To estimate the fraction of the distribution that lies above or below some point in a distribution, we can use the standard comparison operators (<, <=, >, >=, ==, !=):
# What is the percentage of samples below 21?
>>> x1<21
0.0014 (i.e., about 0.1%)
# What percentage of samples are 1000 and above?
>>> Z>=1000
0.6622 (i.e., about 66%)
On the otherhand, if we are comparing distributions to see if one is “less” or “more” than the other, we actually perform a T-test of the two objects to compare the two sample means. If the p-value is greater than 0.05 AND the t-statistic has the correct sign, then the comparison will return True. Let’s first create some new samples (the actual values are contained in the _mcpts member of the UncertainFunction class:
>>> rvs1 = N(5, 10)
>>> rvs2 = N(5, 10) + N(0, 0.2)
>>> rvs3 = N(8, 10) + N(0, 0.2)
Now, let’s compare rvs1 and rvs2. They are similar, but with slightly different variances, so we would expect the p-value to be large:
>>> from scipy.stats import ttest_rel
>>> tstat, pval = ttest_rel(rvs1._mcpts, rvs2._mcpts)
>>> pval
0.99888340212679583
As expected, because the p-value is essentially, 1.0, the test couldn’t tell them apart, so our comparison returns:
>>> rvs1<rvs2
False
However, let’s try distributions that are a more different, rvs1 and rvs3. This test should return a smaller p-value and a t-statistic that we will get the sign from to check the orientation of the comparison:
>>> tstat, pval = ttest_rel(rvs1._mcpts, rvs3._mcpts)
>>> pval
3.0480674044727307e-97
That’s a very small p-value, indicating that the distributions are separated from each other distinctly enough that the test could tell them apart. Now we need to check the sign of the t-statistic to see if rvs1 is on the “left” of rvs3 for the comparison:
>>> float(tstat)
-21.158661004433682
Because we are using the less than comparison and the sign of the t-statistic is negative, then we say that this is “oriented” correctly and, no surprise, we get:
>>> rvs1<rvs3
True
If we had tried greater than, then we would have gotten the wrong sign on the t-statistic and the comparison evaluates to False.
One interesting thing about this way of testing two distributions is that it’s possible to get the following:
>>> x = N(0, 1)
>>> y = N(0, 10)
>>> x<y
False
>>> x>y
False
>>> x==y
False
The equality comparison operators (== and !=) actually test to see if the distributions are identical, thus:
>>> x1==x1
True
>>> n1 = N(0, 1)
>>> n2 = N(0, 1)
>>> n1==n2 # n1 and n2 are independently sampled, so they are not equal
False
>>> Z*Z==Z**2 # Both sides have the same root samples, so they are equal
True
If an MCERP object is compared to a scalar value, then a sampled probability is calculated. For example, let’s say we have a 45 black marbles, 5 white marbles, and we are going to put them all into a hat and pick out 10. What’s the probability that 4 of the ten will be white? Let’s see:
>>> h = H(50, 5, 10)
>>> h==4
0.004 # the precise answer is 0.0039..., so not bad.
What’s the probability we will get three or less (that includes 0):
>>> h<=3
0.9959
For MCERP objects that represent continuous distributions, we see that any equality operators (usually) return a probability of zero:
>>> n = N(0, 1)
>>> n==0
0.0
>>> n==0.5
0.0
>>> n==1.2345
0.0
But inequality operators are more useful:
>>> n<0
0.5
>>> n<1.5
0.9332 # actual is 0.9331927, so not to far off with 10000 samples!


12:34
100%
Friends
Pepe
nomad tribe
Plus friend
Plus Friend
Friends 4
Nicolas
nomadcoders.co
Coders - Nomad
My GF
❤
Mom
Eat kimchi
Dad
Do Something
4
Please make your screen small😅
Please make your screen small😅


--- title: Curriculum Vitae layout: default ---
| 2014 | Ph.D. in Physics (Oldenburg, Germany) |
| 2009 | M.Sc. Engineering Physics (Oldenburg, Germany and DTU, Denmark) |
| 2007 | B.Eng. Engineering Physics (Oldenburg, Germany) |
| 2019 – present | Radboud Excellence Fellow, Donders Institute (Nijmegen, the Netherlands) |
| 2019 – present | Research Fellow (hon.), Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour (London, UK) |
| 2014 – 2019 | Research Associate/Co-Investigator, Gatsby Unit, UCL (London, UK) |
| 2009 – 2014 | Graduate Student (Oldenburg, Germany) |
| 2007 – 2009 | Research Student DIRAC Project (Oldenburg, Germany) |
| 2006 | Research Student ISIP (Luebeck, Germany) |
| 2019 | Radboud Excellence Fellowship (Nijmegen, the Netherlands) |
| 2014 | Gatsby Neuroscience Training Fellowship (London, UK) |
| 2019 | NVIDIA GPU Grant (total value: 3500 GBP). (London, UK) |
| 2017 | BBSRC Grant (total value: 560000 GBP). Role: Co-Investigator, PI: Jennifer Linden (London, UK) |


MVPNS is known for its engaging and creative curriculum. Science topics are often the foundation of children’s explorations-- from sprouting seeds to insects to the moon. These explorations typically extend for weeks at a time to give children numerous opportunities to ask questions, observe and play. Children become immersed in topics through games, stories and art. A special feature of the program is doing activities on a grand scale to make topics approachable for children.They make a gaint space ship out of a cardboard boxes and blast off to the moon. They raise silkworms, and watch them grow from eggs to adult moths, which spin cocoons. The project approach builds on natural curiosity, enabling children to interact, question, connect, problem-solve, communicate, reflect, and more.
Children attending MVPNS are also introduced to the concepts of environmental responsibility and love of nature in a seamless and fun way, using concrete methods. A year-round garden is tended by teachers and students; and the fruits (and vegetables) of their labor are examined, harvested and tasted by all. Even the class guinea pig enjoys nibbling on leaves and herbs from the garden. The school went as far as to plant a mulberry tree to have an ample supply of leaves for the silkworm project!.
For the classes that have a communal and allergy-sensitive snack, children use cloth napkins and bring their own water bottles to keep paper usage to a minimum. Compostable waste goes into the school’s giant composter.
Children are encouraged to examine and explore many aspects of nature. They watch paperwhite bulbs grow, compare different types of seeds, taste different types of fruits, turn a pumpkin into a jack o’ lantern, and then watch it decompose in the garden. The children explore nests and eggs, and in spring they tend an incubator with chicken eggs. After they hatch, the children nurture the chicks as they grow into chickens. Their curiosity towards nature is nurtured.


Welcome to the s2n renegotiation testing server! See the following endpoints:
/change_cipher_suite
forces a renegotiation by changing the negotiated cipher suite to AES-128-SHA.
/mutual_auth
forces a renegotiation by enforcing mutual authentication.


China's love of e-commerce powers Alibaba's Singles' Day
SHANGHAI: China's dominant e-commerce firm Alibaba Group Holding raked in US$23 billion worth of sales in the first nine hours of its annual Singles' Day shopping extravaganza on Monday (Nov 11), setting records as the event celebrates its 11th year.
The 24-hour shopping event is akin to Black Friday and Cyber Monday in the United States and has become a highlight of China's e-commerce industry, with other retailers running concurrent promotions. This year, Alibaba netted US$1 billion in sales in the event's first 68 seconds.
Here are some quick facts about China's e-commerce's industry:
WORLD'S BIGGEST
China is on track to book US$1.94 trillion in e-commerce sales in 2019, more than three times the United States which is in second place with US$586.92 billion, a report from researcher eMarketer shows.
China on its own represents 54.7 per cent of the global e-commerce market, nearly twice the share of the next five countries combined, the report showed.
However, the country is ranked fourth when it comes to forecast e-commerce sales growth for 2019, behind Mexico, India and the Philippines, according to eMarketer.
TOP PLAYERS
Alibaba's e-commerce marketplaces, business-to-consumer Tmall and Taobao, where both individuals and businesses set up shop, are China's dominant shopping platforms, hosting thousands of merchants selling products as varied as T-shirts, household sundries and four-poster beds.
The firm's competitors include longtime rival JD.com, which sources goods and sells them directly to consumers, and four-year-old Pinduoduo Inc that managed to break into the top ranks by courting China's rural residents with deep discounts and a group-buying model.
There are also a range of other e-commerce sites that focus on different market segments, such as cosmetics, groceries and home appliances.
Commentary: Don’t get suckered by the hype of 11.11
Competition between platforms is rife and has boiled over into the public sphere. This month, regulators summoned over 20 platforms and urged them to stop practices that could be seen as monopolistic.
SECTOR'S BACKBONE
E-commerce in China is heavily reliant on logistics companies, couriers and payment systems such as Alibaba-backed Alipay and WeChat Pay from Tencent Holdings Ltd .
Couriers STO Express Co Ltd , ZTO Express (Cayman) Inc, YTO Express Group Co Ltd, S F Holding Co Ltd and Yunda Holding Co Ltd send parcels for as little as 8 yuan (US$1.14), making purchases online more convenient at times than offline.
Many couriers are also part of the Cainiao Smart Logistics Network, majority owned by Alibaba which co-founded it in 2013. Cainiao provides software to and shares data with warehouses, couriers and logistics firms.
JD.com manages its own logistics network, a FedEx-style parcel delivery service which it started last year.

The rapid growth of Alibaba and JD.com has tracked that of China's economy and the expansion of its middle class over the past two decades.
This, however, has also made them vulnerable, as the economy slows to its weakest pace in almost three decades and retail sales post their slowest growth since early 2003.
Alibaba said revenue for the quarter to September-end for its core commerce business rose 40 per cent year-on-year, versus 56 per cent in the same period in 2018.
Their next step, as a result, has been to diversify, with Alibaba moving into financial services, cloud computing and artificial intelligence (AI), while JD.com has invested in AI to improve its logistics and advertising capabilities.
They are also doubling down on reaching consumers in China's third- and fourth-tier cities, where Pinduoduo currently has a foothold, citing more promising, higher growth.


| 1734 | CD4 | Nontrivial deleted copy functions | Unknown |
| 1735 | drafting | Out-of-range literals in user-defined-literals | Not resolved |
| 1736 | CD4 | Inheriting constructor templates in a local class | Clang 3.9 |
| 1737 | C++14 | Type dependence of call to a member of the current instantiation | Unknown |
| 1738 | C++14 | Explicit instantiation/specialization of inheriting constructor templates | Unknown |
| 1739 | C++14 | Conversion of floating point to enumeration | Unknown |
| 1740 | C++14 | Disambiguation of noexcept | Unknown |
| 1741 | C++14 | odr-use of class object in lvalue-to-rvalue conversion | Unknown |
| 1742 | open | using-declarations and scoped enumerators | Not resolved |
| 1743 | NAD | init-captures in nested lambdas | Unknown |
| 1744 | CD4 | Unordered initialization for variable template specializations | Unknown |
| 1745 | NAD | thread_local constexpr variable | Unknown |
| 1746 | C++14 | Are volatile scalar types trivially copyable? | Unknown |
| 1747 | C++14 | Constant initialization of reference to function | Unknown |
| 1748 | CD4 | Placement new with a null pointer | Clang 3.7 |
| 1749 | NAD | Confusing definition for constant initializer | Unknown |
| 1750 | CD4 | “Argument” vs “parameter” | Unknown |
| 1751 | CD4 | Non-trivial operations vs non-trivial initialization | Unknown |
| 1752 | CD4 | Right-recursion in mem-initializer-list | Unknown |
| 1753 | CD4 | decltype-specifier in nested-name-specifier of destructor | Unknown |
| 1754 | NAD | Declaration of partial specialization of static data member template | Unknown |
| 1755 | drafting | Out-of-class partial specializations of member templates | Not resolved |
| 1756 | CD4 | Direct-list-initialization of a non-class object | Clang 3.7 |
| 1757 | CD4 | Const integral subobjects | Unknown |
| 1758 | CD4 | Explicit conversion in copy/move list initialization | Clang 3.7 |
| 1759 | C++14 | UTF-8 code units in plain char | Unknown |
| 1760 | C++14 | Access of member corresponding to init-capture | Unknown |
| 1761 | NAD | Runtime check on size of automatic array | Unknown |
| 1762 | C++14 | Reserved identifier used in literal-operator-id example | Unknown |
| 1763 | open | Length mismatch in template type deduction | Not resolved |
| 1764 | C++14 | Hiding of function from using-declaration by signature | Unknown |
| 1765 | C++14 | Overflow of enumeration used as enumerator value | Unknown |
| 1766 | CD4 | Values outside the range of the values of an enumeration | Unknown |
| 1767 | C++14 | Scoped enumeration in a switch statement | Unknown |
| 1768 | NAD | Zero-element array of runtime bound | Unknown |
| 1769 | C++14 | Catching a base class of the exception object | Unknown |
| 1770 | C++14 | Type matching of non-type template parameters and arguments | Unknown |
| 1771 | open | Restricted lookup in nested-name-specifier | Not resolved |
| 1772 | C++14 | __func__ in a lambda body | Unknown |
| 1773 | C++14 | Out-of-lifetime lvalue-to-rvalue conversion | Unknown |
| 1774 | CD4 | Discrepancy between subobject destruction and stack unwinding | Unknown |
| 1775 | C++14 | Undefined behavior of line splice in raw string literal | Unknown |
| 1776 | CD4 | Replacement of class objects containing reference members | Unknown |
| 1777 | CD4 | Empty pack expansion in dynamic-exception-specification | Unknown |
| 1778 | C++14 | exception-specification in explicitly-defaulted functions | Unknown |
| 1779 | CD4 | Type dependency of __func__ | Unknown |
| 1780 | CD4 | Explicit instantiation/specialization of generic lambda operator() | Unknown |
| 1781 | open | Converting from nullptr_t to bool in overload resolution | Not resolved |
| 1782 | CD4 | Form of initialization for nullptr_t to bool conversion | Unknown |
| 1783 | NAD | Why are virtual destructors non-trivial? | Unknown |
| 1784 | C++17 | Concurrent execution during static local initialization | Unknown |
| 1785 | NAD | Conflicting diagnostic requirements for template definitions | Unknown |
| 1786 | C++14 | Effect of merging allocations on memory leakage | Unknown |
| 1787 | C++14 | Uninitialized unsigned char values | Unknown |
| 1788 | CD4 | Sized deallocation of array of non-class type | Unknown |
| 1789 | drafting | Array reference vs array decay in overload resolution | Not resolved |
| 1790 | extension | Ellipsis following function parameter pack | Not resolved |
| 1791 | CD4 | Incorrect restrictions on cv-qualifier-seq and ref-qualifier | Unknown |
| 1792 | NAD | Incorrect example of explicit specialization of member enumeration | Unknown |
| 1793 | CD4 | thread_local in explicit specializations | Unknown |
| 1794 | C++17 | template keyword and alias templates | Unknown |
| 1795 | CD4 | Disambiguating original-namespace-definition and extension-namespace-definition | Unknown |
| 1796 | CD4 | Is all-bits-zero for null characters a meaningful requirement? | Unknown |
| 1797 | CD4 | Are all bit patterns of unsigned char distinct numbers? | Unknown |
| 1798 | NAD | exception-specifications of template arguments | Unknown |
| 1799 | CD4 | mutable and non-explicit const qualification | Unknown |
| 1800 | CD4 | Pointer to member of nested anonymous union | Unknown |
| 1801 | drafting | Kind of expression referring to member of anonymous union | Not resolved |
| 1802 | CD4 | char16_t string literals and surrogate pairs | Unknown |
| 1803 | drafting | opaque-enum-declaration as member-declaration | Not resolved |
| 1804 | CD4 | Partial specialization and friendship | Unknown |
| 1805 | CD4 | Conversions of array operands in conditional-expressions | Unknown |
| 1806 | CD4 | Virtual bases and move-assignment | Unknown |
| 1807 | CD4 | Order of destruction of array elements after an exception | Unknown |
| 1808 | drafting | Constructor templates vs default constructors | Not resolved |
| 1809 | CD4 | Narrowing and template argument deduction | Unknown |
| 1810 | CD4 | Invalid ud-suffixes | Unknown |
| 1811 | CD4 | Lookup of deallocation function in a virtual destructor definition | Unknown |
| 1812 | C++17 | Omission of template in a typename-specifier | Unknown |
| 1813 | CD4 | Direct vs indirect bases in standard-layout classes | Clang 7 |
| 1814 | CD4 | Default arguments in lambda-expressions | Unknown |
| 1815 | CD4 | Lifetime extension in aggregate initialization | No |
| 1816 | CD4 | Unclear specification of bit-field values | Unknown |
| 1817 | drafting | Linkage specifications and nested scopes | Not resolved |
| 1818 | open | Visibility and inherited language linkage | Not resolved |
| 1819 | CD4 | Acceptable scopes for definition of partial specialization | Unknown |
| 1820 | open | Qualified typedef names | Not resolved |
| 1821 | open | Qualified redeclarations in a class member-specification | Not resolved |
| 1822 | open | Lookup of parameter names in lambda-expressions | Not resolved |
| 1823 | CD4 | String literal uniqueness in inline functions | Unknown |
| 1824 | CD4 | Completeness of return type vs point of instantiation | Unknown |
| 1825 | C++17 | Partial ordering between variadic and non-variadic function templates | Unknown |
| 1826 | NAD | const floating-point in constant expressions | Unknown |
| 1827 | drafting | Reference binding with ambiguous conversions | Not resolved |
| 1828 | drafting | nested-name-specifier ambiguity | Not resolved |
| 1829 | open | Dependent unnamed types | Not resolved |
| 1830 | CD4 | Repeated specifiers | Unknown |
| 1831 | NAD | Explicitly vs implicitly deleted move constructors | Unknown |
| 1832 | CD4 | Casting to incomplete enumeration | Unknown |
| 1833 | NAD | friend declarations naming implicitly-declared member functions | Unknown |
| 1834 | CD4 | Constant initialization binding a reference to an xvalue | Unknown |
| 1835 | drafting | Dependent member lookup before < | Not resolved |
| 1836 | DRWP | Use of class type being defined in trailing-return-type | Unknown |
| 1837 | drafting | Use of this in friend and local class declarations | Not resolved |
| 1838 | CD4 | Definition via unqualified-id and using-declaration | Unknown |
| 1839 | drafting | Lookup of block-scope extern declarations | Not resolved |
| 1840 | drafting | Non-deleted explicit specialization of deleted function template | Not resolved |
| 1841 | drafting | < following template injected-class-name | Not resolved |
| 1842 | concurrency | Unevaluated operands and “carries a dependency” | Not resolved |
| 1843 | CD4 | Bit-field in conditional operator with throw operand | Unknown |
| 1844 | drafting | Defining “immediate context” | Not resolved |
| 1845 | drafting | Point of instantiation of a variable template specialization | Not resolved |
| 1846 | CD4 | Declaring explicitly-defaulted implicitly-deleted functions | Unknown |
| 1847 | CD4 | Clarifying compatibility during partial ordering | Unknown |
| 1848 | CD4 | Parenthesized constructor and destructor declarators | Unknown |
| 1849 | drafting | Variable templates and the ODR | Not resolved |
| 1850 | CD4 | Differences between definition context and point of instantiation | Unknown |
| 1851 | CD4 | decltype(auto) in new-expressions | Unknown |
| 1852 | CD4 | Wording issues regarding decltype(auto) | Unknown |
| 1853 | drafting | Defining “allocated storage” | Not resolved |
| 1854 | drafting | Disallowing use of implicitly-deleted functions | Not resolved |
| 1855 | dup | Out-of-lifetime access to nonstatic data members | Unknown |
| 1856 | open | Indirect nested classes of class templates | Not resolved |
| 1857 | drafting | Additional questions about bits | Not resolved |
| 1858 | CD4 | Comparing pointers to union members | Unknown |
| 1859 | drafting | UTF-16 in char16_t string literals | Not resolved |
| 1860 | C++17 | What is a “direct member?” | Unknown |
| 1861 | CD4 | Values of a bit-field | Unknown |
| 1862 | DR | Determining “corresponding members” for friendship | Unknown |
| 1863 | CD4 | Requirements on thrown object type to support std::current_exception() | Unknown |
| 1864 | extension | List-initialization of array objects | Not resolved |
| 1865 | CD4 | Pointer arithmetic and multi-level qualification conversions | Unknown |
| 1866 | CD4 | Initializing variant members with non-trivial destructors | Unknown |
| 1867 | NAD | Function/expression ambiguity with qualified parameter name | Unknown |
| 1868 | drafting | Meaning of “placeholder type” | Not resolved |
| 1869 | NAD | thread_local vs linkage-specifications | Unknown |
| 1870 | CD4 | Contradictory wording about definitions vs explicit specialization/instantiation | Unknown |
| 1871 | extension | Non-identifier characters in ud-suffix | Not resolved |
| 1872 | CD4 | Instantiations of constexpr templates that cannot appear in constant expressions | Unknown |
| 1873 | CD4 | Protected member access from derived class friends | Unknown |
| 1874 | CD4 | Type vs non-type template parameters with class keyword | Unknown |
| 1875 | CD4 | Reordering declarations in class scope | Unknown |
| 1876 | extension | Preventing explicit specialization | Not resolved |
| 1877 | CD4 | Return type deduction from return with no operand | Unknown |
| 1878 | CD4 | operator auto template | Unknown |
| 1879 | NAD | Inadequate definition of alignment requirement | Unknown |
| 1880 | drafting | When are parameter objects destroyed? | Not resolved |
| 1881 | CD4 | Standard-layout classes and unnamed bit-fields | Clang 7 |
| 1882 | CD4 | Reserved names without library use | Unknown |
| 1883 | drafting | Protected access to constructors in mem-initializers | Not resolved |
| 1884 | drafting | Unclear requirements for same-named external-linkage entities | Not resolved |
| 1885 | CD4 | Return value of a function is underspecified | Unknown |
| 1886 | CD4 | Language linkage for main() | Unknown |
| 1887 | CD4 | Problems with :: as nested-name-specifier | Unknown |
| 1888 | CD4 | Implicitly-declared default constructors and explicit | Unknown |
| 1889 | drafting | Unclear effect of #pragma on conformance | Not resolved |
| 1890 | drafting | Member type depending on definition of member function | Not resolved |
| 1891 | CD4 | Move constructor/assignment for closure class | Clang 4 |
| 1892 | CD4 | Use of auto in function type | Unknown |
| 1893 | DR | Function-style cast with braced-init-lists and empty pack expansions | Unknown |
| 1894 | open | typedef-names and using-declarations | Not resolved |
| 1895 | CD4 | Deleted conversions in conditional operator operands | Unknown |
| 1896 | drafting | Repeated alias templates | Not resolved |
| 1897 | drafting | ODR vs alternative tokens | Not resolved |
| 1898 | drafting | Use of “equivalent” in overload resolution | Not resolved |
| 1899 | CD4 | Value-dependent constant expressions | Unknown |
| 1900 | drafting | Do friend declarations count as “previous declarations”? | Not resolved |
| 1901 | drafting | punctuator referenced but not defined | Not resolved |
| 1902 | CD4 | What makes a conversion “otherwise ill-formed”? | Clang 3.7 |
| 1903 | CD4 | What declarations are introduced by a non-member using-declaration? | Unknown |
| 1904 | NAD | Default template arguments for members of class templates | Unknown |
| 1905 | MAD | Dependent types and injected-class-names | Unknown |
| 1906 | NAD | Name lookup in member friend declaration | Unknown |
| 1907 | drafting | using-declarations and default arguments | Not resolved |
| 1908 | drafting | Dual destructor lookup and template-ids | Not resolved |
| 1909 | CD4 | Member class template with the same name as the class | Yes |
| 1910 | DR | “Shall” requirement applied to runtime behavior | Unknown |
| 1911 | CD4 | constexpr constructor with non-literal base class | Unknown |
| 1912 | extension | exception-specification of defaulted function | Not resolved |
| 1913 | drafting | decltype((x)) in lambda-expressions | Not resolved |
| 1914 | extension | Duplicate standard attributes | Not resolved |
| 1915 | extension | Potentially-invoked destructors in non-throwing constructors | Not resolved |
| 1916 | CD4 | “Same cv-unqualified type” | Unknown |
| 1917 | drafting | decltype-qualified enumeration names | Not resolved |
| 1918 | open | friend templates with dependent scopes | Not resolved |
| 1919 | open | Overload resolution for ! with explicit conversion operator | Not resolved |
| 1920 | CD4 | Qualification mismatch in pseudo-destructor-name | Unknown |
| 1921 | NAD | constexpr constructors and point of initialization of const variables | Unknown |
| 1922 | CD4 | Injected class template names and default arguments | Unknown |
| 1923 | extension | Lvalues of type void | Not resolved |
| 1924 | review | Definition of “literal” and kinds of literals | Not resolved |
| 1925 | CD4 | Bit-field prvalues | Unknown |
| 1926 | CD4 | Potential results of subscript operator | Unknown |
| 1927 | dup | Lifetime of temporaries in init-captures | Unknown |
| 1928 | NAD | Triviality of deleted special member functions | Unknown |
| 1929 | CD4 | template keyword following namespace nested-name-specifier | Unknown |
| 1930 | CD4 | init-declarator-list vs member-declarator-list | Unknown |
| 1931 | extension | Default-constructible and copy-assignable closure types | Not resolved |
| 1932 | CD4 | Bit-field results of conditional operators | Unknown |
| 1933 | NAD | Implementation limit for initializer-list elements | Unknown |
| 1934 | extension | Relaxing exception-specification compatibility requirements | Not resolved |
| 1935 | drafting | Reuse of placement arguments in deallocation | Not resolved |
| 1936 | drafting | Dependent qualified-ids | Not resolved |
| 1937 | drafting | Incomplete specification of function pointer from lambda | Not resolved |
| 1938 | drafting | Should hosted/freestanding be implementation-defined? | Not resolved |
| 1939 | drafting | Argument conversions to nondeduced parameter types revisited | Not resolved |
| 1940 | CD4 | static_assert in anonymous unions | Yes |
| 1941 | CD4 | SFINAE and inherited constructor default arguments | Clang 3.9 |
| 1942 | CD4 | Incorrect reference to trailing-return-type | Unknown |
| 1943 | open | Unspecified meaning of “bit” | Not resolved |
| 1944 | open | New C incompatibilities | Not resolved |
| 1945 | open | Friend declarations naming members of class templates in non-templates | Not resolved |
| 1946 | CD4 | exception-specifications vs pointer dereference | Unknown |
| 1947 | NAD | Digit separators following non-octal prefix | Yes |
| 1948 | NAD | exception-specification of replacement global new | Yes |
| 1949 | CD4 | “sequenced after” instead of “sequenced before” | Unknown |
| 1950 | NAD | Restructuring description of ranks of conversion sequences | Unknown |
| 1951 | CD4 | Cv-qualification and literal types | Unknown |
| 1952 | CD4 | Constant expressions and library undefined behavior | Unknown |
| 1953 | open | Data races and common initial sequence | Not resolved |
| 1954 | open | typeid null dereference check in subexpressions | Not resolved |
| 1955 | CD4 | #elif with invalid controlling expression | Unknown |
| 1956 | CD4 | Reuse of storage of automatic variables | Unknown |
| 1957 | extension | decltype(auto) with direct-list-initialization | Not resolved |
| 1958 | CD4 | decltype(auto) with parenthesized initializer | Unknown |
| 1959 | CD4 | Inadvertently inherited copy constructor | Clang 3.9 |
| 1960 | NAD | Visibility of entity named in class-scope using-declaration | Unknown |
| 1961 | C++17 | Potentially-concurrent actions within a signal handler | Unknown |
| 1962 | drafting | Type of __func__ | Not resolved |
| 1963 | CD4 | Implementation-defined identifier characters | Unknown |
| 1964 | NAD | opaque-enum-declaration in alias-declaration? | Unknown |
| 1965 | drafting | Explicit casts to reference types | Not resolved |
| 1966 | CD4 | Colon following enumeration elaborated-type-specifier | Unknown |
| 1967 | CD4 | Temporary lifetime and move-elision | Unknown |
| 1968 | NAD | Address of typeid in constant expressions | Yes |
| 1969 | open | Missing exclusion of ~S as an ordinary function name | Not resolved |
| 1970 | NAD | Ambiguity resolution for (T())*x | Unknown |
| 1971 | CD4 | Unclear disambiguation of destructor and operator~ | Unknown |
| 1972 | open | Identifier character restrictions in non-identifiers | Not resolved |
| 1973 | drafting | Which parameter-declaration-clause in a lambda-expression? | Not resolved |
| 1974 | open | Redundant specification of non-type typename-specifier | Not resolved |
| 1975 | CD4 | Permissible declarations for exception-specifications | Unknown |
| 1976 | NAD | Ambiguity of namespace-aliases | Unknown |
| 1977 | drafting | Contradictory results of failed destructor lookup | Not resolved |
| 1978 | CD4 | Redundant description of explicit constructor use | Unknown |
| 1979 | drafting | Alias template specialization in template member definition | Not resolved |
| 1980 | drafting | Equivalent but not functionally-equivalent redeclarations | Not resolved |
| 1981 | CD4 | Implicit contextual conversions and explicit | Unknown |
| 1982 | NAD | Deduction extending parameter pack | Unknown |
| 1983 | DR | Inappropriate use of virt-specifier | Unknown |
| 1984 | NAD | Lossless narrowing conversions | Unknown |
| 1985 | NAD | Unknown bound array member with brace-or-equal-initializer | Unknown |
| 1986 | drafting | odr-use and delayed initialization | Not resolved |
| 1987 | NAD | constexpr static data members across translation units | Unknown |
| 1988 | CD4 | Ambiguity between dependent and non-dependent bases in implicit member access | Unknown |
| 1989 | drafting | Insufficient restrictions on parameters of postfix operators | Not resolved |
| 1990 | CD4 | Ambiguity due to optional decl-specifier-seq | Unknown |
| 1991 | CD4 | Inheriting constructors vs default arguments | Clang 3.9 |
| 1992 | CD4 | new (std::nothrow) int[N] can throw | Unknown |
| 1993 | drafting | Use of template<> defining member of explicit specialization | Not resolved |
| 1994 | dup | Confusing wording regarding multiple template<> prefixes | Duplicate of 529 |
| 1995 | CD4 | exception-specifications and non-type template parameters | Unknown |
| 1996 | drafting | Reference list-initialization ignores conversion functions | Not resolved |
| 1997 | drafting | Placement new and previous initialization | Not resolved |
| 1998 | NAD | Additional sources of xvalue expressions | Unknown |
| 1999 | CD4 | Representation of source characters as universal-character-names | Unknown |
| 2000 | CD4 | header-name outside #include directive | Unknown |
| 2001 | CD4 | non-directive is underspecified | Unknown |
| 2002 | open | White space within preprocessing directives | Not resolved |
| 2003 | drafting | Zero-argument macros incorrectly specified | Not resolved |
| 2004 | CD4 | Unions with mutable members in constant expressions | Unknown |
| 2005 | NAD | Incorrect constexpr reference initialization requirements | Unknown |
| 2006 | CD4 | Cv-qualified void types | Unknown |
| 2007 | drafting | Argument-dependent lookup for operator= | Not resolved |
| 2008 | CD4 | Default template-arguments underspecified | Unknown |
| 2009 | open | Unclear specification of class scope | Not resolved |
| 2010 | CD4 | exception-specifications and conversion operators | Unknown |
| 2011 | C++17 | Unclear effect of reference capture of reference | Unknown |
| 2012 | CD4 | Lifetime of references | Unknown |
| 2013 | drafting | Pointer subtraction in large array | Not resolved |
| 2014 | NAD | Unneeded deallocation signatures | Unknown |
| 2015 | CD4 | odr-use of deleted virtual functions | Unknown |
| 2016 | CD4 | Confusing wording in description of conversion function | Unknown |
| 2017 | CD4 | Flowing off end is not equivalent to no-expression return | Unknown |
| 2018 | drafting | Qualification conversion vs reference binding | Not resolved |
| 2019 | CD4 | Member references omitted from description of storage duration | Unknown |
| 2020 | drafting | Inadequate description of odr-use of implicitly-invoked functions | Not resolved |
| 2021 | dup | Function template redeclaration via alias template | Unknown |
| 2022 | CD4 | Copy elision in constant expressions | Unknown |
| 2023 | drafting | Composite reference result type of conditional operator | Not resolved |
| 2024 | CD4 | Dependent types and unexpanded parameter packs | Unknown |
| 2025 | dup | Declaration matching via alias templates | Unknown |
| 2026 | CD4 | Zero-initialization and constexpr | Unknown |
| 2027 | CD4 | Unclear requirements for multiple alignas specifiers | Unknown |
| 2028 | drafting | Converting constructors in rvalue reference initialization | Not resolved |
| 2029 | dup | Abstract class return type in decltype operand | Unknown |
| 2030 | NAD | Access of injected-class-name with template arguments | Unknown |
| 2031 | CD4 | Missing incompatibility for && | Unknown |
| 2032 | CD4 | Default template-arguments of variable templates | Unknown |
| 2033 | CD4 | Redundant restriction on partial specialization argument | Unknown |
| 2034 | NAD | Deprecating uncaught_exception() | Unknown |
| 2035 | CD3 | Multi-section example is confusing | Unknown |
| 2036 | NAD | Refactoring parameters-and-qualifiers | Unknown |
| 2037 | drafting | Alias templates and template declaration matching | Not resolved |
| 2038 | CD4 | Document C++14 incompatibility of new braced deduction rule | Unknown |
| 2039 | CD4 | Constant conversions to bool | Unknown |
| 2040 | CD4 | trailing-return-type no longer ambiguous | Unknown |
| 2041 | CD4 | Namespace for explicit class template specialization | Unknown |
| 2042 | drafting | Exceptions and deallocation functions | Not resolved |
| 2043 | drafting | Generalized template arguments and array-to-pointer decay | Not resolved |
| 2044 | CD4 | decltype(auto) and void | Unknown |
| 2045 | drafting | “Identical” template parameter lists | Not resolved |
| 2046 | C++17 | Incomplete thread specifications | Unknown |
| 2047 | CD4 | Coordinating “throws anything” specifications | Unknown |
| 2048 | open | C-style casts that cast away constness vs static_cast | Not resolved |
| 2049 | drafting | List initializer in non-type template default argument | Not resolved |
| 2050 | NAD | Consolidate specification of linkage | Unknown |
| 2051 | drafting | Simplifying alias rules | Not resolved |
| 2052 | CD4 | Template argument deduction vs overloaded operators | Unknown |
| 2053 | drafting | auto in non-generic lambdas | Not resolved |
| 2054 | open | Missing description of class SFINAE | Not resolved |
| 2055 | drafting | Explicitly-specified non-deduced parameter packs | Not resolved |
| 2056 | drafting | Member function calls in partially-initialized class objects | Not resolved |
| 2057 | drafting | Template template arguments with default arguments | Not resolved |
| 2058 | drafting | More errors from internal-linkage namespaces | Not resolved |
| 2059 | DR | Linkage and deduced return types | Unknown |
| 2060 | NAD | Deduced return type for explicit specialization | Unknown |
| 2061 | CD4 | Inline namespace after simplifications | Unknown |
| 2062 | drafting | Class template redeclaration requirements | Not resolved |
| 2063 | CD4 | Type/nontype hiding in class scope | Unknown |
| 2064 | CD4 | Conflicting specifications for dependent decltype-specifiers | Unknown |
| 2065 | drafting | Current instantiation of a partial specialization | Not resolved |
| 2066 | CD4 | Does type-dependent imply value-dependent? | Unknown |
| 2067 | open | Generated variadic templates requiring empty pack | Not resolved |
| 2068 | CD4 | When can/must a defaulted virtual destructor be defined? | Unknown |
| 2069 | CD4 | Do destructors have names? | Unknown |
| 2070 | drafting | using-declaration with dependent nested-name-specifier | Not resolved |
| 2071 | CD4 | typedef with no declarator | Unknown |
| 2072 | drafting | Default argument instantiation for member functions of templates | Not resolved |
| 2073 | drafting | Allocating memory for exception objects | Not resolved |
| 2074 | drafting | Type-dependence of local class of function template | Not resolved |
| 2075 | CD4 | Passing short initializer lists to array reference parameters | Unknown |
| 2076 | CD4 | List-initialization of arguments for constructor parameters | Unknown |
| 2077 | drafting | Overload resolution and invalid rvalue-reference initialization | Not resolved |
| 2078 | NAD | Name lookup of mem-initilizer-id | Unknown |
| 2079 | CD4 | [[ appearing in a balanced-token-seq | Unknown |
| 2080 | drafting | Example with empty anonymous union member | Not resolved |
| 2081 | DR | Deduced return type in redeclaration or specialization of function template | Unknown |
| 2082 | CD4 | Referring to parameters in unevaluated operands of default arguments | Unknown |
| 2083 | drafting | Incorrect cases of odr-use | Not resolved |
| 2084 | CD4 | NSDMIs and deleted union default constructors | Unknown |
| 2085 | CD4 | Invalid example of adding special member function via default argument | Unknown |
| 2086 | drafting | Reference odr-use vs implicit capture | Not resolved |
| 2087 | open | Left shift of negative value by zero bits | Not resolved |
| 2088 | DR | Late tiebreakers in partial ordering | Unknown |
| 2089 | drafting | Restricting selection of builtin overloaded operators | Not resolved |
| 2090 | drafting | Dependency via non-dependent base class | Not resolved |
| 2091 | CD4 | Deducing reference non-type template arguments | Unknown |
| 2092 | DR | Deduction failure and overload resolution | Unknown |
| 2093 | CD4 | Qualification conversion for pointer-to-member handler matching | Unknown |
| 2094 | C++17 | Trivial copy/move constructor for class with volatile member | Clang 5 |
| 2095 | CD4 | Capturing rvalue references to functions by copy | Unknown |
| 2096 | CD4 | Constraints on literal unions | Unknown |
| 2097 | extension | Lambdas and noreturn attribute | Not resolved |
| 2098 | CD4 | Is uncaught_exceptions() per-thread? | Unknown |
| 2099 | CD4 | Inferring the bound of an array static data member | Unknown |
| 2100 | C++17 | Value-dependent address of static data member of class template | Unknown |
| 2101 | CD4 | Incorrect description of type- and value-dependence | Unknown |
| 2102 | drafting | Constructor checking in new-expression | Not resolved |
| 2103 | drafting | Lvalue-to-rvalue conversion is irrelevant in odr-use of a reference | Not resolved |
| 2104 | CD4 | Internal-linkage constexpr references and ODR requirements | Unknown |
| 2105 | open | When do the arguments for a parameter pack end? | Not resolved |
| 2106 | CD4 | Unclear restrictions on use of function-type template arguments | Unknown |
| 2107 | CD4 | Lifetime of temporaries for default arguments in array copying | Unknown |
| 2108 | drafting | Conversions to non-class prvalues in reference initialization | Not resolved |
| 2109 | CD4 | Value dependence underspecified | Unknown |
| 2110 | drafting | Overload resolution for base class conversion and reference/non-reference | Not resolved |
| 2111 | extension | Array temporaries in reference binding | Not resolved |
| 2112 | drafting | new auto{x} | Not resolved |
| 2113 | CD4 | Incompete specification of types for declarators | Unknown |
| 2114 | CD3 | Missing description of incompatibility from aggregate NSDMIs | Unknown |
| 2115 | drafting | Order of implicit destruction vs release of automatic storage | Not resolved |
| 2116 | drafting | Direct or copy initialization for omitted aggregate initializers | Not resolved |
| 2117 | drafting | Explicit specializations and constexpr function templates | Not resolved |
| 2118 | open | Stateful metaprogramming via friend injection | Not resolved |
| 2119 | NAD | Disambiguation of multi-level covariant return type | Unknown |
| 2120 | CD4 | Array as first non-static data member in standard-layout class | Clang 7 |
| 2121 | drafting | More flexible lambda syntax | Not resolved |
| 2122 | CD4 | Glvalues of void type | Unknown |
| 2123 | open | Omitted constant initialization of local static variables | Not resolved |
| 2124 | CD4 | Signature of constructor template | Unknown |
| 2125 | extension | Copy elision and comma operator | Not resolved |
| 2126 | drafting | Lifetime-extended temporaries in constant expressions | Not resolved |
| 2127 | drafting | Partial specialization and nullptr | Not resolved |
| 2128 | drafting | Imprecise rule for reference member initializer | Not resolved |
| 2129 | CD4 | Non-object prvalues and constant expressions | Unknown |
| 2130 | CD4 | Over-aligned types in new-expressions | Unknown |
| 2131 | drafting | Ambiguity with opaque-enum-declaration | Not resolved |
| 2132 | extension | Deprecated default generated copy constructors | Not resolved |
| 2133 | open | Converting std::nullptr_t to bool | Not resolved |
| 2134 | NAD | Objectless references to non-static member functions | Unknown |
| 2135 | NAD | mem-initializers for virtual bases of abstract classes | Unknown |
| 2136 | NAD | Argument-dependent lookup and initializer lists | Unknown |
| 2137 | CD4 | List-initialization from object of same type | Unknown |
| 2138 | NAD | Explicit member specialization vs implicit instantiation | Unknown |
| 2139 | NAD | Floating-point requirements for integer representation | Unknown |
| 2140 | CD4 | Lvalue-to-rvalue conversion of std::nullptr_t | Unknown |
| 2141 | CD4 | Ambiguity in new-expression with elaborated-type-specifier | Unknown |
| 2142 | NAD | Missing definition of associated classes and namespaces | Unknown |
| 2143 | C++17 | Value-dependency via injected-class-name | Unknown |
| 2144 | drafting | Function/variable declaration ambiguity | Not resolved |
| 2145 | CD4 | Parenthesized declarator in function definition | Unknown |
| 2146 | CD4 | Scalar object vs memory location in definition of “unsequenced” | Unknown |
| 2147 | CD4 | Initializer-list arguments and pack deduction | Unknown |
| 2148 | drafting | Thread storage duration and order of initialization | Not resolved |
| 2149 | drafting | Brace elision and array length deduction | Not resolved |
| 2150 | CD3 | Initializer list array lifetime | Unknown |
| 2151 | drafting | Exception object is not created | Not resolved |
| 2152 | NAD | Can an alternative token be used as a ud-suffix? | Unknown |
| 2153 | CD4 | pure-specifier in friend declaration | Unknown |
| 2154 | CD4 | Ambiguity of pure-specifier | Unknown |
| 2155 | C++17 | Defining classes and enumerations via using-declarations | Unknown |
| 2156 | CD4 | Definition of enumeration declared by using-declaration | Unknown |
| 2157 | CD4 | Further disambiguation of enumeration elaborated-type-specifier | Unknown |
| 2158 | drafting | Polymorphic behavior during destruction | Not resolved |
| 2159 | NAD | Lambda capture and local thread_local variables | Unknown |
| 2160 | open | Issues with partial ordering | Not resolved |
| 2161 | NAD | Explicit instantiation declaration and “preceding initialization” | Unknown |
| 2162 | CD3 | Capturing this by reference | Unknown |
| 2163 | CD4 | Labels in constexpr functions | Unknown |
| 2164 | DR | Name hiding and using-directives | Unknown |
| 2165 | drafting | Namespaces, declarative regions, and translation units | Not resolved |
| 2166 | drafting | Unclear meaning of “undefined constexpr function” | Not resolved |
| 2167 | CD4 | Non-member references with lifetimes within the current evaluation | Unknown |
| 2168 | open | Narrowing conversions and +/- infinity | Not resolved |
| 2169 | extension | Narrowing conversions and overload resolution | Not resolved |
| 2170 | drafting | Unclear definition of odr-use for arrays | Not resolved |
| 2171 | CD4 | Triviality of copy constructor with less-qualified parameter | Unknown |
| 2172 | drafting | Multiple exceptions with one exception object | Not resolved |
| 2173 | open | Partial specialization with non-deduced contexts | Not resolved |
| 2174 | C++17 | Unclear rules for friend definitions in templates | Unknown |
| 2175 | CD4 | Ambiguity with attribute in conversion operator declaration | Unknown |
| 2176 | CD4 | Destroying the returned object when a destructor throws | Unknown |
| 2177 | DR | Placement operator delete and parameter copies | Unknown |
| 2178 | NAD | Substitution of dependent template arguments in default template arguments | Unknown |
| 2179 | drafting | Required diagnostic for partial specialization after first use | Not resolved |
| 2180 | CD4 | Virtual bases in destructors and defaulted assignment operators | Yes |
| 2181 | drafting | Normative requirements in an informative Annex | Not resolved |
| 2182 | drafting | Pointer arithmetic in array-like containers | Not resolved |
| 2183 | NAD | Problems in description of potential exceptions | Unknown |
| 2184 | CD4 | Missing C compatibility entry for decrement of bool | Unknown |
| 2185 | open | Cv-qualified numeric types | Not resolved |
| 2186 | drafting | Unclear point that “preceding initialization” must precede | Not resolved |
| 2187 | drafting | Protected members and access via qualified-id | Not resolved |
| 2188 | open | empty-declaration ambiguity | Not resolved |
| 2189 | open | Surrogate call template | Not resolved |
| 2190 | open | Insufficient specification of __has_include | Not resolved |
| 2191 | C++17 | Incorrect result for noexcept(typeid(v)) | Unknown |
| 2192 | open | Constant expressions and order-of-eval undefined behavior | Not resolved |
| 2193 | NAD | numeric_limits<int>::radix and digits | Unknown |
| 2194 | review | Impossible case in list initialization | Not resolved |
| 2195 | open | Unsolicited reading of trailing volatile members | Not resolved |
| 2196 | C++17 | Zero-initialization with virtual base classes | Unknown |
| 2197 | review | Overload resolution and deleted special member functions | Not resolved |
| 2198 | C++17 | Linkage of enumerators | Unknown |
| 2199 | drafting | Typedefs and tags | Not resolved |
| 2200 | NAD | Conversions in template argument deduction | Unknown |
| 2201 | C++17 | Cv-qualification of array types | Unknown |
| 2202 | drafting | When does default argument instantiation occur? | Not resolved |
| 2203 | drafting | Defaulted copy/move constructors and UDCs | Not resolved |
| 2204 | NAD | Naming delegated constructors | Unknown |
| 2205 | C++17 | Restrictions on use of alignas | Unknown |
| 2206 | C++17 | Composite type of object and function pointers | Unknown |
| 2207 | drafting | Alignment of allocation function return value | Not resolved |
| 2208 | NAD | static_assert-declaration does not declare a member | Unknown |
| 2209 | NAD | Destruction of constructed array elements | Unknown |
| 2210 | NAD | Principal/target constructor confusion | Unknown |
| 2211 | C++17 | Hiding by lambda captures and parameters | SVN |
| 2212 | open | Typedef changing linkage after use | Not resolved |
| 2213 | drafting | Forward declaration of partial specializations | Not resolved |
| 2214 | C++17 | Missing requirement on representation of integer values | Unknown |
| 2215 | review | Redundant description of language linkage in function call | Not resolved |
| 2216 | NAD | Exception specifications in unevaluated contexts | Unknown |
| 2217 | NAD | constexpr constructors for non-literal types | Unknown |
| 2218 | C++17 | Ambiguity and namespace aliases | Unknown |
| 2219 | drafting | Dynamically-unreachable handlers | Not resolved |
| 2220 | C++17 | Hiding index variable in range-based for | Unknown |
| 2221 | review | Copying volatile objects | Not resolved |
| 2222 | drafting | Additional contexts where instantiation is not required | Not resolved |
| 2223 | drafting | Multiple alignas specifiers | Not resolved |
| 2224 | C++17 | Member subobjects and base-class casts | Unknown |
| 2225 | NAD | reinterpret_cast to same floating-point type | Unknown |
| 2226 | DR | Xvalues vs lvalues in conditional expressions | Unknown |
| 2227 | DR | Destructor access and default member initializers | Unknown |
| 2228 | drafting | Ambiguity resolution for cast to function type | Not resolved |
| 2229 | DR | Volatile unnamed bit-fields | Clang 7 |
| 2230 | NAD | Linkage of extern "C" function in unnamed namespace | Unknown |
| 2231 | NAD | Class member access to static data member template | Unknown |
| 2232 | open | thread_local anonymous unions | Not resolved |
| 2233 | tentatively ready | Function parameter packs following default arguments | Unknown |
| 2234 | DR | Missing rules for simple-template-id as class-name | Unknown |
| 2235 | DR | Partial ordering and non-dependent types | Unknown |
| 2236 | drafting | When is an alias template specialization dependent? | Not resolved |
| 2237 | accepted | Can a template-id name a constructor? | Unknown |
| 2238 | NAD | Contradictory alignment requirements for allocation | Unknown |
| 2239 | NAD | Sized deallocation with a trivial destructor | Unknown |
| 2240 | drafting | this is not odr-used in a constant expression | Not resolved |
| 2241 | DR | Overload resolution is not invoked with a single function | Unknown |
| 2242 | drafting | ODR violation with constant initialization possibly omitted | Not resolved |
| 2243 | drafting | Incorrect use of implicit conversion sequence | Not resolved |
| 2244 | open | Base class access in aggregate initialization | Not resolved |
| 2245 | drafting | Point of instantiation of incomplete class template | Not resolved |
| 2246 | drafting | Access of indirect virtual base class constructors | Not resolved |
| 2247 | C++17 | Lambda capture and variable argument list | Unknown |
| 2248 | C++17 | Problems with sized delete | Unknown |
| 2249 | tentatively ready | identifiers and id-expressions | Unknown |
| 2250 | open | Implicit instantiation, destruction, and TUs | Not resolved |
| 2251 | C++17 | Unreachable enumeration list-initialization | Unknown |
| 2252 | review | Enumeration list-initialization from the same type | Not resolved |
| 2253 | DRWP | Unnamed bit-fields and zero-initialization | Unknown |
| 2254 | ready | Standard-layout classes and bit-fields | Unknown |
| 2255 | DR | Instantiated static data member templates | Unknown |
| 2256 | drafting | Lifetime of trivially-destructible objects | Not resolved |
| 2257 | drafting | Lifetime extension of references vs exceptions | Not resolved |
| 2258 | open | Storage deallocation during period of destruction | Not resolved |
| 2259 | C++17 | Unclear context describing ambiguity | Unknown |
| 2260 | DR | Explicit specializations of deleted member functions | Unknown |
| 2261 | extension | Explicit instantiation of in-class friend definition | Not resolved |
| 2262 | C++17 | Attributes for asm-definition | Unknown |
| 2263 | drafting | Default argument instantiation for friends | Not resolved |
| 2264 | drafting | Memberwise copying with indeterminate value | Not resolved |
| 2265 | drafting | Delayed pack expansion and member redeclarations | Not resolved |
| 2266 | drafting | Has dependent type vs is type-dependent | Not resolved |
| 2267 | drafting | Copy-initialization of temporary in reference direct-initialization | Not resolved |
| 2268 | C++17 | Unions with mutable members in constant expressions revisited | Unknown |
| 2269 | dup | Additional recursive references in aggregate DMIs | Unknown |
| 2270 | extension | Non-inline functions and explicit instantiation declarations | Not resolved |
| 2271 | C++17 | Aliasing this | Unknown |
| 2272 | C++17 | Implicit initialization of aggregate members of reference type | Unknown |
| 2273 | DRWP | Inheriting constructors vs implicit default constructor | Unknown |
| 2274 | NAD | Generic lambda capture vs constexpr if | Unknown |
| 2275 | drafting | Type-dependence of function template | Not resolved |
| 2276 | C++17 | Dependent noexcept and function type-dependence | Unknown |
| 2277 | DRWP | Ambiguity inheriting constructors with default arguments | Unknown |
| 2278 | drafting | Copy elision in constant expressions reconsidered | Not resolved |
| 2279 | NAD | Multiple attribute-specifiers in one attribute-list | Unknown |
| 2280 | review | Matching a usual deallocation function with placement new | Not resolved |
| 2281 | drafting | Consistency of aligned operator delete replacement | Not resolved |
| 2282 | drafting | Consistency with mismatched aligned/non-over-aligned allocation/deallocation functions | Not resolved |
| 2283 | drafting | Missing complete type requirements | Not resolved |
| 2284 | open | Sequencing of braced-init-list arguments | Not resolved |
| 2285 | tentatively ready | Issues with structured bindings | Unknown |
| 2286 | NAD | Assignment evaluation order | Unknown |
| 2287 | DRWP | Pointer-interconvertibility in non-standard-layout unions | Unknown |
| 2288 | NAD | Contradictory optionality in simple-declaration | Unknown |
| 2289 | drafting | Uniqueness of decomposition declaration names | Not resolved |
| 2290 | DRWP | Unclear specification for overload resolution and deleted special member functions | Unknown |
| 2291 | dup | Implicit conversion sequences in non-call contexts | Unknown |
| 2292 | drafting | simple-template-id is ambiguous between class-name and type-name | Not resolved |
| 2293 | ready | Requirements for simple-template-id used as a class-name | Unknown |
| 2294 | ready | Dependent auto static data members | Unknown |
| 2295 | extension | Aggregates with deleted defaulted constructors | Not resolved |
| 2296 | extension | Are default argument instantiation failures in the “immediate context”? | Not resolved |
| 2297 | review | Unclear specification of atomic operations | Not resolved |
| 2298 | concurrency | Actions and expression evaluation | Not resolved |
| 2299 | DR | constexpr vararg functions | Unknown |
| 2300 | drafting | Lambdas in multiple definitions | Not resolved |
| 2301 | open | Value-initialization and constexpr constructor evaluation | Not resolved |
| 2302 | NAD | Address comparison between different member subobjects | Unknown |
| 2303 | drafting | Partial ordering and recursive variadic inheritance | Not resolved |
| 2304 | NAD | Incomplete type vs overload resolution | Unknown |
| 2305 | DR | Explicit instantiation of constexpr or inline variable template | Unknown |
| 2306 | open | Nested friend templates of class templates | Not resolved |
| 2307 | DR | Unclear definition of “equivalent to a nontype template parameter” | Unknown |
| 2308 | NAD | Structured bindings and lambda capture | Unknown |
| 2309 | drafting | Restrictions on nested statements within constexpr functions | Not resolved |
| 2310 | drafting | Type completeness and derived-to-base pointer conversions | Not resolved |
| 2311 | open | Missed case for guaranteed copy elision | Not resolved |
| 2312 | ready | Structured bindings and mutable | Unknown |
| 2313 | DR | Redeclaration of structured binding reference variables | Unknown |
| 2314 | dup | Structured bindings and lambda capture | Unknown |
| 2315 | DR | What is the “corresponding special member” of a variant member? | Unknown |
| 2316 | drafting | Simplifying class conversions in conditional expressions | Not resolved |
| 2317 | drafting | Self-referential default member initializers | Not resolved |
| 2318 | drafting | Nondeduced contexts in deduction from a braced-init-list | Not resolved |
| 2319 | drafting | Nested brace initialization from same type | Not resolved |
| 2320 | extension | constexpr if and boolean conversions | Not resolved |
| 2321 | ready | Conditional operator and cv-qualified class prvalues | Unknown |
| 2322 | ready | Substitution failure and lexical order | Unknown |
| 2323 | accepted | Expunge POD | Unknown |
| 2324 | drafting | Size of base class subobject | Not resolved |
| 2325 | drafting | std::launder and reuse of character buffers | Not resolved |
| 2326 | dup | Type deduction with initializer list containing ambiguous functions | Unknown |
| 2327 | drafting | Copy elision for direct-initialization with a conversion function | Not resolved |
| 2328 | open | Unclear presentation style of template argument deduction rules | Not resolved |
| 2329 | drafting | Virtual base classes and generated assignment operators | Not resolved |
| 2330 | drafting | Missing references to variable templates | Not resolved |
| 2331 | drafting | Redundancy in description of class scope | Not resolved |
| 2332 | drafting | template-name as simple-type-name vs injected-class-name | Not resolved |
| 2333 | drafting | Escape sequences in UTF-8 character literals | Not resolved |
| 2334 | open | Creation of objects by typeid | Not resolved |
| 2335 | open | Deduced return types vs member types | Not resolved |
| 2336 | drafting | Destructor characteristics vs potentially-constructed subobjects | Not resolved |
| 2337 | open | Incorrect implication of logic ladder for conversion sequence tiebreakers | Not resolved |
| 2338 | DR | Undefined behavior converting to short enums with fixed underlying types | Unknown |
| 2339 | ready | Underspecified template arguments in structured bindings | Unknown |
| 2340 | open | Reference collapsing and structured bindings | Not resolved |
| 2341 | extension | Structured bindings with static storage duration | Not resolved |
| 2342 | DR | Reference reinterpret_cast and pointer-interconvertibility | Unknown |
| 2343 | extension | void* non-type template parameters | Not resolved |
| 2344 | drafting | Redeclaration of names in init-statements | Not resolved |
| 2345 | review | Jumping across initializers in init-statements and conditions | Not resolved |
| 2346 | DR | Local variables in default arguments | Unknown |
| 2347 | open | Passing short scoped enumerations to ellipsis | Not resolved |
| 2348 | NAD | Non-templated constexpr if | Unknown |
| 2349 | NAD | Class/enumeration names vs conditions | Unknown |
| 2350 | open | Forwarding references and deduction guides | Not resolved |
| 2351 | tentatively ready | void{} | Unknown |
| 2352 | drafting | Similar types and reference binding | Not resolved |
| 2353 | drafting | Potential results of a member access expression for a static data member | Not resolved |
| 2354 | open | Extended alignment and object representation | Not resolved |
| 2355 | extension | Deducing noexcept-specifiers | Not resolved |
| 2356 | tentatively ready | Base class copy and move constructors should not be inherited | Unknown |
| 2357 | open | Lookup in member function declarations | Not resolved |
| 2358 | drafting | Explicit capture of value | Not resolved |
| 2359 | tentatively ready | Unintended copy initialization with designated initializers | Unknown |
| 2360 | open | [[maybe_unused]] and structured bindings | Not resolved |
| 2361 | open | Unclear description of longjmp undefined behavior | Not resolved |
| 2362 | open | __func__ should be constexpr | Not resolved |
| 2363 | open | Opaque enumeration friend declarations | Not resolved |
| 2364 | open | Constant expressions, aggregate initialization, and modifications | Not resolved |
| 2365 | open | Confusing specification for dynamic_cast | Not resolved |


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In the House session on July 19th, Atlanta Representative Harold Elliotsone made the following comment regarding our President Nicholas Richardson, "I don’t like Nicholas Let’s Impeach him". When prompted for a reason by the Speaker of the House Franklin Hudson, Harold went on to say "We do [have a reason]. Treason. .. Just do it, .. do it please I beg you." Ultimately, this came to nothing, and the House went on to another topic of discussion.
Unfortunately, this comment took Landers News Network and Spares News Network by storm, taking up a majority of their media coverage on July 19th and July 20th. I counted over 7 mentions of the impeachment comment in their news coverage, with SNN's nightly news segment going as far to claim as "He [Harold] has started a impeachment trial on new President Nick Richardson".
Harold Elliotsone has not started an impeachment trial against our president, nor does it appear that he has any serious intention of doing so. He made one comment in one session, and it has been blown out of proportion on every other network. When confronted with this, former president and current anchor of SNN Kaidon Spare replied "now if you don’t like it oh well".
Long time readers of this website will know that I have been planning on starting a media network for awhile now, and I believe that now is the right time, hence the rebranding of the site. We will be covering more current events than before, and I will be inviting writers to join our team and help contribute to our news cycle. I will still be writing some opinion pieces, tracking my campaign progress, and archiving any debates or sessions that are held, none of that will change.
If you experience any problems with the site, such as missing pages or malformed content, please let me know as soon as possible! There are still quite a few bugs that need fixing. In the meantime, be sure to follow RWN for news updates as they come in.


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[§457G-1.2] Occupational therapy program. There is established an occupational therapy program within the department to be administered by the director. [L 2014, c 209, pt of §2]


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What is pair programming?
Pair programming is an activity of working together with another developer. This is an important people-working-skill because one is able to develop clear communication skills to represent their work.
Pair programming is an activity of working together with another developer. This is an important people-working-skill because one is able to develop clear communication skills to represent their work.
DBC is a experimental academic institution where one is free to learn as much as they want. Pair programming is an important tool for students to check where they are within the learning process. They are able to ask questions on the materials they do not know and get feed back right away. Most importantly, people do not slack off when they have another person watching YOU!!
Diver and Navigator are two roles within the pair programming activity. While the terms clearly define the difference in the roles, actually, they are not that different. They both must be active bouncing off ideas for successful results.


Everything started when Zebulon discovered that he had a doppelgänger who was a serious baseball aficionado .


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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Gender, human rights and socioeconomic impact of AIDS in Brazil
Rosa Maria Rodrigues de Oliveira
Núcleo de Identidades de Gênero e Subjetividades. Laboratório de Antropologia Social. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
ABSTRACT
The paper critically analyzes, from the gender standpoint, official results presented in the Brazilian government report to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Specifically, the fulfillment of 2003 targets set forth in the United Nations Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, under the category of Human Rights and Reduction of the Economic and Social Impact of AIDS, are evaluated. Key concepts are highlighted, including indicators and strategies that may help civilian society better monitor these targets until 2010.
Keywords: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, prevention & control. Impacts on health. Human rights. Socioeconomic factors. Non-governmental organizations. Gender and health.
PUBLIC HEALTH, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE ANALYSIS OF GENDER ON THE LEGAL PHENOMENON
The association of public health to human rights is fundamental for successful health policies. As it relates to AIDS, this relationship is evidenced by the government HIV/AIDS program and by the thousands of non-governmental organization (NGO) projects publicly financed during the last 20 years. These are fundamental for an efficient Brazilian response to the epidemic.
Mann et al4 explains three basic relationships between the concepts of public health and human rights, initially considering the potential impact of health policies, programs and practices on human rights. This relationship illustrates the complementary nature of public health targets and human rights norms in the conduct of effective health policies and programs. The second relationship affirms that the "violation or non-enforcement of one or all human rights negatively affects physical and mental health and is detrimental to the social wellbeing". The last analogy emphasizes the necessary interaction between notions of public health and human rights through which the "promotion and protection of health require explicit and concrete efforts to promote and protect human rights, much as the earnest fulfillment of human rights requires profound attention to health and to the social determinants therein implicated".
The stigma and discrimination associated with HIV/AIDS are complex social processes that have developed during historical periods of rapid social and economic changes. Since the late 1970s, the radical restructuring of the world economy has been characterized by accelerated processes of social exclusion. These reinforce preexisting inequalities such as racism, homophobia, misogyny, ethnic discrimination and religious conflicts. The interaction between these factors offers a general model for the analysis of the multiple forms of discrimination that typify the HIV/AIDS pandemic. An example of this was the recognition of the relationship between HIV/AIDS and the homosexual lifestyle prior to the epidemic, which provoked tragic consequences at the start of the 1980s in the United States when research on the virus was compromised because of the homosexual prejudice.6
In 1988, the World Health Organization initiated a more effective decision-making apparatus designed to protect the human rights of HIV/AIDS-infected persons through resolution 41.24.1 This recognized the need to incorporate to national AIDS prevention and control programs, as well as to individual countries' own global strategies, respect for the human rights of persons living with HIV/AIDS and of other groups vulnerable to infection.
Significantly, in 2000, the "National AIDS Programmes A Guide to Monitoring and Evaluation" discussed, in item 3.3, "Stigma and Discrimination"2, stating that these can turn the lives of infected persons insufferable and also impact prevention and care initiatives. Likewise, the 2002/2003 campaign of the United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) had as its primary objective the prevention, reduction and elimination of the stigma and discrimination provoked by AIDS.1
In 2001, the countries meeting for the 26th United Nations General Assembly Special Session committed to combat HIV/AIDS (UNGASS) by adopting measures to confront the epidemic and the principal global problems associated with it. The result of this Special Session was the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, to which Brazil is signatory.
The present article critically evaluates the response of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (through the National Program for STD/AIDS ) to human rights and reduction of the social and economic impacts of HIV/AIDS from 2001-2003. This was done in the light of what is stated in the United Nations Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS and adopting the analysis of gender on the legal phenomenon.
Accepting law science as a debating position and androcentrism as an ideology to be overcome, it is apparent that the androcentric emphasis exerts a strong influence on the notion of equality in relation to the law. Facio2 considers that, in many cases, specific legislation confers special protection at the same time that it reduces the idea of legal equality. For example, in women's reproductive health, sexual discrimination can never be eliminated based only on special legislation. This understanding would restrict the notion of equality (considering the difference between the sexes) before the law to an "equivalence to everything that is not related to reproduction of the species and a difference between women and men in all aspects related to this unique function". With this, the recognition of values that serve as the basis for the traditional concept of equality (and of human rights) guarantees, in theory, that only men can be treated as complete human beings because man was considered as the paradigm of the human being.
The analysis of gender also considers the vast feminist experience in monitoring public policies and in the conduct of advocacy strategies.
The concept of advocacy is basic to understanding the role of civil society in this process and is not related to so-called social control, which has specific legislation derived from Law 8.080/90 and addresses community participation in Health Councils. Advocacy considers an initiative originating in civil society and directed toward the State, either through judicial action, political discourse with the government and partner members of parliament, or dialogue with the media and with the corporate sector (a process still in its infancy in Brazil).
From this methodological landmark, it is possible to evaluate if the public policies and norms outlined in the Brazilian report can contribute to decreasing discrimination and increasing empowerment of women and girls, which is the emphasis of the UNGASS Declaration of Commitment for the period 2005 to 2010.
The analysis of the Brazilian government data made use of the official document presented to the United Nations in 20023 and reference documents from discussion forums produced by organized civil society.
MONITORING BY NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THE EMPHASIS ON GENDER
The UNGASS Declaration of Commitment originates from the definition of a series of models reinforced historically by Brazilian activism in HIV/AIDS and human rights. Among these are: the association between strategies to reduce vulnerability and protection of human rights, related to prevention and assistance; the consideration of themes related to economic and social development as human rights questions; the access to care and prevention as human rights; and increased efficacy of the government response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic at the urging of civil society.
Indicators used to evaluate the participation of civil society in the elaboration of the Brazilian government report included in the report model of UNAIDS are limited to asking whether or not the society has participated. The subsequent challenge is the evaluation and recording of the quality of civil society participation using its own indicators, which are defined during the developmental process.
The Declaration of Commitment targets for human rights for the period between 2003 and 2005 address questions directly related to the rights of women and girls.
There exists a belief that women, particularly girls, are vulnerable as a consequence of the negation of their rights, gender inequality, social factors, cultural and economic factors, biology and commonplace violence, and that their empowerment should be the basis of a multi-agency response to the global pandemic. In order to address this issue, a document formulated by the International Coalition for Women's Health was presented to the Brazilian government in March 2006. This was signed by dozens of international NGOs involved in HIV/AIDS, including the Brazilian Interdisciplinary Association for AIDS and Gestos.4
The Coalition organized a meeting in Bangkok in November 2005 and aims to contribute to the content of the "Resolution on Women and HIV/AIDS", which is presently being drafted by the United Nations. The principal aims proposed in the document include:
| a) |
redefine the understanding of "high risk", to which women, and particularly girls, are subject; |
| b) |
expand the decision-making process, assuring the full participation of women infected and affected by HIV/AIDS and the defenders of the health and rights of women, particularly at the highest levels; |
| c) |
strengthen programs to combat HIV/AIDS, thereby protecting the health and the rights of all women. |
The targets of the Declaration of Commitment relating to the reduction of social and economic impacts were defined for the period up to 2003, but remain current:
| |
establish multi-agency strategies to resolve the social and economic impacts at individual and group levels, particularly as they relate to strategies for the eradication of hunger and poverty; |
| |
create a national set of regulations that protects the rights of persons with HIV/AIDS in the workplace. |
INDICATIONS FOR A GENDER ANALYSIS
The Brazilian report relied on four global indicators to address human rights, according to the Declaration of Commitment and other appended documents,5 to verify: if countries have enacted laws and regulations protecting from discrimination persons living with HIV/AIDS and groups identified as particularly vulnerable to the virus; if there exist policies that assure equal access to prevention and care for both men and women; and if there exist policies mandating that ethics committees revise and approve protocols for HIV/AIDS research on humans.
The first issue highlighted by the report is the inadequacy of the indicators proposed by UNAIDS for the elaboration of the country reports, particularly in initiatives relating to human rights. This may be a result of the model used by UNAIDS to formulate its basic indicators, the objective of which is to "maximize the validity, the internal coherence and the between-country and chronological comparisons of the calculations of the indicators obtained, as well as assuring coherence in the types of data and calculation methods used."6 The attempt to establish a comparative model between countries appears to have obscured certain human rights initiatives that exist in Brazil but are sill not practiced in other countries.
Moreover, the majority of questions developed based on these indicators, which were answered in the Brazilian report, influence laws and regulations that have established determined policies relating to persons living with HIV/AIDS and populations vulnerable to the virus, emphasizing women and girls. However, this information alone cannot demonstrate the efficacy of the judicial norms listed.
This suggests there is a need to develop qualitative studies relating to human rights and HIV/AIDS. One such case study was based on the jurisprudence of requests for HIV/AIDS medication recently published by the National Program for STD/AIDS of the Ministry of Health.5 This evaluated approximately 450 judicial decisions derived from law courts of the twenty-seven Brazilian states by analyzing the capacity of the judicial authority to influence the free distribution of HIV/AIDS medication.
 However, on this item, the Declaration of Commitment limits the topic of gender violence to an issue of female training, suggesting that it showed be incorporated into educational initiatives. This measure is undoubtedly necessary, but is unable to address scenarios emerging from deep-rooted cultural questions, particularly relating to traditional rituals and practices imposed on girls (e.g. female circumcision practiced in fundamentalist cultures). This theme also incorporates controversial and complicated theoretical issues such as cultural relativism.
Additionally, it is widely recognized that the rates of HIV infection are increasing faster in women (and girls) then men. This reinforces the importance of incentives such as those adopted by the International Coalition for Women's Health.
The components of human rights and reduction of socioeconomic impact comprising the Brazilian report are analyzed individually below.
Human rights
The following questions were answered by the Brazilian government, in relation to the human rights commitments, in the period from January to December 2002:7
1. Does your country have laws and regulations that protect persons living with HIV/AIDS from discrimination (for example, legal clauses relating to non-discrimination other than those addressing issues of housing, education, work)
The answer to this question mentions all the constitutional regulations and general legislation in existence since 1988, including laws, inter-ministerial regulations and other legislation leading to 2002.
In relation to innovations in this field, initiatives that address the racial issue should comprise the next report. The Ministry of Health has implemented relevant public policies, including the drafting of Decree Nº 4.228 on May 13 2002, which instituted the National Program for Affirmative Action at the Federal Public Administration level. Likewise, World AIDS Day of 2005 in Brazil had as its theme AIDS and racism.
There exist new regulations relating to discrimination based on sexual orientation that should be incorporated into the new report, corresponding to the years following its drafting:
| |
Decree 880, of May 13 2004 - Addresses the creation of the Technical Committee for formulating the national health policy proposal of the gay, lesbian, transgender and bisexual population. |
| |
Program Brazil Without Homophobia/2004 - Addresses initiatives involving several ministries (among the most active being Health and Education) in the formulation and execution of public policies related to combating discrimination against homosexuals. |
Non-governmental organizations working with AIDS and the diverse related networks, particularly persons with HIV/AIDS, sex workers and homosexuals, have monitored the execution of public AIDS initiatives using different advocacy strategies. This has included, for example, cooperation with the Federal Public Ministry to define responses to violations of the law by governments; although this still occurs with limited frequency, and almost always induced by a formal request. The dialogue of organized civil society with the higher levels of the Federal Public Ministry may potentially resolve regional or national problems by sensitizing authorities to the impact of human rights violations on HIV/AIDS public health policies. Representatives of the Ministry of Health at the state level can also be advised more systematically by civil society in order to guarantee the rights of persons living with HIV/AIDS at the local level.
The policy adopted by Brazilian NGOs in order to contribute to the elaboration of legislation and in the debates relating to the budget and the requests for interventions from parliament members was consolidated by parliamentary groups. The advocacy strategy supported by the federal government was not mentioned in the Brazilian report because there are no indicators for this initiative. Initiatives derived from this strategy may be effective indicators of participation by civil society in the monitoring process of UNGASS.
The parliamentary caucus to combat HIV/AIDS first convened in the National Congress in 2001 and analogous local groups were created between 2003 and 2005 in several Brazilian states through the combined efforts of UNAIDS, the Brazilian government and NGO Forums that develop AIDS initiatives. In 2004, there were 66 ongoing law projects in the National Congress relating to themes including: prohibition of discrimination against HIV/AIDS-positive persons, medication patents for prevention and care of AIDS, extension of continuous benefits (defined in the legislation as available to elderly and impaired persons, irrespective of their contribution to the welfare system) to carriers of HIV, distribution of food rations (cesta básica) in health care units and employment security for infected persons.
Notable in relation to social rights is discriminatory treatment in the admission, maintenance and termination of employment. In addition to the Regional Labor Offices that comprise the network charged with implanting Convention 111 of the International Labour Organization (which coordinates the combat against racism and all forms of discrimination in the workplace), doctors and employment inspectors should also be given more attention, in the framework of an advocacy strategy to address this issue. The Public Ministry of Labor and the corporate sector have limited dialogue among each other as well as with organized civil society, particularly relating to public policies undertaken by the federal government. It is fundamental to include each of these as partners in the monitoring program of the UNGASS targets.
2. Does your country have laws and regulations that protect groups identified as vulnerable to HIV/AIDS-related discrimination (for example: intravenous drug users, men who have sex with other men, sex workers, young persons, migrant populations and prison populations)
In the document analyzed, the Brazilian government responded to this question with a description of initiatives and of federal legislation related to the national anti-drug policy. Also mentioned were constitutional devices related to fundamental rights and guarantees, in addition to municipal legislation related to homophobia.
In relation to policies addressing stigma and discrimination vis-à-vis sexual orientation, it is notable that, in addition to Program Brazil without Homophobia, there was active participation from the National Program for STD/AIDS and the National Council to Combat Discrimination. The latter is linked to the Special Secretary on Human Rights to the President of the Republic and has recently begun addressing violence against activists in the gay, lesbian, transgender and bisexual movement. The Ministry of Culture also participated in Program Brazil without Homophobia through Decree 219 of July 23 2004. This created the Workgroup for the Promotion of Gay, Lesbian, Transgender and Bisexual Citizenship, composed of representatives of the Ministry of Culture, the National Council to Combat Discrimination and the Brazilian Association of Gay, Lesbian and Transgender Persons.
Decree nº 1,777 of September 9 2003, instituted the National Health Plan for the Prison System. This program operates in conjunction with the National Program for STD/AIDS in the prison system through a workgroup composed of several units of the National Program, the Hepatitis Program and the Technical Area for Health in the Prison System. The principle of this initiative focuses on the decentralization process.
3. "Does your country have a policy that guarantees equal access for both men and women to prevention and care, with emphasis on more vulnerable populations?"
The reply to this question also refers to constitutional regulation and the general legislation in existence since 1988. The advantage of this topic is that the descriptions of the policies implemented are explicitly themed, which increases the visibility of actions in this area. Three references should be included in the next Brazilian report, although they are indirectly linked to this theme:
| |
Law nº 10,886 of June 17 2004 adds two paragraphs to art. 129 of the Penal Code (Law-Decree nº 2,848/40), creating a special type of crime named "Domestic Violence". |
| |
Technical regulation Ministry of Health: Humanizing attention to abortion.3 |
| |
Technical regulation Ministry of Health: Prevention and treatment of injuries resulting from sexual violence against women and adolescents.7 |
4. "Does your country have a policy guaranteeing that research with HIV/AIDS protocols involving human subjects undergoes evaluation by ethics committees?"
The Brazilian report mentions Resolution n° 196/96 of the National Health Council, which instituted the National Ethics Committee. Resolution 292 of the National Health Council, enacted on July 8 1999, complements this by regulating research practices involving humans.
Resolution nº 1,665/2003 of the Federal Medical Council addresses the ethical responsibility of medical institutions and professionals in the prevention, control and treatment of HIV in the population. This is not yet included in the Brazilian report.
In 2004, the manual titled "Ethical Implications of Diagnosis and of HIV Serological Analysis" was published. This updated the responsibility of the Ministry of Health in relation to state and municipal STD/AIDS programs and other related services.
There are no records of regulations that coordinate surveillance procedures, such as consultations to Centers for Testing and Counseling or to blood banks for serological analyses by persons that do not subsequently return to the system. This has provoked an accumulation of problems whose resolution would be simplified by a consensual directive for the services, which allow for regional and cultural differences in Brazil.
Social and economic impact
The Brazilian Report states that the impact of AIDS is monitored based on life expectancy at birth, considering indices of surviving HIV patients and the official reports (Epidemiological Bulletins of the National Program). In addition, the evolution of AIDS cases in relation to employment and schooling levels are assessed in the monitoring.
The following mechanisms can be mentioned as new references relating to the social and economic impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic:
| |
Provisional law nº 2,206-1, of September 6 2001 Created the National Minimum Wage Program linked to health known as "Bolsa-Alimentação" (Food Grant). Article 3º, § 1º of this law defines that "Children of HIV-positive women can receive this benefit beginning at birth". |
| |
Resolution INSS/DC nº 89 of April 5 2002 - DOU of 29/4/2002 Approved the Technical Norm for the Evaluation of Employment Incapacity vis-à-vis HIV/AIDS welfare benefits. |
| |
Decree nº 2,313 of 12/19/2002 instituted incentives for states, the Federal District and municipalities relating to the National Program for STD/AIDS, including alterations. |
| |
Decree nº 1,824 of September 2 2004 Created Support Homes for adults living with HIV/AIDS. |
| |
Regulation INSS nº 25 of June 7 2000, establishes, by judicial authority, procedures to be adopted for concession of social welfare benefits to homosexual partners. |
| |
Law nº 10,421 of April 15 2002 Extended the right to maternity leave and maternity salary to the adoptive mother, thus altering the Consolidation of Employment Laws, approved by Law-Decree nº 5,452 on May 1 1943 and Law nº 8,213 of July 24 1991. |
Issues involving the concession of welfare and social benefits occupy a large portion of the judicial case loads brought about by NGOs that develop AIDS initiatives. This is followed by requests related to worker's rights and access to medication.8 These data confirm the importance of social policies, such as those addressing hunger and poverty, which are still in their infancy in Brazil. Similarly, the recent incentives policy directed at states and municipalities for the development of HIV/AIDS initiatives (Decree nº 2,313/02 and alterations) should be highlighted as essential for the successful decentralization of HIV/AIDS health policies.
It is important to again emphasize the content of the document drafted by the International Coalition for Women's Health. This refers to the negative socioeconomic effects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and its wider impact on women and girls, and which requires "increased funding for care and support to women", as well as "promoting economic empowerment for women as a means to reduce their vulnerability."
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
The fulfillment of the UNGASS targets has already consolidated an important objective for social AIDS movements, Networks of Person Living with HIV/AIDS and NGOs that develop AIDS initiatives in Brazil. This reinforces the need for training and empowerment of more leaders to complete this undertaking at the national and international levels, particularly as it relates to the creation of new international mechanisms for the protection of human rights and of the societal control of public policies.
The stimulation of new advocacy strategies and responses to discrimination associated with HIV and AIDS resulting from the evaluation process of the fulfillment of the UNGASS targets by civil society are considered fundamental. This ongoing initiative will produce favorable effects on actions related to human rights and the reduction of social and economic impacts of HIV/AIDS, in the formulation of policies and in the planning of initiatives for the National Program. This also points to the need to maintain the general direction adopted by the Brazilian government, beginning with the integration of public initiatives guaranteeing human rights and the prevention and care of HIV/AIDS.
Judicial or political interventions driven by the actions of NGOs, of the network of persons living with AIDS and of the organized groups that are more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection in Brazil have shown a significant capacity to minimize the negative impact of the stigma and discrimination associated with HIV/AIDS.6
The analysis of the components of the Brazilian report to the United Nations (until 2003) in relation to Human Rights and Social and Economic Impact reveals a need to establish new indicators that can make state actions in these areas more evident, such as guaranteeing the rights of more vulnerable populations or rights in the workplace, as well as encouraging a critical evaluation of societal participation in the formulation of policies.
The feminist experience should be better clarified for the NGO movement working with AIDS initiatives and networks engaged in the monitoring of UNGASS. This is especially opportune because some targets refer explicitly to public initiatives in the field of sexual and reproductive health in terms of gender, for which the feminist movement possesses clear proposals. Similarly, the AIDS NGO movement and the Networks contribute to feminist principles, including those related to the possible integration of agendas.
The link between theory and practice resulting from the involvement of HIV/AIDS activists in academic and governmental dialogue, in theoretical, technical and financial exchanges between health-related sectors of the government and the feminist and black movements, NGOs and networks of sex workers, homosexuals, and persons living with AIDS, will certainly provide a positive foundation for the social responses still necessary to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
REFERENCES


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