This guide covers built-in mechanisms in Rails for testing your application.
After reading this guide, you will know:
Rails makes it super easy to write your tests. It starts by producing skeleton test code while you are creating your models and controllers.
By simply running your Rails tests you can ensure your code adheres to the desired functionality even after some major code refactoring.
Rails tests can also simulate browser requests and thus you can test your application’s response without having to test it through your browser.
Testing support was woven into the Rails fabric from the beginning. It wasn’t an “oh! let’s bolt on support for running tests because they’re new and cool” epiphany. Just about every Rails application interacts heavily with a database and, as a result, your tests will need a database to interact with as well. To write efficient tests, you’ll need to understand how to set up this database and populate it with sample data.
By default, every Rails application has three environments: development, test, and production. The database for each one of them is configured in config/database.yml
.
A dedicated test database allows you to set up and interact with test data in isolation. Tests can mangle test data with confidence, that won’t touch the data in the development or production databases.
Rails creates a test
folder for you as soon as you create a Rails project using rails new
application_name. If you list the contents of this folder then you shall see:
$ ls -F test controllers/ helpers/ mailers/ test_helper.rb fixtures/ integration/ models/
The models
directory is meant to hold tests for your models, the controllers
directory is meant to hold tests for your controllers and the integration
directory is meant to hold tests that involve any number of controllers interacting.
Fixtures are a way of organizing test data; they reside in the fixtures
folder.
The test_helper.rb
file holds the default configuration for your tests.
For good tests, you’ll need to give some thought to setting up test data. In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures.
Fixtures is a fancy word for sample data. Fixtures allow you to populate your testing database with predefined data before your tests run. Fixtures are database independent written in YAML. There is one file per model.
You’ll find fixtures under your test/fixtures
directory. When you run rails generate model
to create a new model fixture stubs will be automatically created and placed in this directory.
YAML-formatted fixtures are a very human-friendly way to describe your sample data. These types of fixtures have the .yml file extension (as in users.yml
).
Here’s a sample YAML fixture file:
# lo & behold! I am a YAML comment! david: name: David Heinemeier Hansson birthday: 1979-10-15 profession: Systems development steve: name: Steve Ross Kellock birthday: 1974-09-27 profession: guy with keyboard
Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank space. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column. Keys which resemble YAML keywords such as ‘yes’ and ‘no’ are quoted so that the YAML Parser correctly interprets them.
ERB allows you to embed Ruby code within templates. The YAML fixture format is pre-processed with ERB when Rails loads fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data. For example, the following code generates a thousand users:
<% 1000.times do |n| %> user_<%= n %>: username: <%= "user#{n}" %> email: <%=<EMAIL_ADDRESS>%> <% end %>
Rails by default automatically loads all fixtures from the test/fixtures
folder for your unit and functional test. Loading involves three steps:
Fixtures are instances of Active Record. As mentioned in point #3 above, you can access the object directly because it is automatically setup as a local variable of the test case. For example:
# this will return the User object for the fixture named david users(:david) # this will return the property for david called id users(:david).id # one can also access methods available on the User class email(david.girlfriend.email, david.location_tonight)
In Rails, unit tests are what you write to test your models.
For this guide we will be using Rails scaffolding. It will create the model, a migration, controller and views for the new resource in a single operation. It will also create a full test suite following Rails best practices. I will be using examples from this generated code and will be supplementing it with additional examples where necessary.
NOTE: For more information on Rails scaffolding, refer to Getting Started with Rails
When you use rails generate scaffold
, for a resource among other things it creates a test stub in the test/models
folder:
$ rails generate scaffold post title:string body:text ... create app/models/post.rb create test/models/post_test.rb create test/fixtures/posts.yml ...
The default test stub in test/models/post_test.rb
looks like this:
require 'test_helper' class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase # test "the truth" do # assert true # end end
A line by line examination of this file will help get you oriented to Rails testing code and terminology.
require 'test_helper'
As you know by now, test_helper.rb
specifies the default configuration to run our tests. This is included with all the tests, so any methods added to this file are available to all your tests.
class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
The PostTest
class defines a test case because it inherits from ActiveSupport::TestCase
. PostTest
thus has all the methods available from ActiveSupport::TestCase
. You’ll see those methods a little later in this guide.
Any method defined within a class inherited from MiniTest::Unit::TestCase
(which is the superclass of ActiveSupport::TestCase
) that begins with test
(case sensitive) is simply called a test. So, test_password
, test_valid_password
and testValidPassword
all are legal test names and are run automatically when the test case is run.
Rails adds a test
method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal MiniTest::Unit
test with method names prefixed with test_
. So,
test "the truth" do assert true end
acts as if you had written
def test_the_truth assert true end
only the test
macro allows a more readable test name. You can still use regular method definitions though.
NOTE: The method name is generated by replacing spaces with underscores. The result does not need to be a valid Ruby identifier though, the name may contain punctuation characters etc. That’s because in Ruby technically any string may be a method name. Odd ones need define_method
and send
calls, but formally there’s no restriction.
assert true
This line of code is called an assertion. An assertion is a line of code that evaluates an object (or expression) for expected results. For example, an assertion can check:
Every test contains one or more assertions. Only when all the assertions are successful will the test pass.
Before you can run your tests, you need to ensure that the test database structure is current. For this you can use the following rake commands:
$ rake db:migrate ... $ rake db:test:load
The rake db:migrate
above runs any pending migrations on the development environment and updates db/schema.rb
. The rake db:test:load
recreates the test database from the current db/schema.rb
. On subsequent attempts, it is a good idea to first run db:test:prepare
, as it first checks for pending migrations and warns you appropriately.
NOTE: db:test:prepare
will fail with an error if db/schema.rb
doesn’t exist.
| Tasks | Description |
|---|---|
rake db:test:clone |
Recreate the test database from the current environment’s database schema |
rake db:test:clone_structure |
Recreate the test database from the development structure |
rake db:test:load |
Recreate the test database from the current schema.rb |
rake db:test:prepare |
Check for pending migrations and load the test schema |
rake db:test:purge |
Empty the test database. |
TIP: You can see all these rake tasks and their descriptions by running rake --tasks --describe
Running a test is as simple as invoking the file containing the test cases through rake test
command.
$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb . Finished tests in 0.009262s, 107.9680 tests/s, 107.9680 assertions/s. 1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
You can also run a particular test method from the test case by running the test and providing the test method name
.
$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_the_truth . Finished tests in 0.009064s, 110.3266 tests/s, 110.3266 assertions/s. 1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
This will run all test methods from the test case. Note that test_helper.rb
is in the test
directory, hence this directory needs to be added to the load path using the -I
switch.
The .
(dot) above indicates a passing test. When a test fails you see an F
; when a test throws an error you see an E
in its place. The last line of the output is the summary.
To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the post_test.rb
test case.
test "should not save post without title" do post = Post.new assert !post.save end
Let us run this newly added test.
$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_not_save_post_without_title F Finished tests in 0.044632s, 22.4054 tests/s, 22.4054 assertions/s. 1) Failure: test_should_not_save_post_without_title(PostTest) [test/models/post_test.rb:6]: Failed assertion, no message given. 1 tests, 1 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
In the output, F
denotes a failure. You can see the corresponding trace shown under 1)
along with the name of the failing test. The next few lines contain the stack trace followed by a message which mentions the actual value and the expected value by the assertion. The default assertion messages provide just enough information to help pinpoint the error. To make the assertion failure message more readable, every assertion provides an optional message parameter, as shown here:
test "should not save post without title" do post = Post.new assert !post.save, "Saved the post without a title" end
Running this test shows the friendlier assertion message:
1) Failure: test_should_not_save_post_without_title(PostTest) [test/models/post_test.rb:6]: Saved the post without a title
Now to get this test to pass we can add a model level validation for the title field.
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base validates :title, presence: true end
Now the test should pass. Let us verify by running the test again:
$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_not_save_post_without_title . Finished tests in 0.047721s, 20.9551 tests/s, 20.9551 assertions/s. 1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
Now, if you noticed, we first wrote a test which fails for a desired functionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finally we ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development is referred to as Test-Driven Development (TDD).
TIP: Many Rails developers practice Test-Driven Development (TDD). This is an excellent way to build up a test suite that exercises every part of your application. TDD is beyond the scope of this guide, but one place to start is with 15 TDD steps to create a Rails application.
To see how an error gets reported, here’s a test containing an error:
test "should report error" do # some_undefined_variable is not defined elsewhere in the test case some_undefined_variable assert true end
Now you can see even more output in the console from running the tests:
$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_report_error E Finished tests in 0.030974s, 32.2851 tests/s, 0.0000 assertions/s. 1) Error: test_should_report_error(PostTest): NameError: undefined local variable or method `some_undefined_variable' for #<PostTest:0x007fe32e24afe0> test/models/post_test.rb:10:in `block in <class:PostTest>' 1 tests, 0 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors, 0 skips
Notice the ‘E’ in the output. It denotes a test with error.
NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or an assertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the next method. All test methods are executed in alphabetical order.
Ideally, you would like to include a test for everything which could possibly break. It’s a good practice to have at least one test for each of your validations and at least one test for every method in your model.
By now you’ve caught a glimpse of some of the assertions that are available. Assertions are the worker bees of testing. They are the ones that actually perform the checks to ensure that things are going as planned.
There are a bunch of different types of assertions you can use.
Here’s an extract of the assertions you can use with minitest
, the default testing library used by Rails. The [msg]
parameter is an optional string message you can specify to make your test failure messages clearer. It’s not required.
| Assertion | Purpose |
|---|---|
assert( test, [msg] ) |
Ensures that test is true. |
refute( test, [msg] ) |
Ensures that test is false. |
assert_equal( expected, actual, [msg] ) |
Ensures that expected == actual is true. |
refute_equal( expected, actual, [msg] ) |
Ensures that expected != actual is true. |
assert_same( expected, actual, [msg] ) |
Ensures that expected.equal?(actual) is true. |
refute_same( expected, actual, [msg] ) |
Ensures that expected.equal?(actual) is false. |
assert_nil( obj, [msg] ) |
Ensures that obj.nil? is true. |
refute_nil( obj, [msg] ) |
Ensures that obj.nil? is false. |
assert_match( regexp, string, [msg] ) |
Ensures that a string matches the regular expression. |
refute_match( regexp, string, [msg] ) |
Ensures that a string doesn’t match the regular expression. |
assert_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] ) |
Ensures that the numbers expected and actual are within delta of each other. |
refute_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] ) |
Ensures that the numbers expected and actual are not within delta of each other. |
assert_throws( symbol, [msg] ) { block } |
Ensures that the given block throws the symbol. |
assert_raises( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block } |
Ensures that the given block raises one of the given exceptions. |
assert_nothing_raised( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block } |
Ensures that the given block doesn’t raise one of the given exceptions. |
assert_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] ) |
Ensures that obj is an instance of class . |
refute_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] ) |
Ensures that obj is not an instance of class . |
assert_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] ) |
Ensures that obj is or descends from class . |
refute_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] ) |
Ensures that obj is not an instance of class and is not descending from it. |
assert_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] ) |
Ensures that obj responds to symbol . |
refute_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] ) |
Ensures that obj does not respond to symbol . |
assert_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] ) |
Ensures that obj1.operator(obj2) is true. |
refute_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] ) |
Ensures that obj1.operator(obj2) is false. |
assert_send( array, [msg] ) |
Ensures that executing the method listed in array[1] on the object in array[0] with the parameters of array[2 and up] is true. This one is weird eh? |
flunk( [msg] ) |
Ensures failure. This is useful to explicitly mark a test that isn’t finished yet. |
Because of the modular nature of the testing framework, it is possible to create your own assertions. In fact, that’s exactly what Rails does. It includes some specialized assertions to make your life easier.
NOTE: Creating your own assertions is an advanced topic that we won’t cover in this tutorial.
Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the test/unit
framework:
| Assertion | Purpose |
|---|---|
assert_difference(expressions, difference = 1, message = nil) {...} |
Test numeric difference between the return value of an expression as a result of what is evaluated in the yielded block. |
assert_no_difference(expressions, message = nil, &block) |
Asserts that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not changed before and after invoking the passed in block. |
assert_recognizes(expected_options, path, extras={}, message=nil) |
Asserts that the routing of the given path was handled correctly and that the parsed options (given in the expected_options hash) match path. Basically, it asserts that Rails recognizes the route given by expected_options. |
assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil) |
Asserts that the provided options can be used to generate the provided path. This is the inverse of assert_recognizes. The extras parameter is used to tell the request the names and values of additional request parameters that would be in a query string. The message parameter allows you to specify a custom error message for assertion failures. |
assert_response(type, message = nil) |
Asserts that the response comes with a specific status code. You can specify :success to indicate 200-299, :redirect to indicate 300-399, :missing to indicate 404, or :error to match the 500-599 range |
assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil) |
Assert that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action. This match can be partial, such that assert_redirected_to(controller: "weblog") will also match the redirection of redirect_to(controller: "weblog", action: "show") and so on. |
assert_template(expected = nil, message=nil) |
Asserts that the request was rendered with the appropriate template file. |
You’ll see the usage of some of these assertions in the next chapter.
In Rails, testing the various actions of a single controller is called writing functional tests for that controller. Controllers handle the incoming web requests to your application and eventually respond with a rendered view.
You should test for things such as:
Now that we have used Rails scaffold generator for our Post
resource, it has already created the controller code and tests. You can take look at the file posts_controller_test.rb
in the test/controllers
directory.
Let me take you through one such test, test_should_get_index
from the file posts_controller_test.rb
.
test "should get index" do get :index assert_response :success assert_not_nil assigns(:posts) end
In the test_should_get_index
test, Rails simulates a request on the action called index
, making sure the request was successful and also ensuring that it assigns a valid posts
instance variable.
The get
method kicks off the web request and populates the results into the response. It accepts 4 arguments:
Example: Calling the :show
action, passing an id
of 12 as the params
and setting a user_id
of 5 in the session:
get(:show, {'id' => "12"}, {'user_id' => 5})
Another example: Calling the :view
action, passing an id
of 12 as the params
, this time with no session, but with a flash message.
get(:view, {'id' => '12'}, nil, {'message' => 'booya!'})
NOTE: If you try running test_should_create_post
test from posts_controller_test.rb
it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so.
Let us modify test_should_create_post
test in posts_controller_test.rb
so that all our test pass:
test "should create post" do assert_difference('Post.count') do post :create, post: {title: 'Some title'} end assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post)) end
Now you can try running all the tests and they should pass.
If you’re familiar with the HTTP protocol, you’ll know that get
is a type of request. There are 6 request types supported in Rails functional tests:
get
post
patch
put
head
delete
All of request types are methods that you can use, however, you’ll probably end up using the first two more often than the others.
NOTE: Functional tests do not verify whether the specified request type should be accepted by the action. Request types in this context exist to make your tests more descriptive.
After a request has been made using one of the 6 methods (get
, post
, etc.) and processed, you will have 4 Hash objects ready for use:
assigns
- Any objects that are stored as instance variables in actions for use in views.cookies
- Any cookies that are set.flash
- Any objects living in the flash.session
- Any object living in session variables.As is the case with normal Hash objects, you can access the values by referencing the keys by string. You can also reference them by symbol name, except for assigns
. For example:
flash["gordon"] flash[:gordon] session["shmession"] session[:shmession] cookies["are_good_for_u"] cookies[:are_good_for_u] # Because you can't use assigns[:something] for historical reasons: assigns["something"] assigns(:something)
You also have access to three instance variables in your functional tests:
@controller
- The controller processing the request@request
- The request@response
- The responseHeaders and cgi variables can be set directly on the @request
instance variable:
# setting a HTTP Header @request.headers["Accepts"] = "text/plain, text/html" get :index # simulate the request with custom header # setting a CGI variable @request.headers["HTTP_REFERER"] = "http://example.com/home" post :create # simulate the request with custom env variable
If you want to make sure that the response rendered the correct template and layout, you can use the assert_template
method:
test "index should render correct template and layout" do get :index assert_template :index assert_template layout: "layouts/application" end
Note that you cannot test for template and layout at the same time, with one call to assert_template
method.
Also, for the layout
test, you can give a regular expression instead of a string, but using the string, makes
things clearer. On the other hand, you have to include the “layouts” directory name even if you save your layout
file in this standard layout directory. Hence,
assert_template layout: "application"
will not work.
If your view renders any partial, when asserting for the layout, you have to assert for the partial at the same time. Otherwise, assertion will fail.
Hence:
test "new should render correct layout" do get :new assert_template layout: "layouts/application", partial: "_form" end
is the correct way to assert for the layout when the view renders a partial with name _form
. Omitting the :partial
key in your assert_template
call will complain.
Here’s another example that uses flash
, assert_redirected_to
, and assert_difference
:
test "should create post" do assert_difference('Post.count') do post :create, post: {title: 'Hi', body: 'This is my first post.'} end assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post)) assert_equal 'Post was successfully created.', flash[:notice] end
Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a useful way to test the views of your application. The assert_select
assertion allows you to do this by using a simple yet powerful syntax.
NOTE: You may find references to assert_tag
in other documentation, but this is now deprecated in favor of assert_select
.
There are two forms of assert_select
:
assert_select(selector, [equality], [message])
ensures that the equality condition is met on the selected elements through the selector. The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String), an expression with substitution values, or an HTML::Selector
object.
assert_select(element, selector, [equality], [message])
ensures that the equality condition is met on all the selected elements through the selector starting from the element (instance of HTML::Node
) and its descendants.
For example, you could verify the contents on the title element in your response with:
assert_select 'title', "Welcome to Rails Testing Guide"
You can also use nested assert_select
blocks. In this case the inner assert_select
runs the assertion on the complete collection of elements selected by the outer assert_select
block:
assert_select 'ul.navigation' do assert_select 'li.menu_item' end
Alternatively the collection of elements selected by the outer assert_select
may be iterated through so that assert_select
may be called separately for each element. Suppose for example that the response contains two ordered lists, each with four list elements then the following tests will both pass.
assert_select "ol" do |elements| elements.each do |element| assert_select element, "li", 4 end end assert_select "ol" do assert_select "li", 8 end
The assert_select
assertion is quite powerful. For more advanced usage, refer to its documentation.
There are more assertions that are primarily used in testing views:
| Assertion | Purpose |
|---|---|
assert_select_email |
Allows you to make assertions on the body of an e-mail. |
assert_select_encoded |
Allows you to make assertions on encoded HTML. It does this by un-encoding the contents of each element and then calling the block with all the un-encoded elements. |
css_select(selector) or css_select(element, selector) |
Returns an array of all the elements selected by the selector. In the second variant it first matches the base element and tries to match the selector expression on any of its children. If there are no matches both variants return an empty array. |
Here’s an example of using assert_select_email
:
assert_select_email do assert_select 'small', 'Please click the "Unsubscribe" link if you want to opt-out.' end
Integration tests are used to test the interaction among any number of controllers. They are generally used to test important work flows within your application.
Unlike Unit and Functional tests, integration tests have to be explicitly created under the ‘test/integration’ folder within your application. Rails provides a generator to create an integration test skeleton for you.
$ rails generate integration_test user_flows exists test/integration/ create test/integration/user_flows_test.rb
Here’s what a freshly-generated integration test looks like:
require 'test_helper' class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest # test "the truth" do # assert true # end end
Integration tests inherit from ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
. This makes available some additional helpers to use in your integration tests. Also you need to explicitly include the fixtures to be made available to the test.
In addition to the standard testing helpers, there are some additional helpers available to integration tests:
| Helper | Purpose |
|---|---|
https? |
Returns true if the session is mimicking a secure HTTPS request. |
https! |
Allows you to mimic a secure HTTPS request. |
host! |
Allows you to set the host name to use in the next request. |
redirect? |
Returns true if the last request was a redirect. |
follow_redirect! |
Follows a single redirect response. |
request_via_redirect(http_method, path, [parameters], [headers]) |
Allows you to make an HTTP request and follow any subsequent redirects. |
post_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers]) |
Allows you to make an HTTP POST request and follow any subsequent redirects. |
get_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers]) |
Allows you to make an HTTP GET request and follow any subsequent redirects. |
patch_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers]) |
Allows you to make an HTTP PATCH request and follow any subsequent redirects. |
put_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers]) |
Allows you to make an HTTP PUT request and follow any subsequent redirects. |
delete_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers]) |
Allows you to make an HTTP DELETE request and follow any subsequent redirects. |
open_session |
Opens a new session instance. |
A simple integration test that exercises multiple controllers:
require 'test_helper' class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest fixtures :users test "login and browse site" do # login via https https! get "/login" assert_response :success post_via_redirect "/login", username: users(:david).username, password: users(:david).password assert_equal '/welcome', path assert_equal 'Welcome david!', flash[:notice] https!(false) get "/posts/all" assert_response :success assert assigns(:products) end end
As you can see the integration test involves multiple controllers and exercises the entire stack from database to dispatcher. In addition you can have multiple session instances open simultaneously in a test and extend those instances with assertion methods to create a very powerful testing DSL (domain-specific language) just for your application.
Here’s an example of multiple sessions and custom DSL in an integration test
require 'test_helper' class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest fixtures :users test "login and browse site" do # User david logs in david = login(:david) # User guest logs in guest = login(:guest) # Both are now available in different sessions assert_equal 'Welcome david!', david.flash[:notice] assert_equal 'Welcome guest!', guest.flash[:notice] # User david can browse site david.browses_site # User guest can browse site as well guest.browses_site # Continue with other assertions end private module CustomDsl def browses_site get "/products/all" assert_response :success assert assigns(:products) end end def login(user) open_session do |sess| sess.extend(CustomDsl) u = users(user) sess.https! sess.post "/login", username: u.username, password: u.password assert_equal '/welcome', path sess.https!(false) end end end
You don’t need to set up and run your tests by hand on a test-by-test basis. Rails comes with a number of commands to help in testing. The table below lists all commands that come along in the default Rakefile when you initiate a Rails project.
| Tasks | Description |
|---|---|
rake test |
Runs all unit, functional and integration tests. You can also simply run rake test as Rails will run all the tests by default |
rake test:controllers |
Runs all the controller tests from test/controllers |
rake test:functionals |
Runs all the functional tests from test/controllers , test/mailers , and test/functional |
rake test:helpers |
Runs all the helper tests from test/helpers |
rake test:integration |
Runs all the integration tests from test/integration |
rake test:mailers |
Runs all the mailer tests from test/mailers |
rake test:models |
Runs all the model tests from test/models |
rake test:units |
Runs all the unit tests from test/models , test/helpers , and test/unit |
There’re also some test commands which you can initiate by running rake tasks:
| Tasks | Description |
|---|---|
rake test |
Runs all unit, functional and integration tests. You can also simply run rake as the test target is the default. |
rake test:recent |
Tests recent changes |
rake test:uncommitted |
Runs all the tests which are uncommitted. Supports Subversion and Git |
MiniTest
Ruby ships with a boat load of libraries. Ruby 1.8 provides Test::Unit
, a framework for unit testing in Ruby. All the basic assertions discussed above are actually defined in Test::Unit::Assertions
. The class ActiveSupport::TestCase
which we have been using in our unit and functional tests extends Test::Unit::TestCase
, allowing
us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests.
Ruby 1.9 introduced MiniTest
, an updated version of Test::Unit
which provides a backwards compatible API for Test::Unit
. You could also use MiniTest
in Ruby 1.8 by installing the minitest
gem.
NOTE: For more information on Test::Unit
, refer to test/unit Documentation
For more information on MiniTest
, refer to Minitest
If you would like to run a block of code before the start of each test and another block of code after the end of each test you have two special callbacks for your rescue. Let’s take note of this by looking at an example for our functional test in Posts
controller:
require 'test_helper' class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase # called before every single test def setup @post = posts(:one) end # called after every single test def teardown # as we are re-initializing @post before every test # setting it to nil here is not essential but I hope # you understand how you can use the teardown method @post = nil end test "should show post" do get :show, id: @post.id assert_response :success end test "should destroy post" do assert_difference('Post.count', -1) do delete :destroy, id: @post.id end assert_redirected_to posts_path end end
Above, the setup
method is called before each test and so @post
is available for each of the tests. Rails implements setup
and teardown
as ActiveSupport::Callbacks
. Which essentially means you need not only use setup
and teardown
as methods in your tests. You could specify them by using:
Let’s see the earlier example by specifying setup
callback by specifying a method name as a symbol:
require 'test_helper' class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase # called before every single test setup :initialize_post # called after every single test def teardown @post = nil end test "should show post" do get :show, id: @post.id assert_response :success end test "should update post" do patch :update, id: @post.id, post: {} assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post)) end test "should destroy post" do assert_difference('Post.count', -1) do delete :destroy, id: @post.id end assert_redirected_to posts_path end private def initialize_post @post = posts(:one) end end
Like everything else in your Rails application, it is recommended that you test your routes. An example test for a route in the default show
action of Posts
controller above should look like:
test "should route to post" do assert_routing '/posts/1', {controller: "posts", action: "show", id: "1"} end
Testing mailer classes requires some specific tools to do a thorough job.
Your mailer classes — like every other part of your Rails application — should be tested to ensure that it is working as expected.
The goals of testing your mailer classes are to ensure that:
There are two aspects of testing your mailer, the unit tests and the functional tests. In the unit tests, you run the mailer in isolation with tightly controlled inputs and compare the output to a known value (a fixture.) In the functional tests you don’t so much test the minute details produced by the mailer; instead, we test that our controllers and models are using the mailer in the right way. You test to prove that the right email was sent at the right time.
In order to test that your mailer is working as expected, you can use unit tests to compare the actual results of the mailer with pre-written examples of what should be produced.
For the purposes of unit testing a mailer, fixtures are used to provide an example of how the output should look. Because these are example emails, and not Active Record data like the other fixtures, they are kept in their own subdirectory apart from the other fixtures. The name of the directory within test/fixtures
directly corresponds to the name of the mailer. So, for a mailer named UserMailer
, the fixtures should reside in test/fixtures/user_mailer
directory.
When you generated your mailer, the generator creates stub fixtures for each of the mailers actions. If you didn’t use the generator you’ll have to make those files yourself.
Here’s a unit test to test a mailer named UserMailer
whose action invite
is used to send an invitation to a friend. It is an adapted version of the base test created by the generator for an invite
action.
require 'test_helper' class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase tests UserMailer test "invite" do # Send the email, then test that it got queued email =<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>Time.now).deliver assert !ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.empty? # Test the body of the sent email contains what we expect it to assert_equal<EMAIL_ADDRESS>email.from assert_equal<EMAIL_ADDRESS>email.to assert_equal 'You have been invited by<EMAIL_ADDRESS>email.subject assert_equal read_fixture('invite').join, email.body.to_s end end
In the test we send the email and store the returned object in the email
variable. We then ensure that it was sent (the first assert), then, in the
second batch of assertions, we ensure that the email does indeed contain what we
expect. The helper read_fixture
is used to read in the content from this file.
Here’s the content of the invite
fixture:
Hi<EMAIL_ADDRESS>You have been invited.
Cheers!
This is the right time to understand a little more about writing tests for your
mailers. The line ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test
in
config/environments/test.rb
sets the delivery method to test mode so that
email will not actually be delivered (useful to avoid spamming your users while
testing) but instead it will be appended to an array
(ActionMailer::Base.deliveries
).
NOTE: The ActionMailer::Base.deliveries
array is only reset automatically in
ActionMailer::TestCase
tests. If you want to have a clean slate outside Action
Mailer tests, you can reset it manually with:
ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
Functional testing for mailers involves more than just checking that the email body, recipients and so forth are correct. In functional mail tests you call the mail deliver methods and check that the appropriate emails have been appended to the delivery list. It is fairly safe to assume that the deliver methods themselves do their job. You are probably more interested in whether your own business logic is sending emails when you expect them to go out. For example, you can check that the invite friend operation is sending an email appropriately:
require 'test_helper' class UserControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase test "invite friend" do assert_difference 'ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size', +1 do post :invite_friend, email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>end invite_email = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.last assert_equal "You have been invited by<EMAIL_ADDRESS>invite_email.subject assert_equal<EMAIL_ADDRESS>invite_email.to[0] assert_match(/Hi<EMAIL_ADDRESS>invite_email.body) end end
The built-in test/unit
based testing is not the only way to test Rails applications. Rails developers have come up with a wide variety of other approaches and aids for testing, including:
test/unit
with additional helpers, macros, and assertions.


@(googleAnalyticsCode: Option[String], defaultGraphQLUrl: String)
@main("Take a sip of Sangria!", googleAnalyticsCode) {
This is an example of a GraphQL server written with Play framework and Sangria. It also serves as a playground.
On the right hand side you can see a textual representation of the GraphQL schema which is implemented on the server and that you can query here. On the left hand side
you can execute a GraphQL query and see the results of its execution. If you prefer, you can also use graphql-playground.


Hello alumni! Here is a collection of resources to help you connect with alumni, current students, and the college. Join groups, start discussions, and do something!
This site is a growing collection of resources assembled by alumni. File an issue on our Github page to get things added or updated. Your help is welcome!
— Greg ‘10, Tim ‘13, Bonnie ‘17, Nick ‘17
For all events, visit the Event Google Calendar
Some cool stuff happening on campus
Alumni help improve student life and advance Olin’s mission to transform engineering education through donations and involvement in activities. Every contribution helps by increasing our alumni giving participation rate.
Donate at http://giving.olin.edu. Olin’s fiscal year ends on June 30th, so donate before then to count for this fiscal year. You can check your past donation history (login first initial lastname, like "pmiller", or reset password).
You can read more about donations at Olin's Giving FAQs.
Post Graduate Planning can help alumni looking for jobs or in grad school, as well!
Many Oliners become software engineers, designers, data scientists, and product managers.
Join a mailing list for your location in the world. Ask questions about housing, hear about alumni events, and share local news.
There is a Slack for Olin students and alumni at olin.slack.com. Slack is basically a chat room, sort of like IRC.
The Olin Alumni Council is the representative body for Olin Alumni. Hit us up at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>to get in touch, or contact your class rep directly. The OAC by-laws are available on github.


Home!
Form!
Pat's Salmon Cookies
Store submission form
Store Name:
Maximum Customers:
Minimum Customers:
Average Cookies per Customer:
Create new store!


The find command in bash is quite powerful, and knowing the basics might save you some scripting. What does it do? It “finds" files. By default, it outputs their path relative to where you ran find. But, in addition of providing you with advanced “filters" it actually allows you to run commands on each of those files.
The find
command in bash is quite powerful, and knowing the basics might save you some scripting.
What does it do? It “finds" files. By default, it outputs their path relative to where you ran find
. But, in addition of providing you with advanced “filters" it actually allows you to run commands on each of those files.
With this structure:
.
├── app
│ ├── index.html
│ ├── app.js
│ └── style.css
└── dist
├── app.js
├── index.html
└── style.css
$ find
.
./app
./app/app.js
./app/index.html
./app/style.css
./dist
./dist/app.js
./dist/index.html
./dist/style.css
It lists every folder and files recursively.
You can specify a path to find items in, like so:
$ find app
app
app/index.html
app/script
app/script/app.js
app/style
app/style/style.css
Some of find
’s power comes from it’s ability to filter which files and folder it “selects". They are called tests. So, here are some of them:
-type
$ find -type f
./app/app.js
./app/index.html
./app/style.css
./dist/app.js
./dist/index.html
./dist/style.css
$ find -type d
.
./app
./dist
Here, the filter is -type
.  More about -type
-name
$ find -name "*.js"
./app/app.js
./dist/app.js
$ find -name "*.JS"
$ find -iname "*.JS"
./app/app.js
./dist/app.js
-name
takes a glob. The -iname
variant is case insensitive. More about -name
-path
This is the exact same as name, except that it doesn’t only apply on the filename, but the whole path (the path that would be outputted). Unlike -path
though, *
will match both /
and leading dots in filename
Same, you have -ipath
for a case insensitive version of it. More about -path
Note: -wholename
is the same as -path
, but -path
is more portable.
Every expression returns a value except operators. A test returns true if it matches the current file (-name "*.js"
returns true for app.js
, but not index.html
). You can conjugate everything with operators.
Every operators only applies to the next expression. So, expr1 or expr2 and expr3
is the same as (expr1 or expr2) and expr3
.
-and
$ find -name "*.js" -type f
./app/app.js
./dist/app.js
Pretty straight forward, right? You select items that finish with .js
and that are file. You can guess the operator -and
is the default one. Therefore find -name "*.js" -and -type f
is the exact same!
-or
What if you want .js
and .css
files? You can use the -or
operator:
$ find -name "*.js" -or -name "*.css" -type f
./app/app.js
./app/style.css
./dist/app.js
./dist/style.css
Again, this is the same as find -name "*.js" -or -name "*.css" -and -type f
.
-not
If you want every files that do not end with .js
, you can do:
$ find -not -name "*.js" -type f
./app/index.html
./app/style.css
./dist/index.html
./dist/style.css
Of course, you can group expressions together. Here, we find every file that finishes by .js
or any directories.
$ find \( -name "*.js" -type f \) -or -type d
.
./app
./app/script
./app/script/app.js
./app/style
./dist
./dist/app.js
Thanks to bash (😡), you have to escape the brackets.
,
Separates 2 expressions: it evaluates both of them, but only returns the value of the second one.
$ find -name "whatever" , -name "*.html"
./app/index.html
./dist/index.html
You can use some aliases, although I don’t recommend doing so, they aren’t as clear:
-o = -or
-a = -and
! = -not (you'll need to escape it though, like so \!)
Now, printing out the filenames if fun, doing some stuff with them is even better! And guess why it actually prints out the filenames: because the default action is -print
!
$ find -type f -print
./app/app.js
./app/index.html
./app/style.css
./dist/app.js
./dist/index.html
./dist/style.css
It’s exactly what you’d expect, right?
Note: Just as the tests, actions return a value too. Remember this.
-delete
-delete
is a pretty useful action.
If you want to delete every temporary file created by vim (files that end with ~
), you can just run this:
$ find -name "*~" -delete
Gone! Every temp files are gone!
What I recommend you do before this is run just find -name "*~"
so that you see which file are going to be deleted.
-exec
If you want to do some more complex things though, you might want to use the action -exec
.
This action takes an undefined number of parameters representing a command that it’s going to run on every selected files. It stops “consuming" arguments as soon as it sees a ;
. Note that {}
will be replace with file’s path. So,
$ find -name "*~" -delete
$ # does the same thing as
$ find -name "*~" -exec rm {} \;
Note: as you can see, we need to escape the ;
to prevent bash from interpreting it.
-delete
is more efficient though, and more secure. Use it when you can.
It’s better to run one command on multiple files than multiple commands on one file each time. For example, the first one is better:
$ rm 1.jpg 2.jpg 3.jpg
$ rm 1.jpg
$ rm 2.jpg
$ rm 3.jpg
Of course, the ability to do that depends on the command, but find
gives you the possibility of doing that in your -exec
actions.
Note: It’ll automatically adapt to the maximum command line length of your system.
In order to do that, you have to use {} +
, like so:
$ find -name "*~" -exec rm {} +
In this case {} +
will be replaced by as many paths as the maximum command line length of your system allows.
Note that {} +
has to be at the end of the command. More about optimizing
-maxdepth
Descend at most levels (a non-negative integer) levels of directories below the command line arguments. ‘-maxdepth 0’ means only apply the tests and actions to the command line arguments.
-depth
The -depth
option makes find
list folders’ content before itself.
Note: the -delete
action implies -depth
Examples are shown in the -prune
explanation.
-prune
The -prune
action allows you to prevent find
from going into a directory that matches some tests. Weirdly enough though, it returns true
when it found a directory to ignore. For example:
$ find -name "app" -prune
./app
So, it only lists directories that it ignores. To counter that, just add -or -print
$ find -name "app" -prune -or -print
.
./dist
./dist/app.js
./dist/index.html
./dist/style.css
Hold on a sec…
-or
? But-prune
would return false when it looks at./app/app.js
for example, why doesn’t it print then?
No, because -prune
excludes the directory, remember. So, ./app/app.js
never gets looked at.
The problem is that it doesn’t play well with -depth
. It actually doesn’t work, have a look:
$ find -depth -name "app" -prune -or -print
./app/index.html
./app/script/app.js
./app/script
./app/style/style.css
./app/style
./dist/app.js
./dist/index.html
./dist/style.css
./dist
.
It doesn’t have the time to “prune" the directory since we start from the bottom.
Remember: -delete
implies -depth
. Therefore, DO NOT USE -prune
with -delete
. Instead, “prune" it manually with -path
:
$ find -depth -not -path "*app*"
./dist/index.html
./dist/style.css
./dist
.
Ok, I guess that’s it! If you want to learn even more, have a look at the documentation.
 If it does, please share this post!


@* * Copyright 2023 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import config.AppConfig @import templates.MainTemplateCUI @import views.html.helper.CSPNonce @this(main_template: MainTemplateCUI, appConfig: AppConfig) @()(implicit request: Request[_], messages: play.api.i18n.Messages) @main_template(title = messages("cui.debt.management.title")) {
Chat loading...


/
will be treated as regular expressions. (This is very similar to 4chan-x style filtering)#
are comments and will be ignored.#
nor /
will be treated as a case-insensitive string to match anywhere./touhou/i
will highlight entries containing the string `touhou
`, case-insensitive.tags;
, title;
or uploader;
. By default the scope is title;tags;
bad:no;
, bad:yes;
, or just bad;
only:doujinshi,manga;
.
not:western,non-h;
.
site:ehentai;
.
color:red;
, underline:#0080f0;
, or background:rgba(0,255,0,0.5);
link-color:blue;
, link-underline:#bf48b5;
, or link-background:rgba(220,200,20,0.5);
colors:blue;
, underlines:#bf48b5;
, or backgrounds:rgba(220,200,20,0.5);
no-colors;
or nocolor;
tags: tag
only: category, cat
not: no
site: sites
colors: cs
underlines: us
backgrounds: bgs
color: c
underline: u
background: bg
link-color: link-c, lc
link-underline: link-u, lu
link-background: link-bg, lbg
no-colors: no-color, nocolors, nocolor


Inventory-import plugin synchronizes objects from excel file with project data.
Current implementation supports import of Applications, Servers, and Connections.
| Parameter | Type | Required | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| File to Import (Excel) | File | Yes | Data will be imported from this file. See format and sample below |
| Object Type | List | Yes | Type of object to be imported. Possible values are Server, Application, and Connection. |
| Inventory Object Filter | String | No | Filter for the objects in the repository in dbmaster search format. This parameter is useful when importing from more than one source or when some objects are manually entered and some come from external data. |
| Data Source | String | No | When non-empty, custom field "Source" will be set to this value |
| Action | List | Yes | Allows previewing changes to be made before importing objects. Possible values:
|
| Field Mapping | Text | No | Specifies mapping between columns in the source file and inventory fields. Mappings should be defined one line in format <excel-column>=<custom-field>. A column will be ignored when custom-field is empty. If there is no mapping for a column, it will be imported under the same name. |
The plugin imports data from the first sheet of excel file, others are simply ignored. First row must have column names.
For date fields the plugin recognizes these formats
For details and examples see original documentation
Connections in DBMaster have three sets of attributes: standard fields, driver parameters, and custom properties. When importing connections, the plugin will try to recognize and map excel columns with connection attributes in the same order.
Standard connection fields are:
Driver parameters are defined in the data/drivers.ini file.


Repertoire
Luigi Boccherini – B flat major , Concerto D major.
Ernest Bloch – “Schelomo“ Rhapsody for Cello & Orch.
Ernest Bloch – “Prayer“ for Cello & Orch.
Max Bruch – “Kol Nidrei“ Op. 47 for cello and orchestra.
Joh. Brahms – Double concerto a minor op. 102 for Violine , Cello & Orch.
Ludwig van Beethoven – Concerto for Violin, Cello, and Piano in C Major, Op. 56.
Antonín Dvořák – Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104.
Alexander Glazunov – Concerto Ballade for Cello and Orchestra, Op. 108.
Friedrich Gulda` – Concerto for Cello and Wind Orchestra.
Arthur Honegger – Cello Concerto in C major, H. 72.
Edward Elgar – Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85.
Joseph Haydn: – Cello Concerto in C major.
Joseph Haydn: – Cello Concerto in D major.
Jacques Ibert – Concerto for Cello and Winds.
Edouard Lalo – Cello Concerto in D minor.
Rashid Kalimullin – Concerto for Cello & Orch.
Mark Kopytman – “ Kaddish“ for cello & strings.
Erich Wolfgang Korngold – Concerto in C.
Bohuslav Martinů: – Cello Concerto No.1, H.196.
Robert Schumann: – Cello Concerto a minir , Op. 129. Aulis Sallinen – The Nocturnal Dances of Don Juanquixote, cello and string orch.
Pyotr Il.Tchaikovsky – Variations on a Rococo Theme, Op.33 for Cello & orch.
Pyotr Il.Tchaikovsky – Pezzo capriccioso, Op. 62, for cello and orchestra.
Dmitri Shostakovich – Cello Concerto No. 1 in E-flat major Op. 107.
Dmitri Shostakovich – Cello Concerto No 2 in G Major Op. 126.
Camille Saint-Saens – Cello concerto no. 1 in a minor, op. 33.
Antonio Vivaldi – Concerti for Cello strings & continuo.
Benjamin Yusupov – Concerto for Cello & Orch.
Richard Strauss: – Don Quixote: Fantastic Variations for Cello and Orchestra, p.35.
Othmar Schoeck – Concerto for Cello & Orch Op. 61.
Cyril Scott – Concerto for Cello & Orch.


Returns an explanation for the "Name" property. The value of namewhat can be "global", "local", "method", "field", or "" (the empty string), according to how the function was called. (Lua uses the empty string when no other option seems to apply.)
LuaDebug Class | dotLua Namespace


 Are you throwing a dinner party? Here are five tips you need to know when you plan an event.
Posted on April 1, 2018 by Mia Suh
Steel & Konig (2006) found that people are more likely to show up if the event seems more valuable and accessible to them. People may browse so many events, and perhaps get tired of looking for the right one. Your event has to stand out!
Suh & Hsieh (2015) found that people more care about ‘why they should attend the event’ when the event is in far advance. It actually drives them to press the ‘going’ button. A month ahead of the event? You will need to buzz your event starting now! Early buzz is indeed important in the event marketing. To make your event more appealing, remember that people more care about why they should attend the event in far advance. Research found that when the event is temporally far away, people have mental representation salient toward the core aspect of the event -- why this event is worthwhile to them. In fact, they are more likely to RSVP to the event!
Research also found that when the event is near, people more care about ‘how easily they could attend’.  “How” of event could mean many things - free parking, public transportation, good weather, free tickets, or even kids-friendly options! This is actually what people have in mind when to think about the event in the near future. Provide this information, and nudge them to RSVP to your event!
They already know how amazing the event is. Make sure how “easy” it is this time. (Suh & Hsieh, 2015) Although “why” is generally more important when the event is far away (see point #2 above), it doesn’t always work with the regulars of the event- they may already know what to expect from the event. Research says that the regulars’ intention to participate in the event depends on how perceived feasibility.
Research found that many don’t shows up to the event (Frederick, Loewenstein, & O'Donoghue, 2002). People tend to overestimate their availability. They may RSVP although they do not realize that they actually cannot make it. Don’t let yourself down just because not many people RSVP’ed to your event do not show up - it is just how human works. It is not your fault!


Do natural rights exist?
Natural rights are defined to be an title that all humans have, such as the freedom of speech (a universal title to speak without intervention from the government).
Yes, natural rights exist.
No, natural rights don't exist.
Back


Creating a Website Using Jekyll in 2019
It seems odd to post to a blog in 2019. It’s like sending your voice out into a crowded street, using a pager from 1999. It doesn’t really work. Yet here I am, putting text into a jekyll theme to make that pager heard. I initially started this page upon a recommendation from a friend to a web development job that he convinced me I “totally had the skill for.”
Note that I had no prior experience in web development, relatively little prior experience in coding (apart from a yearlong Python project in my senior year of high school), and no drive to create. Yet, within a week, I was exclusively running Manjaro Linux (a distro of Arch Linux) on my laptop, had a fully functional website set-up on github.io, and had complete belief in my ability to maintain it.
I initially had very little idea of how to do this, having only very basic experience in HTML beforehand. My friend told me about jekyll, and while I was trying to install the required packages, he told me how much easier it was to do on Linux. I gave in and had him set me up a boot disk, and within an hour I had Manjaro running on my Surface Pro 6. Note that this didn’t come without issues–I didn’t know that Microsoft had BitLocker installed, so my entire Windows 10 partition was encrypted and subsequently lost. Fortunately, everything I could do on Windows 10 could be done almost exactly the same if not better on Manjaro. That included installing jekyll, which caused me more trouble than it should have on account of the fact that I was using an entirely new OS.
But as soon as it was installed, using it was a breeze. I found a template I liked (gchauras’ much-worse-jekyll-theme, cloned it to a my own github repository, and learned more about programming in 3 days than I had in the past 18 years. It surprised me how easy everything was–with a jekyll theme, I really didn’t have to do that much–it (for the most part, with some minor issues) magically turned markdown text into beautifully formatted CSS. Regardless, it got me into the mindset of programming–and it made me want to start working on other projects.
Expect some more updates in the coming weeks.
With regards,
Logan Lemieux


ABOUT US
When you work with us, you are a team of commited collborators. All aspects of our software developement process are intergrated, interactive and agile.
Our approach unifies design, development and product management to create exceptional products.
We start each project by understanding your business goals, the user's needs and the product requirements.
Then we help the m translate them into effective and elegant solutions.
SERVICES
Before we sign a contact or write a line of code our team will spend the necessary time needed to understand your product vision.
The outcome of this scoping session is a proposal or high-level statement of work.
Based on your requirements, we can provide a complete offering or just the pieces you need.
WHAT WE DO
DESIGN
DESIGN
Our design practices offers a full range of services including strategy, interaction and visual design and user experience testing.Through out you project our designers create and implement visual design and workflows, solicit user feedback and work with you to make sure what gets built is what is needed.
DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
All engineers are fluent in the latest enterprise, mobile and web development technologies.They collaborate with your team to write, and improve your code in daily basis, using proven practices such as test driven development and pair programming.
PRODUCT MANAGEMENT
PRODUCT MANAGEMENT
Planing and development is interactive. Because we are constantly coding and testing, the products we build are always ready to go live.This interactive process allows for changes as business requirements evolve.


Overview of the Seawater Module¶
- Release
2.1
- Date
Jun 05, 2020
Equations of State for Seawater¶
This module provides a few simple equations of state that can be used for seawater. Some are very good (e.g., density) and others are just taken from tables in the Handbook of Physics and Chemistry for pure water (e.g., surface tension). Eventually, these should be replaced with routines from the official seawater equation of state.
Module Functions¶
|
Computes the density of seawater from Gill (1982) |
|
Compute the viscosity of seawater |
|
Compute the surface tension of seawater |
|
Compute the thermal conductivity of seawater |
|
Compute the heat capacity of seawater at fixed conditions |


Network QoS
Description
We consider that an application spans on different nodes and sites through one or more network connections. There could be significant heterogeneity in the upward and downward links due to widely different link capacities. In our model, one specifies multiple parameters for network connectivity like delay, packet loss rate, packet corruption, etc.
networks:
- name: internet
uplink:
bandwidth: 10Mbps
latency:
delay: 20ms
drop: 0.01%
downlink:
bandwidth: 10Mbps
latency:
delay: 20ms
drop: 0.01%
Parameters
Name
Name
is the identifier of the network profile. Users use name
to specify which fog node is connected to specific networks.
Uplink & Downlink
Fogify provides users the ability to define different uplink
and downlink
characteristics.
Specifically, users can define network latency
, bandwidth
and drop
packet rate.
We should note here that if a user would like to determine a general characteristic between two nodes,
user has to specify both uplink
and downlink
. For instance, if the network delay between two nodes, A and B, is 6ms
user should determine 3ms
uplink and 3ms
downlink in both nodes.
The measurement unit of bandwidth
is Mbps
while the drop
rate is determined by a percentage (e.g. 0.1%
).
The next subsection illustrates the network latency
definition since it can be much more complex than bandwidth
or drop
rate.
Network Latency
Latency
is composed of the average network delay
and the optional properties of deviation
,
which is the deviation between the mean and the max/min values of the delay, and the correlation
, which determines the
maximum percent of difference between previous delay value and the current one.
Both delay
and deviation
are measured in ms
.
Finally, users can determine the distribution
of the delay’s values. The by-default available distributions are uniform
, gaussian
, pareto
and paretonormal
, however,
users can upload their own ping delay traces and the system generates any custom distribution TODO add link
...
latency:
delay: 20ms
deviation: 5ms
correlation: 20%
distribution: uniform
...
Capacity
Capacity
restricts the number of connected devices on a network.
Capacity
does not effect the deployment.
We are working on that feature and we will provide it in near future.
Links
With links
users are able to define specific characteristics on top of packets that transfer between pears of emulated nodes.
The definition of a link
, user should define the from_node
property that determines the source of the packets,
to_node
property that specifies the destination of the packets, and the properties
, which are the similar as the network properties.
A boolean optional field, named bidirectional
, determines if a similar rule will be applied to the from_node
to to_node
link.
...
networks:
- name: internet
uplink:
bandwidth: 10Mbps
latency:
delay: 20ms
drop: 0.01%
downlink:
bandwidth: 10Mbps
latency:
delay: 20ms
drop: 0.01%
links:
from_node: "cloud-server"
to_node: "mec-svc-1"
bidirectional: true
properties:
latency:
delay: 200ms
...
The latter example illustrates a bidirectional link between cloud-server
node and mec-svc-1
node is 200ms
.


Download The App Here What does this app do? It allows you to send alerts to everyone in your local community.


[Gecode] Some issues in the code you contributed...
Christian Schulte
schulte at imit.kth.se
Sat May 1 13:57:15 CEST 2004
Dear all,
I stumbled over the following two issues and some minor stuff:
If you have a template <class A, class B>, then you can't have a template
<class A, class A>. First of all, this awkward construction is not
necessary, if you want to have that better iterator, then just give it a
different name. Grep for #ifdef FUCKED. Your code might not compile/work
right now.
The max and min double values are exactly those for which floating point
arithmetic is exact. Basing the configuration on the fact that long long is
64 bits is worse than using the predefined constant (which is guaranteed by
the C++ standard afaik).
Then please:
NO C STYLE CASTS, NOWHERE.
NO FUNKY LAYOUT! Fact is, do it as I did it (I know that's tough luck, but
such is life).
Christian
--
Christian Schulte, http://www.imit.kth.se/~schulte/
More information about the gecode-users
mailing list


By Steve Ulrich Posted on February 15, 2019 at 9:00 PM
James Murdock (Feb 16, 1776 - Aug 10, 1856) was born, Feb. 16th, 1776 at Westbrook,
Connecticut. He was son of Protestant Scotch-Irish descent. He was an orphan from the
age of fourteen months, till the age of fifteen, when his uncle, Rev. Jonathan Murdock
helped him prepare to entered college.
He was admitted to Yale College in 1793, at the age of seventeen and graduated in 1797. He won the Berkeleian Premium, which was given to the best scholar in the class, and to the one whose exams in Latin and Greek are exemplary. After graduation, he became Preceptor of the Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, Connecticut. In 1799, he took charge, for one year, of Hamilton Oneida Academy, now Hamilton College, at Clinton, New York.
He married Rebecca Lydia (born Atwater) Murdock on October of
1799 and they had 10 children. He was licensed as a Congregational minister in January, 1801.
In February, 1802, he received a call to settle in Princeton County Massachusetts, and was
ordained there. In 1815, he resigned his pastoral charge and was appointed Professor of the
learned languages in the University of Vermont. He moved to Burlington, Vermont where he was
Professor of the learned languages and Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy.
In 1818, he became Professor of Languages. In the spring of 1819, being appointed Brown
Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Ecclesiastical History in the Theological Seminary at
Andover, he left Vermont and returned to Massachusetts.
In the autumn of that year,
Harvard University conferred on him the honorary degree of S.T.D.(Doctor of Sacred Theology)
Difficulties soon afterwards arose between him and the other Professors, respecting his course
of duties in the Seminary which continued several years, until in 1828 when he decided to
leave the Institution. He moved to New Haven in 1829, where he continued to reside.
He retired from public life, and devoted himself to private studies and especially to
Ecclesiastical History.
For a few years he preached and delivered lectures in different places, but of late seldom appeared as a public speaker. He was made an honorary member of the New York Historical Society several. He was also Vice President, and recently President, of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. He served as Vice President of the Philological Society of Connecticut, of which he was one of the original founders. He was also one of the founders and corporate members of the American Oriental Society, and a regular contributor to its learned Journal. This was an Association of Oriental Scholars, so select and exclusive that it had no honorary members in America, only three in England, a few on the continent of Europe, and a few in Asia.
In the Autumn of 1855, Dr. Murdock went to Columbus, Mississippi, where he spent a delightful winter in the family of his son, visiting various portions of the Southern country, and anticipating a return to New Haven in the ensuing Spring, his strength gave way, and he died on August 10, 1856.


--- layout: post title: Reading parkrun's Temporary New Home date: 2013-01-25 11:34:46.000000000 +00:00 tags: - Reading - Parkrun type: post published: true ---
Just spotted this on Twitter...
Reading parkrun is temporarily moving to Dinton Pastures Country Park, RG10 0TH from 2nd Feb 2013 till further notice. parkrun.org.uk/reading/course/
— Reading parkrun (@Readingparkrun) January 25, 2013
Woohoo, good to see Reading parkrun has a temporary new home, though I'm very surprised it has taken flooding in TVP to get a parkrun at Dinton Pastures. I would have thought Woodley parkrun would have jumped at the opportunity of being based out of Dinton Pastures than out of the teeny weeny little Woodford Park in the middle of Woodley.


The next section takes up the full viewport and will stick on top, until the horizontal scrolling ends. The section then unsticks and the scrolling resumes. It works with the CSS Sticky property and IX2 for the horizontal scrolling.
Check the structure and instructions down the page.
↓ Scroll Down to see the effect in action
Check the static (non-CMS) version


Retrieve a list of organizations, also called brigades.
/api/organizations
/api/organizations?param=value¶m2=value2
{{ api_base }}/api/organizations
{
"pages": {
"next": …,
"last": …
},
"objects": [
{
"type": "Brigade",
"name": "Open Oakland",
…
},
{
"type": "Code for All",
"name": "Code for Berlin",
…
},
…
]
}
{{ api_base }}/api/organizations?type=Brigade
{
"pages": {
"next": …,
"last": …
},
"objects": [
{
"type": "Brigade, Code for All",
"name": "OK Lab Hamburg",
…
},
{
"type": "Brigade",
"name": "Code for Puerto Rico",
…
},
…
]
}
Retrieve a list of organizations, in GeoJSON format for geographic applications..
/api/organizations.geojson
FeatureCollection
Feature
{{ api_base }}/api/organizations.geojson
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"id": "Open-Oakland",
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [ -122.2711, 37.8044 ]
},
"properties": {
"name": "Open Oakland",
"website": "http://openoakland.org/",
"city": "Oakland, CA",
…
}
},
…
]
}
Retrieve a single organization.
/api/organizations/{organization id}
{{ api_base }}/api/organizations/Open-Oakland
{
"type": "Brigade",
"name": "Open Oakland",
"id" : "Open-Oakland",
"website": "http://openoakland.org/",
"city": "Oakland, CA",
"latitude": 37.8044,
"longitude": -122.2711,
"api_url": "{{ api_base }}/api/organizations/Open-Oakland",
"started_on": "2012-12-25",
"current_events": [ … ],
"all_events": "{{ api_base }}/api/organizations/Open-Oakland/events",
"events_url": "http://www.meetup.com/OpenOakland/",
"current_projects": [ … ],
"all_projects": "{{ api_base }}/api/organizations/Open-Oakland/projects",
"projects_list_url": "https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?key=0AgNZYWcpRBQ7dHRnTUJtd3QtYkR5bk5lUmpNMDlpSEE&single=true&gid=0&output=csv",
"current_stories": [ … ],
"all_stories": "{{ api_base }}/api/organizations/Open-Oakland/stories",
"rss": ""
}
Retrieve a list of projects. Projects are ordered by most recent update.
/api/projects
/api/projects?param=value¶m2=value2
/api/organizations/{organization id}/projects
{
"pages": {
"next": …,
"last": …
},
"objects": [
{
"id": 1,
"name": "cityvoice",
"link_url": "http://www.cityvoiceapp.com/",
"code_url": "https://github.com/codeforamerica/cityvoice",
"api_url": "{{ api_base }}/api/projects/1",
"categories": "community engagement, housing",
"description": "A place-based call-in system for gathering and sharing community feedback",
"github_details": { … },
"organization": { … },
"organization_name": "Code for America",
"tags": "community engagement, housing",
"type": "web service",
"status": "In Progress",
"issues": [ … ]
},
{
"id": 2,
"name": "Adopt-a-Thingie",
…
},
…
]
}
{{ api_base }}/api/projects?categories=Knowledge&organization_type=Brigade
{
"pages": {
"next": …,
"last": …
},
"objects": [
{
"id": 1,
"name": "myPhillyRising",
"link_url": "http://www.myphillyrising.com/",
"code_url": "https://github.com/openplans/myphillyrising/",
"api_url": "{{ api_base }}/api/projects/74",
"categories": "Knowledge",
"description": "myPhillyRising",
"github_details": { … },
"organization": {
"name": "Philly",
"type": "Brigade, Code for All"
},
"organization_name": "Philly",
"tags": "neighborhoods, news"
"type": "",
"status": "",
"issues": [ … ]
},
{
"id": 2,
"name": "LocalWiki",
…
},
…
]
}
Retrieve a single project.
/api/projects/{project id}
{
"id": 1,
"name": "cityvoice",
"link_url": "http://www.cityvoiceapp.com/",
"code_url": "https://github.com/codeforamerica/cityvoice",
"api_url": "{{ api_base }}/api/projects/1",
"categories": "community engagement, housing",
"status": "In Progress",
"description": "A place-based call-in system for gathering and sharing community feedback",
"organization": { … },
"organization_name": "Code for America",
"tags": "community engagement, housing",
"type": "web service",
"github_details":
{
"id": 10515516,
"contributors": [ … ],
"contributors_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/codeforamerica/cityvoice/contributors",
"created_at": "2013-06-06T00:12:30Z",
"description": "A place-based call-in system for gathering and sharing community feedback",
"forks_count": 18,
"homepage": "http://www.cityvoiceapp.com/",
"html_url": "https://github.com/codeforamerica/cityvoice",
"language": "Ruby",
"name": "cityvoice",
"open_issues": 38,
"owner": { … },
"participation": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 18, 13, 0, 0, 83, 20, 11, 25, 63, 66 ],
"project_needs": [],
"pushed_at": "2014-03-29T20:03:41Z",
"updated_at": "2014-03-29T20:03:41Z",
"watchers_count": 14
}
"issues": [
{
"id": 1,
"title": "Consider using Universal Analytics for Google Analytics",
"api_url": "http://codeforamerica.org/api/issues/193",
"body": "Google has officially released Universal Analytics about 2 months ago, …",
"html_url": "https://github.com/codeforamerica/cityvoice/issues/193",
"labels": [
{
"color": "84b6eb",
"name": "enhancement",
"url": "https://api.github.com/repos/codeforamerica/cityvoice/labels/enhancement"
}
],
"project": { … },
"project_name": "cityvoice",
},
{ … }
]
}
Retrieve a list of events.
/api/events
/api/events/upcoming_events
/api/events/past_events
/api/organizations/{organization id}/events
/api/organizations/{organization id}/upcoming_events
/api/organizations/{organization id}/past_events
{
"pages": {
"next": …,
"last": …
},
"objects": [
{
"id": 1,
"name": "OpenOakland Civic Hack Night",
"description": "
Join us for our weekly civic hack sessions inside City Hall.
",
"event_url": "http://www.meetup.com/OpenOakland/events/qbjtcgytdbfb/",
"api_url": "{{ api_base }}/api/events/1",
"location": null,
"start_time": "2015-02-03 18:30:00 -0800",
"end_time": null,
"organization": { … },
"organization_name": "Open Oakland",
"created_at": "2013-06-04 20:31:29"
},
{
"id": 2,
"name": "Get Out There And Do Something",
…
},
…
]
}
Retrieve a single event.
/api/events/{event id}
YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS ZZZZ
format, local to event if possible.YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS ZZZZ
format, local to event if possible.{
"id": 1,
"name": "OpenOakland Civic Hack Night",
"description": "
Join us for our weekly civic hack sessions inside City Hall.
",
"event_url": "http://www.meetup.com/OpenOakland/events/qbjtcgytdbfb/",
"api_url": "{{ api_base }}/api/events/1",
"location": null,
"start_time": "2015-02-03 18:30:00 -0800",
"end_time": null,
"organization": { … },
"organization_name": "Open Oakland",
"created_at": "2013-06-04 20:31:29"
}
Retrieve a list of stories.
/api/stories
/api/organizations/{organization id}/stories
{
"pages": {
"next": …,
"last": …
},
"objects": [
{
"id": 1,
"title": "Here Are Our Values",
"link": "http://www.codeforamerica.org/blog/2014/03/27/here-are-our-values/",
"organization": { … },
"organization_name": "Code for San Francisco",
"type": "blog"
},
{
"id": 2,
"name": "Get Out There And Do Something",
…
},
…
]
}
Retrieve a single story.
/api/stories/{story id}
{
"id": 1,
"title": "Here Are Our Values",
"link": "http://www.codeforamerica.org/blog/2014/03/27/here-are-our-values/",
"organization": { … },
"organization_name": "Code for San Francisco",
"type": "blog"
}
Retrieve a list of project issues.
/api/issues
/api/issues/labels/{label name(s)}
{
"pages": {
"next": …,
"last": …
},
"objects": [
{
"id": 1,
"title": "Write some tests",
"api_url": "http://codeforamerica.org/api/issues/2",
"body": "Start writing tests. ",
"html_url": "https://github.com/sfbrigade/ballot_initiatives/issues/7",
"labels": [
{
"color": "84b6eb",
"name": "enhancement",
"url": "https://api.github.com/repos/sfbrigade/ballot_initiatives/labels/enhancement"
}
],
"project": { … },
"project_name": "ballot_initiatives",
},
{
"id": 2,
"title": "Import SFGOV data set",
…
},
…
]
}
{{ api_base }}/api/issues/labels/enhancement
{
"pages": {
"next": …,
"last": …
},
"objects": [
{
"id": 1,
"title": "Write some tests",
"api_url": "http://codeforamerica.org/api/issues/2",
"body": "Start writing tests. ",
"html_url": "https://github.com/sfbrigade/ballot_initiatives/issues/7",
"labels": [
{
"color": "84b6eb",
"name": "enhancement",
"url": "https://api.github.com/repos/sfbrigade/ballot_initiatives/labels/enhancement"
}
],
"project": { … },
"project_name": "ballot_initiatives",
},
{
"id": 2,
"title": "help for non-service residents",
"labels": [
{
"color": "84b6eb",
"name": "enhancement",
"url": "https://api.github.com/repos/open-austin/austin-recycles/labels/enhancement"
},
{
"color": "fef2c0",
"name": "hack",
"url": "https://api.github.com/repos/open-austin/austin-recycles/labels/hack"
}
]
…
},
…
]
}
{{ api_base }}/api/issues?organization_type=Code for All
[
{
api_url: "http://localhost:5000/api/issues/27",
body: "",
html_url: "https://github.com/CfABrigadePhiladelphia/laddr/issues/34",
id: 27,
labels: [ ... ],
project: { ... },
title: "create admin UI on profile page for promoting other users' account level"
}
, ...
]
Retrieve a single issue.
/api/issues/{issue id}
{
"id": 1,
"title": "Write some tests",
"api_url": "http://codeforamerica.org/api/issues/2",
"body": "Start writing tests. ",
"html_url": "https://github.com/sfbrigade/ballot_initiatives/issues/7",
"labels": [
{
"color": "84b6eb",
"name": "enhancement",
"url": "https://api.github.com/repos/sfbrigade/ballot_initiatives/labels/enhancement"
}
],
"project": { … },
"project_name": "ballot_initiatives",
}


This driver supports the Magnavox MX4200 Navigation Receiver adapted to precision timing applications. This driver supports all compatible receivers such as the 6-channel MX4200, MX4200D, and the 12-channel MX9212, MX9012R, MX9112.
Leica Geosystems acquired the Magnavox commercial GPS technology business in February of 1994. They now market and support former Magnavox GPS products such as the MX4200 and its successors.
Leica MX9400N Navigator.
This driver supports two modes of operation, static and mobile, controlled by clock flag 2.
In static mode (the default) the driver assumes that the GPS antenna is in a fixed location. The receiver is initially placed in a "Static, 3D Nav" mode, where latitude, longitude, elevation and time are calculated for a fixed station. An average position is calculated from this data. After 24 hours, the receiver is placed into a "Known Position" mode, initialized with the calculated position, and then solves only for time.
In mobile mode, the driver assumes the GPS antenna is mounted on a moving platform such as a car, ship, or aircraft. The receiver is placed in "Dynamic, 3D Nav" mode and solves for position, altitude and time while moving. No position averaging is performed.
The driver writes each timecode as received to the clockstats file. Documentation for the NMEA-0183 proprietary sentences produced by the MX4200 can be found in MX4200 Receiver Data Format.


Indented Code Blocks
def show
@widget = Widget(params[:id])
respond_to do |format|
format.html # show.html.erb
format.json { render json: @widget }
end
end
Liquid Tag with linenos
Support
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
def show
@widget = Widget(params[:id])
respond_to do |format|
format.html # show.html.erb
format.json { render json: @widget }
end
end
GFM Code Blocks (fenced_code_blocks
)
/* Background color function */
.code-bg (@v) when (lightness(@v) >= 50%) {
@return-bg: mix(#000, lighten(@v, 30%), 10%);
}
.code-bg (@v) when (lightness(@v) < 50%) {
@return-bg: mix(#fff, darken(@v, 10%), 70%);
}
SmartyPants
“Aha! What’s up, man?” – Jony said.
Tables
| Name | Upvotes | Downvotes | Abstentions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alice | 10 | 11 | 2 |
| Bob | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Charlie | 7 | 9 | 4 |
| Totals | 21 | 23 | 7 |
Intra-emphasis
foo_bar_baz
Auto-link
https://sparanoid.com/
Strikethroughs
This is good bad.
Space after Headers
###This is not a header.
Superscripts
This is the 2^(nd) time.
Footnotes
ID 日本語タイトル
Expected id should be id-ri-ben-yu-taitoru
.
ID 中文標題
Expected id should be id-zhong-wen-biao-ti
.
-
Lorem lean startup ipsum product market fit customer development acquihire technical cofounder. User engagement A/B testing shrink a market venture capital pitch deck. Social bookmarking group buying crowded market pivot onboarding freemium prototype ping pong. Early stage disruptive ecosystem community outreach dynamic location based strategic investor. ↩
-
An Important Announcement by Richard Ziade at Readability ↩
-
Good afterble constanoon, this sweet hongi is as bung as a stuffed morepork.


PLAY IT TO THE BONE RATING: 6 /10 --> Barely recommendable
For more reviews and movie trailers, visit http://www.joblo.com/
Director Ron Shelton apparently likes the sports. He started off strong with the baseball angle in BULL DURHAM (7.5/10). Followed that one up with an ode to basketball and buddies in WHITE MEN CAN'T JUMP (7/10). And recently re-teamed with the star of his first film, Kevin Costner, in the golf romance TIN CUP (6.5/10). Do you see a ratings pattern here, folks? His most recent effort, which has to do with boxing, might finally give Mr. Shelton the blow to the head that he needs to try another genre of filmmaking. 8-9-10...Knockout!
 The duo accept but only if their contract stipulates that the winner of the fight will get a real title shot afterwards.
CRITIQUE: "Something was missing" was the first thing that crossed my mind as I ushered my way out of the movie theatre after seeing this movie. Some elements were there, like the decent buddy-to-buddy repartee, the manly humor, the woman caught between two men who love her, the ever-present soundtrack, and yes, even some boxing, but "something" was simply amiss. I didn't care too much for the characters, I didn't laugh too much at their jokes, I didn't even care so much as to who ended up with the girl or who won the boxing match for that matter. In the end, all I was left with was essentially a "road film" with a little bit of boxing tossed in at the end. The actors were all good, with Harrelson and Banderas providing some decent chemistry, Lucy Liu sexing it all up, and Dadidovich, well, okay, I guess they could have cast someone a little better for her role. She just looked their mom in some scenes! Oh well. All in all, the film swooped by at an even pace with just enough interest for me to stay tuned for the big fight. Unfortunately, the actual moment of truth fizzled in my eyes and the conclusion of the film just left me feeling indifferent at best.
I don't remember director Shelton ever pulling a symbolic ending over on us before, but this film, and especially the, what kind only be described as, "strange" boxing match, left much to be desired. I was looking forward to a fun, hard-fought, exciting scrap between the two friends, but instead I was left tickling my brain petals trying to figure out what some of the weird imagery meant. Also, the fight itself was too repetitive, and way over the top in respect to one particular aspect (I don't like to ruin actual details of a film in my reviews, but hopefully you'll get my drift if you see the movie). Overall, I would most likely recommend this movie as a rental for sure, but if you are planning to see it on the big screen, I would suggest it only to those who are huge fans of any of its stars. All boxing fans should immediately drop their smelling salts and remain seated cause this is definitely not the big boxing movie that you've all been waiting for. Seventy percent of the film actually takes place on the road, and the boxing scenes are just bizarre and monotonous. In the end, the movie made me laugh hard a couple of times, smile once here and there, and shrug my shoulders when it was all said and done. And save for one particularly cool movie star cameo during the final boxing match, even the other celebrity appearances were simply ho-hum. Rod Stewart?!? C'mon!!
Love it or leave it, the one good thing that we do come away with from this movie is the realization that one of these two men clearly stands above the other in at least one respect.
Little Known Facts about this film and its stars: Tom Sizemore credits actor Robert DeNiro with turning his life around during the filming of the 1998 TV program "Witness to the Mob", in which he portrayed mobster John Gotti (DeNiro executive produced the project). DeNiro apparently showed up on his doorstep with Tom's mother and told him to either enter rehabilitation in an Arizona center or he was going to have him arrested for heroin usage. Antonia Banderas' full name is José Antonio Domínguez Banderas. Woody Harrelson's full name is Woodrow Tracy Harrelson. Woody provides the narration voice on the 1999 documentary entitled GRASS. He recently married his longtime girlfriend, and former assistant, Laura Louie, with whom he has two daughters. Woody also spends his spare time as the lead singer of the band Manly Moondog and the Three Kool Hats. He was once married to playwright Neil Simon's daughter Nancy for one year. I guess director Ron Shelton must have a "thing" for Lolita Davidovich, since other than this film and the previously mentioned "sports movies", Ron has directed two other flicks, BLAZE and COBB, both of which also star Davidovich. Lolita originally hails from Toronto, Canada. This film is actually Ron Shelton's second attempt at the "boxing film", the first that he directed. In 1996, he was co-writer on the film THE GREAT WHITE HYPE starring Sam Jackson and Peter Berg. This film was originally titled PLAY IT.
Review Date: January 12, 2000 Director: Ron Shelton Writer: Ron Shelton Producer: Stephen Chin Actors: Woody Harrelson as Vince Boudreau Antonio Banderas as Cesar Dominguez Lolita Davidovich as Grace Pasic Genre: Comedy Year of Release: 2000
--------------------------------------- JoBlo's Movie Emporium http://www.joblo.com/ --------------------------------------- (c) 2000 Berge Garabedian
The review above was posted to the
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BVHTree Utilities (mathutils.bvhtree)¶
BVH tree structures for proximity searches and ray casts on geometry.
-
class
mathutils.bvhtree.
BVHTree
¶ -
classmethod
FromBMesh
(bmesh, epsilon=0.0)¶ BVH tree based on
BMesh
data.Parameters: - bmesh (
BMesh
) – BMesh data. - epsilon (float) – Increase the threshold for detecting overlap and raycast hits.
- bmesh (
-
classmethod
FromObject
(object, depsgraph, deform=True, render=False, cage=False, epsilon=0.0)¶ BVH tree based on
Object
data.Parameters: - object (
Object
) – Object data. - depsgraph (
Depsgraph
) – Depsgraph to use for evaluating the mesh. - deform (bool) – Use mesh with deformations.
- cage (bool) – Use modifiers cage.
- epsilon (float) – Increase the threshold for detecting overlap and raycast hits.
- object (
-
classmethod
FromPolygons
(vertices, polygons, all_triangles=False, epsilon=0.0)¶ BVH tree constructed geometry passed in as arguments.
Parameters: - vertices (float triplet sequence) – float triplets each representing
(x, y, z)
- polygons (Sequence of sequences containing ints) – Sequence of polyugons, each containing indices to the vertices argument.
- all_triangles (bool) – Use when all polygons are triangles for more efficient conversion.
- epsilon (float) – Increase the threshold for detecting overlap and raycast hits.
- vertices (float triplet sequence) – float triplets each representing
-
find_nearest
(origin, distance=1.84467e+19)¶ Find the nearest element (typically face index) to a point.
Parameters: - co (
Vector
) – Find nearest element to this point. - distance (float) – Maximum distance threshold.
Returns: Returns a tuple (
Vector
location,Vector
normal, int index, float distance), Values will all be None if no hit is found.Return type: tuple
- co (
-
find_nearest_range
(origin, distance=1.84467e+19)¶ Find the nearest elements (typically face index) to a point in the distance range.
Parameters: - co (
Vector
) – Find nearest elements to this point. - distance (float) – Maximum distance threshold.
Returns: Returns a list of tuples (
Vector
location,Vector
normal, int index, float distance),Return type: list
- co (
-
overlap
(other_tree)¶ Find overlapping indices between 2 trees.
Parameters: other_tree ( BVHTree
) – Other tree to perform overlap test on.Returns: Returns a list of unique index pairs, the first index referencing this tree, the second referencing the other_tree. Return type: list
-
ray_cast
(origin, direction, distance=sys.float_info.max)¶ Cast a ray onto the mesh.
Parameters: - co (
Vector
) – Start location of the ray in object space. - direction (
Vector
) – Direction of the ray in object space. - distance (float) – Maximum distance threshold.
Returns: Returns a tuple (
Vector
location,Vector
normal, int index, float distance), Values will all be None if no hit is found.Return type: tuple
- co (
-
classmethod


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| Average time | Visible elements* | |
|---|---|---|
| $.fn.inView() | ||
| $.fn.inView(), content box | ||
| :inViewport selector | ||
| $.fn.isInView() loop | ||
| isInViewport | ||
| jquery.visible | ||
| jquery_lazyload** | ||
| hunt*** |
* As detected by the filter. isInViewport includes partially visible elements.
** Testing the $.inviewport()
method of jquery_lazyload.
*** Invoking the enter
callback of hunt.


Although I thought Wasserstein GANs should have been better I was not able to successfully train a model. My results were nothing but noise, even to the end. I believe I trained it for 1200 epochs if not more. The attempt can be seen here.
I believe that the ultimate reason neither of these models generated realistic Pokemon is that each Pokemon is incredibly stylized. Unlike a face, horse, or other object that has been generated there is no consistency. Each Pokemon may or may not have arms, legs. Some are based off of objects such as an ice cream cone, a boulder, or a tree. There isn't any defining feature that makes a Pokemon a Pokemon. It seems to be more of an art style once you know what several Pokemon look like. At this moment I'm not aware of a better generative model that would produce better results. However, I believe that the Style GAN did better because it attempted to find those high level attributes and merge them together. Certainly not the most believable Pokemon to someone that has closely followed the series but I think it might fool a person or two who haven't kept up or only know of the series through proxy!


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