--- title: Using posterior predictive distributions to get the Average Treatment Effect (ATE) with uncertainty author: Gertjan Verhoeven & Misja Mikkers date: '2020-09-04' summary: Here we show how to use Stan and the brms R-package to calculate the posterior predictive distribution of a covariate-adjusted average treatment effect (ATE). slug: posterior-distribution-average-treatment-effect draft: no categories: - Statistics tags: - brms - causal inference - bayesian statistics - Stan - rstan baseurl: https://gsverhoeven.github.io header: image: headers/DSC02623_crop.JPG preview: no ---
Here we show how to use Stan with the brms R-package to calculate the posterior predictive distribution of a covariate-adjusted average treatment effect. We fit a model on simulated data that mimics a (very clean) experiment with random treatment assignment.
Suppose we have data from a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) and we want to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE). Patients get treated, or not, depending only on a coin flip. This is encoded in the Treatment
variable. The outcome is a count variable Admissions
, representing the number of times the patient gets admitted to the hospital. The treatment is expected to reduce the number of hospital admissions for patients.
To complicate matters (a bit): As is often the case with patients, not all patients are identical. Suppose that older patients have on average more Admissions. So Age
is a covariate.
Now, after we fitted a model to the data, we want to actually use our model to answer "What-if" questions (counterfactuals). Here we answer the following question:
Well, that is easy, we just take the fitted model, change treatment from zero to one for each, and observe the ("marginal") effect on the outcome, right?
Yes, but the uncertainty is harder. We have uncertainty in the estimated coefficients of the intercept and covariate, as well as in the coefficient of the treatment variable. And these uncertainties can be correlated (for example between the coefficients of intercept and covariate).
Here we show how to use posterior_predict()
to simulate outcomes of the model using the sampled parameters. If we do this for two counterfactuals, all patients treated, and all patients untreated, and subtract these, we can easily calculate the posterior predictive distribution of the average treatment effect.
Let's do it!
This tutorial uses brms, a user friendly interface to full Bayesian modelling with Stan.
library(tidyverse)
library(rstan)
library(brms)
We generate fake data that matches our problem setup.
Admissions
are determined by patient Age
, whether the patient has Treatment
, and some random Noise
to capture unobserved effects that influence Admissions
. We exponentiate them to always get a positive number, and plug it in the Poisson distribution using rpois()
.
set.seed(123)
id <- 1:200
n_obs <- length(id)
b_tr <- -0.7
b_age <- 0.1
df_sim <- as.data.frame(id) %>%
mutate(Age = rgamma(n_obs, shape = 5, scale = 2)) %>% # positive cont predictor
mutate(Noise = rnorm(n_obs, mean = 0, sd = 0.5)) %>% # add noise
mutate(Treatment = ifelse(runif(n_obs) < 0.5, 0, 1)) %>% # Flip a coin for treatment
mutate(Lambda = exp(b_age * Age + b_tr * Treatment + Noise)) %>% # generate lambda for the poisson dist
mutate(Admissions = rpois(n_obs, lambda = Lambda))
Ok, so what does our dataset look like?
summary(df_sim)
## id Age Noise Treatment
## Min. : 1.00 Min. : 1.794 Min. :-1.32157 Min. :0.000
## 1st Qu.: 50.75 1st Qu.: 6.724 1st Qu.:-0.28614 1st Qu.:0.000
## Median :100.50 Median : 8.791 Median : 0.04713 Median :0.000
## Mean :100.50 Mean : 9.474 Mean : 0.02427 Mean :0.495
## 3rd Qu.:150.25 3rd Qu.:11.713 3rd Qu.: 0.36025 3rd Qu.:1.000
## Max. :200.00 Max. :24.835 Max. : 1.28573 Max. :1.000
## Lambda Admissions
## Min. : 0.2479 Min. : 0.000
## 1st Qu.: 1.1431 1st Qu.: 1.000
## Median : 1.8104 Median : 2.000
## Mean : 2.6528 Mean : 2.485
## 3rd Qu.: 3.0960 3rd Qu.: 3.000
## Max. :37.1296 Max. :38.000
The Treatment variable should reduce admissions. Lets visualize the distribution of Admission values for both treated and untreated patients.
ggplot(data = df_sim, aes(x = Admissions)) +
geom_histogram(stat="count") +
facet_wrap(~ Treatment)
The effect of the treatment on reducing admissions is clearly visible.
We can also visualize the relationship between Admissions
and Age
, for both treated and untreated patients. We use the viridis
scales to provide colour maps that are designed to be perceived by viewers with common forms of colour blindness.
ggplot(data = df_sim, aes(x = Age, y = Admissions, color = as.factor(Treatment))) +
geom_point() +
scale_color_viridis_d(labels = c("No Treatment", "Treatment")) +
labs(color = "Treatment")
Now lets fit our Bayesian Poisson regression model to it.
We use brms
default priors for convenience here. For a real application we would of course put effort into into crafting priors that reflect our current knowledge of the problem at hand.
model1 <- brm(
formula = as.integer(Admissions) ~ Age + Treatment,
data = df_sim,
family = poisson(),
warmup = 2000, iter = 5000,
cores = 2,
chains = 4,
seed = 123,
silent = TRUE,
refresh = 0,
)
## Compiling Stan program...
## Start sampling
summary(model1)
## Family: poisson
## Links: mu = log
## Formula: as.integer(Admissions) ~ Age + Treatment
## Data: df_sim (Number of observations: 200)
## Samples: 4 chains, each with iter = 5000; warmup = 2000; thin = 1;
## total post-warmup samples = 12000
##
## Population-Level Effects:
## Estimate Est.Error l-95% CI u-95% CI Rhat Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS
## Intercept -0.05 0.12 -0.28 0.18 1.00 7410 7333
## Age 0.12 0.01 0.10 0.14 1.00 8052 8226
## Treatment -0.83 0.10 -1.02 -0.63 1.00 7794 7606
##
## Samples were drawn using sampling(NUTS). For each parameter, Bulk_ESS
## and Tail_ESS are effective sample size measures, and Rhat is the potential
## scale reduction factor on split chains (at convergence, Rhat = 1).
We see that the posterior dists for \(\beta_{Age}\) and \(\beta_{Treatment}\) cover the true values, so looking good. To get a fuller glimpse into the (correlated) uncertainty of the model parameters we make a pairs plot:
pairs(model1)
As expected, the coefficients \(\beta_{Intercept}\) (added by brms
) and \(\beta_{Age}\) are highly correlated.
Conceptually, the simplest approach for prediction is to take the most likely values for all the model parameters, and use these to calculate for each patient an individual treatment effect. This is what plain OLS regression does when we call predict.lm()
on a fitted model.
est_intercept <- fixef(model1, pars = "Intercept")[,1]
est_age_eff <- fixef(model1, pars = "Age")[,1]
est_t <- fixef(model1, pars = "Treatment")[,1]
# brm fit parameters (intercept plus treatment)
ites <- exp(est_intercept + (est_age_eff * df_sim$Age) + est_t) - exp(est_intercept + (est_age_eff * df_sim$Age))
ggplot(data.frame(ites), aes(x = ites)) +
geom_histogram() +
geom_vline(xintercept = mean(ites), col = "red") +
ggtitle("Effect of treatment on Admissions for each observation") +
expand_limits(x = 0)
Averaging the ITEs gives us the ATE, displayed in red.
Ok, so on average, our treatment reduces the number of Admissions by -1.9.
You may wonder: why do we even have a distribution of treatment effects here? Should it not be the same for each patient? Here a peculiarity of the Poisson regression model comes to surface: The effect of changing Treatment
from 0 to 1 on the outcome depends on the value of Age
of the patient. This is because we exponentiate the linear model before we plug it into the Poisson distribution.
How to get all this underlying, correlated uncertainty in the model parameters, that have varying effects depending on the covariates of patients, and properly propagate that to the ATE? What is the range of plausible values of the ATE consistent with the data & model?
At this point, using only the summary statistics of the model fit (i.e. the coefficients), we hit a wall. To make progress we have to work with the full posterior distribution of model parameters, and use this to make predictions. That is why it is often called "the posterior predictive distribution" (Check BDA3 for the full story).
Ok, you say, a Posterior Predictive Distribution, let's have it! Where can I get one?
Luckily for us, most of the work is already done, because we have fitted our model. And thus we have a large collection of parameter draws (or samples, to confuse things a bit). All the correlated uncertainty is contained in these draws.
This is the first trick. Conceptually, we imagine that each separate draw of the posterior represents a particular version of our model.
In our example model fit, we have 12.000 samples from the posterior. In our imagination, we now have 12.000 versions of our model, where unlikely parameter combinations are present less often compared to likely parameter combinations. The full uncertainty of our model parameters is contained in this "collection of models" .
The second trick is that we simulate (generate) predictions for all observations, from each of these 12.000 models. Under the hood, this means computing for each model (we have 12.000), for each observation (we have 200) the predicted lambda value given the covariates, and drawing a single value from a Poisson distribution with that \(\Lambda\) value (e.g. running rpois(n = 1, lambda)
).
This gives us a 12.000 x 200 matrix, that we can compute with.
To compute PPD's, we can use brms::posterior_predict()
. We can feed it any dataset using the newdata
argument, and have it generate a PPD.
For our application, the computation can be broken down in two steps:
posterior_predict()
on our dataset with Treatment
set to zero, do the same for our dataset with Treatment
set to one, and subtract the two matrices. This gives us a matrix of outcome differences / treatment effects.Ok, step 1:
# create two versions of our dataset, with all Tr= 0 and all Tr=1
df_sim_t0 <- df_sim %>% mutate(Treatment = 0)
df_sim_t1 <- df_sim %>% mutate(Treatment = 1)
# simulate the PPDs
pp_t0 <- posterior_predict(model1, newdata = df_sim_t0)
pp_t1 <- posterior_predict(model1, newdata = df_sim_t1)
diff <- pp_t1 - pp_t0
dim(diff)
## [1] 12000 200
And step 2 (averaging by row over the cols):
ATE_per_draw <- apply(diff, 1, mean)
# equivalent expression for tidyverse fans
#ATE_per_draw <- data.frame(diff) %>% rowwise() %>% summarise(avg = mean(c_across(cols = everything())))
length(ATE_per_draw)
## [1] 12000
Finally, a distribution of plausible ATE values. Oo, that is so nice. Lets visualize it!
ggplot(data.frame(ATE_per_draw), aes(x = ATE_per_draw)) +
geom_histogram() +
geom_vline(xintercept = mean(ites), col = "red") +
ggtitle("Posterior distribution of the Average Treatment Effect (ATE)")
We can compare this distribution with the point estimate of the ATE we obtained above using the model coefficients. It sits right in the middle (red line), just as it should be!
Now suppose we are a policy maker, and we want to estimate the total reduction in Admissions if all patients get the treatment. And we want to quantify the range of plausible values of this summary statistic.
To do so, we can easily adjust our code to summing instead of averaging all the treatment effects within each draw (i.e. by row):
TTE_per_draw <- apply(diff, 1, sum)
ggplot(data.frame(TTE_per_draw), aes(x = TTE_per_draw)) +
geom_histogram() +
geom_vline(xintercept = sum(ites), col = "red") +
ggtitle("Posterior distribution of the Total Treatment Effect (TTE)")
So our model predicts for the aggregate reduction of patient Admissions a value in the range of -500 to -250.
This distribution can then be used to answer questions such as "what is the probability that our treatment reduces Admissions by at least 400"?
TTE <- data.frame(TTE_per_draw) %>%
mutate(counter = ifelse(TTE_per_draw < -400, 1, 0))
mean(TTE$counter) * 100
## [1] 38.1
We hope to have demonstrated that when doing a full bayesian analysis with brms
and Stan
, it is very easy to create Posterior Predictive Distributions using posterior_predict()
. And that if we have a posterior predictive distribution, incorporating uncertainty in various "marginal effects" type analyses becomes dead-easy. These analyses include what-if scenarios using the original data, or scenarios using new data with different covariate distributions (for example if we have an RCT that is enriched in young students, and we want to apply it to the general population). Ok, that it is for today, happy modelling!


Armor stands are able to be equipped with Frost Walker enchanted boots, and act just like a player would. For armor stands equipped with Frost Walker enchanted boots to freeze water, the armor stand had to have horizontal velocity. Pushing/pulling with only pistons is not sufficient (as extending pistons alone do not give velocity). Pre-1.14, slime blocks pushing from the side or moving with the armour stand on top used to turn water up to 3 meters below the stand’s base into frosted ice.
Post 1.14 this no longer works. You need to move the armour stand with flowing water and it needs to be 1 block above the water you're trying to freeze.
Discovered by: Ken Du / Innovated by: JX67


type TPixelCombineEvent = procedure(F: TColor32; var B: TColor32; M: TColor32) of object;
TPixelCombineEvent is a type for OnPixelCombine callback function. It specifies a function which takes foreground color (F) and blends it with the background (B). This function may optionally use master alpha value (M). Moreover, in dmCustom mode master alpha value does not necesserely have to be in [0 255] range anymore, you are free to use all its 32-bits.


--- layout: post title: This Week in Edge Rails categories: - edge author: Mike Gunderloy published: true date: 2009-03-13 12:22:00.000000000 +00:00 ---
Things have been pretty busy on the development side since the release of Rails 2.3 RC2. The core team has been making a serious effort to review all of the open bugs and patches with an eye towards getting us a solid release. At this point, the bar for new features is set fairly high, but even so, there have been an incredible 94 commits in the week since RC2 – mostly fixes to ensure expected behavior and stability. Here are some of the highlights.
The support for XML parsing in ActiveSupport has been made more flexible by allowing you to swap in different parsers. By default, it uses the standard REXML implementation, but you can easily specify the faster LibXML or Nokogiri implementations for your own applications, provided you have the appropriate gems installed:
XmlMini.backend = 'LibXML'
XmlMini.backend = 'Nokogiri'
The internals of the various rake gem
tasks have been substantially revised, to make the system work better for a variety of cases. The gem system now knows the difference between development and runtime dependencies, has a more robust unpacking system, gives better information when querying for the status of gems, and is less prone to “chicken and egg” dependency issues when you’re bringing things up from scratch. There are also fixes for using gem commands under JRuby and for dependencies that try to bring in external copies of gems that are already vendored.
A couple of small fixes to the routing engine. First, member routes with requirements now work (previously the requirements were ignored):
map.resources :orders,
:requirements => { :id => %r([^/;,?]+) },
:member => { :accept => :get }
Also, shallow routes now work properly with namespaces (commit) and you can now use the OPTIONS
verb in route conditions (commit).
The expires_in
, stale
, and fresh_when
methods now accept a :public
option to make them work well with proxy caching.
expires_in 10.minutes, :public => true
fresh_when :last_modified => @user.updated_at.utc,
:public => true
fresh_when :etag => @user, :public => true
The String#parameterize
method now accepts an optional separator character.
"My big duck".parameterize => "my-big-duck"
"My big duck".parameterize('_') => "my_big_duck"
The ActiveRecord::Base#invalid?
method now works as the opposite of ActiveRecord::Base#valid?
. (commit)
The ActiveSupport::Json.decode
method now handles \u0000
style escape sequences. (commit)
You can now set content types such as multipart/mixed
in Action Mailer. (commit)
Rails 2.3 will ship with a bundled version of Rack, but if you have Rack 1.0 installed as a gem it will use the gem version instead. (commit)


All dishes:
Total Charges:
For any issues or order,contact us through: call +254 76666666
Email our CEO and Founder<EMAIL_ADDRESS>BENVENUTO DI NUOVO.KARIBU TENA
Site created by Meal Group Company. Copyright(c)2020.All rights reserved. P.O BOX: 999666,Nairobi,Kenya.


Devils waive G Schneider
The New Jersey Devils waived veteran goaltender Cory Schneider.
If Schneider, 33, clears waivers on Tuesday, he will be assigned to Binghamton of the American Hockey League.
Schneider, in his seventh season with New Jersey, has struggled to start the season. In six games, he’s 0-4-1 with a 4.59 goals-against average and .852 save percentage.
MacKenzie Blackwood, 22, now becomes the unquestioned No. 1 goalie.
“We addressed it with our players, and unfortunately this is part of the business, but this isn’t the end of the road with Cory,” coach John Hynes told reporters after Schneider’s release. “It’s an opportunity for us to try and help him get his game to where it needs to be. We had a similar situation with him last year where it worked out really well where he went down to Binghamton and played, got some footing for himself and his game back and came back and played well for us later in the year.”
Schneider last played on Nov. 8 in a loss to the Edmonton Oilers. He allowed four goals on 32 shots in the 4-0 defeat.
“Mackenzie has been consistent and he’s played well and been able to manage himself and mange his workload,” Hynes said of Blackwood. “That was part of the decision-making process. It wasn’t the complete part of the decision, but it was a small part.”
In 14 games this season, Blackwood is 7-4-3 with a 2.79 GAA and .904 save percentage.
Schneider started his career with the Vancouver Canucks, who selected him with the No. 26 pick in the 2004 NHL Draft. New Jersey acquired him in a June 30, 2013, trade with the Canucks.
In his career, Schneider has a 167-157-57 with a 2.43 GAA and a .918 save percentage.
To take Schneider’s spot on the roster, the Devils recalled goalie Louis Domingue from Binghamton.
—Field Level Media


| | |
- basic_collaborative(data_train, testData, corrMatrix, K)
- Basic method is used to compute the reconstructed matrix
Parameters
----------
data_train :
data present in train.csv file
testdata:
data in test.csv file
corrMatrix :
correlation matrix
K :
amount of most similar k users
Returns
-------
train_reconstructed_y :
reconstructed matrix
- collaborative_baseline(data_train, testData, corrMatrix, K)
- Baseline method is used to compute the reconstructed matrix
Parameters
----------
data_train :
data present in train.csv file
testData :
data in test.csv file
corrMatrix :
correlation matrix
K :
amount of most similar k users
Returns
-------
train_reconstructed_y :
reconstructed matrix
- for_corrMatrix_building(data, name_of_file)
- For building correlation matrix
parameters:
data:
training data
name_of_file:
name of the file to be passed
Return:
corrMatrix:
correlation matrix
- main()
|


Guard Bayard:
You didn't find Waldstein? He'll be hard to find once the pilgrimage is over. You must act swiftly!
Now I'll join the search. You'll need your own Stone of Commune.
"Where can I get one?"


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A C D E F G I K L M N O P R S T V W misc
| magick-package | Magick Image Processing |
| analysis | Image Analysis |
| animation | Image Frames and Animation |
| as_EBImage | Convert to EBImage |
| attributes | Image Attributes |
| autoviewer | RStudio AutoViewer |
| autoviewer_disable | RStudio AutoViewer |
| autoviewer_enable | RStudio AutoViewer |
| channel_types | Magick Options |
| coder_info | Magick Configuration |
| color | Image Color |
| colorspace_types | Magick Options |
| compose_types | Magick Options |
| composite | Image Composite |
| demo_image | Image Editing |
| device | Magick Graphics Device |
| dispose_types | Magick Options |
| edges | Edge / Line Detection |
| editing | Image Editing |
| effects | Image Effects |
| filter_types | Magick Options |
| fx | Image FX |
| geometry | Geometry Helpers |
| geometry_area | Geometry Helpers |
| geometry_point | Geometry Helpers |
| geometry_size_percent | Geometry Helpers |
| geometry_size_pixels | Geometry Helpers |
| granite | Example Images |
| gravity_types | Magick Options |
| imagemagick | Magick Image Processing |
| image_animate | Image Frames and Animation |
| image_annotate | Image Painting |
| image_append | Image Frames and Animation |
| image_apply | Image Frames and Animation |
| image_attributes | Image Editing |
| image_average | Image Frames and Animation |
| image_background | Image Color |
| image_blank | Image Editing |
| image_blur | Image Effects |
| image_border | Image Composite |
| image_browse | Image Editing |
| image_canny | Edge / Line Detection |
| image_capture | Magick Graphics Device |
| image_channel | Image Color |
| image_charcoal | Image Effects |
| image_chop | Image Transform |
| image_coalesce | Image Frames and Animation |
| image_colorize | Image Color |
| image_comment | Image Attributes |
| image_compare | Image Analysis |
| image_compare_dist | Image Analysis |
| image_composite | Image Composite |
| image_connect | Image Segmentation |
| image_contrast | Image Color |
| image_convert | Image Editing |
| image_convolve | Morphology |
| image_crop | Image Transform |
| image_data | Image Editing |
| image_deskew | Image Transform |
| image_despeckle | Image Effects |
| image_device | Magick Graphics Device |
| image_display | Image Editing |
| image_draw | Magick Graphics Device |
| image_edge | Edge / Line Detection |
| image_emboss | Image Effects |
| image_enhance | Image Color |
| image_equalize | Image Color |
| image_fft | Image Analysis |
| image_fill | Image Painting |
| image_flatten | Image Frames and Animation |
| image_flip | Image Transform |
| image_flop | Image Transform |
| image_frame | Image Composite |
| image_fuzzycmeans | Image Segmentation |
| image_fx | Image FX |
| image_ggplot | Image to ggplot |
| image_graph | Magick Graphics Device |
| image_hough_draw | Edge / Line Detection |
| image_hough_txt | Edge / Line Detection |
| image_implode | Image Effects |
| image_info | Image Attributes |
| image_join | Image Editing |
| image_lat | Image thresholding |
| image_map | Image Color |
| image_median | Image Color |
| image_modulate | Image Color |
| image_montage | Image Frames and Animation |
| image_morph | Image Frames and Animation |
| image_morphology | Morphology |
| image_mosaic | Image Frames and Animation |
| image_negate | Image Effects |
| image_noise | Image Effects |
| image_normalize | Image Color |
| image_ocr | Image Text OCR |
| image_ocr_data | Image Text OCR |
| image_oilpaint | Image Effects |
| image_orient | Image Transform |
| image_page | Image Transform |
| image_quantize | Image Color |
| image_raster | Image Editing |
| image_read | Image Editing |
| image_read_pdf | Image Editing |
| image_read_svg | Image Editing |
| image_reducenoise | Image Effects |
| image_repage | Image Transform |
| image_resize | Image Transform |
| image_rotate | Image Transform |
| image_sample | Image Transform |
| image_scale | Image Transform |
| image_split | Image Segmentation |
| image_strip | Image Editing |
| image_threshold | Image thresholding |
| image_transparent | Image Color |
| image_trim | Image Transform |
| image_types | Magick Options |
| image_write | Image Editing |
| image_write_gif | Write Video |
| image_write_video | Write Video |
| kernel_types | Magick Options |
| logo | Example Images |
| magick | Magick Image Processing |
| magick_config | Magick Configuration |
| magick_options | Magick Options |
| metric_types | Magick Options |
| morphology | Morphology |
| morphology_types | Magick Options |
| noise_types | Magick Options |
| ocr | Image Text OCR |
| options | Magick Options |
| option_types | Magick Options |
| orientation_types | Magick Options |
| painting | Image Painting |
| rose | Example Images |
| segmentation | Image Segmentation |
| thresholding | Image thresholding |
| transform | Image Transform |
| video | Write Video |
| wizard | Example Images |
| _index_ | Magick Image Processing |


InputData package¶
BoundariesTypeBuilding folder¶
This folder contains boundary conditions like set temperature profiles, internal gain profiles and AHU profiles as well as weather files for the simulation model.
The Test Reference Years (TRY) have been downloaded from: http://www.dwd.de/TRY
RecordTemplate folder¶
This folder holds the templates for the Modelica export. Currently available are following models: “AixLib”, “CitiesRWin” and “CitiesType” (the last two model options are inhouse models).
XSD_Definitions folder¶
To implement the saved project or the internal data bases into your project, this folder holds the XSD schema definitions for all used XML files.
MaterialTemplates file¶
XML file with different materials and their properties.
TypeBuildingElements file¶
XML file with different wall and window constructions, following the IWU in Germany.
UseConditions file¶
XML file with different Use Conditions following DIN18599


Text is nice. But if we’re already creating a website, we’ll also want to include links and images. Here’s how:
Links forward users to different websites. They have two main parts: The page that we want to link to and the clickable text that we want to display.
Clickable Text
Becomes Clickable Text (Don’t click on it though–web.site does not exist.)
href
stands for “hypertext reference,” the place that we’re linking to.
stands for “anchor” element.)
To use a working example we can link to Wikipedia in the following way:
Wikipedia
Here’s something fun: We can not just link to other websites, we can also link to files in our repository. These are called “relative paths,” because the link is relative to our current file.
Let’s say that I want to create a link to my landing page, index.html. If you look at our repository,
you can see that links.html (the file I’m currently editing) and index.html are in the same directory. In this case, if I want to link to
index.html, I can create a link like this:
Landing Page
This becomes: Landing Page
If you hover over the link, you can see that Github automatically turns the relative path index.html
into the URL https://<username>.github.io/index.html
Relative links work with files in subfolders as well. For example, all of the screenshots used in the tutorials are in the “images” and then “tutorials” folder." If we want to link to one of the images in that folder, we can create a link like this:
Tutorial Image
This becomes: Tutorial Image
Images work very similar to links. The general syntax is

For example, you can find an image of a cute puppy on the Wikipedia Commons, hosted with a Creative Commons license.
If we want to display the image, we can do so like this:

Just like links, images can use relative paths or absolute URLs. The images folder of our repository contains another
puppy image from the Wikipedia Commons called "puppy.jpg."
To display it, we can use a relative path:

Finally, to make your website accessible, you should include a description of each image in the image tag, which helps people who use
screen-readers understand what gets displayed in the image. Adding a description works like this:

I suggest that you play around with links and images on your landing page (index.html). Once you’re done, we’ll move on to the next section: creating and deleting new pages.


Recent main updates
'Visual mode' setting
'Visual mode' has been added in the 'Configuration' to provide 3 options:
following the browser default settings derived from the OS settings,
or explicitly setting the mode to light or dark.
'aws_account_alias' parameter
Previously, when you logged in your account alias, you had to set the alias to 'aws_account_id',
but now you can specify both the account ID and the alias with 'aws_account_alias'.
This will ensure that the target profiles are displayed regardless of whether you log in the account ID or the alias.
[organization1]
aws_account_id =<PHONE_NUMBER>22
aws_account_alias = your-account-alias
'Sign-in endpoint in current region' setting (Experimental, Supporters only)
The 'Switch role' requests to the sign-in endpoint in the current region instead of signin.aws.amazon.com when you browse a non-global page in AWS Management Console.
For those working geographically far from Virginia, the switch roll may be a little faster.
3.0.0 New version!
- Migrate to Manifest V3
- Add 'Visual mode' that can change UI to Dark Mode
2.3.2
- Truncate the display name when the length exceeds the limit
- Fix the browser console error when the popup menu is closed
- Updating the target AWS console URLs, support new health dashboard and LightSail
- Support 'aws_account_alias' parameter on base account
2.3.1
- Fix that 'Sign-in endpoint in current region' breaks a switch role on some page like Chatbot
- Fix that the icon's background becomes gray if it is transparent
2.3.0
- Implement 'Sign-in endpoint in current region' setting (Experimental, Supporters only)
- Fix how to get sign-in endpoint from AWS Console page
- Fix that switching sometimes fails on new experience pages
2.2.0
- Support 'role_name' parameter that expresses the name of role at login, on base account
2.1.0
- Implement 'Configuration storage' setting to select 'Sync' or 'Local'
- Change the configuration by Config Sender API saving to 'Local' storage
- Strictly validate the AWS Configuration and change the error message distinct
2.0.4–2.0.6
- Fix encoding redirect URI in the particular AWS Console pages
- Fix double scrollbars of the popup menu
- Add supporters program and golden key feature
- Fix 'Show only matching roles'
- Fix broken switch if the destination region is specified when you show AWS global service page
- Fix to work on old AWS Console Nav UI for AWS GovCloud and China partition
- Open the popup menu with the keyboard shortcut (default: Windows:
Ctrl + Shift + ,
macOS: Command + Shift + ,
)


Example form
Please fill the input below
In this demo input-magic v0.1.0 handles completion and validation of an email address


URL MATCH:
IF PAGE-URL EQUALS MATCH
IF PAGE-URL CONTAINS MATCH
YOUR CODE:
Manage all the code you added


HaikuMatron
Sage wisdom, on demand
HaikuMatron
Sage wisdom, on demand
Enter a two-syllable noun:
Enter another two-syllable noun:
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Make Poem
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Background image courtesy of
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.


SOCKET_CONTEXT_NULL
Returned if, for some reason, the internal SocketContext associated with the WebSocket Connection is null.
null


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %} Lastpage.me - {{ user }} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
No page set for {{ user }}
User '{{ user }}' doesn't have a page tagged with '{{ tag }}' at the moment.


Apologies for the newbie question. What isn't clear to me is, do I need to setup WAMP on a local PC or can I work directly with emoncms.org and host my dashboards there or do I have to setup both?
I have RFM12Pi, Raspberry Pi and emonTx.
Thank you.
Steve in Chester
Re: Do I need a local Windows PC setup for emoncms or can I work directly with emoncms.org?
Welcome, Steve.
You don't need WAMP, you cannot easily have both (it needs a small change to the scripts to send the data to two places) so it is probably easier at least to start with to use emoncms.org.
Subsequently, if you find you cannot find the widgets or visualisations to suit your exact needs, then you can set up your own server and modify your own emonCMS however you wish, but bear in mind your server needs to run continuously.
Re: Do I need a local Windows PC setup for emoncms or can I work directly with emoncms.org?
The normal system is to setup a web server on your Raspberry Pi (no need to have WAMP on a local PC) and use that to host your emoncms installation and serve your dashboards, but you could always configure emoncms via a menu option to forward data to emoncms.org instead, and just run your dashboards from there. A third option is to have both!
If you choose to forward data to emoncms.org, you will still need to install the emoncms system on your Pi, in order to receive and forward the data.
Paul
Edit>>> Sorry Robert, I didn't see your reply until I refreshed the page.
Re: Do I need a local Windows PC setup for emoncms or can I work directly with emoncms.org?
Thank you Robert & Paul, that was my original thinking but then I found WAMP on the site and was worried I'd missed the point! I've just come in for dinner after soldering in all of the emonTx passive components, connectors and voltage regulator. Fingers crossed I'll find 3.3v after dinner when I power it up.
I also wanted to say how impressed I am with this project and have told many of my business and personal associates about it.
Regards,
Steve
Re: Do I need a local Windows PC setup for emoncms or can I work directly with emoncms.org?
> If you choose to forward data to emoncms.org, you will still need to install the emoncms system on your Pi, in order to receive and forward the data.
Yes and no.
A few simple adaptations would allow you to only use emoncms.org and the RPi as a repeater.
I can provide more info if needed, but basically, it would mean
- removing from the code the line(s) that sends data to local emoncms
- hardcoding parameters instead of reading them from DB
I'm working on a gateway that is local emoncms independant. It can be configured through a configuration file. Not "released" yet, but I believe it is usable already:
https://github.com/Jerome-github/oem_gateway
This is motivated, among other reasons, by the SD card wearoff, discussed in the forums.
This said, if you want to stick to everyone's configuration, yes, you'll be running a LAMP server on the Pi, with an instance of emoncms running, including a RPi module that you can use to parameter the radio receiver.


CODER
/EXAMPLE
Back to Tutorial Article
Reading csv file using javascript
Download a sample csv file from
here
or generate from
mockaroo.com
Upload a CSV formatted file:
Submit
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What’s New in jQuery 3.0
My first reaction on facebook’s react.js
RESTful API in Lumen, A Laravel Micro Framework
DataTable demo (Server side) in Php,Mysql and Ajax


This application is only a prototype of an ios app developped for the purpose of an assignment for the course of PGD in web & mobile application development. This prototype can be used as a starting point to further enhance/develop an app for a real insurance company


ATOM
Getting started
User guide
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transform
predict
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plot_errors
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plot_threshold
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--- layout: presentation title: "Software and Ethics - Tech Talk Tuesday" --- Software and Ethics Tech Talk Tuesday January 8th, 2019 Dark UX Specific Legal Guidelines Copyright/Licensing Terms of Service ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct Contribute to society and human well-being Avoid harm to others Be honest and trustworthy Give proper credit for intellectual property Respect the privacy of others Honor confidentiality Facebook/Cambridge Analytica Facebook/Congress GDPR Algorithm Accountability Right to be Forgotten Explainable AI Bias–Variance Tradeoff Understanding Biases
Tech Talk Tuesday January 8th, 2019


Only the best restaurants in NYC recommended by people who are passionate about food - they work in the industry, they care about great ingredients and they leave no bad vibes.
This week award winning photographers James and Karla Murray will share all their favorite diners in NYC with you!
MEET JAMES AND KARLA


NFL scores Week 11: Final results, highlights from Sunday's games
by Eli BoettgerWeek 11 of the NFL regular season is here and there are a handful of quality games on the slate.
The week got off to an explosive start as the Steelers and Browns unraveled in the closing moments with Myles Garrett striking Mason Rudolph with his helmet in a chaotic brawl.
MORE: NFL Week 11 betting guide
As for Sunday's action, the Texans and Ravens have the most intriguing game of the week in a must-see quarterback duel between Deshaun Watson and Lamar Jackson. The Rams host the Bears on Sunday night in a matchup of NFC squads hoping to stay in the playoff hunt.
The week closes on Monday night with the Chiefs taking on the Chargers in an AFC West battle.
Check out all the NFL scores, results and highlights from Week 11.
(All times Eastern)
NFL scores, results from Week 11
Follow SN's live scoreboard for stats and more.
7:16 p.m.: The 49ers had one last score in them. Garoppolo hits Jeff Wilson Jr. for the touchdown with 31 seconds to go and the lead changes yet again. A drama-filled afternoon between the Cardinals and 49ers.
6:52 p.m.: Another lead change between the Cardinals and 49ers. Kyler Murray takes it himself to give Arizona the advantage with just over six minutes to go.
6:39 p.m.: San Francisco is back on top. Garoppolo has his third touchdown of the game.
6:21 p.m.: The Patriots dip into their bag of tricks to take the lead. Julian Edelman (not Tom Brady) throws a touchdown pass to Phillip Dorsett.
6:00 p.m.: Ross Dwelley is showing out for the 49ers today. His second score of the game gives San Francisco its first lead.
5:40 p.m.: A nifty scramble by Derek Carr leads to six points and gives Oakland its first lead of the afternoon.
5:14 p.m.: Niners are on the board, cutting into the deficit. Jimmy G with his first strike of the day.
5:07 p.m.: Upset brewing? Cardinals strike again as Kyler Murray is off to a fast start.
4:53 p.m.: The winless Bengals are on the board first in Oakland.
4:39 p.m.: The Kyler-to-Larry connection is back.
4:18 p.m.: Minnesota is the first team in five years to come back from a 20-point halftime deficit and win. The Vikings hold off the Broncos in the final seconds.
3:53 p.m.: The Vikings come back to take the lead! Minnesota erasesa 20-point deficit.
3:41 p.m.: Dak Prescott dumps it off to Ezekiel Elliott who makes a tremendous grab and navigates in for the touchdown to go up double digits on the Lions.
3:36 p.m.: The Vikings are back in business after trailing big early. Cousins launches deep to Stefon Diggs for a long touchdown score.
3:31 p.m.: Mark Ingram continues to pour it on as the Ravens have silenced the Texans.
3:23 p.m.: Can't slow him down. Chris Godwin speeds past the Saints defense for the touchdown to trim the lead.
3:17 p.m.: A huge meltdown in Charlotte. The Panthers are getting obliterated at home by the Falcons.
3:07 p.m.: Drew Brees hits Ted Ginn to extend the Saints lead.
2:57 p.m.: At long last, the Vikings have put up points on the board.
2:47 p.m.: The Ravens continue to dominate the Texas. Baltimore now leads 21-0 after a Mark Ingram score.
2:41 p.m.: Jakeem Grant takes a kickoff 101 yards for a touchdown shortly before halftime.
2:32 p.m.: Sam Darnold is having himself a day. He just logged his third passing touchdown of the first half.
2:12 p.m.: Jeff Driskel takes it himself to put the Lions back on top over the Cowboys.
2:04 p.m.: Lamar Jackson continues to display his magic. He nails Mark Andrews for the touchdown to give Baltimore a 14-0 lead.
1:49 p.m.: The Ravens strike first. Seth Roberts reaches out for the touchdown reception from Lamar Jackson.
1:48 p.m.: Josh Allen airs it out to John Brown on a 40-yard touchdown strike.
1:40 p.m.: Kenjon Barner takes a punt return all the way to the house.
1:36 p.m.: One of the strangest turnovers you'll see. O.J. Howard tries to regain possession of a pass behind his back and he bobbles and is intercepted by the Saints.
1:33 p.m.: Marlon Mack is too strong. He spins away from the defense for the hard-earned score.
1:20 p.m.: Nick Foles is back from injury and he hits D.J. Chark for a 34-yard touchdown for the first points of the day.
1:09 p.m.: Lions running back Bo Scarbrough cashes in for his first NFL touchdown after Detroit recovered an early fumble.
12:42 p.m.: Stefon Diggs (again) making a statement with his cleats.
(Bolded games are on national TV).
Thursday, Nov. 14
| Game |
|---|
| Browns 21, Steelers 7 |
Sunday, Nov. 17
| Game | Time | TV |
|---|---|---|
| Bears vs. Rams | 8:20 p.m. | NBC |
Monday, Nov. 18
| Game | Time | TV |
|---|---|---|
| Chiefs vs. Chargers | 8:15 p.m. | ESPN |
MORE:Watch every NFL regular season game and RedZone on DAZN (Canada Only)


Pats Salmon Cookies
"The cookies with the salmon!!!"
Home
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Works by default on:
Windows XP
Windows 2003
A TFTP client is installed by default on windows machines up to Windows XP and Windows 2003. What is good about TFTP is that you can use it non-interactively. Which means less risk of losing your shell.
You can upload and download whatever from the windows-machine like this
tftp -i <IP_ADDRESS> GET wget.exe
tftp -i <IP_ADDRESS> GET wget.exe .\path\new_filename.exe
If you like to test that the tftp-server is working you can test it from Linux, I don't think it has a non-interactive way.
tftp <IP_ADDRESS>
GET test.txt
I usually put all files I want to make available in /srv/tftp
If you want to make sure that the file was uploaded correct you can check in the syslog. Grep for the IP like this:
grep <IP_ADDRESS> /var/log/syslog


AnimeScreen
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Track, share and discover your favourite anime.
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---
title: Contributing to VRaptor
---
# Contributing to VRaptor
##Joining our mailing list
You can answer questions in Stackoverflow and in our user mailing list at Google Groups.
##Collaborating with documentation
You can help us writing Javadocs, improving the content of the site, with some recipe in our cookbook or some article on your blog. The documentation is located at the subproject `vraptor-site` in our repository at Github. More information you can see here.
##Reporting bugs and asking for new features
If you have found a bug, tell our dev team using our user mailing list. If you want to suggest a new feature, ask using our dev mailing list. Also you can create an issue at Github.
##Collaborating with code
If you have any improvement you want to see in VRaptor, send your suggestion to developers using dev mailing list. If you already write a code, please, send your request from Github.
You can solve our issues at Github, and sending a pull request with your code.
VRaptor is a MVC Web Framework focused on simplicity and ease of use. When you implement something, be careful to follow good practices of Object Orientation and low coupling, using composition instead of inheritance, convention over configuration and a well-designed code. And don't forget to write the Javadocs and classes of unit tests.
Features like security, paging, multitenant, and others are welcome via plugins and contributions to vraptor-contrib.


The Flightline Information Management System (FLIMS) is an aviation record management system designed to streamline the entire flight operations process. The scope of this project ranges from flight data entry, to government reporting, to manpower tracking. The end result is a system that makes any flight operation more efficient and accurate.


§145-12 Misdemeanor. Any person who violates this chapter shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. [L 1951, c 74, pt of §1; RL 1955, §23-12; HRS §145-12]


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November 2020
Thank you for using the LabPack LabVIEW library. LabPack is a LabVIEW library for encoding and decoding MessagePack data.
The following sections are available:
This section documents installation instructions for LabPack LabVIEW library.
The following operating systems are supported in the LabPack LabVIEW Library:
Note, this library uses a shared library to encode and decode MessagePack data. Pre-compiled shared libraries for all systems listed above are provided with the vipm at <LabPack Install Location>\LabPack\Private
. Pre-compiled shared libraries for all supported operating systems and CPUs are also available at https://github.com/fieldrndservices/labpack-c/releases. If LabPack is used within a real-time application or executable, the appropriate shared library must be installed on the remote target system. If an absolute path to the LabPack shared library is not passed to the appropriate LabPack Shared Library
input, then the LabPack LabVIEW library will search for the shared library in the following locations:
libs
directory in the same parent directory containing the executable or projectlibs/LabPack
directory in the same parent directory containing the excutable or projectdata
directory in the same parent directory as the executable or projectsrc/LabPack/Private
folder, i.e. source code distribution location./usr/lib
.<vi.lib>/Field R&D Services/LabPack/Private/
folder, i.e. the VIPM distribution location.The easiest way to ensure the shared library is installed and discoverable by the LabVIEW library is to include the appropriate shared library in the build specification and place it in the default support directory, i.e. data
, as this is included in the above list of search locations.
The name of the shared library depends on the operating system and CPU. For Windows, the shared library is named either labpack.dll
(for 32-bit environments) or labpack-x64.dll
(for 64-bit environments). The shared library is named liblabpack.dylib
for macOS, and it is named liblabpack.so
for Linux. For NI Linux RT, the shared library is named either liblabpack-rt.so
(for x86_64 CPUs) or liblabpack-arm-rt.so
(for ARM CPUs).
The following table lists the NI application software versions supported by LabPack LabVIEW Library:
| NI Application Software | Supported Versions |
|---|---|
| LabVIEW | 2017 and later |
For more information please contact Field R&D Services, LLC at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>This library is provided "as-is" and no support is provided.
Copyright © 2017 Field R&D Services, LLC. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY Field R&D Services, LLC ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
Third-party maintained and licensed projects used by LabPack include:
Copyright © 2017 Field R&D Services, LLC. All rights reserved. (https://github.com/fieldrndservices/labpack-c)
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
Third-party maintained and licensed projects used by LabPack-C include:
Copyright © 2015-2016 Nicholas Fraser (https://github.com/ludocode/mpack)
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


Hello, I love to make things work, and make it look good while I'm at it. I like JavaScript, UI/UX, and the insanely cool things that are possible with the Internet, crowdsourcing being one of them. I would love to be involved with research related to how we can make this platform more conducive to quality work where trust can be generated.
Contact me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or on twitter.com/karanrajpal_


Try out our Premium Member services: Virtual Legal Assistant, Query Alert Service and an ad-free experience. Free for one month and pay only if you like it.
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JHARKHAND AT RANCHI A.B.A. No.337 of 2019 ------
Anil Kumar Yadav @ Anil Yadav .... .... .... Petitioner Versus The State of Jharkhand .... .... ....Opposite Party
------
CORAM : HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE ANIL KUMAR CHOUDHARY
------
For the Petitioner : Mr. Nawin Kumar, Advocate For the State : Addl.P.P. ------ Order No.04 Dated- 30.01.2019
Apprehending his arrest in connection with Barhi P.S. Case No.311 of 2017 corresponding to G.R. No.3239 of 2017 instituted under Sections 4/54 of Jharkhand Minor Mineral Concession Rules, Section 3/8 of J.M.R.D. Rule and Section 21 of Air Pollution Act, 1981, the petitioner has moved this Court for grant of privileges of anticipatory bail.
Heard learned counsel appearing for the petitioner and learned Addl.P.P. appearing for the State.
Learned counsel appearing for the petitioner submits that the allegation against the petitioner is that he has stacked illegally excavated stone chips. It is submitted that the allegations against the petitioner are all false and that the land over which the illegally excavated stone chips were kept, does not belong to the petitioner and the petitioner has been implicated in this case only on the basis of statement of some anonymous villagers. Drawing attention of this Court to para-10 of the instant anticipatory bail application, learned counsel for the petitioner submits that the petitioner has no criminal antecedent. It is lastly submitted that the petitioner is ready and willing to co-operate with the investigation of the case and to furnish sufficient security including cash security. Hence, it is submitted that the petitioner be given the privileges of anticipatory bail.
Learned Addl.P.P appearing for the State opposes the prayer for anticipatory bail of the petitioner.
Considering the submissions of learned counsels and the facts and circumstances stated above, I am inclined to grant privileges of anticipatory bail to the petitioner. Accordingly, the petitioner is directed to surrender in the Court of learned Judicial Magistrate, 1st Class, Hazaribagh within four weeks from today and in the event of his arrest or surrendering, he will be enlarged on bail on depositing Rs.2,000/-(Rupees two thousand) as cash security and on furnishing bail bond of Rs.25,000/- (Twenty five thousand) with two sureties of the like amount each to the satisfaction of learned Judicial Magistrate, 1st Class, Hazaribagh in connection with Barhi P.S. Case No.311 of 2017 corresponding to G.R. No.3239 of 2017 with the condition that he will co-operate with the investigation of the case and appear before the investigating officer as and when noticed by him and furnish his mobile number and photocopy of the Aadhar Card with an undertaking that he will not change his mobile number during the pendency of the case and subject to the conditions as laid down under Section 438(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
(Anil Kumar Choudhary, J.) Animesh/


 DISTANCE: 1km
USER B ACCEPTED
USER A REQUEST
USER A MADE A
REQUEST. DISTANCE: 12km
USER D GAVE USER G
A *** REVIEW
USER G is now
online. DISTANCE: 2km
NEAREST USERS


Next: defgeneric, Previous: with-slots, Up: Objects Dictionary
defclass
class-name ({superclass-name}*)
({slot-specifier}*)
[[!class-option]]
⇒ new-class
slot-specifier::=slot-name | (slot-name [[!slot-option]])
slot-name::= symbol
slot-option::={:reader reader-function-name}* |
{:writer writer-function-name}* |
{:accessor reader-function-name}* |
{:allocation allocation-type} |
{:initarg initarg-name}* |
{:initform form} |
{:type type-specifier} |
{:documentation string}
function-name::= {symbol | (setf symbol)}
class-option::=(:default-initargs . initarg-list) |
(:documentation string) |
(:metaclass class-name)
Class-name—a non-nil symbol.
Superclass-name–a non-nil symbol.
Slot-name–a symbol. The slot-name argument is a symbol that is syntactically valid for use as a variable name.
Reader-function-name—a non-nil symbol. :reader can be supplied more than once for a given slot.
Writer-function-name—a generic function name. :writer can be supplied more than once for a given slot.
Reader-function-name—a non-nil symbol. :accessor can be supplied more than once for a given slot.
Allocation-type—(member :instance :class). :allocation can be supplied once at most for a given slot.
Initarg-name—a symbol. :initarg can be supplied more than once for a given slot.
Form—a form. :init-form can be supplied once at most for a given slot.
Type-specifier—a type specifier. :type can be supplied once at most for a given slot.
Class-option— refers to the class as a whole or to all class slots.
Initarg-list—a list of alternating initialization argument names and default initial value forms. :default-initargs can be supplied at most once.
Class-name—a non-nil symbol. :metaclass can be supplied once at most.
new-class—the new class object.
The macro defclass defines a new named class. It returns the new class object as its result.
The syntax of defclass provides options for specifying initialization arguments for slots, for specifying default initialization values for slots, and for requesting that methods on specified generic functions be automatically generated for reading and writing the values of slots. No reader or writer functions are defined by default; their generation must be explicitly requested. However, slots can always be accessed using slot-value.
Defining a new class also causes a type of the same name to be defined. The predicate (typep object class-name) returns true if the class of the given object is the class named by class-name itself or a subclass of the class class-name. A class object can be used as a type specifier. Thus (typep object class) returns true if the class of the object is class itself or a subclass of class.
The class-name argument specifies the proper name of the new class. If a class with the same proper name already exists and that class is an instance of standard-class, and if the defclass form for the definition of the new class specifies a class of class standard-class, the existing class is redefined, and instances of it (and its subclasses) are updated to the new definition at the time that they are next accessed. For details, see Redefining Classes.
Each superclass-name argument specifies a direct superclass of the new class. If the superclass list is empty, then the superclass defaults depending on the metaclass, with standard-object being the default for standard-class.
The new class will inherit slots and methods from each of its direct superclasses, from their direct superclasses, and so on. For a discussion of how slots and methods are inherited, see Inheritance.
The following slot options are available:
The :reader slot option specifies that an unqualified method is to be defined on the generic function named reader-function-name to read the value of the given slot.
The :writer slot option specifies that an unqualified method is to be defined on the generic function named writer-function-name to write the value of the slot.
The :accessor slot option specifies that an unqualified method is to be defined on the generic function named reader-function-name to read the value of the given slot and that an unqualified method is to be defined on the generic function named (setf reader-function-name) to be used with setf to modify the value of the slot.
The :allocation slot option is used to specify where storage is to be allocated for the given slot. Storage for a slot can be located in each instance or in the class object itself. The value of the allocation-type argument can be either the keyword :instance or the keyword :class. If the :allocation slot option is not specified, the effect is the same as specifying :allocation :instance.
If allocation-type is :instance, a local slot of the name slot-name is allocated in each instance of the class.
If allocation-type is :class, a shared slot of the given name is allocated in the class object created by this defclass form. The value of the slot is shared by all instances of the class. If a class C_1 defines such a shared slot, any subclass C_2 of C_1 will share this single slot unless the defclass form for C_2 specifies a slot of the same name or there is a superclass of C_2 that precedes C_1 in the class precedence list of C_2 and that defines a slot of the same name.
The :initform slot option is used to provide a default initial value form to be used in the initialization of the slot. This form is evaluated every time it is used to initialize the slot. The lexical environment in which this form is evaluated is the lexical environment in which the defclass form was evaluated. Note that the lexical environment refers both to variables and to functions. For local slots, the dynamic environment is the dynamic environment in which make-instance is called; for shared slots, the dynamic environment is the dynamic environment in which the defclass form was evaluated. See Object Creation and Initialization.
No implementation is permitted to extend the syntax of defclass to allow (slot-name form) as an abbreviation for (slot-name :initform form).
[Reviewer Note by Barmar: Can you extend this to mean something else?]
The :initarg slot option declares an initialization argument named initarg-name and specifies that this initialization argument initializes the given slot. If the initialization argument has a value in the call to initialize-instance, the value will be stored into the given slot, and the slot’s :initform slot option, if any, is not evaluated. If none of the initialization arguments specified for a given slot has a value, the slot is initialized according to the :initform slot option, if specified.
The :type slot option specifies that the contents of the slot will always be of the specified data type. It effectively declares the result type of the reader generic function when applied to an object of this class. The consequences of attempting to store in a slot a value that does not satisfy the type of the slot are undefined. The :type slot option is further discussed in Inheritance of Slots and Slot Options.
The :documentation slot option provides a documentation string for the slot. :documentation can be supplied once at most for a given slot. [Reviewer Note by Barmar: How is this retrieved?]
Each class option is an option that refers to the class as a whole. The following class options are available:
The :default-initargs class option is followed by a list of alternating initialization argument names and default initial value forms. If any of these initialization arguments does not appear in the initialization argument list supplied to make-instance, the corresponding default initial value form is evaluated, and the initialization argument name and the form’s value are added to the end of the initialization argument list before the instance is created; see Object Creation and Initialization. The default initial value form is evaluated each time it is used. The lexical environment in which this form is evaluated is the lexical environment in which the defclass form was evaluated. The dynamic environment is the dynamic environment in which make-instance was called. If an initialization argument name appears more than once in a :default-initargs class option, an error is signaled.
The :documentation class option causes a documentation string to be attached with the class object, and attached with kind type to the class-name. :documentation can be supplied once at most.
The :metaclass class option is used to specify that instances of the class being defined are to have a different metaclass than the default provided by the system (the class standard-class).
Note the following rules of defclass for standard classes:
It is not required that the superclasses of a class be defined before the defclass form for that class is evaluated.
All the superclasses of a class must be defined before an instance of the class can be made.
A class must be defined before it can be used as a parameter specializer in a defmethod form.
The object system can be extended to cover situations where these rules are not obeyed.
Some slot options are inherited by a class from its superclasses, and some can be shadowed or altered by providing a local slot description. No class options except :default-initargs are inherited. For a detailed description of how slots and slot options are inherited, see Inheritance of Slots and Slot Options.
The options to defclass can be extended. It is required that all implementations signal an error if they observe a class option or a slot option that is not implemented locally.
It is valid to specify more than one reader, writer, accessor, or initialization argument for a slot. No other slot option can appear more than once in a single slot description, or an error is signaled.
If no reader, writer, or accessor is specified for a slot, the slot can only be accessed by the function slot-value.
If a defclass form appears as a top level form, the compiler must make the class name be recognized as a valid type name in subsequent declarations (as for deftype) and be recognized as a valid class name for defmethod parameter specializers and for use as the :metaclass option of a subsequent defclass. The compiler must make the class definition available to be returned by find-class when its environment argument is a value received as the environment parameter of a macro.
If there are any duplicate slot names, an error of type program-error is signaled.
If an initialization argument name appears more than once in :default-initargs class option, an error of type program-error is signaled.
If any of the following slot options appears more than once in a single slot description, an error of type program-error is signaled: :allocation, :initform, :type, :documentation.
It is required that all implementations signal an error of type program-error if they observe a class option or a slot option that is not implemented locally.
documentation; (setf documentation), Initialize-Instance, make-instance, slot-value, Classes, Inheritance, Redefining Classes, Determining the Class Precedence List, Object Creation and Initialization
Next: defgeneric, Previous: with-slots, Up: Objects Dictionary


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Propagation of error describes how uncertainty in estimates propagates forward when we consider functions of those estimates.
Suppose I have height and weight measurements for a sample of people. What is the mean and variance of the BMI? (BMI is 703 times the weight (in pounds) over the square of the height (in inches).)
The obvious thing is to compute the BMI for each individual in the data set, and then compute the mean of and variance of the BMIs. But suppose that I don’t have access to the original data, but only have summary statistics about the heights and weights. What can I say about BMI then?
Propagation of error is derived by taking a first-order Taylor expansion about the mean. Suppose is a random variable with mean and variance , and we want to approximate the mean and variance of . We know , so
As a sanity check, notice that is modulated by . This makes sense: if is flat near , the “range” of is compressed (less variation), and if is steep, the “range” is expanded (more variation). How good are these approximations? This depends on how non-linear is and how central is about its mean. But the approximations are good enough for the central limit theorem.
Consider a central limit theorem type statement like converges to in distribution (this is the central limit theorem if is the sample mean of data points and is the true mean.) If we consider some function of , we still have a limit theorem: converges to (provided the derivative is non-zero). The proof is just a Taylor expansion about :
The first term converges in distribution to . The error converges to 0 in probability. I think the easiest way to see this is to write as . The first factor converges in distribution to the absolute value of a normal random variable, and the second factor converges to 0 in probability.
Using a multivariate Taylor expansion, we have the same statements in higher dimensions: if converges in distribution to a multivariate normal , then converges to a univariate normal . Let’s work through the height, weight, and BMI example to make this more concrete.
Suppose we have summary statistics about the weights and heights: , , , , and correlation . Let be the BMI. The covariance matrix and gradient at the mean are:
By propagation of error combined with the central limit theorem, the mean BMI of people is approximately normally distributed with mean and variance . The approximation is better the larger is.
Written on April 28th, 2018 by Scott Roy


Signals and Systems (3F1) 2015/16 — Eng. Tripos Part IIA • Univ. CambridgeSupervisions 1-2: Solutions Examples Paper I (updated 27.11.15) Supervision 3: Solutions Examples Paper II (updated 15.01.16) Supervision 4: Solutions Examples Paper III (updated 22.01.16) |


{% extends "alayout.html" %} {% block title %}{{ _('Search') }}{% endblock %} {% block body %} {{ _('What kind of JDs would you like to search for?') }} {# #} {% endblock %}


Create a new security listing on the system
Securities will be selected from a dropdown of companies for which we have URLs. Where companies do not yet exist on the system they must be added by an administrator before a security is created. There are currently 16712 companies in the system, but only 5167 have URLs. It wil be possible for administrators, and perhaps users, to add missing URLs. It will also be possible to manually upload files for a new security, if they cannot be retrieved remotely.
{{> inputAutocomplete settings=acurls id="addsecurity" class="form-control" placeholder="Select a company"}}
{{#each this.kpi}}
{{this.title}} = {{this.value}}
{{/each}}
{{#each this.keywords}}
{{this.term}} = {{this.tf}}
{{/each}}


AS GOOD AS IT GETS ALMOST IS
As Good As It Gets A Film Review By Michael Redman Copyright 1998 By Michael Redman
***1/2 (out of ****)
Finding the courage to face life full-on is a difficult task. Summoning up the audacity to fall in love is a harder job.
Melvin (Jack Nicholson) is a successful romance author who is just the opposite of what you would expect someone in that profession to be. A solitary man hidden away in his New York apartment with no human interaction and not even a hint of ever having been in a passionate relationship, he avoids the outside world as much as possible.
His obsessive-compulsive disorder rules his life as he uses several different bars of soap to wash his hands and refuses to step on a crack on the sidewalk. (There's a great scene when he has to cross a floor made of mosaic tiles -- _very_small_ mosaic tiles.)
Melvin has some great lines. When his publisher's receptionist asks him how he writes women so well in his books, he responds "I think of men and I take away reason and accountability." Don't get him wrong, he's not merely a misogynist. Setting his sights higher than that, he's also a homophobe, racist, anti-Semite, xenophobe, animal-hater and intensely dislikes people who talk in metaphors.  He's an equal opportunity bigot.
He does venture outside his apartment every day to eat breakfast at a local cafe. Melvin is such a grouchy curmudgeon that waitress Carol Connelly (Helen Hunt) is the only one willing to wait on him. And she's none too happy about it.
When Carol doesn't show up for work, Melvin's routine is shot and he's determined to do something about it. Tracking down her address, he shows up at her place begging her to come back to work so that he can eat breakfast.
Much more upsetting is that his gay artist neighbor Simon Bishop (Greg Kinnear) is brutally attacked during a robbery.
Melvin is sequestered because he's afraid of what's out there on the other side of his apartment door. He has to make sure it's ritualistically locked three times to keep the world on its proper side. When he brings the dog home he reluctantly grows fond of it, talking to it and taking it everywhere he goes.
Hiding behind his need for Carol to return to work so she can serve him, he pays for a specialist to treat her son. He even develops a friendship with Simon.
All three people are heavily damaged. Melvin has retreated from life in his apartment. Carol has devoted herself to her son, convinced that she has to give up her life for him. Simon is estranged from his parents and his friends disappear when he is hospitalized and his money runs out. A more unlikely trio to form relationships, you'd rarely see.
And in the midst of it all, there are some wonderful moments. Melvin is hilarious in his grouchiness and touching as he attempts to be nice. "You make me want to be a better man," he tells her. One of the best aspects is that even as he opens up, he is still a curmudgeon.
Carol, afraid that his monetary contribution to the wellness of her son hides a hidden agenda rushes over to his apartment in the rain to explain in no uncertain terms that she will never sleep with him. It only takes her a second to realize that she is delivering that statement while looking as if she just left a wet t-shirt contest.
There's hardly anything left to say about Jack Nicholson. I don't remember ever seeing him in anything less than a stellar performance and his over-the-edge Melvin is no disappointment. Nicholson may be the best actor working today.
Hunt does a commendable job matching Nicholson's energy. She isn't afraid to be seen as something less than a babe and her portrayal of exhausted run-down Carol struggling with seemingly overwhelming obligations is top-notch.
Their on-screen chemistry is a bit odd. Each does a wonderful job with the character, but together, there's something a little off. It's a minor problem: they do work well together, but that missing element is what prevents this from being a four-star film.
Director James L. Brooks ("Terms Of Endearment", "Broadcast News") has a movie that is picking up awards by the bucketsful (nominees for all the top Golden Globes, winners from the National Board Of Review, inevitable Oscars) and has a winner on his hands.
"As Good As It Gets" isn't exactly the quality that the title says, but it's pretty darn close.
(Michael Redman has written this column for over 22 years and as soon as he finishes this one, he's off to an annual 12 Night celebration typically held in freezing weather during a snowstorm. This year it's in the sixties and raining. That wacky El Nino.)
[This appeared in the 1/8/98 "Bloomington Voice", Bloomington, Indiana. Michael Redman can be contacted at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>--<EMAIL_ADDRESS>This week's film review at http://www.bvoice.com/ Film reviews archive at http://us.imdb.com/M/reviews_by?Michael%20Redman
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New materials available to order:
VSOE TIP Booklet English Language version - Product Code VS008 (ENG) Product
Date: 01/2011
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--- layout: default active: about ---
the vulcan word for soul or spirit
Katra was written to run classic games from the golden age of basic programming. Games like you could read about in Creative Computing, or Byte Magazine. Mostly, games like StarTrek...
Bruce Davidson
brucedavidson@darkoverlordofdata.com


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Thank you
Castine voters,
Thank you so much for your passionate support and most especially your vote at the polls this year! When you choose to run for public office, there is a vulnerability that you must reconcile before you get to work changing hearts and minds with your ideas. That reconciliation happened so quickly for me in this election primarily because this town is such a positive, supportive community.
Folk singer Greg Brown has a live album on which, in between two songs, he tells a story about living in a small town in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Winters are hard in the UP, and he explained that you have to know your neighbors when the weather howls, and life throws challenges in your path. Community is created when we need each other, not when we want community. “You have to need each other,” says Brown.
I need you! And I need my neighbors. Let’s embrace that need and get work moving Castine into the future. Please communicate with me early and often with your ideas. I can’t promise I’ll act on all of them, but the only way we know what people need is by communicating with one another.
In the next few weeks I’ll be working with my fellow selectpeople to setup some new lines of communication with the municipal government. I’ll also be touring town facilities and talking with town employees about what they need, or see as needs for other members of our community.
Thank you again, and I am so excited to be your next selectperson!


The word "Brazil" likely comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an ember", formed from brasa ("ember") and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium). As brazilwood produces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the European textile industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. Throughout the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted European consumer goods.
There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile. According to 17th-century Spanish chronicler Diego de Rosales, the Incas called the valley
of the Aconcagua Chili by corruption of the name of a Picunche tribal chief (cacique) called Tili, who ruled the area at the time of the Incan conquest in the 15th century. Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chili.
The name "Colombia" is derived from the last name of the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus. It was conceived by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all of the New World, but especially to those portions under Spanish law. The name was later adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819, formed from the territories of the old Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, and northwest Brazil).
The origin of the name of Ecuador is from Spain. When the Spaniards colonized the land they called it "el ecuador" which translated means "the equator".
The name "Guyana" derives from Guiana, the original name for the region that formerly included Guyana (British Guiana), Suriname (Dutch Guiana), French Guiana, and parts of Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, "Guyana" comes from an indigenous Amerindian language and means "land of many waters".


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Some of the triggers that result in an emotional response for me during this huge coding learning curve are road blocks. When I just can't see the logic and the pathe the code needs to follow I melt. It feels like my brain goes into possum mode...
Click to read more
Sprint 6 - Technical
Parentheses are used for a number of different reasons JavaScript. They are used within mathmatical equations to represent grouping or prioritising of calculations. And, they are used within coding itself...
Click to read more
Sprint 5 - Cultural
“Mindfulness is the voluntary action of the dualistic mind to observe the responses to experiences and phenomena. Awareness is what is revealed to mind through the union of an intellectual foundation’s influence on the meditative state...
Click to read more
Sprint 5 - Technical
Just recently (like yesterday, and the day before, and the day before that...) I experienced a major road block. Between the slope of the learning curve and the nature of the learning my mind stopped. Turned to jelly. Melted away and there was an empty void. Anyway,..
Click to read more
Sprint 4 - Cultural
“And the faculty of voluntarily bringing back a wandering attention over and over again is the very root of judgment, character, and will. No one is compos sui if he have it not. An education which should improve this faculty would be the education...
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Sprint 4 - Technical
In comparasion Javascript is the muscles and tendons that add movement, flow, action, and substance to webpages. Without Javascript, HTML & CSS are trendy looking grannies...
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Sprint 3 - Cultural
As builders like to say "measure thrice, cut once". Working through a clear process of development before coding even begins allows the developer to thing through their thoughts, problem solving process...
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Sprint 3 - Technical
Studies show that the majority of users do most of their browsing via their phone or hand held device. So having a website that looks good and is easily navigated regardless of what device...
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| 035:031 Khan | : |
And what We have inspired in you (O Muhammad SAW), of the Book (the Qur'an), it is the (very) truth [that you (Muhammad SAW) and your followers must act on its instructions], confirming that which was (revealed) before it. Verily! Allah is indeed All-Aware, and All-Seer of His slaves. |
| 035:031 Maulana | : |
And that which We have revealed to thee of the Book, that is the truth, verifying that which is before it. Surely Allah is Aware, Seer of His servants. |
| 035:031 Pickthal | : |
As for that which We inspire in thee of the Scripture, it is the Truth confirming that which was (revealed) before it. Lo! Allah is indeed Observer, Seer of His slaves. |
| 035:031 Rashad | : |
What we revealed to you in this scripture is the truth, consummating all previous scriptures. GOD is fully Cognizant of His servants, Seer. |
| 035:031 Sarwar | : |
Whatever We have revealed to you from the Book is all truth. It confirms what was revealed before. God sees His servants and is All-aware of them. |
| 035:031 Shakir | : |
And that which We have revealed to you of the Book, that is the truth verifying that which is before it; most surely with respect to His servants Allah is Aware, Seeing. |
| 035:031 Sherali | : |
And the Book which WE have revealed to thee is the truth itself, fulfilling that which is before it. Surely, ALLAH is All-Aware of HIS servants, All-Seeing concerning HIS servants. |
| 035:031 Yusufali | : |
That which We have revealed to thee of the Book is the Truth,- confirming what was (revealed) before it: for Allah is assuredly- with respect to His Servants - well acquainted and Fully Observant. |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > صفات الله تعالى > البصير Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Glory's Characteristics> All Seer أركان الإسلام > (محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم > تأييد رسالته Pillars of Islam> The Blessed Muhammad(PBUH)> Supporting his Message أركان الإسلام > (محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم > الوحي Pillars of Islam> The Blessed Muhammad(PBUH)> The Revelation القرآن الكريم > حقيقته وتصديقه للكتب الأوائل The Holy Quran> The Quran's Reality and its confirmation of the Previous Books
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


Chocolate Pizza
POSTED ON 15 DEC 2013 / DESSERTS
For the fig-swirl: Melt butter over medium heat in a saucepan. Add brown sugar and stir to dissolve. Halve all of the figs and toss in the saucepan with water and lemon juice. Cook over medium heat, stirring frequently, until you have a chuncky-jammy mixture. Add salt with one or two stirs, set aside and let cool completely.
Ice cream: in a small pot over medium heat, combine milk, and granulated sugar until sugar is completely dissolved and the milk is just barely lukewarm. Whisk in the egg yolks. Set mixture in the fridge and wait until the fig mixture is cooled.
Using an ice cream machine,pour liquids into the frozen basin and process according to manufacturer instructions, i.e.,let spin and thicken for 20 minutes. pour semi-frozen mixture into a pyrex dish or glass tupperware. Freeze for at least two hours before serving.
Vanessa Stevenson
Food enthusiast, photography fan. Add a pinch of raw fooism and that's pretty much who I am.


To open a local file or directory, do any one of the following:
Local File -> Open
menu item from
the menu bar.
Open
from the context menu
Ctrl + Shift + O
(Command +
Shift + O
on Mac OS X)
If the selected object is a file, the file will be opened using the associated application. If no application is associated with the selected file, an error message will be displayed indicating the same.
If the selected object is a directory, the working directory will be changed to the selected directory and its contents are displayed in the directory list table.
Opening files using the associated applications may not work on some operating systems, in which case, you will see an error message.


Other Protocols
The following protocols are available globally.
-
A protocol that described an instance that can be stroked. Two default implementations are provided for this protocol:
SVGShapeElement
- Will set the underlyingSVGLayer
‘s stroke color, width, line cap, line join, and miter limit. Note thatSVGLayer is a subclass of
CAShapeLayer, so this default implementation wil;l set the
CAShapeLayer's line properties and not the
CALayer`’s border attributes.SVGGroup
- The default implementation just saves the attributes and values to be applied after all the subelements have been processed.
Declaration
Swift
public protocol Strokable
-
A protocol that describes an instance that can be transformed via an SVG element’s
transform
attribute. Currently,matrix
,rotate
,scale
,skewX
, andskewY
are supported. A default implementation is supplied forSVGContainerElement
s that sets theaffineTransform
of the container layer itself, not on all of its subelements.Declaration
Swift
public protocol Transformable
-
A protocol that describes instances whose attributes that can be set vis a css style string. A default implementation is supplied that parses the style string and applies the attributes using the
SVGelement
‘ssupportedAttributes
.Declaration
Swift
public protocol Stylable
-
A protocol describing an instance that can parse a single SVG element such as
See more<path>, <svg>, <rect>
.Declaration
Swift
public protocol SVGElement
-
A protocol that describes an instance that can store SVG sublayers and can apply a single attributes to all sublayers.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public protocol SVGContainerElement: SVGElement, Fillable, Strokable, Transformable, Stylable
-
A protocol that described an instance that can be filled. Two default implementations are provided for this protocol:
SVGShapeElement
- Will set the fill color, fill opacity, and fill rule on the underlyingSVGLayer
which is a subclass ofCAShapeLayer
SVGGroup
- Will set the fill color, fill opacity, and fill rule of all of aSVGGroup
‘s subelements
Declaration
Swift
public protocol Fillable
-
A protocol describing an XML parser capable of parsing SVG data
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public protocol SVGParser
-
A protocol that describes an instance that stores the path as a
See moreCAShapeLayer
Declaration
Swift
public protocol SVGShapeElement: SVGElement, Fillable, Strokable, Transformable, Stylable


Excerpt from the accompanying essay
I had hard time coming up with a suitable theme because historical / fantasy is one of the genres I am personally not very interested in. After some brainstorming I came up with a somewhat unoriginal idea for the level design: The premise of the game is the classic “the princess was kidnapped and has the be rescued from the castle of the villain”. I wanted the protagonist to fight a dragon and to give him the opportunity to save his current progress or gain a life if he goes through a maze. (I decided on the extra life because I thought it would fit in better aesthetically than a flag or something similar.) The next level would be inside the castle where the protagonist would have to fight more enemies before getting to the tower where the princess is held. Overall I mostly used the pen tool and the grid to create objects. For my colours I created a colour palette on the side of my art board with colours I liked so that I could keep referring to them and stay consistent with my colour choices throughout my working on this project. I also found myself experimenting with the different liquify tools and different effects for appropriate textures. When I had a 2D image in my head (for example for my maze) and wanted a quick view of how it would look in isometric I found the extrude and bevel effect quite helpful even though I would not use it for my actual objects because of the limited customisation possibilities. One tool I also used very much is the pathfinder tool. I found it extremely useful when it came to creating buildings or tunnels for the river to run under in objects I already had. With all the water, so my two water platforms and my river, and my backgrounds I also experimented a lot with different opacity setting. In the end I always decided intuitively what I thought looked best and most consistent. All together I am very satisfied with what I learned about Illustrator. I feel confident handling things and know how to approach different projects. After putting in a lot of work I also finally feel content with my work which is something I was not quite sure would happen after all.


Click here to download this week's dataset as a CSV
Click here to download this week's dataset as a Hyper Extract
Historical Background
Weather is a part of everyday life, contributing to how we dress, what we choose to do and how we stay comfortable even indoors. The majority of the time, weather conditions are something to be aware of, but in extreme conditions can wreak havoc on an area in a relatively short time. This week, we're looking at weather and climate related events that have a financial impact of one billion dollars or greater.
The events in this dataset are the type of disasters that make the news. From hurricanes to wildfires to tornado outbreaks and more, we often hear about the events, but unless directly impacted can be unaware of the costs associated with them. The figures in this week's have been inflation adjusted to 2018 figures using the consumer price index, and this inflation adjusted cost of some of the more historic events is incredible.
What kind of insights can you find in this data? Download the data and see what you can do. Create your viz and post your work to Tableau Public and Twitter with the hashtag #ThrowbackDataThursday, tagging @TThrowbackThurs. We'd really love to see what you can come up with!
Data Source
This week's dataset comes from NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters (2018). Please be sure to cite the source on your viz.