Intercom Class Reference
| Inherits from | NSObject |
|---|---|
| Declared in | Intercom.h |
Overview
Intercom is your direct line of communication to every user, right inside your app. Intercom’s in-app messages are up to 10 times more effective than email too! Send the right messages, to the right users, at exactly the right time.
How do I track my users?
In order to see your users in Intercom’s user list, you must first register them via your iOS application. If you have a place in your application where you become aware of the user’s identity such as a log in view controller, call one of the following depending on the information you have available for that user:
If you have both a unique user identifier and an email for your users::
[Intercom registerUserWithUserId:@“123456” email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If you only have a unique identifier for your users:
[Intercom registerUserWithUserId:@“123456”];
Finally, if you only have an email address for your users:
[Intercom registerUserWithEmail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Can I track unidentified users?
Yes, absolutely. If you have an application that doesn’t require users to log in, you can call:
[Intercom registerUnidentifiedUser];
If the user subsequently logs in or you learn additional information about them (e.g. get an email address), calling any of the other user registration methods will update that user’s identity in Intercom and contain all user data tracked previously.
I’m using a previous version and this looks different, what has changed?
We have re-architected the internals of Intercom for iOS to ensure it is as reliable as possible while tracking
your users. We have focused on removing asynchronous behaviour. For example you no longer need to wait for the
completion blocks of the old beginSession
calls before logging events or updating user data.
In doing so it is more nimble and reliable than ever before.
How do push notifications work?
Intercom for iOS enables your users to receive push notifications for new messages. Simply call:
- (void)application:(UIApplication )application didRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithDeviceToken:(NSData )deviceToken { [Intercom setDeviceToken:deviceToken]; }
in your didRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithDeviceToken:
method once you have registered your app for
push notifications with the UIApplicationDelegate
.
When your app receives a push notification Intercom for iOS checks to see if it is an Intercom push notification and opens the message. You do not need to implement any additional code in order to launch the message window.
To do this we safely swizzle the public methods
in UIApplicationDelegate
that handle receiving push notifications. We do not use any private APIs to do this.
More information
Full documentation is available here and please contact us directly via Intercom for any support or questions you may have.
Getting set up
+ setApiKey:forAppId:
Initialize Intercom with your iOS API key and App ID. This will allow your app to connect with Intercom. This is best done in the application delegate’s didFinishLaunchingWithOptions: method.
+ (void)setApiKey:(NSString *)apiKey forAppId:(NSString *)appId
Parameters
apiKey |
The iOS API key found on the API Key settings page. |
|---|---|
appId |
The App ID of your Intercom app. |
Declared In
Intercom.h
Using secure mode
+ setHMAC:data:
Secure Mode helps to make sure that conversations between you and your users are kept private, and that one user can’t impersonate another. In Secure Mode Intercom for iOS will sign all requests going to the Intercom servers with tokens. It requires your mobile application to have its own server which authenticates the app’s users, and which can store a secret. More information on secure mode can be found here.
+ (void)setHMAC:(NSString *)hmac data:(NSString *)data
Parameters
hmac |
A HMAC digest of data. |
|---|---|
data |
A piece of user data. |
Discussion
Note: This should be called before any user registration takes place.
Declared In
Intercom.h
Working with anonymous users
+ registerUnidentifiedUser
If you call registerUnidentifiedUser, all activity will be tracked anonymously. If you choose to subsequently identify that user, all that anonymous activity will be merged into the identified user. This means that you will no longer see the anonymous user in Intercom, but rather the identified one.
+ (void)registerUnidentifiedUser
Discussion
We recommend this is called from within the application delegate’s didFinishLaunchingWithOptions: method.
Note: You must call one of the user registration methods in order to start communicating with Intercom.
Declared In
Intercom.h
Working with identified users
+ registerUserWithUserId:email:
In order to keep track of a specific user, you must identify it with a unique user identifier, an email address, or both. By supplying information like this Intercom provides richer user profiles for your users. This is a userId, supplied by you (e.g. from an existing web service for your product) to represent your user in Intercom, once set it cannot be changed.
+ (void)registerUserWithUserId:(NSString *)userId email:(NSString *)email
Parameters
userId |
A unique identifier for your user. |
|---|---|
email |
Your user’s email address. |
Discussion
If you are putting Intercom for iOS into an app that has persisted an authentication token or equivalent
so your users don’t have to log in repeatedly (like most apps) then we advise putting the user registration
call in the didBecomeActive:
method in your application delegate.
Declared In
Intercom.h
+ registerUserWithUserId:
Register a user just with their userId.
+ (void)registerUserWithUserId:(NSString *)userId
Parameters
userId |
A unique identifier for your user. |
|---|
Discussion
Note: You must call one of the user registration methods in order to start communicating with Intercom.
Declared In
Intercom.h
+ registerUserWithEmail:
Register a user with just their email address.
+ (void)registerUserWithEmail:(NSString *)email
Parameters
email |
Your user’s email address. |
|---|
Discussion
Note: You must call one of the user registration methods in order to start communicating with Intercom.
Declared In
Intercom.h
Resetting user data
+ reset
reset is used to reset all local caches and user data Intercom has created. Reset will also close any active UI that is on screen. Use this at a time when you wish to log a user out of your app or change a user. Once called, Intercom for iOS will no longer communicate with Intercom until a further registration is made.
+ (void)reset
Declared In
Intercom.h
Updating the user
+ updateUserWithAttributes:
You can send any data you like to Intercom. Typically our customers see a lot of value in sending data that relates to customer development, such as price plan, value of purchases, etc. Once these have been sent to Intercom you can then apply filters based on these attributes.
+ (void)updateUserWithAttributes:(NSDictionary *)attributes
Parameters
attributes |
This is a dictionary containing key/value pairs for multiple attributes. |
|---|
Discussion
A detailed list of the fields you can use to update a user is available here
Attributes such as the user email or name can be updated by calling
[Intercom updateUserWithAttributes:@{ @“email”<EMAIL_ADDRESS>@“name” : @“Admin Name” }];
Custom user attributes can be created and modified by passing a custom_attributes dictionary You do not have to create attributes in Intercom beforehand. If one hasn’t been seen before, it will be created for you automatically.
[Intercom updateUserWithAttributes:@{ @“custom_attributes”: @{ @“paid_subscriber” : @YES, @“monthly_spend”: @155.5, @“team_mates”: @3 } }];
You can also set company data via this call by submitting an attribute dictionary like
[Intercom updateUserWithAttributes:@{ @“companies”: @[ @{ @“name” : @“My Company”, @“id” : @“abcd1234” } ]}];
id is a required field for adding or modifying a company. A detailed description of the company model is available here
Note: Attributes may be either a string
, integer
, double
, unix timestamp
or bool
.
Declared In
Intercom.h
+ logEventWithName:
Log an event with a given name.
+ (void)logEventWithName:(NSString *)name
Parameters
name |
The name of the event that it is going to be logged. |
|---|
Discussion
You can log events in Intercom based on user actions in your app. Events are different to custom user attributes in that events are information on what Users did and when they did it, whereas custom user attributes represent the User’s current state as seen in their profile. See details about Events here.
Declared In
Intercom.h
+ logEventWithName:metaData:
Metadata Objects support a few simple types that Intercom can present on your behalf, see the Intercom API docs
+ (void)logEventWithName:(NSString *)name metaData:(NSDictionary *)metaData
Parameters
name |
The name of the event you wish to track. |
|---|---|
metaData |
contains simple types to present to Intercom |
Discussion
[Intercom logEventWithName:@“ordered_item” metaData:@{ @“order_date”: @1392036272, @“stripe_invoice”: @“inv_3434343434”, @“order_number”: @{ @“value”: @“3434-3434”, @“url”: @“https://example.org/orders/3434-3434” }];
Declared In
Intercom.h
Show Intercom messages and message composers
+ presentMessageComposer
Present the message composer.
+ (void)presentMessageComposer
Declared In
Intercom.h
+ presentConversationList
Present the conversation list.
+ (void)presentConversationList
Declared In
Intercom.h
Working with push notifications
+ setDeviceToken:
Set the device token for push notifications. Once the device token is set, the methods for receiving push notifications are safely swizzled so ones sent from Intercom can be intercepted. When a push notification from Intercom is received, Intercom for iOS will automatically launch the message from the notification.
+ (void)setDeviceToken:(NSData *)deviceToken
Parameters
deviceToken |
The device token provided in the |
|---|
Declared In
Intercom.h
Incoming message presentation options
+ setPreviewPosition:
Use this to constrain an incoming notification view to a defined section of the window. By default, if this is not set, message previews appear in the bottom left of your application’s window.
+ (void)setPreviewPosition:(ICMPreviewPosition)previewPosition
Parameters
previewPosition |
The ICMPreviewPosition for your incoming notifications. |
|---|
Declared In
Intercom.h
+ setPreviewPaddingWithX:y:
Depending on the layout of your app you may need to modify the position of the message preview relative to the preview’s position. Use this method to add sufficient padding using x and y values.
+ (void)setPreviewPaddingWithX:(CGFloat)x y:(CGFloat)y
Parameters
x |
A horizontal padding value. |
|---|---|
y |
A vertical padding value. |
Declared In
Intercom.h
Toggling message visibility
+ setMessagesHidden:
Use this to hide all incoming Intercom messages and message previews in the parts of your app where you do not wish to interrupt users, for example Camera views, parts of a game or other scenarios. If any part of Intercom for iOS’s UI is on screen when this is set to YES, it will close itself.
+ (void)setMessagesHidden:(BOOL)hidden
Parameters
hidden |
A bool that toggles message visibility. Use this to either prevent or allow messages from being displayed in select parts of your app. |
|---|
Declared In
Intercom.h
Enable logging
+ enableLogging
Enable logging for Intercom for iOS. By calling this method, Intercom will display debug information.
+ (void)enableLogging
Discussion
Note: it is recommended to use it only while debugging)
Declared In
Intercom.h
Status bar handling
+ setNeedsStatusBarAppearanceUpdate
If you wish to change your status bar’s style or visibility while an Intercom notification may be on screen, call this method so that Intercom’s window can reflect these changes accordingly.
+ (void)setNeedsStatusBarAppearanceUpdate
Declared In
Intercom.h


I am an experienced Unity Developer and an enthusiast of Machine Learning. I develop educational and interactive games on my regular workday, and I spend my free time to learn and investigate biological problems using Machine Learning techniques.
Machine Learning, Deep Learning and Data Structure projects include source code. The game projects will not include the source code due to confidentiality. The AI-related research projects will not be listed on the project list due to the same reason. That includes Human-Robot interactive application, Robot-Unity pipeline tools, and robot's facial expression custom tool implementation
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The marketing team at Medgenome consists of seasoned professionals with a deep understanding of the genomic diagnostics landscape. They bring together technical and commercial experience to effectively convey our message to both clinicians and patients.
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The marketing team at MedGenome consists of seasoned professionals with a deep understanding of the genomic diagnostics landscape. They bring together technical and commercial experience to effectively convey our message to both clinicians and patients.
The marketing team at MedGenome consists of seasoned professionals with a deep understanding of the genomic diagnostics landscape. They bring together technical and commercial experience to effectively convey our message to both clinicians and patients.
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I'm Matheus Gontijo and I'm a Software Engineer who currently lives in Curitiba, Brazil . I work remotely for iMi Digital, an awesome Magento Consulting firm from Germany
I have worked with several programming languages, frameworks and tools which enables me to envision the big picture and effectively providing the best solutions for the projects I'm involved in. The technologies I became specialist are PHP, Magento, Zend Framework, Symfony and Doctrine.
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I wish to all the guild members a happy new year and a merry and cheerful new year party tonight. Have fun!!!
Cheers, Kail _________________ Dilegua notte Tramontate stelle Tramontate stelle All'alba vincer˛ Vincer˛ Vincer˛
Happy new year to everyone! _________________ Surely, without war there would be no loss - hence, no mourning, no grief, no pain, no misery...
HAPPY NEW YEAR to Arthurs descendant and to my Finnish neighbour. And of course the rest o'ya all!!!
GODT NYTT┼R!
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HAPPY NEW YEAR!!!! Hope all guildies have a prosperous and healthy 2006. And hopefully, NWN2 comes out this year _________________ If everyone is thinking alike, then someone is failing to think.
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Object
A mock channel, used for scripting actions in tests. It wraps a Net::SSH::Test::Script instance, and delegates to it for the most part. This class has little real functionality on its own, but rather acts as a convenience for scripting channel-related activity for later comparison in a unit test.
story do |session| channel = session.opens_channel channel.sends_exec "ls" channel.gets_data "result of ls" channel.gets_extended_data "some error coming from ls" channel.gets_close channel.sends_close end
Creates a new Test::Channel instance on top of the given script (which must be a Net::SSH::Test::Script instance).
# File lib/net/ssh/test/channel.rb, line 29 def initialize(script) @script = script @local_id = @remote_id = nil end
Scripts the reception of a “channel close” packet from the remote end.
channel.gets_close
# File lib/net/ssh/test/channel.rb, line 133 def gets_close script.gets_channel_close(self) end
Scripts the reception of a channel data packet from the remote end.
channel.gets_data "bar"
# File lib/net/ssh/test/channel.rb, line 104 def gets_data(data) script.gets_channel_data(self, data) end
Scripts the reception of an EOF packet from the remote end.
channel.gets_eof
# File lib/net/ssh/test/channel.rb, line 126 def gets_eof script.gets_channel_eof(self) end
Scripts the reception of an “exit-status” channel request packet.
channel.gets_exit_status(127)
# File lib/net/ssh/test/channel.rb, line 119 def gets_exit_status(status=0) script.gets_channel_request(self, "exit-status", false, status) end
Scripts the reception of a channel extended data packet from the remote end.
channel.gets_extended_data "whoops"
# File lib/net/ssh/test/channel.rb, line 112 def gets_extended_data(data) script.gets_channel_extended_data(self, data) end
Because adjacent calls to gets_data will sometimes cause the data packets to be concatenated (causing expectations in tests to fail), you may need to separate those calls with calls to inject_remote_delay! (which essentially just mimics receiving an empty data packet):
channel.gets_data "abcdefg" channel.inject_remote_delay! channel.gets_data "hijklmn"
# File lib/net/ssh/test/channel.rb, line 56 def inject_remote_delay! gets_data("") end
Returns the local (client-assigned) id for this channel, or a Proc object that will return the local-id later if the local id has not yet been set. (See Net::SSH::Test::Packet#instantiate!.)
# File lib/net/ssh/test/channel.rb, line 37 def local_id @local_id || Proc.new { @local_id or raise "local-id has not been set yet!" } end
Returns the remote (server-assigned) id for this channel, or a Proc object that will return the remote-id later if the remote id has not yet been set. (See Net::SSH::Test::Packet#instantiate!.)
# File lib/net/ssh/test/channel.rb, line 44 def remote_id @remote_id || Proc.new { @remote_id or raise "remote-id has not been set yet!" } end
Scripts the sending of a “channel close” packet across the channel.
channel.sends_close
# File lib/net/ssh/test/channel.rb, line 97 def sends_close script.sends_channel_close(self) end
Scripts the sending of a data packet across the channel.
channel.sends_data "foo"
# File lib/net/ssh/test/channel.rb, line 83 def sends_data(data) script.sends_channel_data(self, data) end
Scripts the sending of an EOF packet across the channel.
channel.sends_eof
# File lib/net/ssh/test/channel.rb, line 90 def sends_eof script.sends_channel_eof(self) end
Scripts the sending of an “exec” channel request packet to the mock server. If reply is true, then the server is expected to reply to the request, otherwise no response to this request will be sent. If success is true, then the request will be successful, otherwise a failure will be scripted.
channel.sends_exec "ls -l"
# File lib/net/ssh/test/channel.rb, line 67 def sends_exec(command, reply=true, success=true) script.sends_channel_request(self, "exec", reply, command, success) end
Scripts the sending of a “subsystem” channel request packet to the mock server. See sends_exec for a discussion of the meaning of the reply and success arguments.
channel.sends_subsystem "sftp"
# File lib/net/ssh/test/channel.rb, line 76 def sends_subsystem(subsystem, reply=true, success=true) script.sends_channel_request(self, "subsystem", reply, subsystem, success) end
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{{- partial "sections/generic.html" . -}}
{{- partial "sections/about.html" . -}}
{{- partial "sections/experience.html" . -}}
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{{- partial "sections/projects.html" . -}}
{{- partial "sections/achievements.html" . -}}
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I am the Lead Developer of SunPy.
I work for the National Solar Observatory in the DKI Solar Telescope Data Centre.
I also am a maintainer of astropy.visualization
, and have been seen contributing to the matrix ecosystem, mainly the Slack bridge.
Find me online:
It's a Python library
A community-developed, free and open-source solar data analysis environment for Python.
… but not just one library
A project to facilitate and promote the use and development of a community-led, free and open-source solar data-analysis software based on the scientific Python environment
SunPy Core
NDCube
from sunpy.net import Fido, attrs as a
import sunpy.map
results = Fido.search(a.Instrument("AIA"), a.Time("2020/03/06", "2020/03/06T00:00:11"),
a.Wavelength(1*u.nm, 40*u.nm))
results
Results from 1 Provider: 7 Results from the VSOClient: Start Time [1] End Time [1] Source ... Type Wavelength [2] ... Angstrom str19 str19 str3 ... str8 float64 ------------------- ------------------- ------ ... -------- -------------- 2020-03-06 00:00:00 2020-03-06 00:00:01 SDO ... FULLDISK 335.0 .. 335.0 2020-03-06 00:00:04 2020-03-06 00:00:05 SDO ... FULLDISK 193.0 .. 193.0 2020-03-06 00:00:05 2020-03-06 00:00:06 SDO ... FULLDISK 304.0 .. 304.0 2020-03-06 00:00:06 2020-03-06 00:00:07 SDO ... FULLDISK 131.0 .. 131.0 2020-03-06 00:00:09 2020-03-06 00:00:10 SDO ... FULLDISK 171.0 .. 171.0 2020-03-06 00:00:09 2020-03-06 00:00:10 SDO ... FULLDISK 211.0 .. 211.0 2020-03-06 00:00:11 2020-03-06 00:00:12 SDO ... FULLDISK 94.0 .. 94.0
files = Fido.fetch(results[0, 4])
aia_map = sunpy.map.Map(files)
aia_map.peek()
SunPy is built by and for the community. All our code and project-level decisions are made in publicly-visible spaces, and we are open to input from our community for these decisions.
Anyone can contribute, big, or small, code or other things. We try our hardest to encourage all contributions.
Come say Hi!
https://github.com/sunpy/sunpy-SEP
aiamap = sunpy.map.Map(venus_transit_file)
venus = get_body_heliographic_stonyhurst('venus', aiamap.date,
observer=aiamap.observer_coordinate)
venus_hpc = venus.transform_to(aiamap.coordinate_frame)
venus_hpc
<Helioprojective Coordinate (obstime=2012-06-06T04:07:32.130, rsun=696000000.0 m, observer=<HeliographicStonyhurst Coordinate (obstime=2012-06-06T04:07:32.130): (lon, lat, radius) in (deg, deg, m) (-0.01206195, -0.00151094, 1.51827584e+11)>): (Tx, Ty, distance) in (arcsec, arcsec, km)<PHONE_NUMBER>2,<PHONE_NUMBER>8, 43212248.73488458)>
fov = 100 * u.arcsec
top_right = SkyCoord(venus_hpc.Tx + fov, venus_hpc.Ty + fov,
frame=aiamap.coordinate_frame)
bottom_left = SkyCoord(venus_hpc.Tx - fov, venus_hpc.Ty - fov,
frame=aiamap.coordinate_frame)
venus_map = aiamap.submap(top_right, bottom_left)
ax = plt.subplot(projection=venus_map)
venus_map.plot()
ax.plot_coord(venus_hpc, 'x', color='white', markersize=10)
https://docs.sunpy.org/en/latest/generated/gallery/units_and_coordinates/venus_transit.html
https://docs.sunpy.org/en/latest/dev_guide/newcomers.html#code
tox -e py38
Contributing to an open source project such as SunPy or Astropy is great fun, people are friendly and helpful.
Come say hello in chat, and see if you can find something that excites you to work on!
Thanks!


Its user interface is almost identical to the standard Cron module, but with the addition of a Run on servers field on the job editing form. This allows you to select one or more servers or groups that have been created in the Webmin Servers Index module with a login and password.


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Don't worry about your privacy, the app is
open sourced. Click the cat down below to know more.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block title %} Home {% endblock%} {% block links %} {% load static %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
As we navigate through these increasingly tough times, know that health remains our top priority. COVID-19 has changed the way we live, but we will always be here to help you through. Despite any anxiety, stress, or feelings of loneliness you may have, you are not alone.
- Liam Stuart, MD
Chief Medical Officer


{% extends 'rein/base.html' %} {% block title %} Deleting data - {{ block.super }} {% endblock title %} {% block content %}
Are you sure you want to delete {{ object }}?


Today, almost all of our design tools are optimised for illustration. Even the most powerful UI design tools are just drawing tools that export disposable assets.
Design teams and development teams are working on two separate versions of the same thing. One is the actual product and the other is a set of disposable imitations. A lot of work is being done twice. This is a massive time sink costing companies millions of $$$ every year.
The reason we are all working on product imitations, is that to work on the actual product, you must be able to write code—and code is not easy to write.
The thing is, many designers already understand the concepts behind code. Style properties, document flow (nested groups), variables (global styles), components and versioning are all features which already exist inside our current design tools.
Understanding code is not the problem. Typing it is the problem.
Modulz is a GUI layer that sits on exactly the same code that developers write, but surfaces only the parts which concern designers. The code is presented in a simple, intuitive, beautiful UI. Designers can make their changes, visually, then send it back to the developers.
Ultimately, I want to help fix the disconnect between design and development.
I want to help reduce bottlenecks by empowering designers, illustrators, content strategists, customer support, marketing and everyone working on a product to deploy their own work to production using the same channels that developers use. Without any help. We need to get everyone working on the *same* product. Together.
I want to help build a more inclusive web by automating and encouraging accessibility.
For decades, text editors have sat on top of code as an interface layer that only specialists can understand. Modulz will sit on top of that same code — except Modulz will be a simple, accessible, easy-to-use tool.
A tool for everyone.
Sound interesting?
I’m Colm —a product designer from Dublin, Ireland. I’ve spent the past decade working in the tech industry.
For the past four years, I’ve been working in the design tooling space, specifically. In 2014, I founded Plexi (another design tool), which was acquired by Marvel.
You can find me posting about design tools, design systems and CSS among other things on Medium, Twitter, Dribbble, Quora and my personal website.


This page demonstrates some of the tools used to create the style of a page.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) tell the browser how to display the text and other content that you write in HTML. CSS allows color, fonts, positioning, spacing, sizing, decorations, and transitions to be added to pages and controled.
CSS can be applied directly to HTML
elements inline by using the style attribute, by placing the rules within a style tag in the HTML document, or in their own extrernal style sheet that can be referenced in the HTML document.
This H2 is styled inline to be the color blue. This will only apply to this single H2 element.
This is an H2 too but it's styled with a style block. Any H2 that isn't assigned an id, class, or given inline styling will look like this.
Another H2 here! This time it was styled using a class attribute.
Orange you glad I didn't say this is another H2 element? This is a paragraph added to a class that turns text orange.
And this is an H2 that's been added to that same class.
This is an H3, which should be smaller than an H2. It's had its font-size styled so as long as your browser displays H2 elements smaller than 32px, this will appear larger than than an H2, weird! It also has a monospace font-family applied so it's funky too!
Another H2 here! This time using an ID to apply a font-family that comes from Google Font. It's called lobster, hehe! If the Lobster font isn't available then this will just degrade to monospaced text because I added it to the id styling.
This would normally be just a plain ol' boring paragraph but it's had an aqua background so it's fun and exciting instead!
Padding, margin, and border are the magic tools that control the space surrounding each HTML element.
The margin controls the amount of space between an element's border and surrounding elements. The red box has a margin on 20px and the blue box has a margin of 50px so the blue box will be pushed further away from the edges of the yellow box than the red one is.
This padding controls the amount of space between the element's content and its border. The padding here is set to 30px.
There's less padding here than in the red box above because this is set to only 5px of padding.
This guy is positioned using different numbers for each the top, bottom, right, and left padding values. It has each side of the margin set individually, too!


POWER FACTOR CORRECTION USING FC-TCR
Supervisor
Er. Rajendra Dhakal
Project Members
Dhan Bahadur Khadka(072-BEL-208)
Surendra Tamang(072-BEL-240)
Vijaya Sharma(072-BEL-245)
Yogesh Karki(072-BEL-247)
August-9,2019
INTRODUCTION
- Power factor improvement techniques using FACTS controller
- Reactive power Compensation technique is used i.e static var compensator
- SVC is used for load compensation of fast changing loads
- Among TCR and TSC,TCR elements is used as SVC
- FC-TCR method for power factor correction
- FC-TCR can be used for power factor correction, flicker reduction, steady-state voltage control, also filter out harmonics from the system
OBJECTIVE
- To improve the power factor to enhance the power quality of a line
- To optimize the operation of SVC at domestic level.
- To maintain the unity power factor of loads mainly inductive.
- To know basically operating principle of FC-TCR type SVC.
Basic control diagram
Modelling of sources
Modeling of firing angle converter
Modeling of FC-TCR
Modeling of load
Algorithm
- Measurement of initial reactive power consumed by load
- Comparison with reference reactive power
- Calculation of suitable firing angle with PI controller
-
This signal is passed to firing pulse generator
- Firing pulse generator produce the necessary current pulse for the thyristor to turn on
- The reactor absorbs the reactive Power based on the varying fired thyristor angle
Flowchart of overall methodology
Simulation output
Power factor without FC-TCR
Reactive Power supplied by Source
Reactive Power supplied by FC-TCR
Power factor with FC-TCR
Reactive power generated by FC-TCR
Reactive power generated by source
Case 1 : 7 KVAR Load
Case 2 : 10 KVAR Load
Case 3 : 9 KVAR Load
Proteus simulation with FC-TCR
Proteus simulation without FC-TCR
Limitations
- Our project only deals with inductive loads
- Chances of misfiring of tcr which requires extra tsc circuits and control mechanism would be complex
Future scopes
can be used for controlling of reactive power for leading loads
Conclusion
- Variation of reactive power with firing angle was studied
- Reactive power consumed by inductive loads was compensated by FCTCR
- Power factor was improved continuously for dynamic loads
Approximately to unity.
Reference
- Shobha R. Mane,Ashwini Kolekar “Arduino based power factor correction”International journal of electrical,electronics and data communication ISSN:2084 issued on 4 april 2016
- Dhurvang R. Gaikwad, C R Mehta “Automatic reactive power control using FC-TCR”Internation journal of advance computer research ISSN:22497277,volume-4,no-2,15june 2014
- Jitendra Kumar dash “Control statergy for reactive power using using FC-TCR by MATLAB simulink” I.J.EEE, volume-2, E-ISSN: 2310.Issed on 4 august 2015.
- G. Premkumar and B. Muthukumar “ Design, fabrication and implementation of microcontroller controlled SVC” Internation journal of computer application, (0975-8887) volume-81, 19 November 2013
- Sumit k rathod ,Chintan Patel “Simulation and implementation of FC-TCR.” International journal of innovation research in advanced engineering, ISSN no- 2349-2163 volume-1, issued date-4 may 2014.


| Step | Time | Duration | Status | Output | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{ step.name }} | {{ step.at | synDate:'medium' }} | {{ step.duration | synDuration:'ns' }} | Error | Success |
{{ step.output }} |
No output |
No steps information was found for this integration


When we think of Greek staues, we think of pure marble with no color, it gives this regal feeling with its abscence of color.
However, during the era of Greek art, these statues were much more colorful and bright.
These statues were full of color. The paint however, did not last the years and so only the marble sculpture remained.


Simulated ice-sheet volume and area. Grounded ice-sheet volume ( a; ×10 6 km 3) and area ( b; ×10 6 km 2) prediction for each ISM given each of the climate model forcings for the Control, Pliocene Ice-PD and Pliocene Ice-PRISM3 experiments. Horizontal dashed lines show the PRISM3 ice-sheet volume/area 26 (bottom dashed lines) and the Bedmap2 39 modern volume/area (top dashed lines). Note that the MIROC4m and MRI-CGCM2.3 climate models have not been used to force Pliocene scenarios presented here, however, the simulated ice-sheet volume and area for these GCM–ISM combinations can be seen in Supplementary Fig. 11


I am writing to tell you that I am extremely excited about this new HTML formatter. It promises to be as far as I can tell both flexible and resilient in the face of many new ways of writing HTML
I am writing to tell you that I am extremely excited about this new HTML formatter. It promises to be as far as I can tell both flexible and resilient in the face of many new ways of writing HTML


--- layout: post title: Nabaztag 2 to launch tonight date: 2006-12-12 00:00:00 categories: business digital-media interfaces-&-interaction ---
Nabaztag 2 to launch tonight: "AT MIDNIGHT (FRENCH TIME) DECEMBER 12th, or today as it's otherwise known, Violet is set to launch the second-generation of wireless Internet enabled rabbits, with some big improvements we've mentioned before."
Our Nabaztag is a vocal member of staff now. Last week we were pondering that, as we have him tied into our build process and announcing progress/setbacks there, perhaps we should also get him into our new biz/contacts database (for which we use FogBugz) so we can have him scream for joy when we bring in a new project...


The central objective of YIELD (computer animation & installation) was to develop the iconography of the overall project and to test the design credibility of the digital models.
DATA FIELD was conceptualized to be experienced in one of the harbour simulator facilities of MarineSafety International. Instead of a ship's bridge, the platform will become a fictional, harvester-cabin.
THE VIRTUAL HARVESTER project will be presented several times in public forums during the second half of 1997.


--- title: Python advanced decorators keywords: fastai sidebar: home_sidebar summary: "Some more examples of advanced decorators in python" description: "Some more examples of advanced decorators in python" nb_path: "10_pydecorator_adv.ipynb" ---
fibonacci(5), fibonacci.num_calls
fibonacci(1), fibonacci.num_calls


See: Description
| Interface | Description |
|---|---|
| OAxiomPurgeSpec |
Specification of an axiom-purge operation.
|
| OModelConfigVocab |
Vocabulary used in the
OModel -definition section
of the MEKON configuration file. |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| OEntities<E extends org.semanticweb.owlapi.model.OWLEntity> |
Represents set of
OWLEntity objects of a specific type. |
| OLogger |
Logger that prints out timing information for the OWL
ontology and reasoner loading operations.
|
| OModel |
Provides access to an OWL model and associated reasoner, via
methods for accessing the relevant OWL API objects, plus a set
of MEKON-specific convenience methods.
|
| OModelBuilder |
Responsible for creating an
OModel object representing a
set of ontologies loaded from disk, together with an associated
reasoner. |
| OModelCopier |
Responsible for copying the model represented by an
OModel
object, possibly with a different type of reasoner and/or updated
reasoning-type. |
| OModelCreator |
Responsible for creating an
OModel object
representing either a set of ontologies loaded directly
from disk, or the contents of an existing model. |
| OMonitor |
Monitor for loading of the OWL ontology and loading of the
reasoner.
|
| Enum | Description |
|---|---|
| OReasoningType |
Specifies the type of reasoning that a matcher is required to
perform.
|
All of these plug-ins are built on top of the OWL API.
The plug-ins are:
OBSectionBuilder
is an implementation of CSectionBuilder
which builds an indirect section of the frames model (FM) based on a set of OWL ontologies loaded via a standard "sanctioning" mechanism.
ORClassifier
is an implementation of IReasoner
based on a DL reasoner operating over a set of OWL ontologies, using either OWL class-expressions or ad-hoc networks of OWL individuals to represent the instances.
ORMatcher
is an abstract implementation of uk.ac.manchester.cs.mekon.store.motor.IMatcher
based on a DL reasoner operating over a set of OWL ontologies, with specific extension classes that use OWL class-expressions and ad-hoc networks of OWL individuals to represent the instances.
These plug-ins are compatible with each other, and can be used either together or seperately, possibly in conjunction with other compatible section-building and reasoning plug-ins.
All plug-ins are configurable in various ways, either programatically, via methods on the relevant classes, or else via the general MEKON configuration system.
OBSectionBuilder
can be configured to determine which collections of entities will be loaded from the relevant ontologies, and exactly how they will be used in creating the MEKON FM entities.
Both ORClassifier
and ORMatcher
can be configured to determine how the FM instantiations will be interpreted semantically when composing the OWL expressions and networks of OWL individuals to be classified and queried over. In both cases, it is possible to provide pre-processors to reshape intermediate node/link network versions of the FM instantiations, prior to conversion into OWL constructs (see uk.ac.manchester.cs.mekon.network
).
All plug-ins make use of the OModel
class, which provides MEKON-friendly access of OWL ontologies and DL reasoners via the OWL API. Similarly to the plug-ins themselves, the OModel
can be configured either programatically or else via the general MEKON configuration system.
For a general overview of MEKON-OWL, the MEKON framework, and other related software see mekon-hobo project website.


BeeSafe Project
v1.0
Low-cost tracking device.
src Directory Reference
Directory dependency graph for src:
Directories
directory
comms
directory
contact
directory
device
directory
geo
directory
monitor
Files
file
BeeSafe.cpp
[code]
file
BeeSafe.h
[code]
software
BeeSafePI
src
Generated by
1.8.13


|
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| PREV NEXT | FRAMES NO FRAMES |
| Packages that use org.mockito | |
|---|---|
| org.mockito | Mockito is a mock library for java - see Mockito class for for usage. |
| org.mockito.configuration | Mockito configuration utilities |
| org.mockito.internal | Internal classes, not to be used by clients. |
| org.mockito.internal.configuration | Mockito configuration |
| org.mockito.internal.creation | Mock object creation. |
| org.mockito.internal.debugging | Whatever helps in debugging failed tests |
| org.mockito.internal.listeners | |
| org.mockito.internal.matchers | Argument matchers for verification and stubbing. |
| org.mockito.internal.matchers.apachecommons | Argument matchers that use Apache Commons Lang reflection-equality. |
| org.mockito.internal.progress | Mocking progress stateful classes. |
| org.mockito.internal.stubbing.answers | Answers for stubbed calls |
| Classes in org.mockito used by org.mockito | |
|---|---|
| Answers
Enumeration of pre-configured mock answers |
|
| ArgumentCaptor
Use it to capture argument values for further assertions. |
|
| BDDMockito.BDDMyOngoingStubbing
See original OngoingStubbing |
|
| BDDMockito.BDDStubber
See original Stubber |
|
| InOrder
Allows verification in order. |
|
| Matchers
Allow flexible verification or stubbing. |
|
| Mockito
|
|
| MockSettings
Allows mock creation with additional mock settings. |
|
| ReturnValues
Deprecated. Instead, please use Answer interface
In rare cases your code might not compile with recent deprecation & changes. Very sorry for inconvenience but it had to be done in order to keep framework consistent. Why it is deprecated? ReturnValues is being replaced by Answer for better consistency & interoperability of the framework. Answer interface has been in Mockito for a while and it has the same responsibility as ReturnValues. There's no point in mainting exactly the same interfaces. Configures return values for an unstubbed invocation
Can be used in |
| Classes in org.mockito used by org.mockito.configuration | |
|---|---|
| ReturnValues
Deprecated. Instead, please use Answer interface
In rare cases your code might not compile with recent deprecation & changes. Very sorry for inconvenience but it had to be done in order to keep framework consistent. Why it is deprecated? ReturnValues is being replaced by Answer for better consistency & interoperability of the framework. Answer interface has been in Mockito for a while and it has the same responsibility as ReturnValues. There's no point in mainting exactly the same interfaces. Configures return values for an unstubbed invocation
Can be used in |
| Classes in org.mockito used by org.mockito.internal | |
|---|---|
| InOrder
Allows verification in order. |
|
| MockSettings
Allows mock creation with additional mock settings. |
| Classes in org.mockito used by org.mockito.internal.configuration | |
|---|---|
| ReturnValues
Deprecated. Instead, please use Answer interface
In rare cases your code might not compile with recent deprecation & changes. Very sorry for inconvenience but it had to be done in order to keep framework consistent. Why it is deprecated? ReturnValues is being replaced by Answer for better consistency & interoperability of the framework. Answer interface has been in Mockito for a while and it has the same responsibility as ReturnValues. There's no point in mainting exactly the same interfaces. Configures return values for an unstubbed invocation
Can be used in |
| Classes in org.mockito used by org.mockito.internal.creation | |
|---|---|
| MockSettings
Allows mock creation with additional mock settings. |
| Classes in org.mockito used by org.mockito.internal.debugging | |
|---|---|
| MockitoDebugger
|
| Classes in org.mockito used by org.mockito.internal.listeners | |
|---|---|
| MockSettings
Allows mock creation with additional mock settings. |
| Classes in org.mockito used by org.mockito.internal.matchers | |
|---|---|
| ArgumentMatcher
Allows creating customized argument matchers. |
| Classes in org.mockito used by org.mockito.internal.matchers.apachecommons | |
|---|---|
| ArgumentMatcher
Allows creating customized argument matchers. |
| Classes in org.mockito used by org.mockito.internal.progress | |
|---|---|
| MockSettings
Allows mock creation with additional mock settings. |
| Classes in org.mockito used by org.mockito.internal.stubbing.answers | |
|---|---|
| ReturnValues
Deprecated. Instead, please use Answer interface
In rare cases your code might not compile with recent deprecation & changes. Very sorry for inconvenience but it had to be done in order to keep framework consistent. Why it is deprecated? ReturnValues is being replaced by Answer for better consistency & interoperability of the framework. Answer interface has been in Mockito for a while and it has the same responsibility as ReturnValues. There's no point in mainting exactly the same interfaces. Configures return values for an unstubbed invocation
Can be used in |
|
||||||||||
| PREV NEXT | FRAMES NO FRAMES |


Up: MPI and Threads
Next: Clarifications
Previous: MPI and Threads
In a thread-compliant implementation, an MPI process is a process
that may be multi-threaded.
Each thread can issue MPI calls; however, threads are not
separately addressable: a rank in a send or receive call identifies a
process, not a thread. A message sent to a process can be received by
any thread in this process.
Rationale.
This model corresponds to the POSIX model of interprocess
communication: the fact that a process is multi-threaded, rather than
single-threaded, does not affect the external interface of this
process.
MPI implementations where MPI `processes' are POSIX threads
inside a single POSIX process are not thread-compliant by this
definition (indeed, their ``processes'' are single-threaded).
( End of rationale.)
Advice to users.
It is the user's responsibility to prevent races when threads within the
same application post conflicting communication calls. The user can
make sure that two threads in the same process will not issue
conflicting communication calls by using distinct communicators at each
thread.
( End of advice to users.)
The two main requirements for a thread-compliant implementation are listed
below.
1. All MPI calls are thread-safe,
i.e.,
two concurrently
running threads may make MPI calls and the outcome will be as if the
calls executed in some order, even if their execution is interleaved.
2. Blocking MPI calls will block the calling thread only, allowing
another thread to execute, if available.
The calling thread will be blocked until the
event on which it is waiting occurs. Once the blocked communication is
enabled and can proceed, then the call will complete and the thread
will be marked runnable, within a finite time.
A blocked thread will not prevent progress of other runnable threads
on the same process, and will not prevent them from executing MPI
calls.
Example
Process 0 consists of two threads. The first thread
executes a blocking send call MPI_Send(buff1, count, type,
0, 0, comm), whereas the second thread executes a blocking receive
call MPI_Recv(buff2, count, type, 0, 0, comm, &status),
i.e.,
the first thread sends a message that is
received by the second thread. This communication should always
succeed. According to the first requirement, the execution will
correspond to some interleaving of the two calls. According to the
second requirement, a call can only block the calling thread and
cannot prevent progress of the other thread. If the send call went
ahead of the receive call, then the sending thread may block, but this
will not prevent the receiving thread from executing. Thus, the
receive call
will occur. Once both calls occur, the communication is enabled
and both calls will complete. On the other hand, a
single-threaded process that posts a send, followed by a matching
receive, may deadlock. The progress requirement for multithreaded
implementations is stronger, as a blocked call cannot prevent progress
in other threads.
Advice
to implementors.
MPI calls can be made thread-safe by executing only one at a time,
e.g., by protecting MPI code with one process-global lock. However,
blocked
operations cannot hold the lock, as this would prevent progress of
other threads in the process. The
lock is held only for the duration of an atomic, locally-completing
suboperation such as posting a send or completing a send, and is released
in between.
Finer locks can provide more concurrency, at the expense of higher
locking overheads.
Concurrency can also be achieved by having some of the MPI protocol
executed by separate server threads.
( End of advice to implementors.)
Up: MPI and Threads
Next: Clarifications
Previous: MPI and Threads
Return to MPI-2.2 Standard Index
Return to MPI Forum Home Page
(Unofficial) MPI-2.2 of September 4, 2009
HTML Generated on September 10, 2009


| Jump to DART Documentation Main Index |
The standard DART algorithms compute increments for an observation and then compute corresponding increments for each model state variable due to that observation. To do this, DART computes a sample regression coefficient using the prior ensemble distributions of a state variable and the observation. The increments for each member of the observation are multiplied by this regression coefficient and then added to the corresponding prior ensemble member for the state variable. However, in many cases, it is appropriate to reduce the impact of an observation on a state variable; this is called localization. The standard DART algorithms allow users to specify a localization that is a function of the horizontal (and optionally vertical) distance between the observation and the state variable. The localization is a value between 0 and 1 and multiplies the regression coefficient when updating state ensemble members.
Sometimes, it may be desirable to do an additional localization that is a function of the type of observation and the state vector quantity. This program allows users to construct a table that is read by filter at run-time to localize the impact of sets of observation types on sets of state vectorquantities. Users can create named sets of observation types and sets of state vector quantities and specify a localization for the impact of the specified observation types on the state vector quantities.
An example would be to create a subset of observations of tracer concentration for a variety of tracers, and a subset of dynamic state variable quantities like temperatures and wind components. It has been common to set this localization value to 0 so that tracer observations have no impact on dynamic state quantities, however, the tool allows values between 0 and 1 to be specified.
This tool allows related collections of observation types and state vector quantities to be named and then express the relationship of the named groups to each other in a concise way. It can also define relationships by exceptions.
All the listed observation types and state vector quantities must be known by the system. If they are not, look at the &preprocess_nml :: input_items namelist which specifies which obs_def_xxx_mod.f90 files are included, which is where observation types are defined. Quantities are defined in assimilation_code/modules/observations/DEFAULT_obs_kinds_mod.F90. (Note you must add new quantities in 2 places if you do alter this file.)
Format of the input file can be any combination of these types of sections:
# hash mark starts a comment. # the GROUP keyword starts a group and must be followed # by a name. All types or quantities listed before the END # line becomes members of this group. # GROUPs cannot contain nested groups. GROUP groupname1 QTY_xxx QTY_xxx QTY_xxx QTY_xxx # comments can be here END GROUP GROUP groupname2 QTY_xxx QTY_xxx QTY_xxx QTY_xxx END GROUP # GROUPs can also be defined by specifying ALL, ALLQTYS, # or ALLTYPES and then EXCEPT and listing the types or # quantities which should be removed from this group. # ALL EXCEPT must be the first line in a group, and all # subsequent items are removed from the list. # The items listed after EXCEPT can include the names # of other groups. GROUP groupnameM ALL EXCEPT QTY_xxx QTY_xxx QTY_xxx END GROUP GROUP groupnameN ALL EXCEPT groupnameY END GROUP # once any groups have been defined, a single instance # of the IMPACT table is specified by listing a TYPE, # QTY, or group in column 1, then a QTY or GROUP # in column 2 (the second name cannot be a specific type). # column 3 must be 0.0 or 1.0. subsequent entries # that overlap previous entries have precedence # (last entry wins). IMPACT QTY_xxx QTY_xxx 0.0 QTY_xxx groupname1 0.0 groupname1 QTY_xxx 0.0 groupname1 groupname1 0.0 END IMPACT
Namelist interface &obs_impact_tool_nml must be read from file input.nml.
This namelist is read from the file input.nml. Namelists start with an ampersand '&' and terminate with a slash '/'. Character strings that contain a '/' must be enclosed in quotes to prevent them from prematurely terminating the namelist.
&obs_impact_tool_nml input_filename = 'cross_correlations.txt' output_filename = 'control_impact_runtime.txt' debug = .false. /
| Item | Type | Description | |
|---|---|---|---|
| input_filename | character(len=512) | Name of an ascii text file which describes how the interaction of observations to state vector values and observations to other observations should be controlled. See the Overview section for details about the format of the input file entries. | |
| output_filename | character(len=512) | Name of an ascii text file which created by this tool. It can be read at filter run time to control the impact of observations on state vector items and other observation values. The format of this file is set by this tool and should not be modified by hand. Rerun this tool to recreate the file. | |
| debug | logical | If true print out debugging info. |
To prevent chemistry species from impacting the meterological variables in the model state, and vice versa:
GROUP chem QTY_CO QTY_NO QTY_C2H4 END GROUP GROUP met ALLQTYS EXCEPT chem END GROUP IMPACT chem met 0.0 met chem 0.0 END IMPACT
types_mod utilities_mod parse_args_mod
| Routine | Message | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| obs_impact_tool | Only use single process | Only a single mpi process can be used with this program |
| obs_impact_tool | cannot nest groups | Groups cannot contain other groups. You can exclude a group from another group. |
| obs_impact_tool | Impact must be 0.0 or 1.0 | Currently the impact can be either full or nothing. Contact the DART developers if you want to experiment with other values. |
none
none
DART software - Copyright UCAR. This open source software is provided by UCAR, "as is", without charge, subject to all terms of use at http://www.image.ucar.edu/DAReS/DART/DART_download


Master Gobie:
Why haven't you obeyed my order?
Deliver this note to
Captain Bathis of the Town of Gludio
...


Graham, Leslie Alexander
| Birth Name | Graham, Leslie Alexander |
| Gender | male |
| Age at Death | 87 years, 9 months, 24 days |
Narrative
SMH - GRAHAM, Leslie Alexander, 12 Dec 1975, at hospital, late of 42 Stanley St, Merewether, beloved husband of Dulcie Graham.
FUNERAL - GRAHAM - The Rels & Friends of Mrs. Dulcie Graham & the Graham & Lewis families are invited to attend the funeral of their beloved husband, brother, brother-in-law & uncle, LESLIE ALEXANDER GRAHAM, of 42 Stanley St, Merewether, to move from the Church of Christ, Gordon Ave. Hamilton. to-morrow Tuesday afternoon, after service at 1.15pm, for the Crematorium at Beresfield.
NB - Dulcie & Les Graham didn't have any children.
Events
| Event | Date | Place | Description | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth | 1888-02-17 | Goulburn NSW Aust #14650 | ||
|
|
||||
| Death | 1975-12-12 | at hospital, late of Merewether NSW Aust | ||
|
|
||||
| Burial | 1975-12-14 | Beresfield Crematorium Newcastle NSW Aust | ||
|
|
Parents
| Relation to main person | Name | Birth date | Death date | Relation within this family (if not by birth) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Father | Graham, Joseph & Clara | |||
| Graham, Leslie Alexander | 1888-02-17 | 1975-12-12 |
Families
Family of Graham, Leslie Alexander and Lewis, Dulcie May |
||||||||||||||||
| Married | Wife | Lewis, Dulcie May ( * 1907-07-10 + 1987-04-08 ) | ||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
| Attributes |
|
Attributes
| Type | Value | Notes | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| _UID | 3A092C19FFDBD911952295D353E5C65DC65B |
Pedigree
-
Graham, Joseph & Clara
- Graham, Leslie Alexander


Akselfoon
(aka Rammelaar)
The Akselfon isIa musicIinstrument designed to allow everyoneIto playImusic" The set is composed of two elements: TheIcontrol box and the Akselfoons themselves" The philosophy that driven us in the design is that also people affected by disability must be able toIexpress themselves trough the use of their body" AllIthe material used are completely atoxic and they allow users toIplay freely without being affraid of hurting themse ves or damaging the instrument"
The akselfoons are the instrument the user performs with. The shapes are designed to be comfortable to use, waterproof and easily washable In order to cater a large number of users with a minimum quantity of variations we developed twoPshapes: one is to be used in hold the hand and the other is manly designed to be used on top of a table.
The use of Askelfoon is designed to allow thepuser and his caregiver tophave a pleasantpexperience. Thepcaregiver is free topstop the sound whenever he wants and he can choose between several different sounds


|
Last updated on:
12 January 2007 04:40:08 PM
1.
Introduction to Dynamic
Programming
2.
Matrix Chain Multiplication
(MCM)
3. Longest Common Subsequence
(LCS)
4. Edit Distance
5. Longest Inc/Dec-reasing
Subsequence (LIS/LDS)
6. Zero-One Knapsack
7. Counting Change
8. Maximum Interval Sum
9. Other Dynamic Programming
Algorithms
1. Introduction to Dynamic
Programming
Dynamic Programming (shortened as DP) is a programming technique that can
dramatically reduces the runtime of some algorithms (but not all problem
has DP characteristics) from exponential to polynomial. Many (and still
increasing) real world problems only solvable within reasonable time using
DP.
To be able to use DP, the original problem must have:
1. Optimal sub-structure property:
optimal solution to the problem contains within it optimal solutions
to sub-problems
2. Overlapping sub-problems property
we accidentally recalculate the same problem twice or more.
There are 2 types of DP: We can either build up solutions of sub-problems
from small to large (bottom up) or we can save results of solutions of sub-problems
in a table (top down + memoization).
Let's start with a sample of
Dynamic Programming (DP) technique. We will examine the simplest form of
overlapping sub-problems. Remember Fibonacci? A popular problem which creates
a lot of redundancy if you use standard recursion fn = fn-1
+ fn-2.
Top-down Fibonacci DP solution will record the each Fibonacci calculation
in a table so it won't have to re-compute the value again when you need
it, a simple table-lookup is enough (memoization), whereas Bottom-up DP
solution will build the solution from smaller numbers.
Now let's see the comparison between Non-DP solution versus DP solution
(both bottom-up and top-down), given in the C source code below, along with
the appropriate comments.
#define MAX 20 // to test with bigger
number, adjust this value
int memo[MAX]; // array to store the previous
calculations
// the slowest, unnecessary computation
is repeated
int Non_DP(int n) {
if (n==1 || n==2)
return 1;
else
return Non_DP(n-1) + Non_DP(n-2);
}
// top down DP
int DP_Top_Down(int n) {
// base case
if (n == 1 || n == 2)
return 1;
// immediately return the previously
computed result
if (memo[n] != 0)
return memo[n];
// otherwise, do the same as Non_DP
memo[n] = DP_Top_Down(n-1) + DP_Top_Down(n-2);
return memo[n];
}
// fastest DP, bottom up, store the previous
results in array
int DP_Bottom_Up(int n) {
memo[1] = memo[2] = 1; // default values for DP algorithm
// from 3 to n (we already know
that fib(1) and fib(2) = 1
for (int i=3; i<=n; i++)
memo[i] = memo[i-1] + memo[i-2];
// this will be the slowest
for (z=1; z<MAX; z++) printf("%d-",Non_DP(z));
printf("\n\n");
// this will be much faster than
the first
for (z=0; z<MAX; z++) memo[z] = 0;
for (z=1; z<MAX; z++) printf("%d-",DP_Top_Down(z));
printf("\n\n");
/* this normally will be the fastest
*/
for (z=0; z<MAX; z++) memo[z] = 0;
for (z=1; z<MAX; z++) printf("%d-",DP_Bottom_Up(z));
printf("\n\n");
}
You may be interested with another section
regarding Fibonacci in
math section,
There is a faster O(log n) algorithm for computing Fibonacci :D summarized
there.
2. Matrix Chain Multiplication
(MCM)
Let's start by analyzing the cost of multiplying
2 matrices:
Matrix-Multiply(A,B):
if columns[A] != columns[B] then
error "incompatible dimensions"
else
for i = 1 to rows[A] do
for j = 1 to columns[B] do
C[i,j]=0
for k = 1 to columns[A] do
C[i,j] = C[i,j] + A[i,k]
* B[k,j]
return C
Time complexity = O(pqr) where |A|=p x q and
|B| = q x r
a1,1 a1,2 a1,3 *
b1,1 = c1,1
a2,1 a2,2 a2,3 b2,1
c2,1
b3,1
|A| = 2 * 3, |B| = 3 * 1, therefore to multiply
these 2 matrices, we need O(2*3*1)=O(6) scalar multiplication.
The result is matrix C with |C| = 2 * 1
Matrix Chain Multiplication Problem
Input: Matrices A1,A2,...An,
each Ai of size Pi-1 x Pi
Output: Fully parenthesized product A1A2...An
that minimizes the number of scalar multiplications
A product of matrices is fully parenthesized
if it is either
1. a single matrix
2. the product of 2 fully parenthesized matrix products surrounded by parentheses
Example of MCM problem:
We have 3 matrices and the size of each matrix:
A1 (10 x 100), A2 (100 x 5), A3 (5 x 50)
We can fully parenthesized them in two ways:
1. (A1 (A2 A3)) = 100 x 5 x 50 + 10 * 100
* 50 = 75000
2. ((A1 A2) A3) = 10 x 100 x 5 + 10 x 5
x 50 = 7500 (10 times better)
See how the cost of multiplying these 3 matrices
differ significantly. The cost truly depend on the choice of the fully parenthesization
of the matrices. However, exhaustively checking all possible parenthesizations
take exponential time. (Proof: see CLR chapter 16)
Now let's see how MCM problem can be solved
using DP.
Step 1: characterize the optimal sub-structure
of this problem.
Let Ai..j (i < j) denote the result
of multiplying AiAi+1..Aj.
Ai..j can be obtained by splitting it into Ai..k and
Ak+1..j and then multiplying the sub-products. There are j-i
possible splits (i.e. k=i,...,j-1)
Within the optimal parenthesization of Ai..j
:
(a) the parenthesization of Ai..k must be optimal
(b) the parenthesization of Ak+1..j must be optimal
Because if they are not optimal, then there
exist other split which is better, and we should choose that split and not
this split.
Step 2: Recursive formulation
Need to find A1..n
Let m[i,j] = minimum number of scalar multiplications needed to compute
Ai..j
Since Ai..j can be obtained by
breaking it into Ai..k Ak+1..j, we have
m[i,j] = 0, if i=j
= min i<=k<j { m[i,k]+m[k+1,j]+pi-1pkpj
}, if i<j
let s[i,j] be the value k where the optimal
split occurs.
Step 3 Computing the Optimal Costs
Matric-Chain-Order(p)
n = length[p]-1
for i = 1 to n do
m[i,i] = 0
for l = 2 to n do
for i = 1 to n-l+1 do
j = i+l-1
m[i,j] = infinity
for k = i to j-1 do
q = m[i,k] + m[k+1,j] + pi-1*pk*pj
if q < m[i,j] then
m[i,j] = q
s[i,j] = k
return m and s
Step 4: Constructing an Optimal Solution
Print-MCM(s,i,j)
if i=j then
print Ai
else
print "(" + Print-MCM(s,1,s[i,j]) + "*" + Print-MCM(s,s[i,j]+1,j)
+ ")"
Note: As any other DP solution,
MCM also can be solved using Top Down recursive algorithm using memoization.
Sometimes, if you cannot visualize the Bottom Up, approach, just modify
your original Top Down recursive solution by including memoization. You'll
save a lot of time by avoiding repetitive calculation of sub-problems. Details
of MCM problem can be found in CLR chapter 16.
3. Longest Common Subsequence
(LCS)
Longest Common Subsequence Problem:
Input: Two sequence
Output: A longest common subsequence of those two sequences,
see details below.
A sequence Z is a
subsequence of X <x1,x2,...,xm>,
if there exists a strictly increasing sequence <i1,i2,...,ik>
of indices of X such that for all j=1,2,..,k, we have xi=zj.
example: X=<B,C,A,D> and Z=<C,A>.
A sequence Z is called common
subsequence of sequence X and Y if Z is subsequence of both X and Y.
longest common subsequence
(LCS) is just the longest "common subsequence" of two sequences.
A brute force approach of finding
LCS such as enumerating all subsequences and finding the longest common
one takes too much time. However, Computer Scientist has found a Dynamic
Programming solution for LCS problem. For details, you can refer to Introduction
to Algorithm chapter 16 (Dynamic Programming), I will only write the final
code here, written in C, ready to use. Note that this code is slightly modified
and I use global variables (yes this is not Object Oriented)...
// just copy & paste this
code and test it yourself
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
// change this constant if you want a longer subsequence
#define MAX 100
char X[MAX],Y[MAX];
int i,j,m,n,c[MAX][MAX],b[MAX][MAX];
int LCSlength() {
m=strlen(X);
n=strlen(Y);
for (i=1;i<=m;i++) c[i][0]=0;
for (j=0;j<=n;j++) c[0][j]=0;
for (i=1;i<=m;i++)
for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
if (X[i-1]==Y[j-1]) {
c[i][j]=c[i-1][j-1]+1;
b[i][j]=1; /* from north west */
}
else if (c[i-1][j]>=c[i][j-1]) {
c[i][j]=c[i-1][j];
b[i][j]=2; /* from north */
}
else {
c[i][j]=c[i][j-1];
b[i][j]=3; /* from west */
}
}
return c[m][n];
}
void printLCS(int i,int j) {
if (i==0 || j==0) return;
if (b[i][j]==1) {
printLCS(i-1,j-1);
printf("%c",X[i-1]);
}
else if (b[i][j]==2)
printLCS(i-1,j);
else
printLCS(i,j-1);
}
void main() {
while (1) {
gets(X);
if (feof(stdin)) break; /* press ctrl+z to terminate */
gets(Y);
printf("LCS length -> %d\n",LCSlength()); /* count length */
printLCS(m,n); /* reconstruct LCS */
printf("\n");
}
}
Question: Can you list out ALL
possible LCS?
Answer: Modify printLCS(), details will be available later.
4. Edit Distance
Edit Distance Problem:
Input: Given
two string, Cost for deletion, insertion, and replace
Output: Give the minimum actions needed to transform first
string into the second one.
Edit Distance problem is a bit similar to
LCS. DP Solution for this problem is very useful in Computational Biology
such as for comparing DNA.
Let d(string1,string2) be the distance between
these 2 strings.
Recurrence Relation:
d("","") = 0
d(s ,"") = d("", s) = |s| ;; i.e. length of s
d(s1+ch1, s2+ch2)
= min( d(s1, s2) + if (ch1==ch2) then 0 else 1,
d(s1+ch1, s2) + 1,
d(s1, s2+ch2) + 1 )
Follow this
link for more details. There is an applet there, you can try the algorithm
directly.
DP pseudo code:
A two-dimensional matrix, m[0..|s1|,0..|s2|]
is used to hold the edit distance values, such that m[i,j] = d(s1[1..i],
s2[1..j]).
m[0][0] = 0;
for (i=1; i<length(s1); i++) m[i][0] = i;
for (j=1; j<length(s2); j++) m[0][j] = j;
for (i=0; i<length(s1); i++)
for (j=0; j<length(s2); j++) {
val = (s1[i] == s2[j]) ? 0 : 1;
m[i][j] = min( m[i-1][j-1] + val,
min(m[i-1][j]+1 , m[i][j-1]+1));
}
To output the trace, use another array to
store our action along the way. Trace back these values later.
5. Longest Inc/Dec-reasing
Subsequence (LIS/LDS)
Input: Given
a sequence
Output: The longest subsequence of the given sequence such
that all values in this longest subsequence is strictly increasing/decreasing.
O(N^2) DP solution for LIS problem (this code
check for increasing values):
for i = 1 to total-1
for j = i+1 to total
if height[j] > height[i] then
if length[i] + 1 > length[j] then
length[j] = length[i] + 1
predecessor[j] = i
Example:
height sequence: 1,6,2,3,5
length initially: [1,1,1,1,1] - because max length is at least 1 rite...
predecessor initially: [nil,nil,nil,nil,nil] - assume no predecessor so
far
After first loop of j:
length: [1,2,2,2,2], because 6,2,3,5 are all > 1
predecessor: [nil,1,1,1,1]
After second loop of j: (No change)
length: [1,2,2,2,2], because 2,3,5 are all < 6
predecessor: [nil,1,1,1,1]
After third loop:
length: [1,2,2,3,3], because 3,5 are all > 2
predecessor: [nil,1,1,3,3]
After fourth loop:
length: [1,2,2,3,4], because 5 > 3
predecessor: [nil,1,1,3,4]
We can reconstruct the solution using recursion
and predecessor array. =)
However, is O(n^2) is the best algorithm to
solve LIS/LDS ?
Fortunately, the answer is no. There exist
an O(n log k) algorithm to compute LIS (for LDS, this is just a reversed-LIS),
where k is the size of the actual LIS.
This algorithm use some invariant, where for
each longest subsequence with length l, it will terminate with value A[l].
(Notice that by maintaining this invariant, array A will be naturally sorted...)
Subsequent insertion (you will only do n insertions, one number at one time)
will use binary search to find the appropriate position in this sorted
array A (guess... only log k right?).
0 1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8
a -7,10, 9, 2, 3, 8, 8, 1
A -i i, i, i, i, i, i, i, i (iteration
number, i = infinity)
A -i -7, i, i, i, i, i, i, i (1)
A -i -7,10, i, i, i, i, i, i (2)
A -i -7, 9, i, i, i, i, i, i (3)
A -i -7, 2, i, i, i, i, i, i (4)
A -i -7, 2, 3, i, i, i, i, i (5)
A -i -7, 2, 3, 8, i, i, i, i (6)
A -i -7, 2, 3, 8, i, i, i, i (7)
A -i -7, 1, 3, 8, i, i, i, i (8)
You can see that the length of LIS is 4, which
is correct. To reconstruct the LIS, at each step, store the predecessor
array as in standard LIS + this time remember the actual values, since array
A only store the last element in the subsequence, not the actual values.
6. Zero-One
Knapsack
Zero-One Knapsack Problem:
Input: N items, each with various Vi (Value) and Wi (Weight) and
max Knapsack size MW.
Output: Maximum value of items that one can carry, if he can either
take or not-take a particular item.
Let C[i][w] be the maximum value if the available
items are {X1,X2,...,Xi} and the knapsack
size is w.
Recurrence Relation:
;; if i == 0 or w == 0 (if no item or
knapsack full), we can't take anything
C[i][w] = 0
;; if Wi > w (this item too heavy for
our knapsack), skip this item
C[i][w] = C[i-1][w];
;; if Wi <= w, take the maximum of "not-take"
or "take"
C[i][w] = max(C[i-1][w] , C[i-1][w-Wi]+Vi);
;; The solution can be found in C[N][W];
DP pseudo code:
for (i=0;i<=N ;i++) C[i][0] = 0;
for (w=0;w<=MW;w++) C[0][w] = 0;
for (i=1;i<=N;i++)
for (w=1;w<=MW;w++) {
if (Wi[i] > w)
C[i][w] = C[i-1][w];
else
C[i][w] = max(C[i-1][w] , C[i-1][w-Wi[i]]+Vi[i]);
}
output(C[N][MW]);
Note: actually, top-down is faster
than bottom up in this problem since we unnecessarily compute too much thing
if MW is big.
|
TEST YOUR 0-1 KNAPSACK KNOWLEDGE
Solve UVa
problems related with 0-1 Knapsack:
10130 - SuperSale
|
7. Counting Change
Counting Change Problem:
Input: A list of denominations
and a value N to be changed with these denominations
Output: Number of ways to change N
Suppose you have coins of 1 cent, 5 cents and 10 cents. You are asked to
pay 16 cents, therefore you have to give 1 one cent, 1 five cents, and 1
ten cents. Counting Change algorithm can be used to determine how many ways
you can use to pay an amount of money.
The number of ways to change amount A using N kinds of coins equals to:
-
The number of ways to change amount A using all but the first kind of
coins, +
-
The number of ways to change amount A-D using all N kinds of coins,
where D is the denomination of the first kind of coin.
The tree recursive process will gradually reduce the value of A, then using
this rule, we can determine how many ways to change coins.
-
If A is exactly 0, we should count that as 1 way to make change.
-
If A is less than 0, we should count that as 0 ways to make change.
-
If N kinds of coins is 0, we should count that as 0 ways to make change.
And finally, this is the Dynamic Programming solution for Counting Change
problem (in C):
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAXTOTAL 10000
// This can be very big... long long may not be enough and
// you may need to use Big Integer
long long nway[MAXTOTAL+1];
// Assume we have 5 different
coins here
int coin[5] = { 50,25,10,5,1 };
void main() {
int i,j,n,v,c;
scanf("%d",&n);
v = 5;
nway[0] = 1;
for (i=0; i<v; i++) {
c = coin[i];
for (j=c; j<=n; j++)
nway[j] += nway[j-c];
}
printf("%lld\n",nway[n]);
}
8. Maximum
Interval Sum
Maximum Interval Sum Problem:
Input: A sequence of integers
Output: A sum of an interval starting from index i to index
j (consecutive), this sum must be maximum among all possible sums.
Initially Sum[i..n] are the integers from
the input (individual number).
Sum[i] = Sum[start] + ... + Sum[i]
if sum from index 'start' to i
is >= 0 or
Sum[i], set start=i+1 (start new
interval)
if sum from index 'start' to 'i'
< 0
The simple reasoning of this DP formulation
is as follows: if you have positive (or zero) sum, then this current sequence
can still be extended to a longer interval with bigger value or at least
similar value but longer interval... but if the partial sum is negative...
then there is no point to extend it further...
Example:
Numbers : -1 6
Sum : -1 6
^
max sum
Numbers : 4 -5 4 -3 4
4 -4 4 -5
Sum : 4 -1 4 1 5 9
5 9 4
^
^
stop
max sum
Numbers : -2 -3 -4
Sum : -2 -3 -4
^
max sum, but negative... (this is the
maximum anyway)
So, just do a linear sweep from left to right,
accumulate the sum one element by one element, start new interval whenever
you encounter partial sum < 0 (and record current best maximum interval
encountered so far)...
At the end, output the value of the maximum
intervals.
|
TEST YOUR MAXIMUM INTERVAL SUM KNOWLEDGE
Solve UVa
problems related with Maximum Interval Sum:
507 - Jill Rides Again
|
9. Other Dynamic Programming
Algorithms
Problems that can be solved using Floyd Warshall
and it's variant, which belong to the category all-pairs shortest path algorithm,
can be categorized as Dynamic Programming solution. Explanation regarding
Floyd Warshall can be found in Graph section
of this website.
Other than that, there are a lot of ad hoc
problems that can utilize DP, just remember that when the problem that you
encountered exploits optimal sub-structure and repeating sub-problems, apply
DP techniques, it may be helpful. Good luck :)
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11 overrides of Exclude
Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.Management (11)
commands\management\ContentCommandBase.cs (1)
75
public override string[]
Exclude
commands\management\GetChildrenCommand.cs (1)
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public override string[]
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commands\management\Navigation.cs (7)
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commands\management\PingPathCommand.cs (1)
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public override string[]
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commands\management\PropertyCommandBase.cs (1)
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11 writes to Exclude
Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.Management (11)
commands\management\ContentCommandBase.cs (1)
79
set { base.
Exclude
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commands\management\GetChildrenCommand.cs (1)
117
base.
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commands\management\Navigation.cs (7)
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commands\management\PingPathCommand.cs (1)
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commands\management\PropertyCommandBase.cs (1)
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base.
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13 references to Exclude
Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.Management (13)
commands\management\ContentCommandBase.cs (1)
77
get { return base.
Exclude
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commands\management\GetChildrenCommand.cs (1)
112
return base.
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;
commands\management\Navigation.cs (9)
50
SessionStateUtilities.ConvertArrayToCollection<string>(
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We are the Cal Poly Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle (UROV/ROV) team. Coming from mixed majors and backgrounds, we are building a task-based vehicle for both competition and research in aquatic environments. The international MATE competition is held this summer in Houston, Texas from June 25-27, 2016. Students competing in this international collegiate level competition learn about submersible technology, and gain experience that guides them toward the technical marine workforce.
The goal of the Autonomous Golf Cart Project is to retrofit a golf cart with all the sensors and motors to create an autonomous golf cart which can drive around campus. The golf cart is equipped with a LIDAR, stereoscopic camers, sonar rangefinders, GPS, hall effect sensors, and other sensors.
We are the BB-8 team and we're working on building this life sized droid for open house. We are comprised of about 15 students at Cal Poly coming from various engineering studies.
We are the BB-8 team and we're working on building this life sized droid for open house. We are comprised of about 15 students at Cal Poly coming from various engineering studies.


Class: Aws::OpsWorks::Types::Stack
| Inherits: |
Struct
|
| Defined in: |
(unknown) |
Overview
Describes a stack.
Instance Attribute Summary collapse
-
#agent_version ⇒ String
The agent version.
-
#arn ⇒ String
The stack\'s ARN.
-
#attributes ⇒ Hash<String,String>
The stack\'s attributes.
-
#chef_configuration ⇒ Types::ChefConfiguration
A
ChefConfiguration
object that specifies whether to enable Berkshelf and the Berkshelf version. -
#configuration_manager ⇒ Types::StackConfigurationManager
The configuration manager.
-
#created_at ⇒ String
The date when the stack was created.
-
#custom_cookbooks_source ⇒ Types::Source
Contains the information required to retrieve an app or cookbook from a repository.
-
#custom_json ⇒ String
A JSON object that contains user-defined attributes to be added to the stack configuration and deployment attributes.
-
#default_availability_zone ⇒ String
The stack\'s default Availability Zone.
-
#default_instance_profile_arn ⇒ String
The ARN of an IAM profile that is the default profile for all of the stack\'s EC2 instances.
-
#default_os ⇒ String
The stack\'s default operating system.
-
#default_root_device_type ⇒ String
The default root device type.
-
#default_ssh_key_name ⇒ String
A default Amazon EC2 key pair for the stack\'s instances.
-
#default_subnet_id ⇒ String
The default subnet ID; applicable only if the stack is running in a VPC.
-
#hostname_theme ⇒ String
The stack host name theme, with spaces replaced by underscores.
-
#name ⇒ String
The stack name.
-
#region ⇒ String
The stack AWS region, such as \"us-east-1\".
-
#service_role_arn ⇒ String
The stack AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) role.
-
#stack_id ⇒ String
The stack ID.
-
#use_custom_cookbooks ⇒ Boolean
Whether the stack uses custom cookbooks.
-
#use_opsworks_security_groups ⇒ Boolean
Whether the stack automatically associates the AWS OpsWorks built-in security groups with the stack\'s layers.
-
#vpc_id ⇒ String
The VPC ID; applicable only if the stack is running in a VPC.
Instance Attribute Details
#agent_version ⇒ String
The agent version. This parameter is set to LATEST
for auto-update. or
a version number for a fixed agent version.
#arn ⇒ String
The stack\'s ARN.
#attributes ⇒ Hash<String,String>
The stack\'s attributes.
#chef_configuration ⇒ Types::ChefConfiguration
A ChefConfiguration
object that specifies whether to enable Berkshelf
and the Berkshelf version. For more information, see Create a New
Stack.
#configuration_manager ⇒ Types::StackConfigurationManager
The configuration manager.
#created_at ⇒ String
The date when the stack was created.
#custom_cookbooks_source ⇒ Types::Source
Contains the information required to retrieve an app or cookbook from a repository. For more information, see Creating Apps or Custom Recipes and Cookbooks.
#custom_json ⇒ String
A JSON object that contains user-defined attributes to be added to the stack configuration and deployment attributes. You can use custom JSON to override the corresponding default stack configuration attribute values or to pass data to recipes. The string should be in the following format and must escape characters such as \'\"\':
"{\"key1\": \"value1\", \"key2\": \"value2\",...}"
For more information on custom JSON, see Use Custom JSON to Modify the Stack Configuration Attributes.
#default_availability_zone ⇒ String
The stack\'s default Availability Zone. For more information, see Regions and Endpoints.
#default_instance_profile_arn ⇒ String
The ARN of an IAM profile that is the default profile for all of the stack\'s EC2 instances. For more information about IAM ARNs, see Using Identifiers.
#default_os ⇒ String
The stack\'s default operating system.
#default_root_device_type ⇒ String
The default root device type. This value is used by default for all instances in the stack, but you can override it when you create an instance. For more information, see Storage for the Root Device.
#default_ssh_key_name ⇒ String
A default Amazon EC2 key pair for the stack\'s instances. You can override this value when you create or update an instance.
#default_subnet_id ⇒ String
The default subnet ID; applicable only if the stack is running in a VPC.
#hostname_theme ⇒ String
The stack host name theme, with spaces replaced by underscores.
#name ⇒ String
The stack name.
#region ⇒ String
The stack AWS region, such as \"us-east-1\". For more information about AWS regions, see Regions and Endpoints.
#service_role_arn ⇒ String
The stack AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) role.
#stack_id ⇒ String
The stack ID.
#use_custom_cookbooks ⇒ Boolean
Whether the stack uses custom cookbooks.
#use_opsworks_security_groups ⇒ Boolean
Whether the stack automatically associates the AWS OpsWorks built-in security groups with the stack\'s layers.
#vpc_id ⇒ String
The VPC ID; applicable only if the stack is running in a VPC.


Demo features : multiple layers of parallax scrolling, endless waves of enemies, spritesheet explosions and tons of bullets using the high performing collision detection routine (which is less precise but adequate in this context). Furthermore, framerate is adjustable at runtime while game speed is maintained. Use arrow keys and spacebar to shoot. A complete game based on this demo, written using zCanvas can be found here.


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