Web Primitive Tests |
| Primitive Test Suite |
|
The DayTrader performance benchmark sample provides a suite of web primitives. These primitives singularly test key operations in the enterprise Java programming model. Links to each of the web primitive tests are provided below along with a description of each operation. Note that some primitives below can have their main operations repeated. These operations are marked with a red * . In order to adjust the repetition, change the primitive iteration value in the Trade configuration page. |
| Web Container ping suite | |
| PingHtml | PingHtml is the most basic operation providing access to a simple "Hello World" page of static HTML. |
| Explicit GC | Invoke Garbage Collection on AppServer. Reports heap statistics after the GC has completed. |
| PingServlet | PingServlet tests fundamental dynamic HTML creation through server side servlet processing. |
| PingServletCDI | PingServletCDI tests various simple CDI invocations. |
| PingServletCDIBeanManagerViaJNDI | PingServletCDIBeanManagerViaJNDI tests getting the BeanManager with JNDI. |
| PingServletCDIBeanManagerViaCDICurrentI | PingServletCDIBeanManagerViaCDICurrent tests getting the BeanManager with SPI. |
| PingServletWriter | PingServletWriter extends PingServlet by using a PrintWriter for formatted output vs. the output stream used by PingServlet. |
| PingServlet2Include * | PingServlet2Include tests response inclusion. Servlet 1 includes the response of Servlet 2. |
| PingServlet2Servlet | PingServlet2Servlet tests request dispatching. Servlet 1, the controller, creates a new JavaBean object forwards the request with the JavaBean added to Servlet 2. Servlet 2 obtains access to the JavaBean through the Servlet request object and provides dynamic HTML output based on the JavaBean data. |
| PingJSP | PingJSP tests a direct call to JavaServer Page providing server-side dynamic HTML through JSP scripting. |
| PingJSPEL | PingJSPEL tests a direct call to JavaServer Page providing server-side dynamic HTML through JSP scripting and the usage of the new JSP 2.0 Expression Language. |
| PingServlet2JSP | PingServlet2JSP tests a commonly used design pattern, where a request is issued to servlet providing server side control processing. The servlet creates a JavaBean object with dynamically set attributes and forwards the bean to the JSP through a RequestDispatcher The JSP obtains access to the JavaBean and provides formatted display with dynamic HTML output based on the JavaBean data. |
| PingServlet2PDF | PingServlet2PDF tests a call to a servlet which displays the contents of a PDF Document (~1 MB in file size). |
| PingServlet2DB | PingServlet2DB tests a call to a servlet which makes a JDBC connection to the database. |
| PingJSF | PingJSF tests a call to a JSF Facelet which performs a lookup of quotes. |
| PingCDIJSF | PingCDIJSF tests a MangedBean called from a jsf page. |
| PingHTTPSession1 | PingHTTPSession1 - SessionID tests fundamental HTTP session function by creating a unique session ID for each individual user. The ID is stored in the users session and is accessed and displayed on each user request. |
| PingHTTPSession2 | PingHTTPSession2 session create/destroy further extends the previous test by invalidating the HTTP Session on every 5th user access. This results in testing HTTPSession create and destroy |
| PingHTTPSession3 | PingHTTPSession3 large session object tests the servers ability to manage and persist large HTTPSession data objects. The servlet creates a large custom java object. The class contains multiple data fields and results in 2048 bytes of data. This large session object is retrieved and stored to the session on each user request. |
| PingJDBCRead * | PingJDBCRead tests fundamental servlet to JDBC access to a database performing a single-row read using a prepared SQL statment. |
| PingJDBCWrite * | PingJDBCRead tests fundamental servlet to JDBC access to a database performing a single-row write using a prepared SQL statment. |
| PingServlet2JNDI * | PingServlet2JNDI tests the fundamental J2EE operation of a servlet allocating a JNDI context and performing a JNDI lookup of a JDBC DataSource. |
| PingUpgradeServlet | PingUpgradeServlet tests a simple UpgradeHandler request. JMeter is needed for testing. |
| PingWebSocketTextSync | PingWebSocketTextSync tests a simple synchronous WebSocket with text. |
| PingWebSocketTextAsync | PingWebSocketTextAsync tests a simple asynchronous WebSocket with text. |
| PingWebSocketBinary | PingWebSocketBinary tests a simple WebSocket with binary data. |
| PingWebSocketJson | PingWebSocketJson tests a WebSocket with a JSON Decoder and Encoder. |
| PingManagedThread | PingManagedThread tests a ManagedThreadFactory inside an asynchronous servlet. |
| PingManagedExecutor | PingManagedExecutor tests the ManagedExecutorService inside an asynchronous servlet. |
| PingJSONP | PingJSONP tests generating and parsing JSON. |
| EJB 3 Container ping suite | |
| PingServlet2Session * | PingServlet2Session tests key function of a servlet call to a remote stateless Session EJB. The Session EJB performs a simple calculation and returns the result |
| PingServlet2SessionLocal * | PingServlet2SessionLocal tests key function of a servlet call to a local stateless Session EJB. The Session EJB performs a simple calculation and returns the result |
| PingServlet2Session2Entity * | This tests the full servlet to Session EJB to Entity EJB path to retrieve a single row from the database. |
| PingServlet2Session2Entity2JSP * | This tests the full servlet to Session EJB to Entity EJB path to retrieve a single row from the database and displays the output in a JSP. |
|
PingServlet2Session2
EntityCollection * |
This test extends the previous EJB Entity test by calling a Session EJB which uses a finder method on the Entity that returns a collection of Entity objects. Each object is displayed by the servlet. |
| PingServlet2Session2CMROne2One * | This test drives an Entity EJB to get another Entity EJB's data through an EJB 3.0 CMR One to One relationship. |
| PingServlet2Session2CMROne2Many * | This test drives an Entity EJB to get another Entity EJB's data through an EJB 3.0 CMR One to Many relationship. |
| PingServlet2Session2JDBC * | This tests the full servlet to Session EJB to JDBC path to retrieve a single row from the database. |
|
PingServlet2Session2
JDBCCollection * |
This test extends the previous JDBC test by calling a Session EJB to JDBC path which returns multiple rows from the database. |
| PingServlet2MDBQueue * | PingServlet2MDBQueue drives messages to a Queue based Message Driven EJB (MDB). Each request to the servlet posts a message to the Queue. The MDB receives the message asynchronously and prints message delivery statistics on each 100th message. Note: Not intended for performance testing. |
| PingServlet2MDBTopic * | PingServlet2MDBTopic drives messages to a Topic based Publish/Subscribe Message Driven EJB (MDB). Each request to the servlet posts a message to the Topic. The TradeStreamMDB receives the message asynchronously and prints message delivery statistics on each 100th message. Other subscribers to the Topic will also receive the messages. Note: Not intended for performance testing. |
| PingServlet2TwoPhase * | PingServlet2TwoPhase drives a Session EJB which invokes an Entity EJB with findByPrimaryKey (DB Access) followed by posting a message to an MDB through a JMS Queue (Message access). These operations are wrapped in a global 2-phase transaction and commit. |


In env.h create a new master environment variable for the new platform. See the comments in the file for details on naming conventions. For example, a new port to x86 Solaris would use: ENVgi3
Use the other environment definitions as an example for the new one. Basically, each environment then defines a number of other environment-specific macros, such as BIG__ENDIAN, UNIX, and IBMPC.
Create a makefile that goes with the environment. Such as makefile.gi3 for the Solaris port. Usually you can copy one of the other makefiles from Windows or Unix as appropriate.
Someday we'll figure out how to use imake for the Unix builds, but for now each environment has its own makefiles.
Set the build so that the compiler sets the flag for the new environment, something like -DENVgi3.
We've tried to move all of the environment specific code to lenv.h/cpp. Typically these are various I/O functions used by the engines, but includes macros for dealing with endianess as well.
The file defs.h contains lots of macro definitions, many of which refer to functions in lenv.h/cpp.
Many of the early compilation errors will probably just be getting the right libraries in place for the target platform. Note that the engine makes use of wide characters and the standard template library. These are not always current on some platforms.
If you run into problems that need fixing, usually the fix is just adjusting some of the #ifdefs in lenv.h/cpp. If you find you need a fix elsewhere, then its best if you can move that fix to lenv.h/cpp. But there are parts of the code that simply require the #ifdefs in other places.
The engine is a .dll or .so and goes in the amzi/bin directory.
For testing you'll need to next build arun, in the src/acore/run directory. It is a very simply executable that loads a .xpl file and calls its main/0 predicate.
arun.exe goes in amzi/bin as well.
Amzi! is binary compatible across platforms. So the first test is a very simple Prolog program, such as hello:
main :- write(hello), nl.
You should compile and link hello.xpl on a separate platform and move it to a test directory for your new build.
Anyone who's managed software knows that if a developer claims to be 90% done, the project has just begun.
Use more and more complex programs. The compiler and listener are two good ones. Copy arun(.exe) to acmp(.exe) and alis(.exe) and keep both in amzi/bin.
For this test acmp.xpl and alis.xpl need to be in amzi/abin.
You should be able to then type:
>acmp hello
And compile the program.
You can also use:
>alis
To get the standard Prolog listener.
On some platforms you will need to have set AMZI_DIR to your Amzi! directory in order for it to find the system .xpl files in amzi/abin.


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Examining grading trends after a year of pass/no pass policies
BY Shannon Bonet, Jenna Woo and Connor Lin JUNE 14, 2021


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POS tags
| Open class words | Closed class words | Other |
|---|---|---|
| ADJ | ADP | PUNCT |
| ADV | AUX | SYM |
| INTJ | CCONJ | X |
| NOUN | DET | |
| PROPN | NUM | |
| VERB | PART | |
| PRON | ||
| SCONJ |
ADJ
: adjective
Definition
Adjectives are words that typically modify nouns and specify their properties or attributes. They may also function as predicates, as in
Example: [bg] Колата е зелена / Kolata e zelena (The car is green.)
The ADJ
tag is intended for ordinary adjectives only. See DET
for determiners and NUM for numerals.
In Bulgarian the words that map to the ADJ
tag from the BulTreeBank tagset are:
- A# (adjective)
Example: [bg] добър / dobar (good) 7-годишен / 7-godishen (seven-years-old)
- H# (family name adjective)
Example: [bg] Иванова книга / Ivanova kniga (Ivan’s book)
- Mo# (ordinal numeral)
Example: [bg] втори / vtori (second)
- V#car# (present participle)
Example: [bg] идващ / idvasht (coming)
- V#cv# (past passive participle)
Example: [bg] намерен / nameren (found)
- V#cao# (past perfective participle)
Example: [bg] направил / napravil (made)
Note that the symbol `#’, used in the Universal POS section indicates a holder for arbitrary number of features, suppressed in the respective tag as irrelevant in the BulTreeBank tagset, when mapped to the Universal one.
ADP
: adposition
Definition
Adposition in Bulgarian is a preposition.
In the BulTreeBank tagset it is encoded as R
.
Thus, the preposition comes before a complement composed of a noun
phrase, noun, pronoun, or clause that functions as a noun phrase, and
forms a single structure with the complement to express its
grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause.
Examples
- в / v “in”
- към / kam “to”
In Bulgarian, prepositions can take the form of fixed multiword expressions, such as in spite of, because of, thanks to in English. They are treated as multiwords in the treebank, but for the purposes of mapping to this level, they are treated compositionally.
Examples
- по време на / po vreme na “during”
is analyzed as
- по / po “in”
- време / vreme “time”
- на / na “of”
ADV
: adverb
Definition
In the group of Bulgarian adverbs there are words that typically modify verbs for such categories as time, place, direction or manner. They may also modify adjectives and other adverbs, as in very briefly or arguably wrong. Some adverbs can modify even [nouns] (Noun).
In BulTreeBank tagset the corresponding POS tag is D
.
There is a closed subclass of pronominal adverbs that refer to
circumstances in context, rather than naming them directly; similarly
to pronouns, these can be categorized as interrogative, relative,
demonstrative etc. Pronominal adverbs also get the ADV
part-of-speech tag but they are differentiated by additional features.
In the BulTreeBank tagset the corresponding tags are as follows:
- Pdl, Pdm, Pdq, Pdt (Adverbial demonstrative pronouns for location, manner, quantity and time)
- Prl, Prm, Prq, Prt (Adverbial relative pronouns for location, manner, quantity and time)
- Pcl, Pcm, Pct (Adverbial collective pronouns for location, manner and time)
- Pil, Pim, Piq, Pit (Adverbial interrogative pronouns for location, manner, quantity and time)
- Pfl, Pfm, Pfq, Pft (Adverbial indefinite pronouns for location, manner, quantity and time)
- Pnl, Pnm, Pnq, Pnt (Adverbial negative pronouns for location, manner, quantity and time)
Examples
- demonstrative adverbs: тук, там, тогава / tuk, tam, togava “here, there, then”
- relative pronouns: когато, където, както, колкото / kogato, kadeto, kakto, kolkoto “when, where, as, as much as”
- collective adverbs: навсякъде, всякога, всякак / navsyakade, vsyakoga, vsyakak “everywhere, always, anyway”
- interrogative adverbs: кога, къде, как, колко /koga, kade, kak, kolko “when, where, how, how many”
- indefinite adverbs: някъде, някога, някак / nyakade, nyakoga, nyakak “somewhere, sometime, somehow”
- negative adverbs: никога, никъде, никак / nikoga, nikade, nikak “never, nowhere, not at all”
Note that there are words that may be traditionally called numerals in
some languages (e.g. Bulgarian) but they are treated as adverbs in the
universal tagging scheme. In particular, adverbial ordinal numerals
([bg] първо / parvo “for the first time”) are tagged ADV
.
The mapped tags present the neuter singular indefinite forms of the ordinal numerals: Monsi
.
In this way there will be ambiguity with the class of [adjectives] (ADJ).
Another adverbial numeral that goes under ADV
is Md#:
Examples
- много / mnogo “very”
- малко /malko “little”
Note that the symbol `#’, used in the Universal POS section indicates a holder for arbitrary number of features, suppressed in the respective tag as irrelevant in the BulTreeBank tagset, when mapped to the Universal one.
AUX
: auxiliary verb
Definition
An auxiliary is a function word that accompanies the lexical verb of a
verb phrase and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the
lexical verb, such as person, number, tense, mood, aspect, voice or evidentiality.
It is often a verb (which may have non-auxiliary uses as well) but many languages
have nonverbal TAME markers and these should also be tagged AUX
. The class AUX
also include copulas (in the narrow sense of pure linking words for nonverbal predication).
Modal verbs may count as auxiliaries in some languages (English). In
other languages their behavior is not too different from the main
verbs and they are thus tagged VERB
.
Note that not all languages have grammaticalized auxiliaries, and
even where they exist the dividing line between full verbs and
auxiliaries can be expected to vary between languages. Exactly
which words are counted as AUX
should be part of the
language-specific documentation.
In Bulgarian the auxiliary verbs are varieties of the verb ‘to be’:
- Vx# / съм / sam “to be”
- Vy# /бъда / bada “to be”
- Vi# / бивам / bivam “to be”
Modal verbs count as main verbs in BulTreeBank tagset and they are thus tagged VERB
.
Also, the following verbal particles (Tx) are viewed as auxiliaries:
- да / da “to”
- ще / shte “will”
Examples
- Tense and passive auxiliaries: бях / byah “I was”
Note that the symbol `#’, used in the Universal POS section indicates a holder for arbitrary number of features, suppressed in the respective tag as irrelevant in the BulTreeBank tagset, when mapped to the Universal one.
CCONJ
: coordinating conjunction
Definition
A coordinating conjunction is a word that links words or larger constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other and expresses a semantic relationship between them.
In BulTreeBank tagset there are three types of conjunctions:
Cc (single coordinating conjunction)
Examples
- но / no “but”
Cr (repetitive conjunction). These usually contain at least two parts.
Examples
- хем…, хем… / hem…, hem… “either…. or….”
Cp (single and repetitive conjunction). These usually are used as singletons, but they also might be used in a repetitive chain.
Examples
- и / i “and”
DET
: determiner
Definition
Determiners are words that modify nouns or noun phrases and express the reference of the noun phrase in context. That is, a determiner may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, etc.
In Bulgarian the definite article is part of the word, thus it is not considered as determiner.
However, the following pronouns are mapped to detereminers:
- demonstratives: Pda#, Pde#
- relatives: Pra#, Pre#, Prp#
- collectives: Pca#, Pce#
- interrogatives: Pia#, Pie#, Piy#, Pip#
- indefinites: Pfa#, Pfe#, Pfp#
- negatives: Pna#, Pne#, Pnp#
- possessives: Ps@l
Note that the attributive usages (#a#) and possessive attributive usages (#p#) go directly into DET category, while entities (#e#) can be either determiners or pronouns. The possessive pronouns (Ps#) are mapped with only their long forms (#l#). The short forms are clitics and will be treated differently.
Examples
- possessive determiners: мой / moy “my”, твой / tvoy “your”
- demonstrative determiners: тази / _tazi__ “this” as in _Вчера видях тази кола / Vchera vidyah tazi kola “I saw this car yesterday.”
- interrogative determiners: какъв / kakav “which.MASC.SG”
- relative determiners: какъвто / kakavto “which.MASC.SG”
- indefinite determiners: някакъв / nyakakav “some.MASC.SG”
- collective determiners: всякакъв / vsyakakav “any.MASC.SG”
- negative determiners: никакъв / nikakav “no.MASC.SG”
Note that the symbol `#’, used in the Universal POS section indicates a holder for arbitrary number of features, suppressed in the respective tag as irrelevant in the BulTreeBank tagset, when mapped to the Universal one.
The symbol `@’ marks the suppresion with one feature in the tag.
INTJ
: interjection
Definition
An interjection is a word that is used most often as an exclamation or part of an exclamation. It typically expresses an emotional reaction, is not syntactically related to other accompanying expressions, and may include a combination of sounds not otherwise found in the language.
Note that words primarily belonging to another part of speech retains their original category when used in exclamations. For example, God is a NOUN even in exclamatory uses.
In BulTreeBank annotation scheme the interjections are tagged as I
.
These include the following groups: exclamations and onomatopoeic words.
In cases like God, the lemmas are tagged as both: Noun
and Interjection
.
Thus, only the Noun usage will be kept in the universal setting.
The feedback particles, such as: yes and no are mapped to INTJ with the labels:
- Ta (affirmative) - да / da “yes”
- Tn (negative) - не / не “no”
NOUN
: noun
Definition
Nouns are a part of speech typically denoting a person, place, thing, animal or idea.
The NOUN
tag is intended for common nouns only.
In Bultreebank the common nouns are annotated with the tag Nc#
.
Examples
- момиче / momiche “girl”
- котка / kotka “cat”
- дърво / darvo “tree”
- въздух / vazduh “air”
- красота / krasota “beauty”
Note that the symbol `#’, used in the Universal POS section indicates a holder for arbitrary number of features, suppressed in the respective tag as irrelevant in the BulTreeBank tagset, when mapped to the Universal one.
NUM
: numeral
Definition
A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as a determiner, adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number and a relation to the number, such as quantity, sequence, frequency or fraction.
 Other words functioning as determiners (including quantifiers
such as many and few) are tagged DET.
In Bultreebank tagset the tag which maps to NUM
, is Mc#
.
Examples
- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2014, 1000000, 3.14159265359
- едно, две, три, седемдесет и седем / edno, dve, tri, sedemdeset i sedem “one, two, three, seventy-seven”
- I, II, III, IV, V, MMXIV
Note that the symbol `#’, used in the Universal POS section indicates a holder for arbitrary number of features, suppressed in the respective tag as irrelevant in the BulTreeBank tagset, when mapped to the Universal one.
PART
: particle
Definition
Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood, tense etc. Particles are normally not inflected, although exceptions may occur.
In the Bultreebank tagset the following tags map to PART
: Tn, Ti, Tx, Tm, Tv, Te and Tg.
(Note that Ta
is considered INTJ
in the universal tagset. The Tn
particle не / ne “no” is also considered INTJ
).
Examples
- negative particle (Tn): нито / nito “neither”
- interrogative particles(Ti): ли / li“question particle”
- auxiliary particles (Tx): да, ще / da, shte “to, will”
- modal particles (Tm): май / may “possibly”
- verbal particles (Tv): нека / neka “let”
- emphasis particles (Te): даже / dazhe “even”
- gradable particles (Tg): най / nay “most”
PRON
: pronoun
Definition
Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases, whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context.
Pronouns under this definition function like nouns.
The BulTreeBank annotation scheme adopted the idea that pro-nouns, pro-adjectives and pro-adverbs are labeled as Pronouns. However, for the mapping to the universal tagset, this group was split into several parts-of-speech: determiners, adverbs, pronouns.
The tags that correspond to Pron
are: Pp#, Pde#, Pre#, Pce#, Pie#, Pfe#, Pfy#, Pne#, Piy#.
Examples
- personal pronouns (Pp#): аз, ти, той, тя, то, ние, те, него, го / az, ti, toy, tya, to, nie, te, nego, go “I, you, he, she, it, we, they, him.LONG.FORM, him.SHORT.FORM”
- reflexive personal pronouns (Ppx#): себе си, се / sebe si, se “myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, theirselves”
- demonstrative pronouns (Pde#): този, това / tozi, tova “this” as in Видях това вчера. / Vidyah tova vchera “I saw this yesterday.”
- interrogative pronouns (Pie#, Piy#): кой, какво, колцина / _koy, kakvo, koltsina “who, what, how many” as in Какво мислиш? / _Kakvo mislish? “What do you think?”
- relative pronouns (Pre#): който, каквото / _koyto, kakvoto “who, what” as in Човекът, който дойде, е баща ми. /Chovekat, koyto doyde, e bashta mi “The person who came is my father.”
- indefinite pronouns (Pfe#, Pfy#): някой, нещо, неколцина / nyakoy, neshto, nekoltsina “somebody, something, some, anybody, anything, any”
- collective pronouns (Pce#): всеки, всичко / vseki, vsichko “everybody, everything”
- negative pronouns (Pne#): никой, нищо / nikoy, nishto “nobody, nothing”
Note that the symbol `#’, used in the Universal POS section indicates a holder for arbitrary number of features, suppressed in the respective tag as irrelevant in the BulTreeBank tagset, when mapped to the Universal one.
PROPN
: proper noun
Definition
A proper noun is a noun (or nominal content word) that is the name (or part of the name) of a specific individual, place, or object.
The tagPROPN
maps to the following tags in the BulTreeBank scheme: Np#
, H#
The tag Np#
refers to proper nouns, while the tag H#
handles two cases: 1. family names, which are
mapped here as proper nouns, and 2. name adjectives, which are mapped to adjectives.
Examples
- Мария, Иван / Maria, Ivan “Mary, John”
- София, Холандия / Sofiya, Holandia “Sofia, Holland”
- Иванов, Петрова / Ivanov, Petrova as in господин Иванов, госпожа Петрова / gospodin Ivanov, gospozha Petrova_ “Mr. Ivanov, Ms. Petrova”
- Клинтън / “Klintan” “Clinton”
Note that the symbol `#’, used in the Universal POS section indicates a holder for arbitrary number of features, suppressed in the respective tag as irrelevant in the BulTreeBank tagset, when mapped to the Universal one.
PUNCT
: punctuation
Definition
Punctuation marks are non-alphabetical characters and character groups used in many languages to delimit linguistic units in printed text.
Punctuation is not taken to include logograms such as $, %, and §, which are instead tagged as SYM.
The punctuation in the BulTreeBank scheme follows the same principles as in the Universal tagset. Thus, it includes: period, comma, colon, etc.
Examples
- Точка / Tochka “Period”: .
- Запетая / Zapetaya “Comma”: ,
- Скоби / Skobi “Parentheses”: ()
SCONJ
: subordinating conjunction
Definition
A subordinating conjunction is a conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of the other. The subordinating conjunction typically marks the incorporated constituent which has the status of a (subordinate) clause.
For coordinating conjunctions, see CCONJ.
In the BulTreeBank annotation scheme, our tag Cs
is mapped to the universal one SCONJ.
According to our scheme the multiword subordinate conjunctions are also labeled as Cs
.
So, such cases are excluded here and analysed compositionally, as recommended in the universal tagset.
Examples
- ако / ako “if”
- щом / shtom “as soon as”
- докато / dokato “while”
SYM
: symbol
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for SYM
.
VERB
: verb
Definition
A verb is a member of the syntactic class of words that typically signal events and actions, can constitute a minimal predicate in a clause, and govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause. Verbs are often associated with grammatical categories like tense, mood, aspect and voice, which can either be expressed inflectionally or using auxilliary verbs or particles.
The BulTreeBank annotation scheme provides the following mappings here: main verbs, copulas and modal verbs.
Note that modal verbs do not have special labels in our annotation scheme.
Participles and gerund are considered also VERB
. Below the specific labels that map to VERB
are given.
Examples
- Vp# (finite verb): тичам / ticham “run”
- Vn# (impersonal verb): вали, трябва / vali, tryabva “It rains, must”
- Vx# (the copula to be): съм / sam “to be”
- Vy# (the copula to be): бъда / bada “to be”
- Vi# (the copula to be): бивам / bivam “to be”
- V#cv# (past passive participle): намерен / nameren “found”. It is also mapped to ADJ in its attributive usages.
- V#cam# (past imperfective participle): четял / chetyal “He was reading”
- V#cao# (past perfective participle): дошъл / doshal “He has come”. It is also mapped to ADJ in its attributive usages.
- V#g (gerund): Идвайки / idvayki “Coming”
Note that the present active participle V#car# is mapped only to ADJ.
Note that the symbol `#’, used in the Universal POS section indicates a holder for arbitrary number of features, suppressed in the respective tag as irrelevant in the BulTreeBank tagset, when mapped to the Universal one.
X
: other
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for X
.


This Node Group Template will be created for:
Plugin: {{ plugin_name }}
Hadoop version: {{ hadoop_version }}
The Node Group Template object should specify processes that will be launched on each instance. Also an OpenStack flavor is required to boot VMs.
Sahara provides different storage location options. You may choose Ephemeral Drive or a Cinder Volume to be attached to instances.
When processes are selected, you may set node scoped Hadoop configurations on corresponding tabs.


Stand Out with Blue DelicaC
Innovative CBD and CBC Hemp
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- Unites the known benefits and market recognition of CBD with the exciting and rare CBC
- Creates products that deliver in the marketplace
- Ready in Early October / field avg. 8-10% CBD and 1-3% CBC
Why the name Blue DelicaC?
We named this cultivar to convey the beautiful purple fade, blueberry aromas, and unique CBC component. It is a unique delicacy that sets you apart.
Does it grow any differently?
We recommend the same cultivation practices for Blue DelicaC as we do all our cultivars. Blue DelicaC is reliable and vigorous, and its' Berry Blossom lineage is grown with great success throughout the U.S.
How stable is Blue DelicaC?
Very! It is an S1 of a Berry Blossom Bx3. The result is very stable expression. The backcrossing helps achieve stable expression of this desirable trait, and it is a Bx3. That means the line has been backcrossed three times. Then it was selfed, creating the S1 feminized hemp that is Blue DelicaC. You can learn more about backcrossing and selfing, and other important hemp breeding terms at Alchimia
Extraction or for smokables?
Both! Blue DelicaC has a tight bud structure and glossy resin production with a blueberry dominant on the inhale and exhale. It also extracts well with a low lipid content, increasing your yields after winterization. In either market Blue DelicaC will stand out with its unique cannabinoid profile and terpenes.


Famous Marilyn Monroe quotes on life, love and beauty
Marilyn Monroe quotes are some of the most inspiring quotes you will ever come across. They cut across different subjects from love, inspiration and life in general. Any person can learn a lot from these quotes.
Reading a few quotes by Marilyn Monroe can be inspiring. The following list is a compilation of some of the best quotes by Marilyn. You may find one or a few that you will enjoy.
The best Marilyn Monroe quotes and sayings
Like all other phenomenal personalities, Monroe is celebrated for having had remarkable wisdom on different issues. The following are a few of her best quotes;
- I don’t forgive people because I’m weak, I forgive them because I am strong enough to know people make mistakes.
Forgiveness is not about the other person but yourself. If you learn this secret then you can enjoy life better. Holding onto grudges only weighs you down.
The best Alan Watts quotes of all time
- Sometimes good things fall apart so better things can fall together.
This is a caution to people who worry about breaking apart. Sometimes things have to break so that they can be mended.
- For those who are poor in happiness, each time is a first time; happiness never becomes a habit.
Lacking happiness is the worst kind of poverty. Happiness is priceless and impossible to purchase. Appreciate your happy moments in life.
- A girl doesn’t need anyone who doesn’t need her.
Girls and women now know their worth. They no no longer tolerate being treated like they do not matter.
- Always remember to smile and look up at what you got in life.
Gratitude is the secret to a beautiful life. When you pause to appreciate that which you have, everything else makes sense. Hardships become easier to deal with when we appreciate what we already have.
- A wise girl knows her limits, a smart girl knows that she has none.
Interesting Bob Ross quotes that you will love
Sometimes setting limits is what holds us back. Choose to be the smart person who pushes herself beyond limits. Success is possible for those who are willing to make the effort count.
- Just because you fail once doesn’t mean you’re gonna fail at everything.
Anyone who masters this secret knows how to do life right. You have to keep getting up and striving hard to achieve success. It is not always easy.
- I don’t stop when I’m tired. I only stop when I’m done.
Everyone needs to set a target that will keep them focused. Otherwise, many issues can easily cause you to give up mid-way.
Marilyn Monroe quotes about beauty
Beauty fades, but it is also one of the aspects that stress people out. A good number of people care about their looks and always want to stand out. Check out what Monroe had to say about it. These Marilyn Monroe beauty quotes will make you think about life in a new way.
These top 20 Nietzsche quotes will challenge your outlook on life
- She was proud of her sexiness, but wished people recognized her inner beauty as well.
True beauty is not only what people perceive on the outward, but what lies inside. It is about intelligence, kindness, empathy and love for both self and others.
 I just hate to be a thing.
When beauty is objectified, it becomes a thing whose value changes often.
- Beauty and femininity are ageless and can't be contrived, and glamour, although the manufacturers won't like this, cannot be manufactured.
When one understands that true beauty and glamour is inborn and natural, then they will cease being obsessed with physical beauty and beauty products. Although these products enhance one's look, true beauty lies inside. You cannot make up for an ugly inside with cosmetics.
35 Disney quotes that will inspire you to remarkable success
- Beneath the makeup and behind the smile I am just a girl who wishes for the world.
While the first impression matters to most when meeting someone, it is not the most important thing. People will always look for what you can offer beyond the great looks.
Marilyn Monroe love quotes
Some of the most enticing quotes Marilyn Monroe has ever come up with touch on this delicate subject. While love makes the heart grow fonder, it needs to be approached with a lot of caution. They are probably some of the most famous quotes by Marilyn Monroe on love.
- A strong man doesn’t have to be dominant toward a woman. He doesn’t match his strength against a woman weak with love for him. He matches it against the world.
Men do not have to use a lot of force to prove their position in a relationship. When a woman is loved right, she thrives both in her personal life and in a relationship.
Top 70 emotional quotes about love and life
- I have feelings too. I am still human. All I want is to be loved, for myself and for my talent.
In the end, all people want is to be truly loved and appreciated for whom they truly are.
- It is better to be hated for what you are than to be loved for what you are not.
Remaining true to oneself is better than holding onto fake love. A person who truly loves you will appreciate you for who you are.
- If you can make a woman laugh, you can make her do anything.
The way to a woman's heart is through her laughter. Women want to be happy and nothing makes them happier than a hearty laugh.

Every human being has a past. Do not hold anything against the woman who loves you.  It does not matter who she has dated in her past.
These quotes will help you find your life purpose
- I think that love and work are the only things that really happen to us.
Everything else that happens in our lives is a result our personal choices. We should always remember that our choices affect out tomorrow.
- All a girl really wants is for one guy to prove to her that they are not all the same.
Every girl deserves to finds a gentleman who truly loves her as she is. Many girls have kissed a few frogs and feel discouraged. Despite the disappointments, good men exist.
Marilyn Monroe quotes about life
In life, experience teaches best. Marylin had her fair share of experiences that made her come up with wise and relevant sayings. Here are a few examples of famous Marilyn Monroe quotes on life that you will like;
- I learned to walk as a baby and I haven’t had a lesson since.
Sometimes all you need to do in life is to take baby steps and everything else will fall into place. You make mistakes when you want to handle everything all at once.
Robert Kiyosaki's famous quotes
- It’s far better to be unhappy alone than unhappy with someone – so far.
Always choose happiness, it is far more important than many other things in life. When one is happy, all other things tend to fall in place.
- Keep smiling because life is a beautiful thing and there’s so much to smile about.
A smile is very beautiful and it makes everything in life a little better. Be sure to wear one because there is always something to smile about. Always look for the positive things to smile about.
- I’m pretty but not beautiful. I sin but I’m not the devil. I’m good but I’m not an angel.
We all have our flaws and sins, and so does everyone else. May we all try to tolerate each other and help each other to grow.
Marilyn Monroe inspirational quotes
These quotes of Marilyn Monroe will keep you inspired and charged. No matter what you are facing, you will overcome it all.
- Always be yourself. Retain individuality; listen to the truest part of yourself.
It is possible to achieve a lot in life if you remain true to yourself. Do not lose your individuality while pursuing meaningless frivolities.
- To all the girls that think you’re fat – because you’re not a size zero you’re the beautiful one. It’s society who’s ugly.
Do not be categorized by society's standards of beauty. You are beautiful as long as you believe it within yourself. Do not accept to be defined by worldly standards.
- It’s nice to be included in people’s fantasies but you also like to be accepted for your own sake.
Be careful not to be carried away by other people's fantasies. Instead, strive to find self-acceptance and others will follow suit.
- Sweetie, if you’re going to be two-faced, at least make one of them pretty.
It is better to be known by one particular character. Avoid being two-faced as it is added baggage to both the world and to you. If you must have two faces, then make sure none of them has an ugly side.
These funny quotes about life will make your day
- Be real, be yourself, be unique, be true, be honest, be humble, be happy.
Choose the virtues that make you a better person and you will never go wrong when dealing with people.
- Everyone’s a star and deserves the right to twinkle.
Every human being has their strengths and talents that outshine us. We should all support each other in bringing out the stars inside us. Remember, you so not lose anything when you light someone else's candle.
- The way you carry yourself is influenced by the way you feel inside. You must feel attractive to be attractive.
What you think of yourself inside always manifests on the outside. Be kind to yourself.
Marilyn Monroe quotes are powerful and striking. They talk about issues that present-day generations can relate to and understand. They will leave you reflecting on different issues about life.


|
My Project
|
A SLEIGH based implementation of the Emulate interface. More...
#include <emulate.hh>
Public Member Functions | |
| EmulatePcodeCache (Translate *t, MemoryState *s, BreakTable *b) | |
| Pcode cache emulator constructor. More... | |
| bool | isInstructionStart (void) const |
| Return true if we are at an instruction start. More... | |
| int4 | numCurrentOps (void) const |
| Return number of pcode ops in translation of current instruction. More... | |
| int4 | getCurrentOpIndex (void) const |
| Get the index of current pcode op within current instruction. More... | |
| PcodeOpRaw * | getOpByIndex (int4 i) const |
| Get pcode op in current instruction translation by index. More... | |
| virtual void | setExecuteAddress (const Address &addr) |
| Set current execution address. More... | |
| virtual Address | getExecuteAddress (void) const |
| Get current execution address. More... | |
| void | executeInstruction (void) |
| Execute (the rest of) a single machine instruction. More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from EmulateMemory | |
| EmulateMemory (MemoryState *mem) | |
| Construct given a memory state. | |
| MemoryState * | getMemoryState (void) const |
| Get the emulator's memory state. More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from Emulate | |
| Emulate (void) | |
| generic emulator constructor | |
| void | setHalt (bool val) |
| Set the halt state of the emulator. More... | |
| bool | getHalt (void) const |
| Get the halt state of the emulator. More... | |
| void | executeCurrentOp (void) |
| Do a single pcode op step. More... | |
Protected Member Functions | |
| virtual void | fallthruOp (void) |
| Execute fallthru semantics for the pcode cache. More... | |
| virtual void | executeBranch (void) |
| Execute branch (including relative branches) More... | |
| virtual void | executeCallother (void) |
| Execute breakpoint for this user-defined op. More... | |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from EmulateMemory | |
| virtual void | executeUnary (void) |
| Execute a unary arithmetic/logical operation. | |
| virtual void | executeBinary (void) |
| Execute a binary arithmetic/logical operation. | |
| virtual void | executeLoad (void) |
| Standard behavior for a p-code LOAD. | |
| virtual void | executeStore (void) |
| Standard behavior for a p-code STORE. | |
| virtual bool | executeCbranch (void) |
| Check if the conditional of a CBRANCH is true. More... | |
| virtual void | executeBranchind (void) |
| Standard behavior for a BRANCHIND. | |
| virtual void | executeCall (void) |
| Standard behavior for a p-code CALL. | |
| virtual void | executeCallind (void) |
| Standard behavior for a CALLIND. | |
| virtual void | executeMultiequal (void) |
| Standard behavior for a MULTIEQUAL (phi-node) | |
| virtual void | executeIndirect (void) |
| Standard behavior for an INDIRECT op. | |
| virtual void | executeSegmentOp (void) |
| Behavior for a SEGMENTOP. | |
| virtual void | executeCpoolRef (void) |
| Standard behavior for a CPOOLREF (constant pool reference) op. | |
| virtual void | executeNew (void) |
| Standard behavior for (low-level) NEW op. | |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Protected Attributes inherited from EmulateMemory | |
| MemoryState * | memstate |
| The memory state of the emulator. | |
| PcodeOpRaw * | currentOp |
| Current op to execute. | |
| Protected Attributes inherited from Emulate | |
| bool | emu_halted |
| Set to true if the emulator is halted. | |
| OpBehavior * | currentBehave |
| Behavior of the next op to execute. | |
A SLEIGH based implementation of the Emulate interface.
This implementation uses a Translate object to translate machine instructions into pcode and caches pcode ops for later use by the emulator. The pcode is cached as soon as the execution address is set, either explicitly, or via branches and fallthrus. There are additional methods for inspecting the pcode ops in the current instruction as a sequence.
| EmulatePcodeCache::EmulatePcodeCache | ( | Translate * | t, |
| MemoryState * | s, | ||
| BreakTable * | b | ||
| ) |
Pcode cache emulator constructor.
| t | is the SLEIGH translator |
| s | is the MemoryState the emulator should manipulate |
| b | is the table of breakpoints the emulator should invoke |
|
protectedvirtual |
Execute branch (including relative branches)
Since the full instruction is cached, we can do relative branches properly.
Reimplemented from EmulateMemory.
|
protectedvirtual |
Execute breakpoint for this user-defined op.
Look for a breakpoint for the given user-defined op and invoke it. If it doesn't exist, or doesn't replace the action, throw an exception
Reimplemented from EmulateMemory.
| void EmulatePcodeCache::executeInstruction | ( | void | ) |
Execute (the rest of) a single machine instruction.
This routine executes an entire machine instruction at once, as a conventional debugger step function would do. If execution is at the start of an instruction, the breakpoints are checked and invoked as needed for the current address. If this routine is invoked while execution is in the middle of a machine instruction, execution is continued until the current instruction completes.
|
protectedvirtual |
Execute fallthru semantics for the pcode cache.
Update the iterator into the current pcode cache, and if necessary, generate the pcode for the fallthru instruction and reset the iterator.
Implements Emulate.
|
inline |
Get the index of current pcode op within current instruction.
This routine can be used to determine where, within the sequence of ops in the translation of the entire machine instruction, the currently executing op is.
|
inlinevirtual |
|
inline |
Get pcode op in current instruction translation by index.
This routine can be used to examine ops other than the currently executing op in the machine instruction's translation sequence.
| i | is the desired op index |
|
inline |
Return true if we are at an instruction start.
Since the emulator can single step through individual pcode operations, the machine state may be halted in the middle of a single machine instruction, unlike conventional debuggers. This routine can be used to determine if execution is actually at the beginning of a machine instruction.
|
inline |
Return number of pcode ops in translation of current instruction.
A typical machine instruction translates into a sequence of pcode ops.
|
virtual |
Set current execution address.
Set the current execution address and cache the pcode translation of the machine instruction at that address
| addr | is the address where execution should continue |
Implements Emulate.


I want to test that, but for sure wont be doing it ont he TROLL chain iteslf... i'll start another one just for a day or 2 and blast the crap out of it for a while
2MB per minute isnt that bad but at a 2-3s block time ..
thats going to add up so fast
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 03:25 PM
The minimally more decentralized that a chain would be over torrents isn't worth bringing more undue criticism, imo
"See, we told you only criminals use it"
could you explain this to me please?
@ComputerGenie 👴👴👴
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴11-Oct-18 03:28 PM
In most 1st world countries, it's a crime to share copyrighted tv material; you share the chain that contains the material, you commit a crime; you commit a crime; you are a criminal
Politicians and bankers don't need to know who you are to get on TV, radio, etc. and demonize what all the crypto space is
We're already on an uphill struggle, no sense to giving them another SilkRoad example(edited)
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 03:29 PM
sort of understoood
butt
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 03:30 PM
@smk762 - dracocanis ominator@CrisF@CMaurice there is an update for StakedNotary ... no rush, when you can please run ./stop.sh then ./start.sh
2
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 03:31 PM
i still get left out of the notice @kmdkrazy is a noob
im just joking
if you have an ANON chain - then what?
do these countried have claim?
can you not use Z addresses
?\
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴11-Oct-18 03:36 PM
the existence of such a chain is all the firepower they need; who individually uses it is irrelevant to pushing the narrative of "banks good, crypto thing bad"(edited)
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 03:37 PM
dude - you talk like jl777
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴11-Oct-18 03:37 PM
lol I take that as an extreme compliment
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 03:38 PM
i would too
do you speak english? or are you s troll bot?
i would love an expaination]
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴11-Oct-18 03:41 PM
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 03:41 PM
english only
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴11-Oct-18 03:43 PM
English is the only spoken language I know
CMaurice11-Oct-18 03:44 PM
@blackjok3r done, thanks to tmux in termux
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 03:45 PM
I have an issue with one of mine, where it will only start with a rexync... starting fresh seems ok though.
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 03:45 PM
im ok..i know im am not the smartest banana in the bunch
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 03:45 PM
thanks for updating so fast
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 03:45 PM
git pull
rebuild
or just git pull
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 03:46 PM
[blackjok3r] : first message
: Corrupted block database detected.
error in HDD data, might just need to update to latest, if that doesnt work, then you need to resync
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴11-Oct-18 03:46 PM
if you don't build after pull, then the pull does nothing
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 03:46 PM
every time you start it
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 03:46 PM
fak
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 03:46 PM
these repos don't need any git pulling and shit
it does all that for you
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 03:47 PM
dude ....see you in an hour
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 03:47 PM
just git pull
start.sh STKDTROLL(edited)
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 03:47 PM
my boys stole my minster comuters
monster
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 03:47 PM
its working apart from this corruped DB after stopping
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴11-Oct-18 03:47 PM
prefers to pull his own git rather than having @blackjok3r pull his git
3
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 03:49 PM
Starting it with -reindex is working for now
will need to track that one down, must be writing some invalid data, or not stopping correctly some how
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 03:50 PM
im going to wait
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 03:50 PM
Its ready for testring out of the staked repo
it worked for me at least
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 03:52 PM
last time i tried to keep up with your updates......it was futile
slow your roll
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 03:53 PM
haha I cant see there being many updates for a while... I am cheating for now, and adding -reindex to the default start parameter
repo for using staked chains, for testing and production use - StakedChain/staked
you nede to clone that repo
if you alreday have it
git pull(edited)
./start.sh STKDTROLL
thats it... there is pretty clear instaructions on how to use it... but you sent messages on the old chain, so it cant be that hard to figure out hwo to do the same thing
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 03:59 PM
From https://github.com/StakedChain/staked
987fc46..c594e8a master -> origin/master
Updating 987fc46..c594e8a
error: Your local changes to the following files would be overwritten by merge:
assetchains.json
Please commit your changes or stash them before you merge.
Aborting
repo for using staked chains, for testing and production use - StakedChain/staked
but imust have to erase and rebild
rebuild
not overwrite'
is it the only komodod that you built that works?
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴11-Oct-18 04:03 PM
use git stash to dump edits before pull
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 04:05 PM
Yes ... the TROLL chain version of komodod ... is toally butchered..
it wouldnt run anything
nor will this chain load on anything else... hell it wont even load on its own daemon without a reindex every time at the moment
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 04:06 PM
a noob made it work
1
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 04:06 PM
initial sync is ok ... just if you stop it, you have to reindex it
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 04:06 PM
keep going
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 04:14 PM
I think I know whats wrong with it ...
its era realeted ...
Not really importnat, if reindex fixes it its fine... we can just launch it with reindex everytime... I will make a new chain later. seems its got what it thinks is an invlaid notarisation. didnt mine enough blocks before dpow... need in increase minium asserchain length to more then 128 blocks.
reindex is instant so meh ... we just use that for now
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 05:03 PM
I fixed it
Well technically I didnt.... I need to make a new chain at some point and see if that fails in the same way. but I removed hte failing chain verify check so it can load, and everything still seems to work
It passes chainverify at level 1, but not level 2, 3 or 4. So I made it load with level 1, then once you call getinfo it loads everything else without crashing.
@ComputerGenie 👴👴👴 you can test it now
I found another bug though aloong the way which is now fixed .
in a new chain, timestamp some how cna go into the past, and the chain got stuck on era 1. I added a reset in era 1 to set all other didera=1 to 0.
so on the next block, when the timestamp is right, it doesnt skip the era it should be in.
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 05:16 PM
ill stop testing and @ComputerGenie 👴👴👴 can talk to himself
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 05:16 PM
lol i thuahg tyou were at work u said...
you can test as well.. .i need to get some sleep
the chain loads
everyhting works
its being notarised
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 05:17 PM
ill look at the break
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴11-Oct-18 05:17 PM
@ComputerGenie can talk to himself
Why should now be any different than any other time in my life?
1
kmdkrazy11-Oct-18 05:17 PM
lol
blackjok3r11-Oct-18 05:18 PM
is kind if happy the first chain is gone as it had hundreds of msgs of me talking to myself
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴11-Oct-18 05:18 PM
You took too long and now I'm eating lunch (edited)


Project Link
Welcome Section
Footer
Hey i'am Osama
Here are some of my work ...
project1
project2
My Github


«we need a standardized error message format like {error: {code: 3, message: "This is the error message", backtrace: "backtrace info for mm2 devs"}} as opposed to random length strings that make it hard for GUI devs to parse around them in order to tell the user whats going on
So - don't assign a specific error code to every error - but please ensure the error output is in a proper format similar to the above proposal. It would be a huge help for us and other GUI devs.»
( discussion...


Cblogs of October 2019: Discomforting Games
It's spooky...
by CblogRecapsThe prevailing theme in October is usually horror games due to the strong influence of Halloween on pop culture. In keeping with Destructoid's annual tradition of blog writing in October, the theme is related to scary games. Just as this year’s "Hello Darkness" prompt suggested, it revolves around games that solicit feelings of dread and horror. However, are games of this genre the only games that solicit these types of feelings?
If you think about it, scary games are designed to be one thing above all, and that is to be as uncomfortable for the player as possible, while at the same time providing enough room for the players to willingly delve deep into the non-comfort zone.
It is clear that horror games are not the only games that can extract you from your comfort zone. Many games of different genres attempt their best to simultaneously upset and cajole the player to invoke alternate feelings of frustration and helplessness, while also providing moments of pure joy and victory. Some games, like Papers Please, don’t provide the slightest form of joy or release.
But outside of challenging games - which is a form of discomfort that is pivotal to gameplay to a certain degree - there are also those games that aim to harass the player in unique and inventive ways.
The survival genre is built on the concepts of scarcity and continuous maintenance. The idea that resources must be scavenged to be consumed regularly, and that there may be a possible shortage that leads to failure. Note that the possibility of shortage may simply be suggested and could be a very remote possibility, but it will affect how the player reacts to the game.
This concept is brilliantly used in a game I am playing now, The Banner Saga. In this game, you oversee a caravan of warriors for most of the time. This caravan consumes resources that deplete with each passing day. Resources can be bought using experience points that can also be used to buy items and upgrade characters as well. These scarce resources force you to juggle three different priorities, creating a situation where the player must debate within themselves.
When an event happens that mentions half the supplies could be poisoned, you must balance the risks of that being true vs. the risk that poisoned supplies would kill off some of your warriors. There is a distinct possibility that none of this could matter. You might have more than enough supplies. However, until you know for sure, the illusion of scarcity raises the stakes so much that you become more invested in the game.
Other games aim to be emotionally, morally, or even viscerally uncomfortable. Sometimes, games try to transmit these feelings through the gameplay itself. Adding layers that cause tensions, difficulty, discomfort, or any other negative feeling. Often, this is where receptions can widely vary.
For instance, the animal character in The Last Guardian was designed to ignore the player in the early game, becoming more responsive as trust is built between the two. This is the feeling I got from the game, and one I think was true to its message and concept. However, some people found that degree of unresponsiveness annoying, and they didn’t appreciate this relationship between story concepts and gameplay.
I found the way the boy's relationship with Trico developed to be organic, others found it confusing and tedious.
This is usually where developers need to be careful to differentiate between being difficult or uncomfortable and being plain tedious. As with many horror games, you usually fail if you scare players away from playing your game. You want to be scary, but also provide enough hope so that the player want to progress.
Recently, Hideo Kojima’s Death Stranding was released to mixed reviews, despite its respectable 84 Metacritic score, where even reviewers who gave it high scores used adjectives such as "boring," "tedious," or "pretentious" to describe its gameplay and story. Since I haven't played the game, I will not attempt to make any statements about the game itself, but rather its reception.
I think similar to how The Last Guardian was received, not all players will engage with Death Stranding’s gameplay with the way some of the reviewers (or even Kojima himself) wished them to. How someone can receive a game and interact with it is difficult to control (which is why some games opt for over-long tutorials that ensure the players know how to best play the game).
In the end, games that aim to discomfort, horrify, or otherwise upend the established norms all face an uphill battle. By definition, their attempts could fall flat, be too successful and off-putting, or simply become tedious to go through.
It's a tight balancing act, and I don’t think you can include every demographic in that balance easily, but I think games that push the envelope make gaming more interesting as a whole, even if I end up being bored to tears playing Death Stranding three years from now.
- I guess it was only natural for Shoggoth2588 to write the first blog.
- Unresolved business can refer to dealing with your backlog, but with The Rambling Gamer, it was more about dealing with his internal ghosts when playing Metal Gear V.
- This is a case where the writer couldn't actually finish their unfinished business. Riley1sSpook wasn't able to finish Fallout 2 but still managed to enjoy it.
- OmegaPhattyAcid is the first on the bandwagon with this Cblog arguing that "Fear" is the real "Darkness."
- Cavemanlegend talks about The Prototype .
- I guess both Dying Light and Hollow Knight (hey, that rhymes) have some "Darkness" in them just as The Aspargoose writes.
- The Zelda series is known for having darker themes in the background, and this blog by Eggrollbuddy looks like a good analysis of those themes in Link's Awakening.
- Ironically, OmegaPhattyAcid also closes out the Bloggers Wanted prompt with a final blog about the darkness and horror in the Halo series.
Amnesia is a horror game that made me so uncomfortable I couldn't finish it.
A- TroyFullbuster waxes lyrical about Dtoid's own robot, the busy bee Chris Carter.
A- Skazfest writes a blog celebrating the unique Game Cube controller.
S- It looks like Kerrik52 is back with his weekly reviews of past games in his Traveller in Playtime series:
- I guess this month's reviews will all be horror-themed, such as this review of The Suffering, a PS2 action-horror game.
- Still in the same era, check this review of the first Fatal Frame, which still holds up to this day.
- Cold Fear starts well but doesn't deliver through.
- The final Kerrik52 blog of the month is not about a horror game, but MediEvil is a proper Halloween themed game.
S- Lord Spencer continues reviewing the supposed best games of the Sega Saturn system:
- The Shining series went into many genres, and in my review of Shining in the Holy Ark as part of my Saturn Reviews series, I thoroughly didn't enjoy its foray into First-Person RPGs.
- Taking a break from the Retro Sanctuary top 100 list, I reviewed Astal, which was recommended by another Dtoid member, and I found it to be extremely boring.
S- Nior is doing a Command & Conquer retrospective series:
- The third blog in the series is covering C&C: Tiberian Sun.
- And then we get to the highly regarded Red Alert 2.
S- Osc is continuing to report the progress of his game development.
Many people enjoy survival games, some find them incredibly tedious, and different games sometimes get different reactions from fans and detractors of the genre.
S- Aurachad is streaming some stuff.
S- Boxman214 writes about his complicated relationship with Halloween.
T- GreatTrickyShitGreat (what a weird user name) gives his thoughts on Wing Commander.
T- Check out this fan-made Sonic fighting game which eastyy recommends.
T- TroyFullbuster writes an analysis of the surviving popularity of Super Smash Bros. Melee.
T- Asphalt Legends is apparently the "arcade racer of this generation" as per Skazfest's blog.
The Banner Saga wouldn't be as good if not for its elements of scarcity and the uncomfortable choices it asks you to make.
P- Lovebuzz is previewing BIGHARDSUN, as a survival-indie game that he is involved in making.
D- Calvinbrine continues his talk on how to develop the perfect 2D Metroid.
D- In an epic effort, ABowlOfCeareal continues writing some interesting balancing suggestions for the Super Smash Bros. cast:
M- PhilsPhindings continues his excellent series where he looks for similarities between famous video game tunes and other music from different sources:
- I would have guessed that Phil would focus on scary tunes for this month, but he opened his blogs with this Super Mario tune.
- One Final Fantasy game that wasn't featured yet is IX, but that changes with this blog.
- And then Metroid is featured for the first time.
- Then back to Final Fantasy again.
- I was wondering when Donkey Kong would get a shout out here.
- Checkout Debussy's influence on one of Final Fantasy V's best tracks.
- A Luigi's Mansion tune, just in time for the release of the third game in the series.
- Then back again to Final Fantasy V, which has an underrated soundtrack compared to its peers.
- I would not have guessed this blogging series would explore the music of a Barbie game.
S- Burglekutt not RiffRaff reviews the PS4 Gold Headset and thinks its mostly fine.
S- Ras Rauf reports on the opening of the new Nintendo Tokyo store.
R- I can also get as pissed as VeniceCivilian when I get a bad roll playing Civilization.
V- Checkout this video made by TroyFullbuster looking at Easter eggs in Luigi's Mansion 3.
Some people will enjoy awkward controls and massive backtracking, others might be bored out of their minds.
F- Sorry, but these short blogs by Aurachad are no longer making any sense.
F- This may be a charming blog, but it is still too short to be in the Cblogs.
F- The Cblogs is not the place to ask for in-game support, but you can always try the Qposts.
To celebrate the recap of the entire month, give a hand to the following bloggers:
Topsauced Bloggers:
Comments of the Week and Band of Bloggers Team of This Month:
Be Lucky
Blog Count: 64


Module: PG::Constants
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance Descendants | |
|
Included In:
| |
| Defined in: | ext/pg.c |
Constant Summary
-
CONNECTION_AUTH_OK =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 380
Received authentication; waiting for backend startup.
INT2FIX(CONNECTION_AUTH_OK)
-
CONNECTION_AWAITING_RESPONSE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 378
Waiting for a response from the server.
INT2FIX(CONNECTION_AWAITING_RESPONSE)
-
CONNECTION_BAD =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 369
Connection
failedINT2FIX(CONNECTION_BAD)
-
CONNECTION_CHECK_STANDBY =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 405
Checking if server is in standby mode. Available since PostgreSQL-14.
INT2FIX(CONNECTION_CHECK_STANDBY)
-
CONNECTION_CHECK_TARGET =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 401
Checking target server properties. Available since PostgreSQL-13.
INT2FIX(CONNECTION_CHECK_TARGET)
-
CONNECTION_CHECK_WRITABLE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 389
Checking if session is read-write. Available since PostgreSQL-10.
INT2FIX(CONNECTION_CHECK_WRITABLE)
-
CONNECTION_CONSUME =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 393
Consuming any extra messages. Available since PostgreSQL-10.
INT2FIX(CONNECTION_CONSUME)
-
CONNECTION_GSS_STARTUP =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 397
Negotiating GSSAPI. Available since PostgreSQL-12.
INT2FIX(CONNECTION_GSS_STARTUP)
-
CONNECTION_MADE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 376
Connection
OK; waiting to send.INT2FIX(CONNECTION_MADE)
-
CONNECTION_NEEDED =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 386
Internal state - PG.connect() needed.
INT2FIX(CONNECTION_NEEDED)
-
CONNECTION_OK =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 367
Connection
succeededINT2FIX(CONNECTION_OK)
-
CONNECTION_SETENV =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 382
This state is no longer used.
INT2FIX(CONNECTION_SETENV)
-
CONNECTION_SSL_STARTUP =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 384
Negotiating SSL encryption.
INT2FIX(CONNECTION_SSL_STARTUP)
-
CONNECTION_STARTED =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 374
Waiting for connection to be made.
INT2FIX(CONNECTION_STARTED)
-
DEF_PGPORT =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 668
PostgreSQL compiled in default port
INT2FIX(DEF_PGPORT)
-
INVALID_OID =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 664
Invalid OID constant
INT2FIX(InvalidOid)
-
INV_READ =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 479
Flag for Connection#lo_creat, Connection#lo_open – open for reading
INT2FIX(INV_READ)
-
INV_WRITE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 477
Flag for Connection#lo_creat, Connection#lo_open – open for writing
INT2FIX(INV_WRITE)
-
InvalidOid =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 665INT2FIX(InvalidOid)
-
PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 500
Result#result_status constant - The server’s response was not understood.
INT2FIX(PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE)
-
PGRES_COMMAND_OK =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 492
Result#result_status constant - Successful completion of a command returning no data.
INT2FIX(PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-
PGRES_COPY_BOTH =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 506
Result#result_status constant - Copy In/Out data transfer in progress.
INT2FIX(PGRES_COPY_BOTH)
-
PGRES_COPY_IN =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 498
Result#result_status constant - Copy In (to server) data transfer started.
INT2FIX(PGRES_COPY_IN)
-
PGRES_COPY_OUT =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 496
Result#result_status constant - Copy Out (from server) data transfer started.
INT2FIX(PGRES_COPY_OUT)
-
PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 490
Result#result_status constant - The string sent to the server was empty.
INT2FIX(PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY)
-
PGRES_FATAL_ERROR =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 504
Result#result_status constant - A fatal error occurred.
INT2FIX(PGRES_FATAL_ERROR)
-
PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 502
Result#result_status constant - A nonfatal error (a notice or warning) occurred.
INT2FIX(PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR)
-
PGRES_PIPELINE_ABORTED =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 520
:Result
represents a pipeline that has received an error from the server.Connection#get_result must be called repeatedly, and each time it will return this status code until the end of the current pipeline, at which point it will return
PG::PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC
and normal processing can resume.Result#result_status constant - The PG
-
PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 514
:Result
represents a synchronization point in pipeline mode, requested by Connection#pipeline_sync.This status occurs only when pipeline mode has been selected.
Result#result_status constant - The PG
-
PGRES_POLLING_FAILED =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 415
Async connection failed or was reset
INT2FIX(PGRES_POLLING_FAILED)
-
PGRES_POLLING_OK =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 417
Async connection succeeded
INT2FIX(PGRES_POLLING_OK)
-
PGRES_POLLING_READING =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 411
Async connection is waiting to read
INT2FIX(PGRES_POLLING_READING)
-
PGRES_POLLING_WRITING =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 413
Async connection is waiting to write
INT2FIX(PGRES_POLLING_WRITING)
-
PGRES_SINGLE_TUPLE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 508
Result#result_status constant - Single tuple from larger resultset.
INT2FIX(PGRES_SINGLE_TUPLE)
-
PGRES_TUPLES_OK =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 494
Result#result_status constant - Successful completion of a command returning data (such as a SELECT or SHOW).
INT2FIX(PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
-
PG_DIAG_COLUMN_NAME =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 626
Result#result_error_field argument constant
If the error was associated with a specific table column, the name of the column. (When this field is present, the schema and table name fields identify the table.)
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_COLUMN_NAME)
-
PG_DIAG_CONSTRAINT_NAME =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 639
Result#result_error_field argument constant
If the error was associated with a specific constraint, the name of the constraint. The table or domain that the constraint belongs to is reported using the fields listed above. (For this purpose, indexes are treated as constraints, even if they weren’t created with constraint syntax.)
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_CONSTRAINT_NAME)
-
PG_DIAG_CONTEXT =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 594
Result#result_error_field argument constant
An indication of the context in which the error occurred. Presently this includes a call stack traceback of active procedural language functions and internally-generated queries. The trace is one entry per line, most recent first.
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_CONTEXT)
-
PG_DIAG_DATATYPE_NAME =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 632
Result#result_error_field argument constant
If the error was associated with a specific datatype, the name of the datatype. (When this field is present, the schema name field provides the name of the datatype’s schema.)
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_DATATYPE_NAME)
-
PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_POSITION =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 581
Result#result_error_field argument constant
This is defined the same as the PG_DIAG_STATEMENT_POSITION field, but it is used when the cursor position refers to an internally generated command rather than the one submitted by the client. The PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_QUERY field will always appear when this field appears.
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_POSITION)
-
PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_QUERY =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 587
Result#result_error_field argument constant
The text of a failed internally-generated command. This could be, for example, a SQL query issued by a PL/pgSQL function.
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_QUERY)
-
PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_DETAIL =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 561
an optional secondary error message carrying more detail about the problem. Might run to multiple lines.
Result#result_error_field argument constant Detail
-
PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_HINT =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 568
an optional suggestion what to do about the problem. This is intended to differ from detail in that it offers advice (potentially inappropriate) rather than hard facts. Might run to multiple lines.
Result#result_error_field argument constant Hint
-
PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_PRIMARY =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 555
Result#result_error_field argument constant
The primary human-readable error message (typically one line). Always present.
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_PRIMARY)
-
PG_DIAG_SCHEMA_NAME =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 614
Result#result_error_field argument constant
If the error was associated with a specific database object, the name of the schema containing that object, if any.
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_SCHEMA_NAME)
-
PG_DIAG_SEVERITY =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 531
Result#result_error_field argument constant
The severity; the field contents are ERROR, FATAL, or PANIC (in an error message), or WARNING, NOTICE, DEBUG, INFO, or LOG (in a notice message), or a localized translation of one of these. Always present.
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_SEVERITY)
-
PG_DIAG_SEVERITY_NONLOCALIZED =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 541
Result#result_error_field argument constant
The severity; the field contents are ERROR, FATAL, or PANIC (in an error message), or WARNING, NOTICE, DEBUG, INFO, or LOG (in a notice message). This is identical to the PG_DIAG_SEVERITY field except that the contents are never localized.
Available since PostgreSQL-9.6
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_SEVERITY_NONLOCALIZED)
-
PG_DIAG_SOURCE_FILE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 598
Result#result_error_field argument constant
The file name of the source-code location where the error was reported.
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_SOURCE_FILE)
-
PG_DIAG_SOURCE_FUNCTION =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 608
Result#result_error_field argument constant
The name of the source-code function reporting the error.
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_SOURCE_FUNCTION)
-
PG_DIAG_SOURCE_LINE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 603
Result#result_error_field argument constant
The line number of the source-code location where the error was reported.
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_SOURCE_LINE)
-
PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 550
Result#result_error_field argument constant
The SQLSTATE code for the error. The SQLSTATE code identies the type of error that has occurred; it can be used by front-end applications to perform specific operations (such as error handling) in response to a particular database error. For a list of the possible SQLSTATE codes, see Appendix A. This field is not localizable, and is always present.
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
-
PG_DIAG_STATEMENT_POSITION =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 575
Result#result_error_field argument constant
A string containing a decimal integer indicating an error cursor position as an index into the original statement string.
The first character has index 1, and positions are measured in characters not bytes.
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_STATEMENT_POSITION)
-
PG_DIAG_TABLE_NAME =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 620
Result#result_error_field argument constant
If the error was associated with a specific table, the name of the table. (When this field is present, the schema name field provides the name of the table’s schema.)
INT2FIX(PG_DIAG_TABLE_NAME)
-
PQERRORS_DEFAULT =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 439
Error
verbosity level ( Connection#set_error_verbosity ). The DEFAULT mode produces messages that include the above plus any detail, hint, or context fields (these might span multiple lines).INT2FIX(PQERRORS_DEFAULT)
-
PQERRORS_SQLSTATE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 451
Error
verbosity level ( Connection#set_error_verbosity ). The SQLSTATE mode includes only the error severity and the SQLSTATE error code, if one is available (if not, the output is like TERSE mode).Available since PostgreSQL-12.
INT2FIX(PQERRORS_SQLSTATE)
-
PQERRORS_TERSE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 436
Error
verbosity level ( Connection#set_error_verbosity ). In TERSE mode, returned messages include severity, primary text, and position only; this will normally fit on a single line.INT2FIX(PQERRORS_TERSE)
-
PQERRORS_VERBOSE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 442
Error
verbosity level ( Connection#set_error_verbosity ). The VERBOSE mode includes all available fields.INT2FIX(PQERRORS_VERBOSE)
-
PQPING_NO_ATTEMPT =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 472
Connection
not attempted (bad params).INT2FIX(PQPING_NO_ATTEMPT)
-
PQPING_NO_RESPONSE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 470
Could not establish connection.
INT2FIX(PQPING_NO_RESPONSE)
-
PQPING_OK =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 466
Server is accepting connections.
INT2FIX(PQPING_OK)
-
PQPING_REJECT =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 468
Server is alive but rejecting connections.
INT2FIX(PQPING_REJECT)
-
PQSHOW_CONTEXT_ALWAYS =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 460
INT2FIX(PQSHOW_CONTEXT_ALWAYS)
-
PQSHOW_CONTEXT_ERRORS =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 458
INT2FIX(PQSHOW_CONTEXT_ERRORS)
-
PQSHOW_CONTEXT_NEVER =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 456
INT2FIX(PQSHOW_CONTEXT_NEVER)
-
PQTRANS_ACTIVE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 424
Transaction is currently active; query has been sent to the server, but not yet completed. ( Connection#transaction_status )
INT2FIX(PQTRANS_ACTIVE)
-
PQTRANS_IDLE =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 422
Transaction is currently idle ( Connection#transaction_status )
INT2FIX(PQTRANS_IDLE)
-
PQTRANS_INERROR =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 428
Transaction is currently idle, in a failed transaction block ( Connection#transaction_status )
INT2FIX(PQTRANS_INERROR)
-
PQTRANS_INTRANS =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 426
Transaction is currently idle, in a valid transaction block ( Connection#transaction_status )
INT2FIX(PQTRANS_INTRANS)
-
PQTRANS_UNKNOWN =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 430
Transaction’s connection is bad ( Connection#transaction_status )
INT2FIX(PQTRANS_UNKNOWN)
-
PQ_PIPELINE_ABORTED =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 660
Connection#pipeline_status constant
The libpq connection is in pipeline mode and an error occurred while processing the current pipeline. The aborted flag is cleared when PQgetResult returns a result of type PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC.
INT2FIX(PQ_PIPELINE_ABORTED)
-
PQ_PIPELINE_OFF =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 653
Connection#pipeline_status constant
The libpq connection is not in pipeline mode.
INT2FIX(PQ_PIPELINE_OFF)
-
PQ_PIPELINE_ON =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 647
Connection#pipeline_status constant
The libpq connection is in pipeline mode.
INT2FIX(PQ_PIPELINE_ON)
-
SEEK_CUR =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 483
Flag for Connection#lo_lseek – seek from current position
INT2FIX(SEEK_CUR)
-
SEEK_END =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 485
Flag for Connection#lo_lseek – seek from object end
INT2FIX(SEEK_END)
-
SEEK_SET =
# File 'ext/pg.c', line 481
Flag for Connection#lo_lseek – seek from object start
INT2FIX(SEEK_SET)


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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rmd | cc5cddb | Benjmain Fair | 2019-06-26 | update |
| Rmd | adfb875 | Benjmain Fair | 2019-06-25 | update site |
| html | adfb875 | Benjmain Fair | 2019-06-25 | update site |
| Rmd | 889a226 | Benjmain Fair | 2019-06-25 | update site |
| html | 889a226 | Benjmain Fair | 2019-06-25 | update site |
| Rmd | e10b2f8 | Benjmain Fair | 2019-06-25 | update site |
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| Rmd | 68cd7b5 | Benjmain Fair | 2019-06-25 | fixing conflicts |
library(data.table)
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(reshape2)
library(readxl)
library(ggrepel)
library(tidyverse)
library(gplots)
library(knitr)
library("RColorBrewer")
#read-count-table
Numers <- '../output/snakemake_out_sf3b1_blood_ds/CountTableNumerators.gz'
Denoms <- '../output/snakemake_out_sf3b1_blood_ds/CountTableDenominators.gz'
NumeratorCountTable <- fread(paste0("gunzip -c ", Numers), sep=" ", header=TRUE, data.table=FALSE)
DenominatorCountTable <- fread(paste0("gunzip -c ", Denoms), sep=" ", header=TRUE, data.table=FALSE)
PSI_Table <- NumeratorCountTable[-1]/DenominatorCountTable[-1]
row.names(PSI_Table) <- gsub(":clu_.+", "", NumeratorCountTable$chrom)
#Replace NaNs from 0/0 operation
PSI_Table[is.na(PSI_Table)] <- 0
#read-leafcutter differntial splicing results
effect.sizes <- read.table(gzfile("../output/snakemake_out_sf3b1_blood_ds/leafcutter.ds.effect_sizes.txt.gz"), header=T)
cluster.significance <- fread(paste0("gunzip -c ", "../output/snakemake_out_sf3b1_blood_ds/leafcutter.ds.cluster_sig.txt.gz"), sep="\t", header=TRUE, data.table=FALSE)
leafcutter.merged <- effect.sizes %>%
mutate(cluster=gsub("(.+?:).+?:.+?:(clu.+?)", "\\1\\2", intron, perl=T)) %>%
mutate(junc_id=gsub("(.+?:.+?:.+?):clu.+", "\\1", intron, perl=T)) %>%
left_join(cluster.significance, by="cluster")
kable(head(leafcutter.merged))
| intron | logef | SF3B1.hotspot.wt | SF3B1.hotspot.mut | deltapsi | cluster | junc_id | status | loglr | df | p | p.adjust |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chr1:746819:753663:clu_10_- | 0.6658968 | 0.0259098 | 0.0709497 | 0.0450399 | chr1:clu_10_- | chr1:746819:753663 | Success | 7.061225 | 4 | 0.0069143 | 0.0191397 |
| chr1:746819:756077:clu_10_- | 0.3131720 | 0.0266784 | 0.0513405 | 0.0246620 | chr1:clu_10_- | chr1:746819:756077 | Success | 7.061225 | 4 | 0.0069143 | 0.0191397 |
| chr1:749382:752448:clu_10_- | -0.0839604 | 0.0595289 | 0.0770114 | 0.0174825 | chr1:clu_10_- | chr1:749382:752448 | Success | 7.061225 | 4 | 0.0069143 | 0.0191397 |
| chr1:749382:753663:clu_10_- | -0.4667577 | 0.3846243 | 0.3393260 | -0.0452982 | chr1:clu_10_- | chr1:749382:753663 | Success | 7.061225 | 4 | 0.0069143 | 0.0191397 |
| chr1:749382:756077:clu_10_- | -0.4283507 | 0.5032586 | 0.4613724 | -0.0418862 | chr1:clu_10_- | chr1:749382:756077 | Success | 7.061225 | 4 | 0.0069143 | 0.0191397 |
| chr1:58527336:58530130:clu_1000_- | -0.0769426 | 0.0070400 | 0.0052846 | -0.0017554 | chr1:clu_1000_- | chr1:58527336:58530130 | Success | 13.375642 | 12 | 0.0083898 | 0.0224515 |
Ok now let’s check that the leafcutter differential splicing results make sense. Some diagnositic plots:
# how many clusters are there
leafcutter.merged %>%
distinct(cluster, .keep_all = T) %>% dim()
[1] 44037 12
# and how many are significant (padjust<0.05, 0.01)
leafcutter.merged %>%
distinct(cluster, .keep_all = T) %>%
filter(p.adjust<0.01) %>% dim()
[1] 13926 12
#histogram of pvalues
leafcutter.merged %>%
distinct(cluster, .keep_all = T) %>%
ggplot(aes(x=p)) +
geom_histogram() +
theme_bw()
| Version | Author | Date |
|---|---|---|
| e10b2f8 | Benjmain Fair | 2019-06-25 |
#volcano plot of cluster-pvalues and largest within-cluster-log effect size
leafcutter.merged %>%
mutate(abs.logef = abs(logef)) %>%
group_by(cluster) %>%
slice(which.max(abs.logef)) %>%
mutate(sig=p.adjust<0.05) %>%
ggplot(aes(x=logef, y=-log10(p), color=sig)) +
geom_point(alpha=0.05) +
scale_x_continuous(limits=c(-10,10)) +
theme_bw()
Same plot but for delta-PSI instead of log-effect size…
# volcano plot of cluster-pvalues and largest within-cluster-delta-psi
leafcutter.merged %>%
mutate(abs.deltapsi = abs(deltapsi)) %>%
group_by(cluster) %>%
slice(which.max(abs.deltapsi)) %>%
mutate(sig=p.adjust<0.05) %>%
ggplot(aes(x=deltapsi, y=-log10(p), color=sig)) +
geom_point(alpha=0.05) +
theme_bw()
| Version | Author | Date |
|---|---|---|
| e10b2f8 | Benjmain Fair | 2019-06-25 |
Now let’s check that the junctions identified in Darman et al are enriched for small P-values
DarmanJunctionsList <- read.table('../data/other_snakemake_data/DarmanDiffJunctions.LiftedToHg38.bed', header=F)
# Make new id, for easier use in later filtering. Note that coordinates may need to add 1
DarmanJunctionsList$junc_id <- paste(DarmanJunctionsList$V1, DarmanJunctionsList$V2 + 1, DarmanJunctionsList$V3 + 1, sep=":")
NotInDarman<-leafcutter.merged %>%
group_by(cluster) %>%
filter(!any(junc_id %in% DarmanJunctionsList$junc_id)) %>%
slice(which.min(p))
InDarman<-leafcutter.merged %>%
group_by(cluster) %>%
filter(any(junc_id %in% DarmanJunctionsList$junc_id)) %>%
slice(which.min(p))
## QQ-plot of cluster P-vals, grouped by whether cluster contains in intron identified as differentially spliced in Daraman et al.
ggplot(NotInDarman, aes(color="NotInDarman", y=-log10(sort(p)), x=-log10(1:length(p)/length(p)))) +
geom_point() +
geom_point(data=InDarman, aes(color="InDarman")) +
xlab("-log10(Theoretical-Pvalues)") +
ylab("-log10(Observed-Pvalues)") +
geom_abline() +
theme_bw() +
theme(legend.position="bottom") +
theme(legend.title=element_blank())
| Version | Author | Date |
|---|---|---|
| e10b2f8 | Benjmain Fair | 2019-06-25 |
PCA and heatmap of differentially spliced introns
#Get top intron within each cluster (by delta-psi) then subset the top 1000 clusters by Pval. This is the top1000 introns that will be used to plot heatmap of PSI
Top1000Introns <- leafcutter.merged %>%
mutate(abs.deltapsi = abs(logef)) %>%
group_by(cluster) %>%
slice(which.max(abs.deltapsi)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
top_n(-1000, p) %>% pull(intron)
Groups <- read.table("../data/other_snakemake_data/Blood_sf3b1_contrast.groups.txt")
#First make a heatmap of Darman et al junctions
Heatmap <- PSI_Table[DarmanJunctionsList$junc_id,] %>%
t() %>% scale(scale=F) %>% t() %>%
as.data.frame() %>% drop_na() %>% as.matrix()
HeatmapGroupLabels <- plyr::mapvalues(colnames(Heatmap), from=Groups$V1, to=Groups$V2, warn_missing = FALSE)
heatmap.2(Heatmap, col=colorRampPalette(c("blue", "white", "red"))(n = 299), dendrogram="column", trace="none", labRow="", key.title="PSI-Zscore", ColSideColors=HeatmapGroupLabels)
| Version | Author | Date |
|---|---|---|
| e10b2f8 | Benjmain Fair | 2019-06-25 |
#Heatmap of top leafcutter identified introns
Heatmap <- PSI_Table[Top1000Introns,] %>%
t() %>% scale(scale=F) %>% t() %>%
as.data.frame() %>% drop_na() %>% as.matrix()
heatmap.2(Heatmap, col=colorRampPalette(c("blue", "white", "red"))(n = 299), dendrogram="column", trace="none", labRow="", key.title="PSI-Zscore", ColSideColors=HeatmapGroupLabels)
Ok it seems the leafcutter identified introns don’t segregate the samples cleanly into two sf3b1-related clusters (sf3b1-mut and sf3b1-wt) in the way that the Darman identified junctions do… This could be due to uncontrolled for confounders (study, tissue, batch, etc).
To test that hypothesis, I’ll try making the heatmap again, coloring the column labels by the study origin or tissue origin:
SRA_metadata <- read.delim(gzfile("../output/snakemake_out_sf3b1_blood_ds/SnaptronMetadata.SRA2.txt.gz"))
MetadataOfSamples <- data.frame(colnames(Heatmap)) %>%
mutate(rail_id=as.numeric(gsub("\\.project2\\.yangili1\\.snaptron\\.processed_to_bedfiles\\..+?\\.(.+)", "\\1", colnames(Heatmap), perl=T))) %>%
left_join(SRA_metadata, by="rail_id")
#color accoring to source (tissue of origin)
HeatmapGroupLabels <- plyr::mapvalues(colnames(Heatmap), from=MetadataOfSamples$colnames.Heatmap., to=MetadataOfSamples$source_name, warn_missing = FALSE)
Heatmap <- PSI_Table[Top1000Introns,] %>%
t() %>% scale(scale=F) %>% t() %>%
as.data.frame() %>% drop_na() %>% as.matrix()
heatmap.2(Heatmap, col=colorRampPalette(c("blue", "white", "red"))(n = 299), dendrogram="column", trace="none", labRow="", key.title="PSI-Zscore", ColSideColors=HeatmapGroupLabels)
There is clearly some unaccounted for covariates that are driving part of the clustering. As a starting point, I should redo the differential splicing with a well-controlled set of samples from the same study.
First I will look at PC space based on these set of junctions, and see if perhaps sf3b1mut-wt separates in any of the top PCs. Additionally, another exersize to do is to look within a single tissue type at the same set of junctions identified by this meta-tissue analysis.
sessionInfo()
R version 3.5.1 (2018-07-02)
Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin15.6.0 (64-bit)
Running under: macOS 10.14
Matrix products: default
BLAS: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.5/Resources/lib/libRblas.0.dylib
LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.5/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib
locale:
[1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
other attached packages:
[1] RColorBrewer_1.1-2 knitr_1.23 gplots_<IP_ADDRESS>
[4] forcats_0.4.0 stringr_1.4.0 purrr_0.3.2
[7] readr_1.3.1 tidyr_0.8.3 tibble_2.1.3
[10] tidyverse_1.2.1 ggrepel_0.8.1 readxl_1.3.1
[13] reshape2_1.4.3 ggplot2_3.1.1 dplyr_0.8.1
[16] data.table_1.12.2
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] gtools_3.8.1 tidyselect_0.2.5 xfun_0.7
[4] haven_2.1.0 lattice_0.20-38 colorspace_1.4-1
[7] generics_0.0.2 htmltools_0.3.6 yaml_2.2.0
[10] rlang_0.3.4 pillar_1.4.1 glue_1.3.1
[13] withr_2.1.2 modelr_0.1.4 plyr_1.8.4
[16] munsell_0.5.0 gtable_0.3.0 workflowr_1.4.0
[19] cellranger_1.1.0 rvest_0.3.4 caTools_<IP_ADDRESS>
[22] evaluate_0.14 labeling_0.3 highr_0.8
[25] broom_0.5.2 Rcpp_1.0.1 KernSmooth_2.23-15
[28] scales_1.0.0 backports_1.1.4 gdata_2.18.0
[31] jsonlite_1.6 fs_1.3.1 hms_0.4.2
[34] digest_0.6.19 stringi_1.4.3 grid_3.5.1
[37] rprojroot_1.3-2 bitops_1.0-6 cli_1.1.0
[40] tools_3.5.1 magrittr_1.5 lazyeval_0.2.2
[43] crayon_1.3.4 whisker_0.3-2 pkgconfig_2.0.2
[46] xml2_1.2.0 lubridate_1.7.4 assertthat_0.2.1
[49] rmarkdown_1.13 httr_1.4.0 rstudioapi_0.10
[52] R6_2.4.0 nlme_3.1-140 git2r_0.25.2
[55] compiler_3.5.1


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