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Generated using
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--- layout: page title: About Me ---
PhD student in Microbiology/ Computational Biology at NYU School of Medicine br>


The Logo Hijack
No homepage is safe from the logo bandit!
- Open up www.google.com in Chrome or Firefox, and open up the console.
- Find the Google logo and store it in a variable.
- Modify the source of the logo IMG so that it's a Yahoo logo instead.
- Find the Google search button and store it in a variable.
- Modify the text of the button so that it says "Yahooo!" instead.


Esmeralda Garmar is the community and business development manager at Braneshop.
After a few years working in the architecture space, Esmeralda believed she needed another degree - a bachelor of life. She packed up and travelled the world for more than half a decade - a digital nomad - doing all kinds of remote jobs, and organising people, like her, who wanted to work remote and enjoyed being around other professionals. These experiences nourished her entrepreneurial spirit and fed goodness to her mind.
She learned to empathise with local communities, developed a local-first approach in order to work ethically with different people around the world, and grew into a person who is able to work with and in a diverse range of environments and people. Esmeralda thrives on making genuine relationships with the people she meets, and as such she is now working with braneshop to engage with the community.


The internal representation of caller location information.
For a list of all members of this type, see LocationInfo Members.
System.Object
log4net.Core.LocationInfo
This type is not safe for multithreaded operations.
This class uses the System.Diagnostics.StackTrace
class to generate a call stack. The caller's information is then extracted from this stack.
The System.Diagnostics.StackTrace
class is not supported on the .NET Compact Framework 1.0 therefore caller location information is not available on that framework.
The System.Diagnostics.StackTrace
class has this to say about Release builds:
"StackTrace information will be most informative with Debug build configurations. By default, Debug builds include debug symbols, while Release builds do not. The debug symbols contain most of the file, method name, line number, and column information used in constructing StackFrame and StackTrace objects. StackTrace might not report as many method calls as expected, due to code transformations that occur during optimization."
This means that in a Release build the caller information may be incomplete or may not exist at all! Therefore caller location information cannot be relied upon in a Release build.
Namespace: log4net.Core
Assembly: log4net (in log4net.dll)
LocationInfo Members | log4net.Core Namespace


|
EmberZNet API Reference: For the EM35x SoC Platform
EmberZNet <IP_ADDRESS>
For the EFR32 and EM3xx Platforms
|
Macros | |
| #define | LOG_PACKET_BUFFER_SIZE 5 |
| Buffers hold 32 bytes. Defined as the log to ensure it is a power of 2. More... | |
| #define | PACKET_BUFFER_SIZE (1 << LOG_PACKET_BUFFER_SIZE) |
| Buffers hold 32 bytes. More... | |
| #define | EMBER_NULL_MESSAGE_BUFFER 0xFF |
| Provides the message buffer equivalent of NULL. More... | |
| #define | emberMessageBufferLength(buffer) (emMessageBufferLengths[buffer]) |
| Returns the length of a buffer. Implemented as a macro for improved efficiency. More... | |
Functions | |
| uint8_t * | emberMessageBufferContents (EmberMessageBuffer buffer) |
| Gets a pointer to a buffer's contents. This pointer can be used to access only the first PACKET_BUFFER_SIZE bytes in the buffer. To read a message composed of multiple buffers, use emberCopyFromLinkedBuffers(). More... | |
| void | emberSetMessageBufferLength (EmberMessageBuffer buffer, uint8_t newLength) |
| Sets the length of a buffer. More... | |
| void | emberHoldMessageBuffer (EmberMessageBuffer buffer) |
| Holds a message buffer by incrementing its reference count. Implemented as a macro for improved efficiency. More... | |
| void | emberReleaseMessageBuffer (EmberMessageBuffer buffer) |
| Releases a message buffer by decrementing its reference count. Implemented as a macro for improved efficiency. More... | |
| uint8_t | emberPacketBufferFreeCount (void) |
| Retrieves the current number of free packet buffers. More... | |
Buffer Functions | |
| EmberMessageBuffer | emberAllocateLinkedBuffers (uint8_t count) |
| Allocates one or more linked buffers. More... | |
| EmberMessageBuffer | emberFillStackBuffer (unsigned int count,...) |
| Allocates a stack buffer and fills the buffer with data passed in the function call. More... | |
| #define | emberStackBufferLink(buffer) (emPacketBufferLinks[(buffer)]) |
| Returns the buffer that follows this one in the message. EMBER_NULL_MESSAGE_BUFFER is returned if there is no following buffer. More... | |
| #define | emberSetStackBufferLink(buffer, newLink) (emPacketBufferLinks[(buffer)] = (newLink)) |
| Sets the buffer following this one in the message. The final buffer in the message has EMBER_NULL_MESSAGE_BUFFER as its link. More... | |
| #define | emberAllocateStackBuffer() (emberAllocateLinkedBuffers(1)) |
| Allocates a stack buffer. More... | |
Linked Buffer Utilities | |
The plural "buffers" in the names of these procedures is a reminder that they deal with linked chains of buffers. | |
| EmberMessageBuffer | emberFillLinkedBuffers (uint8_t *contents, uint8_t length) |
Allocates a chain of stack buffers sufficient to hold length bytes of data and fills the buffers with the data in contents. If the value of contents is NULL, the buffers are allocated but not filled. More... | |
| void | emberCopyToLinkedBuffers (const uint8_t *contents, EmberMessageBuffer buffer, uint8_t startIndex, uint8_t length) |
| Copies a specified number of bytes of data into a buffer, starting at a specified index in the buffer array. Buffer links are followed as required. No buffers are allocated or released. More... | |
| void | emberCopyFromLinkedBuffers (EmberMessageBuffer buffer, uint8_t startIndex, uint8_t *contents, uint8_t length) |
Copies length bytes of data from a buffer to contents , starting at a specified index in the buffer array. Buffer links are followed as required. More... | |
| void | emberCopyBufferBytes (EmberMessageBuffer to, uint16_t toIndex, EmberMessageBuffer from, uint16_t fromIndex, uint16_t count) |
| Copies a specified number of bytes of data from one buffer into another. Buffer links are followed as required. No buffers are allocated or released. More... | |
| void | emberMoveBufferBytes (EmberMessageBuffer to, uint16_t toIndex, EmberMessageBuffer from, uint16_t fromIndex, uint16_t count) |
Allocates a chain of stack buffers sufficient to hold length bytes of data and fills the buffers with the data in contents. If the value of contents is NULL, the buffers are allocated but not filled. More... | |
| EmberStatus | emberAppendToLinkedBuffers (EmberMessageBuffer buffer, uint8_t *contents, uint8_t length) |
Appends length bytes from contents onto a buffer. Combines the functionality of ::setPacketBuffersLength() and ::copyToPacketBuffers(). More... | |
| EmberStatus | emberAppendPgmStringToLinkedBuffers (EmberMessageBuffer buffer, const char *suffix) |
| Appends a string from program space (flash) to a buffer. More... | |
| EmberStatus | emberSetLinkedBuffersLength (EmberMessageBuffer buffer, uint8_t length) |
| Sets the length of a chain of buffers, adding or removing trailing buffers as needed. More... | |
| uint8_t * | emberGetLinkedBuffersPointer (EmberMessageBuffer buffer, uint8_t index) |
| Gets a pointer to a specified byte in a linked list of buffers. More... | |
| uint8_t | emberGetLinkedBuffersByte (EmberMessageBuffer buffer, uint8_t index) |
| Gets a specified byte in a linked list of buffers. More... | |
| void | emberSetLinkedBuffersByte (EmberMessageBuffer buffer, uint8_t index, uint8_t byte) |
| Sets the indexed byte in a linked list of buffers. More... | |
| uint16_t | emberGetLinkedBuffersLowHighInt16u (EmberMessageBuffer buffer, uint8_t index) |
| Gets a little-endian 2-byte value from a linked list of buffers. More... | |
| void | emberSetLinkedBuffersLowHighInt16u (EmberMessageBuffer buffer, uint8_t index, uint16_t value) |
| Sets a little-endian 2-byte value in a linked list of buffers. More... | |
| uint32_t | emberGetLinkedBuffersLowHighInt32u (EmberMessageBuffer buffer, uint8_t index) |
| Gets a little-endian 4-byte value from a linked list of buffers. More... | |
| void | emberSetLinkedBuffersLowHighInt32u (EmberMessageBuffer buffer, uint8_t index, uint32_t value) |
| Sets a little-endian 4-byte value in a linked list of buffers. More... | |
| EmberMessageBuffer | emberCopyLinkedBuffers (EmberMessageBuffer buffer) |
| Copies a chain of linked buffers. More... | |
| EmberMessageBuffer | emberMakeUnsharedLinkedBuffer (EmberMessageBuffer buffer, bool isShared) |
| Creates a new, unshared copy of a specified buffer, if that buffer is shared. If it isn't shared, increments the reference count by 1 so that the user of the returned buffer can release it in either case. More... | |
These functions implement a fixed-block-size memory management scheme to store and manipulate EmberZNet packets. Buffers are identified to clients with a 1-byte ID.
Buffers can be linked together to create longer packets. The utility procedures allow you to treat a linked chain of buffers as a single buffer.
Freeing a buffer automatically decrements the reference count of any following buffer, possibly freeing the following buffer as well.
Packet buffers may be allocated, held, and released.
See packet-buffer.h for source code.
| #define EMBER_NULL_MESSAGE_BUFFER 0xFF |
Provides the message buffer equivalent of NULL.
| #define emberAllocateStackBuffer | ( | ) | (emberAllocateLinkedBuffers(1)) |
Allocates a stack buffer.
| #define emberMessageBufferLength | ( | buffer | ) | (emMessageBufferLengths[buffer]) |
Returns the length of a buffer. Implemented as a macro for improved efficiency.
| buffer | A buffer. |
| #define emberSetStackBufferLink | ( | buffer, | |
| newLink | |||
| ) | (emPacketBufferLinks[(buffer)] = (newLink)) |
Sets the buffer following this one in the message. The final buffer in the message has EMBER_NULL_MESSAGE_BUFFER as its link.
| buffer | The buffer whose link is to be set. |
| newLink | The buffer that is to follow buffer . |
| #define emberStackBufferLink | ( | buffer | ) | (emPacketBufferLinks[(buffer)]) |
Returns the buffer that follows this one in the message. EMBER_NULL_MESSAGE_BUFFER is returned if there is no following buffer.
| buffer | The buffer whose following buffer is desired. |
buffer
in the message. EMBER_NULL_MESSAGE_BUFFER is returned if there is no following buffer. | #define LOG_PACKET_BUFFER_SIZE 5 |
Buffers hold 32 bytes. Defined as the log to ensure it is a power of 2.
| #define PACKET_BUFFER_SIZE (1 << LOG_PACKET_BUFFER_SIZE) |
Buffers hold 32 bytes.
| EmberMessageBuffer emberAllocateLinkedBuffers | ( | uint8_t | count | ) |
Allocates one or more linked buffers.
| count | The number of buffers to allocate. |
| EmberStatus emberAppendPgmStringToLinkedBuffers | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer, |
| const char * | suffix | ||
| ) |
Appends a string from program space (flash) to a buffer.
| buffer | The buffer to append data to. |
| suffix | The string in program space to append. |
| EmberStatus emberAppendToLinkedBuffers | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer, |
| uint8_t * | contents, | ||
| uint8_t | length | ||
| ) |
Appends length
bytes from contents
onto a buffer. Combines the functionality of ::setPacketBuffersLength() and ::copyToPacketBuffers().
| buffer | The buffer to append data to. |
| contents | A pointer to data to append. |
| length | The number of bytes of data to append. |
| void emberCopyBufferBytes | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | to, |
| uint16_t | toIndex, | ||
| EmberMessageBuffer | from, | ||
| uint16_t | fromIndex, | ||
| uint16_t | count | ||
| ) |
Copies a specified number of bytes of data from one buffer into another. Buffer links are followed as required. No buffers are allocated or released.
| to | The buffer to copy data into. |
| toIndex | The position in the destination buffer at which copying should start. |
| from | The buffer to copy data from. |
| fromIndex | The position in the source buffer at which copying should start. |
| count | The number of bytes of data to copy. |
| void emberCopyFromLinkedBuffers | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer, |
| uint8_t | startIndex, | ||
| uint8_t * | contents, | ||
| uint8_t | length | ||
| ) |
Copies length
bytes of data from a buffer to contents
, starting at a specified index in the buffer array. Buffer links are followed as required.
| buffer | The buffer to copy data from. |
| startIndex | The buffer index at which copying should start. |
| contents | A pointer to data to copy from the buffer. |
| length | The number of bytes of data to copy. |
| EmberMessageBuffer emberCopyLinkedBuffers | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer | ) |
Copies a chain of linked buffers.
| buffer | The first buffer in the chain to copy. |
buffer
chain. | void emberCopyToLinkedBuffers | ( | const uint8_t * | contents, |
| EmberMessageBuffer | buffer, | ||
| uint8_t | startIndex, | ||
| uint8_t | length | ||
| ) |
Copies a specified number of bytes of data into a buffer, starting at a specified index in the buffer array. Buffer links are followed as required. No buffers are allocated or released.
| contents | A pointer to data to copy into the buffer. |
| buffer | The buffer to copy data into. |
| startIndex | The buffer index at which copying should start. |
| length | The number of bytes of data to copy. |
| EmberMessageBuffer emberFillLinkedBuffers | ( | uint8_t * | contents, |
| uint8_t | length | ||
| ) |
Allocates a chain of stack buffers sufficient to hold length
bytes of data and fills the buffers with the data in contents. If the value of contents is NULL, the buffers are allocated but not filled.
| contents | A pointer to data to place in the allocated buffers. |
| length | The buffer length. |
| EmberMessageBuffer emberFillStackBuffer | ( | unsigned int | count, |
| ... | |||
| ) |
Allocates a stack buffer and fills the buffer with data passed in the function call.
| count | The buffer length. |
| ... | count bytes, which will be placed in the buffer. |
| uint8_t emberGetLinkedBuffersByte | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer, |
| uint8_t | index | ||
| ) |
Gets a specified byte in a linked list of buffers.
| buffer | The buffer that the requested byte must come from. |
| index | The index of the requested byte. |
| uint16_t emberGetLinkedBuffersLowHighInt16u | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer, |
| uint8_t | index | ||
| ) |
Gets a little-endian 2-byte value from a linked list of buffers.
| buffer | The buffer containing the 2-byte value. |
| index | The index of the low byte. |
| uint32_t emberGetLinkedBuffersLowHighInt32u | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer, |
| uint8_t | index | ||
| ) |
Gets a little-endian 4-byte value from a linked list of buffers.
| buffer | The buffer containing the 4-byte value. |
| index | The index of the low byte. |
| uint8_t* emberGetLinkedBuffersPointer | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer, |
| uint8_t | index | ||
| ) |
Gets a pointer to a specified byte in a linked list of buffers.
| buffer | The buffer that the requested byte must come from. |
| index | The index of the requested byte. |
| void emberHoldMessageBuffer | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer | ) |
Holds a message buffer by incrementing its reference count. Implemented as a macro for improved efficiency.
| buffer | A buffer. |
| EmberMessageBuffer emberMakeUnsharedLinkedBuffer | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer, |
| bool | isShared | ||
| ) |
Creates a new, unshared copy of a specified buffer, if that buffer is shared. If it isn't shared, increments the reference count by 1 so that the user of the returned buffer can release it in either case.
| buffer | The buffer to copy. |
| isShared | A flag indicating whether the buffer is shared. |
buffer
if isShared
is true, and buffer
if isShared
is not true. | uint8_t* emberMessageBufferContents | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer | ) |
Gets a pointer to a buffer's contents. This pointer can be used to access only the first PACKET_BUFFER_SIZE bytes in the buffer. To read a message composed of multiple buffers, use emberCopyFromLinkedBuffers().
| buffer | The buffer whose contents are desired. |
buffer
. | void emberMoveBufferBytes | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | to, |
| uint16_t | toIndex, | ||
| EmberMessageBuffer | from, | ||
| uint16_t | fromIndex, | ||
| uint16_t | count | ||
| ) |
Allocates a chain of stack buffers sufficient to hold length
bytes of data and fills the buffers with the data in contents. If the value of contents is NULL, the buffers are allocated but not filled.
| contents | A pointer to data to place in the allocated buffers. |
| length | The buffer length. |
| uint8_t emberPacketBufferFreeCount | ( | void | ) |
Retrieves the current number of free packet buffers.
| void emberReleaseMessageBuffer | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer | ) |
Releases a message buffer by decrementing its reference count. Implemented as a macro for improved efficiency.
| buffer | A buffer. |
| void emberSetLinkedBuffersByte | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer, |
| uint8_t | index, | ||
| uint8_t | byte | ||
| ) |
Sets the indexed byte in a linked list of buffers.
| buffer | The buffer holding the byte to be set. |
| index | The index of the byte to set. |
| byte | The value to set the byte to. |
| EmberStatus emberSetLinkedBuffersLength | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer, |
| uint8_t | length | ||
| ) |
Sets the length of a chain of buffers, adding or removing trailing buffers as needed.
| buffer | The buffer whose length is to be set. |
| length | The length to set. |
buffer's
length by length
bytes does not require additional buffers or if sufficient buffers are available, and EMBER_NO_BUFFERS if not. | void emberSetLinkedBuffersLowHighInt16u | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer, |
| uint8_t | index, | ||
| uint16_t | value | ||
| ) |
Sets a little-endian 2-byte value in a linked list of buffers.
| buffer | The buffer to set the 2-byte value in. |
| index | The index of the low byte. |
| value | The 2-byte value to set. |
| void emberSetLinkedBuffersLowHighInt32u | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer, |
| uint8_t | index, | ||
| uint32_t | value | ||
| ) |
Sets a little-endian 4-byte value in a linked list of buffers.
| buffer | The buffer to set the 2-byte value in. |
| index | The index of the low byte. |
| value | The 4-byte value to set. |
| void emberSetMessageBufferLength | ( | EmberMessageBuffer | buffer, |
| uint8_t | newLength | ||
| ) |
Sets the length of a buffer.
When asserts are enabled, attempting to set a length greater than the size of the buffer triggers an assert.
| buffer | A buffer |
| newLength | The length to set the buffer to. |


Shard
class Shard
WS class
-
ID of shard
Declaration
Swift
let id: Int
-
Amount of shards bot should be connected to
Declaration
Swift
let shardCount: Int
-
Session ID of gateway
Declaration
Swift
var sessionId: String?
-
Heartbeat worker
Declaration
Swift
var heartbeat: Heartbeat?
-
Gateway URL for gateway
Declaration
Swift
var gatewayUrl = ""
-
WS
Declaration
Swift
var session: WebSocket?
-
Parent class
Declaration
Swift
let sword: Sword
-
Global Event Rate Limiter
Declaration
Swift
let globalBucket: Bucket
-
Presence Event Rate Limiter
Declaration
Swift
let presenceBucket: Bucket
-
Whether or not the shard is connected to gateway
Declaration
Swift
var isConnected: Bool = false
-
The last sequence sent by Discord
Declaration
Swift
var lastSeq: Int?
-
Creates Shard Handler
Declaration
Swift
init(_ sword: Sword, _ id: Int, _ shardCount: Int)
Parameters
sword
Parent class
id
ID of the current shard
shardCount
Total number of shards bot needs to be connected to
-
Handles gateway events from WS connection with Discord
Declaration
Swift
func event(_ payload: Payload)
Parameters
payload
Payload struct that Discord sent as JSON
-
Sends shard identity to WS connection
Declaration
Swift
func identify()
-
Sends a payload to socket telling it we want to join a voice channel
Declaration
Swift
func join(voiceChannel channelId: String, in guildId: String)
Parameters
channelId
Channel to join
guildId
Guild that the channel belongs to
-
Sends a payload to socket telling it we want to leave a voice channel
Declaration
Swift
func leaveVoiceChannel(in guildId: String)
Parameters
guildId
Guild we want to remove bot from
-
Used to reconnect to gateway
Declaration
Swift
func reconnect(_ payload: Payload)
Parameters
payload
Reconnect payload to send to connection
-
Function to send packet to server to request for offline members for requested guild
Declaration
Swift
func requestOfflineMembers(for guildId: String)
-
Sends a payload through WS connection
Declaration
Swift
func send(_ text: String, presence: Bool = false)
Parameters
text
JSON text to send through WS connection
presence
Whether or not this WS payload updates shard presence
-
Starts WS connection with Discord
Declaration
Swift
func startWS(_ gatewayUrl: String, reconnect: Bool = false, reconnectPayload: String? = nil)
Parameters
gatewayUrl
URL that WS should connect to
-
Used to stop WS connection
Declaration
Swift
func stop()
-
Handles all dispatch events
Declaration
Swift
func handleEvents(_ data: [String: Any], _ eventName: String)
Parameters
data
Data sent with dispatch
eventName
Event name sent with dispatch
-
Handles all gateway events (except op: 0)
Declaration
Swift
func handleGateway(_ payload: Payload)
Parameters
payload
Payload sent with event


IIT (ISM)
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| DOSE: T+ 0:00 |
0.5 tablets |
oral |
MDMA |
(pill / tablet) |
| T+ 0:15 |
0.5 tablets |
oral |
MDMA |
(pill / tablet) |
| T+ 1:00 |
4.0 mg |
oral |
2C-T-2 |
(pill / tablet) |
| T+ 1:53 |
7.5 mg |
oral |
2C-B |
(pill / tablet) |
| T+ 2:10 |
2.5 mg |
insufflated |
2C-B |
(powder / crystals) |
11:30PM
-------
I've been fasting since early yesterday evening (~30 hours). I
have here one Mitsubishi pill (MDMA), 10mg of 2C-B (as 5mg pills), and 4mg
(1/2 pill) of 2C-T-2. The plan is to take the MDMA first (as 2 halves, 15
minutes apart), then the 2C-T-2 when that begins to decline, then wait 20
minutes or so for potential nausea, then eat the 2C-B. This promises to be
a good night! I've never had 2C-B before, so I'm trying to go for the
Shulgin classic combination from PiHKAL. The 2C-T-2 is only to make up for
the low dose of 2C-B, and hopefully will not too much color the
experience.
Well, half the MDMA is down the hatch!
11:45PM
-------
Other half down! I think I'm already feeling the first half of the
pill! Must be the fasting... fasting can make a massive difference. Alot
of butterflies in my stomach. Bees. Wow. I've been wanting to do 2C-B for
years, since reading the old Reed College 'bromomescaline' thing. Nexus.
The elusive Erox. I hope this is as good as I've heard!
12:10AM
-------
Damn, the MDMA is really beginning to kick in. Only 40 minutes in!
Fasting definately makes a difference. Its been a while since I've fasted
over 24 hours.
12:30AM
-------
Wow... I'm going pretty good! I'm getting alot more than I have
off these Mitsubishis before! I think I need to begin fasting before trips
again. Not only does it make the onset faster and the effects stronger,
but you feel alot 'cleaner' with an empty system. I wholeheartedly endorse
a nice fast of 24 hours (or more) before most entheogens.
1:00AM
------
Down the hatch with the 2C-T-2!
I'm in a great place. I read some email a friend sent me today
which I found very touching. I spent some time thinking about that friend,
and realized she truly is one of the treasures of my life.
Spent some time laying down, just thinking. I love to do
MDMA-class drugs alone or with a small group of friends. Doing it at raves
or clubs is a waste. Too hectic for some of the sublter, delicious
effects. Doing it alone is especially luxurious... you can melt into a
wave of pure feeling. Lay down in a nice quiet dark room... maybe some
mellow quiet music... nice!
1:23AM
------
I think the 2C-T-2 is coloring the MDMA some, hard to tell.
Anyway, I just ate about one and half of one of the bees... I cut off
about half of one and crushed it, to snort. Might as well, considering the
small ammount I have. The stuff I powdered, I put into 4 *very* small
lines.
1:40AM
------
Schnorrrt! First bump, not too bad... Second, not too bad there
either. Two more... Third, in the other nostril - little sting. Nothing a
squirt of saline nasal spray doesnt fix... All done! Not bad at all.
Little bit of a bad taste, thats it. I assume the filler material in the
pill probably buffered it alot.
1:50AM
------
Definately feeling alot more than MDMA now! Im feeling sweaty.
Sorta mescaliney, but the body sensations are still all MDMA. But wow,
they're increasing.
1:53AM
------
Whoops, just went from sweaty hot to cold. Here come the bees!
2:05AM
------
Wow. Very nice. I feel very cool, almost cold, despite still
sweating a little from the MDMA. I feel very good, physically. It feels
somewhat like a low dose of mescaline, or the latter part of my 2C-T-2
experience. Not outstandingly visual (yet?) but feels great physically and
mentally. Only drawback - it seems to enhance the MDMA jaw clench quite a
bit. Small price.
3:35AM
------
Im in a really interesting space. VERY nice. Much like mescaline,
indeed! Similar to my San Pedro experiences, but milder on the body. I can
feel the 2C-T-2 in there, and the MDMA... but theybe all melded into a
nice whole. Colors stand out in razor sharp clarity. Very vivid, yet
natural. Mescaline-type visuals overall.
3:45AM
------
Wow... this has only been 10 minutes? I must be experiencing some
pretty heavy time distorions. Laying down in bed with my eyes closed I had
some great closed eye visuals. I see things flitting around the corners of
my vision with open eyes. Colors are ultra-crisp. I see little fractally
overlays over alot of things. Shimmery and spider-weblike. Similar to what
I've gotten from mescaline. Sounds of crickets outside are amplified and
reverbate - natural music. Physical sensations are amazing. Not quite like
mescaline or MDMA but about half way in between the two polarities. I can
feel the MDMAishness fading some, but the 2C-B and definately the 2-C-T-2
are going strong still! In some ways theres a GHB-ish feel to the physical
aspect. This is very interesting... and nice.
5:10AM
------
I'm still pretty stimulated, and my visual field is still pretty
crisp, but I'm on my way down now. Out with a little pot and GHB, then
sleep, I think!
Conclusion
----------
Well, it took me till near 10AM to get to sleep. Perhaps the
2C-T-2 was responsible for that. There was a long lingering effect, with
good visuals lasting the whole time. Phenethylamines are unlike
tryptamines that way... the effects are more spread out and continuous,
rather than the sharp peak, gradual decline, and long tail of tryptamines.
It was definately a nice experience, and I hope someday to get to explore
2C-B at a more appropriate dosage range.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


On May 31, 2019, Suji Yan and Katt Gu published a paper called The Free Software Movement and the New Form of Labor on RadicalxChange. The content is about the phenomenon of 996 working systems in many technology industries in China today. Therefore, some people established the 996.icu website to arouse a lot of public opinions, combined with the concept of “Data is labor” in Radical Markets, and proposed that “user production data equals a new form of labor.”
On March 24 this year, Suji Yan received an invitation from E. Glen Weyl to travel to Detroit, Michigan for the RadicalxChange conference. RadicalxChange aims to jointly build a new alternative solution to solve the most divisive problems in society. It has brought together many artists, scholars, entrepreneurs, etc. who are paying attention to various issues in society to fight for a brighter future.
“It’s not radical to critique our current society.
It’s radical to build a better one.”
The world is hovering at a crossroads. Society and the economy are experiencing unprecedented challenges. The gap between the wealth class is widening, economic development is stagnating, and world politics are treacherous. The Internet’s 996 and the Sino-US trade war have more or less reflected the root causes of the above contradictions. Born from rigorous social science, RadicalxChange came into being, embracing markets, technology, communities, and diversity.
Vitalik Buterin, the co-founder of Ethereum (ETH), is also one of the co-sponsors of RadicalxChange, who once stated at the conference that “today’s cryptocurrency advocates and developers should get rid of the fierce individualism of the crypto-punk movement and get rid of excessive Focus on maximizing autonomy and privacy. “The idea is to use technology to create new, fair and innovative systems with positive social impact.
This time Suji Yan and Katt Gu were invited by E. Glen Weyl to write this article, hoping to attract the attention of many Internet practitioners and propose a new form of labor.
E. Glen Weyl is the author of Radical Markets. He believes that the way out of the deadlock in liberalism is to expand the market, rather than weaken its role. Some concepts of liberalism, such as those on intellectual property rights, elections, and immigration, are impractical, and some are even outrageous. However, when facing the challenges brought by populism and protectionism, it may be pointed out A response.
Radical Markets was named the Economist’s Recommended Book of the Year in 2018. The starting point for this book is a series of new challenges in today’s world despite the global economic growth in recent decades, the gap between countries It is shrinking, but inequality within the country is increasing, and social and political divisions and divisions are becoming increasingly serious-the liberal market economy that once made the Western world proud, especially the United States, is facing an unprecedented crisis.
Change is imminent, but better alternatives than centrally planned economies have yet to emerge. Fortunately, today’s technological advances, especially the rapid development of machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies in the context of big data, are quietly redefining social and production relationships. To a certain extent, this makes a feasible institutional design, which might sound unrealistic decades ago. Now, with the help of new technologies, difficult problems can break through institutional barriers and have solutions.
Paper link：
https://www.radicalxchange.org/?s=The+Free+Software+Movement+and+the+New+Form+of+Labor
Github https://github.com/DimensionDev
Twitter https://twitter.com/realMaskNetwork
Facebook https://www.facebook.com/masknetwork
Discord https://discord.com/invite/cKGW45g
Telegram (English) https://t.me/maskbook_group
Telegram （中文） https://t.me/masknetwork_cn


Third Celtic fan stabbed in Rome after Hoops win against Lazio
The victim, believed to be a 20-year-old man, was rushed to hospital with stab wounds shortly after 2.30am on Friday morning.
by Daniel Morrow, https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/authors/daniel-morrow/A third Celtic fan has been stabbed in Rome just hours after the Hoops 2-1 win over Lazio.
The supporter, believed to be a 20-year-old man, was attacked near a McDonald’s on Viale Giulio Cesare, in the Prati area of the city at 2.30am on Friday morning.
Italian media reports the fan was taken to Santo Spirito hospital shortly after the incident.
Police are hunting the attacker after he fled the scene.
It is the second knife attack on Celtic fans after two supporters were stabbed outside the Flann O’Brien Irish bar on Via Internazionale on Wednesday night.
Five men were later arrested by Italian police over the incident.
Last night Celtic fans claimed they were ‘ambushed’ by Lazio thugs in Rome as they headed back from the Stadio Olimpico in Rome.
A host of fans took to Twitter to say they were put in danger after a shuttle bus taking them back from the Olympic Stadium broke down and they were forced to walk.
Twelve Lazio’s ultras were arrested overnight by police for ‘attempted aggression’ against Celtic fans after the game.


Class Integer
- MvcCore\Ext\Form\Core\Validator
- MvcCore\Ext\Form\Validators\Integer
Namespace: MvcCore\Ext\Form\Validators
Located at ext-form/src/MvcCore/Ext/Form/Validators/Integer.php
Located at ext-form/src/MvcCore/Ext/Form/Validators/Integer.php
public
string|array
|
#
Validate( string|array $submitValue, string $fieldName,
Validation template method. In your validator implementation, check submitted value by validator specific rules and if there is any error, call $form->AddError with translated or not translated error message. Return safe submitted value as result. |
Create(),
__construct(),
addError()
|
$Controller,
$Form,
$Translate,
$Translator,
$instances,
$validatorsClassNameTemplate
|


Stanford Linguistics
In this experiment, you will read 120 sentences word-by-word and for each sentence, answer a short question. Please pay attention, thanks!
On the following pages, you will always see a phrase masked with dashes (-). To read the sentence, please press the space bar which will reveal the next word. Once you've read the sentence, please answer the yes/no question that will appear on the screen.
Important: Please try to complete the experiment in one session without any interruptions. It should take at most 30mins.
Please read the following sentence by pressing the space bar to reveal each word.
What's your name?
How old are you?
Please select your gender
Native Language:
How tired are you right now?
Thanks for your time!


Please see here for the full documentation for renderTiles and here for the demo of vector tiles on a google map.
In this demo, this left hand pane has three text fields which expect JSON input. On the right, the top section shows the "imaginary canvas", with all its source tiles and the region which is going to be
"copied" from. And the bottom section on the right shows the "real output canvas" that the renderTiles method is actually trying to write to. Here the output canvas size is fixed at 1024x1024, but the imaginary canvas will grow as needed, based on your json specifications below. Don't forget to hit the "apply changes" button to update things.
When testing locally, you can configure the defaults for the following text fields by modifying
the defaults.js file (use the command git update-index --skip-worktree debug/basic/defaults.js to ensure git ignores any changes you make).
style
The renderer lets you update individual bits of the style without fully reloading, but
in this demo you can only give the full style and press "Apply" to create a new instance
of the renderer with this applied. You can use fairly standard mapbox style definitions, but with some caveats as described in the main documentation (linked to above).
tilesSpec
Here you need to specify an array of tiles that you want to render - see the documentation (linked to above) for details.
drawSpec
Here you need to specify which section of the imaginary infinite canvas you want to copy to the real canvas - see the documentation (linked to above) for details.


Hi, Leroy!
This month, you can participate in the following projects:
High Frequency Trading Risk Management Tools Based on Scaling Law
Follow
$2000 · 48 participants
Created by
Anton Golub
High Frequency Trading Risk Management Tools Based on Scaling Law
Follow
$2000 · 48 participants
Created by
Anton Golub
High Frequency Trading Risk Management Tools Based on Scaling Law
Follow
$2000 · 48 participants
Created by
Anton Golub
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Welcome to HexEdit Pro Help
You may also want to find out All
About Binary Files.
Although easy to use HexEdit Pro has a number of useful and
time-saving facilities that are easy to miss.
Registration entitles you to support and upgrades for at least 2 years
and a free upgrade to the next release.
HexEdit Pro contains extensive on-line help. For example, you can obtain useful help on any command by holding the mouse over a menu item or toolbar button and pressing the F1 key.
Most dialog windows contain a Help button. This provides information on the purpose of the dialog and how to use the controls within it.
Dialogs also contain a small button containing a question mark near their top right corner. Click this button and then click on a control within the window to see a brief description or what the control is for. You can also right-click a control and select "What's This" from the popup menu to see the same description.
You can access the full on-line help system using the "Help Topics" item on the Help menu or by pressing F1. Also pressing Shift-F1 places HexEdit Pro into help mode -- click any object, such as a toolbar button, to find out about it.
See the Help topic in the Overview of HexEdit Pro for more information.
|
What is HexEdit Pro? |
HexEdit Pro is a binary file editor. It is used to view and modify binary files. |
|
Who uses HexEdit Pro? |
During testing and debugging programmers find HexEdit Pro invaluable for viewing and fixing binary files written or read by their programs. Power users can use HexEdit Pro to patch files or fix corrupt files such as documents and databases. |
|
Benefits |
HexEdit Pro saves time by allowing you to track down and fix problems. The intuitive user interface means you can work quickly to accomplish tasks that are difficult in other hex editors. Powerful features such as keystroke macros mean you can easily do things that might otherwise take hours or days to write a program to do the same thing. Templates, configurable color schemes, property pages and search/compare tools make it easy to find what you are looking for. Numerous user-interface refinements make HexEdit Pro a joy to use. |


Glenda Jackson praised for stunning 'masterclass' in Elizabeth Is Missing
by Sam MooreBBC viewers were blown away last night (8 December) by an acting ‘masterclass’ from Glenda Jackson in her return to the small screen in Elizabeth Is Missing.
27 years on from her last major TV role, Jackson starred in the one-off drama as Maud, a dementia sufferer who turns amateur detective after becoming concerned for her friend Elizabeth when she fails to show up for a shopping trip.
‘But with Maud’s dementia progressing, it is not easy to hold on to the clues,’ the drama’s official synopsis adds.
‘Despite her meticulous system of recording her discoveries on post-it notes, Maud can’t shake the feeling that she has lost a crucial clue that would unlock the mystery of Elizabeth’s fate.’
Jackson’s affecting performance was met with near-universal acclaim on Twitter as many people predicted that she’d soon be able to add to her already glittering personal trophy cabinet (which houses two Oscars, a BAFTA and a Tony Award).
There was also plenty of praise reserved for how the drama highlighted the vital need to support people living with dementia, with the Alzheimer’s Society charity tweeting their approval of the show’s depiction of the disease.
Actress and comedian Josie Lawrence was among those to sing Jackson’s praises online last night, describing the performance of her ‘idol’ Jackson in Elizabeth Is Missing as ‘wondrous’.
If you missed the premiere of Elizabeth Is Missing last night, never fear: the 90-minute drama is available to watch on BBC iPlayer for the next month.
Got a showbiz story?
If you've got a celebrity story, video or pictures get in touch with the Metro.co.uk entertainment team by emailing us<EMAIL_ADDRESS>calling 020 3615 2145 or by visiting our Submit Stuff page - we'd love to hear from you.


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Stop live trading a certain project without liquidating existing positions.
$ lean cloud live stop <project> [options]


Your browser doesn't support the features required by impress.js, so you are presented with a simplified version of this presentation.
For the best experience please use the latest Chrome or Safari browser. Firefox 10 and Internet Explorer 10 should also handle it.
One day, I was writing a resume. The next, I thought "Screw this."
I like to draw robots:
I live in Atlanta, GA
But I'd really like to experience living somewhere else
What I really love?
Teaching People New Stuff.
What happens when you take someone who wants to learn programming and hand them a text editor & your time?
I like to teach, all kinds of people who want to learn
From beginners all the way to seasoned programmers I'll teach 'em all!
want to know more?
Email me! Or Twitter at me: @xensesthegreat


WITNESS LIST County Affairs Committee May 7, 1997-8:00A HB 3580 For: King, Tracey (Himself) Against: Wells, James (Denton Co. Auditor) SB 18 For: McDonald, Jeanne H (Vinson and Elkins) SB 19 For: McDonald, Jeanne H. (Vinson and Elkins) Torres, Gerard (Himself) SB 141Committee Substitute (Chisum) For: Barrow, Joyce J. (Tax Assessor Assoc.) Johnson, Miriam K. (Tax Assessor Assoc.) Oakley, Keith (Himself) Sampson, DeMetris (Dallas County) SB 489 For: Corte, Frank (Himself) Mixon, Carl L. (Bexar Co. Comm. Court) SB 1179 For: Shields, John (Himself) SB 1233 For: Rohr, Dr. William B. (Collin County) SB 1277 For: Bosse, Fred (Himself)


Enter Employee Details
Employee ID:
Access Level:
1
2
3
4
Salary:
First Name:
Middle Name:
Last Name:
Address:
Date Of Birth:
Mobile Number:
Department:
Qualification:
Designation:
Dependence Name:
Dependence Relation:
Contact Number:
Email:
Blood Group:
PAN Number:
Library Number:


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: Very high compression with 7z author: display_name: vishvendra login: vishvendra email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: vishvendra author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 438 wordpress_url: https://vishvendrasingh.com/?p=438 date: '2017-01-24 12:22:43 +0530' date_gmt: '2017-01-24 12:22:43 +0530' categories: - Linux tags: [] comments: [] ---
7z a Filename.7z -m0=lzma -mx=9 -mfb=64 -md=32m -ms=on -pYourPassword /path/


I was wondering which schools are the best to take for a sorc or for a wiz???
the best in my mind for an offensive catser would be...EVOC,NECRO _________________ gwen'eth moonthistle
IMO Illusion. In some cases necromancy is a good school to choose as well. _________________ Inactive for a while
I'll echo Ghost.
Illusion. Mind spell immunities are perversly common, so you can easiliy do without enchantment as a spell school. _________________ Two wrongs don't make a right but three lefts do.


Big O notation measures the relation between the amount of inputs and the increase of operations.
What is good code?
- Readable
- Scalable => Big O
Big O notation
- O(1) - Constant time.
- Operations remain constant with each added input.
Constant no loops.
- O(log n) - Logarithmic time.
Usually searching algorithms have log n if they are sorted (Binary Search)
- O(n) - Linear time.
- Operations increase linear with each added input.
Linear- for loops, while loops through n items
- O(n log (n)) - Log Liniear
Log Liniear- usually sorting operations
- O(n^2) - Quadratic Time
- Operations increase quadratic with each added input.
Every element in a collection needs to be
compared to every other element.
Two nested loops.
- O(2^n) - Exponential time.
recursive algorithms that solves a problem of size N
- O(n!) - Factorial time.
- You are adding a loop for every element
Rules for calculating Big O notation
- Worst Case - Always assume worst case scenario.
- Remove Constants - O(100 + 5n) => O(n)
- Different terms for inputs - Look out for different inputs, they get their own term, because they
represent different values => O(n + m) or O(a * b)
- Drop Non Dominant Terms - We only care about the most important non-scaling term O(n + n^2) => O(n^2)
What can cause time in a function => Time Complexity!
- Operations (+, -, *, /)
- Comparisons (<,>, ==)
- Looping (for, while)
- Outside Function call (function())
What causes allocation in memory => Space Complexity!
- Variables
- Data Structures
- Function Call
- Allocations


public class TLDATopicNode
extends java.lang.Object
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
TLDATopicNode()
Initialize the node
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
addChild(TLDATopicNode child)
Add a child node to the current node
|
void |
assignPath()
Assign the path which leads to this node to a token
|
void |
computeChildrenDist(double beta)
Compute the posterior distribution of child nodes
|
void |
computePathLogProb()
Compute the log probability of the path which leads to this node.
|
double |
computePathLogProb(double beta)
Compute the log probability of the path which leads to this node in the training process
|
void |
copyTree(TLDATopicPriorNode priorRoot)
Copy the tree structure (w/o weights) from a tree prior
|
static TLDATopicNode |
fromPrettyPrint(java.io.BufferedReader br)
Load the tree from a BufferedReader
|
static TLDATopicNode |
fromPrettyPrint(java.lang.String treeFileName)
Load the tree from a file
|
TLDATopicNode |
getChild(int no)
Get one of this node's child nodes
|
TLDATopicNode |
getFather()
Get this node's father node
|
int |
getLeafNodeNo()
Get the global leaf node number
|
TLDATopicNode |
getNode(java.util.List<java.lang.Integer> path)
Get the leaf node following a given path
|
int |
getNumChildren()
Get this node's number of child nodes
|
double |
getPathLogProb()
Get the log probability of the path which leads to this node
|
int |
getSampledCounts()
Get the number of tokens assigned to this node and its child nodes
|
double |
getWeight()
Get the weight of this node in its father node's child node distribution
|
boolean |
isLeaf()
Judge whether this node is a leaf node
|
boolean |
isRoot()
Judge whether this node is the root node
|
void |
prettyPrint(java.io.BufferedWriter bw)
Write the tree (w/ weights) to a BufferedWriter
|
void |
prettyPrint(java.lang.String treeFileName)
Write the tree (w/ weights) to a file
|
void |
setFather(TLDATopicNode newFather)
Set this node's father node
|
void |
unassignPath()
Unassign the path which leads to this node from a token
|
public void copyTree(TLDATopicPriorNode priorRoot)
priorRoot
- Tree prior objectpublic static TLDATopicNode fromPrettyPrint(java.lang.String treeFileName) throws java.io.IOException
treeFileName
- The file name of the treejava.io.IOException
- IOExceptionpublic static TLDATopicNode fromPrettyPrint(java.io.BufferedReader br) throws java.io.IOException
br
- The BufferedReader for the tree filejava.io.IOException
- IOExceptionpublic void prettyPrint(java.io.BufferedWriter bw) throws java.io.IOException
bw
- The BufferedWriter to write the threejava.io.IOException
- IOExceptionpublic void prettyPrint(java.lang.String treeFileName) throws java.io.IOException
treeFileName
- The file to store the treejava.io.IOException
- IOExceptionpublic void assignPath()
public void unassignPath()
public void computeChildrenDist(double beta)
beta
- The Dirichlet hyper-parameterpublic void computePathLogProb()
public double computePathLogProb(double beta)
beta
- The Dirichlet hyper-parameterpublic void addChild(TLDATopicNode child)
child
- The child node to addpublic void setFather(TLDATopicNode newFather)
newFather
- The father nodepublic boolean isRoot()
public boolean isLeaf()
public int getNumChildren()
public TLDATopicNode getChild(int no)
no
- The number of the child nodespublic TLDATopicNode getFather()
public TLDATopicNode getNode(java.util.List<java.lang.Integer> path)
path
- The given pathpublic double getPathLogProb()
public double getWeight()
public int getSampledCounts()
public int getLeafNodeNo()


Use butons to simulate radio butons
Are you happy ?
YES
NO
Is it fun ?
YES
I don't know
NO
How to use
You can use this snippet with a normal form and get the returns value using the hidden input.


20130910

 is another obsolete label of HTML.
Now designers use CSS to implement the horizontal line instead of using
.


Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. A DNA molecule consists of two strands that wrap around each other to resemble a twisted ladder whose sides, made of sugar and phosphate molecules, are connected by rungs of nitrogen-containing chemicals called bases. Each strand is a linear arrangement of repeating similar units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogen-containing nucleobase—either guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), or cytosine (C). The particular order of the bases arranged along the sugar-phosphate backbone is called the DNA sequence; the sequence specifies the exact genetic instructions required to create a particular organism with its own unique traits.
For this mission, we want to compare DNA strands and find the longest common base subsequence in the two strands. Subsequences are not required to occupy consecutive positions within the original sequences and letters can be placed at varying distances between each other. These strands can be represented as strings consisting of the letters "ACGT". For example the longest common sequence for strands "ACGTC" and "TTACTC" is "ACTC".
You are given two strand descriptions and you should find the longest common subsequence (not the substring). If we find several “longest” sequences with equal length, then return each of them as a string where these sequence are written in lexicographical order separated by commas. For example, for "CGCTA" and "TACCG" we found three sequences "CG", CC and "TA", so the result is "CC,CG,TA". If the given sequences don't have a common sequence then return an empty string.
Input: Two arguments. Base sequences as strings.
Output: The common longest sequence or sequences as a string.
Example:
How it is used: Bioinformatic scientists often use programming skills to model and examine DNA sequences in a lab. With the concepts from this mission, you can create the foundation of such a tool.
Precondition:
all(0 < len(seq) ≤ 64 and all(x in "ACGT" for x in seq) for seq in args)


[§342D-57] Public participation activities; appointment of hearings officers. The director may appoint, without regard to chapter 76, hearings officers to conduct public participation activities, including public hearings and public informational meetings. [L 1989, c 212, pt of §2; am L 2000, c 253, §150]


Legend of Zelda - Breath of the Wild API
Listing Ingredients
You can list all ingredients in the database by sending a get request to /api/ingredients. You can also choose to get information from only one ingredient by visiting /api/ingredients/:nameOrId. :nameOrId should be replaced with the index number of the item in the database, or by the ingredients exact name.
Adding Ingredients
You can add an ingredient to the database by sending a post request to /api/ingredients. You can also choose to get information from only one ingredient by visiting /api/ingredients/. The body of the post request should send the data as a JSON file. It should contain the following keys:
item_name as string,
type as string,
hearts as string,
effect as number,
potency as string,
duration as number,,
resale_value as number.
Editing Ingredients
You can edit an ingredient in the database by sending a patch request to /api/ingredients/:nameOrId. The body of the patch request should contain the data to be edited as a JSON file. It should contain one or several of the following key-value pairs:
item_name as string,
type as string,
hearts as string,
effect as number,
potency as string,
duration as number,,
resale_value as number.
Removing Ingredients
You can edit an ingredient in the database by sending a patch request to /api/ingredients/:Id. The Id should be the Id in the database.


Chaos & Cyber Culture; Timothy Leary; Paperback; $17.96
Giger's Alien; H.R. Giger, Timothy Leary; Hardcover; $35.96
Intelligence Agents; Timothy Leary, Timothy Leary Ph. D.; Paperback; $13.45
The Lost Beatles Interviews; Geoffrey Giuliano, et al; Paperback; $12.55;
The Psychedelic Experience : A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead (Citadel Underground); Timothy Leary, et al; Paperback; $8.95;
Surfing the Conscious Nets : A Graphic Novel; Timothy Leary, Robert Williams (Illustrator); Paperback; $15.26
Design for Dying; Timothy Leary, David Prince; Hardcover; $21.60 (Not Yet Published -- On Order);
Flashbacks: A Personal and Cultural History of an Era: An Autobiography; Timothy Leary; Paperback; $14.35
Psychedelic Prayers : And Other Meditations; Timothy Leary; Paperback; $11.65
The Psychedelic Reader : Selected from the Psychedelic Review; Gunther M. Weil, et al; Paperback; $12.95
Virtual Reality; Timothy Leary; VHS Tape; $29.99
What Does Woman Want; Timothy Leary; Paperback; $10.80
What Does Woman Want?; Tomothy Leary, Timothy Leary; Paperback
Changing My Mind Among Others; Timothy Leary; Hardcover (Hard to Find)
Flashbacks : An Autobiography; Timothy Leary; Hardcover (Hard to Find)
Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality : A Functional Theory and Methodology for Personality Evaluation; Timothy Leary; Textbook Binding (Hard to Find)
This page is maintained by Alexander Chislenko


public interface Repeating
Appointment
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
static RepeatingType |
DAILY |
static RepeatingType |
MONTHLY |
static RepeatingType |
WEEKLY |
static RepeatingType |
YEARLY |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
addException(Date date) |
void |
clearExceptions() |
Object |
clone() |
Appointment |
getAppointment()
returns the appointment of this repeating.
|
Date |
getEnd() |
Date[] |
getExceptions() |
int |
getInterval()
returns the number of intervals between two repeatings.
|
int |
getNumber() |
RepeatingType |
getType() |
boolean |
hasExceptions() |
boolean |
isDaily() |
boolean |
isException(long date)
tests if an exception is added for the given date
|
boolean |
isFixedNumber()
The value returned depends which method was called last.
|
boolean |
isMonthly() |
boolean |
isWeekly() |
boolean |
isYearly() |
void |
removeException(Date date) |
void |
setEnd(Date end)
Set the end of repeating.
|
void |
setFrom(Repeating repeating)
copy the values from another repeating
|
void |
setInterval(int interval) |
void |
setNumber(int number)
Set a fixed number of repeating.
|
void |
setType(RepeatingType type) |
static final RepeatingType DAILY
static final RepeatingType WEEKLY
static final RepeatingType MONTHLY
static final RepeatingType YEARLY
void setInterval(int interval)
int getInterval()
boolean isFixedNumber()
setNumber()
has been called with a parameter
>=0 fixedNumber()
will return true. If
setEnd()
has been called
fixedNumber()
will return false.setEnd(java.util.Date)
,
setNumber(int)
void setEnd(Date end)
end
- If not null isFixedNumber will return true.setNumber(int)
Date getEnd()
void setNumber(int number)
number
- If >=0 isFixedNumber will return true.setEnd(java.util.Date)
,
isFixedNumber()
int getNumber()
RepeatingType getType()
void setType(RepeatingType type)
Date[] getExceptions()
boolean hasExceptions()
boolean isWeekly()
boolean isDaily()
boolean isMonthly()
boolean isYearly()
void addException(Date date)
void removeException(Date date)
void clearExceptions()
Appointment getAppointment()
Appointment
void setFrom(Repeating repeating)
boolean isException(long date)
Object clone()
Copyright © 2000-2012 Rapla Team. All Rights Reseserved.


If you use gecode-python either for teaching, research, or product development, could you please email me a quick note. Quantitative indicators being all the rage, some numbers would be useful to support this work. Thank you, --Denys


The purpose of this organization is to promote fishing opportunities for MSU students by providing a social network on campus for those who enjoy fishing. We strive to provide a welcoming community that caters to competitive and casual anglers by sponsoring tournaments (Like the MCBC) and arranging trips where members can become acquainted with types of fishing that they otherwise would not have been involved with.
Some of our biggest trips include steelhead fishing on the Pere Marquette, Ice fishing on Houghton Lake and the Saginaw Bay, and jigging for Whitefish on the Tawas Pier.
We are always accepting new members throughout the year, Come on out!
Join our mailing list for more information about upcoming events and trips!
Walleye whisperer.
I fish many of the MCBC tournaments and help manage the club.
I help secure funding for the club. My favorite fish to catch are walleye on my boat and on the ice.
I made this website and manage our social media pages. My favorite kinds of fish to catch are steelhead and walleye.
I like ice fishing on the Saginaw Bay and make sure things run smoothly with the club.


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About


Getting Started with Python#
In this tutorial, we go through basic commands in python. Let’s start with a simple command in Python.
print('Hello World')
Hello World
Certainly, we can create more complex commands using print() that interested readers can find some of them here.
1. Packages#
1.1 Installing Packages#
Packages are an essential part of python that can make tasks easier for users. We can use the following syntax to install packages:
pip install packagename
Example: Installing numpy package.
pip install numpy
Moreover, this can be done through Conda Terminal using the following syntax:
conda install numpy
To see available packages using conda environment, one can search using
conda search packagename
Moreover, to see channels, we can use
conda config --show channels
Also, to add a new channel to the bottom of the channel list
conda config --append channels channelname
For example, we can add conda-forge to the bottom of the channel list
conda config --append channels conda-forge
Similarly, to add a new channel to the top of the channel list
For example, we can add conda-forge to the top of the channel list
conda config --add channels conda-forge
See managing channels for more details.
1.2 Importing Packages#
Some useful package:
NumPy: a package for computation and it includes a variety of tools from basic algebra to managing data.
Pandas: a package that is used to create a data frame using imported data (from user or URL). This package is crucial for data analysis.
SciPy: a package for math, science, and engineering. It includes tools for optimization, linear algebra, integration, and many more.
Plotly: It is used for visualization and creating two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphs.
One can import all contents of a package or import a particular part of it. We recommend importing packages using the “as” feature (see blew for details). This allows importing many packages without being worried about any overlapping.
Importing the contents of the package or module *abc. Syntax:
import abc
Importing only module or subpackage xyz from another package or module abc. Syntax:
from abc import xyz
To assign an imported package or module abc as other_name. Syntax:
import abc as other_name
Example:
## import numpy pcckage
import numpy
numpy.pi
3.141592653589793
## from numpy pcckage import everything
from numpy import *
## * means import everything
pi
3.141592653589793
## import abc as other_name
import numpy as np
np.pi
3.141592653589793
2. Control Flow#
Control flow includes Conditional statements, loops, branching, …
2.1. if Statements#
We can use the following syntex to use if, elif and else.
Syntax:
if expression:
statements
elif expression:
statements
else:
statements
end
Example: Checking wheter a given number \(x\) is smaller than 10, equal 10 or greater than 10.
## given number x
x = 10;
## Checking wheter a given number x is smaller than 10, equal 10 or greater than 10
if x<10:
print('X is smaller than 10')
elif x==10:
print('X is equal 10')
else:
print('X is greater than 10')
X is equal 10
Example: Checking wheter given number \(x\) and \(y\) are smaller than 10, greater than 10 or none of above.
## given nubmers x and y
x=11;y=9;
## Checking wheter given number x and y are smaller than 10, greater than 10 or none of above.
if (x>10) & (y<10):
print('x>10 & y<10')
elif (x<=10) & (y<10):
print('x<=10 & y<10')
elif (x<=10) & (y>=10):
print('x<=10 & y>=10')
else:
print('None of above')
x>10 & y<10
2.2. Loops#
Loops are used for iterating a process. Two popular loops are for and while loops.
2.2.1. for loops#
for loop is used to repeat some statements for a specified number of times.
Syntax:
for index in values:
statements
Example: Let’s generate the following sequence using Python
## the first 10 elements of the sequence
S=0;N=10;
for i in range(0,N):
S+=i
print("S_%d=%d" % (i,S))
S_0=0
S_1=1
S_2=3
S_3=6
S_4=10
S_5=15
S_6=21
S_7=28
S_8=36
S_9=45
To loop over a sequence in reverse, first specify the sequence in a forward direction and then call the reversed() function.
Example:
N=5;
for i in reversed(range(0,N)):
S=i
print("S_%d=%d" % (i,S))
S_4=4
S_3=3
S_2=2
S_1=1
S_0=0
2.2.2. Nested loops#
Implementing a loop inside another loop is called a nested loop. For example, we can
for loop: ## Outer loop
[doing something using the outer loop iteration] ## Optional
for loop: ## Nested loop
[doing something using nested loop iteration]
Example:
for i in range(1,3):
for j in range(1,4):
print("%d+%d=%d" % (i,j,i+j))
1+1=2
1+2=3
1+3=4
2+1=3
2+2=4
2+3=5
Note: the the second loops runs first.
Example:
num_list = [1, 2, 3]
alpha_list = ['a', 'b', 'c']
for N in num_list:
for L in alpha_list:
print("%s and %d" % (L,N))
a and 1
b and 1
c and 1
a and 2
b and 2
c and 2
a and 3
b and 3
c and 3
2.2.3. While loops#
while loop is used to repeat some statements when condition is true
Syntax:
while expression:
statements
Example:
n = 100
s = 0
counter = 1
while counter <= n:
s = s + counter
counter += 1
print("Sum of 1 until %d: %d" % (n,s))
Sum of 1 until 100: 5050
We can generate the sequnece \(\{ 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, \ldots\}\) using while loop as well.
## the first 10 elements of the sequence
S=0;N=10;i=0;
while i<N:
S+=i
print("S_%d=%d" % (i,S))
i+=1;
S_0=0
S_1=1
S_2=3
S_3=6
S_4=10
S_5=15
S_6=21
S_7=28
S_8=36
S_9=45
2.2.4. break#
[source python.org]
The break statement, like in C, breaks out of the innermost enclosing for or while loop.
Loop statements may have an else clause; it is executed when the loop terminates through exhaustion of the list (with for) or when the condition becomes false (with while), but not when the loop is terminated by a break statement.
Example:
for i in range(1,3):
for j in range(1,4):
if i+j==5:
break
else:
print("%d+%d=%d" % (i,j,i+j))
1+1=2
1+2=3
1+3=4
2+1=3
2+2=4
Example:
for i in range(1,3):
for j in range(1,4):
if i+j!=5:
continue
else:
print("%d+%d=%d" % (i,j,i+j))
2+3=5
3. Defining a Function#
Syntax
def functionname( parameters ):
"function_docstring"
function_suite
return [expression]
Example:
def Add3( x ):
"This function adds 3 to x"
print (x+3)
return
## x=1
Add3(1),
## x=2
Add3(2)
4
5
3.1. functions with two arguments#
def printinfo( name, age = 35 ):
## print name
print ("Name: ", name)
## print age. If age is not defined, the default value is 35.
print ("Age ", age)
return
printinfo( age = 50, name = "Henry" )
printinfo( name = "Henry" )
Name: Henry
Age 50
Name: Henry
Age 35
Example: the following function takes \(x\) and \(y\) and retruns \(x^2\) and \(y^2\).
## the following function takes x and y and retruns x^2 and y^2.
def square(x,y):
return x*x, y*y
x2, y2 = square(3,10)
print(x2)
print(y2)
9
100
4. Plots#
4.1. Pyplot#
Pyplot from matplotlib (i.e. matplotlib.pyplot) provides a wide variety of function that can be compared with MATLAB plot functions.
Example: Let’s plot a line using \(\{(1,2),(2,4),(3,6),(4,8)\}\).
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
## define X
X=[1,2,3,4]
## define Y
Y=[2,4,6,8]
## ploting (X,Y)
plt.plot(X,Y)
plt.xlabel('x label')
plt.ylabel('y label')
plt.title('matplotlib plot using plot')
plt.show()
We also can use the following command to use plot
from matplotlib.pyplot import *
X=[1,2,3,4];Y=[2,4,6,8];
plot(X,Y)
xlabel('x label'),ylabel('y label'),title('matplotlib plot using plot')
show()
We also can use scatter
to plot discrete data. For Example,
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
X=[1,2,3,4]
Y=[2,4,6,8]
## Figure size is Figure size 800x800 with 1 Axes
plt.figure(figsize = (8, 8))
plt.scatter(X,Y)
plt.xlabel('x label')
plt.ylabel('y label')
plt.title('matplotlib plot using scatter')
plt.show()
Example: Let’s plot \(\cos(\pi t)\) with \(0\leq t \leq 5\)
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#### definining a function
def f(t):
return np.cos(np.pi*t)
## discretizing [0,5] with dh=0.1
t = np.arange(0.0, 5.0, 0.1)
plt.figure(figsize = (10, 5))
plt.plot(t, f(t), 'k:')
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x25799cfaca0>]
The hist() function automatically generates histograms and returns the bin counts or probabilities.
Example: The hist() function automatically generates histograms and returns the bin counts or probabilities.
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
## Fixing random state for reproducibility
np.random.seed(19680801)
mu, sigma = 100, 15
## random.randn(10000) creates a random array with the size of 10000
x = mu + sigma * np.random.randn(10000)
## the histogram of the data
n, bins, patches = plt.hist(x, 50, density=True, facecolor='b', alpha=0.75)
plt.xlabel('Smarts')
plt.ylabel('Probability')
plt.title('Histogram of IQ')
plt.text(60, .025, r'$\mu=100,\ \sigma=15$')
plt.axis([40, 160, 0, 0.03])
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
4.2. subplot#
Sometimes, it is more convenient to include more than one plot in a figure. Doins so, we can use subplot.
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
## defining a function using lambda (simlar to @ in MATLAB)
f= lambda t : np.exp(-t)*np.cos(np.pi*t)
## discretizing
t1 = np.arange(0.0, 5.0, 0.1)
t2 = np.arange(0.0, 5.0, 0.02)
plt.subplots(figsize = (10, 5))
## The first subplot
plt.subplot(211)
plt.plot(t1, f(t1), 'bo', t2, f(t2), 'k')
plt.grid()
## The second subplot is plotting cos(2*np.pi*t2) but we do this using a different approach than the first one
plt.subplot(212)
plt.plot(t2, np.cos(2*np.pi*t2), 'r--')
plt.grid()
plt.show()
C:\Users\hatef\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_7148\3713157259.py:12: MatplotlibDeprecationWarning: Auto-removal of overlapping axes is deprecated since 3.6 and will be removed two minor releases later; explicitly call ax.remove() as needed.
plt.subplot(211)
An alternative way can be considered as follows:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=1, figsize=(10, 5), sharex=False)
_ = ax[0].plot(t1, f(t1), 'bo', t2, f(t2), 'k')
_ = ax[0].grid()
_ = ax[1].plot(t2, np.cos(2*np.pi*t2), 'r--')
_ = ax[1].grid()
4.3. Three-dimensional plotting#
We can use mplot3d from mpl_toolkits to generate 3D plots.
Example: For example, let’s plot \(z=x^2+y^2\) with \(-4\leq x,y\leq 4\).
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import cm
from matplotlib.ticker import LinearLocator, FormatStrFormatter
import numpy as np
fig = plt.figure(figsize = (20, 10))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
## Make data.
X = np.arange(-4, 4, 0.02)
Y = np.arange(-4, 4, 0.02)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(X, Y)
R = np.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
Z = np.sin(R)
## Plot the surface.
surf = ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, cmap=cm.coolwarm,
linewidth=0, antialiased=False)
## Customize the z axis.
ax.set_zlim(-2.00, 2.00)
ax.zaxis.set_major_locator(LinearLocator(10))
ax.zaxis.set_major_formatter(FormatStrFormatter('%.02f'))
## Add a color bar which maps values to colors.
fig.colorbar(surf, shrink=0.5, aspect=5)
plt.show()
For more examples of plots, please check here.
5. Symbolic computations in Python#
Let us define a symbolic expression and appy some useful functions on it [source].
Function |
Description |
|---|---|
expand(expr) |
expands the arithmetical expression expr. |
simplify(expr) |
transforms an expression into a simpler form. |
factor(expr) |
Factors a polynomial into irreducible polynomials. |
diff(func, var, n) |
Returns nth derivative of func . |
integrate(func, var) |
Evaluates Indefinite integral |
integrate(func, (var, a, b)) |
Evaluates Definite integral |
limit(function, variable, point) |
Evaluates Limit of symbolic expression. |
series(expr, var, point, order) |
Taylor series of an expression at a point. |
solve |
Equations and systems solver. |
dsolve |
solves differential equations. |
from sympy import *
x, y = symbols('x y')
Example: (expand
, simplify
and factor
)
## expand
f = x**2 + 2*x*y
print("f^2=%s" % (f*f))
print("expand = %s" % expand(f*f))
print("simplify = %s" % simplify(f*f))
print("factor = %s" % factor(f*f))
f^2=(x**2 + 2*x*y)**2
expand = x**4 + 4*x**3*y + 4*x**2*y**2
simplify = x**2*(x + 2*y)**2
factor = x**2*(x + 2*y)**2
Example: (diff
)
print("f=%s" % (f))
print("f_x=%s" % diff(f, x))
print("f_y=%s" % diff(f, y))
print("f_xx=%s" % diff(f, x, 2))
print("f_yx=%s" % diff(diff(f, y),x))
f=x**2 + 2*x*y
f_x=2*x + 2*y
f_y=2*x
f_xx=2
f_yx=2
Example: (integrate
)
print("f=%s" % (f))
print("Indefinite integral (with respect to x) = %s" % integrate(f, x))
print("Indefinite integral (with respect to y) = %s" % integrate(f, y))
print("Definite integral (with respect to x on [2,3]) = %s" % integrate(f, (x,2,3)))
print("Definite integral (with respect to y on [2,3]) = %s" % integrate(f, (y,2,3)))
f=x**2 + 2*x*y
Indefinite integral (with respect to x) = x**3/3 + x**2*y
Indefinite integral (with respect to y) = x**2*y + x*y**2
Definite integral (with respect to x on [2,3]) = 5*y + 19/3
Definite integral (with respect to y on [2,3]) = x**2 + 5*x
Example: Let’s compute
(a) \(\int_{-\infty}^\infty \sin{(x^2)}\,dx\)
(b) \(\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{\sin{(x)}}{x}\)
(c) \(\lim_{x\to -\infty}\exp(x)\)
#### a
print("a=%s" % integrate(sin(x**2), (x, -oo, oo)))
#### b
print("b=%s" % limit(sin(x)/x, x, 0))
#### c
print("c=%s" % limit(exp(x), x, -oo))
a=sqrt(2)*sqrt(pi)/2
b=1
c=0
Example: Evaluate Taylor series of
(a) \(\sin(x)\) at \(x=0\)
(a) \(\cos(x)\) at \(x=1\)
#### a
print("(a) Taylor series of sin(x) at x=0 : %s " % series(sin(x), x))
#### b
print("(b) Taylor series of cos(x) at x=0 : %s " % series(cos(x), x, 1, 3))
(a) Taylor series of sin(x) at x=0 : x - x**3/6 + x**5/120 + O(x**6)
(b) Taylor series of cos(x) at x=0 : cos(1) - (x - 1)*sin(1) - (x - 1)**2*cos(1)/2 + O((x - 1)**3, (x, 1))
Example: Let’s solve the following equations
(a) \(x^3-1=0\) for \(x\)
(b) \(x+y=2\) for \(y\)
solve(x**3 - 1, x)
[1, -1/2 - sqrt(3)*I/2, -1/2 + sqrt(3)*I/2]
solve(x+y-2, y)
[2 - x]
Example: Let’s solve the differential equation \(y'' - y = e^x\).
#### displaying the soltuion in laTex format
init_printing(use_unicode=True)
##
from sympy import Function, dsolve, Eq, Derivative, sin, cos, symbols
from sympy.abc import x
y = Function('y')
dsolve(Derivative(y(x), x, x) -y(x)-exp(x), y(x))
We also can find the eigenvalues of a marix using Python
Example: Matrices
Matrix([[1, 3], [3, 1]]).eigenvals()
x, y = symbols('x y')
Matrix([[0,x*x], [y*y,0]]).eigenvals()
Finally, we can print outputs in \(\LaTeX\) format.
Example:
latex(Integral(cos(x)**2, (x, 0, pi)))
'\\int\\limits_{0}^{\\pi} \\cos^{2}{\\left(x \\right)}\\, dx'
6. Data Structures#
6.1. Lists#
Syntax |
Description |
|---|---|
list.append(x) |
Add an item to the end of a list. |
list.extend(iterable) |
Extend a list by appending all the items from the iterable. |
list.insert(i, x) |
Insert an item at a given position of a list. |
list.remove(x) |
Remove the first item from a list whose value is equal to x. |
list.pop([i]) |
Remove the item at the given position in a list, and return it. |
list.clear() |
Remove all items from a list. |
list.index(x[, start[, end]]) |
Return zero-based index in a list of the first item whose value is equal to x. |
list.count(x) |
Return the number of times x appears in the list |
list.sort(key=None, reverse=False) |
Sort the items of the list in place. |
list.reverse() |
Reverse the elements of the list in place. |
list.copy() |
Return a shallow copy of the list. |
Here are all of the methods of list objects (source):
Example:
L=list(range(1,4))
print('L = %s' % L)
print('append: Add 5 to the end of a list.')
L.append(5)
print('L = %s' % L)
print('extend: Extend a list by appending [6,7].')
L.extend([6,7])
print('L = %s' % L)
print('insert: Insert 0 at position 0 of a list.')
L.insert(0, 0)
print('L = %s' % L)
print('insert: Insert 1.5 at position 2 of a list.')
L.insert(2, 1.5)
print('L = %s' % L)
print('remove: remove 2 from the list')
L.remove(2)
print('L = %s' % L)
print('remove: remove 1 from the list')
L.remove(1)
print('L = %s' % L)
L = [1, 2, 3]
append: Add 5 to the end of a list.
L = [1, 2, 3, 5]
extend: Extend a list by appending [6,7].
L = [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7]
insert: Insert 0 at position 0 of a list.
L = [0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7]
insert: Insert 1.5 at position 2 of a list.
L = [0, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7]
remove: remove 2 from the list
L = [0, 1, 1.5, 3, 5, 6, 7]
remove: remove 1 from the list
L = [0, 1.5, 3, 5, 6, 7]
Example:
L=list(range(1,5))
print('L = %s' % L)
print('The first item of the list is %s' % L.pop(0))
print('The second item of the list is %s' % L.pop(0))
print('The last item of the list is %s' % L.pop())
L = [1, 2, 3, 4]
The first item of the list is 1
The second item of the list is 2
The last item of the list is 4
L=list(range(1,5))
print('L = %s' % L)
print('Remove all items from a list:')
print('Using L.clear: %s' % L.clear())
L = [1, 2, 3, 4]
Remove all items from a list:
Using L.clear: None
Example:
L=list(range(1,10))
print('L = % s' % L)
print('the index of the first item whose value is equal to 5 is % s' % L.index(5))
L = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
the index of the first item whose value is equal to 5 is 4
Example:
L=[1, 1, 2, 5, 15, 3, 4]
print('L = % s' % L)
print('the number of times 1 appears in the list = %s' % L.count(1))
L.sort(key=None, reverse=False)
print('Sort the items of the list in place : %s' % L)
L.reverse()
print('Reverse the elements of the list in place : %s' % L)
print('a copy of L = %s' % L.copy())
L = [1, 1, 2, 5, 15, 3, 4]
the number of times 1 appears in the list = 2
Sort the items of the list in place : [1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 15]
Reverse the elements of the list in place : [15, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1]
a copy of L = [15, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1]
Example:
fruits = ['Apricots','Avocado','Watermelon','Strawberries','Orange', 'Apple', 'Banana', 'Kiwi', 'Apple', 'Strawberries']
#### Count
print("The number of Strawberries = %i" % fruits.count('Strawberries'))
print("The number of Watermelon = %i" % fruits.count('Watermelon'))
The number of Strawberries = 2
The number of Watermelon = 1
#### Find
fruits.index('Watermelon', 1) ## Find next banana starting a position 1
## Reverse the elements of the list in place.
fruits.reverse()
fruits
['Strawberries',
'Apple',
'Kiwi',
'Banana',
'Apple',
'Orange',
'Strawberries',
'Watermelon',
'Avocado',
'Apricots']
## Add 'Pomegranate' to the end of the list
fruits.append('Pomegranate')
fruits
['Strawberries',
'Apple',
'Kiwi',
'Banana',
'Apple',
'Orange',
'Strawberries',
'Watermelon',
'Avocado',
'Apricots',
'Pomegranate']
## Sort the items of the list in place
fruits.sort()
fruits
['Apple',
'Apple',
'Apricots',
'Avocado',
'Banana',
'Kiwi',
'Orange',
'Pomegranate',
'Strawberries',
'Strawberries',
'Watermelon']
## pop here removes and returns the last item in the list.
fruits.pop()
'Watermelon'
## Remove all items from the list.
fruits.clear()
fruits
6.2. Using Lists as Queues#
We also can use a list as a queue, where the first element added is the first element retrieved (“first-in, first-out”); however, lists are not efficient for this purpose.
To implement a queue, use collections.deque which was designed to have fast appends and pops from both ends. For Example:
from collections import deque
Premier_Leauge = deque(["Manchester City", "Liverpool FC", "Tottenham Hotspur"])
Premier_Leauge.append("Arsenal")
Premier_Leauge
deque(['Manchester City', 'Liverpool FC', 'Tottenham Hotspur', 'Arsenal'])
Premier_Leauge.append("Manchester United")
Premier_Leauge.append("Chesea")
Premier_Leauge
deque(['Manchester City',
'Liverpool FC',
'Tottenham Hotspur',
'Arsenal',
'Manchester United',
'Chesea'])
Premier_Leauge.popleft() ## The first to arrive now leaves
'Manchester City'
Premier_Leauge ## Remaining queue in order of arrival
deque(['Liverpool FC', 'Tottenham Hotspur', 'Arsenal', 'Manchester United', 'Chesea'])
6.3. List Comprehensions#
For Example, assume we want to create a set
Sn = []; N=5;
for n in range(N):
Sn.append(1/(1+n**2))
Sn
We also can generate \(S_n\) using either of the following commands
Sn = list(map(lambda n: (1/(1+n**2)), range(N)))
Sn = [(1/(1+n**2)) for n in range(N)]
Sn
Example: let’s contruct the following set
[(x, y) for x in range(-1,1) for y in range(-1,1) if x!= y]
We could generate this set using nested loops as well
Sn = []
for x in range(-1,1):
for y in range(-1,1):
if x != y:
Sn.append((x, y))
Sn
7. Linear algebra#
A \(m\) by \(n\) matrix in Python is basically a list of a list as a matrix having \(m\) rows and \(n\) columns. For Example:
[[1, 2, 3],[4, 5, 6],[7, 8, 9]]
7.1. Matrix#
Syntax |
Description |
|---|---|
mat(data[, dtype]) |
Interpret the input as a matrix. |
matrix(data[, dtype, copy]) |
|
asmatrix(data[, dtype]) |
Interpret the input as a matrix. |
bmat(obj[, ldict, gdict]) |
Build a matrix object from a string, nested sequence, or array. |
empty(shape[, dtype, order]) |
Return a new matrix of given shape and type, without initializing entries. |
zeros(shape[, dtype, order]) |
Return a matrix of given shape and type, filled with zeros. |
ones(shape[, dtype, order]) |
Matrix of ones. |
eye(n[, M, k, dtype, order]) |
Return a matrix with ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere. |
identity(n[, dtype]) |
Returns the square identity matrix of given size. |
repmat(a, m, n) |
Repeat a 0-D to 2-D array or matrix MxN times. |
rand(*args) |
Return a matrix of random values with given shape. |
randn(*args) |
Return a random matrix with data from the “standard normal” distribution. |
We can create a matrix using numpy.matrix
as well. Example:
## We can use
from numpy import *
matrix('1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9')
#### or
import numpy as np
np.matrix('1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9')
matrix([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]])
To access an entry of this matrix we can
import numpy as np
M=np.matrix('1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9')
print('M_2,2 = %d' % M[1,1])
print('M_1,1 = %d' % M[0,0])
M_2,2 = 5
M_1,1 = 1
Note: Unlike MATLAB, here indeces start from 0
7.1.1. zeros#
Syntax: numpy.zeros(shape, dtype=float, order='C')
Notes:
The desired data-type for the array, e.g., numpy.int8. Default is numpy.float64.
order : {‘C’, ‘F’}, optional. Whether to store multidimensional data in C- or Fortran-contiguous (row- or column-wise) order in memory.
Example: We also create matrices using nested loops.
import numpy as np
M=3;N=3;
A=np.zeros((M,N), dtype= int)
for ix in range(M):
for iz in range(N):
A[ix,iz]=ix+iz
print("A =", A)
A = [[0 1 2]
[1 2 3]
[2 3 4]]
The size of this matrix can be also found as
np.shape(A) ## This gives the length of the array
Example: Let’s transpose matrix A.
[[row[i] for row in A] for i in range(M)]
[[0, 1, 2], [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4]]
We can generate a matrix using zip function as well. For Example:
A=zip(range(M),range(M))
A=list(A)
print("A =", A)
A = [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)]
We can delete some elements of a list using del function. For Example:
A=list(range(10))
print("A =", A)
A = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
del(A[2]) ## deleting the third element
print("A =", A)
A = [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
del(A[6:9]) ## deleting the last 3 elements
print("A =", A)
A = [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6]
We can also use numpy.matrix to create matrices. For Example:
A = np.matrix('1 2; 3 4')
print("A =", A)
A = [[1 2]
[3 4]]
7.1.2. Sparse matrices#
We can use scipy to define sparse matrices. For Example:
## import sparse module from SciPy package
from scipy import sparse
## import uniform module to create random numbers
from scipy.stats import uniform
## import NumPy
import numpy as np
A=[[1, 0, 0, 0],[2, 2, 0, 0],[1, 0, 0, 1]]
SparseA=sparse.csr_matrix(A)
print(SparseA)
(0, 0) 1
(1, 0) 2
(1, 1) 2
(2, 0) 1
(2, 3) 1
7.2. Dictionaries#
A pair of braces creates an empty dictionary: {}. Placing a comma-separated list of key:value pairs within the braces adds initial key:value pairs to the dictionary; this is also the way dictionaries are written on output. We are going to explain this using an Example:
PL_Champions={"Manchester United" : '2012–13',
"Leicester City" : '2015–16',
"Chelsea" : '2016–17',
"Manchester City" : '2017–18'}
print("Premier League Champions = ", PL_Champions)
Premier League Champions = {'Manchester United': '2012–13', 'Leicester City': '2015–16', 'Chelsea': '2016–17', 'Manchester City': '2017–18'}
## Add a value to the dictionary
PL_Champions["Arsenal"]='2003–04'
print("Premier League Champions = ", PL_Champions)
Premier League Champions = {'Manchester United': '2012–13', 'Leicester City': '2015–16', 'Chelsea': '2016–17', 'Manchester City': '2017–18', 'Arsenal': '2003–04'}
## Remove a key and it's value
del PL_Champions["Arsenal"]
print("Premier League Champions = ", PL_Champions)
Premier League Champions = {'Manchester United': '2012–13', 'Leicester City': '2015–16', 'Chelsea': '2016–17', 'Manchester City': '2017–18'}
## The len() function gives the number of pairs in the dictionary.
print("The Length = ", len(PL_Champions) )
The Length = 4
## Test the dictionary
'Liverpool' in PL_Champions
False
## Test the dictionary
'Leicester City' in PL_Champions
True
## Print all key and values
print("-" * 100)
print('Premier League Champions')
print("-" * 100)
for k, v in PL_Champions.items():
print(k, v)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Premier League Champions
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Manchester United 2012–13
Leicester City 2015–16
Chelsea 2016–17
Manchester City 2017–18
## Get only the keys from the dictionary
print(PL_Champions.keys())
dict_keys(['Manchester United', 'Leicester City', 'Chelsea', 'Manchester City'])
## When looping through a sequence, the position index and corresponding value can be retrieved at the same time using
## the enumerate() function.
for i, v in enumerate(PL_Champions.items()):
print(i, v)
0 ('Manchester United', '2012–13')
1 ('Leicester City', '2015–16')
2 ('Chelsea', '2016–17')
3 ('Manchester City', '2017–18')
## To loop over two or more sequences at the same time, the entries can be paired with the zip() function.
Year=['2012–13', '2015–16', '2016–17', '2017–18']
Champ=['Manchester United', 'Leicester City', 'Chelsea', 'Manchester City']
for Y, C in zip(Year, Champ):
print('The Champtions of the Premier League in {0}? It is {1}.'.format(Y, C))
The Champtions of the Premier League in 2012–13? It is Manchester United.
The Champtions of the Premier League in 2015–16? It is Leicester City.
The Champtions of the Premier League in 2016–17? It is Chelsea.
The Champtions of the Premier League in 2017–18? It is Manchester City.
8. DataFrames#
We highly recommend reading getting started tutorials from pandas. However, in this section, we briefly introduce some of the key functions of Pandas Datafrme.
8.1. Importing Data from a Website#
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_html('https://www.premierleague.com/stats/top/players/goals?se=274')
df = pd.concat(df).dropna(axis = 1)
display(df)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ImportError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[83], line 2
1 import pandas as pd
----> 2 df = pd.read_html('https://www.premierleague.com/stats/top/players/goals?se=274')
3 df = pd.concat(df).dropna(axis = 1)
4 display(df)
File ~\anaconda3\envs\jbook\lib\site-packages\pandas\util\_decorators.py:331, in deprecate_nonkeyword_arguments.<locals>.decorate.<locals>.wrapper(*args, **kwargs)
325 if len(args) > num_allow_args:
326 warnings.warn(
327 msg.format(arguments=_format_argument_list(allow_args)),
328 FutureWarning,
329 stacklevel=find_stack_level(),
330 )
--> 331 return func(*args, **kwargs)
File ~\anaconda3\envs\jbook\lib\site-packages\pandas\io\html.py:1205, in read_html(io, match, flavor, header, index_col, skiprows, attrs, parse_dates, thousands, encoding, decimal, converters, na_values, keep_default_na, displayed_only, extract_links)
1201 validate_header_arg(header)
1203 io = stringify_path(io)
-> 1205 return _parse(
1206 flavor=flavor,
1207 io=io,
1208 match=match,
1209 header=header,
1210 index_col=index_col,
1211 skiprows=skiprows,
1212 parse_dates=parse_dates,
1213 thousands=thousands,
1214 attrs=attrs,
1215 encoding=encoding,
1216 decimal=decimal,
1217 converters=converters,
1218 na_values=na_values,
1219 keep_default_na=keep_default_na,
1220 displayed_only=displayed_only,
1221 extract_links=extract_links,
1222 )
File ~\anaconda3\envs\jbook\lib\site-packages\pandas\io\html.py:982, in _parse(flavor, io, match, attrs, encoding, displayed_only, extract_links, **kwargs)
980 retained = None
981 for flav in flavor:
--> 982 parser = _parser_dispatch(flav)
983 p = parser(io, compiled_match, attrs, encoding, displayed_only, extract_links)
985 try:
File ~\anaconda3\envs\jbook\lib\site-packages\pandas\io\html.py:939, in _parser_dispatch(flavor)
937 else:
938 if not _HAS_LXML:
--> 939 raise ImportError("lxml not found, please install it")
940 return _valid_parsers[flavor]
ImportError: lxml not found, please install it
Each column in the above Datafrme is a Series. For example,
df['Rank']
0 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6
6 7
7 8
8 9
9 10
10 11
11 12
12 13
13 14
14 15
15 16
16 17
17 18
18 19
19 20
Name: Rank, dtype: int64
To see some general stats regarding the df, we can use describe()
df.describe()
| Rank | Stat | |
|---|---|---|
| count | 20.00000 | 20.000000 |
| mean | 10.50000 | 157.500000 |
| std | 5.91608 | 35.714511 |
| min | 1.00000 | 118.000000 |
| 25% | 5.75000 | 126.750000 |
| 50% | 10.50000 | 149.500000 |
| 75% | 15.25000 | 177.250000 |
| max | 20.00000 | 260.000000 |
We can transpose a dataframe using .T
.
df.T
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
| Player | Alan Shearer | Wayne Rooney | Andrew Cole | Sergio Agüero | Harry Kane | Frank Lampard | Thierry Henry | Robbie Fowler | Jermain Defoe | Michael Owen | Les Ferdinand | Teddy Sheringham | Robin van Persie | Jamie Vardy | Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink | Robbie Keane | Nicolas Anelka | Dwight Yorke | Steven Gerrard | Romelu Lukaku |
| Club | - | - | - | - | Tottenham Hotspur | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Leicester City | - | - | - | - | - | Chelsea |
| Nationality | England | England | England | Argentina | England | England | France | England | England | England | England | England | Netherlands | England | Netherlands | Ireland | France | Trinidad & Tobago | England | Belgium |
| Stat | 260 | 208 | 187 | 184 | 178 | 177 | 175 | 163 | 162 | 150 | 149 | 146 | 144 | 128 | 127 | 126 | 125 | 123 | 120 | 118 |
8.2 Summary Statistics#
To find the maximum and minimum of this series,
## Maximum
print('Max: %i' % df['Rank'].max())
## Minimum
print('Min: %i' % df['Rank'].min())
Max: 20
Min: 1
Moreover, mean
, median
, sum
, and count
## Mean
print('Mean: %i' % df['Stat'].mean())
## Median
print('Median: %i' % df['Stat'].median())
## Sum
print('Sum: %i' % df['Stat'].sum())
## Count
print('Count: %i' % df['Stat'].count())
Mean: 157
Median: 149
Sum: 3150
Count: 20
Furthermore, value_counts() returns a Series containing counts of unique values.
df['Nationality'].value_counts()
England 12
France 2
Netherlands 2
Argentina 1
Ireland 1
Trinidad & Tobago 1
Belgium 1
Name: Nationality, dtype: int64
8.3 GroupBy#
A DataFrame can be grouped using a mapper or by a Series of columns. For example, to see the average goal scored from each nationality. We can use the following syntax.
df.groupby(['Nationality']).mean()
| Rank | Stat | |
|---|---|---|
| Nationality | ||
| Argentina | 4.000000 | 184.0 |
| Belgium | 20.000000 | 118.0 |
| England | 8.333333 | 169.0 |
| France | 12.000000 | 150.0 |
| Ireland | 16.000000 | 126.0 |
| Netherlands | 14.000000 | 135.5 |
| Trinidad & Tobago | 18.000000 | 123.0 |
Similarly, to see all goals scored from each nationality. We can use the following syntax.
df.groupby(['Nationality']).sum()
| Rank | Stat | |
|---|---|---|
| Nationality | ||
| Argentina | 4 | 184 |
| Belgium | 20 | 118 |
| England | 100 | 2028 |
| France | 24 | 300 |
| Ireland | 16 | 126 |
| Netherlands | 28 | 271 |
| Trinidad & Tobago | 18 | 123 |