Speech
The Education Secretary on the coalition plans for education, including how schools will be identified for the Academies programme.
Thank you, Shireen, and thank you Marion, for your very kind introduction.
It’s a special pleasure to be here in Manchester, home of one of our greatest football clubs (Manchester City), home of one of our most amazing schools (Manchester Academy), and home to one of the most striking examples of urban regeneration in the country - Manchester’s revived city centre. All of them evidence that when local people, local institutions and local government are given a broader canvas on which to operate, their ambitions can exceed anything imagined.
I want to say a little bit today about the ambitious agenda the coalition government has for education - and children’s services. And in particular I want to outline how, working together, we can be more ambitious about what children and young people can achieve in Britain.
It’s been 6 months since the new coalition government was established as a partnership between two parties determined to work together in the national interest to resolve the big problems our country faces.
Since the government was formed we’ve set to work to restore our finances, reduce the massive deficit we inherited and put public services on a sustainable footing. We have started to reform our political system to make it fairer, more accountable and more transparent; embarked on reforms of education, health and welfare to promote social justice; and taken steps to accelerate economic growth by improving vocational training, investing in science and lifting the bureaucratic burden on business.
Our reform programme is driven by two principles shared across the coalition parties. We believe in shifting power down from central government to the lowest possible level - to local authorities, schools, mutuals and co-ops, GP consortia, community groups, families and individuals. And alongside this power shift, we believe in setting policy with a determined eye on the long-term. Whether it’s reforming higher education, taking radical action on energy efficiency or investing more in pre-school learning for our 2-year-olds, the government believes in a horizon shift where tough decisions are taken now so the country can enjoy a more sustainably prosperous future.
It’s a challenging agenda. But then again it needs to be, because our country can’t afford - literally cannot afford - not to change radically.
The economic mess we find ourselves in means we need to change.
The huge numbers of talented young people who still do not achieve as they should means we need to change.
And the new demands from the public that we deliver services much more efficiently means we need to change.
Changing does not mean rejecting the gains we have already made as a society. It’s quite the opposite - unless we change we will not be able to generate the wealth and opportunities, we will not be able to provide the security and comfort, that we have grown used to expecting.
I am an unreserved admirer of many of the advances we’ve made as a country over the last few decades. In the 80s we put the days of relative economic decline behind us. In the nineties we became a more tolerant, compassionate and open nation. And over the last decade there’s been a renewed emphasis on spreading opportunity more widely.
Specifically, there’s been a growing sense that we must ensure our taxpayer-funded public services are as responsive to individual demands and as efficient in their operations as those private sector organisations that have benefitted from innovation and competition.
Together, these forces and trends have driven progress. But even as we look back and see how far we’ve come, it is much more important that we look around us and see how fast others are going.
Across the globe other nations are modernising their economies, reforming their ways of working, challenging vested interests, demanding better performance, transforming public service, and making power more accountable, government more transparent and opportunity more equal. And the pace of change is everywhere accelerating. In East Asia, millions more are being educated to a higher level than ever before every year. In Scandinavia, taxes are being cut and technological change is driving new business growth. In North America, new ways of providing public services are being pioneered which put the empowered citizen in control.
We cannot ignore, or resist, these trends. It’s in the nature of our world that jobs, investment, innovation and growth will migrate to those jurisdictions with the best trained workers, the best educated citizens, the most efficient governments, the most responsive services, the most civilized public square. If we are to ensure our citizens enjoy a civilized future, with the economic growth which will sustain a prosperous and comfortable future for all, then we must accelerate reform here. We have to keep pace with the world’s innovation nations. And, sadly, at the moment we are falling behind.
In the last ten years we have fallen behind other countries in the international league tables of school performance - falling from fourth in the world for science to fourteenth, seventh in the world for literacy to seventeenth, and eighth in the world for maths to twenty-fourth.
If we are to raise attainment for all children, turn round underperforming schools where students have been poorly served for years, close the gap between rich and poor and make opportunity more equal, we need to work at every level to accelerate the pace of change.
Local authorities have a central role to play. The services you provide are critical to our shared mission of giving every child, and young person, the best possible start in life. From the support given in the earliest years, through Sure Start and other settings, to the effective policing of admissions rules to guarantee fair access for all students; from the expertise required to support children with special educational needs to the challenge which underperforming schools require to improve, local authorities are our essential partners in the fight to extend every child’s opportunities.
I am grateful for all the support, advice and encouragement I have received from colleagues in local government, councillors from all parties and officials at every level, and the Schools White Paper we plan to publish later this year will reflect the conversations I have had with local government colleagues as well as outline new and exciting ways of working together.
I have been influenced by the growing sense among the most innovative leaders in the public sector that we will only secure the progress we need to make as a country if we continually drive responsibility and decision-making down to the lowest possible level.
Progress depends on encouraging creativity, making services more responsive to individual citizens, allowing valid comparisons between different providers to be made and using transparency - not central direction - to drive value for money.
There are huge opportunities here for local government.
As we shift power downwards, there is massive potential for the creative use of greater autonomy on the part of those who lead both schools and local authorities.
We propose to give local authorities progressively greater freedoms as they become strategic delivery partners. At the moment there are countless targets, onerous inspection regimes and a stultifying culture of compliance, with a proliferation of ring-fences, an overkill of regulations and a burgeoning thicket of guidance. All of these centrally-driven interventions have made government less local.
That is why we are stripping them away. By removing comprehensive area assessment and ending local area agreements, we have begun to remove the bureaucratic burdens that have been applied by central government to local government.
The space has been cleared for local authorities to be more daring and imaginative in how they provide services and deploy resources.
Today I am going a step further to liberate local authorities by announcing the ending of statutory requirements on them to set and then police a whole range of externally imposed performance targets on schools and Early Years settings.
Instead, local authorities will be able to develop their own plans to improve the quality of Early Years provision. And you will be free to develop new and innovative ways of supporting the vulnerable across your local areas. With the additional resources we are making available for the education of the poorest two-year olds, the schooling of all poorer children and early intervention to help those most in need, you will have the funding, and the freedom, to make a real difference.
As well as granting local authorities greater autonomy, the Coalition Government is also making good its commitment to grant schools greater autonomy. I am grateful for the constructive way in which local authorities have worked to ensure we can offer all schools the promise of greater control over their destiny.
We have extended the opportunity to all schools to move towards academy status, with outstanding schools leading the way. One new academy has been created every working day of this new school term.
Those schools have used their new freedoms to help others. And all schools, whether or not they are making the journey towards academy status, are being given greater freedoms from central government.
We have abolished the self-evaluation form, reduced the data collection burden and told Ofsted to slim down its inspection criteria. We will be slimming down the National Curriculum, making governance simpler and financial management less onerous. All of these steps will give school leaders more freedom to concentrate on their core responsibilities - teaching and learning.
Different schools will go down different paths, at different paces. Some will want to move rapidly to academy status; others will follow, perhaps as part of a broader trust or federation. Yet others will want to maintain their current status.
And because there will be a diversity of paths, so there will be a different role for local authorities with respect to schools.
We want all local authorities to play a central role as guardians of social justice, ensuring admissions are fair.
We expect all local authorities to discharge an essential role as providers of support for children with special educational needs.
We will work with all local authorities to ensure there is sufficient high-quality alternative provision.
And we will encourage all local authorities to be champions of educational excellence - challenging individual schools to improve, encouraging great schools to share their expertise, putting underperforming schools on notice if they are not improving.
But we anticipate, and will welcome, a more diverse approach to the provision of school improvement services.
The success of the work of National Leaders of Education, the National College of School Leadership, and trusts led by great school leaders such as Mike Wilkins or Barry Day, demonstrates that school-to-school improvement generates great results.
I expect that local authorities will want to make more use of NLEs, and encourage the creation of more federations to drive improvement.
If local authorities believe they can provide a strong school-improvement service themselves, they should be free to do so by offering their service to schools on a level playing field to other providers. That could mean some local authorities offer school-improvement services to schools beyond their own geographical borders. Greater diversity, and contestability, can only help drive up standards and I know that is our shared goal.
Because I know that all of you, like me, have as one of your top priorities turning round the performance of our most challenging schools.
We all have a duty to ensure there are minimum standards of performance through the school system. It can’t be acceptable to have so many schools in which two-thirds of children fail to secure five good GCSEs.
Minimum standards at GCSE have risen in recent years, in line with the increased aspirations of parents and communities. Those school leaders and local authorities who have driven the fastest improvements deserve special credit.
But given the quickening pace of school improvement across the globe, I believe it’s now essential that we demonstrate that we are stepping up our reform programme.
I will therefore be finalising details of new floor standards shortly, for inclusion in my forthcoming Schools White Paper. These will apply from January 2011, when we have the verified and final summer 2010 examination data.
In setting new standards I want to be clear that we are determined to tackle underperformance, but I want to avoid the errors of the past which meant some felt unfairly stigmatised. That is why we will be offering support first. On top of the pupil premium, and in addition to other financial support for those in greatest need, I have announced the creation of a new education endowment fund worth £110 million. Local authorities should be among those bidding to use this additional money to raise attainment in our most challenging schools.
We will identify the schools in the most challenging circumstances in the fairest and most rigorous way possible. The measures we use will recognise the need for schools to improve both their levels of attainment and the progress they make with their pupils.
Central to our approach to school standards, especially in tackling the most significant areas of underperformance, will be our Academies programme.
I am delighted that so many local authorities and school leaders have seen how academies can improve performance, with academies securing improvements at GCSE level twice as fast as other schools and the best academy chains doing much, much better than that.
I want to expand the programme in three important areas.
First, we should be looking to spread the experience of academies to tackle underperformance in the primary sector, which is why we will have clear floor standards for primaries.
Second, the central role of some academies in federations of schools and more extended networks is demonstrating the potential for academies developed through clusters of schools within a local area.
And most important of all, too many underperforming schools that were above the minimum threshold we inherited have not received sufficient attention and support.
I want the Department to work with sponsors and local authorities to consider solutions to a wider range of underperforming schools. I have been encouraged by my conversations with many local authorities, which have confirmed the potential for further progress. I would like local authorities to consider more schools for academy status, where both attainment and pupil progression are low and where schools lack the capacity to improve themselves.
In particular, I want to focus our shared attention on how to improve schools where:
The minimum standards on attainment and progression will be set out in the white paper. But these should be regarded as guidelines, not rigid criteria. Where schools fall outside these benchmarks but local authorities consider that schools would still benefit from the involvement of sponsors, I would encourage you to make proposals for the conversion of those schools.
However, where schools are facing challenges across the board, decisive action is clearly needed.
Some of the most successful academy sponsors have been deepening their relationships with local authorities and with groups of schools, to consider how they might bring new solutions to other underperforming schools without the initial involvement of the Department.
I have actively encouraged sponsors to work directly with local authorities in this way.
Equally, we are seeing an increasing number of local authorities proposing the development of new academies and making links directly with sponsors, which I also very much welcome. Officials from the Department will continue to support and facilitate the brokering of new academies between schools, local authorities and sponsors. I see this as a continuation of the collaborative approach that has been fostered over the years to secure the replacement of such schools with academies. I very much want that partnership approach to continue.
For some years, we have also had powers on the statute book for the Secretary of State to intervene directly in failing schools. The new Academies Act enables me to make an Academy Order in respect of any school that is eligible for intervention. This includes, specifically, schools that Ofsted has judged to require special measures or significant improvement or which have failed to respond to a valid warning notice.
I will be ready to use this power in the months ahead where I judge that academy status is in the best interests of an eligible school and its pupils, and where it has not been possible to reach agreement on a way ahead with the local authority, the school or both. Of course, I would hope that I do not need to use these powers extensively as I fully expect local authorities to use their own extensive intervention powers to bring about change in poorly performing schools that are failing to improve. But where there is a lack of decisive action or a reluctance to consider the necessary academy solution, then I will not hesitate to act.
Officials in the Department will be talking both to local authorities and to sponsors, to identify the best opportunities for progress.
Because publication of our Schools White Paper is imminent, I have concentrated so far today on the work we can do together to improve education.
But I am critically aware that your responsibilities extend far beyond the school gate.
From reforming child protection to protecting child and adolescent mental health services, from safeguarding the provision of play facilities to enhancing youth services, from supporting Sure Start to improving careers advice for school leavers, your responsibilities are also my priorities.
And the same principles, and vision, which drive our approach to schools guide us in all these areas.
We believe in trusting professionals more, just as much when they are social workers as when they are teachers, which is why we have commissioned Eileen Munro to review how we can better support social work professionals.
We believe in opening up the provision of services to new providers with new ideas and anticipate we can improve support for the vulnerably by harnessing the dynamism of civil society.
We believe transparency aids good government and makes decision-making better, which is why we have asked for serious case reviews to be published.
We believe that nothing is more important than overcoming barriers to social mobility, which is why we are investing more in getting Early Years education right.
And we are convinced that young people deserve to have their horizons broadened and aspirations raised beyond the expectations of previous generations, which is why we will reform careers advice and guidance.
I appreciate this is change at a pace and across a range of policies which is nothing if not demanding.
But I believe that the world in which we live means we have no option but to embrace change and take control of the future. If we do not shape global forces they will shape us.
And it is, above all, my desire to grant individuals the right to shape their own future, which drives me. Education is, for me, about freeing people from imposed constraints, liberating them from the accidents of birth, allowing them to acquire the knowledge, skills and qualifications which allow them to choose the satisfying job they have always aspired to and the rich inner life which brings true fulfilment.
Everything we are arguing for, and all the changes we hope to make, are about giving more children and young people the power to decide their own fates, to become authors of their own life stories.

Published: 9 February 2011


Abstract
In the previous articles, we have presented our proposed component model for user interfaces implementation, which relies on a cyclejs architecture, and is based on streams and reactive programming techniques.
We will, in this article, compare our proposed component model to Angular2
and React
component
models1 along a few axes. The comparison will help us identify areas for future work :
tooling, testing, and concurrency model.
Angular2 component model
Description
A component controls a patch of screen called a view. You define a component’s application logic—what it does to support the view—inside a class. You define a component’s view with its companion template. A template is a form of HTML that tells Angular how to render the component. A template looks like regular HTML, except for a few differences. The class interacts with the view through an API of properties and methods. To tell Angular that a class is a component, you must attach metadata to the class. In TypeScript, you attach metadata by using a decorator.
An Angular2 template, in addition to HTML syntax, includes, among other things, the following features:
- data binding — includes (property|attribute|class|style) binding, event binding, and two-way binding
- template expressions — expressions evaluated in the component instance’s context, which produce a value that is assigned to a binding target. Template expressions are written in a language that looks like JavaScript.
- template statements — evaluated in the component instance’s context, responds to an event raised by a binding target such as an element, component, or directive.
- Structural directives (
ngFor
,ngIf
,ngSwitch
, etc.) — change the DOM layout by adding and removing DOM elements - Attribute directives — change the appearance or behavior of an element, component, or another
directive (
ngStyle
, etc.)
The key methods/decorators for a component’s class are the following :
- inputs admitted by the component
- output produced by the component
- lifecycle methods :
constructor
,ngOnDestroy
,ngOnInit
- event handlers
The key metadata to attach to make a class into a component are :
- the selector which will hold the view
- the template which specifies the view
- the providers which are services (read : functions tackling the concerns not related to displaying the view). Services can be injected
- component directives, which includes other components the declared component will require
Better than words, here are some sample code from the Angular2 implementation of the project management sample application we dealt with in a previous article.
Example of component’s class
export class App {
// We use the data provider to obtain a data change observer
constructor(@Inject(ProjectService) projectService) {
this.projectService = projectService;
this.projects = [];
// Setting up our functional reactive subscription to receive project changes from the database
this.projectsSubscription = projectService.change
// We subscribe to the change observer of our service and deal with project changes in the function parameter
.subscribe((projects) => {
this.projects = projects;
// We create new navigation items for our projects
this.projectNavigationItems = this.projects
.filter((project) => !project.deleted)
.map((project) => {
return {
title: project.title,
link: ['/projects', project._id]
};
});
// Uses functional reduce to get a count over open tasks across all projects
this.openTasksCount = this.projects
.reduce((count, project) => count + project.tasks.filter((task) => !task.done).length, 0);
});
}
// If this component gets destroyed, we need to remember to clean up the project subscription
ngOnDestroy() {
this.projectsSubscription.unsubscribe();
}
}
Example of component declaration
@Component({
selector: 'ngc-app',
template,
directives: [Project, Navigation, NavigationSection, NavigationItem, ROUTER_DIRECTIVES],
providers: [ProjectService, UserService, ActivityService, TagsService]
})
The interaction between the view defined in the template, and the class is performed through an extensive and complex API, which includes, among other things, binding inputs, outputs, and events.
Example of template with bindings

<ngc-navigation [openTasksCount]="openTaskCount">
<ngc-navigation-section title="Main">
<ngc-navigation-item title="Dashboard" [link]="['/dashboard']"></ngc-navigation-item>
</ngc-navigation-section>
<ngc-navigation-section title="Projects"
[items]="projectNavigationItems">
</ngc-navigation-section>
<ngc-navigation-section title="Admin">
<ngc-navigation-item title="Manage Plugins" [link]="['/plugins']"></ngc-navigation-item>
</ngc-navigation-section>
</ngc-navigation>

<router-outlet></router-outlet>

Note how the template binds together the view, the class and the component, into a cohesive whole, and relate to each other’s entities :
- standard HTML elements describe the view (
div
, etc.) ngc-navigation
relates to theNavigation
component, passed as a directive to theApp
componentopenTasksCount
from theApp
class is passed as live input tongc-navigation
(data binding with the[]
syntax). This means that wheneveropenTasksCount
will change, thengc-navigation
will adjust to that new value. This is by the way a typical case of parent-child communication via inputs
The corresponding extract of the code for the Navigation
component should illustrate the use of
the @Input
decorator to bind the parameters passed in the template to properties of the
corresponding class :
@Component({
selector: 'ngc-navigation',
template,
directives: [NavigationSection, UserArea]
})
export class Navigation {
@Input() openTasksCount;
}
Because of the coupling between template, class and component, none of those entities can be, a priori, reasoned about individually. As a result, in all what follows when we will refer to a component, unless otherwise specified, we will mean the triple (template, class, @component).
The ease of reasoning, or understanding, i.e. the readability of an Angular2 application will largely be a function of the component breakdown adopted, and the complexity of the interaction between components, and the complexity of the component definition itself.
Application architecture
The primary responsibility of a Angular2 component is to display a view described by a template.
Templates bind events to event handler, which are located in the component’s class. Change propagation and state management is performed by binding between template syntactic elements and the class properties. As such a class has three key responsibilities : state management, event handling, and lifecycle management.
The component declaration concerns itself with linking the component to the Angular2 framework, so it can be handled and integrated with the rest of the components.
While being highly prescriptive about syntax (and there is a lot of new syntax), the Angular2 component architecture is relatively flexible in terms of the paradigms that it supports. In its simplest expression, events are associated to action handlers, which directly modify local component state, which in turn updates the view. It is however possible to follow functional reactive programming principles to some extent, to a larger extent or simply adopt a redux-like one-way data flow.
Component interaction
The Angular2 documentation lists 4 communication methods between components :
- Pass data from parent to child with input binding
- Parent listens for child event
- the implicit pub/sub mechanism associated (linked to the
@Output
decorator) can also be used to communication between components in different hierarchies, i.e components which are not in a ancestor/child relationship
- the implicit pub/sub mechanism associated (linked to the
- Parent and children communicate via a service
- this is equivalent to communication by shared state, except that the service forms a facade which handles the state update logic
- Parent owns an instrumentable reference to its child
- interacts with child via local variable
- a reference variable is created at the child level
- Parent calls an
@ViewChild
- this allows the parent to own a reference of its children and directly instrument the children, for instance to modify its state
- interacts with child via local variable
Routing
The Angular Router enables navigation from one view to the next as users perform application tasks. The router configuration has its own dedicated syntax (directives, decorators, etc.) and recommended pattern. Learning to use routing hence requires learning new syntax and building a specific mental model. This leads to a fair amount of syntax to understand but also to produce, and a significant lead time to getting up-to-speed. On the bright side, the router comes already packaged with most of the features one will ever need in a web application.
Lifecycle
Angular creates, updates, and destroys components automatically as the user moves through the application. The app’s programmer can take action at each moment in this lifecycle through optional lifecycle hooks, like ngOnInit
.
Testing
Isolated unit tests examine an instance of a class all by itself without any dependence on Angular or any injected values. The tester creates a test instance of the class with new, supplying test doubles for the constructor parameters as needed, and then probes the test instance API surface.
Isolated unit tests should be written for pipes and services.
Components may be tested in isolation as well. However, isolated unit tests don’t reveal how components interact with Angular. In particular, they can’t reveal how a component class interacts with its own template or with other components.
Such tests require the Angular testing utilities. The Angular testing utilities include the TestBed
class and several helper functions from @angular/core/testing
. Writing Angular2 tests again requires learning (and producing) a great deal of new syntax and constructing yet another mental model.
Conclusion
Angular2
as a framework has a very large scope, and covers the large majority of the needs of
the web application programmer. However, this plethora of features comes with the cost of
a large incidental complexity. There are many parts (Angular2
framework architecture,
component model, routing, templating, change detection, etc.), every part is complex on its
own, and then that complexity is compounded by the inter-relation or dependencies between the parts. That complexity means a significant time is required to construct the required mental models to understand and produce Angular2
code. That complexity also multiplies the possibility of errors in the system’s implementation and may significantly increase debugging time. All those factors negatively impact productivity.
A good example of complexity generated by inter-related parts is the templating mechanism, a
double-edged sword. On the one hand, it makes the view contents more readable, specially to people with little coding experience (designers, etc.). On the other hand, the templating language precisely excels at expressing the view content, not at expressing logic and control-flow (loops, branching, etc.). The resulting DSL has a peculiar syntax, is not
Turing-complete, which forces to complement it with a general purpose language. That makes two languages to master, the peculiarities of the interface between the two to understand, two tightly coupled files (.html
for the view and .ts
for the logic) themselves coupled to the router, with what can be significant back-and-forth between the two to fully grasp the view’s behaviour. This impacts negatively both readability and productivity.
Another source of complexity is the inter-relation between components. For one thing, parent component can directly access and instrument their children, which can make it a nightmare to reason about state in a complex application. Then, depending on the state management strategy adopted, reconstructing the flow of data can be challenging in large component trees. Every component may have its own state, its own bindings and eventing to parent component or any level in the component tree. They can also communicate with the parent via a service (i.e. shared state at the closest common ancestor level). State is then scattered among the application in miscellaneous places, in miscellaneous programming artefacts, with both hidden and explicited dependencies between pieces of state to be aware of, and it may be a arduous process to link all the pieces together. Once again, we are in a situation with many inter-related parts, which drives the complexity. This can be mitigated by following a strong discipline about state management (one-way dataflow, single store, reactive programming, etc.), and documentation, but this is on the programmer’s onus. A lot of the complexity is inherent to the framework and has be to assumed.
In summary, Angular2 is without a doubt a superb piece of technology. It often addresses
efficiently most of the issues a developer must resolve when implementing a user interface. By doing so, it removes a source of incidental complexity through its abstractions (browser quirks, synchronizing state and view,
routing, animation, performance, multi-platform targetting, etc.). However it also adds new
complexity linked to the number of inter-related concepts/parts which have to be mastered, and the complexity of each of those parts. Taming that complexity will require considerable discipline on the side of the developer(s), good
architecting on the side of the technical leadership, and the same level of supporting tools
(CLI, visualizing component trees, router trees, inspecting component’s properties, etc.) available for the DSL than for the core language. There will be projects where resorting to Angular2
does reduce the complexity more than it increases it. Large-scale, enterprise projects might fall in that category — few user-interface tricks, mostly workflow driven, complexity resides in the domain, more than in the user interface. There will also be projects where Angular2
will bring more problems than it
will solve.
React component model
Description
Components let you split the UI into independent, reusable pieces, and think about each piece in isolation. Conceptually, components are like JavaScript functions. They accept arbitrary inputs (called “props”), a context (kind of global variable), and return React elements describing what should appear on the screen. Components can be defined either as a function (termed functional components) or as a class.
functional component
function Welcome(props, context) {
return
Hello, {props.name}
;
}
class-based component
class Welcome extends React.Component {
render() {
return
Hello, {this.props.name}
;
}
}
Components can be composed simply by referring to other components in their output. With the help
of the JSX
DSL, we for instance can write :
function App() {
return (

<Welcome name="Sara" />
<Welcome name="Cahal" />
<Welcome name="Edite" />

);
}
The Welcome
component itself could be broken into several other components. This gives rise to
a component tree, which JSX allows to express in a readable form (additional benefits are better
error and warning messages). The same principle guiding a good component breakdown applies here :
loosely-coupled, reusable components, assembled into cohesive parts (cf. extracting components from the documentation).
Generic components, which may admit an unspecified number or type of components, may also be
drafted with the special property props.children
which is akin to Angular2’s
<ng-content></ng-content>
, or the slot mechanism (<slot></slot>
) of web components. This is equivalent to passing the
enclosed content of a component as a parameter like any other. An example can be found in the
React’s documentation.
The class-based version of components allow to express components which encapsulate state. State
management is then handled through life-cycle hooks (componentDidMount
, componentWillUnmount
,
etc.) and ad-hoc methods possibly calling setState
to update the local state. This is for
instance the code for a Clock
component updating every second.
class Clock extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {date: new Date()};
}
componentDidMount() {
this.timerID = setInterval(
() => this.tick(),
1000
);
}
componentWillUnmount() {
clearInterval(this.timerID);
}
tick() {
this.setState({
date: new Date()
});
}
render() {
return (

Hello, world!

It is {this.state.date.toLocaleTimeString()}.

);
}
}
Note as the tick
method updates local state, which automatically triggers the (re-)rendering of
the clock.
There are peculiarities to state update, but they are few : state update may be asynchronous, and state updates are merged.
Application architecture
Stateful components, i.e. components which manage their state, can be defined through classes.
That class may hold event handlers, and other methods which directly and imperatively update the
component’s local state, triggering an update of the user interface. The setState
accept a
prevState
parameter which allows to incrementally update the local state (vs. building the
full state each time).
Additionally, control flow may be expressed in regular javascript
, in order to conditionally
display components, or iterate over them. JSX
also provides some specific syntax to that purpose. Displaying lists requires assigning a key to each item, key which must
be unique among siblings.
JSX
, while close to regular HTML, has some specific syntax (forms, event binding). There are however few specificities, the
full syntax can be relatively quickly be acquired, and JSX can be entirely discarded if need be in favor of standard javascript.
React strongly encourages composition over inheritance, providing mechanisms to compose components which allow to avoid using class inheritance.
There a few advanced React concepts (type checking, Refs, Performance, Fragments, Portals, Error management). Each of them has however a small surface, combine simply with the key concepts, resulting in an overall manageable complexity.
Component interaction
The React documentation lists 3 communication methods between components :
- Pass data from parent to child with input binding
- Children with parent via “protected” shared state and handlers
- this is akin to Angular’s communication via services. The shared state is lifted up to the
closest common ancestor. The common ancestor passes both the shared state, and a handle to its
children through
props
, handle by which the shared state can be modified (has a closure over the state, or access to the state viathis
). The passing of handlers reminisces of event binding. However the mechanism is more private, as only the parent which passes the handler can be affected by that ‘event’.
- this is akin to Angular’s communication via services. The shared state is lifted up to the
closest common ancestor. The common ancestor passes both the shared state, and a handle to its
children through
- components communicate between each other via global state
- this may mean using the
context
feature of React, and is strongly discouraged. - another possibility is have a global store at the app level. This is where additional
libraries like
Redux
orMobx
come into play.
- this may mean using the
In all cases, React strongly encourages one-way dataflow communication between components.
Routing
Unlike Angular2
, React
routing does not require a pre-made list of routes to later integrate
with the component tree. Routing is expressed by regular components, and nested routing is just nesting components, like one would nest html’s div
. For instance :
const App = () => (
<BrowserRouter>
{/* here's a div */}

{/* here's a Route */}
<Route path="/tacos" component={Tacos}/>

</BrowserRouter>
)
// when the url matches `/tacos` this component renders
const Tacos = ({ match }) => (
// here's a nested div

{/* here's a nested Route,
match.url helps us make a relative path */}
<Route
path={match.url + '/carnitas'}
component={Carnitas}
/>

)
This is a very powerful mechanism, which only increases marginally complexity.
Lifecycle
In the context of stateful components, classed must have lifecycle methods. This means lifecycle of the local state has to be handled by hand. However, the library automatically handles the lifecycle of the component itself, using the hooks to complement its task.
Testing
UI testing is a complex subject. It encompasses testing :
- UI structure : the view should have an expected structure as a function of its state (i.e. $view = f(state)$, where $f$ is a pure function)
- UI behaviour : some user action should lead to some system actions (remember the reactive equation $actions = f(state,events)$ where $f$ is a pure function)
- UI visual appearance (style, look, etc.) (this can be done by directly comparing pixel by pixel the rendered DOM and the target DOM)
I will focus on structure and behaviour testing. React has two main available tools to that
purpose : Jest
and Enzyme
. Both allow to render a component with or without a DOM, and test
its content for the expected structure. A simulate
method allow to emit events
and observe the resulting change in the UI. Mocks and spies can also be used. A summary of the
techniques, mostly up-to-date, even if the article is old, can be found here. The testing of actions can be
simplified with the use of redux
and its derivated libraries.
Conclusion
React is significantly less complex than Angular2 for two reasons. First of all, as a library, it takes on less responsibilities than a full-fledged framework like Angular2. Second, there are less parts to handle to build a react application, and each of those parts is relatively easy and quick to understand on its own, with clear and simple interaction with the other parts.
For instance, the pseudo-templating technology used (JSX
) is optional, and embeds nicely into
regular javascript code. All the power of the Turing-complete javascript logic can be used to
render a component while still enjoying the benefits of a HTML-like syntax when necessary. JSX
is easy (very few syntactic constructs above HTML) and cohesively located exactly where used,
instead of the file separation imposed by Angular2
.
Furthermore, routing involves just regular components. There is very little new to learn to handle even nested routing. One-way dataflow simplifies state tracking. Similarly to Angular2, there are excellent dev tools which can be built for productivity gains.
The most complex aspect is probably testing. Angular2
requires what seems like some fairly
complex set-up in comparison with React
, but does offer dependency injection. React is silent
on the latter. As a result, it is possible that complex applications may be a la fine easier to
test with Angular2
.
In fact, adding functionalities to React, means adding parts, and then adding
complexity sources. The most common extra parts (Redux
, redux-thunk
, redux-saga
),
are in increasing order of complexity, and have to be integrated manually, together with their
respective workflow and tooling. Other possible parts (animations, etc.) have to be evaluated. At equal perimeter of features, React
still compares favorably to Angular2
, but the distance is lower. There will be teams and projects for which Angular2
will generate a higher value, precisely because it imposes uniform choices, and its set of
technologies is tightly integrated : that is the whole point of a framework.
Our component model
Description
Our component model is directly inspired by our functional approach to implement reactive
systems, understood as a reactive function linking stream of events to stream of actions, and an
interface with external systems to receive events and perform actions. A component in our model
is a function with two arguments : sources
and settings
. The first argument is the interface to external
systems’ events and state. The second argument represents the component parametrization concern,
and will allow to have generic components which can be specialized or parameterized through those
settings. Components in our model compute the relevant system actions to perform, and pass the
result of that computation to so-called drivers, which interface with the external systems to
execute the relevant actions. The computed actions are passed as an object whose every property
(termed sink) represents a sequence of actions to be handled by the driver for that property.
Going back to our functional equations, a component implements a reactive function $f$ such that $actions = f(state, events)$. The view update action can be shortened to $view = f(state)$, given that the only event which updates the view is precisely a change of state, whose information is already included in the equation. In short, we have :
$$\begin{cases}
view & = f_v(state) \\
actions & = f_a(state, events)
\end{cases} $$
Here is an example of component illustrating all the previous points :
function NavigationItem(sources, settings) {
const { url$ } = sources;
const { project: { title, link } } = settings;
const linkSanitized = link.replace(/\//i, '_');
const events = {
// NOTE : we avoid having to isolate by using the link which MUST be unique over the whole
// application (unicity of a route)
click : sources.DOM.select(`.navigation-section__link.${linkSanitized}`).events('click')
};
const state$ = url$
.map(url => url.indexOf(link) > -1)
.shareReplay(1);
const actions = {
domUpdate : state$.map(isLinkActive => {
const isLinkActiveClass = isLinkActive ? '.navigation-section__link--active' : '';
return a(
`${isLinkActiveClass}.navigation-item.navigation-section__link.${linkSanitized}`,
{ attrs: { href: link }, slot: 'navigation-item' },
title)
}),
router : events.click
.do(preventDefault)
.map(always('/' + link + '/'))
}
return {
[DOM_SINK]: actions.domUpdate,
router: actions.router
}
}
Note the 2 sinks, one for the DOM update driver, one for the router driver. The DOM update driver
receives the new DOM, computed only from state$
. The router driver receives the router
actions computed only from the events (reduced to click
here). Last, note how fixed parameters
{ project: { title, link } }
are passed to the NavigationItem
component through settings
.
Application architecture
For DOM updates, a snabbdom
virtual DOM syntax is generally used. A virtual node is used for performance reasons. Writing the DOM as a function of state, means that we compute the full DOM
every time. Because it would be inefficient to directly display the new DOM, without reusing the
already displayed fragments of the current DOM, a virtual node mechanism allows to do a delta
between virtual DOM objects, and use that diff to compute and only update the portions of the DOM
that needs updating. Note that another syntax in which the dom updates are a function of the
state delta (i.e. $ view_{\Delta} = f(state_{\Delta}) $ ) is also possible (that is the model for instance
used by Ractive
), but has not been investigated for the moment.
The actual syntax recognized for actions will vary for each driver, and as such should come as
part of the documentation for each driver. Drivers perform whatever action on external systems
which is part of their specification, and may produce a response, which is passed back into the
application via a property of the sources
object named the same as the driver’s attributed sink.
Streams are commonly used when writing the application, allowing to write equations once, with the runtime making sure that they keep in sync, by handling change propagation. This means in particular that there is no need for lifecycle methods, and no need for imperative update of state.
The reactive functional programming core concepts are built on top of (here rxjs
) streams.
Events are streams which are shared
, behaviours are streams which are shareReplayed(1)
.
Events modelize… events occuring in the system. Behaviours modelize pieces of state.
The adopted granularity of state will depend on the programmer’s design decision and
domain at hand. At one extreme, one single behaviour may keep all state in one place. At the other
extreme, dividing the application state in pieces may lead to having one behaviour for each piece.
As such, application architecture is rather simple (streams, events, behaviours, reactive function, drivers are all the parts), though one could argue that the complexity of manipulating state and events in a coordinated way has been transferred to that of understanding and manipulating streams. However, because the stream manipulation has only to be learnt once, for any sufficient large application, we posit that the stream abstraction should lower complexity by eliminating the manual synchronization between events, state and actions. Last, because we write equations, it is easy to reason about our component and application.
Furthermore, we propose a component model which allows to write an application as the aggregation of smaller, easier to reason about applications. The reactive system under implementation is deconstructed into a component tree, which is assembled by component combinators to give back the target application.
Component combinators follow a syntax conceptually similar to JSX
. For instance :
export const SidePanel =
Combine({}, [Div('.app__l-side'), [
Navigation({}, [
NavigationSection({ title: 'Main' }, [
NavigationItem({ project: { title: 'Dashboard', link: 'dashboard' } }, [])
]),
NavigationSection({ title: 'Projects' }, [
InSlot('navigation-item', [ListOfItemsComponent])
]),
NavigationSection({ title: 'Admin' }, [
NavigationItem({ project: { title: 'Manage Plugins', link: 'plugins' } }, [])
]),
])
]]);
is essentially equivalent to :
export const SidePanel =

<Navigation>
<NavigationSection title='Main'>
<NavigationItem project={ title: 'Dashboard', link: 'dashboard' }/>
</NavigationSection>
<NavigationSection title='Projects'>
<Slot name='navigation-item'>
...
</Slot>
</NavigationSection>
<NavigationSection title='Admin'>
<NavigationItem project={ title: 'Manage Plugins', link: 'plugins' } />
</NavigationSection>
</Navigation>

This opens the door to a JSX
-like DSL and many other optimizations in the future.
Component interaction
There are 4 ways of interaction between components :
- Pass static (i.e. constants) parameterization data from parent to child with
settings
- this would be similar to the
props
passing inReact
- this would be similar to the
- parent can inject state into children
- this fulfills a similar purpose to the
[]
binding syntax inAngular2
- this fulfills a similar purpose to the
- components communicate between each other via global state
- this means that a in-memory store driver could be used (à la
Redux
)
- this means that a in-memory store driver could be used (à la
- components communicate between each other via events
- a component may send an event to a pub/sub driver, and another component might listen to it. Note that while this pattern is possible, it is not often used in practice
Routing
Routing can be realized through the OnRoute
combinator and is inserted naturally at the
position of the component tree when the routing needs to occur. Routing can also be achieved
directly without the combinator though there will necessary be more boilerplate. As a matter of
fact, routing is matching a route change event to predefined component(s) actions, and as such
remains within the conceptual framework without modification.
Lifecycle
There is no need for lifecycle management component-wise. Component are just functions. Events and behaviours exists as long as they are necessary, and picked up by the runtime when there is no more reference of them.
Testing
Component can be tested via mocking of the interfaces with the external systems (sources
and
drivers
). Given that the component tree is explicit, unit-testing a component involves :
- testing its children components
- testing the parent component
Testing children components before the parent allow to isolate bugs more quickly, and forces to
have a working specification of every component, which is a good practice. Unlike Angular2
, the
children components are not injected, which means that they cannot be mocked or spyed on. This
in turns means that we cannot do white-box testing where we test that the parent component is
correctly calling its children component with the right arguments.
To test the parent, as any component, including the application, the main technique is to mock
the interface with the external input systems, i.e. sources
, and the event streams which serve
as input to the component under test. This requires that every driver author needs to supply, in
addition to the driver code, and documentation, a mock object. The complexity of testing will be
directly linked to the complexity of configuring the necessary set of mock objects. The actions
computed by the reactive function under the test can then be observed and compared with the
expectd results (no need to mock the driver themselves).
We have for instance made available a document
driver, which is simply injecting the
document
object into the sources
parameter. The mock version of the driver addresses common
needs (such as simulating an event on a target element). However, a full mock would mean
re-implementing large pans of the interface of document
object, which is an error-prone,
time-consuming endeavour.
We have designed a runTestScenario
helper which facilitates passing inputs, and analyzing
outputs. Here are an example of tests written for a button component :
QUnit.test("Good settings : empty settings", function exec_test(assert) {
const done = assert.async(2);
const testData = buttonTestSpace.GoodSettings.EmptySettings.caseEmpmtyAndTwoChildren;
const inputs = [
{ [EVENT_SOURCE1]: { diagram: 'a-b-c|', values: eventSourcesTestValues } },
{ [EVENT_SOURCE2]: { diagram: '-A-B-C|', values: eventSourcesTestValues } },
{
[`DOM!${SOME_SELECTOR}@${SOME_DOM_EVENT_NAME}`]: {
diagram: 'x-y-z', values: DOMeventsTestValuesSomeSelector
}
},
{
[`DOM!${ANOTHER_SELECTOR}@${ANOTHER_DOM_EVENT_NAME}`]: {
diagram: '-x-y-z', values: DOMeventsTestValuesAnotherSelector
}
},
];
const ATTRS = 'tabindex="0"';
const testResults = {
[NON_DOM_SINK]: {
outputs: [
`${SEP} ${NON_DOM_SINK}-a`, `${SEP} ${NON_DOM_SINK}-A`,
`${SEP} ${NON_DOM_SINK}-b`, `${SEP} ${NON_DOM_SINK}-B`,
`${SEP} ${NON_DOM_SINK}-c`, `${SEP} ${NON_DOM_SINK}-C`,
],
successMessage: `sink ${NON_DOM_SINK} produces the expected values`,
},
[DOM_SINK]: {
outputs: [
`<div class=\"ui button\" ${ATTRS}><span>${DOM_SINK} ${SEP} a</span><span>${DOM_SINK} ${SEP} a</span></div>`,
`<div class=\"ui button\" ${ATTRS}><span>${DOM_SINK} ${SEP} b</span><span>${DOM_SINK} ${SEP} a</span></div>`,
`<div class=\"ui button\" ${ATTRS}><span>${DOM_SINK} ${SEP} b</span><span>${DOM_SINK} ${SEP} b</span></div>`,
`<div class=\"ui button\" ${ATTRS}><span>${DOM_SINK} ${SEP} c</span><span>${DOM_SINK} ${SEP} b</span></div>`,
`<div class=\"ui button\" ${ATTRS}><span>${DOM_SINK} ${SEP} c</span><span>${DOM_SINK} ${SEP} c</span></div>`,
],
transform: convertVNodesToHTML,
successMessage: `sink ${DOM_SINK} produces the expected values`,
},
};
runTestScenario(inputs, testResults, makeButtonComponent(testData, { SEP: SEP }), {
tickDuration: 5,
waitForFinishDelay: 50,
analyzeTestResults : analyzeTestResults(assert, done),
mocks: {
DOM: makeMockDOMSource
},
sourceFactory: {
[`DOM!${SOME_SELECTOR}@${SOME_DOM_EVENT_NAME}`]: subjectFactory,
[`DOM!${SOME_SELECTOR}@${ANOTHER_DOM_EVENT_NAME}`]: subjectFactory,
},
errorHandler: function (err) {
done(err)
}
})
});
Note the syntax DOM!${SOME_SELECTOR}@${SOME_DOM_EVENT_NAME}
to simulate an event on an element
of a given selector. Note also the use of time diagrams to simulate a timed-sequence of inputs.
While this works, we believe that unit-testing a component is still a pain point, which must be
remediated further. Not having to mock the drivers is nice, but having to mock the sources
generates some unavoidable complexity.
It is of course possible to test with an automation tool such as selenium
which works with a
real DOM, just as with Angular2
and React
.
Conclusion
While React
makes the view declarative ($view = f(state)$), our stream-based cyclejs
architecture makes the whole application declarative ($actions = f (states, events)$). Streams
abstract out both asynchrony and change propagation, allowing to reason about a system
equationally. While there are architectures (React
+Redux
/Thunk
/Saga
; Angular2
+ ngrx
and its large ecosystem) which seek to extend declarativeness beyond the view, we however feel pretty comfortable that we do this in a way fundamentally simpler than the previously mentioned library/framework.
We separate the action representation from the actual execution of the action, while both React
and Angular2
directly performs the actions triggered by user inputs. There are advantages to that which are not fully exploited yet. On the one hand, orchestrating actions (what redux-saga
does) becomes possible with a state machine (we offer the FSM
combinator for this), which, while a low-level tool, compensates with its genericity. On the other hand, this simplifies testing by not having to mock action handlers.
Conclusion
React
and Angular2
are library/framework which are either full-featured or come with a
extensive list of complements (plugins, libraries, compilers, dev tools, etc.) tackling a lot of
the issues that developers face today. They recognize the value of the stream abstraction and
are flexible enough to allow for a limited but valuable use of abstractions and architectures
based on top of streams.
Fully stream-based architectures, in comparison, are still in the infancy of their development and
have to be further developed to reach a similar stage of maturity. In the web user-interface
space, cyclejs
is such an architecture, on top of which we built our component model. We
believe that our component model makes for an easier way to write applications, but above all to
understand them, reason about them, and maintain them. The key reason behind our optimism is the
inherent declarativeness of our approach based on functional equations.
Nonetheless, a lot more must be done to make the life of the programmer easier. Among the top priorities is the development of productivity tooling :
- Our architecture allows for visualizing the component tree, automatic logging of the data flowing through the components, which in turn should allow interactive tracing and debugging of an application.
- A testing library should allow for quick and reliable testing but also pave the way for model-based testing. Testing GUIs involves alleviating a series of specific issues which makes thorough testing an expensive endeavour.
- Equally, updating the architecture to handle concurrency in a simpler way can bring significant benefits for those applications which are highly concurrent.
Those three areas should be the next focus of our efforts.
- We will not compare it to
cyclejs
component model as we estimate it does not have a proper one : while it is possible to breakdown a component into smaller components, there is no generic or structured mechanism to glue them together — it has to be done manually each time. In addition, standardcyclejs
conflates the interfaces with the external systems (sources
) with the parameterization of components (for instance adding miscellaneousprop$
source). It is precisely for that reason that we have come to propose our componentization model. [return]


jQuery XML to JSON Pluginv1.0 |
The XML to JSON Plugin (jQuery.xml2json) is a script you can use to convert simple XML into a JSON object.
Convert this...
|
...into this:
|
With XML in a stringClick here to test this code
|
With XML loaded via AjaxClick here to test this code
|
Those of you with a little more jQuery experience will know that in simple cases (such as the above) we could use jQuery DOM traversing functionality to achieve the same result without the need of a plugin:
alert($('<xml><message>Hello world</message></xml>').find('message').text());
However, jQuery's DOM traversing can soon become a little tiring
if...
A. you frequenly process XML responses from Ajax calls
B. you parse complex/large XML documents (such as RSS feeds)
...in which case this plugin is perfect for you.
I made this plugin for my own convenience when processing XML files and I hope the benefits will become more aparent as you work your way through the examples on this page.
Consider the following XML file (data/animals.xml):
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<animals>
<dog color='Black'>
<name>Rufus</name>
<breed>labrador</breed>
</dog>
<dog breed='whippet'>
Adopted
<name>Marty</name>
</dog>
<cat color="White">
<name>Matilda</name>
</cat>
</animals>
$.get('data/animals.xml', function(xml){
var animals = $.xml2json(xml);
alert(animals.dog[1].name +'/'+ animals.dog[1]);
});
In simple mode, the plugin will only use arrays and objects when necessary. It also means you don't have to use .text (or .nodeValue) to retrieve the text of each node.
Resulting JSON object
|
Accessing the data
|
$.get('data/animals.xml', function(xml){
var animals = $.xml2json(xml, true);
alert(animals.dog[1].name[0].text +'/'+ animals.dog[1].text);
});
In extended mode, the plugin converts each and every node into an array.
Resulting JSON object
|
Accessing the data
|
This is how the plugin works in simple mode (default) - which represents the XML data in a structure that is as simple and easy to use as possible.
| FILE: data/notes.xml | FILE: data/menu.xml | FILE: data/catalog.xml |
The benefit of this behaviour is that arrays are only used when necessary.
So you can do this...
|
...instead of this:
|
This is how the plugin works in extended mode - where each and every node is an array.
| FILE: data/notes.xml | FILE: data/menu.xml | FILE: data/catalog.xml |
Simple, just add 'true' to the second parameter when you call the plugin, like this:
// ... get your xml data
var json = $.xml2json(xml, true /* extended structure */);
// ... do some stuff
You can load and format an RSS feed just like you would work on any other XML file. The plugin loads the structure onto an easy to use JSON object so you can easily loop through every item in the rss channel like this:
|
This is div#test-rss. Results of the test above will be shown here |
In simple modeFILE: data/rss.xml |
In extended modeFILE: data/rss.xml |
| Package: |
v1.0
xml-to-json.zip
previous versions - |
| Files: |
These are the individual required files (already included in the zip package above)
|
| jQuery: | jquery-latest.js (see jQuery.com) |
<script src="jquery-latest.js" type="text/javascript" language="javascript"></script>
<script src="jquery.xml2json.js" type="text/javascript" language="javascript"></script>
Quick Support Links: Help me! | Report a bug | Suggest new feature
Support for this plugin is available through the jQuery Mailing List.
This is a very active list to which many jQuery developers and users subscribe.
Access to the jQuery Mailing List is also available through the
Nabble Forums, the
jQuery Google Group and the
official project page.
As mentioned in the introduction, you may not need this plugin if
all you're going to be doing is some very simple ad-hoc XML handling.
Whether or not that is the case, I thoroughly recommend this amazing article:
Easy XML handling with jQuery (without a plugin)
Feel free to post suggestions in the jQuery Mailing List. (Yes, I will check it!)
| Attribution link: | © Fyneworks.com |
| HTML Code: |
| XML to JSON Plugin by Fyneworks.com is licensed under the MIT License and the GPL License. | |
Copyright © 2008 Fyneworks.com Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. |
|
XML to JSON Plugin
by Fyneworks.com
is licensed under the MIT License and the GPL License. |
[back to top] |


Pipeline for generating index files for a genomic sequence. Once the index files have been generated for a given assembly then they can be used by different pipelines/tools as they are required. Based on the FASTA file of a genomic sequence index files are generated for the following indexers:


Jamia Millia Islamia, a Central University, renowned for its highly glorious past and an equally promising future, has more than 23,000 students 800+ full time teaching faculty, 9 faculties, 39 departments and more than 200 courses. Jamia Millia Islamia (translation: National Islamic University) is a public central universityin Delhi. It was established during British rule in 1920. It became a Central University by an act of the Indian Parliament in 1988.
• The University is placed at 12th position among the Universities and 6th position among the central Universities of the country.
• The University is ranked in 800- 1000 bracket in world ranking by Times Higher Education.
With the rise in the number of participants, we strive to render the festival better every coming year by maintaining cordial relations with corporate community ensuring sponsorship for the fest and extensive publicity for the company.
Department of Computer Science is one of the youngest departments of Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, one of the most renowned universities of the country.
Established in 1999 with a vision to train and develop highly skilled human resource in the field of computer science and bioinformatics and to conduct core and applied research in the thrust areas of computer science.
The emphasis is on creating an environment for students to explore, experiment, discover and realize their potential. The prime most event hosted by the department is the annual fest, Teknothon.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block title %}Jobs {% endblock %} {% block content %} Jobs Home Jobs
Home Jobs
From all career releated fields.
Coming soon.
See Details
Research Internships and Labs in India.
Available.


This project is unfinished and may be buggy in old browsers
CVM Fixer V0.1 Beta Legacy (ends support in 5 days)
Apply topbar
Apply Dark Mode
Works itself with dark mode.


Your privacy is important to us. It is Spark Dev's policy to respect your privacy regarding any information we may collect from you across our website, https://dreamleaks.pw/, and other sites we own and operate.
We only ask for personal information when we truly need it to provide a service to you. We collect it by fair and lawful means, with your knowledge and consent. We also let you know why we’re collecting it and how it will be used.
We only retain collected information for as long as necessary to provide you with your requested service. What data we store, we’ll protect within commercially acceptable means to prevent loss and theft, as well as unauthorised access, disclosure, copying, use or modification.
We don’t share any personally identifying information publicly or with third-parties, except when required to by law.
Our website may link to external sites that are not operated by us. Please be aware that we have no control over the content and practices of these sites, and cannot accept responsibility or liability for their respective privacy policies.
You are free to refuse our request for your personal information, with the understanding that we may be unable to provide you with some of your desired services.
Your continued use of our website will be regarded as acceptance of our practices around privacy and personal information. If you have any questions about how we handle user data and personal information, feel free to contact us.
This policy is effective as of 17 August 2019.


Implementation of basic concepts, some small some bigger but all build for reuse in many contexts.
The project is organized in packages representing those implementations.
Some concepts require more than one package.
Packages can but don't have to be related to each other.
For instance, the message
package is used by the composite.coin
package which in turn is used by the managers
package.
The figure below shows the composition of the overall project.
Very basic interfaces are provided in the top level base
package.
The package categories
defines a hierarchy of interfaces (and some classes and default implementations) for categories such as 'has' something or 'is' something.
It has two sub packages: categories.kvt
for key/value/type categories (e.g. keys and keys with types) and categories.options
for option categories (still experimental).
The package composite
provides a simple implementation of the composite pattern with a top element and nodes (containing other nodes and leafs) and of course leafs.
It has one sub package composite.coin
that defines hybrid classes implementing node and leaf functionality (so "both sides of a coin
").
Those hybrid objects can be used as node and leaf. The package defines null
objects, which can be used to qualify a null
return (as compared to simply returning null
).
The package also defined CC
objects for standard message types: information, warning, and error.
The console
package has an implementation of a non-blocking console reader and an object with some interesting console features.
Skb_Console
defines loggers that can then be used for standard console output (similar to stdout and stderr, just using loggers thus configurable at runtime).
It also provides standard methods to use the loggers. For example conWarn() will print a message typed warning to the standard out logger.
These methods make use of a global variable USE_CONSOLE
, thus they can be switched on and off by an application resulting in standard output being printed or ignored at runtime.
The info
package implements a concept for defining, retrieving, writing, and validation information sources and information.
This package solves many standard problem: define and validate a directory or a file or a set of both, load STGroups from any source and validate them, walk directries and apply actions to filtered elements found.
The concept here is based on
InfoSource
as a source of information (directory, file, database with constraints such as file system, resource)InfoLoader
as something that can load information from a given InfoSource
(for instance a set of files from a directory)InfoTarget
as a target of information (the opposite of an InfoSource
)InfoWriter
as a writer of information to an InfoTarget
(kind of the opposite of an InfoLoader
)InfoValidator
as a validator of source or target or actual informationEach of these concepts has some implementations for standard problems.
The managers
package implements managers, currently only a message manager that uses the standard message and coin objects and provides an object with flexible message processing (printing, storing, counting).
The message
package implements the concept of a message as a 5WH object: who, what, when, where, why, and how. It comes with builder and renderer (using string templates).
The shell
package implements a shell with commands being injected into as command interpreters.
Commands can have arguments (parameters).
All of those shell components are defined in interfaces and the package provides abstract implementations and a factory. Some standard commands (exit, wait, standard help generation using string templates or ASCII tables, history, and run commands) are implemented.
The strings
package implements strings that have an identifier and a version and/or a value part.
This can be very helpful when identifier need to be encoded along with versions but defining a class is for some reasons not suitable.
The utils
package provides some standard utils. The sub package utils.collections
has some simple helper classes to deal with Java maps and Java collections.


The page you requested cannot be found.
Please try the following:
- If you typed the page address in the Address bar, make
sure that it is spelled correctly.
- Open the GenePattern home page and look for links to the
information you want.
- Click the Back button to try another link.
|


Freestyle Chaining Iterators (freestyle.chainingiterators)¶
This module contains chaining iterators used for the chaining operation to construct long strokes by concatenating feature edges according to selected chaining rules. The module is also intended to be a collection of examples for defining chaining iterators in Python.
-
class
freestyle.chainingiterators.
ChainPredicateIterator
¶ Class hierarchy:
freestyle.types.Iterator
>freestyle.types.ViewEdgeIterator
>freestyle.types.ChainingIterator
>ChainPredicateIterator
A “generic” user-controlled ViewEdge iterator. This iterator is in particular built from a unary predicate and a binary predicate. First, the unary predicate is evaluated for all potential next ViewEdges in order to only keep the ones respecting a certain constraint. Then, the binary predicate is evaluated on the current ViewEdge together with each ViewEdge of the previous selection. The first ViewEdge respecting both the unary predicate and the binary predicate is kept as the next one. If none of the potential next ViewEdge respects these two predicates, None is returned.
-
__init__
(upred, bpred, restrict_to_selection=True, restrict_to_unvisited=True, begin=None, orientation=True)¶ Builds a ChainPredicateIterator from a unary predicate, a binary predicate, a starting ViewEdge and its orientation.
Parameters: - upred (
freestyle.types.UnaryPredicate1D
) – The unary predicate that the next ViewEdge must satisfy. - bpred (
freestyle.types.BinaryPredicate1D
) – The binary predicate that the next ViewEdge must satisfy together with the actual pointed ViewEdge. - restrict_to_selection (bool) – Indicates whether to force the chaining to stay within the set of selected ViewEdges or not.
- restrict_to_unvisited (bool) – Indicates whether a ViewEdge that has already been chained must be ignored ot not.
- begin (
freestyle.types.ViewEdge
or None) – The ViewEdge from where to start the iteration. - orientation (bool) – If true, we’ll look for the next ViewEdge among the ViewEdges that surround the ending ViewVertex of begin. If false, we’ll search over the ViewEdges surrounding the ending ViewVertex of begin.
- upred (
-
__init__
(brother) Copy constructor.
Parameters: brother ( ChainPredicateIterator
) – A ChainPredicateIterator object.
-
-
class
freestyle.chainingiterators.
ChainSilhouetteIterator
¶ Class hierarchy:
freestyle.types.Iterator
>freestyle.types.ViewEdgeIterator
>freestyle.types.ChainingIterator
>ChainSilhouetteIterator
A ViewEdge Iterator used to follow ViewEdges the most naturally. For example, it will follow visible ViewEdges of same nature. As soon, as the nature or the visibility changes, the iteration stops (by setting the pointed ViewEdge to 0). In the case of an iteration over a set of ViewEdge that are both Silhouette and Crease, there will be a precedence of the silhouette over the crease criterion.
-
__init__
(restrict_to_selection=True, begin=None, orientation=True)¶ Builds a ChainSilhouetteIterator from the first ViewEdge used for iteration and its orientation.
Parameters: - restrict_to_selection (bool) – Indicates whether to force the chaining to stay within the set of selected ViewEdges or not.
- begin (
freestyle.types.ViewEdge
or None) – The ViewEdge from where to start the iteration. - orientation (bool) – If true, we’ll look for the next ViewEdge among the ViewEdges that surround the ending ViewVertex of begin. If false, we’ll search over the ViewEdges surrounding the ending ViewVertex of begin.
-
__init__
(brother) Copy constructor.
Parameters: brother ( ChainSilhouetteIterator
) – A ChainSilhouetteIterator object.
-
-
class
freestyle.chainingiterators.
pyChainSilhouetteIterator
¶ Natural chaining iterator that follows the edges of the same nature following the topology of objects, with decreasing priority for silhouettes, then borders, then suggestive contours, then all other edge types. A ViewEdge is only chained once.
-
init
()¶
-
traverse
(iter)¶
-
-
class
freestyle.chainingiterators.
pyChainSilhouetteGenericIterator
¶ Natural chaining iterator that follows the edges of the same nature following the topology of objects, with decreasing priority for silhouettes, then borders, then suggestive contours, then all other edge types.
-
__init__
(self, stayInSelection=True, stayInUnvisited=True)¶ Builds a pyChainSilhouetteGenericIterator object.
Parameters: - stayInSelection (bool) – True if it is allowed to go out of the selection
- stayInUnvisited (bool) – May the same ViewEdge be chained twice
-
init
()¶
-
traverse
(iter)¶
-
-
class
freestyle.chainingiterators.
pyExternalContourChainingIterator
¶ Chains by external contour
-
checkViewEdge
(ve, orientation)¶
-
init
()¶
-
traverse
(iter)¶
-
-
class
freestyle.chainingiterators.
pySketchyChainSilhouetteIterator
¶ Natural chaining iterator with a sketchy multiple touch. It chains the same ViewEdge multiple times to achieve a sketchy effect.
-
__init__
(self, nRounds=3, stayInSelection=True)¶ Builds a pySketchyChainSilhouetteIterator object.
Parameters: - nRounds (int) – Number of times every Viewedge is chained.
- stayInSelection (bool) – if False, edges outside of the selection can be chained.
-
init
()¶
-
make_sketchy
(ve)¶ Creates the skeychy effect by causing the chain to run from the start again. (loop over itself again)
-
traverse
(iter)¶
-
-
class
freestyle.chainingiterators.
pySketchyChainingIterator
¶ Chaining iterator designed for sketchy style. It chains the same ViewEdge several times in order to produce multiple strokes per ViewEdge.
-
init
()¶
-
traverse
(iter)¶
-
-
class
freestyle.chainingiterators.
pyFillOcclusionsRelativeChainingIterator
¶ Chaining iterator that fills small occlusions
-
__init__
(self, percent)¶ Builds a pyFillOcclusionsRelativeChainingIterator object.
Parameters: percent (float) – The maximal length of the occluded part, expressed in a percentage of the total chain length.
-
init
()¶
-
traverse
(iter)¶
-
-
class
freestyle.chainingiterators.
pyFillOcclusionsAbsoluteChainingIterator
¶ Chaining iterator that fills small occlusions
-
__init__
(self, length)¶ Builds a pyFillOcclusionsAbsoluteChainingIterator object.
Parameters: length (int) – The maximum length of the occluded part in pixels.
-
init
()¶
-
traverse
(iter)¶
-
-
class
freestyle.chainingiterators.
pyFillOcclusionsAbsoluteAndRelativeChainingIterator
¶ Chaining iterator that fills small occlusions regardless of the selection.
-
__init__
(self, percent, l)¶ Builds a pyFillOcclusionsAbsoluteAndRelativeChainingIterator object.
Parameters: - percent (float) – The maximal length of the occluded part as a percentage of the total chain length.
- l (float) – Absolute length.
-
init
()¶
-
traverse
(iter)¶
-
-
class
freestyle.chainingiterators.
pyFillQi0AbsoluteAndRelativeChainingIterator
¶ Chaining iterator that fills small occlusions regardless of the selection.
-
__init__
(self, percent, l)¶ Builds a pyFillQi0AbsoluteAndRelativeChainingIterator object.
Parameters: - percent (float) – The maximal length of the occluded part as a percentage of the total chain length.
- l (float) – Absolute length.
-
init
()¶
-
traverse
(iter)¶
-
-
class
freestyle.chainingiterators.
pyNoIdChainSilhouetteIterator
¶ Natural chaining iterator that follows the edges of the same nature following the topology of objects, with decreasing priority for silhouettes, then borders, then suggestive contours, then all other edge types. It won’t chain the same ViewEdge twice.
-
__init__
(self, stayInSelection=True)¶ Builds a pyNoIdChainSilhouetteIterator object.
Parameters: stayInSelection (bool) – True if it is allowed to go out of the selection
-
init
()¶
-
traverse
(iter)¶
-


|
| enum | KeyboardKey {
KeyboardKey::Unknown = -1,
KeyboardKey::A = 0,
KeyboardKey::B,
KeyboardKey::C,
KeyboardKey::D,
KeyboardKey::E,
KeyboardKey::F,
KeyboardKey::G,
KeyboardKey::H,
KeyboardKey::I,
KeyboardKey::J,
KeyboardKey::K,
KeyboardKey::L,
KeyboardKey::M,
KeyboardKey::N,
KeyboardKey::O,
KeyboardKey::P,
KeyboardKey::Q,
KeyboardKey::R,
KeyboardKey::S,
KeyboardKey::T,
KeyboardKey::U,
KeyboardKey::V,
KeyboardKey::W,
KeyboardKey::X,
KeyboardKey::Y,
KeyboardKey::Z,
KeyboardKey::Num0,
KeyboardKey::Num1,
KeyboardKey::Num2,
KeyboardKey::Num3,
KeyboardKey::Num4,
KeyboardKey::Num5,
KeyboardKey::Num6,
KeyboardKey::Num7,
KeyboardKey::Num8,
KeyboardKey::Num9,
KeyboardKey::Escape,
KeyboardKey::LControl,
KeyboardKey::LShift,
KeyboardKey::LAlt,
KeyboardKey::LSystem,
KeyboardKey::RControl,
KeyboardKey::RShift,
KeyboardKey::RAlt,
KeyboardKey::RSystem,
KeyboardKey::Menu,
KeyboardKey::LBracket,
KeyboardKey::RBracket,
KeyboardKey::Semicolon,
KeyboardKey::Comma,
KeyboardKey::Period,
KeyboardKey::Quote,
KeyboardKey::Slash,
KeyboardKey::Backslash,
KeyboardKey::Tilde,
KeyboardKey::Equal,
KeyboardKey::Minus,
KeyboardKey::Space,
KeyboardKey::Enter,
KeyboardKey::Backspace,
KeyboardKey::Tab,
KeyboardKey::PageUp,
KeyboardKey::PageDown,
KeyboardKey::End,
KeyboardKey::Home,
KeyboardKey::Insert,
KeyboardKey::Delete,
KeyboardKey::Add,
KeyboardKey::Subtract,
KeyboardKey::Multiply,
KeyboardKey::Divide,
KeyboardKey::Left,
KeyboardKey::Right,
KeyboardKey::Up,
KeyboardKey::Down,
KeyboardKey::Numpad0,
KeyboardKey::Numpad1,
KeyboardKey::Numpad2,
KeyboardKey::Numpad3,
KeyboardKey::Numpad4,
KeyboardKey::Numpad5,
KeyboardKey::Numpad6,
KeyboardKey::Numpad7,
KeyboardKey::Numpad8,
KeyboardKey::Numpad9,
KeyboardKey::F1,
KeyboardKey::F2,
KeyboardKey::F3,
KeyboardKey::F4,
KeyboardKey::F5,
KeyboardKey::F6,
KeyboardKey::F7,
KeyboardKey::F8,
KeyboardKey::F9,
KeyboardKey::F10,
KeyboardKey::F11,
KeyboardKey::F12,
KeyboardKey::F13,
KeyboardKey::F14,
KeyboardKey::F15,
KeyboardKey::Pause
} |
| | Keyboard key codes. More...
|
| |
| enum | MouseButton { MouseButton::Left,
MouseButton::Right,
MouseButton::Middle
} |
| | Mouse buttons. More...
|
| |
| enum | KeyModifier |
| | Modifiers keys.
|
| |
| enum | Type {
Type::LostFocus,
Type::GainedFocus,
Type::TextEntered,
Type::KeyPressed,
Type::MouseWheelScrolled,
Type::MouseButtonPressed,
Type::MouseButtonReleased,
Type::MouseMoved,
Type::Resized,
Type::Closed
} |
| | Enumeration of the different types of events. More...
|
| |
◆ KeyboardKey
Keyboard key codes.
| Enumerator |
|---|
| Unknown | Unhandled key.
|
| A | The A key.
|
| B | The B key.
|
| C | The C key.
|
| D | The D key.
|
| E | The E key.
|
| F | The F key.
|
| G | The G key.
|
| H | The H key.
|
| I | The I key.
|
| J | The J key.
|
| K | The K key.
|
| L | The L key.
|
| M | The M key.
|
| N | The N key.
|
| O | The O key.
|
| P | The P key.
|
| Q | The Q key.
|
| R | The R key.
|
| S | The S key.
|
| T | The T key.
|
| U | The U key.
|
| V | The V key.
|
| W | The W key.
|
| X | The X key.
|
| Y | The Y key.
|
| Z | The Z key.
|
| Num0 | The 0 key.
|
| Num1 | The 1 key.
|
| Num2 | The 2 key.
|
| Num3 | The 3 key.
|
| Num4 | The 4 key.
|
| Num5 | The 5 key.
|
| Num6 | The 6 key.
|
| Num7 | The 7 key.
|
| Num8 | The 8 key.
|
| Num9 | The 9 key.
|
| Escape | The Escape key.
|
| LControl | The left Control key.
|
| LShift | The left Shift key.
|
| LAlt | The left Alt key.
|
| LSystem | The left OS specific key: window (Windows and Linux), apple (MacOS X), ...
|
| RControl | The right Control key.
|
| RShift | The right Shift key.
|
| RAlt | The right Alt key.
|
| RSystem | The right OS specific key: window (Windows and Linux), apple (MacOS X), ...
|
| Menu | The Menu key.
|
| LBracket | The [ key.
|
| RBracket | The ] key.
|
| Semicolon | The ; key.
|
| Comma | The , key.
|
| Period | The . key.
|
| Quote | The ' key.
|
| Slash | The / key.
|
| Backslash | The \ key.
|
| Tilde | The ~ key.
|
| Equal | The = key.
|
| Minus | The - key (hyphen)
|
| Space | The Space key.
|
| Enter | The Enter/Return keys.
|
| Backspace | The Backspace key.
|
| Tab | The Tabulation key.
|
| PageUp | The Page up key.
|
| PageDown | The Page down key.
|
| End | The End key.
|
| Home | The Home key.
|
| Insert | The Insert key.
|
| Delete | The Delete key.
|
| Add | The + key.
|
| Subtract | The - key (minus from numpad)
|
| Multiply | The * key.
|
| Divide | The / key.
|
| Left | Left arrow.
|
| Right | Right arrow.
|
| Up | Up arrow.
|
| Down | Down arrow.
|
| Numpad0 | The numpad 0 key.
|
| Numpad1 | The numpad 1 key.
|
| Numpad2 | The numpad 2 key.
|
| Numpad3 | The numpad 3 key.
|
| Numpad4 | The numpad 4 key.
|
| Numpad5 | The numpad 5 key.
|
| Numpad6 | The numpad 6 key.
|
| Numpad7 | The numpad 7 key.
|
| Numpad8 | The numpad 8 key.
|
| Numpad9 | The numpad 9 key.
|
| F1 | The F1 key.
|
| F2 | The F2 key.
|
| F3 | The F3 key.
|
| F4 | The F4 key.
|
| F5 | The F5 key.
|
| F6 | The F6 key.
|
| F7 | The F7 key.
|
| F8 | The F8 key.
|
| F9 | The F9 key.
|
| F10 | The F10 key.
|
| F11 | The F11 key.
|
| F12 | The F12 key.
|
| F13 | The F13 key.
|
| F14 | The F14 key.
|
| F15 | The F15 key.
|
| Pause | The Pause key.
|
◆ MouseButton
Mouse buttons.
| Enumerator |
|---|
| Left | The left mouse button.
|
| Right | The right mouse button.
|
| Middle | The middle (wheel) mouse button.
|
◆ Type
Enumeration of the different types of events.
| Enumerator |
|---|
| LostFocus | The window lost the focus (no data)
|
| GainedFocus | The window gained the focus (no data)
|
| TextEntered | A character was entered (data in event.text)
|
| KeyPressed | A key was pressed (data in event.key)
|
| MouseWheelScrolled | The mouse wheel was scrolled (data in event.mouseWheel)
|
| MouseButtonPressed | A mouse button was pressed (data in event.mouseButton)
|
| MouseButtonReleased | A mouse button was released (data in event.mouseButton)
|
| MouseMoved | The mouse cursor moved (data in event.mouseMove)
|
| Resized | The window was resized (data in event.size)
|
| Closed | The window was closed.
|
The documentation for this struct was generated from the following file:


--- layout: post title: 'Load Testing with JMeter, Part 1: An SUT & JMeter Basics' date: '2009-04-17T09:15:00.028+01:00' author: Darren Bishop tags: modified_time: '2009-10-02T13:49:05.007+01:00' thumbnail: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Q_F_ea5EKi0/SiF-vdoMAcI/AAAAAAAAAFk/VZ1v4bTdzyU/s72-c/airmiles_login.png blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3826577489563855618.post-8656269054734528557 ---
The following topics are developed to be read linearly; if you're familiar with any of the content presented in the earlier posts, you can of cause jump ahead to the later parts of the series.
For this series we focus on performance testing a flight booking and flight checking applications of a system for a fictitious company called ZA.com.
The key performance indicator (KPI) i.e. metric, for the booking application is booked flights. A significant feature of this application will be a flight booking workflow: to book a flight one would need to fill out a series of forms; only a completed workflow, with valid data, constitutes a successful booking. Errors in workflow completion will not count in the throughput calculation of booked flights
The KPI for the flight checking application will be successful flight status checks. There is no workflow in this application.
I will go into more detail on the booking workflow in the next post. The remainder of this post will explorer what JMeter provides for testing such a system. We have established so far that the workflow will be supported by HTML forms, thus the performance testing will target the web-application layer.
JMeter test-plans are hierarchical in structure and require a base set of nodes, called test-elements, to do anything useful. This set includes:
The hierarchical structure of a test plan serves to define the scope-of-influence of sub-ordinate test-elements. Consider the following test-plan configuration:
Both listener-child and listener-sibling will hear samples from both sample-1 and sampler-2. However, listener-grand-child will only hear samples from sampler-1.
These provide a basis for concurrent activity in your test-plan. When running a simple test-plan, such as the one described above, each thread will basically carry-out the actions as specified by the thread-group's sampler descendant elements. Complex test-plans, however, introduce test-elements that will affect the activity of these threads; it is this flexibility that yields the potential to do interesting things with JMeter.
Threads are typically utilised as surrogate-users, performing the work of the 10's, 100's, 1000's (or so however many) disparate users in a real i.e. production, deployment of the system. There is essentially two ways to utilise threads in JMeter: one thread per surrogate user, where the thread dies when the work for that user is done; or one thread per n-users, where a thread's work is never done, at least not until it's finished sequentially performing the work of its allocated users.
You can specify as much thread-groups and as much threads (total, across all thread-groups) as your test infrastructure can support. A quick study will be carried out to see how many threads JMeter can put to use before system integrity is compromised.
Where threads in thread-groups do the work, samplers are the work that gets done. They are called such as they take a sample reading against the system, producing a datum; the data thus collected over the course of a test is used to make some assertion on the system's functional correctness or performance.
There are many types of samplers, but two will be mostly used here:
Alternative tools will be used to assert the functional correctness of the applications: the samplers used will thus omit any functional information in the sample readings; only timing related data will be gathered. This permits orders of magnitude more samplers to be taken, with comparable memory usage, allowing for much longer running tests. Longer running tests have greater potential to identify emergent defects caused by memory leaks.
Incidentally, samplers present the best opportunity to DRY you test-plans. For example, a workflow implemented in HTML forms will require a sequence of HTTP requests; these will only differ in the HTTP request parameters. All other details such as host, port, base url, even authentication details will typically remain the same. The JMeter mechanisms to refactor these details will be presented in the coming sections.
Where threads and samplers gather sample data, listeners post-process that data, non-destructively, in varying ways. Most have a logging capability; some in fact only have a logging capability. More complex listeners do statistical analysis, the result of maybe graphed and/or logged.
It is very important to note that some of the statistical-listeners need to maintain copies of the gathered samples to be able to update their statistically derived values; also different listeners maybe do this at the same time. If your intention is to carry out high-volume sampling, these statistical-listeners should not be used during a live test run. These listeners can quite easily be used offline to post-process the test results i.e. once the test has run to completion and all raw data has been collected.
As mentioned, HTTPRequest samplers are used to implement tests that target web applications. The use of this particular sampler is most appropriate for invoking web-applications that have a HTML user-interface. It is also a good match for RESTful web-services that provide HTML interfaces or that produce xml data.
RESTful web-servies and HTML-producing web-applications are of relevance here, less due to what they produce, but more due to the fact that they consume HTTP request parameters as input to their function. Such applications operate at the HTTP protocol level: most other web-services e.g. SOAP based, use HTTP only as an envelope protocol i.e. to exploit port-80 to traverse firewalls; they do not themselves use HTTP request parameters, or at least the use of such is made completely opaque to the user, surrogate or otherwise.
When configuring a HTTPRequest sampler, you typically specify:
Most of these items can be refactored.
Imagine a third web-application for ZA.com that allows frequent flyer members to check their airmiles. To check one's airmiles is a two-step process: first navigate to the web-application's homepage; then input your frequent flyer membership number and password to login. After taking these steps, the application will display your accrued airmiles and a history of all your flights, along with the airmiles earned from each.
This workflow specifies two HTTP requests i.e. to get to the login page and to subsequently login. All the details of the first request could potentially be identical to those of the second, barring the URL-path and maybe the protocol. The following pictures illustrate how these requests might be setup in JMeter and make clear the duplication of detail.
|
|
|
JMeter additionally provides config-elements, one of which is the HTTP Request Defaults config-element. All details repeated in any of the samplers should be removed and placed in HTTP Request Defaults config-element; the usually scoping rules apply. The following figures illustrate this re-configuration.
|
|
|||
|
|
|
Configuring DRY tests like this gives you the usual benefits while not incurring any readability penalty; DRY tests are much easier to maintain and update in the event you switch port numbers or protocols, etc. It might seem academic for the given example but maintaining a longer workflow, with 30 steps for instance, becomes much more manageable.
It is also worth noting that JMeter test-plans i.e. the .jmx
files, are formatted in XML; they are just text so you can go to work on
them using any find'n'replace tool - just be careful to preserve
the well-formedness and validness of the file.
If user-defined variables are used or if variables are injected
from CSV files and you want to include them in sample results, you must
amend the jmeter.properties file by specifying sample_variables=[comma,separated,list,of,variable,names,to,include]
;
search for sample_variables in this file and amend accordingly.
Next I will go through ...; when it is ready you can read that blog here.
Cheers


Number of councillors who failed to fill in register of interest has reduced
Last month Devon Live reported that up to 13 councillors could face prosecution
by Lewis ClarkeThe number of councillors who have failed to hand in their register of interests has ‘reduced dramatically.’
Last month The Gazette reported that up to 13 councillors could face prosecution for not completing their register of interest.
Section 34 of the Localism Act 2011 stated that it was an offence without reasonable excuse to fail to comply with the obligation to submit a register of interests. The register should be submitted within 28-days of a person being elected.
Speaking at a Full Council meeting on Wednesday, November 6, Councillor Clive Eginton said: “I am pleased to say that following the monitoring officer having written to a number of parish councillors who had outstanding matters relating to the register of interests, the number has reduced dramatically.
“We are heading in the right direction, but having said that, there are still several who are outstanding.”


Project: OOADProject (spotbugsMain)
SpotBugs version: 4.2.1
Code analyzed:
18 lines of code analyzed, in 1 classes, in 1 packages.
| Metric | Total | Density* |
|---|---|---|
| High Priority Warnings | 1 | 55.56 |
| Medium Priority Warnings | 3 | 166.67 |
| Total Warnings | 4 | 222.22 |
(* Defects per Thousand lines of non-commenting source statements)
| Warning Type | Number |
|---|---|
| Internationalization Warnings | 1 |
| Dodgy code Warnings | 3 |
| Total | 4 |
Click on a warning row to see full context information.
| Code | Warning |
|---|---|
| Dm | Found reliance on default encoding in Main.main(String[]): new java.io.InputStreamReader(InputStream) |
| Code | Warning |
|---|---|
| DLS | Dead store to N in Main.main(String[]) |
| NP | Dereference of the result of readLine() without nullcheck in Main.main(String[]) |
| NP | Immediate dereference of the result of readLine() in Main.main(String[]) |
This instruction assigns a value to a local variable, but the value is not read or used in any subsequent instruction. Often, this indicates an error, because the value computed is never used.
Note that Sun's javac compiler often generates dead stores for final local variables. Because SpotBugs is a bytecode-based tool, there is no easy way to eliminate these false positives.
Found a call to a method which will perform a byte to String (or String to byte) conversion, and will assume that the default platform encoding is suitable. This will cause the application behaviour to vary between platforms. Use an alternative API and specify a charset name or Charset object explicitly.
The result of invoking readLine() is dereferenced without checking to see if the result is null. If there are no more lines of text to read, readLine() will return null and dereferencing that will generate a null pointer exception.
The result of invoking readLine() is immediately dereferenced. If there are no more lines of text to read, readLine() will return null and dereferencing that will generate a null pointer exception.


Yardb
About
Yardb is a file management system based on a dbms architecture to perform its operations. It uses sql language but contains support for other data types. The project was created for study purposes and should not be used in production. Its future additions should support .tar files and native time series operations.
Installation (Not Working Yet)
You can install the yardb with pip:
$ pip install yardb
or using the direct github link:
$ pip install git+https://github.com/jose-gilberto/yardb
Status
The project is now under development.
Features (v0.0.2)
- Information Catalog
- Information Schema Columns
- Basic DDL statements (
CREATE, ALTER, DROP
) - Basic DQL statement (
SELECT * FROM ...
)
How to run
Start the dbms server:
$ yardb start
Open the cli interface for statements:
$ yardb cli
Requisites
- Python 3
Contributing
Contributors
- José Gilberto - Author