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Court lets Craig Wright wait for keys to 'his' $8.5B Bitcoin stash to be delivered
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Full-Stack Web Developer with a strong commitment to improving the end user experience by creating easy to navigate user interfaces, automating routine application tasks, and integrating technologies to provide solutions and improvement to existing applications.
Utilized reporting to identify gaps in documentation and charge interfacing. Implemented new facility processes to ensure timely identification and resolution of facility issues. Worked as intermediary with information systems to provide relevant data for resolution of system issues. Applied medical coding to documentation and educated facility personnel on best practices.
Identified problem accounts with payers; investigated and corrected errors, added missing account information and contacted responsible parties to resolve accounts.


Bounce
Did you notice Hollywood doesn't really make romances anymore? Movies today are rarely centered around a man and woman who meet, fall in love, have their share of problems and either break up or stay together forever. That only tends to happen in "period pieces" or as sub-plots in movies about other subjects. "Bounce" is the first movie to come along in a while that's actually set in the present day, is about real people really falling for each other. The problem is there's a secret between them, it's the film's niche but it becomes so overbearing at times the romance becomes virtually unbelievable.
Ben Affleck and Gwyneth Paltrow star here as Buddy Amaral and Abby Janello. They're good friends in real life and each has played romantic leads in other movies about modern-day star-crossed lovers. They come together here in a rather unusual way and once they get together they're immediately locked into a close-knit relationship.
The film tells the story of how Buddy met Abby - through a traumatic situation that some might pin on fate but others might attribute to luck but the most cynical will say randomness has nothing to do with it.
Buddy is a Los Angeles-based advertising exec stuck at O'Hare airport in Chicago waiting for his flight to get clearance to take off in the snowy weather. While waiting in an airport bar he picks up a hot chick named Mimi (Natasha Henstridge) and befriends a man named Greg. The three converse as if they were old friends. Buddy is funny and charming and when he hears Greg talk about how he wishes he could get home to L.A. earlier Buddy gives him his plane ticket and manages to convince the airline's ticket checker to let him on no problem (which is a serious FAA violation in case you didn't know - I didn't). That plane crashes.
I'd seen the preview for "Bounce" at least 20 times this summer and it portrayed the love affair between Buddy and Abby as being purely chance. However, the actual screenplay here is much different and I think I have to take the more cynical route in discussing how Buddy and Abby meet and fall in love.
Buddy enters re-hab for three months and upon his release he tracks down Greg's family. He stalks Abby for a day and pretends to be an interested buyer in the property she's showing (Abby's a real estate agent), but is so smitten by her beauty he can't bring himself to tell the truth and pursues her as he would any other woman. Through a series of pretty quirky and somewhat humour events the two flirt, have a lot of awkward pauses, go on one date, almost decide to give up on each other, but then quickly realize they probably are perfect for each other and suddenly fall into a very serious relationship.
There's really no sub-plots going on throughout this movie. The screenplay is focused mainly on Buddy and his battle with his inner demons over whether he should tell Abby he's responsible for her husband's death. He's also a recovering alcoholic and there's a few scenes of drama along those lines.
For the most part "Bounce" works as a fine dramedy. It's constantly on the edge between super-serious drama and all-out melodrama. Let's face it, under these circumstances can this story really be told in a believable, realistic manner?
Writer/director Don Roos does his best to pull it off but he only partially succeeds. The film is very reminiscent of another Ben Affleck romantic dramedy, "Chasing Amy." The romance between Buddy and Abby is pretty much plugged-in and implied through a lot of musical montages and cute scenes of Buddy having to meet Abby's friends and relatives and relate to her two young boys. Paltrow's screen time is surprisingly short compared to Affleck's, and most of what she does on film is look pretty, try hard not to cry, and spout a lot of dramatic cliches.
The last act of the film takes a turn for the worst in all ways, for both the characters and the movie itself. It becomes a rollercoaster of emotional battles and thus many tear-jerking scenes ensue. I have no problem with drama but "Bounce" dabbles with melodrama and tries to play it off as nothing and it doesn't work. The story is very predictable when things get so dramatic so you feel you're being pandered to than watching an authentic drama.
"Bounce" might have worked a lot better if it had a different hook. That Buddy and Abby are able to get together despite the fact he's indirectly responsible for her husband's death is an acceptable premise. The way the story is told just doesn't convey that as plausible.
GRADE: B-
------------------------------------------------------------------------ You can also read this review at: http://www.epinions.com/mvie-review-760A-3D19FAA5-3A22AADD-prod6 And other reviews on the same topic at: http://www.epinions.com/mvie Check out my profile page at: http://www.epinions.com/user-chad9976
***** Chad'z Movie Page is back! In-depth reviews of nearly all mainstream films playing at your local cineplex. There's also reviews of a few classic films and some of your personal favorites.
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Why Web?
When I started learning Web Development, the only purpose I had was making profit via this.
By the time, I understood that education should be based on love of it, not on wealth. Because,
I did not like what I have been studying. But now...
Love is happiness... Love is leading motivation... Love is the cause of effort...
Now, I see how beautiful web is... Web development tools can also be used for mobile app development and desktop app development, too. Besides, it is easy to learn and the destination vast data collected.
Why INHA University?
Before exams, I did not even think about entering INHA University in Tashkent (IUT for short). Having passed exams successfully, I decided to continue my education at this high schools. That times the only problem I had was language: all lessons were in english, besides, outside almost all speak russian. Annoying... Because I did not know both languages, I was like someone who talks less and was not good at social communication.
Afterall, I started loving my university: intelligent coursemates, polite friends, excellent teaching methods, lates technologies...


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block breadcrumbs %} {{ block.super }} » FAQ {% endblock %} {% block title %}Frequently Asked Questions{% endblock %} {% block content_title %}
SQ or "smrtr Quotient" is the measure of your relative intelligence on the smrtr system. Just like an IQ it is calculated from your performance on the questions you attempt and is relative to the population as a whole.
As with an IQ, the average SQ is always 100, and you can score anywhere between 0 and 200. As other people's SQ scores go up, yours will go down. So you need to keep working to stay on top!
{% endblock %}


### Problem 1. Exchange if greater * Write an `if` statement that takes two double variables `a` and `b` and exchanges their values if the first one is greater than the second. * As a result print the values `a` and `b`, separated by a space. _Examples:_ | a | b | result | |------|-----|---------| | 5 | 2 | 2 5 | | 3 | 4 | 3 4 | | 5.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 5.5 |


I am a Lyon-based developer student who is currently studying at SIMPLON in Lyon (France).
I love art and design in general and always have growing up. Younger, I was attracted by computers and design, trying to make websites and having fun
making blogs . I am currently learning PHP and SQL but also learnt JavaScript, Html, CSS, JQuery, Bootstrap, UX design, SASS...
I love what I do and can't wait to learn more and more everyday!
 PLEASE GET IN TOUCH FOR A CHAT.


|
Canada, like many countries around the world, is beginning to reopen its economy. At the same time, we are still confronting a serious public health threat in the SARS-CoV-2 virus and in COVID-19. How are we reopening, compared to other countries? And how are we doing as a country at maintaining social distancing and the public support and attention necessary to sustain the fight against COVID-19? On our Dashboard, we present unique quantitative data on:
We also provide a weekly qualitative summary of the actions governments are taking and considering taking to reopen their economies and manage the coronavirus. Our data are updated weekly. You can subscribe to a weekly update by clicking here. You can download a printable version of the latest weekly update by clicking here. A full archive of previous printable weekly updates can be found here. Please direct any questions or comments here. |


Content-type: text/html;charset=UTF-8 {% if cookie %}Set-cookie: session={{cookie}}{% endif %} {# This Jinja template acts as a base for the Grammar Matrix website Note this defines (at least) the following blocks: * head * body * onload Note this defines (at least) the following variables: * cookie * section_name * features * verb_case_patterns * numbers TODO: Create a macro file for forms #}


McDonald's worker, 17, battered with brick 'for refusing to give boys free food'
A young McDonald’s worker was viciously assaulted by four boys with a brick for refusing to give them free food, it is claimed.
Charm Sullivan, 17, was left with a badly-swollen face that required hospital treatment after the attack at a McDonald’s near Hunting Park in Philadelphia on Wednesday night.
Charm’s cousin Khadijah Lovett said: ‘She’s hurt,” Lovett said. “The only thing she keeps saying is she doesn’t know. Why her. Why her?
‘They assaulted her several times.

‘She’s all beat up. She had to go to the hospital.’
Advertisement Advertisement
Charm says she was serving behind the counter when the boys started pestering her, and that they jumped her when she went to use the bathroom.
The assault continued outside, and ended with the teenager laying unconscious between two parked cars, it is claimed.
Charm suffered swollen lips and a busted right eye in the attack, and has now vowed never to return to the McDonald’s where she was assaulted.
Philadelphia Police are hunting for her attackers, but have yet to release a description of the suspects, or make any arrests.
A manager at the McDonald’s refused to comment on the attack when contacted by NBC10.


WELCOME TO THE WEBSITE
WHAT WE'RE ABOUT
The purpose of the website is to help a person with their diet plans. Based on the input provided by the user, a guide is generated to help the user succeed in his/her weight loss efforts or to advise the user on how to gain muscles. It will be provide a step-by-step guide on how to achieve the user's diet goals.


Represents a Node the Endpoint knows about and can send messages to.
More...
#include <Node.h>
|
| virtual const std::string & | GetUUID () const =0 |
| | Returns the unique identifier of the node. More...
|
| |
| virtual const std::string & | GetName () const =0 |
| | Returns the (possibly non-unique) name of the node. More...
|
| |
| virtual const std::string & | GetDeviceClass () const =0 |
| | Get the class of the underlying device. More...
|
| |
| virtual std::string | GetDescription () const =0 |
| | Get a user-readable description of the node. More...
|
| |
| virtual bool | IsOnline () const =0 |
| | Checks whether the Node is reachable. More...
|
| |
|
virtual | ~Node () |
| | Destroy the Node object.
|
| |
Represents a Node the Endpoint knows about and can send messages to.
◆ GetDescription()
| virtual std::string swarmio::Node::GetDescription |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
pure virtual |
Get a user-readable description of the node.
- Returns
- std::string
◆ GetDeviceClass()
| virtual const std::string & swarmio::Node::GetDeviceClass |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
pure virtual |
◆ GetName()
| virtual const std::string & swarmio::Node::GetName |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
pure virtual |
◆ GetUUID()
| virtual const std::string & swarmio::Node::GetUUID |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
pure virtual |
◆ IsOnline()
| virtual bool swarmio::Node::IsOnline |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
pure virtual |
Checks whether the Node is reachable.
- Returns
- True if the Node is online.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


You can turn on Refined GitHub’s Safari extension in Settings › Safari.
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'No comments', says Sonia Gandhi on political developments in Maharashtra
Her response came as Shiv Sena leader Sanjay Raut exuded confidence that a government led by his party will be in place by next month in Maharashtra. He said the picture will become clear in the next two days.
by PTICongress president Sonia Gandhi on Wednesday refused to comment on the progress being made in the formation of a new government in Maharashtra.
Her response came as Shiv Sena leader Sanjay Raut exuded confidence that a government led by his party will be in place by next month in Maharashtra. He said the picture will become clear in the next two days.
"No comments," Gandhi said in Parliament House when reporters posed questions on the political situation in Maharashtra.
President's rule was imposed in Maharashtra on November 12 amid a stalemate over government formation after the assembly polls last month.
In the October 21 Maharashtra polls, the BJP-Sena saffron alliance won 105 and 56 seats respectively in the 288-member assembly. The Congress and the NCP, pre-poll allies, bagged 44 and 54 seats respectively.
However, failing to evolve a consensus over the chief minister's post, the two saffron parties parted ways, with the Sena exploring the possibility of tying up with the Congress-NCP.


[gecode-users] Idea for extending ViewBrancher
Guido Tack
tack at gecode.org
Mon Aug 30 16:20:16 CEST 2010
Hi Felix,
I think your special branchers could be implemented quite easily by instantiating the existing branchers with new views. The views would store the interval you're interested in and reimplement the assigned() function, so that it returns true if the domain does not intersect the given interval. That way, the brancher will ignore all views that are assigned in this sense.
You will still have to duplicate some code, but half of it is generated anyway. Have a look at post-view-int.bs, which is used to generate post-view-int.cpp. I think you would only need to replace IntView by your "IgnoreIntervalView". Then duplicate post-val-int.hpp, where you'll also have to replace the views accordingly (you will need something like a "MinusIgnoreIntervalView").
Cheers,
Guido
Felix Brandt wrote:
> Hi,
>
> for a recent project I wrote a custom brancher (similar to the
> ViewBrancher) that only branches variables within a certain interval.
> The variables, which do not intersect the interval, are considered as if
> they are already assigned.
>
> In my case I wasn't interested in the values if they did not match the
> given interval, but also did not want to add auxiliary variables and
> constraints to be able to use standard branchers. Furthermore, I could
> not just assign border values without breaking constraints. I assume
> that such a brancher can also be advantageous in other setups, where one
> wants to apply varying branching strategies to different parts of the
> variable domains.
>
> If this idea is of interest for the project, I could try to extend the
> current ViewValueBrancher. Right now, I'm not sure where to start.
> Probably adapting ViewBrancher<ViewSel>::status(const Space&) is a good
> starting point, but it's quite deep in the object hierarchy so I assume
> it's not *that* easy. Additionally, inheriting from ViewBrancher seems
> to produce a lot of duplicated code (for brancher assembly and strategy
> selection). Any suggestions?
>
> Regards,
> Felix
>
> PS: If I miss something obvious or this feature is already present, I
> would appreciate any hint :-)
>
>
> _______________________________________________
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climlab.radiation package¶
climlab.radiation.AplusBT module¶
-
class
climlab.radiation.AplusBT.
AplusBT
(A=200.0, B=2.0, **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
climlab.process.energy_budget.EnergyBudget
The simplest linear longwave radiation module.
Calculates the Outgoing Longwave Radation (OLR) \(R\uparrow\) as
\[R\uparrow = A + B \cdot T\]where \(T\) is the state variable.
Should be invoked with a single temperature state variable only.
Initialization parameters
An instance of
AplusBT
is initialized with the following arguments:Parameters: Object attributes
Additional to the parent class
EnergyBudget
following object attributes are generated or modified during initialization:Variables: Warning
This module currently works only for a single state variable!
Example: Simple linear radiation module (stand alone):
>>> import climlab >>> # create a column atmosphere and scalar surface >>> sfc, atm = climlab.domain.single_column() >>> # Create a state variable >>> Ts = climlab.Field(15., domain=sfc) >>> # Make a dictionary of state variables >>> s = {'Ts': Ts} >>> # create process >>> olr = climlab.radiation.AplusBT(state=s) >>> print olr climlab Process of type <class 'climlab.radiation.AplusBT.AplusBT'>. State variables and domain shapes: Ts: (1,) The subprocess tree: top: <class 'climlab.radiation.AplusBT.AplusBT'> >>> # to compute tendencies and diagnostics >>> olr.compute() >>> # or to actually update the temperature >>> olr.step_forward() >>> print olr.state {'Ts': Field([ 5.69123176])}
-
A
¶ Property of AplusBT parameter A.
Getter: Returns the parameter A which is stored in attribute
self._A
Setter: - sets parameter A which is addressed as
self._A
to the new value - updates the parameter dictionary
self.param['A']
Type: float
Example: >>> import climlab >>> model = climlab.EBM() >>> # getter >>> model.subprocess['LW'].A 210.0 >>> # setter >>> model.subprocess['LW'].A = 220 >>> # getter again >>> model.subprocess['LW'].A 220 >>> # subprocess parameter dictionary >>> model.subprocess['LW'].param['A'] 220
- sets parameter A which is addressed as
-
B
¶ Property of AplusBT parameter B.
Getter: Returns the parameter B which is stored in attribute
self._B
Setter: - sets parameter B which is addressed as
self._B
to the new value - updates the parameter dictionary
self.param['B']
Type: float
- sets parameter B which is addressed as
-
OLR
¶
-
-
class
climlab.radiation.AplusBT.
AplusBT_CO2
(CO2=300.0, **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
climlab.process.energy_budget.EnergyBudget
Linear longwave radiation module considering CO2 concentration.
This radiation subprocess is based in the idea to linearize the Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) emitted to space according to the surface temperature (see
AplusBT
).To consider a the change of the greenhouse effect through range of \(CO_2\) in the atmosphere, the parameters A and B are computed like the following:
\[A(c) = -326.4 + 9.161 c - 3.164 c^2 + 0.5468 c^3 \]\[B(c) = 1.953 - 0.04866 c + 0.01309 c^2 - 0.002577 c^3\]where \(c=\log \frac{p}{300}\) and \(p\) represents the concentration of \(CO_2\) in the atmosphere.
For further reading see [Caldeira_1992].
Initialization parameters
An instance of
AplusBT_CO2
is initialized with the following argument:Parameters: CO2 (float) – The concentration of \(CO_2\) in the atmosphere. Referred to as \(p\) in the above given formulas.
- unit: \(\textrm{ppm}\) (parts per million)
- default value:
300.0
Object attributes
Additional to the parent class
EnergyBudget
following object attributes are generated or updated during initialization:Variables: Example: Replacing an the regular AplusBT subprocess in an energy balance model:
>>> import climlab >>> from climlab.radiation.AplusBT import AplusBT_CO2 >>> # creating EBM model >>> model = climlab.EBM() >>> print model
climlab Process of type <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'>. State variables and domain shapes: Ts: (90, 1) The subprocess tree: top: <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'> diffusion: <class 'climlab.dynamics.diffusion.MeridionalDiffusion'> LW: <class 'climlab.radiation.AplusBT.AplusBT'> albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.StepFunctionAlbedo'> iceline: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.Iceline'> cold_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.ConstantAlbedo'> warm_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.P2Albedo'> insolation: <class 'climlab.radiation.insolation.P2Insolation'>
>>> # creating and adding albedo feedback subprocess >>> LW_CO2 = AplusBT_CO2(CO2=400, state=model.state, **model.param) >>> # overwriting old 'LW' subprocess with same name >>> model.add_subprocess('LW', LW_CO2) >>> print model
climlab Process of type <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'>. State variables and domain shapes: Ts: (90, 1) The subprocess tree: top: <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'> diffusion: <class 'climlab.dynamics.diffusion.MeridionalDiffusion'> LW: <class 'climlab.radiation.AplusBT.AplusBT_CO2'> albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.StepFunctionAlbedo'> iceline: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.Iceline'> cold_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.ConstantAlbedo'> warm_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.P2Albedo'> insolation: <class 'climlab.radiation.insolation.P2Insolation'>
-
CO2
¶ Property of AplusBT_CO2 parameter CO2.
Getter: Returns the CO2 concentration which is stored in attribute
self._CO2
Setter: - sets the CO2 concentration which is addressed as
self._CO2
to the new value - updates the parameter dictionary
self.param['CO2']
Type: float
- sets the CO2 concentration which is addressed as
climlab.radiation.Boltzmann module¶
-
class
climlab.radiation.Boltzmann.
Boltzmann
(eps=0.65, tau=0.95, **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
climlab.process.energy_budget.EnergyBudget
A class for black body radiation.
Implements a radiation subprocess which computes longwave radiation with the Stefan-Boltzmann law for black/grey body radiation.
According to the Stefan Boltzmann law the total power radiated from an object with surface area \(A\) and temperature \(T\) (in unit Kelvin) can be written as
\[P = A \varepsilon \sigma T^4\]where \(\varepsilon\) is the emissivity of the body.
As the
EnergyBudget
of the Energy Balance Model is accounted in unit \(\textrm{energy} / \textrm{area}\) (\(\textrm{W}/ \textrm{m}^2\)) the energy budget equation looks like this:\[C \frac{dT}{dt} = R\downarrow - R\uparrow - H \]The
Boltzmann
radiation subprocess represents the outgoing radiation \(R\uparrow\) which then can be written as\[R\uparrow = \varepsilon \sigma T^4\]with state variable \(T\).
Initialization parameters
An instance of
Boltzmann
is initialized with the following arguments:Parameters: Object attributes
During initialization both arguments described above are created as object attributes which calls their setter function (see below).
Variables: - eps (float) – calls the setter function of
eps()
- tau (float) – calls the setter function of
tau()
- diagnostics (dict) – the subprocess’s diagnostic dictionary
self.diagnostic
is initialized through callingself.init_diagnostic('OLR', 0. * self.Ts)
- OLR (Field) – the subprocess attribute
self.OLR
is created with correct dimensions
Example: Replacing an the regular AplusBT subprocess in an energy balance model:
>>> import climlab >>> from climlab.radiation.Boltzmann import Boltzmann >>> # creating EBM model >>> model = climlab.EBM() >>> print model
climlab Process of type <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'>. State variables and domain shapes: Ts: (90, 1) The subprocess tree: top: <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'> diffusion: <class 'climlab.dynamics.diffusion.MeridionalDiffusion'> LW: <class 'climlab.radiation.AplusBT.AplusBT'> albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.StepFunctionAlbedo'> iceline: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.Iceline'> cold_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.ConstantAlbedo'> warm_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.P2Albedo'> insolation: <class 'climlab.radiation.insolation.P2Insolation'>
>>> # creating and adding albedo feedback subprocess >>> LW_boltz = Boltzmann(eps=0.69, tau=0.98, state=model.state, **model.param) >>> # overwriting old 'LW' subprocess with same name >>> model.add_subprocess('LW', LW_boltz) >>> print model
climlab Process of type <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'>. State variables and domain shapes: Ts: (90, 1) The subprocess tree: top: <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'> diffusion: <class 'climlab.dynamics.diffusion.MeridionalDiffusion'> LW: <class 'climlab.radiation.Boltzmann.Boltzmann'> albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.StepFunctionAlbedo'> iceline: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.Iceline'> cold_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.ConstantAlbedo'> warm_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.P2Albedo'> insolation: <class 'climlab.radiation.insolation.P2Insolation'>
-
eps
¶ Property of emissivity parameter.
Getter: Returns the albedo value which is stored in attribute
self._eps
Setter: - sets the emissivity which is addressed as
self._eps
to the new value - updates the parameter dictionary
self.param['eps']
Type: float
- sets the emissivity which is addressed as
-
tau
¶ Property of the transmissivity parameter.
Getter: Returns the albedo value which is stored in attribute
self._tau
Setter: - sets the emissivity which is addressed as
self._tau
to the new value - updates the parameter dictionary
self.param['tau']
Type: float
- sets the emissivity which is addressed as
- eps (float) – calls the setter function of
climlab.radiation.insolation module¶
-
class
climlab.radiation.insolation.
AnnualMeanInsolation
(S0=1365.2, orb={'long_peri': 281.37, 'ecc': 0.017236, 'obliquity': 23.446}, **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
climlab.radiation.insolation._Insolation
A class for latitudewise solar insolation averaged over a year.
This class computes the solar insolation for each day of the year and latitude specified in the domain on the basis of orbital parameters and astronomical formulas.
Therefore it uses the method
daily_insolation()
. For details how the solar distribution is dependend on orbital parameters see there.The mean over the year is calculated from data given by
daily_insolation()
and stored in the object’s attributeself.insolation
Initialization parameters
Parameters: - S0 (float) –
solar constant
- unit: \(\frac{\textrm{W}}{\textrm{m}^2}\)
- default value:
1365.2
- orb (dict) –
a dictionary with three orbital parameters (as provided by
OrbitalTable
):'ecc'
- eccentricity- unit: dimensionless
- default value:
0.017236
'long_peri'
- longitude of perihelion (precession angle)- unit: degrees
- default value:
281.37
'obliquity'
- obliquity angle- unit: degrees
- default value:
23.446
Object attributes
Additional to the parent class
_Insolation
following object attributes are generated and updated during initialization:Variables: - insolation (Field) – the solar distribution is calculated as a Field on
the basis of the
self.domains['default']
domain and stored in the attributeself.insolation
. - orb (dict) – initialized with given argument
orb
Example: Create regular EBM and replace standard insolation subprocess by
AnnualMeanInsolation
:>>> import climlab >>> from climlab.radiation import AnnualMeanInsolation >>> # model creation >>> model = climlab.EBM() >>> print model
climlab Process of type <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'>. State variables and domain shapes: Ts: (90, 1) The subprocess tree: top: <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'> diffusion: <class 'climlab.dynamics.diffusion.MeridionalDiffusion'> LW: <class 'climlab.radiation.AplusBT.AplusBT'> albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.StepFunctionAlbedo'> iceline: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.Iceline'> cold_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.ConstantAlbedo'> warm_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.P2Albedo'> insolation: <class 'climlab.radiation.insolation.P2Insolation'>
>>> # catch model domain for subprocess creation >>> sfc = model.domains['Ts'] >>> # create AnnualMeanInsolation subprocess >>> new_insol = AnnualMeanInsolation(domains=sfc, **model.param) >>> # add it to the model >>> model.add_subprocess('insolation',new_insol) >>> print model
climlab Process of type <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'>. State variables and domain shapes: Ts: (90, 1) The subprocess tree: top: <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'> diffusion: <class 'climlab.dynamics.diffusion.MeridionalDiffusion'> LW: <class 'climlab.radiation.AplusBT.AplusBT'> albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.StepFunctionAlbedo'> iceline: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.Iceline'> cold_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.ConstantAlbedo'> warm_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.P2Albedo'> insolation: <class 'climlab.radiation.insolation.AnnualMeanInsolation'>
-
orb
¶ Property of dictionary for orbital parameters.
orb contains: (for more information see
OrbitalTable
)'ecc'
- eccentricity [unit: dimensionless]'long_peri'
- longitude of perihelion (precession angle) [unit: degrees]'obliquity'
- obliquity angle [unit: degrees]
Getter: Returns the orbital dictionary which is stored in attribute
self._orb
.Setter: - sets orb which is addressed as
self._orb
to the new value - updates the parameter dictionary
self.param['orb']
and - calls method
_compute_fixed()
Type: dict
- S0 (float) –
-
class
climlab.radiation.insolation.
DailyInsolation
(S0=1365.2, orb={'long_peri': 281.37, 'ecc': 0.017236, 'obliquity': 23.446}, **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
climlab.radiation.insolation.AnnualMeanInsolation
A class to compute latitudewise daily solar insolation for specific days of the year.
This class computes the solar insolation on basis of orbital parameters and astronomical formulas.
Therefore it uses the method
daily_insolation()
. For details how the solar distribution is dependend on orbital parameters see there.Initialization parameters
Parameters: - S0 (float) –
solar constant
- unit: \(\frac{\textrm{W}}{\textrm{m}^2}\)
- default value:
1365.2
- orb (dict) –
a dictionary with orbital parameters:
'ecc'
- eccentricity- unit: dimensionless
- default value:
0.017236
'long_peri'
- longitude of perihelion (precession angle)- unit: degrees
- default value:
281.37
'obliquity'
- obliquity angle- unit: degrees
- default value:
23.446
Object attributes
Additional to the parent class
_Insolation
following object attributes are generated and updated during initialization:Variables: - insolation (Field) – the solar distribution is calculated as a Field on
the basis of the
self.domains['default']
domain and stored in the attributeself.insolation
. - orb (dict) – initialized with given argument
orb
Example: Create regular EBM and replace standard insolation subprocess by
DailyInsolation
:>>> import climlab >>> from climlab.radiation import DailyInsolation >>> # model creation >>> model = climlab.EBM() >>> print model
climlab Process of type <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'>. State variables and domain shapes: Ts: (90, 1) The subprocess tree: top: <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'> diffusion: <class 'climlab.dynamics.diffusion.MeridionalDiffusion'> LW: <class 'climlab.radiation.AplusBT.AplusBT'> albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.StepFunctionAlbedo'> iceline: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.Iceline'> cold_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.ConstantAlbedo'> warm_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.P2Albedo'> insolation: <class 'climlab.radiation.insolation.P2Insolation'>
>>> # catch model domain for subprocess creation >>> sfc = model.domains['Ts'] >>> # create DailyInsolation subprocess and add it to the model >>> model.add_subprocess('insolation',DailyInsolation(domains=sfc, **model.param)) >>> print model
climlab Process of type <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'>. State variables and domain shapes: Ts: (90, 1) The subprocess tree: top: <class 'climlab.model.ebm.EBM'> diffusion: <class 'climlab.dynamics.diffusion.MeridionalDiffusion'> LW: <class 'climlab.radiation.AplusBT.AplusBT'> albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.StepFunctionAlbedo'> iceline: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.Iceline'> cold_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.ConstantAlbedo'> warm_albedo: <class 'climlab.surface.albedo.P2Albedo'> insolation: <class 'climlab.radiation.insolation.DailyInsolation'>
-
insolation
¶
- S0 (float) –
-
class
climlab.radiation.insolation.
FixedInsolation
(S0=341.3, **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
climlab.radiation.insolation._Insolation
A class for fixed insolation at each point of latitude off the domain.
The solar distribution for the whole domain is constant and specified by a parameter.
Initialization parameters
Parameters: S0 (float) –
solar constant
- unit: \(\frac{\textrm{W}}{\textrm{m}^2}\)
- default value:
const.S0/4 = 341.2
Example: >>> import climlab >>> from climlab.radiation.insolation import FixedInsolation >>> model = climlab.EBM() >>> sfc = model.Ts.domain >>> fixed_ins = FixedInsolation(S0=340.0, domains=sfc) >>> print fixed_ins climlab Process of type <class 'climlab.radiation.insolation.FixedInsolation'>. State variables and domain shapes: The subprocess tree: top: <class 'climlab.radiation.insolation.FixedInsolation'>
-
insolation
¶
-
class
climlab.radiation.insolation.
P2Insolation
(S0=1365.2, s2=-0.48, **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
climlab.radiation.insolation._Insolation
A class for parabolic solar distribution over the domain’s latitude on the basis of the second order Legendre Polynomial.
Calculates the latitude dependent solar distribution as
\[S(\varphi) = \frac{S_0}{4} \left( 1 + s_2 P_2(x) \right)\]where \(P_2(x) = \frac{1}{2} (3x^2 - 1)\) is the second order Legendre Polynomial and \(x=sin(\varphi)\).
Initialization parameters
Parameters: - S0 (float) –
solar constant
- unit: \(\frac{\textrm{W}}{\textrm{m}^2}\)
- default value:
1365.2
- s2 (floar) –
factor for second legendre polynominal term
- default value:
-0.48
- default value:
Example: >>> import climlab >>> from climlab.radiation.insolation import P2Insolation >>> model = climlab.EBM() >>> sfc = model.Ts.domain >>> p2_ins = P2Insolation(S0=340.0, s2=-0.5, domains=sfc) >>> print p2_ins climlab Process of type <class 'climlab.radiation.insolation.P2Insolation'>. State variables and domain shapes: The subprocess tree: top: <class 'climlab.radiation.insolation.P2Insolation'>
-
insolation
¶
-
s2
¶ Property of second legendre polynomial factor s2.
s2 in following equation:
\[S(\varphi) = \frac{S_0}{4} \left( 1 + s_2 P_2(x) \right)\]Getter: Returns the s2 parameter which is stored in attribute
self._s2
.Setter: - sets s2 which is addressed as
self._S0
to the new value - updates the parameter dictionary
self.param['s2']
and - calls method
_compute_fixed()
Type: float
- sets s2 which is addressed as
- S0 (float) –
-
class
climlab.radiation.insolation.
_Insolation
(S0=1365.2, **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
climlab.process.diagnostic.DiagnosticProcess
A private parent class for insolation processes.
Calling compute() will update self.insolation with current values.
Initialization parameters
An instance of
_Insolation
is initialized with the following arguments (for detailed information see Object attributes below):Parameters: S0 (float) – solar constant
- unit: \(\frac{\textrm{W}}{\textrm{m}^2}\)
- default value:
1365.2
Object attributes
Additional to the parent class
DiagnosticProcess
following object attributes are generated and updated during initialization:Variables: - insolation (Field) – the array is initialized with zeros of the size of
self.domains['sfc']
orself.domains['default']
. - S0 (float) – initialized with given argument
S0
- diagnostics (dict) – key
'insolation'
initialized with value:Field
of zeros in size ofself.domains['sfc']
orself.domains['default']
- insolation – the subprocess attribute
self.insolation
is created with correct dimensions
Note
self.insolation
should always be modified withself.insolation[:] = ...
so that links to the insolation in other processes will work.-
S0
¶ Property of solar constant S0.
The parameter S0 is stored using a python property and can be changed through
self.S0 = newvalue
which will also update the parameter dictionary.Warning
changing
self.param['S0']
will not work!Getter: Returns the S0 parameter which is stored in attribute
self._S0
.Setter: - sets S0 which is addressed as
self._S0
to the new value - updates the parameter dictionary
self.param['S0']
and - calls method
_compute_fixed()
Type: float
- sets S0 which is addressed as


Output Display (OUT)¶
The output display can load the contents of the databus and display it as a decimal integer on the 4x 7-segment displays.
It supports the display of either a unsigned \(\left[ 0, 255\right]\) or 2s-complement signed \(\left[ -128, 127\right]\) 8-bit value.
Mode of Operation¶
The value to display is read from the databus and saved in a SN74LS273 octal d-type flip-flop on a riding clock edge when the \(LOAD\) signal is active. Due to the lack of an enable pin on the register IC, the load signal is implemented by ANDing the \(CLK\) and \(LOAD\) signal.
BCD decoder¶
The decoding of the binary display is implemented as a lookup table (LUT) using a 28C16 2K x 8-bit parallel EEPROM. This IC has 11 address pins \(A_0-A_{10}\) of which the first 8 are used to input the display-value. The next 2 address bits are used to select the digit of the display currently active. This leaves the last address pin to select the display mode (unsigned or signed) using \(\mathrm{OUT\colon S_3}\).
Digit multiplexing¶
Since the EEPROM decoder can only drive a single digit at any time with it’s 8 output lines, the 4 digits need to be multiplexed. This is done by sequentially driving the common-cathode pin of each digit low while simultaneously setting the \(A_8\) and \(A_9\) address pins of the EEPROM which in turn will drive the anodes of the selected display digit to the apropriate value.
The binary digit select signal that drives the address lines is implemented by a single SN74LS76 dual J-K flip flop IC to implement a 2 bit binary counter. This counter is driven by an astable LM555 oscillator that runs fast enough to cycle through the digits without perceivable flickering:
The bianry coded digit select signal is then decoded using a SN74LS139 2-line to 4-line decoder with active low outputs to drive the cathodes.
LED Output Drive¶
According to the datasheet of the decoder EEPROM, the chip can drive \(10-20mA\) with a \(0.5 - 1.5V\) drop in its output voltage. This may be too big of a drop when combined with the \(220Ω\) series resistors when used for higher voltage drop LED displays (like blue or white). If you have trouble with the output display being too dim or not lighting up at all, replace the resistor networks \(\mathrm{RN}_1\) and \(\mathrm{RN}_2\) with jumpers or choose a lower resistance network.


Responses to open-ended questions on antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
Global spread and dominance of totally antimicrobial resistant pathogens—returning to the preantibiotic era
Environmental impact of antimicrobial use in humans, animals and crops
Emerging bacterial resistance to biocides and disinfectants.
AMR transmission from and to companion animals.
Balancing food production capacity with AMR concerns.
Need for comprehensive AMR surveillance; understanding the selection, expansion and spread of multidrug-resistant mobile genetic elements (mapping the mobile gene pool).
Antibiotic stewardship—understanding why doctors prescribe and patients demand, antimicrobials inappropriately.
Better infection control within health and aged care facilities.
Point-of-care diagnostics (including rapid species identification and drug susceptibility testing).
Use of highly selective bacteriophage therapy.
Adaptive clinical trial designs for rapid assessment of multidrug regimens
Alternative drug development funding models that considers the public good.
Non-antimicrobial approaches to controlling infections.
Are there effective treatment strategies that will reduce selective pressure and on-going evolutionary ‘escape’, such as increasing bacterial susceptibility to immune attack or reducing the risk/impact of invasive bacterial infection only?
What are the key characteristics of a healthy microbiome and the short and long term impacts of antimicrobial induced changes?
Restricting antimicrobial access to reduce inappropriate use, for example stronger regulation or increases in price
How best to educate the general public and prescribers about the dangers (personal and environmental) of inappropriate antimicrobial use.
Balancing animal and human welfare considerations.
Balancing distributive justice and community versus individual cost–benefit.
AMR, antimicrobial resistance.


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