NORTA stands for Normal to Anything. This procedure simulates correlated data from a normal distribution and converts it to any other distribution using quantile functions. The challenge is determining what correlation between normally distributed variables is equivalent to a specified correlation between non-normally distributed variables.
The current implementation of rmulti()
is experimental.
It has six arguments:
n
the number of samples requireddist
A named vector of the distributions of each
variableparams
A list of lists of the arguments to pass to each
distribution functionr
the correlations among the variables (can be a single
number, vars*vars matrix, vars*vars vector, or a vars*(vars-1)/2
vector)empirical
logical. If true, params specify the sample
parameters, not the population parametersas.matrix
logical. If true, returns a matrixBy default, it returns a data frame with 100 rows of two normally distributed values with means of 0, standard deviations of 1, and a correlation of 0.
dat <- rmulti()
get_params(dat)
#> n var A B mean sd
#> 1 100 A 1.00 -0.06 0.05 0.99
#> 2 100 B -0.06 1.00 0.05 0.93
The n
, r
, empirical
and
as.matrix
arguments work the same as the do for
rnorm_multi()
.
dat <- rmulti(n = 200, r = 0.5,
empirical = TRUE,
as.matrix = FALSE)
get_params(dat)
#> n var A B mean sd
#> 1 200 A 1.0 0.5 0 1
#> 2 200 B 0.5 1.0 0 1
You can set the distribution for each variable with the
dist
argument. The options are any distribution function in
the {stats} package, such as “norm”, “pois”, “binom”, and “unif”, plus
the “truncnorm” distribution from the {truncnorm} package and the
“likert” distribution from {faux}.
Set the params
argument to a named list with a vector of
named arguments for the random generation function for each
distribution. For example, use ?rpois
to find out what
arguments the rpois()
function needs to simulate values
from a poisson distribution. Don’t set n
in
params
; it will be set by the n
in the
rmulti()
function.
dat <- rmulti(n = 1000,
dist = c(uniform_var = "unif",
poisson_var = "pois"),
params = list(uniform_var = c(min = 0, max = 100),
poisson_var = c(lambda = 3)),
r = 0.5)
get_params(dat)
#> n var uniform_var poisson_var mean sd
#> 1 1000 uniform_var 1.00 0.49 50.62 28.67
#> 2 1000 poisson_var 0.49 1.00 2.98 1.75
You can also simulate more than two variables. Set the correlations using the upper right triangle or a correlation matrix (e.g., from a pilot dataset you’re trying to simulate).
dat <- rmulti(
n = 1000,
dist = c(N = "norm",
T = "truncnorm",
L = "likert"),
params = list(
N = list(mean = 100, sd = 10),
T = list(a = 1, b = 7, mean = 3.5, sd = 2.1),
L = list(prob = c(`much less` = .10,
`less` = .20,
`equal` = .35,
`more` = .25,
`much more` = .10))
),
r = c(-0.5, -0.6, 0.7)
)
# convert likert-scale variable to integer
dat$L <- as.integer(dat$L)
get_params(dat)
#> n var N T L mean sd
#> 1 1000 N 1.00 -0.47 -0.57 100.32 9.70
#> 2 1000 T -0.47 1.00 0.67 3.80 1.43
#> 3 1000 L -0.57 0.67 1.00 3.08 1.08
Not all correlations are possible for a given pair of distributions. At the extreme, it’s obvious that a normal distribution and a uniform distribution can’t be correlated 1.0, because they wouldn’t be different distributions then.
If you ask rmulti()
for a correlation that is too high
or low, you will get a message telling you the maximum and minimum
correlations that can be generated.
dat <- rmulti(
dist = c(A = "binom", B = "pois", C = "norm"),
params = list(A = list(size = 1, prob = 0.5),
B = list(lambda = 3),
C = list(mean = 100, sd = 10)),
r = c(0.8, 0.9, 0.5)
)
#> Error in rmulti(dist = c(A = "binom", B = "pois", C = "norm"), params = list(A = list(size = 1, : Some of the correlations are not possible:
#> * A&B (-0.776 to 0.776)
#> * A&C (-0.798 to 0.798)
I made a few helper functions for rmulti()
. I’m not sure
if they’ll be useful to anyone else, but they’re available.
This gives the r-value you’d need to simulate for a pair of normally-distributed variables to achieve the target r-value after converting to the target distributions.
adjusted_r <- convert_r(
target_r = 0.75,
dist1 = "truncnorm",
dist2 = "binom",
params1 = list(a = 0, b = 10, mean = 5, sd = 3),
params2 = list(size = 1, prob = 0.5)
)
adjusted_r
#> [1] 0.911
What the rmulti()
function does is use this adjusted r
to generate a multivariate normal distribution, then convert each
variable to the target distribution.
# simulate multivariate normal
dat <- rnorm_multi(n = 1000,
varnames = c("N1", "N2"),
r = adjusted_r,
empirical = TRUE)
# convert to target distributions
dat$T1 <- norm2trunc(dat$N1,
min = 0, max = 10,
mu = 5, sd = 3,
x_mu = 0, x_sd = 1)
dat$B2 = norm2binom(dat$N2,
size = 1, prob = 0.5,
mu = 0, sd = 1)
# check
get_params(dat)
#> n var N1 N2 T1 B2 mean sd
#> 1 1000 N1 1.00 0.91 0.99 0.73 0.00 1.00
#> 2 1000 N2 0.91 1.00 0.90 0.79 0.00 1.00
#> 3 1000 T1 0.99 0.90 1.00 0.76 5.02 2.38
#> 4 1000 B2 0.73 0.79 0.76 1.00 0.52 0.50
Note that the correlation between T1 and B2 is unlikely to be exactly 0.75 unless the n is very large, especially for distributions that have very few unique values.


Home
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Resume
About Me
I am a Junior at the University of Maryland, College Park majoring in Computer Engineering with a minor in Mathematics. I am the Secretary of UMD's Table Tennis Club, and have been involved with other clubs like the UMD Archery Club and UMD Academic Quiz Team.
I can be reached at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>I am currently greatly interested in web development, data science, and machine learning. My goal in the near future (next few months) is to gain proficiency with machine learning theory and algorithms, especially with regards to computer vision and natural language processing.


The purpose of this site is to connect and inform people with the vast network of trails in Groton, Massachusetts. With over 100 separate trails totaling more than 100 miles, our town enjoys one of the richest trail networks in the state.
Groton Trails
- Light Walks
- Kid Friendly Walks
- Mountain Biking Trails
- River Walks
- Dog Walking
- Accessible Trail Walks
- Glacial Hikes
- Leaf Peeping
- Cross Country Skiing
- Bird Watching
- Horseback Riding
- Places To Get Lost In
- Field Walks
- Places to Swim
- Places To Camp
- Quests
The friends of the Groton Trail Network would like to thank the many landowners that make our wonderful trail network possible. Groton Conservation Commission, Groton Conservation Trust, New England Forestry Foundation, Mass Audubon, Mass Department of Conservation and Recreation, and Hazel Grove Park.
After exploring our trail network, check out the trails in the towns surrounding Groton. Littleton Conservation Trust, Westford Conservation Trust, Pepperell Trail Guide, Dunstable Trail Maps, Dunstable Rural Land Trust, and Townsend Trail Map.
If you are unsure of anything regarding the trails, take a look at our Trail Use Guidelines.


hash
OS/161 Reference Manual
Name
hash - compute a simple hash function of a file
Synopsis
/testbin/hash [file]
host-hash file
Description
hash takes a file and computes a hash value for it by adding all the
bytes in the file together modulo a prime.
If no file parameter is supplied, hash will look for a file
called hashinput by default.
hash is by default also compiled for the System/161 host OS so you can
cross-check the answers you get.
Requirements
hash uses the following system calls:
Once the basic system calls are complete, hash should work on any file
the system supports. However, it will probably of most use for testing
while working on the file system assignment.


For any implementation of infinite/virtual scrolling, we use Angular Material's CDK.
Please refer to its documentation for usage, API, and examples.


Audio Samples for Perceptual Evaluation
Audio interpolated from GAN
Texture Sample
Pitched Sample
Audio synthesized using control parameter (increasing order)
Texture Sample
Click to play sequence
Pitched Sample
Click to play sequence


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def | set_schedule |
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def | clear_schedule |
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def | timezone |
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def | set_timezone |
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def | clear_timezone |
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def | has_timezone |
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def | MergeFrom |
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def | Equals |
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def | IsInitialized |
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def | ByteSize |
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def | ByteSizePartial |
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def | Clear |
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def | OutputUnchecked |
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def | OutputPartial |
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def | TryMerge |
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def | __str__ |
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int | has_schedule_ = 0 |
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string | schedule_ = "" |
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int | has_timezone_ = 0 |
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string | timezone_ = "" |
| |
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:
- code/googleappengine-read-only/python/google/appengine/api/taskqueue/taskqueue_service_pb.py


---
layout: post
title: Samsung bets heavily on the st... (gigaom.com)
categories: []
tags: []
status: publish
type: post
published: true
meta:
_original_post_id: ''
_original_import_author: John Duprey
author:
---
Now this is something I've wanted for a while. A useable pen input system on a tablet. The Galaxy Note 10.1 looks promising. I'll wait for more reviews. I already have an iPad, but maybe the wife will upgrade her aging laptop to a tablet.
Samsung bets heavily on the stylus with new Galaxy Note 10.1 http://gigaom.com/mobile/samsung-bets-heavily-on-the-stylus-with-new-galaxy-note-10-1/
--- Sent from Zite personalized magazine iPad app. Available for free in the App Store. www.zite.com


Special site for our users with disabilities
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Subject: Kickoff
Team,
Kickoff is this Saturday, January 7th, and every team member, mentor, and
parent is invited!
We will meet in the community room at AHS (in the back side of the gallery,
past the workshop)
Be there at 9:00 AM.
Everyone should wear their blue team shirt.
If you don't have a team shirt and would like to buy one, they will be for sale
for $15.
Also bring $5 for lunch, and some sticky notes as well as a writing
utensil.
Bring your thinking caps and creativity, and let's have a great 2012 season!
The Management Team
This message was sent by the ÜberBots mass email system. If you are receiving this message in error, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If you wish to remove yourself from the list manually, follow the instructions here. If you have other questions or comments, please email the webmaster.


[gecode-users] diffn constraint for Gecode
Sandro Pirkwieser
pirkwieser at gmail.com
Wed May 25 21:01:25 CEST 2011
Hello,
I'm using Gecode to tackle a 2D packing subproblem inside an
optimization problem. The subproblem is about packing rectangles (for
the meantime without rotation) into a given larger rectangle and many
instances of moderate size need to be solved. Fortunately I was able to
start with the perfect-square example, where the adapted variant already
performs quite good (using the cumulatives constraint). Also enabling
branching on intervals yielded a speed-up. Now I was wondering if
someone of you already implemented a suitable diffn constraint (see
http://www.emn.fr/z-info/sdemasse/gccat/Cdiffn.html) in Gecode. In this
way the non-overlapping part would (presumably) be tackled more
efficiently and give an additional performance boost. Do you think
having a look at the diff/diff2 implementation in JaCoP is useful for
implementing it in Gecode?
Thanks!
Best regards,
Sandro
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This is your new TEAM!!
Manager
Name: Jarred
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Office Number: 1234
ID: 1
Engineer
Name: John
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Github: john-github
ID: 2
Intern
Name: Sarah
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>School: Adelaide university
ID: 3


The BuilderFactory service is a service implementation factory ... a service that is used to construct other services.
The builder factory takes a single parameter element (usually with nested elements):
<construct class="..." autowire-services="..." log-property="..." messages-property="..." service-id-property="..." initialize-method="..." error-log-property="..." error-handler-property="..."  event-type-name="..."/> <set property="..." value="..."/> <set-configuration property="..." configuration-id="..."/> <set-resource property="..." path="..."/> <set-service property="..." service-id="..."/> <set-object property="..." value="..."/> </construct>
The attributes of the construct
element are used to specify
the implementation class and set common service properties. Nested
elements supply the constructor parameters and configure other specific
properties of the implementation (the set-...
elements).
Note:
BuilderFactory is a complex tool, with support for both constructor dependency injection and
property dependency injection. Many of the options are rarely used; the most general purpose
and most frequently used are set, set-object
and event-listener (along with
autowiring).
| Attribute | Required ? | Description |
|---|---|---|
| autowire-services | no | If true (the default), then the BuilderFactory will attempt to automatically wire services and some common properties to constructor parameters and to properties of the constructed implementation with setter methods (see notes below). |
| class | yes | The fully qualified name of the class to instantiate. |
| class-resolver-property | no | The property to receive the module's ClassResolver. |
| error-handler-property | no | The name of a property to recieve the module's ErrorHandler instance (which is used to report recoverable errors). |
| error-log-property | no | The name of a property which will be assigned an ErrorLog instance for the service. An ErrorLog is simply a wrapper around a Log and an ErrorHandler as is the preferred approach. |
| initialize-method | no | The name of a method (public, no parameters) to invoke after the service is constructed, to allow it to perform any final initializion before being put into use. |
| log-property | no | The name of a property which will be assigned a
org.apache.commons.logging.Log instance for the service. The
Log is created from the complete service id (not the name of the
class). If ommitted (and autowiring is disabled), no Log will be assigned. |
| messages-property | no | Allows the Messages for the module to be assigned to a property of the instance. |
| service-id-property | no | Allows the service id of the constructed service to be assigned to a property of the service implementation. |
The remaining elements are enclosed by the <construct> element, and are used to supply constructor parameters and configure properties of the constructed service implementation.
With autowire-services
set to true the BuilderFactory can automatically both perform
constructor based and setter based dependency injection. It will not only attempt to inject
services but also certain common properties. By using standard names (and standard types),
the need to specify attributes log-property
, error-handler-property
,
etc. is avoided. Simply declaring a constructor parameter with the correct type or a
writable property with the correct name and type is sufficient:
| Property name | Property / parameter type | |
|---|---|---|
| classResolver | ClassResolver | |
| errorHandler | ErrorHandler | |
| errorLog | ErrorLog | |
| log |
org.apache.commons.logging.Log
|
|
| messages | Messages | |
| serviceId | String |
Note:
The service id (last entry in above table) will only be automatically injected through a writable property
(i.e. setServiceId(String)
). This because a constructor parameter of type String
is far too common.
As noted the BuilderFactory will also inject services into the constructed service implementation. Through every constructor parameter and writable property whose type is an interface (with the exception of the common parameters / properties listed above) and hasn't been set otherwise the BuilderFactory will attempt to inject a service. This attempt may fail if there is no visible service or more than one visible service implementing the given interface. (Visibility is checked with respect to the module declaring the constructed service's implementation.)
The action taken if the service injection fails (due to one of the reasons given above) depends on the type of dependency injection. For constructor based dependency injection the BuilderFactory will try using a different constructor (see selection details below). If no "working" constructor is found an error is logged. For setter based dependency injection the BuilderFactory will log an error immedeately upon failed injection.
Constructor based dependency injection is enabled with the autowire-services
attribute but can be
overridden by declaring any constructor parameter elements (see next section). The constructor being used for
the constructor based dependency injection has to meet all of the following criteria:
public
autowire-services
attribute to false.
Once all properties have been set (possibly by autowiring), an initializer method will be invoked. If the
initialize-method
attribute is not specified, and the service implementation includes a
public method initializeService()
(no parameters, returns void), then initializeService()
will be invoked as the initializer.
The following table summarizes the elements which can be used to specify constructor parameters for the class to instantiate. These elements can be mixed freely with the properties configuring elements. It is important to know that the number, type, and order of the constructor parameter elements determine the constructor that will be used to instantiate the implementation.
| Element | Matched Parameter Type | Passed Parameter Value |
|---|---|---|
| error-handler | ErrorHandler | The module's ErrorHandler, user to report recoverable errors. |
| error-log | ErrorLog | The service's ErrorLog, used to report recoverable errors (this is preferred over using a Log and an ErrorHandler). |
| log | org.apache.commons.logging.Log | The Log is created from the complete service id (not the name of the class) of the created service. |
| messages | Messages | The Messages object of the invoking module. |
| object | variable | As determined by the object translator, this is decidedly free-form. See hivemind.ObjectProviders. |
| null | any reference type | Always simply null . |
| service-id | java.lang.String | The service id of the constructed service. |
| string | java.lang.String | This element's content. |
| boolean | boolean | This element's content. Must be either "true" or "false". |
| configuration | java.util.List or java.util.Map | The List / Map of the elements of the configuration specified by this element's content as a configuration id. The id can either by a simple id for a configuration within the same module as the constructed service, or a complete id. |
| int | int | This element's content parsed as an integer value. |
| long | long | This element's content parsed as a long value. |
| resource | Resource | This element's content parsed as a path to a Resource, which is relative to the contributing module's deployment descriptor. If available, a localized version of the Resource will be selected. |
| service | interface corresponding to specified service | The implementation of the service with the id given in this element's content. The id can either be a simple id for a service within the same module as the constructed service, or a complete id. |
| Attribute | Description |
|---|---|
| service-id | The service which produces events. The service must provide, in its service interface, the necessary add and remove listener methods. |
| name | The name of an event set to be registered. If not specified, all applicable event sets are used. |
If the name attribute is not specified, then BuilderFactory will register for all applicable event sets. For each event set provided by the specified service, BuilderFactory will check to see if the service instance being constructed implements the corresponding listener interface ... if so, the constructed service instance is added as a listener. When the name attribute is specified, the constructed service instance is registered as a listener of just that single type.
Event notifications go directly to the constructed service instance; they don't go through any proxies or interceptors for the service. The service instance must implement the listener interface, the constructed service's service interface does not have to extend the listener interface. In other words, event notifications are "behind the scenes", not part of the public API of the service.
It is perfectly acceptible to include multiple <event-listener> elements for a number of different event producing services.
It is not enough for the event producer service to have an add
listener method (i.e.,
addPropertyChangeListener(PropertyChangeListener)
). To be
recognized as an event set, there must also be a corresponding remove
listener method (i.e.,
removePropertyChangeListener(PropertyChangeListener)
), even
though BuilderFactory does not make use of the remove method. This is
an offshoot of how the JavaBeans API defines event sets.
| Attribute | Description |
|---|---|
| property | The name of the property to set. |
| value | A value to assigned to the property. The value will be converted to an appropriate type for the property. |
| Attribute | Description |
|---|---|
| property | The name of the property to set. |
| configuration-id | The id of a configuration, either a simple id for a
configuration within the same module as the constructed service,
or a complete id. The property will be assigned a List
or Map of the elements of the configuration. |
| Attribute | Description |
|---|---|
| property | The name of the property to set. |
| value | The selector used to find an object value. The selector consists of a prefix (such as
"service" or "configuration"), a colon, and a locator whose interpretation is defined by
the prefix. For example, service:MyService . See hivemind.ObjectProviders. |
| Attribute | Description |
|---|---|
| property | The name of the property to set. |
| path | The path to a Resource, relative to the contributing module's deployment descriptor. If available, a localized version of the Resource will be selected. |
| Attribute | Description |
|---|---|
| property | The name of the property to set. |
| service-id | The id of a service, either a simple id for a service within the same module as the constructed service, or a complete id. The property will be assigned the service. |


“Of those [allegedly illegal] votes cast, none of ’em come to me. None of ’em come to me. They would all be for the other side…They all voted for Hillary.”
Not only is there no evidence of massive voter fraud, but there is also no way Trump could possibly know this.
“They say I had the biggest crowd in the history of inaugural speeches…we had the biggest audience in the history of inaugural speeches.”
Repeated on Jan. 20 Jan. 21 Jan. 22Crowd estimates are difficult, but attendance for Trump’s speech appears to be at least 80 percent smaller than Obama’s 2009 swearing-in, 70 percent smaller than Lyndon B. Johnson’s inauguration and 60 percent smaller than Obama’s second inauguration in 2013. In terms of TV viewership, Trump ranks fifth, far behind Reagan. Even online estimates don’t boost him to “biggest audience.”
“When President Obama was there [Chicago] two weeks ago making a speech, very nice speech, two people were shot and killed during his speech.”
This is wrong. No one was shot and killed in Chicago that day, according to the Chicago Police Department. Four shootings occurred that day, with a total of six people shot, but no one died.
“We should’ve taken the oil. And if we took the oil, you wouldn’t have ISIS. And we would have had wealth.”
Repeated on Feb. 9In 2015, Iraq produced about 4 million barrels a day, enough crude oil to fill more than 700 Trump Towers. Securing all of the oil, including in northern Iraq where the Islamic State exists, would require a military force larger than the one that invaded Iraq in 2003. It would also be considered a war crime.
“We have spent as of one month ago $6 trillion in the Middle East.”
Repeated on Jan. 25 Feb. 9 Feb. 24 Feb. 27 Feb. 28 Mar. 22 Apr. 5Trump is lumping together the wars in Iraq (in the Middle East) and Afghanistan (in South Asia), which together cost about $1.6 trillion from 2001 to 2014. He is also adding in estimates of future spending, such as interest on the debt and veterans' care for the next three decades.
“You had millions of people that now aren’t insured anymore.”
In attacking the Affordable Care Act, Trump repeats a Four-Pinocchio whopper. Some 20 million people have gained health coverage because of the law. About 2 million people were told their old plans no longer qualified under the law, but after an uproar, most received waivers that kept the plans going until the end of 2017. In any case, anyone whose plan was terminated could buy new insurance.
“Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton (D) said Obamacare 'is no longer affordable,' and Bill said ‘Obamacare is crazy.' ”
Repeated on Mar. 17Trump takes both comments out of context and twists their meaning. Dayton faulted Republicans for refusing to adjust the law, which he said made insurance “no longer affordable to increasing numbers of people.” Bill Clinton’s remark about a “crazy system” referred to the fact that people who did not qualify for insurance subsidies did not have a way to buy into Medicare or Medicaid.
“No, no, you have to understand, I had a tremendous victory, one of the great victories ever. In terms of counties I think the most ever, or just about the most ever.”
Trump's electoral college victory was relatively narrow, ranking 46th out of 58 electoral college results. He also lost the popular vote by 2.1 percentage points. The focus on winning counties is misleading, as Clinton won the counties with the most people, which is why she had such a commanding popular-vote margin.
“Obamacare is a disaster. It's too expensive. It's horrible health care. It doesn't cover what you have to cover.”
Repeated on Jan. 25 Feb. 10 Feb. 16 Feb. 18 Feb. 27 Mar. 11 Mar. 13 Mar. 15 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar. 17 Mar. 21 Mar. 25 Apr. 23 Apr. 24 Apr. 28 Apr. 29To put it in context, the number of people affected by premium increases is just one-fourteenth the size of the employment-based health-insurance market. Moreover, some of the initial steps taken by the Trump administration have helped worsen the problems in the individual insurance market — allowing Trump to create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
“This is on the Keystone pipeline…A lot of jobs, 28,000 jobs. Great construction jobs.”
Repeated on Jan. 24 Feb. 16 Feb. 18 Feb. 24 Feb. 28 Mar. 28 Apr. 4 Apr. 29In contrast to Obama, who always played down the number of jobs that would be created by the Keystone XL Pipeline, Trump inflated the numbers. The project would create part-year work in four states for 10,400 workers, the State Department determined. That added up to 3,900 annual construction jobs. About 12,000 other annual jobs would stem from direct spending on the project. So that adds up to 16,000, most of which are not construction jobs. (This statement earned Three Pinocchios.)
“If Chicago doesn’t fix the horrible ‘carnage’ going on, 228 shootings in 2017 with 42 killings (up 24% from 2016), I will send in the Feds!”
The percentage is accurate, per Chicago police. But with only one month of data in 2017, it’s too early to use that statistic to call it “carnage.” Trump also said he would “send in the feds,” although federal agencies already work with Chicago police.
“I’m a very big person when it comes to the environment. I have received awards on the environment.”
There is little evidence that Trump received awards for the environment. The White House pointed us to a self-published book by Trump’s former environmental consultant. The only award mentioned in that book was from the New Jersey Audubon Society — but the group denied it ever gave an award to Trump, the Trump National Golf Club in Bedminster or any of its employees.
This is clearly a made-up figure. As of the end of 2015, there were nearly 180,000 pages in the code of federal regulations. So, in theory, that means getting it down to 45,000 pages. There were 71,000 pages back in 1975. Even under Ronald Reagan, the number of pages climbed almost 20 percent.
“Between 3 million and 5 million illegal votes caused me to lose the popular vote.”
Repeated on Feb. 5This is a fantasy, worthy of Four Pinocchios. Trump is obsessed with how he lost the popular vote by nearly 3 million votes, and so he keeps making this claim even though there is no evidence to support it.
“Had a great meeting at CIA Headquarters yesterday, packed house, paid great respect to Wall, long standing ovations, amazing people. WIN!”
 He claimed to have received standing ovations, but he never invited the employees to take a seat. So they remained standing the whole time.
“Wow, television ratings just out: 31 million people watched the Inauguration, 11 million more than the very good ratings from 4 years ago!”
Repeated on Jan. 20 Jan. 21 Jan. 25Actually, Obama’s ratings in 2009 were 7 million people higher than Trump’s numbers. Second-term inaugurals tend to get lower ratings, so Trump is cherry-picking the comparison.
“Washington flourished, but the people did not share in its wealth. Politicians prospered, but the jobs left, and the factories closed.”
The suburbs around Washington are among the richest in the United States, largely because of the federal government (which attracts people with college or advanced degrees). Among the 25 most populous metropolitan areas, the D.C. metro area has the highest median income in the nation -- $93,294 versus a U.S. median of $55,775 -- though growth has slowed in recent years, in part because of reductions in defense spending. Indeed, income in the D.C. area has grown essentially at the same rate as the rest of the nation since 2006, including a dip in median income during the Great Recession. But there is no empirical evidence that the D.C. area got rich off the rest of the country, as Trump suggests.
“You came by the tens of millions to become part of a historic movement, the likes of which the world has never seen before.”
Trump is a minority president, in terms of the popular vote. He lost the popular vote by nearly 2.9 million votes to Hillary Clinton. Trump’s electoral college win, meanwhile, was a squeaker. Trump had narrow victories in three key states (and narrow losses in two others).
“Mothers and children trapped in poverty in our inner cities … and the crime and the gangs and the drugs that have stolen too many lives and robbed our country of so much unrealized potential. This American carnage stops right here and stops right now.”
In 2015, 13 percent of people lived below poverty level inside metropolitan statistical areas. That is on par with the national poverty rate in 2015 (13.5 percent). Overall, the poverty rate has remained relatively flat under Obama. Violent and property crimes overall have been declining for about two decades and are far below rates seen one or two decades ago.
“For many decades, we’ve enriched foreign industry at the expense of American industry; subsidized the armies of other countries, while allowing for the very sad depletion of our military.”
Trump mixes up several things here. He seems to be referring to free-trade agreements in the first part of his sentence, though he ignores the fact that many U.S. industries also benefit and grow when they are able to sell products overseas. The cost of maintaining foreign bases is a mere pittance of the $500 billion defense budget. And foreign military aid requires that the funds be spent on U.S. hardware, creating jobs for Americans.
“[We’ve] spent trillions and trillions of dollars overseas while America’s infrastructure has fallen into disrepair and decay. We’ve made other countries rich, while the wealth, strength and confidence of our country has dissipated over the horizon.”
Trump continues to attack companies that ship jobs overseas and has promised to keep jobs in the United States. But Trump has had a long history of outsourcing a variety of his products as a businessman, and he has acknowledged doing so.
“One by one, the factories shuttered and left our shores, with not even a thought about the millions and millions of American workers that were left behind. The wealth of our middle class has been ripped from their homes and then redistributed all across the world.”
Trump engages in hyperbole, attributing all of the decline in manufacturing to foreign trade. Some economists calculate 1 million to 2 million jobs were lost after China was admitted to the World Trade Organization in 2000. But economists say they believe the biggest factor in the decline in manufacturing is automation, not jobs going overseas. Another factor is decreased consumer spending on manufactured goods. A new report by the Congressional Research Service notes that “employment in manufacturing has fallen in most major manufacturing countries over the past quarter-century,” so the U.S. experience is not unusual.
“We must protect our borders from the ravages of other countries making our products, stealing our companies and destroying our jobs.”
Trump attacks companies that ship jobs overseas, and has promised to keep jobs in the United States. But this is inconsistent with his long history of outsourcing products as a businessman. We know of at least 12 countries where Trump products were manufactured. Further, Trump products transited other countries through the packaging and shipping process — meaning that workers in more than 12 countries contributed to getting many of Trump’s products made, packaged and delivered to the United States.
“We will get our people off of welfare and back to work, rebuilding our country with American hands and American labor.”
Repeated on Jan. 26 Feb. 24 Feb. 28 Mar. 20“Welfare” is a broad term and can apply to people who are working but receiving government assistance. If someone is receiving means-tested assistance, it doesn’t necessarily mean they are not working.
“Even the media said the crowd was massive … that was all the way back down to the Washington Monument.”
Repeated on Jan. 21 Jan. 22 Jan. 25Speaking to employees at the CIA, Trump complained about news coverage showing his inauguration crowd was smaller than Obama’s crowd in 2009. Trump’s crowd did not go all the way to the Washington Monument. No matter how you calculate it, Trump’s crowd was significantly smaller than Obama’s crowd — and the Women’s March on Washington the next day.
“NAFTA has been a terrible deal, a total disaster for the United States from its inception, costing us as much as $60 billion a year with Mexico alone in trade deficits.”
The trade-deficit number is close to correct, but Trump apparently does not understand the meaning of “trade deficit.” He often suggests this money could be used to pay for his planned wall along the southern border. But that’s nonsensical. A trade deficit only means that people in one country are buying more goods from another country than people in the second country are buying from the first country. No money passes from government to government.
“We want to get our people off of welfare and back to work. So important. It’s out of control. It’s out of control.”
Repeated on Jan. 20 Jan. 26 Feb. 24 Feb. 28 Mar. 20“Welfare” is a broad term and can apply to people who are working but receiving government assistance. If someone is receiving means-tested assistance, it doesn’t necessarily mean they are not working.
“Here in Philadelphia, the murder rate has been steady — I mean just terribly increasing.”
This is wrong. Murders have declined significantly in Philadelphia over the past decade, from 397 in 2007 to 277 in 2016; the number has been below 300 for four straight years in a city that neared 500 in 1990. The number of violent crimes, property crimes and robberies are lower than they've been in at least four decades.
“We’ve taken in tens of thousands of people. We know nothing about them. They can say they vet them. They didn’t vet them. They have no papers. How can you vet somebody when you don’t know anything about them and you have no papers?”
Repeated on Feb. 18Trump often claims there is “no system to vet” refugees. The process actually takes two more years, after vetting that starts with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and then continues with checks by U.S. intelligence and security agencies. (Our colleagues at PolitiFact did a good look at this process.)
“And the audience was standing ovation. They actually -- they were standing from the beginning. They didn't even sit down. It was one standing ovation.”
 He claimed to have received standing ovations, but he never invited the employees to take a seat. So they remained standing the whole time.
More stories
365 days of Trump’s claims
The Washington Post’s ongoing database of President Trump’s false and misleading claims since January 20th
Trump Promise Tracker
The Washington Post Fact Checker team is tracking the progress of 60 pledges Trump made during his campaign — and whether he achieved his goals.
How Trump is rolling back Obama’s legacy
During President Trump’s first year in office, Congress and his administration plan to review, revoke and overwrite key parts of his predecessor’s domestic legacy.
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--- layout: post authors: ["Greg Wilson"] title: "The Open Scoop Challenge" date: 2014-02-25 time: "21:00:00" tags: ["Community", "Open Science"] ---
Sooner or later, in every discussion of open science, someone will say there's a risk of being scooped if you share your code or data with your peers. I think this is pure FUD: in all the years I've worked with scientists, I have never met anyone this has actually happened to.
But absence of proof is not proof of absence, so I'd like to issue a challenge. If someone has ever published a result you were going to by taking advantage of software or data that you made publicly available, I'll send you a Software Carpentry t-shirt. You'll need to provide specifics, but I won't share those details with anyone without your permission. Please mail me if you'd like to chat.


A JavaScript library for crypto-native ecommerce: buying, selling, and bidding on any cryptogood. With OpenSea.js, you can easily build your own native marketplace for your non-fungible tokens, or NFTs. These can be ERC-721 or ERC-1155 (semi-fungible) items. You don't have to deploy your own smart contracts or backend orderbooks.
This is the JavaScript SDK for OpenSea, the largest marketplace for crypto collectibles. It allows developers to access the official orderbook, filter it, create buy orders (offers), create sell orders (auctions), create collections of assets to sell at once (bundles), and complete trades programmatically.
For the first time, you can build a cryptocommerce dapp.
You get started by instantiating your own seaport. Then you can create orders off-chain or fulfill orders on-chain, and listen to events (like ApproveAllAssets
or WrapEth
) in the process.
Happy seafaring! ⛵
We recommend switching to Node.js version 8.11 to make sure common crypto dependencies work. Execute nvm use
, if you have Node Version Manager.
Then, in your project, run:
npm install --save opensea-js
Install web3 too if you haven't already.
If you run into an error while building the dependencies and you're on a Mac, run this:
xcode-select --install # Install Command Line Tools if you haven't already.
sudo xcode-select --switch /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools # Enable command line tools
sudo npm explore npm -g -- npm install node-gyp@latest # (Optional) update node-gyp
To get started, create a new OpenSeaJS client, called an OpenSeaPort 🚢, using your Web3 provider:
import * as Web3 from 'web3'
import { OpenSeaPort, Network } from 'opensea-js'
// This example provider won't let you make transactions, only read-only calls:
const provider = new Web3.providers.HttpProvider('https://mainnet.infura.io')
const seaport = new OpenSeaPort(provider, {
networkName: Network.Main
})
NOTE: Using the sample Infura provider above won't let you authorize transactions, which are needed when approving and trading assets and currency. To make transactions, you need a provider with a private key or mnemonic set.
In a browser with web3 or an extension like MetaMask or Dapper, you can use window.ethereum
(or window.web3.currentProvider
for legacy mobile web3 browsers) to access the native provider. In a Node.js script, you can follow this example to use a custom mnemonic.
Assets are items on OpenSea. They can be non-fungible (conforming to standards like ERC721), semi-fungible (like ERC1155 assets), and even fungible (ERC20).
Assets are represented by the Asset
type, defined in TypeScript:
/**
* Simple, unannotated non-fungible asset spec
*/
export interface Asset {
// The asset's token ID, or null if ERC-20
tokenId: string | null,
// The asset's contract address
tokenAddress: string,
// The Wyvern schema name (defaults to "ERC721") for this asset
schemaName?: WyvernSchemaName,
// Optional for ENS names
name?: string,
// Optional for fungible items
decimals?: number
}
The Asset
type is the minimal type you need for most marketplace actions. WyvernSchemaName
is optional. If omitted, most actions will assume you're referring to a non-fungible, ERC721 asset. Other options include 'ERC20' and 'ERC1155'. You can import import { WyvernSchemaName } from "opensea-js/lib/types"
to get the full range of schemas supported.
You can fetch an asset using the OpenSeaAPI
, which will return an OpenSeaAsset
for you (OpenSeaAsset
extends Asset
):
const asset: OpenSeaAsset = seaport.api.getAsset({
tokenAddress, // string
tokenId, // string | number | null
})
Note that fungible ERC20 assets have null
as their token id.
The nice thing about the Asset
type is that it unifies logic between fungibles, non-fungibles, and semi-fungibles.
Once you have an Asset
, you can see how many any account owns, regardless of whether it's an ERC-20 token or a non-fungible good:
const asset = {
tokenAddress: "0x06012c8cf97bead5deae237070f9587f8e7a266d", // CryptoKitties
tokenId: "1", // Token ID
}
const balance = seaport.api.getAssetBalance({
accountAddress, // string
asset, // Asset
})
const ownsKitty = balance.greaterThan(0)
You can use this same method for fungible ERC-20 tokens like wrapped ETH (WETH). As a convenience, you can use this fungible wrapper for checking fungible balances:
const balanceOfWETH = seaport.api.getTokenBalance({
accountAddress, // string
tokenAddress: "0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2"
})
Once you have your asset, you can do this to make an offer on it:
// Token ID and smart contract address for a non-fungible token:
const { tokenId, tokenAddress } = YOUR_ASSET
// The offerer's wallet address:
const accountAddress = "0x1234..."
const offer = await seaport.createBuyOrder({
asset: {
tokenId,
tokenAddress,
schemaName // WyvernSchemaName. If omitted, defaults to 'ERC721'. Other options include 'ERC20' and 'ERC1155'
},
accountAddress,
// Value of the offer, in units of the payment token (or wrapped ETH if none is specified):
startAmount: 1.2,
})
When you make an offer on an item owned by an OpenSea user, that user will automatically get an email notifying them with the offer amount, if it's above their desired threshold.
You can also make an offer on a bundle of assets. This could also be used for creating a bounty for whoever can acquire a list of items. Here's how you do it:
const assets = YOUR_ASSETS
const offer = await seaport.createBundleBuyOrder({
assets,
accountAddress,
startAmount: 2.4,
// Optional expiration time for the order, in Unix time (seconds):
expirationTime: Math.round(Date.now() / 1000 + 60 * 60 * 24) // One day from now
})
When you bid on multiple assets, an email will be sent to the owner if a bundle exists on OpenSea that contains the assets. In the future, OpenSea will send emails to multiple owners if the assets aren't all owned by the same wallet.
The Ethereum Name Service (ENS) is auctioning short (3-6 character) names that can be used for labeling wallet addresses and more. Learn more on the ENS FAQ.
To bid, you must use the ENS Short Name schema:
const {
tokenId,
// Token address should be `0xfac7bea255a6990f749363002136af6556b31e04` on mainnet
tokenAddress,
// Name must have `.eth` at the end and correspond with the tokenId
name
} = ENS_ASSET // You can get an ENS asset from `seaport.api.getAsset(...)`
const offer = await seaport.createBuyOrder({
asset: {
tokenId,
tokenAddress,
name,
// Only needed for the short-name auction, not ENS names
// that have been sold once already:
schemaName: "ENSShortNameAuction"
},
// Your wallet address (the bidder's address):
accountAddress: "0x1234..."
// Value of the offer, in wrapped ETH:
startAmount: 1.2,
})
To sell an asset, call createSellOrder
. You can do a fixed-price sale, where startAmount
is equal to endAmount
, or a declining Dutch auction, where endAmount
is lower and the price declines until expirationTime
is hit:
// Expire this auction one day from now.
// Note that we convert from the JavaScript timestamp (milliseconds):
const expirationTime = Math.round(Date.now() / 1000 + 60 * 60 * 24)
const auction = await seaport.createSellOrder({
asset: {
tokenId,
tokenAddress,
},
accountAddress,
startAmount: 3,
// If `endAmount` is specified, the order will decline in value to that amount until `expirationTime`. Otherwise, it's a fixed-price order:
endAmount: 0.1,
expirationTime
})
The units for startAmount
and endAmount
are Ether, ETH. If you want to specify another ERC-20 token to use, see Using ERC-20 Tokens Instead of Ether.
See Listening to Events to respond to the setup transactions that occur the first time a user sells an item.
You can now sell items to users without having to pay gas to mint them!
To create a presale or crowdsale and create batches of sell orders for a single asset factory, first follow the tutorial for creating your crowdsale contract.
Then call createFactorySellOrders
with your factory contract address and asset option identifier, and set numberOfOrders
to the number of assets you'd like to let users buy and mint:
// Expire these auctions one day from now
const expirationTime = Math.round(Date.now() / 1000 + 60 * 60 * 24)
const sellOrders = await seaport.createFactorySellOrders({
assetId: ASSET_OPTION_ID,
factoryAddress: FACTORY_CONTRACT_ADDRESS,
accountAddress,
startAmount,
endAmount,
expirationTime,
// Will create 100 sell orders in parallel batches of 10, to speed things up:
numberOfOrders: 100
})
Here's an example script you can use to mint items.
NOTE: If numberOfOrders
is greater than 5, we will automatically batch them in groups of 5 so you can post orders in parallel. Requires an apiKey
to be set during seaport initialization in order to not be throttled by the API.
Games using this method include Coins & Steel and a couple in stealth :) If you have questions or want support, contact us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(or in Discord).
To retrieve a list of offers and auction on an asset, you can use an instance of the OpenSeaAPI
exposed on the client. Parameters passed into API filter objects are underscored instead of camel-cased, similar to the main OpenSea API parameters:
import { OrderSide } from 'opensea-js/lib/types'
// Get offers (bids), a.k.a. orders where `side == 0`
const { orders, count } = await seaport.api.getOrders({
asset_contract_address: tokenAddress,
token_id: token_id,
side: OrderSide.Buy
})
// Get page 2 of all auctions, a.k.a. orders where `side == 1`
const { orders, count } = await seaport.api.getOrders({
asset_contract_address: tokenAddress,
token_id: token_id,
side: OrderSide.Sell
}, 2)
Note that the listing price of an asset is equal to the currentPrice
of the lowest valid sell order on the asset. Users can lower their listing price without invalidating previous sell orders, so all get shipped down until they're cancelled or one is fulfilled.
To learn more about signatures, makers, takers, listingTime vs createdTime and other kinds of order terminology, please read the Terminology Section of the API Docs.
The available API filters for the orders endpoint is documented in the OrderJSON
interface below, but see the main API Docs for a playground, along with more up-to-date and detailed explanantions.
/**
* Attrs used by orderbook to make queries easier
* More to come soon!
*/
maker?: string, // Address of the order's creator
taker?: string, // The null address if anyone is allowed to take the order
side?: OrderSide, // 0 for offers, 1 for auctions
owner?: string, // Address of owner of the order's asset
sale_kind?: SaleKind, // 0 for fixed-price, 1 for Dutch auctions
asset_contract_address?: string, // Contract address for order's asset
token_id?: number | string,
token_ids?: Array<number | string>,
listed_after?: number | string, // This means listing_time > value in seconds
listed_before?: number | string, // This means listing_time <= value in seconds
// For pagination
limit?: number,
offset?: number,
To buy an item , you need to fulfill a sell order. To do that, it's just one call:
const order = await seaport.api.getOrder({ side: OrderSide.Sell, ... })
const accountAddress = "0x..." // The buyer's wallet address, also the taker
await this.props.seaport.fulfillOrder({ order, accountAddress })
If the order is a sell order (order.side === OrderSide.Sell
), the taker is the buyer and this will prompt the buyer to pay for the item(s).
Similar to fulfilling sell orders above, you need to fulfill a buy order on an item you own to receive the tokens in the offer.
const order = await seaport.api.getOrder({ side: OrderSide.Buy, ... })
const accountAddress = "0x..." // The owner's wallet address, also the taker
await this.props.seaport.fulfillOrder({ order, accountAddress })
If the order is a buy order (order.side === OrderSide.Buy
), then the taker is the owner and this will prompt the owner to exchange their item(s) for whatever is being offered in return. See Listening to Events below to respond to the setup transactions that occur the first time a user accepts a bid.
A handy feature in OpenSea.js is the ability to transfer any supported asset (fungible or non-fungible tokens) in one line of JavaScript.
To transfer an ERC-721 asset or an ERC-1155 asset, it's just one call:
const transactionHash = await seaport.transfer({
asset: { tokenId, tokenAddress },
fromAddress, // Must own the asset
toAddress
})
For fungible ERC-1155 assets, you can set schemaName
to "ERC1155" and pass a quantity
in to transfer multiple at once:
const transactionHash = await seaport.transfer({
asset: {
tokenId,
tokenAddress,
schemaName: "ERC1155"
},
fromAddress, // Must own the asset
toAddress,
quantity: 2,
})
To transfer fungible assets without token IDs, like ERC20 tokens, you can pass in an OpenSeaFungibleToken
as the asset
, set schemaName
to "ERC20", and include quantity
in base units (e.g. wei) to indicate how many.
Example for transfering 2 DAI ($2) to another address:
const paymentToken = (await seaport.api.getPaymentTokens({ symbol: 'DAI'}))[0]
const quantity = new BigNumber(Math.pow(10, paymentToken.decimals)).times(2)
const transactionHash = await seaport.transfer({
asset: {
tokenAddress: paymentToken.address,
schemaName: "ERC20"
},
fromAddress, // Must own the tokens
toAddress,
quantity
})
For more information, check out the documentation for WyvernSchemas on https://projectopensea.github.io/opensea-js/.
OpenSea.js allows to you easily create an affiliate program in just a few lines of JavaScript! It's the crypto-equivalent of bounty hunting, and best of all, it's fully paid for by OpenSea so you can keep all of your winnings 💰
If you want to be an affiliate, you can use this to win at least 1% of the sale price of any listing, both for assets and bundles.
You can instantly create an affiliate program for your assets by just passing in one more parameter when fulfilling orders... and OpenSea will pay for it! Whenever someone refers a sale or the acceptance of an offer, you can add a referrerAddress
to give their wallet credit:
const referrerAddress = "0x..." // The referrer's wallet address
await this.props.seaport.fulfillOrder({ order, accountAddress, referrerAddress })
This works for buying assets and bundles, along with accepting bids that had no referrer attached to them (see below).
As long as the referrer hasn't referred the buyer before, OpenSea will send the referrer an email congradulating them, along with 1% of the item's sale price. If you'd like to be able to refer the same user for multiple purchases, contact us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(or in Discord).
Now you can also refer offers on assets! When the seller accepts the offer, the referrer will get credit:
const referrerAddress = "0x..." // The referrer's wallet address
await this.props.seaport.createBuyOrder({
asset: {
tokenId,
tokenAddress,
},
accountAddress, // Address of the bidder
startAmount: 1.2,
referrerAddress // Address of the referrer
})
The same thing works for createBundleBuyOrder
.
You can use createBuyOrder({ referrerAddress })
to create your own affiliate programs as well.
When buyers place offers or bids on an asset, the referrers will automatically be recorded on OpenSea.io. Then, you can use the Orderbook API to inspect the metadata
for orders and manually pay out referrers if you want to. The referrer will be labeled as referrerAddress
in the metadata
field.
Sellers can customize the bounties they add to their items when listing them for sale. By default, OpenSea will pay referrers 1% and sellers pay them nothing, but sellers can increase this up to the full OpenSea fee (currently 2.5% for most assets) for both assets and bundles:
// Price the Genesis CryptoKitty at 100 ETH
const startAmount = 100
// Reward referrers with 10% of the final sale price,
// or 10 ETH in this case
const extraBountyPercent = 10
// The final bounty will be 10% + 1% from OpenSea, or 11 ETH!
const auction = await seaport.createSellOrder({
tokenAddress: "0x06012c8cf97bead5deae237070f9587f8e7a266d", // CryptoKitties
tokenId: "1", // Token ID
accountAddress: OWNERS_WALLET_ADDRESS,
startAmount,
extraBountyBasisPoints: extraBountyPercent * 100
})
NOTE: The final bounty in the example above will be 10% from the seller plus 1% from OpenSea, or 11 ETH in total!
Developers can request to increase the OpenSea fee to allow for higher bounties - by default, it's capped at 2.5%. If you have any questions, contact us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(or in Discord), or join the program at https://opensea.io/account#referrals.
Interested in purchasing for users server-side or with a bot, making bundling items together, or making bids in different ERC-20 tokens? OpenSea.js can help with that.
You can buy and transfer an item to someone else in one step! Just pass the recipientAddress
parameter:
const order = await seaport.api.getOrder({ side: OrderSide.Sell, ... })
await this.props.seaport.fulfillOrder({
order,
accountAddress, // The address of your wallet, which will sign the transaction
recipientAddress // The address of the recipient, i.e. the wallet you're purchasing on behalf of
})
If the order is a sell order (order.side === OrderSide.Sell
), the taker is the buyer and this will prompt the buyer to pay for the item(s) but send them to the recipientAddress
. If the order is a buy order ( OrderSide.Buy
), the taker is the seller but the bid amount be sent to the recipientAddress
.
A handy feature in OpenSea.js is the ability to transfer multiple items at once in a single transaction. This works by grouping together as many transferFrom
calls as the Ethereum gas limit allows, which is usually under 30 items, for most item contracts.
To make a bulk transfer, it's just one call:
const assets: Array<{tokenId: string; tokenAddress: string}> = [...]
const transactionHash = await seaport.transferAll({
assets,
fromAddress, // Must own all the assets
toAddress
})
This will automatically approve the assets for trading and confirm the transaction for sending them.
You can also create bundles of assets to sell at the same time! If the owner has approved all the assets in the bundle already, only a signature is needed to create it.
To make a bundle, it's just one call:
const assets: Array<{tokenId: string; tokenAddress: string}> = [...]
const bundle = await seaport.createBundleSellOrder({
bundleName, bundleDescription, bundleExternalLink,
assets, accountAddress, startAmount, endAmount,
expirationTime, paymentTokenAddress
})
The parameters bundleDescription
, bundleExternalLink
, and expirationTime
are optional, and endAmount
can equal startAmount
, similar to the normal createSellOrder
functionality.
The parameter paymentTokenAddress
is the address of the ERC-20 token to accept in return. If it's undefined
or null
, the amount is assumed to be in Ether.
Wait what, you can use other currencies than ETH?
Here's an example of listing the Genesis CryptoKitty for $100! No more needing to worry about the exchange rate:
// Token address for the DAI stablecoin, which is pegged to $1 USD
const paymentTokenAddress = "0x89d24a6b4ccb1b6faa2625fe562bdd9a23260359"
// The units for `startAmount` and `endAmount` are now in DAI, so $100 USD
const auction = await seaport.createSellOrder({
tokenAddress: "0x06012c8cf97bead5deae237070f9587f8e7a266d", // CryptoKitties
tokenId: "1", // Token ID
accountAddress: OWNERS_WALLET_ADDRESS,
startAmount: 100,
paymentTokenAddress
})
You can use getPaymentTokens
to search for tokens by symbol name. And you can even list all orders for a specific ERC-20 token by querying the API:
const token = await seaport.api.getPaymentTokens({ symbol: 'MANA'})[0]
const order = await seaport.api.getOrders({
side: OrderSide.Sell,
payment_token_address: token.address
})
Fun note: soon, all ERC-20 tokens will be allowed! This will mean you can create crazy offers on crypto collectibles using your own ERC-20 token. However, opensea.io will only display offers and auctions in ERC-20 tokens that it knows about, optimizing the user experience of order takers. Orders made with the following tokens will be shown on OpenSea:
Now you can make auctions and listings that can only be fulfilled by an address or email of your choosing. This allows you to negotiate a price in some channel and sell for your chosen price on OpenSea, without having to trust that the counterparty will abide by your terms!
Here's an example of listing a Decentraland parcel for 10 ETH with a specific buyer address allowed to take it. No more needing to worry about whether they'll give you enough back!
// Address allowed to buy from you
const buyerAddress = "0x123..."
const listing = await seaport.createSellOrder({
tokenAddress: "0xf87e31492faf9a91b02ee0deaad50d51d56d5d4d", // Decentraland
tokenId: "115792089237316195423570985008687907832853042650384256231655107562007036952461", // Token ID
accountAddress: OWNERS_WALLET_ADDRESS,
startAmount: 10,
buyerAddress
})
These work similarly to Private Auctions. Just create a private sell order targeted to a specific email. The buyer will have to verify that email to fulfill the order. For example,
// Email allowed to buy from you
const buyerEmail =<EMAIL_ADDRESS>const listing = await seaport.createSellOrder({
tokenAddress: "0xf87e31492faf9a91b02ee0deaad50d51d56d5d4d", // Decentraland
tokenId: "115792089237316195423570985008687907832853042650384256231655107562007036952461", // Token ID
accountAddress: OWNERS_WALLET_ADDRESS,
startAmount: 10,
buyerEmail
})
We share fees for successful sales with game developers, relayers, and affiliates using the OpenSea orderbook. Developers can customize the fee amount to apply to buyers and/or sellers.
See Affiliate Program above for how to register referrers for sales.
More information will appear here when our redesigned affiliate program is ready. In the meantime, contact us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(or in Discord), or use our legacy affiliate program at https://opensea.io/account#referrals.
Events are fired whenever transactions or orders are being created, and when transactions return receipts from recently mined blocks on the Ethereum blockchain.
Our recommendation is that you "forward" OpenSea events to your own store or state management system. Here's an example of doing that with a Redux action:
import { EventType } from 'opensea-js'
import * as ActionTypes from './index'
import { openSeaPort } from '../globalSingletons'
// ...
handleSeaportEvents() {
return async function(dispatch, getState) {
openSeaPort.addListener(EventType.TransactionCreated, ({ transactionHash, event }) => {
console.info({ transactionHash, event })
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.SET_PENDING_TRANSACTION_HASH, hash: transactionHash })
})
openSeaPort.addListener(EventType.TransactionConfirmed, ({ transactionHash, event }) => {
console.info({ transactionHash, event })
// Only reset your exchange UI if we're finishing an order fulfillment or cancellation
if (event == EventType.MatchOrders || event == EventType.CancelOrder) {
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.RESET_EXCHANGE })
}
})
openSeaPort.addListener(EventType.TransactionDenied, ({ transactionHash, event }) => {
console.info({ transactionHash, event })
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.RESET_EXCHANGE })
})
openSeaPort.addListener(EventType.TransactionFailed, ({ transactionHash, event }) => {
console.info({ transactionHash, event })
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.RESET_EXCHANGE })
})
openSeaPort.addListener(EventType.InitializeAccount, ({ accountAddress }) => {
console.info({ accountAddress })
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.INITIALIZE_PROXY })
})
openSeaPort.addListener(EventType.WrapEth, ({ accountAddress, amount }) => {
console.info({ accountAddress, amount })
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.WRAP_ETH })
})
openSeaPort.addListener(EventType.UnwrapWeth, ({ accountAddress, amount }) => {
console.info({ accountAddress, amount })
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.UNWRAP_WETH })
})
openSeaPort.addListener(EventType.ApproveCurrency, ({ accountAddress, tokenAddress }) => {
console.info({ accountAddress, tokenAddress })
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.APPROVE_WETH })
})
openSeaPort.addListener(EventType.ApproveAllAssets, ({ accountAddress, proxyAddress, tokenAddress }) => {
console.info({ accountAddress, proxyAddress, tokenAddress })
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.APPROVE_ALL_ASSETS })
})
openSeaPort.addListener(EventType.ApproveAsset, ({ accountAddress, proxyAddress, tokenAddress, tokenId }) => {
console.info({ accountAddress, proxyAddress, tokenAddress, tokenId })
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.APPROVE_ASSET })
})
openSeaPort.addListener(EventType.CreateOrder, ({ order, accountAddress }) => {
console.info({ order, accountAddress })
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.CREATE_ORDER })
})
openSeaPort.addListener(EventType.OrderDenied, ({ order, accountAddress }) => {
console.info({ order, accountAddress })
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.RESET_EXCHANGE })
})
openSeaPort.addListener(EventType.MatchOrders, ({ buy, sell, accountAddress }) => {
console.info({ buy, sell, accountAddress })
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.FULFILL_ORDER })
})
openSeaPort.addListener(EventType.CancelOrder, ({ order, accountAddress }) => {
console.info({ order, accountAddress })
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.CANCEL_ORDER })
})
}
}
To remove all listeners and start over, just call seaport.removeAllListeners()
.
Auto-generated documentation for each export is available here.
If you need extra help, support is free! Contact the OpenSea devs. They're available every day on Discord in the #developers
channel.
Check out the Ship's Log, built with the SDK, which shows the recent orders in the OpenSea orderbook.
You can view a live demo here! Also check out the Mythereum marketplace, which is entirely powered by OpenSea.js.
See the Changelog.
Setup
Node >= v8.11.2 required.
Before any development, install the required NPM dependencies:
npm install
And install TypeScript if you haven't already:
npm install -g tslint typescript
Build
Then, lint and build the library into the lib
directory:
npm run build
Or run the tests:
npm test
Note that the tests require access to both Infura and the OpenSea API. The timeout is adjustable via the test
script in package.json
.
Generate Documentation
Generate html docs, also available for browsing here:
npm run docsHtml
Or generate markdown docs available for browsing on git repos:
npm run docsMarkdown
Due to a markdown theme typescript issue, docs
just generates html docs right now:
npm run docs
Contributing
Contributions welcome! Please use GitHub issues for suggestions/concerns - if you prefer to express your intentions in code, feel free to submit a pull request.
Is the expirationTime
in future? If not, change it to a time in the future.
Are the input addresses all strings? If not, convert them to strings.
Is your computer's internal clock accurate? If not, try enabling automatic clock adjustment locally or following this tutorial to update an Amazon EC2 instance.
Are you attempting to purchase a token that's unpurchasable on OpenSea? If so, contact us Discord in the #developers
channel and we'll help to diagnose the issue.
Generated using TypeDoc


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hathi-time
Type a word or phrase into the box, and see how much it shows up in texts indexed by the HathiTrust Research Center Solr instance by year. The code is all sitting in your browser, so view the JavaScript and HTML if you want to see what's going on.


Haseeb Hameed looks to relaunch career after Nottinghamshire switch
The young batsman was an England sensation at 19 but endured a big dip in form.
Nottinghamshire have completed the signing of Haseeb Hameed, with the opener looking to resurrect a career which nose-dived after an impressive start in the Test arena.
Hameed was just 19 when he played played three times for England in India in 2016, making a pair of assured half-centuries in trying conditions at Rajkot and Mohali but fell out of the team after breaking a finger.
His domestic form tanked once he returned and in 2018 he averaged just 9.44. At the end of the summer Lancashire agreed to release their 2016 player of the year at just 22 and he has now been given the chance to rebuild with a two-year deal at Trent Bridge.
There will be much interest in how fares in Division Two of the Specsavers County Championship, with many still hopeful he can re-establish his international credentials, and the batsman recognises now is the time to begin again.
“This is a new chapter in both my life and career and I’m full of excitement to start working with my new team-mates and helping get Notts back up to Division One where they belong,” said Hameed.
“I want to thank Lancashire for the support they’ve provided over the years and to my teammates, whom I’ve shared a dressing room with. A special mention to Mick Newell and Peter Moores at Notts for believing in me. I can’t wait to get started.”
Head coach Moores, who was twice in charge of the England side, is enthused by the signing and is sure a change in fortunes will come.
“There’s no doubting Haseeb’s talent,” he said.
“It doesn’t get much tougher than Test cricket in India and he proved over there, at a very young age, that he has all the skill, temperament and patience to succeed at the highest level.
“He’s had some more difficult times since then, and that’s going to happen with young players, but the ones that are destined for great things bounce back and move their games on again.
“We believe that’s what’s going to happen with Haseeb and it’s great news for Notts that we can be the ones to benefit from that.”


Overview
This addon is used to help
simulate ECUs on a CAN network (restbus
simulation). More specifically, it generates frames with
protection values (CRC or checksums) and keep alive counters (or rolling
counters).
Repo
Location:
NIVeriStandAdd-Ons/CAN-Frame-Protection-Custom-Device
· GitHub
Requirements
These drivers must be installed on the
deployment computer/target to function.
Restbus
Simulation Basics
Most automotive ECUs reside on a CAN network.
When testing a single ECU, the rest of the network needs
to be present to make that ECU happy (operate
normally). Instead of having all the physicial
ECUs wired up, simulate their CAN traffic on the network. For most of the
CAN traffic, NI XNET hardware and NI VeriStand can be used to do this out
of box. Once configured, NI VeriStand will generate the simulated
messages. Using models, manual UI objects, or automation, the user can set the
CAN signals to valid ranges that make the ECU operate normally.
CAN Signal Protections
While this works for most CAN signals,
there is one area that takes additional steps. Some CAN signals are
important enough that the ECU manufacturers put protections on them to make
sure everything is connected and working. The most common types of protection
are rolling counters and checksums/CRCs.
Rolling Counter
The most basic form of protection is to send a
rolling count along with the frame being protected. Essentially, a counter
signal is incremented by one and included in the frame each time the frame is
sent. There is some upper value at which the count starts over. This is
done by the generating ECU, or in the simulation case, the software
simulating the generating ECU. The receiving ECU simply reads the frame and
makes sure the rolling count incremented in an expected fashion. If the
ECU notices a problem, it will generate a diagnostic trouble code (DTC).
Checksum/CRC Protection
Another form of protection involves an
algorithm to calculate a signal value. This calculation happens on
the raw value(s) of the signal(s) being protected. The rolling count is often
included in the calculation as well. The resulting calculated value is placed
into the same frame as the signal(s) being protected. This is done on the
generating side of the frame. The receiving side does the same calculation
upon reading in the frame. It then checks its locally calculated value with the
calculated value received in the frame. If they don't match, the ECU generates
a diagnostic trouble code (DTC). The most common algorithms used are Checksum and CRC calculations.
Rolling counter and CRCs in NI VeriStand
There are built-in ways of doing rolling
counters and CRCs in NI VeriStand (See Configuring CRCs and Counters for
Outgoing NI-XNET Frames). If these options work for
the ECU under test, use them. They execute on the
NI-XNET hardware and therefore consume no CPU resources. If the
built in options don't work, use the PROVEtech:RBS by AKKA or
the Protection and Counter Addon. The RBS addon is best suited
for this type of application and is the recommended approach. If the user wants
to own the source code, the Protection and Counter Addon addon can work but has less features.
Addon
Specifics
Before using this addon, add the standard
frames (without counters or protections) to the standard NI-XNET section.
Addon Configuration
After setting up all the standard frames, add
the protection and counter addon. Upon adding the addon,
a configuration GUI will open. Select the desired CAN database and
base baud rate.
The addon will be added to the system definition.
Configure the CAN settings on the main page.
Expand the Outgoing section and click on the
desired frame type (Cyclic, Event Triggered, Cyclic Event). Select
the Import Frames button. Only import frames that contain protection or
counter signals. Again, standard frames should be in the XNET section as
discussed above.
Notice the built in
help. This help provides the details needed to use most sections.
After importing, configure the frame settings.
These will be similar to the standard CAN frame
settings.
Next, right click on the signals that are
either protections or counters. Select the desired type.
Configure the signal. The counter
signal configuration requires a max count value.
For protections, first select the algorithm.
If the required protection algorithm is not
included, it is not supported. A LabVIEW developer could add it to the
source code in Frame Protection SubModule and
rebuild the addon. Better would be to check for support inPROVEtech:RBS
by AKKA and use that.
If the required protection algorithm is
supported, select the signals needed for the calculation.
It is important to note that there are
also Status channels for monitoring the addon performance.
Addon Execution
Deploy the system definition. From within the
user interface, drag and drop frames as sections
Change required channels to
controls.
Certain channels can be added as Rings
to show text. The error code channel supports this.
Addon Tool
The addon also comes with a host tool
that provides additional features. These features help in manual testing and
debugging. Add this tool to the project files:
It can also be added as a button to the UI
screen.
Click open on the file or select the
configured button to launch the tool.
Select File >> Configure and select the
desired addon.
After that, monitor the
raw bus stream. From here, filter the bus messages and log traffic.
And send raw commands.
Host Automation API
In addition to the above items, there is an
automation API that can be used from Windows to initiate commands with the
add-on. This is installed at:
C:\Users\Public\Documents\National
Instruments\NI VeriStand <Year>\Custom Devices\Protection and Counter
Addon\Windows\Host Automation API
An example of using this API is as follows:


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Made by resuly, May 2018.


Check out our selection of rare and collectable fish!
Flowerhorn cichlids are ornamental aquarium fish noted for their vivid colors and the distinctively shaped heads for which they are named. Their head protuberance, or kok, is formally termed a nuchal hump. Like blood parrot cichlids, they are man-made hybrids that exist in the wild only because of their release. First developed in Malaysia, Thailand, and Taiwan, they became very popular with Asian fish hobbyists. They are also kept by hobbyists in the US and Europe. Numerous cast-off flowerhorns have been released to the wild, especially in Singapore and Malaysia, where they have become an invasive pest animal. Their importation is banned in Australia.


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Reset all search values to 'null'.
Reset all filter related values to 'null', leaving 'sort' values intact.
Reset all sort related values to 'null', leaving 'search/filter' values intact.
Get the current search value (if previously set) for this property name.
Get the current search value's operation (if previously set) for this property name.
Get the current search value's sort direction (if previously set) for this property name.
Get the current search value's sort priority (if previously set) for this property name.
Get whether or not the current search value's sort direction is ascending for this property name.
Get whether or not the current search value's sort direction is descending for this property name.
After a submission, the search model is returned in 'read' mode. To search again, this should be called prior to making any param changes.
Sort the search by the specified property in the ascending direction with priority (defaults to 0, meaning primary sort field).
Sort the search by the specified property in the descending direction with priority (defaults to 0, meaning primary sort field).
Set the 'value' of the search operation for a property(i.e. The 'thing' to be searched on this property). This is the value to run against the accompanying operator
Set the value of the 'operation' to perform on this property. The valid values are defined by CvSearchValueOperator
Sort the search by the specified property. Set the sort direction CvSortDirection and priority (defaults to 0, meaning primary sort field).
Submit the search. If successful, returns search editor model in 'read' mode. The search will be applied when the backing list is refreshed.
Generated using TypeDoc
Allows for setting search values on underlying editor model


Account1:
Account2:
Amount:
Split Ether
Account:
Check Balance
Account
0x0
balance is
0
wei.
Withdraw Balance


Coaching
Coach Jaco
We offering one on one or group coaching for all levels. Our club coach Jaco, offers a great inside to the technical aspect to tennis. One off lessons or coaching package are availabe for all levels and age groups. If you are just taking up tennis, we would highly recommend to get some lessons.
For more informationabout getting some tennis coching lessons contact Jaco directly on 087111111.
Background
- Born in South Africa
- Moved to Ireland at age 12
- Went to CBS High School Clonmel
- Studied in DIT Bolton St
- Living and Working Full Time in Cashel
Achievements
No.1 in Ireland Mixed Doubles Ranking 2019
No.31 in Singles in Ireland 2019
No.30 in Doubles in Ireland 2019
14 open week titles
Qualifications
Tennis Ireland Level 1
Moved to Ireland at age 12
Went to CBS High School Clonmel
Studied in DIT Bolton St
Living and Working Full Time in Cashel


Retro is a concatenative, stack based language with roots in Forth.
Designed to be small, easily learned, and easily modified to meet specific needs, it has been developed and refined through continual use by a small community over the last decade.


Class Application
Application is the main Mapbender3 class.
This class is the controller for each application instance. The application class will not perform any access checks, this is due to the controller instantiating an application. The controller should check with the configuration entity to get a list of allowed roles and only then decide to instantiate a new application instance based on the configuration entity.
Author: Christian Wygoda
Located at Mapbender/CoreBundle/Component/Application.php
Methods summary
public
|
#
__construct( Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface $container,
|
public
|
|
public
integer
|
|
public
string
|
|
public
string
|
|
public
string
|
|
public
string
|
#
render( string $format = 'html', boolean $html = true, boolean $css = true, boolean $js = true, boolean $trans = true )
Render the application |
public static
array
|
|
public
array
|
#
getAssets( string $type )
Get the assets as an AsseticCollection. Filters can be applied later on with the ensureFilter method. |
public
Assetic\Asset\StringAsset
|
|
public
string
|
#
getConfiguration( )
Get the configuration (application, elements, layers) as an StringAsset. Filters can be applied later on with the ensureFilter method. |
public
|
|
public
|
|
public
Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection
|
|
public
|
|
public static
string
|
#
generateSlug( Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface $container, string $slug, string $suffix = 'copy' )
Checks and generates a valid slug. |
public static
string
|
#
getUploadsDir( Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface $container, boolean $webRelative = false )
Returns the public "uploads" directory. |
public static
boolean
|
#
getAppWebDir( Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface $container, string $slug )
Returns the application's public directory. |
public static
boolean
|
#
createAppWebDir( Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface $container, string $slug, string $old_slug = null )
Creates or checks if the application's public directory is created or exist. |
public static
boolean
|
#
removeAppWebDir( Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface $container, string $slug )
Removes application's public directoriy. |
public static
string
|
#
getAppWebUrl( Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface $container, string $slug )
Returns an url to application's public directory. |
public static
string
|
#
getUploadsUrl( Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface $container )
Returns an url to public "uploads" directory. |
public static
string
|
#
getBaseUrl( Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface $container )
Returns a base url. |
public static
boolean
|
#
copyAppWebDir( Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface $container, string $srcSslug, string $destSlug )
Copies an application web order. |
protected
|
|
protected
|
|
public
boolean
|
#
isElementGranted(
Is element granted? |
public
|
Magic methods summary
Properties summary
protected
Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface
|
$container
$container The container |
|
protected
|
$template
$template The application template class |
|
protected
array
|
$elements
$elements The elements, ordered by weight |
|
protected
array
|
$layers
$layers The layers |
|
protected
array
|
$urls
$urls Runtime URLs |
|
protected
|
$entity
|


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It is almost straight above earth's north pole. Recycling symbol logo decal, recycle png. Polaris (alpha ursae minoris) is the pole star or north star.
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The session
module provides way to group HTTP requests into
"sessions" so that information can be maintained between an individual user's
requests to various parts of a web site - for example, so that a user can
"log in" to the web site and their username remembered as they navigate the
site.
The base Session
class is not used
directly, since it has no way of storing the data associated with a session.
Instead, one of the classes derived from it are used. The choice of subclass
determines what storage method is used - the module provides
FileSession
and
GenericSQLSession
, or you can
write your own.
To store data in the session, you simply use it as a mapping. For example:
if "basket" in self.session:
self.session["basket"].append(newitem)
else:
self.session["basket"] = [newitem]
Sessions are identified by a unique 8-character hexadecimal string, which
is usually generated randomly. This is paired with another 8-character
hexadecimal string which is a keyed hash generated using the identifier and a
secret key unique to the individual web site. The hash simply makes it a bit
more difficult for an attacker to guess a valid session identifier. The id
and hash are stored in the session under the keys id
and
hash
, so don't try to use these keys for storing your own
data.
The session identifier and hash are passed from request to request either
using cookies or by embedding the data at the start of the path in the URL.
Which method to use depends on the situation - cookies are better, but some
users disable cookies in their browsers. An especially important point to note
is that if session identifiers are stored in URLs, any external links must go
through a doorway page which forwards the user (using something like
<meta http-equiv="refresh"...>
rather than HTTP redirects)
to the external page, because otherwise the session information may get passed
to the external site in the HTTP Referer
header.
To create and maintain the session, a session class should be instantiated
at the start of processing a request, and its
save
method called at the end of
processing.
Example:
class Handler(wt.Handler):
def process(self, req):
self.session = session.FileSession(req, "s3cr3t")
if not self.session.relocated:
wt.Handler.process(self, req)
self.session.save()
If you are passing the session identifier in the URL, then you will need to configure your web server so that it knows what to do with this identifier. If you are not embedding the session identifier in the URL, then no extra configuration of the web server is required.
Using Apache, you should use
mod_rewrite
to extract the session identifier from the URL and pass it in the
SESSION
environment variable. The URL is then modified to remove
the identifier so that the web server can find the requested page.
Example using httpd.conf
:
<VirtualHost <IP_ADDRESS>>
ServerName www.example.com
...
RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule ^/([A-Fa-f0-9]{16})(/.*)$ $2 [E=SESSION:$1]
<VirtualHost>
Example using an .htaccesss
file in the web root directory:
RewriteEngine on
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^([A-Fa-f0-9]{16})(/.*)$ $2 [E=SESSION:$1]
If you are using the wt
templating module
in conjunction with the session
module, you should simply put the
single session
RewriteRule
line before the
wt
RewriteCond
line, e.g.:
RewriteEngine on
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^([A-Fa-f0-9]{16})(/.*)$ $2 [E=SESSION:$1]
RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/wt/$1.py -f
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ /wt/$1.py [E=WT_TEMPLATE_URL:/$1,E=WT_TEMPLATE_FILENAME:%{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/$1]
The base class for all exceptions defined by the session
module.
Session
objects manage the session as well as providing
a container to store data associated with the session. This class is not used
directly, but is subclassed depending on what method is being used to store the
session data.
relocated
The relocated
map references a true value if URL-based sessions
are being used and a Location
header has been set to redirect the
user's browser to a new URL.
created
The number of seconds since the epoch (i.e. time.time()
value)
when this session was created.
new
new
references a true value if the session was created during
this request (i.e. there was no pre-existing session).
surl
This variable is only present if session identifiers are being
embedded in URLs for the current session. If it is present, it is the URL
prefix that is used for this purpose - e.g. /0a33817bc823781f/
.
__init__(self, req, secret, cookie="jonsid", url=0, root="",
referer=None, sid=None, shash=None, secure=0, domain=None)
req
:
cgi.Request
instance
secret
: string
cookie
: string
url
: true or false value
root
: string
referer
: string
sid
: string
shash
: string
secure
: true or false value
domain
: string
This method may be overridden by subclasses. It creates a new
Session
instance. secret
is a secret key (i.e. any
arbitrary string that you do not disclose) which is used for keying the hash
used to verify session identifiers (see
_make_hash). This value should be unique for
each web site, unless you are deliberately trying to share session identifiers
between sites.
cookie
is the name of the session cookie which is used to store
the session identifier. There is usually no need to change this from the default
of jonsid
. If you do not wish to use cookies to identify the
session then set this parameter to None
. If secure
is true then the 'secure' flag of the cookie will be set, which tells browsers
not to send the cookie if the connection is not encrypted. If
domain
is set then this will be used as the 'domain' parameter for
the cookie.
If you wish to use session identifiers embedded in URLs then set
url
to a true value. You may then optionally also set
root
to be the web root at which sessions are anchored (i.e.
a string to put before the session identifier in the url). root
should begin with a /
character but should not end in one. When
using session identifiers in URLs, the session identifier will be looked for
in environment variables matching (REDIRECT_){1,4}SESSION
.
Instructions on how to configure Apache to provide this variable are shown
above.
You can optionally use the HTTP Referer
header to help with
session verification when using session identifiers in urls. If you set the
referer
parameter to a non-empty string (for example, the host
name of your web site) and the user's browser sends a Referer
header which does not contain that string, then the session is invalidated.
This helps avoid unwanted session sharing in the situation where a user emails
a URL to a friend. Note that this is not a security measure
but just a helpful heuristic, since the contents of this header are under user
control.
Finally, if you wish to identify the session in some other way, you can set
cookie
to None
and url
to 0
and then pass in the session identifier in sid
. You may optionally
also pass in the identifier hash in shash
- if you do then the
session identifier will be ignored and a new session created if the hash does
not match the identifier. If you omit the shash
parameter then the
identifier will be assumed correct.
After initialisation has completed, the session dictionary contains the
session identifier under key id
, the identifier hash under key
hash
, and if the session was not new, any stored information from
previous requests.
save(self)
This method may be overridden by subclasses. It stores the information from the current session's dictionary so that it may be retrieved in later requests. The default implementation does nothing.
tidy()
This method may be overridden by subclasses. It is used to delete session
information that has expired, and should therefore be called periodically,
perhaps from a cron
job. Subclass versions of this method may
require different parameters to the function - you cannot call this method
without knowing the particulars of the particular subclass being used. The
default implementation does nothing.
_req
The cgi.Request
instance passed
to the session's __init__
method.
_make_hash(self, sid, secret)
sid
: string
secret
: string
Returns: string
This method may be overridden by subclasses. It returns the 8-character
hexadecimal string which is a keyed hash of the session identifier
sid
and the secret key secret
. The default
implementation uses HMAC-SHA, and should not usually need to be overridden.
_create(self, secret)
secret
: string
This method may be overridden by subclasses. It creates a new unique
8-character hexadecimal session identifier and initialises it in whatever
storage system is being used. self["id"]
should be set to the
session identifier. Optionally, self["hash"]
may also be set to the
identifier hash. If the hash is not set then
_make_hash
will be called
subsequently to determine it. The default implementation simply sets
self["id"]
to a random identifier.
_load(self)
This method may be overridden by subclasses. It updates the session's
dictionary with whatever information the storage system has recorded about the
session with identifier self["id"]
. It should return 1
if the session identifier was located in the storage system, or 0
if it was not (in which case a new session will be created). The default
implementation simply returns 1
.
Note that this method should only return 0
if the session
information could not be located because it did not exist. If any other error
occurs (e.g. an I/O error while searching for the session), then an exception
should be raised as usual.
The FileSession
class is a subclass of
Session
that uses the filesystem to store
session data.
__init__(self, req, secret, basedir=None, **kwargs)
req
:
cgi.Request
instance
secret
: string
basedir
: string
Creates a new FileSession instance. Session data will be stored using
individual files in the filesystem, under the basedir
directory.
If basedir
is not specified then the environment variable
TMPDIR
is used instead, or if there is no such environment
variable then /tmp
is used. A directory is created under this
named jon-sessions-%d
where %d
is the current
user id. If this directory already exists then it must be owned by the current
user. req
, secret
, and kwargs
are passed
to the base class's __init__
method.
save(self)
The session's dictionary is written to the filesystem.
tidy(max_idle=0, max_age=0, basedir=None)
max_idle
: integer
max_age
: integer
basedir
: string
Deletes session files that have expired. If max_idle
is
non-zero then it is the maximum number of seconds old a file's modification
time may be before it is deleted. If max_age
is non-zero then it
is the maximum number of seconds old a session may be (since it was created)
before it is deleted.
_create(self, secret)
secret
: string
Creates the session identifier and its associated file.
_load(self)
Updates the session's dictionary with the stored information from the
session's file. Returns 0
if the file did not exist, otherwise
1
.
The GenericSQLSession
class is a subclass of
Session
that uses an SQL database to store
session data.
__init__(self, req, secret, dbc, table="sessions", **kwargs)
req
:
cgi.Request
instance
secret
: string
dbc
: Python DB API Cursor
instance
table
: string
Creates a new GenericSQLSession instance. Session data will be stored using
rows in an SQL table. The database is accessed via the Cursor
instance dbc
and the table name table
.
req
, secret
, and kwargs
are passed to
the base class's __init__
method.
The table must have at least the following fields:
CREATE TABLE sessions (
ID CHAR(8) NOT NULL,
hash CHAR(8) NOT NULL,
data BLOB NOT NULL,
created INT NOT NULL,
updated INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
This class has only been tested with MySQL, although the intention is that it should work with any DB API database.
save(self)
The session's dictionary is written to the database.
tidy(dbc, table="sessions", max_idle=0, max_age=0)
dbc
: Python DB API Cursor
instance
table
: string
max_idle
: integer
max_age
: integer
Deletes session rows that have expired. If max_idle
is
non-zero then it is the maximum number of seconds old a session's
updated
time may be before it is deleted. If max_age
is non-zero then it is the maximum number of seconds old a session's
created
time may be before it is deleted.
_create(self, secret)
secret
: string
Creates the session identifier and its associated table row.
_load(self)
Updates the session's dictionary with the stored information from the
session's database row. Returns 0
if the row was not found,
otherwise 1
.
$Id: session.html,v c0f5f983a7fc 2010/03/23 01:07:17 jon $