000 worth of work done. She came home quite discouraged over it. She and I went into see Sister Johnston at the rehabilitative center. She is doing quite well and may be home by the end of the week. When we came home I got on the computer and tried to find out a bus schedule for my field trip run tomorrow. I finally went into the bus terminal and had them print it out. The day has sure gone by fast and I had hoped for time to take a nap but I think that is out. I played a couple of games on the computer before we went to bed. Mae called RaNae Barney and visited with her a few minutes.
Tuesday, May 20, 2008
We got up in time for me to eat and go to the bus terminal by 8AM. When I did the pre-trip inspection I found that the bus hadn’t been services on it schedule but was about 1200 miles over schedule. I checked with the shop foreman. He came out and looked at the bus and decided that I should take it on the field trip and would bring it in for service when I returned. I took the 6th grade classes from Oak Hills Elementary, in Bountiful, to Orem where they went to a park for lunch and then to the Orem Mall to see a display about Leonardo Deviance. It was a good experience for my first Field Trip. When I got home Mae went Visiting Teaching while I took a nap. Irven and Sandy took us out to eat at the Souper Salad in Riverdale for my pay for installing their dish washer yesterday. We worked on our computers for a little while and I called Roy and visited with him for a few minutes and before long it was time to got to bed.
Wednesday, May 21, 2008
This morning we got up in time for me to get to the bus terminal at 8AM. I was scheduled to drive bus #366 on a field trip. When I looked for the bus it was not there. I went to dispatch and was told to take #365. I got it pre-tripped and warmed up when a bus driver stopped and ask what I was going to do with #365. When I told her she said that she was scheduled to take it on a field trip in 5 minutes. We called dispatch and I was reassigned to bus #363 so I had to do a fast pre-inspection and go. I was running late but made it to Mountain View Elementary just before the students came out of the school. Bus #363 was lacking power so it was all I could do to get 64 MPH out of it. There were two buses taking this field trip so I was to follow bus #16. This morning there was question as to who was the supervising leader on my bus and no one had a map as to where we were going. The trip was to Wheeler Farm and the driver of #16 said to take the South exit of I-215 and go east to Exit 9. Bus #16 was faster and left before I did. I don’t think I ever did see #16 again going down. When I got of I-15 and on to I-215 I ask for help from a teacher. She said that she thought that we took Exit 9 but was not sure if I was to go north or south from there. I started south when we saw #16 going north so I quickly changed directions and followed it. The next intersection I saw #16 turn east so I followed. As I did one of the parents said they saw a sign that said Wheeler Farm to the west. To late so I followed #16 who stopped at a traffic signal. I had about 3 cars between us and as the light changed #16 pulled into a parking lot. Before I got through the light it changed again and I decided that I was not going to follow #16 but find some where else to go around the block and come back. That was a wise decision as #16 got himself in to a dead end and had trouble getting out. When we came back a teacher told me to turn at a sign that said Wheeler Farm but it was a wrong turn. It was a parking lot for an apartment complex. I had a mother get off the bus and guide me as I backed the bus to turn around. The next right turn got us to where we were going. It had been raining most to the time this morning but it let up shortly after we got to the farm. I waited at the bus and while waiting I swept the bus out. It was very dirty so I was a while cleaning it. The return trip went very well and we got back ok. After returning the bus I went shopping for some Alfa Alfa seed and some salt wheels for the rabbits. I then went to Home Depot and got a sheet of chip board. I was tired when I got home. I was surprised that Mae was home when I got there as I thought that she would be at David and Shauna’s tending children.  Mae fixed some dinner and then I took a nap. Mae had a Home Making meeting this evening. I watched a John Wayne movie and cleaned my fishing poles so they would be ready for Friday. Nike and I will go fishing Friday if the weather is good but from the weather report it doesn’t look to good. Mae will be going up to tend David’s children tomorrow so she went to bed early. I stayed us and made this journal entry and I think I will watch a show on TV. I stayed up and watched Charades with Carrie Grant and Audry Hepburn until mid-night.
Thursday, May 22, 2008
I woke about 5AM and found that Mae was already up. She woke about 4 and couldn’t sleep so she got up. She went up to David and Shauna’s to tend the children today. I went out and helped Mark rap the tomato plants so they wouldn’t freeze. I seem to have been busy all day but I don’t feel that I really accomplished that much. I got a letter for the School District that my medical card was about to expire so I took the card over to Mishelle and got that corrected. I also learned how to get my Field Trip sheets printed off. I stopped at Irven and Sandy’s to give them $10 of their money back for the flowers for the graves at Driggs as Mark will not be going up with Barbara. They had me keep it for the work I did for them. I have tried to get on the internet and find out more about shuttling RV’s but didn’t have much success. I did get my watch replaced at Wal-Mark because it filled with water while I was adjusting Sandi’s sprinkler system last Saturday. Mae got home about 6PM and stopped on her way and bought some dinner. After we ate we went up stairs where Brother Thompson came to make his Home Teaching Visit. We do enjoy having him come. We then watched the last of a show that was on Hall Mark channel. Mae and I then came downstairs. We were going to watch a movie but I couldn’t get Comcast to work on our bedroom set again so we just went to bed.
Friday, May 23, 2008
I woke quite discouraged just thinking of how things are going. Mae tried to cheer me up but before long I had her discouraged also. She got up as she is going to meet Pat Bradfield in Provo and spend some time with her. After reading my scriptures I decided that I would go to the Temple this morning. I helped Mae put windshield washer in her car and then fed the rabbits. Bob came out and told me that Comcast would be here shortly so I decided to wait for them. I got some breakfast and did a few things around the house. It was after 12:30PM before Comcast came but I was glad that I waited for we got it fixed and also got them to rewire the hook-up for the VHS so we can record shows. When that was finished I called Mae and she was on her way home so I took a nap and then when she got here we went together to the temple. I really felt the Spirit with me during the session and was especially glad that Mae was with me. We went to Best Buy and got a lot more capacity added to the RAM on my lap top computer. It works much better now. We decided to get something to eat so we went to Apple Bee’s and ate. When we got home we decided to watch a movie and I chose “The Greatest Story Ever Told” but I forgot to check how long it was. It lasted 3 ½ hours so we didn’t get to sleep until 2:30 AM. it was a very good movie.
Saturday, May 24, 2008
David called us at 8 AM to see if we wanted everyone to come to their place after we decorated the graves today. Mae made several calls and it looks like that is what we are going to do. I helped Bob grease and change the oil in the lawnmower. I also helped Mark with the garden and Mae had me get things ready to go to the cemetery. When we got to the cemetery Kim was there. David and his family had already been there and went up to the Porterville Cemetery. They soon came back but during the mean time Rick, Georgia, Lindsey and Justin, Lindsey’s fiancé got there. A little later Scott, Mishelle, Kylan and Ashley came. After visiting a little while there we were all invited to go to David and Shauna’s place. Jeff brought Benji and came up. David brought out hot dogs, sausages and hamburgers and we grilled them. Mae and others brought potato salad, other salads and deserts. After eating most everyone climbed the hill behind David’s. Mishelle didn’t because of her condition with pregnancy and I stayed back because I couldn’t find my hat and my legs were also hurting. I think not being able to find my hat was more of an excuse than anything. Before coming home Mae and I went over to Jim and Jeanenne’s and had Kim show us some of his pictures of the trip that he and Mysha just returned from. It was late when I we got home. I tried to get my computer up but it was coming up with to many errors and I was hurting to bad so I went to bed. Mae stayed up and took her shower before she came to bed.
Sunday, May 25, 2008
I am still hurting but got up and went over and helped set up chairs at the church. Mae had some breakfast ready when I got back. We ate and attended our meetings. After getting home Mae prepared a light lunch.  I tried to call Brother Farr but only got a recording. Later today Bishop called and said that Brother Farr passed away today. I took a nap this afternoon. Jeff came over about 3:30PM. He had gone into work trying to get some things caught up. He and I started a game of chess but he felt tight so we went out back and pitched a game of horse shoes. We played for quite a while but he finally won me by one point. Gail and the children arrived shortly after we finished the game. We never did get back to playing our chess game. I believe that I had the best position on him. Mae made a nice dinner for us. After eating, Mae and Gail stood Jeff and I in a game of Rook. We finally called the game at the end of one round and it left Gail and Mae winning by 10 points. They took the children home to put them to bed. Irven and Sandy came down and visited for a couple of hours. We went in with them and bought a half a box of paper at $2.50 per rim which is about ½ price from what they had been able to find. We cleaned up and I finished this entry before we went to bed.
Monday, May 26, 2008
I woke quite early concerned about Jeff and Gail. I woke with a better understanding of their problems but not knowing how to help. I went back to be and slept for a little longer. I prepared breakfast while Mae started washing and house work. After she mopped our floors she went upstairs and mopped their floors. I covered the pen that we have the buck in to get him out of the weather. It rained off and on all day. I had planed to rotavate a garden spot for Sister Fallis but the weather prevented that. I worked on the chain saws getting the one new saw put together and found that the one that I had let Bryce use has a blade that is completely dull. Mae and I planned on studding this evening for our Family Home Evening but Bob called and asked me to help him administer to Carroll. Bob asked me to seal the anointing and in doing so I could not give her a blessing of renewed health. I don’t know if it was my weakness or if it wasn’t to be. They then decided to take her to the hospital but she didn’t have the strength to walk to the car. I tried to get her to the car with the use of a walker but she was to week. We tried to find a wheel chair but were unable to. Bishop Smith came over and he and I picked up the chair with Carroll in it and carried her to the car. Bob drove her to the McKay Dee Hospital. Mae spent another hour upstairs cleaning cupboards and straightening up. Mae also worked on Family History for a while today.
Tuesday, May 27, 2008
Mae went up to David’s and tended the children while Shauna went to work. I drove a field trip of 6th graders from Centerville Elementary to the State Capital and back. Mark wants me to help him cut down some trees at Sister Olsen’s tomorrow. Mae got upset with me because I am doing so much. We tried to enjoy the evening by watching a movie but Mark call during the end of the movie and that caused problems.
Wednesday, May 28, 2008
I didn’t sleep very well last night and spent most of the night in the recliner. I moved our tent trailer out of the covering but found that the trailer had a flat tire. I removed the tire and had Bob take it to Big O’s before he went over to see Carroll. Mark and I went to Sister Olsen’s and started removing some trees. Bishop Knudsen came over and helped us with the project. We quite at noon for lunch and I went home and ate dinner with Scott and Mae. Jeff was busy at work and couldn’t take the time for lunch. After lunch Scott had left I took a nap and then went back on the project. We worked until after 4PM and then Mark and I stacked the wood that we had cut up into firewood. Mae cleaned Bob and Carroll’s house today, trimmed the yard, fixed lunch, went over and got my chain saw from the repair shop, and was blowing the side walks of when I came home. I suggested that we call for a home delivery for dinner but Mae had it about ready. We turned on the TV and watched the last of a Texas Ranger show and then watched a Mystery Woman series. Mae fell asleep before it finished. I entered this entry and took a shower before we went to bed.
Thursday, May 29, 2008
I woke before 6AM and got ready to go into the bus terminal so that I could take 9th graders from Syracuse Jr. High to Lagoon. There were 8 buses to taking all the students. Before we left the school Roberta called me and asks if I could just drop off my load and return so that I could take another route this afternoon. Many of the youth will stay and come back with other later this evening so we will not need 8 busses to return the students anyway. I came home and ate lunch with Mae. While home I did some searching on Goggle Earth for route maps. Mae has been busy doing house work both upstairs and downstairs this morning. She went over to the Clearfield Family History Center and got Brother Farr’s files. She also took the tire to our camp trailer to the shop to have it repaired. I got over to the shop at 1:37 PM for the bus routs. I started with Northridge High and then North Layton Jr. High and finished with Mountain View Elementary. I returned to the yard at 412 PM. When I got home I changed clothes and helped Mark take Bob pickup up to the Dumps and unload it. I had to hurry to change when I got home so that Mae and I could go to the viewing for Brother Farr. We went to the Lindquist Mortuary in Clearfield but no one was there. I guess the best we can say is that we tried. I got the boat ready to go in the morning and then came in. Mae got on the computer and did some on Family History. I got this entry typed and we went to bed.
Friday, May 30, 2008
I got up early and went fishing. I fueled the boat and pickup, and then met Nick at the parking lot at the mouth of Weber canyon. We went to David’s and got Tyler and then went to East Canyon reservoir. We had very good luck and all of us caught fish. Tyler caught the first one and also caught the largest one. We released quite a few fish just so we could continue fishing for a while longer. We left the lake before noon. We stopped at the gate and I bought a season pass. Tyler took two fish and Nick had me take the rest. He said that we could invite then out for breakfast one of these days. After getting home I went to Sister Fallis’s and rotovated her garden spot. I then went to Sister Olsen’s and helped Mark, Karin and Glen load the tree branches onto a trailer and tie them down. I was sure tired when I quite for the day. Mae and I watched a show on Comcast this evening. I sure love that girl.
Saturday, May 31, 2008
I didn’t get up until 6:30AM and I let Mae sleep until after 7AM. After eating breakfast I went over to Sister Olsen’s to help Mark and Glenn take the limbs to dump. When I got there they had already left so I got the lawn mower and went to Sister Fallis’s and mowed her back lot. I then mowed her lawn. From there I mowed our lawn. After lunch I took a nap and then went to Jeff’s mother-in-law’s and helped Jeff install some trim. I stopped on the way home and got natural gas for my truck. I was sure tired tonight so we had a light dinner, I then took a shower, entered this journal entry and we watched a show before going to bed.


The American goodies...
http://imageshack.us/a/img713/1715/jxsg.jpg
The Belgian beatdown...
http://imageshack.us/a/img600/1411/i7su.jpg
I don't even know what to say...simply an amazing collection of Wants, Forever Wants, and All-time Favorites! I'm pretty much speechless, so forgive me, but this is, without a doubt, the most amazing box of beer I've ever opened. This will provide many nights of enjoyment staying up late (maybe 8:30pm) with 1v1willwreku. Can't wait! Again, thank you, thank you, thank you. Again, a million thanks, njbeernerd!
Amazing community here; can't wait to see what the rest of this BIF looks like!
Last edited: Oct 17, 2013


Find out where you came from! You'd be surprised who your ancestors could be.
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nodejs - express - nginx - docker
A simple project created to allow for a quick start into nodejs
development.
Feel free to borrow this and make any additional edits, or
contributions.
While Docker Container is running, any changes to the files will reflect


The Euclidean plane is the set of all ordered pairs of real numbers; these n-tuples are usually considered as vectors with n components.
The symbol for this plane is R2.
It is a special case of a Euclidean space, having two dimensions.


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ZipInputStream is the basic class for reading zip entries in a zip file. It is possible to create a ZipInputStream object directly, passing the zip file name to the constructor, but more often than not the ZipInputStream will be obtained from a ZipFile (perhaps using the ZipFileSystem interface) object for a particular entry in the zip archive.
A ZipInputStream inherits IOExtras::AbstractInputStream in order to provide an IO-like interface for reading from a single zip entry. Beyond methods for mimicking an IO-object it contains the method #get_next_entry for iterating through the entries of an archive. #get_next_entry returns a ZipEntry object that describes the zip entry the ZipInputStream is currently reading from.
Example that creates a zip archive with ZipOutputStream and reads it back again with a ZipInputStream.
require 'zip/zip' Zip::ZipOutputStream::open("my.zip") { |io| io.put_next_entry("first_entry.txt") io.write "Hello world!" io.put_next_entry("adir/first_entry.txt") io.write "Hello again!" } Zip::ZipInputStream::open("my.zip") { |io| while (entry = io.get_next_entry) puts "Contents of #{entry.name}: '#{io.read}'" end }
java.util.zip.ZipInputStream is the original inspiration for this class.
Opens the indicated zip file. An exception is thrown if the specified offset in the specified filename is not a local zip entry header.
# File lib/zip/zip_input_stream.rb, line 49 def initialize(filename, offset = 0, io = nil) super() if (io.nil?) @archiveIO = ::File.open(filename, "rb") @archiveIO.seek(offset, IO::SEEK_SET) else @archiveIO = io end @decompressor = NullDecompressor.instance @currentEntry = nil end
Same as initialize but if a block is passed the opened stream is passed to the block and closed when the block returns.
# File lib/zip/zip_input_stream.rb, line 68 def ZipInputStream.open(filename) return new(filename) unless block_given? zio = new(filename) yield zio ensure zio.close if zio end
# File lib/zip/zip_input_stream.rb, line 77 def ZipInputStream.open_buffer(io) return new('',0,io) unless block_given? zio = new('',0,io) yield zio ensure zio.close if zio end
# File lib/zip/zip_input_stream.rb, line 61 def close @archiveIO.close end
# File lib/zip/zip_input_stream.rb, line 109 def eof @outputBuffer.empty? && @decompressor.eof end
Returns a ZipEntry object. It is necessary to call this method on a newly created ZipInputStream before reading from the first entry in the archive. Returns nil when there are no more entries.
# File lib/zip/zip_input_stream.rb, line 90 def get_next_entry<EMAIL_ADDRESS>IO::SEEK_SET) if @currentEntry open_entry end
Rewinds the stream to the beginning of the current entry
# File lib/zip/zip_input_stream.rb, line 96 def rewind return if @currentEntry.nil? @lineno = 0<EMAIL_ADDRESS>IO::SEEK_SET) open_entry end
Modeled after IO.sysread
# File lib/zip/zip_input_stream.rb, line 105 def sysread(numberOfBytes = nil, buf = nil) @decompressor.sysread(numberOfBytes, buf) end
# File lib/zip/zip_input_stream.rb, line 136 def input_finished? @decompressor.input_finished? end
# File lib/zip/zip_input_stream.rb, line 116 def open_entry @currentEntry = ZipEntry.read_local_entry(@archiveIO) if @currentEntry.nil? @decompressor = NullDecompressor.instance elsif @currentEntry.compression_method == ZipEntry::STORED @decompressor = PassThruDecompressor.new(@archiveIO, @currentEntry.size) elsif @currentEntry.compression_method == ZipEntry::DEFLATED @decompressor = Inflater.new(@archiveIO) else raise ZipCompressionMethodError, "Unsupported compression method<EMAIL_ADDRESS>end flush return @currentEntry end
# File lib/zip/zip_input_stream.rb, line 132 def produce_input @decompressor.produce_input end


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class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Lecture 06 ## Tradable Permits ### Ivan Rudik ### AEM 4510 --- exclude: true ```r if (!require("pacman")) install.packages("pacman") pacman::p_load( tidyverse, xaringanExtra, rlang, patchwork, nycflights13, tweetrmd, vembedr ) options(htmltools.dir.version = FALSE) knitr::opts_hooks$set(fig.callout = function(options) { if (options$fig.callout) { options$echo <- FALSE } knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE, fig.align="center") options }) ``` ``` ## Warning: 'xaringanExtra::style_panelset' is deprecated. ## Use 'style_panelset_tabs' instead. ## See help("Deprecated") ``` ``` ## Warning in style_panelset_tabs(...): The arguments to `syle_panelset()` changed ## in xaringanExtra 0.1.0. Please refer to the documentation to update your slides. ``` --- # Roadmap 1. How do tradable permit systems work in theory and in the real world? 2. What happens under a tradable permit system? --- class: inverse, center, middle name: tradable permits # Tradable permits

 --- # Tradable permits How do tradable permit systems work?1 .footnote[ 1 Tradable permit systems are also called cap and trade systems. ] -- First, recall a regular emission standard: we set `\(\bar{E}\)` at the point where MAC = MD -- This is easy with one firm, but what if we have several, or hundreds? --- # Optimal policy with multiple firms .pull-left[ ![taxes](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/multifirm-1.png) ] .pull-right[ Firm #2 is 'dirty': has higher MAC Firm #1 is 'clean': has lower MAC If we use a regular emission standard: it has to be firm-specific! Mandate `\(E^*_1\)` for 1 and `\(E^*_2\)` for 2 This requires .hi[a lot] of info and political capital on behalf of the regulator ] --- # Optimal policy with multiple firms .pull-left[ ![taxes](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/multi-tax-1.png) ] .pull-right[ Regulating multiple heterogeneous firms with a tax is easy: Since firms select MAC = `\(\tau\)`, as long as we set `\(\tau = MD\)` we can achieve the efficient outcome (MAC = MD) without knowing anything about the firms! ] --- # Optimal policy with multiple firms Taxes also achieve the .hi[cost-effective] outcome: achieving a given emission level at least-cost Let's see why -- Suppose we want to minimize the total cost of achieving emission level `\(\bar{E}\)` by abating across two different sources, plant 1 and plant 2 -- The plants have abatement cost functions: `\(C_1(E_1)\)` and `\(C_2(E_2)\)` -- Write down the regulator's problem --- # Optimal policy with multiple firms `$$\min_{E_1,E_2} C_1(E_1) + C_2(E_2) \,\,\,\, \text{subject to:} \, E_1 + E_2 = \bar{E}$$` Solve the constraint for `\(E_2 = \bar{E} - E_1\)` so we have a simpler problem: `$$\min_{E_1} C_1(E_1) + C_2(\bar{E} - E_1)$$` -- Take the first-order condition to find what is necessary for a cost minimum: `$$\frac{dC_1(E_1)}{d E_1} + \frac{dC_2(\bar{E} - E_1)}{d E_1} \times (-1) = 0$$` --- # Optimal policy with multiple firms This gives us: `$$\underbrace{-\frac{dC_1(E_1)}{d E_1}}_{\text{MAC}_1} = \underbrace{-\frac{dC_2(\bar{E} - E_1)}{d E_1}}_{\text{MAC}_2}$$` The marginal abatement costs across the sources must be equal at the cost-effective pollution level -- This is often called the .hi-blue[equimarginal principle] --- # Optimal policy with multiple firms Taxes .hi[always] achieve the equimarginal principle and get us the given amount of emission reductions at least-cost -- Why? -- We know firms optimally select MAC equal to the emission tax -- This means all firms' MACs are equal! -- Even if we don't set the tax equal to MD, whatever emission reduction we get will be as cheap as possible --- # Optimal policy with multiple firms .pull-left[ ![taxes](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/multi-tax-1.png) ] .pull-right[ The big problem is political feasibility Firms resist taxation because they have to pay a fine for each unit of emissions Tradable permit systems are a way to make emission standards flexible enough to handle heterogeneous firms ] --- # Tradable permit systems So how do these systems make standards more flexible? -- They allow firms to trade their emission allowances -- E.g. if firms are restricted to `\(\bar{E}_1\)` and `\(\bar{E}_2\)`, we can allow the firms to trade -- If firm 1 sells an allowance/permit to firm 2, their new restrictions are: `\(\bar{E}_1 - 1\)` and `\(\bar{E}_2 + 1\)` --- # Tradable permit systems: example The US Acid Rain Program is the classic example -- Permit = license to create 1 ton of SO2 -- Phase I (1995-2000): - 6.3 million permits issued per year - affected 263 generating units at 110 dirtiest power plants Phase II (2000+): - 9 million permits issued per year - affects all power plants over some minimum size --- # Tradable permit systems: example    --- # Tradable permit systems: example    --- # Tradable permit systems: example    --- # Tradable permit systems: example    --- # Tradable permit systems: example    --- # Tradable permits: graphical .pull-left[ ![permits](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/permits-1.png) ] .pull-right[ Suppose we want to limit to `\(\bar{E}\)` total emissions so each firm gets `\(\bar{E}/2\)` permits .hi[This can't be efficient] (i.e. maximize social welfare given some MD curve) .hi-red[It also can't be cost-effective:] it doesn't minimize the cost of achieving `\(\bar{E}\)` total emissions ] --- # Tradable permits: cost-effectiveness For cost-effectiveness, we need total costs to be minimized for achieving a given level of emissions: `$$\min_{E_1, E_2} C(E_1) + C(E_2) \,\,\, \text{subject to: } E_1 + E_2 = \bar{E}$$` This is the same problem as: `$$\min_{E_1, E_2} C(E_1) + C(\bar{E} - E_1)$$` which has a solution where: `$$-C'(E_1^*) = -C'(\bar{E} - E^*_1)$$` --- # Tradable permits: cost-effectiveness Cost-effectiveness requires: `$$-C'(E_1^*) = -C'(\bar{E} - E^*_1) \leftrightarrow MAC_1 = MAC_2$$` That marginal abatement costs are equal across all -- If firms have different MAC curves, giving them the same amount of emissions/permits cannot be optimal -- How do we fix this? -- Let them trade the permits --- # Tradable permits: graphical .pull-left[ ![permits](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/permits-dwl0-1.png) ] .pull-right[ We can reduce costs by increasing abatement at which firm, and decreasing abatement at which firm? ] --- # Tradable permits: graphical .pull-left[ ![permits](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/permits-dwl1-1.png) ] .pull-right[ We can reduce costs by increasing emissions at high MAC firm 2 and decreasing emissions at low MAC firm 1 until they are equal ] --- # Tradable permits: graphical .pull-left[ ![permits](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/permits-dwl-1.png) ] .pull-right[ We can reduce costs by increasing emissions at high MAC firm 2 and decreasing emissions at low MAC firm 1 until they are equal This allows us to recover DWL equal to the red area The red area is the difference in areas under MAC2 and MAC1 over the range of emissions changes ] --- # Tradable permits: graphical .pull-left[ ![permits](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/permits-reallo-1.png) ] .pull-right[ We want to equalize MACs for cost-effectiveness, but does the permit market cause this to happen? ] --- # Tradable permits: graphical .pull-left[ ![permits](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/permits-reallo-1.png) ] .pull-right[ We want to equalize MACs for cost-effectiveness, but does the permit market cause this to happen? Firm 2 is willing to pay a price up to the blue point (1.25) to be able to emit 1 more unit Firm 1 can abate 1 more unit at cost equal to the red point (0.83) ] --- # Tradable permits: graphical .pull-left[ ![permits](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/permits-reallo-1.png) ] .pull-right[ Firm 2 can buy the right to emit 1 unit of pollution from firm 1 for anywhere between 1.25-0.83=.42 and .hi[both will be better off] These trades can be done until the MACs are equal at a value of 1 This would be the prevailing permit price in a tradable permit system ] --- # Tradable permits: graphical .pull-left[ ![permits](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/permits-reallo-1.png) ] .pull-right[ An alternative way to think about it: the prevailing permit price is the MC of freeing up one more unit, the MAC of the selling firm or it is the MB of freeing up one more unit (avoided MAC), the MAC of the buying firm ] --- # Tradable permits: firm We can also see this result mathematically -- Suppose there is a permit price `\(p\)` in the competitive tradable permit market -- Firms are price-takers -- Let's set up the firm problem: they want to minimize the cost of satisfying the policy --- # Tradable permits: firm The firm's problem is then: $$ \min_E C(E) + p E$$ The firm's first-order condition to minimize costs is: `$$-C'(E^*) = p$$` -- The firm minimizes costs by choosing emissions `\(E^*\)` so that its MAC equals the permit price --- # Tradable permits: cost-effectiveness This makes sense! -- The permit price is the MC of emitting, the MAC is the MB of emitting (reduced abatement cost) -- Alternatively: the permit price is the MB of abating, the MAC is the MC of abating -- Costs are minimized when these two things are equal --- # Tradable permits: cost-effectiveness What else does firm behavior tell us about permits? -- If firms all set their MACs equal to `\(p\)` then all their MACs are equal to one another, .hi[we have cost-effectiveness:] `$$-C_1'(E^*_1) = -C_2'(E^*_2) = \dots = -C_N'(E^*_N) = p$$` -- Taxes and permits both achieve cost-effectiveness -- Why? -- Because firms treat permit prices and a tax identically in decisionmaking --- # Tradable permits: cost-effectiveness Tradable permit systems are .hi[always] cost-effective: whatever emissions limit you set, it will be achieved at least-cost1 .footnote[ 1 Try to see if you can use the same mathematical derivation to show that taxes are also always cost-effective. ] -- This does not mean that it is necessarily efficient! --- # Tradable permits: efficiency For efficiency, we also need MAC = MD -- To keep things simple suppose MD is constant and the same across all firms: `\(MD = d\)` -- If we set `\(\bar{E}\)` such that the equilibrium permit price `\(p = d\)`, then we also have efficiency -- Let's see why --- # Tradable permits: efficiency Suppose we set `\(\bar{E}\)` to be the sum of the efficient level of emissions across all firms `\(\sum_i E^*_i\)`, where `\(E^*_i\)` is where `\(MAC_i = d\)` -- Firms will trade until their MACs are all equal -- Since there's only `\(\bar{E} = E^*\)` permits, we already know MACs are equal at `\(\{E^*_1, \dots, E^*_N\}\)` where `\(\sum_i E^*_i = E^*_i\)` This is where their MACs all equal `\(d\)` and each other -- We also know in the permit market equilibrium we have `\(MAC = p\)`, so this means that we must have `\(p = d = MD\)`! --- # Tradable permits in practice Knowing MD is often difficult in practice -- Tradable permit systems are nice because we can just let politicians choose a `\(\bar{E}\)` that is politically feasible, and then the permit market ensures that we get the associated emissions reductions at least-cost -- What often happens in practice is `\(\bar{E}\)` starts high, giving us a low `\(p\)`, and then `\(\bar{E}\)` gets ratcheted down over time --- # Political economy of permits Firms are often more willing to accept a higher `\(p\)` than `\(\tau\)` because they are often endowed with (some) permits for free -- This means that *in practice*, we might expect to get greater emissions reductions under a permit system than a tax because of these political economy reasons -- This is one of the key reasons the 1990 CAA amendments were able to be passed --- # Permit systems and heterogeneous MDs So far we assumed all firms faced the same MD -- This is true for things like climate change, less true for things like `\(SO_2\)` or `\(NO_x\)` -- How well do permit systems perform with heterogeneous MD? --- # Permit systems and heterogeneous MDs Let's think about a setting with two firms: 1 and 2 -- The firms have different MACs: `\(MAC_1 < MAC_2\)` for all `\(E\)` -- And the firms have different marginal damages as well: `\(MD_1 < MD_2\)` for all `\(E\)` -- How well does a permit system work? --- # Permit systems and heterogeneous MDs Well we know the following: -- Firms set `\(MAC = p\)` so we will have `\(MAC_1 = MAC_2 = p\)` -- But for efficiency we also want `\(MAC = MD\)`: `\(MAC_1 = MD_1\)` and `\(MAC_2 = MD_2\)` -- If `\(MD_1 \neq MD_2\)` then the permit system does .hi-red[not] deliver efficiency! --- # Permit systems and heterogeneous MDs: graphical .pull-left[ ![permits heterogeneous damages](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/permits-hetero-1.png) ] .pull-right[ Suppose we have the two firms with different MACs and MDs: - `\(MAC_1 = 200-E_1\)` - `\(MAC_2 = 300-E_2\)` - `\(MD_1 = 100\)` - `\(MD_2 = 150\)` The efficient emissions allocation is: `\(E^* = 250: E_1^* = 100, E_2^* = 150\)` The regulator sets `\(\bar{E} = 250\)` ] --- # Permit systems and heterogeneous MDs: graphical .pull-left[ ![permits heterogeneous damages](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/permits-hetero2-1.png) ] .pull-right[ We can solve for the permit market allocation and price using: `\(MAC_1 = MAC_2\)` and `\(E_1 + E_2 = 250\)` These two conditions tell us: `\(E^p_1 = 75, E^p_2 = 175, p = 125\)` but efficiency is at: `\(E^*_1 = 100, E^*_2 = 150\)` ] --- # Permit systems and heterogeneous MDs: graphical .pull-left[ ![permits heterogeneous damages](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/permits-hetero2-1.png) ] .pull-right[ Relative to the optimal allocation, the permit system has DWL equal to the .hi-red[red area] The permit allocation is not an .hi[efficient] allocation, but is it a .hi[Pareto improvement] over: 1. No policy? 2. A uniform standard of `\(\bar{E}/2\)`? ] --- # Permit systems and heterogeneous MDs: graphical .pull-left[ ![permits heterogeneous damages](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/permits-hetero3-1.png) ] .pull-right[ The blue area is the DWL under the uniform standard .hi[In this specific case,] a uniform standard and the permit system have the same efficiency since the red and blue areas are equal The only difference is what kind of welfare loss is occurring where ] --- # Permit systems and heterogeneous MDs: graphical .pull-left[ ![permits heterogeneous damages](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/permits-hetero4-1.png) ] .pull-right[ The DWL without any policy is the two large green triangles These are clearly larger than the DWL under the permit system The permit system can deliver a welfare improvement ] --- # Permit systems and heterogeneous MDs: graphical .pull-left[ ![permits heterogeneous damages](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/permits-hetero2-1.png) ] .pull-right[ What if the high MAC firm was the low MD firm? i.e: what if the correlation between MAC and MD was .hi-red[negative] instead of .hi-blue[positive]? What might we expect the correlation to be? ] --- # Permit systems and heterogeneous MDs What is the problem with permit systems and heterogeneous MD? -- We want to have firms pay a price equal to their MD -- Firms have different MDs -- but there's only one common permit price -- This means we can't make all firms correctly account for their externalities -- One way around this is to use .hi[trading ratios]: firms in high damage areas need to procure more permits for the same amount of emissions -- Another way is .hi[zonal trading]: firms can only trade in similar MD areas --- # Trading ratios: Acid Rain Program Below are estimates of efficient trading ratios for the Acid Rain Program    Muller and Mendelsohn (2009) --- # PM2.5 damages Trading ratios are required because damages are heterogeneous across space    Muller and Mendelsohn (2009) --- # Damages caused by ARP The Acid Rain Program .hi-red[increased] damages in the eastern US    Chan et al. (2018) --- # Damages caused by ARP Chan et al. (2018) JEEM: > We also compare health damages associated with observed SO2 emissions from all ARP units in 2002 with damages from a no-trade counterfactual. Damages under the ARP are `\(2.1 billion (1995\)`) higher than under the no-trade scenario, reflecting allowance transfers from units in the western US to units in the eastern US with larger exposed populations. --- # Damages caused by ARP .hi-red[Redder:] trading lead to greater emissions vs no trading    --- # Zonal trading: RECLAIM Regional Clean Air Management (RECLAIM) Program -- California South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) -- Started in 1994, goal of cutting NOx and SOx emissions by 80% by 2003 -- RECLAIM is a facility-level tradable permit system --- # Zonal trading: RECLAIM 14% of permits allocated to power generators -- Permit prices driven by electricity sector -- During 2000 electricity price spikes, lots of very dirty plants brought on-line to meet demand -- Permit prices rose dramatically for everyone else -- $4,284 per ton of NOx in 1999 -- $39,000 per ton of NOx in 2000 --- # Zonal trading: RECLAIM .pull-left[    ] .pull-right[ LA Basin has two distinct zones with very different MD’s 1. Old heavy industry (high MAC) and mountains trap NOx emissions and heat them up `\(\rightarrow\)` smog (high MD) 2. Newer firms (low MAC) close to the ocean, breezes dissipate pollution before it can turn into smog (low MD) ] --- # Other permit market examples Tradble permit systems are increasingly common: 1. Acid Rain Program 2. NOx Budget Program 3. Regional Greenhouse Gas initative 4. California AB32 5. EU Emission Trading System 6. China's National Carbon Cap and Trade --- # RGGI    --- # RGGI    --- # AB32    --- # EU-ETS    --- # AB32    --- class: inverse, center, middle name: policy comparison # Comparison of standards, taxes, permits

 --- # What do we know so far So far we have seen that: 1. Standards, taxes, and tradable permits can all achieve the efficient allocation 2. Taxes and tradable permits are cost-effective .hi[no matter what] - (all firms set MAC = `\(\tau\)` and MAC = p) -- This still leaves a few questions to answer: 1. What are the equity effects? 2. What are the output effects? 3. What are the administrative burdens? 4. What are the .hi[dynamic] incentives under these policies? --- # The equity set up .pull-left[ ![base set up](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/base-1.png) ] .pull-right[ Lets consider this our base set up for 1 firm The regulator can achieve `\(E^*\)` through: - an emission standard of `\(E^*\)` - a tax of `\(\tau\)` - an abatement subsidy of `\(s\)` - "tradable permit" cap of `\(E^*\)` ] --- # The equity set up .pull-left[ ![base set up](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/base-1.png) ] .pull-right[ First let's look at .hi[equity] How do the costs and benefits of the policies fall on different groups? From here on we will roll the tax and permit system into 1: they are actually identical in terms of their impacts ] --- # The distributional outcomes .pull-left[ ![base set up](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/base-1.png) ] .pull-right[ | | Tax | Standard | Subsidy | Ranking | |------------ |---------- |---------- |--------- |----------------- | | Firm | -(A+B+C) | -A | B+C-A | Sub > Std > Tax | | Households | A+D+E | A+D+E | A+D+E | Indifferent | | Government | B+C | 0 | -(B+C) | Tax > Std > Sub | | Total | D+E | D+E | D+E | | The total welfare gain is the same for all policies The difference is in the .hi[distribution] The standard strikes a middle ground out of the three ] --- # Output effects So far we have assumed that actual firm output is not affected by abatement/emission decisions -- This won't always be true in the real world -- Different policies have different implications for total cost and can thus affect production -- To keep things simple lets suppose the firm has constant returns to scale technology and chooses the emissions rate / emissions per unit of output: `\(E/q\)`, this means that if they cut back on emissions it raises the MC of output --- # Output effects The policy requires the firm --- # The output set up .pull-left[ ![base set up](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/output1-1.png) ] .pull-right[ ![base set up](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/output2-1.png) ] ] --- # The output results Emission tax: - Firm chooses `\(E^*/q^*\)` - Firm pays A+B in tax and abatement cost .hi[per unit of output] - This raises the MC of production by A+B to MC* - Output `\(q^*\)` falls - Pollution `\((E^*/q^*)*q^*\)` falls even more since the tax lowers the optimal `\(E^*/q^*\)`, and increased MC lowers `\(q^*\)` --- # The output results Emission standard: - Firm pays A in abatement cost per unit of output - This raises the MC of production by A - Output and `\((E^*/q^*)*q^*\)` fall, but not by as much as under the tax --- # The output results Abatement subsidy: - Reduces firm costs per unit of output by C - This reduces the MC of production by C - This .hi[raises] output - Even though `\(E/q\)` goes down because the subsidy induces a lower emission intensity, total emissions may go up because `\(q\)` will rise -- Cliffnotes: - Output falls under taxes and standards - This raises output prices - Can have regressive effects through necessities like electricity or gas --- # Administration These policies are not equivalent in their cost of implementation -- Enforcing a technology standard is very easy: you can inspect to see if they have installed the tech or not -- Emission standards, taxes, subsidies require monitoring of emissions -- Monitoring systems cost money -- Firms have incentives to try to cheat! --- # Administration Pigouvian policies will not work as well for .hi[non-point sources] like cars or farms -- With non-point sources we observe total emissions but not who emitted it -- With non-point sources it often makes sense to use technology standards -- Point sources like power plants are much easier to handle with Pigouvian policies like taxes --- # Administration Technology and emission standards typically guarantee some amount of emissions reductions -- Taxes and subsidies guarantee firms pay a certain price but doesn't deliver us a guaranteed quantity -- This might make things more politically difficult to pass --- # Administration When does C&C / technology standards make sense? 1. If there's a dominant technology where there's cost benefits to coordination or scale economies from production of the technology 2. High costs of monitoring/enforcement 3. High admin costs and little heterogeneity across firms --- # Dynamic incentives .pull-left[ ![taxes](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/dynamic-1.png) ] .pull-right[ What are the gains to the firm from moving from `\(MAC_1\)` to `\(MAC_2\)`? ] --- # Dynamic incentives .pull-left[ ![taxes](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/dynamic-1.png) ] .pull-right[ What are the gains to the firm from moving from `\(MAC_1\)` to `\(MAC_2\)`? .hi[Standard:] F (abatement cost reduction) .hi[Emission Tax:] F + D (abatement cost and tax payment reduction) .hi[Abatement Subsidy:] F + D (abatement cost reduction and abatement subsidy increase) ] --- # Dynamic incentives .pull-left[ ![taxes](06-slides-permits_files/figure-html/dynamic-1.png) ] .pull-right[ What are the gains to the firm from moving to `\(MAC_2\)`? Taxes and subsidies give greater incentives to innovate! Once a firm meets a standard, there's no additional incentive beyond reducing abatement costs Taxes and subsidies give the firm extra benefits for further reductions ]


Class: Ruff::Effect
- Inherits:
-
Object
- Object
- Ruff::Effect
- Defined in:
- lib/ruff/effect.rb
Overview
This class provides an effect instance.
Instance Attribute Summary collapse
-
#id ⇒ Object
readonly
Each instance must be unique so they have unique id with an annonymous class instance.
Class Method Summary collapse
-
.<<(parent) ⇒ Effect<Arg, Ret>
instanciates an effect, which has an relation
self <: parent
from the subtyping ofid
object.
Instance Method Summary collapse
-
#initialize ⇒ Effect<Arg, Ret>
constructor
instaciates an effect setting
id
. -
#perform(*a) ⇒ Ret
sends an effect ID and its arguments to a nearmost handler.
Constructor Details
#initialize ⇒ Effect<Arg, Ret>
instaciates an effect setting id
.
15 16 17 |
# File 'lib/ruff/effect.rb', line 15 def initialize @id = Class.new.new end |
Instance Attribute Details
#id ⇒ Object (readonly)
Each instance must be unique so they have unique id with an annonymous class instance.
The class instance may have subtyping relation.
9 10 11 |
# File 'lib/ruff/effect.rb', line 9 def id @id end |
Class Method Details
.<<(parent) ⇒ Effect<Arg, Ret>
instanciates an effect, which has an relation self <: parent
from the subtyping of id
object.
37 38 39 40 41 42 |
# File 'lib/ruff/effect.rb', line 37 def self.<<(parent) inst = new parent_id = parent.instance_variable_get('@id') inst.instance_variable_set('@id', (Class.new parent_id.class).new) inst end |


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Tourism Regulatory Authority, in accordance with the Tourism Act 2911,is charged with registering all persons working in the Tourism and Hospitality sector. This is with a view to establis existing qualifications and competencies as a basis for the development if a framework for quality workforce relevant for industry needs in enhancing services quality to customers.
All the Information provided in this form shall be for office use only and will be treated with ytmost confidentiality.


Irish weather: Met Eireann forecast fog to descend during frosty weekend in Ireland
Temperatures will plummet to minus two degrees
by Colin BrennanIreland will have to wrap up warm as Met Eireann say there's a chilly weekend in store for Ireland
Saturday will be a cold day with frost, icy patches and mist.
Met Eireann forecast most places will be dry, there'll be a few showers on the northwest coast and there'll be hazy sunshine for a time.
Tonight will have lowest temperatures minus 1 to plus 3 °C with temperatures rising a little around dawn.
Sunday will start mostly cloudy with isolated showers, but the afternoon is expected to be dry and sunny.
Next week it will be cold and frosty at first, but milder and wetter from Tuesday onwards with rain at times.
There will be frost and fog clearing slowly on Monday with sunny spells developing.
Highest temperatures 4 to 8 °C and it will be cold after dark, with a patchy frost.
On Tuesday, rain is due to fall in all areas for a time, heavy in places, brighter weather, with sunny spells and just a few showers is set to follow into the western half of the country from the Atlantic in the afternoon.
Highest temperatures of 7 to 10 °C in moderate to fresh south to southeast breezes.
Drying out in all areas overnight. Cold with lowest temperatures of zero to plus 3 °C with patches of mist and frost.
Wednesday and Thursday will be mild and breezy, with showers or longer spells of rain, much of it heavy, with southern and eastern areas likely to see most of the heavy rain.


Welcome !
The free and open source cyber security learning project. Our mission is to make web security visible, so that individuals and organizations can make informed decisions.
Start learningThe free and open source cyber security learning project. Our mission is to make web security visible, so that individuals and organizations can make informed decisions.
Start learning


- open `http://your.ip#source` on a mobile device - `orientation` events from your mobile device will be drawn in the canvas


Mic Class
This is the collection of static methods exposed by Mic.js
Item Index
Methods
assert
-
trueish
-
[message]
If trueish
is not true then it throws an Error.
Parameters:
-
trueish
Booleanthe predicate
-
[message]
String optionalthe message to pass in the Error
Throws:
if trueish
is false
configure
-
config
Configures the library. It expects a JSON like the following:
{
"assert" : callback,
"disableContractChecks": boolean
}
It is called at load time by require.js passing as config
the config of the module.
Anyway, you can call it again anytime.
It calls In.configure()
and Mxr.configure()
internally.
Fields description:
assert
:
Optional. The signature is void assert(boolean, String)
.
Replaces the default implementation of Mic.assert
with your own.
If you pass null
then assertions are disabled.
If you pass undefined
then the default implementation is used.
disableContractChecks
:
Optional. If true then pre and post conditions are not injected and therefore checked.
This is useful when the code is ready for production and speed matters.
Parameters:
-
config
Objectthe configuration object
Throws:
if config
is null or undefined or not an Object
empty
()
static
Declares a block is empty by purpose and shuts up Jslint & Co.
{
Mic.empty();
}
isSealed
-
clazz
Return true if seal
or sealAsAbstract
have been invoked on clazz
.
Parameters:
-
clazz
Functionthe class to check.
Throws:
if clazz
is null or undefined or not a Function
seal
-
clazz
Seals the contract of clazz
.
Must be called after all the methods, pre-conditions, post-conditions, mixins and inheritance have been declared.
Parameters:
-
clazz
Functionthe class with contract.
Throws:
if clazz
contains an abstract method
sealAsAbstract
-
clazz
Like seal
but it doesn't throw an Error if the class contains abstract methods.
Parameters:
-
clazz
Functionthe class with contract.
Throws:
if clazz
is already sealed
unused
-
x
Declares you don't use variable and shuts up Jslint & Co.
function f(x, y) {
Mic.unused(x & y);
}
Parameters:
-
x
Anythinga variable