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One-sentence summary for table of contents: The full coding region nucleic acid sequence and serologic properties of the virus were identified.
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus first isolated in Uganda from a sentinel monkey in 1947. Mosquito and sentinel animal surveillance studies have demonstrated that ZIKV is endemic to Africa and Southeast Asia, yet reported human cases are rare, with <10 cases reported in the literature. In June 2007, an epidemic of fever and rash associated with ZIKV was detected in Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia. We report the genetic and serologic properties of the ZIKV associated with this epidemic.
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus in the family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus. It was initially isolated in 1947 from blood of a febrile sentinel rhesus monkey during a yellow fever study in the Zika forest of Uganda ( 1 ). The virus was subsequently isolated from a pool of Aedes africanus mosquitoes collected in 1948 from the same region of the Zika forest; a serologic survey conducted at that time showed that 6.1% of the residents in nearby regions of Uganda had specific antibodies to ZIKV ( 1 , 2 ).
Over the next 20 years, several ZIKV isolates were obtained from Aedes spp. in Africa ( Ae. africanus) and Malaysia ( Ae. aegypti), implicating these species as likely epidemic or enzootic vectors ( 3 – 5 ). Several ZIKV human isolates were also obtained in the 1960s and 1970s from East and West Africa during routine arbovirus surveillance studies in the absence of epidemics ( 6 – 8 ). Additional serologic studies in the 1950s and 1960s detected ZIKV infections among humans in Egypt, Nigeria, Uganda, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Thailand, North Vietnam, and the Philippines ( 5 ). These data strongly suggest widespread occurrence of ZIKV from Africa to Southeast Asia west and north of the Wallace line.
In 1977, ZIKV infection was confirmed among 7 patients in central Java, Indonesia, during an acute fever study ( 9 ). Data on these 7 ZIKV cases and several previously reported human infections indicated that clinical characteristics of infection with ZIKV included fever, headache, malaise, stomach ache, dizziness, anorexia, and maculopapular rash; in all cases infection appeared relatively mild, self-limiting, and nonlethal ( 6 , 8 – 10 ).
In April 2007, an epidemic of rash, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia was noted by physicians in Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia ( 11 ). Laboratory testing with a rapid assay suggested that a dengue virus (DENV) was the causative agent. In June 2007, samples were sent for confirmatory testing to the Arbovirus Diagnostic Laboratory at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Fort Collins, CO, USA). Serologic testing by immunoglobulin (Ig) M–capture ELISA with DENV antigen confirmed recent flavivirus infection in several patients. Testing by reverse transcription–PCR (RT-PCR) with flavivirus consensus primers generated DNA fragments, which when subjected to nucleic acid sequencing, demonstrated ≈90% nucleotide identity with ZIKV. These findings indicated that ZIKV was the causative agent of the Yap epidemic. We report serologic parameters of the immune response among ZIKV-infected humans, data on estimated levels of viremia, and the complete coding region nucleic acid sequence of ZIKV associated with this epidemic.
Details of the epidemic, including clinical and laboratory findings for all patients, will be reported elsewhere (M.R. Duffy et al., unpub. data). A subset of ZIKV-infected patients for whom acute- and convalescent-phase paired serum specimens had been collected was analyzed by using several serologic assays to evaluate the extent of cross-reactivity to several related flaviviruses. Patients were classified as primary flavivirus/ZIKV infected or secondary flavivirus/ZIKV probable infected. Primary flavivirus/ZIKV–infected patients were those in whom acute-phase serum specimens (<10 days) had no detectible antibodies (by IgG ELISA and plaque-reduction neutralization test [PRNT]) to any of the heterologous flaviviruses tested ( Tables 1 , 2 ) and were either IgM-positive in their acute-phase specimen or IgM and IgG positive for ZIKV in a convalescent-phase specimen (seroconversion). Secondary flavivirus/ZIKV probable–infected patients were those who had detectable antibodies to >1 heterologous flaviviruses in their acute-phase specimen and were also IgM positive for ZIKV in their acute-phase specimen, or IgM and IgG positive for ZIKV in their convalescent-phase specimen. The designation “ZIKV probable” was used because secondary flavivirus infections demonstrate extensive cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses, and in some cases, higher serologic reactivity to the original infecting flavivirus (“original antigenic sin” phenomenon). Thus, in secondary flavivirus infections shown in Tables 1 and 2 , serologic data alone is insufficient to confirm ZIKV as the recently infecting flavivirus. However, these secondary flavivirus/ZIKV probable infections were likely recent ZIKV infections because ZIKV was the only virus detected during the epidemic in Yap, a relatively small and isolated island ( 11 ).
| Patient | Days after onset | IgG
|
IgM
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZIKV | ZIKV | DENV | YFV | JEV | MVEV | WNV | |||
| Primary flavivirus ZIKV | |||||||||
| 822a | 5 | 1.5 | 23.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.1 | – | |
| 822b | 10 | 1.2 | 39.5 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 1.2 | – | |
| 822c | 24 | 3.3 | 13.1 | 2.7 | 0.63 | 1.8 | 1.3 | – | |
| 830a | 2 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 4.4 | 0.48 | 4.4 | 2.9 | – | |
| 830b | 21 | 1.8 | 16.3 | 1.9 | 0.63 | 1.3 | 1.6 | – | |
| 849a | 3 | 1.5 | 4.5 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 1.2 | 0.66 | – | |
| 849b | 18 | 3.0 | 18.2 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 1.5 | – | |
| 862a | 6 | 1.9 | 25.4 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 1.0 | – | |
| 862b
|
20
|
2.6
|
|
15.4
|
2
|
1.1
|
2.3
|
1.1
|
Eq
|
| Secondary flavivirus ZIKV (probable) | |||||||||
| 817a | 1 | 5.9 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.7 | – | |
| 817b | 19 | 5.7 | 8.1 | 5.1 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.0 | – | |
| 833a | 1 | 3.4 | 1.7 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 1.3 | – | |
| 833b | 19 | 8.2 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 2.5 | 1.3 | – | |
| 844a | 2 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 6.8 | 2.0 | 21.5 | 0.7 | – | |
| 844b | 16 | 8.5 | 12.7 | 14.9 | 7.0 | 42.9 | 1.6 | – | |
| 955a | 1 | 5.0 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 3.4 | 2.4 | Eq | |
| 955b | 14 | 26.6 | 10.9 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 4.0 | Eq | |
| 968a | 1 | 4.0 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | – | |
| 968b | 3 | 12.3 | 20.4 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 2.0 | – | |
| 839a | 3 | 1 | 0.92 | 3.4 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 2.1 | – | |
| 839b | 20 | 4.9 | 17.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.8 | – | |
| 847a | 5 | 0.9 | 0.94 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 2.3 | 1.3 | – | |
| 847b | 8 | 14.1 | 21.5 | 1.4 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 2.6 | – |
*Ig, immunoglobulin; ZIKV, Zika virus; DENV, dengue virus type 1–4 mixture; YFV, yellow fever virus; JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus; MVEV, Murray Valley encephalitis virus; WNV, West Nile virus; –, negative. Eq, result in equivocal range of the assay. IgG and IgM testing was conducted by ELISA except for WNV, which was tested by microsphere assay; ELISA values are patient optical densities divided by negative control optical densities; <2, negative; 2–3 equivocal; >3 positive.
| Patient | Days after onset | PRNT
90 titer
|
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZIKV | DENV1 | DENV2 | DENV3 | DENV4 | JEV | YFV | WNV | SLEV | MVEV | ||
| Primary flavivirus ZIKV | |||||||||||
| 822a | 5 | 320 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| 822b | 10 | 2,560 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| 822c | 24 | 5,120 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| 830a | 2 | <10 | <10 | NT‡ | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT |
| 830b | 21 | 2,560 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| 849a | 3 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| 849b | 18 | 10,240 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 20 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| 862a | 6 | 320 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| 862b
|
20
|
2,560
|
10
|
10
|
<10
|
<10
|
<10
|
<10
|
<10
|
10
|
<10
|
| Secondary flavivirus ZIKV (probable) | |||||||||||
| 817a | 1 | 80 | 80 | 160 | 320 | 160 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 40 | 40 |
| 817b | 19 | 10,240 | 2,560 | 20,480 | 5,120 | 5,120 | 20 | 320 | 160 | 1,280 | 640 |
| 833a | 1 | 160 | 320 | 80 | 40 | 20 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| 833b | 19 | 81,920 | 20,480 | 5,120 | 5,120 | 1,280 | <10 | <10 | 80 | 320 | 320 |
| 844a | 2 | 20 | 1,280 | 640 | 320 | 160 | <10 | <10 | 5 | 20 | 20 |
| 844b | 16 | 10,240 | 40,980 | 10,240 | 5,120 | 1,280 | 5 | <10 | 160 | 640 | 640 |
| 955a | 1 | 40 | 1,280 | 640 | 160 | 320 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 20 | 20 |
| 955b | 14 | 163,840 | 81,920 | 20,480 | 10,240 | 5,120 | 10 | <10 | 640 | 2,560 | 1,280 |
| 968a | 1 | 80 | 320 | 320 | 80 | 40 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 40 | 20 |
| 968b | 3 | 10,240 | 640 | 640 | 160 | 160 | <10 | <10 | 10 | 40 | 20 |
| 839a | 3 | <10 | <10 | 10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 40 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| 839b | 20 | 10,240 | 40 | 320 | 80 | 80 | <10 | 640 | 40 | 80 | 80 |
| 847a | 5 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 640 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
| 847b | 8 | 2,560 | 40 | 320 | 160 | 40 | <10 | 1,280 | 80 | 320 | 320 |
*PRNT
Acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples were tested by IgG ELISA with ZIKV antigen as described for detection of IgG to arboviruses ( 12 ). Samples were also tested by IgM ELISA as described with the following viral antigens: ZIKV, DENV 1–4 mixture, yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus, and Murray Valley encephalitis virus ( 13 ). Testing for IgM to West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus was performed by using a microsphere immunoassay ( 14 ). Ratios of patient optical density values to negative control values (P/Ns) were calculated for IgG and IgM ELISAs. Values >3 were considered positive, and values 2–3 were considered equivocal. Neutralizing antibody titers were determined by using a PRNT with a 90% cut-off value ( 15 ).
Two real-time primer/probe sets specific for the ZIKV 2007 strain were designed by using ZIKV 2007 nucleotide sequence data in the PrimerExpress software package (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Primers were synthesized by Operon Biotechnologies (Huntsville, AL, USA) with 5-FAM as the reporter dye for the probe ( Table 3 ). All real-time assays were performed by using the QuantiTect Probe RT-PCR Kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA) with amplification in the iCycler instrument (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Specificity of the ZIKV primers was evaluated by testing the following viral RNAs, all of which yielded negative results: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4, WNV, St. Louis encephalitis virus, YFV, Powassan virus, Semliki Forest virus, o’nyong-nyong virus, chikungunya virus, and Spondweni virus (SPOV).
| Primer | Genome position† | Sequence (5′ → 3′) | Sensitivity, no. copies | Specificity‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZIKV 835 | 835–857 | TTGGTCATGATACTGCTGATTGC | ||
| ZIKV 911c | 911–890 | CCTTCCACAAAGTCCCTATTGC | 100 | ZIKV |
| ZIKV 860-FAM | 860–886 | CGGCATACAGCATCAGGTGCATAGGAG | ||
| ZIKV 1086 | 1086–1102 | CCGCTGCCCAACACAAG | ||
| ZIKV 1162c | 1162–1139 | CCACTAACGTTCTTTTGCAGACAT | 25 | ZIKV |
| ZIKV 1107-FAM | 1107–1137 | AGCCTACCTTGACAAGCAGTCAGACACTCAA |
*RT-PCR, reverse transcription–PCR; ZIKV, Zika virus. †Based on ZIKV MR 766 GenBank accession no. AY632535. ‡ZIKV specificity indicates a positive result with ZIKV only and no reactivity with dengue virus-1 (DENV-1), DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4, West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Powassan virus, Semliki Forest virus, o’nyong-nyong virus, chikungunya virus, and Spondweni virus.
Sensitivity of the ZIKV real-time assay was evaluated by testing dilutions of known copy numbers of an RNA transcript copy of the ZIKV 2007 sequence. Copy numbers of RNA were determined by using the Ribogreen RNA-specific Quantitiation Kit (Invitrogen) and the TBE-380 mini-fluorometer (Turner Biosystems, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). RNA transcripts ranging from 16,000 to 0.2 copies were tested in quadruplicate to determine the sensitivity limit and to construct a standard curve for estimating the genome copy number of ZIKV in patient samples. All serum samples obtained during the epidemic were tested for ZIKV RNA by using this newly designed real-time RT-PCR. Concentration of viral RNA (copies/milliliter) was estimated in ZIKV-positive patients by using the standard curve calculated by the iCycler instrument ( Table 4 ). All RT-PCR–positive specimens were placed on monolayers of Vero, LLC-MK2, and C6/36 cells to isolate virus; no specimens showed virus replication.
| Patient | Days after onset | ZIKV real-time RT-PCR
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ct-860† | Ct-1107† | Result | Estimated copies/mL‡ | ||
| 824 | 1 | 34.3 | 34.7 | + | 11,647 |
| 939 | 2 | 32.0 | 32.4 | + | 67,817 |
| 947 | 2 | 34.3 | 33.9 | + | 21,495 |
| 949 | 2 | 35.1 | 35.1 | + | 8,573 |
| 969 | 1 | 29.4 | 29.3 | + | 728,800 |
| 037 | 1 | 32.1 | 32.5 | + | 62,816 |
| 830a | 2 | 30.7 | 30.0 | + | 426,325 |
| 847a | 5 | 34.8 | 34.7 | + | 11,647 |
| 950a | 0 | 32.2 | 32.7 | + | 53,894 |
| 943 | 3 | 37.6 | 35.6 | + | 5,845 |
| 952 | 1 | 29.3 | 29.5 | + | 625,280 |
| 958 | 11 | 29.9 | 30.3 | + | 338,797 |
| 970 | 1 | 35.5 | 34.8 | + | 10,788 |
| 42 | 0 | 32.9 | 33.6 | + | 27,048 |
| 941 | 3 | 31.1 | 38.0 | + | 930 |
| 964 | 0 | 38.3 | 37.6 | + | 1,263 |
| 063a | 2 | 37.5 | 38.0 | + | 930 |
*RT-PCR, reverse transcription–PCR; ZIKV, Zika virus; Ct, crossing threshold; +, positive. †Ct values with primer set 835/911c/860-FAM or 1086/1162c/1107-FAM. Values <38.5 are positive. ‡Estimated by testing quantitated dilutions of ZIKV RNA transcripts and standard curve calculation generated by the iCycler instrument (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA; see Methods).
RNA was extracted from patient samples that demonstrated the highest concentration of ZIKV RNA determined by the real-time assay, and for which sufficient sample volume was available (patients 824, 037, 830a, and 958). Briefly, RNA was extracted from 150 μL of serum by using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN), and RNA was eluted with 75 μL of RNase-free water. A series of RT-PCRs was performed with each RNA preparation by using primer pairs designed to generate overlapping DNA fragments that spanned the entire polyprotein coding region of the virus. Primers were designed by using the ZIKV MR 766 prototype virus coding region sequence (GenBank accession no. AY632535) and the PrimerSelect software module of the LaserGene package (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, WI, USA). Several primers initially failed to amplify because of sequence mismatches between ZIKV MR 766 and ZIKV Yap 2007. Therefore, primers were redesigned by using newly generated DNA sequence data, and a “genome walking” approach was used to derive complete coding region sequence data. The complete list of amplification and sequencing primers is available upon request.
All RT-PCRs were performed with 10 μL of RNA by using the OneStep RT-PCR Kit (QIAGEN) following the manufacturer’s protocol. DNAs were analyzed by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis, and bands of the predicted size were excised from the gel and purified by using the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN). Purified DNAs were subjected to nucleic acid sequence analysis with sequencing primers spaced ≈500 bases apart on both strands of the DNA fragments by using the ABI BigDye Terminator V3.1 Ready Reaction Cycle Sequencing Mixture (Applied Biosystems). Nucleotide sequence was determined by capillary electrophoresis by using the ABI 3130 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems) following the manufacturer’s protcol. Raw sequence data were aligned and edited by using the SeqMan module of LaserGene (DNASTAR Inc.). Because of insufficient sample volume, no patient RNA was sufficient to generate DNA that included the entire coding region. Therefore, DNA data obtained from 4 patients was combined to generate a consensus sequence heretofore designated the ZIKV 2007 epidemic consensus (EC) sequence (GenBank accession no. EU545988).
The complete coding region of ZIKV 2007 EC or the nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) gene subregion was aligned with all available flavivirus sequences in GenBank by using the Clustal W algorithm within the MEGA version 4 software package (
Phylogenetic tree constructed from nucleic acid data from flavivirus nonstructural protein 5 region by the neighbor-joining algorithm in MEGA (
Tables 1 and 2 show results of analysis for IgG and IgM and PRNTs of all acute- and convalescent-phase paired specimens obtained during the epidemic. Specimens were divided into primary and secondary infections on the basis of antibody testing results of acute-phase specimens. IgM antibody response in primary flavivirus/ZIKV–infected patients was specific for ZIKV. However, all of these patients showed some limited degree of cross-reactivity with heterologous flaviviruses. Patient 830a showed IgM-positive results with DENV and Japanese encephalitis virus, whereas all patients showed equivocal results (P/N 2–3) with several of the flaviviruses tested, suggesting low levels of cross-reactivity. PRNT
Most patient specimens from the Yap epidemic tested were secondary flavirius infections as determined by criteria described for antibody to flavivirus in acute-phase specimens. A subset of these patients for whom acute- and convalescent-phase specimens were available was tested for reactivity against heterologous flaviviruses; results are shown in Tables 1 and 2 . In contrast to primary flavivirus/ZIKV–infected patients, secondary flavivirus–infected patients showed a high degree of serologic cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses. Six of 7 patients were positive for IgM against >1 of the heterologous flaviviruses tested, and all demonstrated low levels of cross-reactive IgM as shown by a P/N value in the equivocal range. PRNT
A real-time RT-PCR was developed by using newly derived sequence data obtained from several ZIKV-infected patients. All acute-phase specimens obtained during the Yap epidemic (n = 157) were tested in this assay with 2 unique primer/probe sets. Seventeen samples were positive, 10 were equivocal, and 130 were negative (data not shown). The equivocal designation indicates that a particular sample was positive by only 1 of the 2 primer sets or showed crossing thresholds >38.5, which suggests either a false-positive result or a sample with low levels of ZIKV RNA below the defined cut-off of the assay. Table 4 shows estimated viral concentrations of the 17 ZIKV-positive specimens. The viral RNA concentrations were ≈900–729,000 copies/mL. Most (15 of 17) of the ZIKV-positive samples were from specimens collected <3 days after onset; however, 1 specimen (patient 958) collected on day 11 after onset was positive with an estimated titer of ≈339,000 copies/mL.
Several RT-PCR–positive serum specimens were selected, and RNA was amplified by RT-PCR to generate DNA sequence data for the complete coding region. Because of limited specimen volume, the complete coding region genome sequence was only obtainable by combining sequence data from DNA fragments generated from 4 patients. Thus, the designation EC sequence is used to indicate that the sequence was derived from multiple patients during the epidemic. The exact contribution of sequence data from each patient is available upon request. However, the following points should be noted. Approximately 96% of the complete coding region was obtained from 3 patients; sequence data from the fourth patient was used primarily to fill in short gaps in the data. Second, ≈50% of the coding region data was derived from a complete overlap of data from >2 patients; in these overlap regions the sequence identity between different patients was ≈100%. Only 2-nt differences between patients were noted within the overlapping regions, strongly suggesting that 1 ZIKV strain circulated during the epidemic.
Percentage identity over the entire coding region of ZIKV 2007 EC sequence, when compared with the prototype ZIKV (MR 766, isolated in 1947), was 88.9% and 96.5% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. Phylogenetic trees constructed from the complete coding region of all available flaviviruses generated by a variety of methods (neighbor-joining, maximum-parsimony, or minimum-evolution) showed the same overall topology, with the ZIKV prototype and 2007 EC virus placed in a unique clade (clade 10) within the mosquito-borne flavivirus cluster previously described by Kuno et al. ( 16 ). Alignment with phylogenetic tree construction by neighbor-joining, maximum-parsimony, or minimum-evolution algorithms was also performed for the NS5 region of all available flaviviruses because extensive sequencing and phylogenetic analysis have been conducted for this region ( 16 ).
Three additional ZIKV strains isolated from Senegal in 1984 and sequenced in this study were also included in a tree. This NS5 tree demonstrated similar topology to the complete coding region tree, with all ZIKVs placed within a unique clade (clade 10) along with SPOV. Figure 1 shows the NS5 tree with only mosquito-borne flaviviruses (cluster) displayed. This NS5 tree also shows that within the Zika/Spondweni clade there appear to be 3 branches among ZIKVs: Nigerian ZIKVs, prototype MR766, and 2007 Yap virus. Percentage identity among these ZIKVs confirms the tree topology, in which ZIKV 2007 EC is most distally related to East and West African ZIKV strains (data not shown).
The predicted amino acid sequence of ZIKV 2007 EC contains the Asn-X-Ser/Thr glycosylation motif at position 154 in the envelope glycoprotein, found in many flaviviruses, yet absent by deletion in the prototype ZIKV MR 766. This region of the prototype virus, along with 3 ZIKVs isolated from Senegal in 1984, was sequenced ( Figure 2). Included in this alignment is a ZIKV isolate from GenBank (accession no. AF372422). Sequencing confirmed that prototype ZIKV MR766 has a 4-aa (12-nt) deletion when compared with ZIKV 2007 EC virus and ZIKVs from Senegal.
Alignment of nucleotide and amino acid sequences adjacent to the envelope (ENV)–154 glycosylation site of Zika virus strains. Dashes indicate deletions. EC, epidemic consensus.
Historically, ZIKV has rarely been associated with human disease, with only 1 small cluster of human cases in Indonesia reported ( 9 ). We report a widespread epidemic of human disease associated with ZIKV in Yap State in 2007. ZIKV epidemics may have occurred but been misdiagnosed as dengue because of similar clinical symptoms and serologic cross-reactivity with DENVs. Our serologic data indicate that ZIKV-infected patients can be positive in an IgM assay for DENVs, particularly if ZIKV is a secondary flavivirus infection. If ZIKV is the first flavivirus encountered, our data indicate that cross-reactivity is minimal. However, when ZIKV infection occurs after a flavivirus infection, our data indicate that the extent of cross-reactivity in the IgM assay is greater. Therefore, if ZIKV infections occur in a population with DENV (or other flavivirus) background immunity, our data suggest that extensive cross-reactivity in the dengue IgM assay will occur, which could lead to the erroneous conclusion that dengue caused the epidemic. Whether this cross-reactivity has occurred is open to speculation. However, reexamination of specimens from dengue epidemics may provide an answer. In addition, use of virus isolation or RT-PCR for laboratory diagnosis of dengue infections would also prevent this misinterpretation. Therefore, use of virus detection assays in dengue epidemics should be a component of laboratory testing algorithms.
Levels of viremia among ZIKV-infected patients were relatively low. Unfortunately, measurement of concentration of infectious ZIKV was not possible because a virus isolate was not obtained from any patient during the epidemic. Absence of a ZIKV 2007 isolate also precluded use of a ZIKV 2007 isolate to generate a standard curve in the RT-PCR, which in turn could have estimated the concentration of infectious virus within patients. An estimation of the number of genome copies circulating in ZIKV-infected patients was calculated by using an RNA transcript and provides some indication of infectious virus concentration in ZIKV-infected patients. If one assumes a ratio range of 200–500 genome copies per infectious virus particle, a range reported for several flaviviruses, then the copies/milliliter values in Table 4 would be in the range of ≈2–3,500 infectious virus particles/mL, with only 4 specimens in which ZIKV exceeded 1,000 infectious units/mL ( 18 , 19 ). These findings may partially explain why ZIKV was not isolated, especially if one considers that shipping samples to our laboratory took ≈1 week, and shipping conditions were not conducive to virus isolation. These concentration estimates are also consistent with those of a study in which a ZIKV-infected human volunteer showed low viremia; virus was isolated only on day 4, and the volunteer was unable to infect Ae. aegypti mosquitoes that fed on the patient during the acute stage of disease ( 10 ).
Although generation of a complete coding region nucleic acid sequence by using a combination of patient samples from the epidemic is an unconventional approach, it was performed out of necessity because of limited volumes of patient samples. However, the extent of agreement among overlapping regions confirms that the sequence obtained accurately represents the virus associated with the epidemic. Nucleic acid sequence of ZIKV 2007 showed divergence (11%) from the prototype strain (MR766) isolated in 1947. However, the predicted amino acid sequence is fairly conserved (96%), which is likely the result of the selective pressure maintained on the virus because replication occurs in vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors.
Phylogenetic trees based on the complete coding region or the NS5 region confirm results of a study in which ZIKV was classified in a unique clade among the mosquito-borne flaviviruses and most closely related to SPOV ( 16 ). The NS5 mosquito-borne flavivirus tree ( Figure 1), which includes additional ZIKV isolates, confirms these relationships and suggests that there are 3 subclades among ZIKV isolates that reflect geographic origin. Senegal ZIKVs and prototype virus from Uganda may represent West and East African lineages, respectively. The 2007 ZIKV is distantly related to these 2 African subclades and may represent divergence from a common ancestor with spread throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Human ZIKV cases were detected in peninsular Malaysia in 1980, which confirms that ZIKV was active in this region before 2007 ( 9 ). Additional sequence analysis of other temporally and geographically distinct ZIKV strains is needed to further elucidate relationships among these viruses.
Of particular interest is an additional 12 nt in the envelope gene (corresponding to 4 aa) in our ZIKV isolate that were not present in the ZIKV prototype virus ( Figure 2). This difference is noteworthy because these 4 aa correspond to the envelope protein 154 glycosylation motif found in many flaviviruses and associated in some instances with virulence. This glycosylation motif is also absent because of a 6-aa deletion in the ZIKV isolate obtained from GenBank (accession no. AF372422); however, the geographic and temporal origins of this virus were not available. Loss of the envelope protein 154 glycoslyation site has been observed in some flaviviruses, and in the case of Kunjin virus has been shown to occur during passage. However, with Kunjin virus, the glycosylation site motif was lost because of a 1-base mutation, rather than a deletion, that altered the N-X-S/T sequon ( 20 ). Loss of this glycosylation site by a 4-aa deletion has also been observed in several lineage-2 WNV strains when compared with all other WNV strains ( 21 ).
The glycoslyation motif in WNV may be lost during extensive mouse brain passage; however, no direct evidence exists to support this hypothesis ( 21 ). This process may occur in ZIKV; the glycoslyation motif in MR 766 may have been present in earlier passages of prototype MR766 and lost during extensive mouse brain passage. However, earlier passage strains of MR766 were not available for investigating this hypothesis. Alternatively, the presence or absence of this glycosylation motif may represent an ancient evolutionary event with subsequent divergence of 2 ZIKV types with or without the E-154 glycosylation site amino acids. Sequence data derived from 3 additional ZIKV isolates from Senegal showed that glycosylation is intact in these isolates, which suggests evolutionary divergence. More extensive sequence analysis of available ZIKV strains of various temporal, geographic, and passage histories may provide some insight into this issue.
Suggested citation for this article: Lanciotti RS, Kosoy OL, Laven JJ, Velez JO, Lambert AJ, Johnson AJ, et al. Genetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2008 Aug [ date cited]. Available from
We thank Amanda Panella and Roselyn Hochbein for assistance in processing and manipulating data for patient samples from the epidemic.
Dr Lanciotti is chief of the Diagnostic and Reference Laboratory within the Arbovirus Diseases Branch at CDC. His primary research interests are laboratory diagnosis of arbovirus infections and diagnostic test development and support for public health laboratories worldwide.


COURAGE UNDER FIRE A film review by Edwin Jahiel Copyright 1996 Edwin Jahiel
COURAGE UNDER FIRE *** Directed by Edward Zwick. Written by Patrick Sheane Duncan. Photography, Roger Deakins.Editting,Steven Rosenblum. Production design, John Graysmark. Music, James Horne. Cast: Denzel Washington (Lt. Col. Nathaniel Serling), Meg Ryan (Capt. Karen Walden), Lou Diamond Phillips (Monfriez), Michael Moriarty (General Hershberg), Matt Damon (Ilario), Seth Gilliam (Altameyer), Bronson Pinchot (Bruno), Scott Glenn (Tony Gartner) and Regina Taylor (Meredith). A TCF release. 116 mins. Rated R (wartime violence)
The serious specialties and interests of the key makers of "Courage Under Fire" almost guarantee quality in this film. Edward Zwick journalist, editor (The New Republic, Rolling Stone), worked on TV (features, co-creating "Family," "thirtysomething," "My So-Called Life") and directed "About Last Night," "Glory," (where Denzel Washington figured prominently ), "Legends of the Fall."
Vietnam veteran Patrick Sheane Duncan is the writer-director of the excellent Vietnam film "84 Charlie Mopic," produced and wrote several episodes of HBO's "Vietnam War Story," co-wrote and directed the documentary series "Medal of Honor." He has other credits too, including the script of "Mr. Holland."
"Courage" is a fine film, although I wonder whether or not it will remain in our memories. Few movies, even good ones, do, for complex reasons. In "Courage," Denzel Washington plays tank commander Lt. Col. Serling who, during the Gulf War, leads his men in a night attack. The men are very macho, slightly Hollywoodized. The Allied Coalition is not referred to--granted that this war was led by the US. This was my passing thought as, somehow, I remembered "Objective Burma" which had the Brits howling that in their very own theater of war, Errol Flynn and Co. were depicted as the major fighters!
Just nit-picking. Another nit is that in the thick of a well-shot and choreographed battle, we see Arabs on camels improbably taking in the sights from atop a high sand dune. My last nit is that our soldiers speak of Ay-rabs and Eye-raqis, the way GIs said Eye-talians in WWII.
During the fray's confusion, the Colonel gives an order that results in the death of one his friends. Friendly fire has always been one of the tragedies of combat -- and seldom mentioned in movies.
Cut to the post-Gulf Pentagon where Serling, though exonerated, drags the burden of a terribly guilty conscience. His superior, General Hershberg, orders him to review the case of Capt. Karen Walden (Meg Ryan), a Medevac pilot posthumously nominated for the Medal of Honor for her "courage under fire." A female soldier so honored is a first, one that reflects on the new army and public relations. It is also press and political fodder as well as vote-getting from feminists. (An obnoxiously opportunistic White House staffer seems to rejoice at all this).
Serling is expected to produce a quick rubber-stamp for the nomination, but, taking his job seriously (doubly so because of his own trauma), he investigates conscientiously among the survivors of the Captain's crew-- and keeps running into inconsistencies, gaps and contradictions.
The situation has been compared to that of the famous "Rashomon" You can see why, yet the connection is tenuous. In the Japanese classic four unconnected people told different stories of the same event because of different perceptions and memories. In "Courage," it is the interpretations that are different, for reasons I will not reveal. All the while, flashbacks illustrate the many faces of Capt. Walden, each one as told by a different interviewee. (It's of course a good old device. See "Citizen Kane" for its best illustration).
Denzel Washington is more than a star. He is one of our top actors and in his unassuming ways, a screen presence. His facial and body expressions fill very well a small but powerful range of feelings: private pain, a deep belief in the honor of the Army, a dedication to truth. Even when almost commanded to drop the investigation, Serling remains like a quiet bulldog that won't let go. His methods are simple, both logical and intuitive, efficacious. Although he is no Hercule Poirot or Lieutenant Columbo, he has Columbo's double-checking mindset. When, like Peter Falk, he says casually: "OK. One more question," you can see that he is on to a new clue.
There are moments of highly-charged emotion, yet on the whole the film does not come through as really engaging or affecting. I can't tell exactly why on a single viewing, but I believe that this is caused by the movie's very polish and high production values, the neat, predictable outcome, and the ambitious editing that zig-zags more than necessary.
Would-be impassive yet warm Denzel Washington carries the movie with the help of Matt Damon who excels in a nuanced role stretching from jocular and naive to tortured soul. Lou Diamond Phillips has a melodramatic, over-the-top but effective part. The acting by most others is, at a minimum, competent. Reviewers have split into I-hate-Ryan and Ryan-is-great camps. Again, after just one screening I can't really take sides but my impression of Meg Ryan was that she did all that was expected of her.
In spite of people lying to, and authorities leaning on Serling, this is a decent picture in the moral sense. Essentially it is the story of a suffering man, of a woman he never met, and of convincingly shown reactions of soldiers under extreme pressures. The battlefield events are well-handled, done with technical virtuosity but without gung-ho heroics or graphic and gratuitous violence. The political and the women-in-arms aspects are incidental. At the same time, there is a solid subtext that could bear the title of a famous 19th Century French book, "Military Grandeur and Servitude."
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Options for configuring the move column feature, these are available to be
set using the ui-grid gridOptions
Properties
enableColumnMoving
If defined, sets the default value for the colMovable flag on each individual colDefs
if their individual enableColumnMoving configuration is not defined. Defaults to true.


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Prof. Gizem D. Acar is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology. She earned her B.S. and M.S. degrees from Bogazici University in 2010 and 2012, respectively. She received her Ph.D. from Michigan State University in 2017, and worked as a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Maryland until 2020. Her research interests include dynamics and vibrations with a focus on wind turbines, systems with noise, wave propagation in solids and metamaterials, and granular media. email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Courses taught: E 120, ME 358, ME 631, and ME 633
Click here for a full list of her publications.
Dr. Rafael Domenikos is a Research Scientist in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Stevens Institute of Technology on a joint appointment between AcarLab and the ECOLab. He is a mechanical engineer with a Master’s degree, specialized in Energy Engineering, by the National Technical University of Athens, where he graduated in 2017. He was awarded his Ph.D. by the Mechanical Engineering School of the National Technical University of Athens, with his dissertation being about the thermophysical modeling of cryogenic Helium. He is an awarded ASME member and serves in editorial positions in multiple journals. Currently, his research interests include, renewable energy, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, artificial intelligence, information theory and social physics. email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Bing is a Ph.D. student majoring in Mechanical Engineering at Stevens University of Technology. He graduated from Zhengzhou University in 2019 with a degree in engineering mechanics. During his undergraduate years, he participated in research work on the "no-oar broadband wind turbine". During the undergraduate period, he won the Excellent Student Scholarship for two consecutive years. His research interests are Off-Shore wind turbines. email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Nisal is a Ph.D. student in Mechanical Engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology. He obtained his bachelor's degree in Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering from the University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka in 2019, and his Master's degree in Science and Technology from Gunma University, Japan in 2022. His research interests are Nonlinear Dynamics, Vibration, and Computational Mechanics. email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Mahdi is a Ph.D. student at the Stevens Institute of Technology with a focus on the implementation of meta-structures for vibration attenuation purposes. He received both his M.Sc. and B.Sc. in Shiraz University, Iran where he worked on designing novel lattice structures. His research interests also lie in the field of mechanical metamaterials and periodic structures along with their real-life applications. email: myari@stevens.edu


USAID's new geographic data policy
Creative Development Lab August 8th, 2019
ADS 579 governs USAID's data policy. It has recently been updated with supplemental guidance on collecting geographic data. This deck will help explain the new guidance to insure Creative remains in full compliance with USAID's policies.
What is new?
| Policy |
Guidance |
Standards |
|
|
|
The Policy
USAID Operating Units (OUs) will collect Activity Location Data at the most detailed geographic level appropriate for each activity they implement using one of the four Levels of Geographic Detail...
At a minimum, collect Activity Location Data at the following Level of Geographic Detail:
Sub-national level activities: Administrative Unit 1 level, e.g., region, province, department.
National & Regional Activities: Use the Lat/Long coordinates of the Administrative 1 (i.e. country) capital city.
Creative's Responsibility
First, follow all rules as laid out in contracts, grants, and cooperative agreements. This take precedence over anything else!
However ADS 579 states that: USAID contractors and recipients of USAID assistance awards must submit Datasets governed by this policy, and supporting documentation, to the DDL in accordance with the clause or provision in their award.
Beneficary Location vs Activity Location
USAID OUs are required to collect Activity Location Data depicting the geographic location where an activity is implemented. In some cases, an activity’s “Location of Implementation” may be different than its “Location of Intended Beneficiaries” and therefore it may be useful to collect geographic data depicting both types of locations.
1. If a project in Syria sponsors a training for local councils in Istanbul. What location should be captured for the project?
Answer: Istanbul, Turkey since this is where the training activity took place. Recording the location where the Local Council is based would be considered the beneficary location which is only necessary if mandated by the CO/COR
2. The NRTI/NERI program in Nigeria had projects supporting radio stations that covered Kano State, what location(s) should be captured?
Answer: This one is a bit trickier, but, considering the four geographic levels, the recommended level would be the populated place where the station is located. This captures enough detail without revealing the exact location of the station.


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Stepmom (1998)
Columbia Pictures; PG-13; 125 minutes
Director: Chris Columbus
Cast: Susan Sarandon, Julia Roberts, Ed Harris, Jena Malone, Liam Aiken, Lynn Whitfield, Mary Louise Wilson.
Review By: Geoff Berkshire
Star Rating: **1/2 (out of ****)
Susan Sarandon, one of Hollywood's most respected actresses, and Julia Roberts, one of Hollywood's most successful actresses, team up for the Christmas 1998 release Stepmom. They play, as the trailers put it, "two women who share one family." Unfortunately, the interesting combination is wasted by dropping all opportunities for originality in favor of run-of-the-mill melodrama.
Sarandon is Jackie, a former editor for Random House, who has been divorced from Luke (Ed Harris) for several years now. They share custody of their children: the very mature, 12 year old, Anna (Jena Malone) and magic fanatic Ben (Liam Aiken). Complicating matters is Luke's live-in girlfriend, Isabel (Roberts).
At the outset, Stepmom appears to be about the conflict that will develop between these two women and how it effects Luke and the children as they are pulled into it. This would give the film a very good possibility to explore an issue that is widespread in life today but frequently ignored by Hollywood films. It would also seem to offer a nice alternative to a film like The Parent Trap (1998) by showing how divorce can happen and everyone in the family can still be happy.
Unfortunately, Stepmom has a whole other agenda. By the end, the film turns into a routine and melodramatic tearjerker. It is revealed that Jackie has cancer and this comes off as an easy out for the problems presented (and a blatant attempt to make the audience cry). In its last third the film invites comparisons to One True Thing (1998) but pales next to that more mature picture.
While the story falters, the acting helps to save Stepmom from becoming a complete disaster. Sarandon doesn't exactly deliver one of her finest performances but she is more than adequate. While her character is hard to warm up to at first (she has a great house, the potential for a great job, she sees her kids all the time and her only "problem" is that her ex-husband has fallen in love again...), the disease is revealed after the first half hour. While this weakens the story it gives Sarandon more to play with and she dives right into it. Her performance overall is a bit of a disappointment considering who she is and how much she did with so little in Twilight (1998), earlier in the year.
Roberts, on the other hand, is quite a revelation. This is certainly her finest performance since her starmaking turn in Pretty Woman (1990). Her dialogue delivery in certain scenes is priceless (a key example being an exchange between Isabel and Anna after school one day). This is helped, no doubt, by some of that dialogue having been written specifically for her by her favorite screenwriter, Ron Bass. (Bass is one of five credited screenwriters, the others being Gigi Levangie, who also gets story credit, and the team of Jessie Nelson, Steven Rogers and Karen Leigh Hopkins.) She also holds her own up against the formidable Sarandon, does a great job with the kids and builds a believable romantic chemistry with Harris. I found myself wishing her character was transported into a better story.
Harris has limited screen time but is a welcome presence. As the children, Malone and Aiken are each used in a different way. Malone (who made her mark in the shattering child abuse drama Bastard Out of Carolina) is a powerful little actress and she has a tendency to sometimes overdo some of the emotional scenes. This isn't entirely inappropriate though considering the age of the character she is playing. On the other hand, Aiken is an adorable child actor with an infectious giggle and irresistible face. It's nice to note that he isn't simply used for "cuteness value" and is actually given quite a bit to do in the course of the film. The always reliable Lynn Whitfield also turns up in a small role as Jackie's doctor.
Chris Columbus (whose previous directing credits include Adventures In Babysitting, Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire) remains a minor director who relies a bit too heavily on false manipulation.
There's a John Williams score that is characteristically intrusive but surprisingly unmemorable. However, the music supervision is quite good with a nice mix of classic and modern tunes. Most prominently featured is the classic Motown song "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" performed by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell. The song is featured in not one, but two, sing-a-long sessions with the kids and one of the women. The second comes shortly after Jackie announces she has cancer.
Stepmom is designed to reduce audiences to tears but takes the easy way out by relying on cliches and manufactured situations. Both the characters and the audience become victims of a bad script.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
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Once upon a time I joined the United States Air Force with dreams of being a software engineer. I did learn C# in my training, but long story short, after my separation from the service I went back to school to finish my degree instead of pursuing a job.
I ended up having my first child, and was forced back into the full time work force. After fighting through some jobs where I was not satisfied, and rarely challenged creatively or technically, I was in need of a completely new road map.
I had heard of Prime previously while researching a local devlopment firm called The Nerdery, and it was time to explore what they had to offer.
Leap of faith
Prime offered a high speed, real world setting for getting back into software development. I knew that I needed a complete redesign of my daily routine to position myself for a better future.
Over the course of 20 weeks we learned everything from Javascript, to jQuery, to Angular JS, as well as back end technologies node and express. Before Prime I barely understood what a full stack program meant. Not only have I built multiple full stack applications, I was also a vital part of a client project for Oasis For Youth, a non-profit organization for at risk youth in the Bloomington MN suburb area.
What's next?
As I continue my job search, I am looking forward to finally being in a rewarding work environment and expanding my skills as a software developer. I will first be diving into languages and frameworks that companies I have applied to leverage, to better understand the technologies before potential interviews. I will surely fall down some rabbit holes and get caught up on missing curly braces or parentheses along the way, but here's to the adventure!
Cheers!


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Introduction
The design process is a process of finding the best design to attract more users to the service/product by providing an experience the user feels comfortable in. It's not just about providing functionality, but providing the user with easy to comprehend and navigate options. The entire process revolves around the comfort of the end-user. And to achieve that, quite obviously the developers have to iterate over many design prototypes, improving at every stage
What is 'prototyping', you may ask? Well, it is the stage when an idea is translated into a very basic and crude product/service which is perfect in not a single way but is the starting stage. You can say it is more like a foundation stone. So you can get a picture of how important it is. But again, prototyping itself also requires some amount of time. Although nowadays when we've so many options to choose from, e.g, services like Figma and Adobe XD provide really useful prototyping tools. But even those tools cannot beat the speed with which a person can scribble some design using his hand on a piece of paper.
Drawing prototypes on a paper have its perks and limitations. Here is a list of some of the advantages of prototyping using your hands on a paper.
Advantages
- You can draw very quickly using your hands while using some software would require you to switch shape selector tools, coloring tools/ adjusting tool which require too many clicks and drag and drops actions which directly translates to slow prototyping.
- You don't need any licensed software or service which might cost some money. Even the free software does need something in return from you, be it your email address (which they use for sending newsletters/advertisement) or perhaps asking access to your online accounts for the same old advertisement purpose. You know how it goes pretty well. There is no such thing as free lunch in this world.
- No need for any special device/equipment like laptop/desktop/tablet/phone etc. You can start drawing anywhere, and on any surface, say paper, cardboard, paper bags, some cloth, walls, trees, sand on a beach, literally anywhere. This is sarcastic actually. Please only use paper for this. Don't use walls etc. Consequences could be drastic if you have a strict mom/wife.
- There is no learning curve as anyone who is in this domain literally knows how to hold a pen/pencil for drawing. That is all it requires. While using the software would require you to learn the software/ different tools/ settings initially to fully utilize the software to its potential.
While drawing with hands could have advantages, it certainly also has disadvantages, as follows
Disadvantages
- There might be some drawing which could be very difficult to draw using hands which using a software, it could be a cake-walk.
- You can share your digital illustrations easily with different desingers and they would be able to edit the design pretty easily without any hassle while doing the same using a paper prototype drawn on paper would require you to send that paper via post to other designer, and then there is no way the other desinger would be able to edit/alter your designs.
- Designers nowadays have at least one device (even in third-world or developing countries) and hence can use the apps-services on their devices to draw digital illustrations and share that with the world.
- In geologically spread out teams(where some designers are in one geo-location and developers/programmers are in some other geo-location), using digital illustrations is the only way to work. Drawings by hand is not an option at all.
So now that you know when and where you use which strategy, there is still one key problem which is solved in this blog post. The problem is, in using your hands, you need to draw the outer container again and again and again which is kind of repetitive and there is a better way to do that.
Practical Solution
Instead of drawing the outer contour of the Web-browser/mobile phone etc with your hand, you can simply use some kind of stamp which is very cheap, reusable, and is small/light enough to carry around. The obvious answer is to 3D print a stamp with the outer contour of a web-browser/ Mobile phone or even a tablet. You can simply download the 3D object files from the internet, scale it to your preference and print it. The stamps would be small and light enough that you can carry them even in your pockets while traveling on a bus/train etc.
The 3D printed stamps also solves the problem of drawing the contour of same size again and again. So you can simply draw your Front-end designs on the go.
Conclusion
Having talked about different aspects, how exactly should one process then, in order to speed up the prototyping phase? The answer to this is conditional. When you are having a brain-storming session with your manager/supervisor, you can use this technique to quickly show him/her a couple of designs instantly even during coffee breaks. But after you've decided what exactly you have to design and how, then you should make your rough wireframes in software like Adobe XD or Figma or any other prototyping software of your choice. Selecting the right tool depends on the situation and circumstances. A kitchen knife could be an excellent tool for cutting vegetables but is not an optimized tool for cutting trees in forests. For that, we've electric tree cutters. I hope this makes it clear how one can speed up the prototyping phase.


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MRS. BROWN (Miramax) Starring: Judi Dench, Billy Connolly, Antony Sher, Geoffrey Palmer, David Westhead. Screenplay: Jeremy Brock. Producer: Sarah Curtis. Director: John Madden. MPAA Rating: PG (mild profanity, adult themes) Running Time: 105 minutes. Reviewed by Scott Renshaw.
In 1861, Queen Victoria's husband Prince Albert died of typhoid fever, sending the monarch into years of secluded mourning. MRS. BROWN deals with an interesting footnote to those years, the relationship between Victoria (Judi Dench) and a Scotish groom named John Brown (Billy Connolly) who comes to service for the queen in 1864. While Victoria has grown accustomed to her servants and family humoring her moods, she finds no such deference in Brown. Indeed, his manner with her borders on outright insolence, but such treatment seems to be exactly what the queen needs to rouse her from her gloom. As Brown becomes Victoria's closest confidante, salacious gossip begins to accumulate around their friendship, including references to Her Royal Highness as "Mrs. Brown."
If MRS. BROWN had been a love story, it would be a pretty poor excuse for one. Jeremy Brock's script offers far too few scenes between the two principles, providing very little sense of the basis for those rumors; their relationship is as much a rumor to viewers of the film as to the scandal-mongers it portrays. Victoria's devotion to Brown remains unexplored, the feelings of both parties purely a matter of conjecture.
Despite promotional suggestions to the contrary, however, MRS. BROWN isn't a love story at all. Instead, it's a drama of political intrigue, both on a national scale and within the queen's own household. As liberals in Parliament begin challenging conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (Antony Sher) with proposed reforms in the status of the monarchy, the facts of the queen's relationship with Brown become irrelevant. The monarchy is no longer inviolate in the eyes of the public, the idea of abolishing it no longer heretical. MRS. BROWN is quite effective as a portrait of rumor as political lever, as well as the changing perception of monarchy. In this context, MRS. BROWN works as a companion piece to another recent film about the British crown in turmoil, THE MADNESS OF KING GEORGE -- think of this one as THE SADNESS OF QUEEN VICTORIA.
The household politics are less clearly drawn, due largely to the uneven characterization of Brown. Billy Connolly (previously best known to Americans for replacing Howard Hessemann in the television series "Head of the Class, I'm certain to his great dismay) portrays Brown with a matter-of-fact arrogance which energizes the film. Brown refuses to suffer fools of any social station, a quality which is both his greatest asset and his greatest fault. His motivations, however, fluctuate too frequently -- at times he seems self-serving, at other times insanely devoted to Victoria. John Brown remains as mysterious as his dalliance with the queen.
It is Antony Sher's performance as Disraeli which really makes MRS. BROWN worth watching, capturing the work of a consummate politician in an era when consummate politicians were few and far between. Disraeli gets exactly what he wants while convincing everyone around him that they are getting exactly what they want, all done with a smile, an off-the-cuff remark and a self-effacing manner. If MRS. BROWN were half as compelling behind the doors of Balmoral Castle as it is behind the doors of Parliament, it could have been as fine a romantic tragedy as it is a piece of political theater.
On the Renshaw scale of 0 to 10 Disraeli gears: 7.
Visit Scott Renshaw's MoviePage http://www.inconnect.com/~renshaw *** Subscribe to receive new reviews directly by email! See the MoviePage for details, or reply to this message with subject line "Subscribe".
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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Founder & CEO at Jermains Biology
Counselor at Research For All
Founder & CEO at Jermains Biology
Counselor at Research For All
Account manager at Boloriew logistics
CTO at company
Manager at Research For All
CEO at Research For All
Founder & CEO at Jermains Biology
Counselor at Company
Account manager at Boloriew logistics
Account manager at Boloriew logistics


Loading ...
xg
- nefertiti - model from
nefertiti hack
- press Z: toggle zoom, M: change material, L: change lighting
- double-tap to randomize


--- title: Israel shot 064 date: 2004-03-05T00:00:00.000Z filepathOriginal: photos/IMG0166.jpg filepathThumbnail: photos/IMG0166.thumbnail.jpg filepathPreview: photos/IMG0166.preview.jpg ---
An Israeli dog (member of an elite IDF unit) shares military secrets with me, while Dikla spies on us, her transmitter cunningly disguised as a chocolate bar


Head back home and look for something else.


-
1. What is the APP travel notes? Why are my travel notes empty?
Travel notes can record your current driving distance, driving time, and driving track (need to be supported by GPS power cable, like Q2). Before parking, keep your mobile and the car DVR in connection, then you can synchronize the GPS datum to your mobile, just by refreshing mobile APP.
-
2. What’s the usage of GPS?
GPS can display your driving speed, record your driving track. More functions to come by upgrading. For now, GPS only displays driving speed, and does not prompt over speeding.
-
3. How long does it take for the GPS positioning?
Fix the GPS module correctly according to the user manual. The positioning can be done normally within one minute in open parking field. If the vehicle has been parked indoor for a very long time, the positioning can be completed within 3 minutes after the car has been driven to some open field.
-
4. Will the 3G/4G flux be consumed when operate the car DVR through mobile phones?
The mobile is connected to the DVR by point-to-point private connection. It creatively adopts Wi-Direct technology, with which the communication speed is 60 times faster than that of through blue tooth. It does not pass through 3G/4G networks, so it would not consume any 3G/4G flux. No need uploading, to protect your privacy. After connection to APP, you can directly preview or download videos. You don’t have to take memory card or dismantle the DVR. Suggest to connect and use it within 10 meters range


{{< layout}} {{$back}} {{#nunjucks}} {% if values['choose-photo'] == 'take' or values['choose-photo'] == 'upload' %} Back {% elif values['choose-photo'] == 'code' %} Back {% endif %} {{/nunjucks}} {{/back}} {{$pageTitle}} Do you want to submit this photo? {{/pageTitle}} {{$header}}
abc.de/2jdD4hk
{% endif %} {{/nunjucks}}By continuing you confirm that your photo meets the photo rules
You can submit this photo if:


enum
Syntax
An enumeratedType is:
Description
The values of an enumerated type are distinct and increasing. They can be thought of as the values 0, 1, 2 and so on, but arithmetic is not allowed with these values.
Example
type color : enum (red, green, blue)
var c : color := color . red
var d : color := succ (c) % d becomes green
Details
Each value of an enumerated type is the name of the type followed by a dot followed by the element's name, for example, color.red. Enumerated values can be compared for equality and for ordering. The succ and pred functions can be used to find the value following or preceding a given enumerated value. The ord function can be used to find the enumeration position of a value, for example, ord (color.red) is 0.
Enumerated types cannot be combined with integers or with other enumerated types.
Details
It is illegal to declare an "anonymous" enum. The only legal declaration for an enum is in a type declaration. For example, the following is now illegal:
Given that there is no (easy) way of generating an enum value without it being a named type, this should not impact any but the most bizarre code.
var a : array enum (red, green, blue) of int
Details
The "put" and "get" statement semantics have been expanded to allow put's and get's of enum values. The values printed and input are the element names themselves, case sensitive. For example, for
type colors : enum (red, green, blue)
var c : colors := colors . red
put c % outputs "red" (without the quotes)


--- layout: post title: Tech Books date: 2011-09-03 04:55:57.000000000 -07:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: [] tags: [] meta: _edit_last: '1' author: login: admin email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: admin first_name: Carina C. last_name: Zon ---
Manning Publications 50% off eBooks, today-only promo code: "dotd0903cc".
Manning, O'Reilly, and Pragmatic are among (stand alone as?) the few tech publishers who don't DRM their ebooks. They even typically provide multiple formats (typically PDF/Mobi/ePub) for single ebook purchase price. Whahoo. Quality textbooks, and a business model worth supporting.
I took the opportunity to get the WIP of "SASS and Compass In Action". What's there looks promising.
Pragmatic's got the only other SASS books I could find, and oh my is the tone excessively conversational and head-patting patronizing. Tech textbooks: knock it off, please. "Metaprogramming Ruby", also from Pragmatic, takes this style to hellish lengths. So much good, meaty subject to teach; buried in cruft and making me grit my teeth.


Enter any whole number, and you will get a list of all the numbers starting from one up to your number! But watch out, they won't all be what you expect.
Any number divisible by 3 will turn into a "ping"
Any number divisible by 5 will turn into a "pong"
Any number divisible by 15 will become "ping-pong"


These cupcakes are organic, the ingrediants are also local, they are natrually sweatened, and they are delicious
We have many great flavors
The flavors are
They are all 1 dollar
Learn more about organically baked cupcakes here


This is an EPICS areaDetector driver for the Roper Scientific detectors, which includes all cameras from Photometrics and most but not all cameras from Princeton Instruments The driver is based upon the PVCAM library from Photometrics, and runs on Microsoft Windows and Linux. This driver is complementary to the areaDetector Roper driver. That driver uses the Microsoft COM interface to control the Roper WinView program. This driver works at a lower level, communicating instead with the PVCAM library layer. PVCAM supports all Photometrics cameras, and many, but not all, Princeton Instruments cameras.
ADD ADDTIONAL INTRODUCTORY TEXT HERE.
This driver inherits from ADDriver. It implements many of the parameters in asynNDArrayDriver.h and in ADArrayDriver.h. It also implements a number of parameters that are specific to the Roper detectors. The pvCam class documentation describes this class in detail.
The following table describes how the PVCAM driver implements some of the standard driver parameters.
DOCUMENT IMPLEMENTATION OF STANDARD DRIVER PARAMETERS IN THIS TABLE
| Implementation of Parameters in asynNDArrayDriver.h and ADDriver.h, and EPICS Record Definitions in ADBase.template and NDFile.template | ||
| Parameter index variable | EPICS record name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ADNumImages | $(P)$(R)NumImages | Controls the number of images to acquire when ADImageMode is ADImageMultiple. |
The PVCAM driver implements the following parameters in addition to those in asynNDArrayDriver.h
and ADDriver.h. Note that to reduce the width of this table the parameter index
variable names have been split into 2 lines, but these are just a single name, for
example PVCamInitDetector
.
| Parameter Definitions in pvcamSrc.h and EPICS Record Definitions in pvCam.template | ||||||
| Parameter index variable | asyn interface | Access | Description | drvInfo string | EPICS record name | EPICS record type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
PVCam InitDetector |
asynInt32 | r/w | Initializes the detector | PVCAM_INITIALIZE_DETECTOR |
$(P)$(R)Initialize $(P)$(R)Initialize_RBV |
longout longin |
|
PVCam InitSlot1Cam |
asynOctet | r | String describing 1st found detector | PVCAM_SLOT1 | $(P)$(R)Slot1_RBV | stringin |
|
PVCam Slot2Cam |
asynOctet | r | String describing 2nd found detector | PVCAM_SLOT2 | $(P)$(R)Slot2_RBV | stringin |
|
PVCam Slot3Cam |
asynOctet | r | String describing 3rd found detector | PVCAM_SLOT3 | $(P)$(R)Slot3_RBV | stringin |
|
PVCam DetectorSelected |
asynInt32 | r/w | Index of selected detector | PVCAM_DETECTORSELECTED |
$(P)$(R)DetecorSelected $(P)$(R)DetecorSelected_RBV |
longout longin |
|
PVCam ChipNameRBV |
asynOctet | r | String describing CCD chip | PVCAM_CHIPNAME | $(P)$(R)ChipName_RBV | stringin |
|
PVCam NumParallelPixelsRBV |
asynInt32 | r | Parallel size of the CCD in active rows | PVCAM_NUMPARALLELPIXELS | $(P)$(R)NumParallelPixels_RBV | longin |
|
PVCam NumSerialPixelsRBV |
asynInt32 | r | Serial size of the CCD | PVCAM_NUMSERIAL | $(P)$(R)NumSerialPixels_RBV | longin |
|
PVCam PixelParallelSizeRBV |
asynInt32 | r | Size of the pixel in parallel direction in nanometers | PVCAM_PIXELPARALLELSIZE | $(P)$(R)PixelParallelSize_RBV | longin |
|
PVCam PixelSerialSizeRBV |
asynInt32 | r | Size of the pixel in Serial direction in nanometers | PVCAM_PIXELSERIALSIZE | $(P)$(R)PixelSerialSize_RBV | longin |
|
PVCam ChipHeightRBV |
asynFloat64 | r | Height of CCD in mm | PVCAM_CHIPHEIGHT | $(P)$(R)ChipHeight_RBV | longin |
|
PVCam ChipWidthRBV |
asynFloat64 | r | Width of CCD in mm | PVCAM_CHIPWIDTH | $(P)$(R)ChipWidth_RBV | longin |
|
PVCam PixelParallelDistRBV |
asynInt32 | r | Pixel-to-pixel distance, in parallel direction, in nanometers | PVCAM_PIXELPARALLELDIST | $(P)$(R)PixelParallelDist_RBV | longin |
|
PVCam PixelSerialDistRBV |
asynInt32 | r | Pixel-to-pixel distance, in serial direction, in nanometers | PVCAM_PIXELSERIALDIST | $(P)$(R)PixelSerialDist_RBV | longin |
|
PVCam PostMaxRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_POSTMASK | $(P)$(R)PostMask_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam PreMaskRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_PREMASK | $(P)$(R)PreMask_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam PostScanRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_POSTSCAN | $(P)$(R)PostScan_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam PreScanRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_PRESCAN | $(P)$(R)PreScan_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam NumPortsRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_NUMPORTS | $(P)$(R)NumPorts_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam FullWellCapacityRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_FULLWELLCAPACITY | $(P)$(R)FullWellCapacity_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam FrameTransferCapableRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_FRAMETRANSFERCAPABLE | $(P)$(R)FrameTransferCapable_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam NumSpeedTableEntriesRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_NUMSPEEDTABLEENTRIES | $(P)$(R)NumSpeedTableEntries_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam SpeedTableIndex SpeedTableIndexRBV |
asynInt32 | r/w |
PVCAM_SPEEDTABLEINDEX PVCAM_SPEEDTABLEINDEX_RBV |
$(P)$(R)SpeedTableIndex $(P)$(R)SpeedTableIndex_RBV |
longout longin |
|
|
PVCam BitDepthRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_BITDEPTH | $(P)$(R)BitDepth_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam PixelTimeRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_PIXELTIME | $(P)$(R)PixelTime_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam GainIndex GainIndexRBV |
asynInt32 | r |
PVCAM_GAININDEX PVCAM_GAININDEX_RBV |
$(P)$(R)GainIndex $(P)$(R)GainIndex_RBV |
longin | |
|
PVCam MaxGainIndexRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_MAXGAININDEX | $(P)$(R)MaxGainIndex_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam MinShutterOpenDelayRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_MINSHUTTEROPENDELAY | $(P)$(R)MinShutterOpenDelay_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam MaxShutterOpenDelayRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_MAXSHUTTEROPENDELAY | $(P)$(R)MaxShutterOpenDelay_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam MinShutterCloseDelayRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_MINSHUTTERCLOSEDELAY | $(P)$(R)MinShutterCloseDelay_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam MaxShutterCloseDelayRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_MAXSHUTTERCLOSEDELAY | $(P)$(R)MaxShutterCloseDelay_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam ShutterOpenDelay ShutterOpenDelayRBV |
asynInt32 | r/w |
PVCAM_SHUTTEROPENDELAY PVCAM_SHUTTEROPENDELAY_RBV |
$(P)$(R)OpenDelay $(P)$(R)OpenDelay_RBV |
longout longin |
|
|
PVCam ShutterCloseDelay ShutterCloseDelayRBV |
asynInt32 | r/w |
PVCAM_SHUTTERCLOSEDELAY PVCAM_SHUTTERCLOSEDELAY_RBV |
$(P)$(R)CloseDelay $(P)$(R)CloseDelay_RBV |
longout longin |
|
|
PVCam MeasuredTemperatureRBV |
asynFloat64 | r | PVCAM_MEASUREDTEMPERATURE_RBV | $(P)$(R)MeasuredTemperature_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam MinTemperatureRBV |
asynFloat64 | r | PVCAM_MINTEMPERATURE | $(P)$(R)MinSetTemperature | longin | |
|
PVCam MaxTemperatureRBV |
asynFloat64 | r | PVCAM_MAXTEMPERATURE | $(P)$(R)MaxSetTemperature | longin | |
|
PVCam SetTemperature SetTemperatureRBV |
asynFloat64 | r/w |
PVCAM_SETTEMPERATURE PVCAM_SETTEMPERATURE_RBV |
$(P)$(R)SetTemperature $(P)$(R)SetTemperature_RBV |
longin | |
|
PVCam DetectorMode DetectorModeRBV |
asynInt32 | r/w |
PVCAM_DETECTORMODE PVCAM_DETECTORMODE_RBV |
$(P)$(R)DetectorMode $(P)$(R)DetectorMode_RBV |
longin | |
|
PVCam TriggerMode TriggerModeRBV |
asynInt32 | r/w |
PVCAM_TRIGGERMODE_RBV PVCAM_TRIGGERMODE_RBV |
$(P)$(R)TriggerMode $(P)$(R)TriggerMode_RBV |
longin | |
|
PVCam TriggerEdge TriggerEdgeRBV |
asynInt32 | r/w |
PVCAM_TRIGGEREDGE_RBV PVCAM_TRIGGEREDGE_RBV |
$(P)$(R)TriggerEdge $(P)$(R)TriggerEdge_RBV |
longin | |
|
PVCam CamFirmwareVersRBV |
asynOctetRead | r | PVCAM_CAMFIRMWAREVERS_RBV | $(P)$(R)CameraFirmwareVers_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam PCIFWVersRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_PCIFWVERS_RBV | $(P)$(R)PCIFWVers_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam HeadSerialNumRBV |
asynOctetRead | r | PVCAM_HEADSERIALNUM_RBV | $(P)$(R)HeadSerialNum_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam SerialNumRBV |
asynInt32 | r | PVCAM_SERIALNUM_RBV | $(P)$(R)SerialNum_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam PVCamVersRBV |
asynOctetRead | r | PVCAM_PVCAMVERS_RBV | $(P)$(R)PVCamVers_RBV | longin | |
|
PVCam DevDrvVersRBV |
asynOctetRead | r | PVCAM_DEVDRVVERS_RBV | $(P)$(R)DevDrvVers_RBV | longin |
The PVCAM driver does not support the following standard driver parameters because they are not supported in the PVCAM library:
The PVCAM driver is created with the pvCamConfig command, either from C/C++ or from the EPICS IOC shell.
int pvCamConfig(const char *portName, int maxSizeX, int maxSizeY, int dataType, int maxBuffers, size_t maxMemory, int priority, int stackSize )
For details on the meaning of the parameters to this function refer to the detailed documentation on the pvCamConfig function in the pvCam.cpp documentation and in the documentation for the constructor for the pvCam class.
There an example IOC boot directory and startup script (iocBoot/iocPVCam/st.cmd) provided with areaDetector.
The following shows the MEDM screens that are used to control the PVCAM detector. Note that the general purpose screen ADBase.adl can be used, but it exposes many controls that are not applicable to the PVCAM driver, and lacks some fields that are important for the PVCAM driver.
pvCam.adl
is the main screen used to control the PVCAM driver.
The following measurements were done to demonstrate the performance that can be obtained with the areaDetector PVCAM driver.
PUT A TABLE OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS HERE
The following are some current restrictions of the PVCAM driver:


Spare Me
Battle boredom by bowling by yourself.
| Strikes bowled | |
| Spares nailed | |
| Balls rolled | |
| Pins downed | |
Next Ball
New Game
- ◉ ◉ ◉ ◉ ◉
- ◉ ◉ ◉ ◎ ◎
- ◉ ◉ ◎ ◎ ◎
How to Bowl
- Pick one to three pins.
- Add the numbers on the pins.
- Match a ball to the last digit.
- You scored!
- No match? Try the next ball.
Example: Pick pins 6, 8 and 7. They sum to 21. The last digit of 21 is 1. Pick ball 1. You score three points!
Desgin & dev by Frank Mitchell for js13kGames
A digital spin on Sid Sackson’s Bowling Solitaire


Linux from scratch (and what I learnt form it)
I got a spare system during the last days 2018 and decided to try my hands at it. The process was, suprisingly, not as complicated as one would expect. Infact it was quite straightforward. The intial housekeeping steps were a bit discouraging but once the user and group for lfs
were set up, things became a lot easier (and repetitive).
Most of the time (while Constructing a Temporary System
), I had to use variations of the following command:
mkdir -v build
cd build
../configure <tool-specific-flags>
make -j8
make install
To be fair, a good amount of time went in studying about the config parameters for different tools like GCC, Bash etc.
[UPDATE] This process was especially helpful for me while Packaging @ Fedora
The process was so repetitive that I thought of writing a bash script for it, but as it turns out, folks at linuxfromscratch.org already anticipated this.
Things took an upwards turn from chapter 7 of the LFS book (System Configuration). Everything that followed is captivating at the least. (See takeaway section below)
Tl;dr: The process was interesting; but tedious at times. configuration options are important. Things get a lot more interesting from Chapter 7 onwards.
My Takeaway from the process: install arch first
I say this because if you play your cards right, you’d get to pick up the arch installation right from System Configuration section of LFS, which – atleast in my views – is the most important section of the entire process.
–
The whole process took me a couple of days iirc. Thankfully, the spare machine that I recieved was an old i7 ThinkPad while made the whole thing quite enjoyble. If you’re planning on doing it over a VM, then be prepared to leave the system overnight for compilation.


Compatibility
Compatible GSM Modems/Phones
The following models are reported to be compatible:
- Billionton: PCMCIA PCGPRSQ-B.
- EagleTec: GSM modems.
- Fargo Maestro 20.
- ITengo: 3000, WM1080A.
- Janus: GSM864Q.
- Nokia: 6070, 6100, 6210, 6310, 6310i, 6230, 6230i, 6681, 8250, 8310, 6610, 6800, 7210, 6810, 7250i, 6103, 6020, 3220, 6822, 5140, 5140i, 30 (terminal).
- Multitech: Multimodem GPRS (SMSLib for Java can also drive the Multitech Multimodem via its IP port).
- Sharp: GX30, GX32.
- Siemens: MC35i, M35, M50, M65, C45, TC35i, C65, M55, TC65t.
- SIMCOM Ltd: SIMCOM_SIM100S.
- Sony Ericsson: K300i, SE K800i, K700i, K750i, SE W850i, W880i, GC89, Z550a, W800, W580i, W810, i320, GT48, K790i, F305, K770, K618i.
- Ubinetics: GDC201.
- Wavecom: M1206B, M1306B, WMOD2 Wismo, Fastrack Supreme 10, Fastrack Supreme 20, WISMOQCDMA CDMA, FXT009.
- Huawei: E220 (may require the forced setting of SMSC address), E226, E230.
- Motorola: V3.
- Teltonika: ModemUSB.
- Motorola: V3, L6.
- Samsung: D520, E1410 Guru, GT-I9000.
- Samba: 55-SET GSM/GPRS USB modem.
- Rogers: ZTE 636 USB 'rocket' modem.
- Falcom: USA Samba 75 GSM/GPRS/EDGE (Model MC75).
- BandLuxe: HSDPA c-120.
- SIM548C GSM module.
- Karbonn: K551.
- D-Link: DWM-152.
Compatible Bulk SMS Operators
SMSLib currently supports BULKSMS (all regions) and Clickatell.
Please note that the above mentioned bulk sms operators are supported only for outbound messaging. SMSLib implements an HTTP/HTTPS interface with them.
Incompatible GSM Modems/Phones
The following models are reported to be incompatible:
- Nokia: All Symbian models (they partially work or don't work at all).
- Nokia: 6131.
- Blackberry 8700g.
- Nokia 5610 XpressMusic.
- Motorola G18 GSM Modem.


Match Play. Red leads 6-3 to 7. How should Red play 11?
pips Red=66 White=99
(CorrectAnswer= 0/0, ErrorScore= 0)
So should Red play to win with bar/24, 8/5* or play not to lose a gammon with bar/24, 8/7(2), 2/1?
If Red had only a three-point board the hit would be too risky. With a five-point board the hit would be clear. With a four-point it is close but hitting is correct. If Red elects not to hit he will still lose a gammon 11% of the time.
However, by hitting he increases his game winning chances by 15% from 11% to 26%. Not hitting is actually an error.
If Red had only a three-point board the hit would be too risky. With a five-point board the hit would be clear. With a four-point it is close but hitting is correct. If Red elects not to hit he will still lose a gammon 11% of the time.
However, by hitting he increases his game winning chances by 15% from 11% to 26%. Not hitting is actually an error.
1. Cubeful 2-ply bar/24 8/5* Eq.: -0.949 0.260 0.149 0.004 - 0.740 0.224 0.012 2. Cubeful 2-ply bar/24 8/7(2) 2/1 Eq.: -1.010 (-0.061) 0.099 0.022 0.000 - 0.901 0.099 0.003 3. Cubeful 2-ply bar/24 8/7(2) 4/3 Eq.: -1.087 (-0.138) 0.084 0.014 0.000 - 0.916 0.122 0.004 4. Cubeful 2-ply bar/24 4/2 4/3 Eq.: -1.116 (-0.168) 0.089 0.011 0.000 - 0.911 0.141 0.004 5. Cubeful 2-ply bar/24 4/3(2) 2/1 Eq.: -1.119 (-0.170) 0.088 0.013 0.000 - 0.912 0.141 0.004


Created by Oliver Baldwin Edwards and written in C++ using Empirical's D3-wrapper
This is a web app written entirely in C++ to show off the new Empirical
D3-wrapper that I worked on as a WAVES
participant during the summer of 2020.
This project is meant to serve as a demo for how the new D3-wrapper can be used with
Empirical to create powerful web
apps.
Along with Elizabeth Carney, Alex Lalejini, and Emily Dolson I worked on creating a C++ wrapper for D3.js, a JavaScript library that allows for custom-made, interactive visualizations. We began the process of overhauling Empirical's web visualization support for use in the next version of Avida-ED.
For more information on what I did, see this blog post I wrote.
This web app contains:


{% extends "homepage/base.html" %} {% load crispy_forms_tags%} {%load static%} {% block content%}
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Russell Westbrook: James Harden’s Greatness ‘Not Normal’
by Marcel MutoniRussell Westbrook doesn’t want anyone to make the mistake of normalizing Rockets teammate James Harden‘s singular greatness.
Westbrook, who finished with a 28-point, 13-rebound, 10-assist triple-double Monday, says Harden is “one of the best offensive scorers of all time.”
Harden scored just 36 points in Houston’s 132-108 win, a “subpar night” for the NBA’s leading scorer (39.2 PPG) according to Portland Trail Blazers head coach Terry Stotts.
Per ESPN:
“I think that a lot of people like to normalize greatness when you see it over and over again, but it’s not normal because there’s nobody else that can do it,” said Rockets guard Russell Westbrook. “If it was normal, everybody would do it.
“He’s put himself in position to be one of the best offensive scorers of all time because of the way that he’s able to score the ball at a high level in a variety of ways.”
He averaged 36.1 points per game last season, the most by anyone in the NBA since Michael Jordan averaged 37.1 in 1986-87.
“I don’t care about that. I just want to win games,” said Harden, who had six rebounds and five assists in the win over the Blazers. “Tonight, just shooting my shots. Last game, I took 41 shots, but we had six guys on the injured reserve list. So it’s whatever it takes to win at this point.
Related Daryl Morey: Rockets Could Have the ‘Best Offense Ever Put on the Floor’


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Its Sunday afternoon, and I am feeling lazy. Nothing new about it, but I wanted to share the reviews about Diana of London Dress your eyes Mascara,which I have been using for quite sometime now.
Price: Rs. 595 for 8ml
Claims: Non smudging formula sensational volume without clumping surprising length & perfect separation.
New Waterproof Formula -Promises day long wear without imperfections Formula Studied -To increase and wide at the most the lashes, giving it thickness and volume Special Polymers -Gives you an intense black color & helps maintain the styling of eyelashes.Ingredients:
My experience: I will start with the packaging, nothing unusual or new about it, but I do like the pink color & graphics. Brush is dense and is designed to give volume. It does give a slight volume without any clumping, but gives me dry looking eyelashes. Best thing is that its waterproof, but I hope it added a bit of shine to my lashes. Oh did I forget to mention its quick dry, and thats what I need the most in morning.
What I like:
What I did not like:


{% extends 'pages/_base_layout.html' %} {% block body %} Page Not Found Lost? Try going to the home page to find what you are looking for. {% endblock %}
Lost? Try going to the home page to find what you are looking for.


It’s that time again… Friday and we all know that means Dev Chat. This week we had an insightful and abundant sharing of links.
It’s that time again… Friday and we all know that means Dev Chat. This week we had an insightful and abundant sharing of links.
We are proud to announce that Siyelo is one of the sponsors of the Global Day Of Coderetreat in Skopje (Macedonia) for the second year in a row and Dalibor Nasevic will be facilitating the event.
Integrating an ActiveMerchant supported payment gateway into Spree is really easy but unfortunately it isn’t particularly well documented.
With 42 Days left in 2012 until the Mayan Apocalypse and the world comes to an END we’ve decided to to share as much of our insight as possible!… Happy friday from Siyelo.
We have had quite a informative week according to our Dev chat sessions, we combined last week’s links with this week to give you quite a bit to cover.
We believe that reading books on a variety of topics is one of the easiest ways to sharpen the (professional and personal) saw. For this reason, we’ve decided to start a book club amongst the team. Every reads the same book and when we reach the deadline, we organize a Google+ Hangout to discuss our thoughts on it.
If you like your schema definitions handy in the current ActiveRecord model you’re looking at, you’re probably using the annotate_models gem.
We’re very proud to announce the newest addition to the Siyelo team - Ile Eftimov.
Best picks from our lovely devchat.
Another week has hurried by leaving us with exactly 80 days left to the end of 2012! Here’s this week’s edition of the Dev Chat round-up - let us know if you have any articles that you think we missed over the last 7 days.


Pedestrian transported after being struck by car in Miami
by 7 News WSVNMIAMI (WSVN) - A man had to be transported to the hospital after he was struck by a car in Miami.
The incident occurred along Northwest Seventh Avenue just after 8:30 a.m., Friday.
The 25-year-old victim was transported to Jackson Memorial Hospital’s Ryder Trauma Center with serious head injuries.
According to authorities, the driver who struck the pedestrian remained on the scene.
Several roads in the area were shut down while police investigated but reopened just after 10:15 a.m.


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The aim of Shared Science is to provide educational resources to make science more engaging and fun. We chose the topics of astronomy, physics, and chemistry and put them in a format that kids could enjoy. To motivate kids to learn about science can help them make decisions based on their own reasoning in the near future.
Shared Science began in October 2014 as a product of a Computer Information Systems course at Cal Poly Pomona to help kids develop an educational knowledge and a fun way to learn.


| 1 | /* | |
| 2 | * Copyright (c) 2006- Tatu Saloranta<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| |
| 3 | * | |
| 4 | * Licensed under the License specified in the file LICENSE which is | |
| 5 | * included with the source code. | |
| 6 | * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. | |
| 7 | * | |
| 8 | * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software | |
| 9 | * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, | |
| 10 | * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. | |
| 11 | * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and | |
| 12 | * limitations under the License. | |
| 13 | */ | |
| 14 | ||
| 15 | package com.fasterxml.aalto.evt; | |
| 16 | ||
| 17 | import javax.xml.stream.*; | |
| 18 | import javax.xml.stream.util.XMLEventAllocator; | |
| 19 | ||
| 20 | import org.codehaus.stax2.XMLStreamReader2; | |
| 21 | import org.codehaus.stax2.ri.Stax2EventReaderImpl; | |
| 22 | ||
| 23 | import com.fasterxml.aalto.impl.StreamExceptionBase; | |
| 24 | ||
| 25 | /** | |
| 26 | * Simple implementation based on Stax2 reference implementation | |
| 27 | * base. | |
| 28 | */ | |
| 29 | public final class EventReaderImpl | |
| 30 | extends Stax2EventReaderImpl | |
| 31 | { | |
| 32 | public EventReaderImpl(XMLEventAllocator a, XMLStreamReader2 r) | |
| 33 | { | |
| 34 | super(a, r); | |
| 35 | } | |
| 36 | ||
| 37 | /* | |
| 38 | /********************************************************************** | |
| 39 | /* Impl of abstract methods | |
| 40 | /********************************************************************** | |
| 41 | */ | |
| 42 | ||
| 43 | @Override | |
| 44 | protected String getErrorDesc(int errorType, int currEvent) { | |
| 45 | // For now, defaults are ok, can improve as necessary | |
| 46 |
1
1. getErrorDesc : mutated return of Object value for com/fasterxml/aalto/evt/EventReaderImpl::getErrorDesc to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return null; |
| 47 | } | |
| 48 | ||
| 49 | @Override | |
| 50 | public boolean isPropertySupported(String name) { | |
| 51 |
1
1. isPropertySupported : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → NO_COVERAGE |
return ((XMLStreamReader2)getStreamReader()).isPropertySupported(name); |
| 52 | } | |
| 53 | ||
| 54 | @Override | |
| 55 | public boolean setProperty(String name, Object value) { | |
| 56 |
1
1. setProperty : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → NO_COVERAGE |
return ((XMLStreamReader2)getStreamReader()).setProperty(name, value); |
| 57 | } | |
| 58 | ||
| 59 | /* | |
| 60 | /********************************************************************** | |
| 61 | /* Overrides | |
| 62 | /********************************************************************** | |
| 63 | */ | |
| 64 | ||
| 65 | @Override | |
| 66 | protected void reportProblem(String msg, Location loc) throws XMLStreamException | |
| 67 | { | |
| 68 | /* Should probably have a specific exception for Writer | |
| 69 | * side? For now, let's at least use base class we | |
| 70 | * control, which gives slightly better output. | |
| 71 | */ | |
| 72 | throw new StreamExceptionBase(msg, loc); | |
| 73 | } | |
| 74 | } | |
Mutations | ||
| 46 |
1.1 |
|
| 51 |
1.1 |
|
| 56 |
1.1 |


EUR/USD advances to weekly highs near 1.1050
by Pablo Piovano- EUR/USD moves higher on dollar weakness.
- US advanced Retail Sales expanded 0.3% MoM.
- US Industrial Production contracted 0.8% inter-month.
EUR/USD keeps pushing higher and extends the recovery to the 1.1050 region on the back of increasing selling pressure hitting the greenback.
EUR/USD tests the key 55-day SMA
The pair has accelerated the upside on Friday and is now printing new weekly highs in the 1.1050 region, where coincide the 10-day and 55-day SMAs. A clear breakout of this hurdle should reassert the upside pressure in spot.
Extra upside in the second half of the week came in pari passu with the deteriorating outlook on the dollar following renewed trade jitters, mixed data and declining yields.
Indeed, the US docket showed upbeat results from October’s Retail Sales, although the Empire State Manufacturing Index, Industrial/Manufacturing Production and Capacity Utilization all came in short of expectations.
Earlier in Euroland, final October headline inflation figures tracked by the CPI matched the preliminary readings at 0.1% MoM and 0.7% YoY.
What to look for around EUR
The euro has managed to reverse the pessimism seen in the first half of the week and motivated the pair to rebound from weekly lows in the 1.0990 region. Rising trade jitters and mixed data sparked a moderate correction lower in US yields, impacting on the sentiment around the dollar and thus forcing DXY to give away initial weekly gains. On the macro view, the outlook in Euroland remains fragile and does nothing but justify the ‘looser for longer’ monetary stance by the ECB and the bearish view on the single currency in the medium term at least.
EUR/USD levels to watch
At the moment, the pair is gaining 0.19% at 1.1041 and faces the next up barrier at 1.1045 (high Nov.15) followed by 1.1095 (100-day SMA) and finally 1.1179 (monthly high Oct.21). On the downside, a breach of 1.0989 (monthly low Nov.14) would target 1.0925 (low Sep.3) en route to 1.0879 (2019 low Oct.1).