Frequently asked questions (FAQ)
Estimated reading time: 9 minutesLooking for popular FAQs on Docker Desktop? Check out the Docker Success Center for knowledge base articles, FAQs, technical support for subscription levels, and more.
Questions about Docker Desktop
Stable and Edge channels
Q: How do I get the Stable or Edge version of Docker Desktop?
A: You can download the Stable version of Docker Desktop from Docker Hub. To download the Edge version, see the Edge release notes.
For installation instructions, see Install Docker Desktop on Mac.
Q: What is the difference between the Stable and Edge versions of Docker Desktop?
A: Two different download channels are available in the Community version of Docker Desktop:
The Stable channel provides a general availability release-ready installer for a fully baked and tested, more reliable app. The Stable version of Docker Desktop comes with the latest released version of Docker Engine. The release schedule is synched with Docker Engine releases and patch releases. On the Stable channel, you can select whether to send usage statistics and other data.
The Edge channel provides an installer with new features we are working on, but is not necessarily fully tested. It comes with the experimental version of Docker Engine. Bugs, crashes, and issues are more likely to occur with the Edge version, but you get a chance to preview new functionality, experiment, and provide feedback as the apps evolve. Releases are typically more frequent than for Stable, often one or more per month. Usage statistics and crash reports are sent by default. You do not have the option to disable this on the Edge channel.
Q: Can I switch between Stable and Edge versions of Docker Desktop?
A: Yes, you can switch between Stable and Edge versions. You can try out the Edge releases to see what’s new, then go back to Stable for other work. However, you can only have one version of Docker Desktop installed at a time. For more information, see Switch between Stable and Edge versions.
What is Docker.app?
Docker.app
is Docker Desktop on Mac. It bundles the Docker client and Docker Engine. Docker.app
uses the macOS Hypervisor.framework to run containers, which means that a separate VirtualBox is not required to run Docker Desktop.
What are the system requirements for Docker Desktop?
You need a Mac that supports hardware virtualization. For more information, see Docker Desktop Mac system requirements.
Do I need to uninstall Docker Toolbox to use Docker Desktop?
No, you can use these side by side. Docker Toolbox leverages a Docker daemon
installed using docker-machine
in a machine called default
. Running eval
$(docker-machine env default)
in a shell sets DOCKER environment variables
locally to connect to the default machine using Engine from Toolbox. To check
whether Toolbox DOCKER environment variables are set, run env | grep DOCKER
.
To make the client talk to the Docker for Mac Engine, run the command unset
${!DOCKER_*}
to unset all DOCKER environment variables in the current shell.
(Now, env | grep DOCKER
should return no output.) You can have multiple
command line shells open, some set to talk to Engine from Toolbox and others set
to talk to Docker Desktop. The same applies to docker-compose
.
How do I uninstall Docker Toolbox?
Now that you have installed Docker Desktop, you might decide that you do not need the legacy Docker Toolbox anymore. For details on how to perform a clean uninstall of Toolbox on Mac, see How to uninstall Toolbox.
Experimental features
Experimental features provide early access to future product functionality. These features are intended for testing and feedback only as they may change between releases without warning or can be removed entirely from a future release. Experimental features must not be used in production environments. Docker does not offer support for experimental features. For more information, see Experimental features.
To enable experimental features in the Docker CLI, edit the
config.json
file and setexperimental
to enabled.To enable experimental features from the Docker Desktop menu, click Settings (Preferences on macOS) > Daemon and then select the Experimental features check box.
Questions about feedback and help
What kind of feedback are we looking for?
Everything is fair game. We’d like your impressions on the download-install process, startup, functionality available, the GUI, usefulness of the app, command line integration, and so on. Tell us about problems, what you like, or functionality you’d like to see added.
What if I have problems or questions?
You can find the list of frequent issues in Logs and Troubleshooting.
If you do not find a solution in Troubleshooting, browse issues on Docker Desktop for Mac issues on GitHub or create a new one. You can also create new issues based on diagnostics. To learn more, see Diagnose problems, send feedback, and create GitHub issues.
Docker Desktop for Mac forum provides discussion threads as well, and you can create discussion topics there, but we recommend using the GitHub issues over the forums for better tracking and response.
How can I opt out of sending my usage data?
If you do not want to send of usage data, use the Stable channel. For more information, see What is the difference between the Stable and Edge versions of Docker Desktop? in Stable and Edge channels.
How is personal data handled in Docker Desktop?
When uploading diagnostics to help Docker with investigating issues, the uploaded diagnostics bundle may contain personal data such as usernames and IP addresses. The diagnostics bundles are only accessible to Docker Inc. employees who are directly involved in diagnosing Docker Desktop issues. By default Docker Inc. will delete uploaded diagnostics bundles after 30 days unless they are referenced in an open issue on the docker/for-mac or docker/for-win issue trackers. If an issue is closed, Docker Inc. will remove the referenced diagnostics bundles within 30 days. You may also request the removal of a diagnostics bundle by either specifying the diagnostics ID or via your GitHub ID (if the diagnostics ID is mentioned in a GitHub issue). Docker Inc. will only use the data in the diagnostics bundle to investigate specific user issues, but may derive high level (non personal) metrics such as the rate of issues from it.
How can I...?
How do I connect to the remote Docker Engine API?
You might need to provide the location of the Engine API for Docker clients and development tools.
On Docker Desktop, clients can connect to the Docker Engine through a Unix
socket: unix:///var/run/docker.sock
.
See also Docker Engine API and Docker Desktop for Mac forums topic Using pycharm Docker plugin...
If you are working with applications like Apache Maven
that expect settings for DOCKER_HOST
and DOCKER_CERT_PATH
environment
variables, specify these to connect to Docker instances through Unix sockets.
For example:
export DOCKER_HOST=unix:///var/run/docker.sock
How do I connect from a container to a service on the host?
Mac has a changing IP address (or none if you have no network access). We recommend that you attach an unused IP to the lo0
interface on the
Mac so that containers can connect to this address.
For more information and examples, see I want to connect from a container to a service on the host in the Networking topic.
How do I connect to a container from Mac?
We recommend that you publish a port, or connect from another container. You can use the same method on Linux if the container is on an overlay network and not a bridge network, as these are not routed.
For more information and examples, see I want to connect to a container from the Mac in the Networking topic.
How do I add custom CA certificates?
Docker Desktop supports all trusted certificate authorities (CAs) (root or intermediate). For more information on adding server and client side certs, see Add TLS certificates in the Getting Started topic.
How do I add client certificates?
For information on adding client certificates, see Add client certificates in the Getting Started topic.
Can I pass through a USB device to a container?
Unfortunately, it is not possible to pass through a USB device (or a serial port) to a container as it requires support at the hypervisor level.
Can I run Docker Desktop in nested virtualization scenarios?
Docker Desktop can run inside a Windows 10 VM running on apps like Parallels or VMware Fusion on a Mac provided that the VM is properly configured. However, problems and intermittent failures may still occur due to the way these apps virtualize the hardware. For these reasons, Docker Desktop is not supported in nested virtualization scenarios. It might work in some cases, and not in others. For more information, see Running Docker Desktop in nested virtualization scenarios.
Components of Docker Desktop
What is HyperKit?
HyperKit is a hypervisor built on top of the Hypervisor.framework in macOS. It runs entirely in userspace and has no other dependencies.
We use HyperKit to eliminate the need for other VM products, such as Oracle VirtualBox or VMWare Fusion.
What is the benefit of HyperKit?
It is thinner than VirtualBox and VMWare fusion, and the version we include is tailor made for Docker workloads on the Mac.
Why is com.docker.vmnetd running after I quit the app?
The privileged helper process com.docker.vmnetd
is started by launchd
and
runs in the background. The process does not consume any resources unless
Docker.app connects to it, so it’s safe to ignore.


Not sure why this is even being called on chain sync, but it is. I figured out how to get "net" debug prints, then synced 2 nodes from each other locally. Watching which commands were being sent and received. For some reason, the node that was syncing was sending entire blocks back to the node being synced from. Doing a search on the entire source code and disabling the send block calls one at a time lead me here, and once this was added the problem goes away.


[§304A-2688] Limitation of authority. Notwithstanding any law to the contrary, nothing in this subpart shall be construed to authorize the board to incur any indebtedness contrary to the state constitution or to incur any indebtedness that would be required to be included in the calculation of the total indebtedness of the State. [L 2007, c 161, pt of §1]


When Bitcoin? Shift From ‘Consumer’ to ‘Institutional’ Puts BTC at the Head of the Crypto Asset Class: Report
by Daily Hodl StaffA new report from digital asset management firm CoinShares pulls data from several industry leaders to analyze the big crypto picture.
The results show that over the past 10 years since the launch of Bitcoin, the market is transitioning from “consumer” to “institutional”, opening new segments with major players.
The next evolutionary step for Bitcoin is expected to be “Bitcoin banking” with key services for clients – banking deposits, insurance, investment products, cross-border payments and sovereign currency. The timeline for this next phase is 2022 and beyond.
For consumers, Bitcoin promises more financial inclusion.
According to the report,
“Today, 3.8B people, or 50% of the world has access to the internet and 42% have access to a smart phone, and while many are participating in online communities, many users are still cut of from the global economy and financial access outside of the local areas where they reside.”
The digital reach for global payments won’t be driven by banks but by devices and social media platforms.
Major tech firms, from Facebook to Samsung to Alibaba, are expected to usher in a more pervasive digital economy as millennials align their on-demand and on-the-go habits with their money.
The expanding digital landscape is generating blockchain-based counterparts alongside traditional assets and legacy structures – with Bitcoin in the primary position.
“Comparatively, bitcoin has been volatile, but on an absolute basis, it’s outperformed every other asset class over a comparable time scale.”
The report underscores the notion that crypto is still in its early days, still has a steep learning curve and still requires more time before its core concepts catch on and consumer traction takes off, generating new opportunities.
“The internet did not kill companies. It enabled new types of companies to grow and made existing ones more agile and efficient.
Bitcoin and open financial systems will not kill financial institutions. It will enable new types of companies to grow and make existing ones more resilient.”
CoinShares launched the world’s first regulated Bitcoin investment fund. You can check out the company’s full Crypto Trends Report here.


We Rise By Lifting Others “Thousands of candles can be lighted from a single candle, and the life of the candle will not be shortened.”
Education is a battle against poverty that everyone should fight.
Think about it: Every educated person is not rich, but almost every education person has a job and a way out of poverty. So education is a fundamental solution to poverty
Every child has the right to learn.
A lack of trained teachers, inadequate learning materials, makeshift classes and poor sanitation facilities make learning difficult for many children. Others come to school too hungry, sick or exhausted from work or household tasks to benefit from their lessons. The consequences are grave: An estimated 617 million children and adolescents around the world are unable to reach minimum proficiency levels in reading and mathematics, even though two thirds of them are in school. This learning crisis is the greatest global challenge to preparing children and adolescents for life, work and active citizenship.
Poor diets damaging children’s health worldwide, warns UNICEF .
The report provides the most comprehensive assessment yet of 21st century child malnutrition in all its forms. It describes a triple burden of malnutrition: Undernutrition, hidden hunger caused by a lack of essential nutrients, and overweight among children under the age of five, noting that around the world: • 149 million children are stunted, or too short for their age, • 50 million children are wasted, or too thin for their height, • 340 million children – or 1 in 2 – suffer from deficiencies in essential vitamins and nutrients such as vitamin A and iron, • 40 million children are overweight or obese.
Student (Intern at Sparks Foundation)
Babaria Institute Of Technology


Adding data is easy! Just register and create your own profile. As soon as you have done so, you can start adding and editing data! New data can be added by clicking on the orange plus sign, which appear after you logged in. in order to change existing entries, click on the pen-icon.
Don't forget to link your data set. Each activity (service, project, event) should be linked to an actor (organization, person). But often entries can be linked to many other entries as well.


|
PX4 Firmware
PX4 Autopilot Software http://px4.io
|
#include <common.h>
Public Attributes | |
| struct { | |
| uint16_t fix: 1 | |
| 0 - true if the fix type is insufficient (no 3D solution) More... | |
| uint16_t nsats: 1 | |
| 1 - true if number of satellites used is insufficient More... | |
| uint16_t gdop: 1 | |
| 2 - true if geometric dilution of precision is insufficient More... | |
| uint16_t hacc: 1 | |
| 3 - true if reported horizontal accuracy is insufficient More... | |
| uint16_t vacc: 1 | |
| 4 - true if reported vertical accuracy is insufficient More... | |
| uint16_t sacc: 1 | |
| 5 - true if reported speed accuracy is insufficient More... | |
| uint16_t hdrift: 1 | |
| 6 - true if horizontal drift is excessive (can only be used when stationary on ground) More... | |
| uint16_t vdrift: 1 | |
| 7 - true if vertical drift is excessive (can only be used when stationary on ground) More... | |
| uint16_t hspeed: 1 | |
| 8 - true if horizontal speed is excessive (can only be used when stationary on ground) More... | |
| uint16_t vspeed: 1 | |
| 9 - true if vertical speed error is excessive More... | |
| } | flags |
| uint16_t | value |
| uint16_t estimator::gps_check_fail_status_u::fix |
0 - true if the fix type is insufficient (no 3D solution)
Definition at line 406 of file common.h.
Referenced by Ekf::gps_is_good().
| struct { ... } estimator::gps_check_fail_status_u::flags |
Referenced by Ekf::gps_is_good().
| uint16_t estimator::gps_check_fail_status_u::gdop |
2 - true if geometric dilution of precision is insufficient
Definition at line 408 of file common.h.
Referenced by Ekf::gps_is_good().
| uint16_t estimator::gps_check_fail_status_u::hacc |
3 - true if reported horizontal accuracy is insufficient
Definition at line 409 of file common.h.
Referenced by Ekf::gps_is_good().
| uint16_t estimator::gps_check_fail_status_u::hdrift |
6 - true if horizontal drift is excessive (can only be used when stationary on ground)
Definition at line 412 of file common.h.
Referenced by Ekf::gps_is_good().
| uint16_t estimator::gps_check_fail_status_u::hspeed |
8 - true if horizontal speed is excessive (can only be used when stationary on ground)
Definition at line 414 of file common.h.
Referenced by Ekf::gps_is_good().
| uint16_t estimator::gps_check_fail_status_u::nsats |
1 - true if number of satellites used is insufficient
Definition at line 407 of file common.h.
Referenced by Ekf::gps_is_good().
| uint16_t estimator::gps_check_fail_status_u::sacc |
5 - true if reported speed accuracy is insufficient
Definition at line 411 of file common.h.
Referenced by Ekf::gps_is_good().
| uint16_t estimator::gps_check_fail_status_u::vacc |
4 - true if reported vertical accuracy is insufficient
Definition at line 410 of file common.h.
Referenced by Ekf::gps_is_good().
| uint16_t estimator::gps_check_fail_status_u::value |
Definition at line 417 of file common.h.
Referenced by Ekf::get_gps_check_status().
| uint16_t estimator::gps_check_fail_status_u::vdrift |
7 - true if vertical drift is excessive (can only be used when stationary on ground)
Definition at line 413 of file common.h.
Referenced by Ekf::gps_is_good().
| uint16_t estimator::gps_check_fail_status_u::vspeed |
9 - true if vertical speed error is excessive
Definition at line 415 of file common.h.
Referenced by Ekf::gps_is_good().


|
| static void | CalculateLocation (Kinematics::Vect3D trackedPos, Kinematics::Quat trackedRot, Kinematics::Vect3D posOffset, Kinematics::Quat rotOffset, Kinematics::Vect3D &newPos, Kinematics::Quat &newRot) |
| | Knowing a position & rotation in 3D space, calculate a relative location based on offsets. More...
|
| |
| static void | GetSenseGloveOffset_Glove_Mount (bool rightHand, Finger toFinger, Kinematics::Vect3D &iPos, Kinematics::Quat &iRot) |
| | Get the position and rotation offsets to go from the glove origin to the mounted position More...
|
| |
| static void | GetSenseGloveOffset_Tracker_Mount (PosTrackingHardware hardware, bool rightHand, Kinematics::Vect3D &posOffset, Kinematics::Quat &rotOffset) |
| | Get the offset to get from the TrackedHardware to a SenseGlove mounting location. Combined with Glove-Mount offset to get the glove location. More...
|
| |
| static void | GetNovaOffset_Glove_Wrist (bool rightHand, Kinematics::Vect3D &posOffset, Kinematics::Quat &rotOffset) |
| | Returns the Offsets that will bring us from the Nova origin to the wrist position More...
|
| |
| static void | GetNovaOffset_Tracker_Glove (PosTrackingHardware hardware, bool rightHand, Kinematics::Vect3D &posOffset, Kinematics::Quat &rotOffset) |
| | Retrieves Offsets for a particular device. More...
|
| |
| static std::string | ToString (PosTrackingHardware hardware) |
| |
|
| static const std::vector< Kinematics::Vect3D > | sg_fingerToGloveOrigin_Pos |
| | Positional offset from each finger to the glove origin More...
|
| |
| static const std::vector< Kinematics::Quat > | sg_fingerToGloveOrigin_Rot |
| |
| static const Kinematics::Vect3D | sg_gloveWristOffsetPos = Kinematics::Vect3D(-20, 0, -30) |
| | Default position offset from glove origin to wrist location, in mm. More...
|
| |
| static const Kinematics::Quat | sg_gloveWristOffsetRot = Kinematics::Quat::FromEuler(0, Kinematics::Values::Deg2Rad * -5, 0) |
| | Default rotation offset from glove origin to wrist location. More...
|
| |
| static const Kinematics::Vect3D | sg_viveToAttach_Pos = Kinematics::Vect3D(0, -3.5f, -47.5f) |
| | Vive Tracker origin to Finger rotational offset More...
|
| |
| static const Kinematics::Quat | sg_viveToAttach_Rot = Kinematics::Quat::FromEuler(0, Kinematics::Values::Deg2Rad * 90, Kinematics::Values::Deg2Rad * 90) |
| | Vive Tracker origin to Finger rotational offset More...
|
| |
| static const Kinematics::Vect3D | sg_ocTouchToAttach_Pos = Kinematics::Vect3D(10.0f, -5.0f, -45.5f) |
| | Oculus Touch origin to Finger rotational offset More...
|
| |
| static const Kinematics::Quat | sg_ocTouchToAttach_Rot = Kinematics::Quat::FromEuler(Kinematics::Values::Deg2Rad * 0, Kinematics::Values::Deg2Rad * -16.6f, Kinematics::Values::Deg2Rad * 90) |
| | Oculus Touch origin to Finger rotational offset More...
|
| |
| static const Kinematics::Vect3D | nova_o_to_Wrist_Pos = Kinematics::Vect3D(-52.0f, -35.0f, -20.0f) |
| | Positional offset between Nova Glove Origin and Wrist. More...
|
| |
| static const Kinematics::Quat | nova_o_to_Wrist_Rot = Kinematics::Quat(-0.03035841f, -0.02504006f, 0.0007607661f, 0.9992251f) |
| | Rotational offset between Nova Glove Origin and Wrist. More...
|
| |
| static const Kinematics::Vect3D | nova_viveToAttach_Pos_R = Kinematics::Vect3D(-20.9f, -20.5f, -44.6f) |
| |
| static const Kinematics::Quat | nova_viveToAttach_Rot_R = Kinematics::Quat(0.03309178f, -0.6784164f, -0.2066196f, -0.7042477f) |
| |
| static const Kinematics::Vect3D | nova_viveToAttach_Pos_L = Kinematics::Vect3D(20.9f, -20.5f, -44.6f) |
| |
| static const Kinematics::Quat | nova_viveToAttach_Rot_L = Kinematics::Quat(-0.03309178f, -0.6784164f, -0.2066196f, 0.7042477f) * Kinematics::Quat::FromEuler(0, 0, Kinematics::Values::Deg2Rad * 180) |
| |
| static const Kinematics::Vect3D | nova_quest2ToAttach_Pos_R = Kinematics::Vect3D(-1.699954f, -60.29999f, 37.30003f) |
| |
| static const Kinematics::Quat | nova_quest2ToAttach_Rot_R = Kinematics::Quat::FromEuler(Kinematics::Values::Deg2Rad * -55, Kinematics::Values::Deg2Rad * 180, Kinematics::Values::Deg2Rad * 0) |
| |
| static const Kinematics::Vect3D | nova_quest2ToAttach_Pos_L = Kinematics::Vect3D(1.63424f, -60.30932f, 38.95266f) |
| |
| static const Kinematics::Quat | nova_quest2ToAttach_Rot_L = Kinematics::Quat(0.8884711f, 0, 0.0007957704f, -0.4589319f) |
| |
| static const Kinematics::Vect3D | nova_pico2ToAttach_Pos_R = Kinematics::Vect3D(3.0f, 48.67f, -26.91f) |
| |
| static const Kinematics::Quat | nova_pico2ToAttach_Rot_R = Kinematics::Quat::FromEuler(Kinematics::Values::Deg2Rad * 32.48047f, 0, 0) |
| |
| static const Kinematics::Quat | nova_pico2ToAttach_Rot_L = Kinematics::Quat::FromEuler(Kinematics::Values::Deg2Rad * -32.48047f, 0, Kinematics::Values::Deg2Rad * 180) |
| |


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Hurtigruten cruise ship makes history as it's officially launched in Antarctica
Hurtigruten's new cruise ship MS Roald Amundsen made history this week as its naming ceremony took place in Antarctica where it will sail for a host of itineraries
by Julie Delahaye, https://www.facebook.com/juliedjournoHurtigruten's new cruise ship MS Roald Amundsen has become the first cruise ship in history to be named in Antarctica.
It was a fitting setting, not only because the ship will offer itineraries across the Antarctic, but also because it was named after iconic polar explorer Roald Amundsen who led the first expeditions to the likes of the Northern Passage, the South Pole, and the first proven expedition to have reached the North Pole.
The ceremony took place in Chiriguano Bay on Brabant Island - and instead of a traditional champagne bottle, godmother Karin Strand opted for a chunk of ice.
In fact, she used the words of Roald Amundsen for the big occasion: "It is not my intention to dishonor the glorious grape, but already now you shall get the taste of your real environment.

To mark the occasion, Karin also asked for the traditional godmother gift to be replaced by a donation to Hurtigruten Foundation, a foundation specially set up to contribute to areas Hurtigruten explores.
There's no denying that the hybrid-powered ship will be offering quite the adventures for passengers.
Boasting a gross tonnage of 20,889 and a length of 140m, the ship will have heaps of glamorous features including a fully equipped Science Center, observation decks, infinity pool, panoramic sauna, wellness center, three restaurants, bars, and an Explorer Lounge.
The ship can hold up to 530 guests - 500 for sailings to Antarctica - while over 50 per cent of its cabins boast private balconies.
As for the itineraries? We're talking itineraries across Antarctica, Alaska and the Northwest Passage.
The ship uses large battery packs to support her low-emission engines, which Hurtigruten says will reduce her CO2 emissions by more than 20 per cent compared to other cruise ships of the same size.
You can find out more about MS Roald Amundsen on the Hurtigruten website.


PCRedux-package.Rd
PCRedux
package is a toolbox for the analysis of sigmoid curve (qPCR) data.
l4
An object of class list
of length 11.
In machine learning and statistics, the classification should be used to identify a new unknown observation. This observation is assigned to a number of categories. One basis is training data sets containing observations with known classes. Using the example of sigmoid amplification curves, this could be an assignment to the class "negative","ambiguous" or "positive". Basically, a number of descriptors (e. g., characteristics of curvature) are required to be able to assign classes. This package contains functions for extracting characteristics. In addition, the package contains data sets of classified amplification curves.
# Use the mblrr function to analyse amplification curves library(qpcR)#>#>#>#>#>#> #>#>#> #>#> mblrr_intercept_bg mblrr_slope_bg mblrr_cor_bg mblrr_intercept_pt #> 0.181622824 0.005868179 0.800678697 1.954160826 #> mblrr_slope_pt mblrr_cor_pt #> -0.003070031 0.000000000


--- layout: default title: How Islington Council Uses Google Earth Enterprise section_id: portfolio images: - "work-1-big.jpg" ---
See how the Borough of Islington used Google Earth Enterprise to transform multiple city operations. Everything from community interaction, maintenance and repair, to crime tracking and innovative crime prevention techniques.


- Overview of functions
- Function components
- Primitive functions
- Basics on writing functions
- Using functions with plotting
- Classes and methods (object-oriented programming)
- Storing and applying functions with
source()
Daniel Anderson
CourseR
source()
Anything that carries out an operation in R is a function. For example
3 + 5 + 7
## [1] 15
Could also be written
`+`(3, `+`(5, 7))
## [1] 15
In other words, the +
operator is itself a function that takes two arguments (both numeric), which it sums. The +
operator is an example of an infix function, which we'll discuss more later today.
Similarly, the following are the same
a <- 7
a
## [1] 7
`<-`(a, 7)
a
## [1] 7
a <- lm
data(mtcars)
summary( a(hp ~ drat + wt, data = mtcars) )
##
## Call:
## a(formula = hp ~ drat + wt, data = mtcars)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -83.873 -33.910 -12.853 9.585 171.597
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -27.782 127.992 -0.217 0.82968
## drat 5.354 25.511 0.210 0.83524
## wt 48.244 13.940 3.461 0.00169 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 53.29 on 29 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4348, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3958
## F-statistic: 11.15 on 2 and 29 DF, p-value: 0.0002552
body()
formals()
environment()
names(methods:::.BasicFunsList) # 198 primitive functions total
## [1] "$" "$<-" "["
## [4] "[<-" "[[" "[[<-"
## [7] "%*%" "xtfrm" "c"
## [10] "all" "any" "sum"
## [13] "prod" "max" "min"
## [16] "range" "is.matrix" ">="
## [19] "cosh" "cummax" "dimnames<-"
## [22] "as.raw" "log2" "tan"
## [25] "dim" "as.logical" "^"
## [28] "is.finite" "sinh" "log10"
## [31] "as.numeric" "dim<-" "is.array"
## [34] "tanpi" "gamma" "atan"
## [37] "as.integer" "Arg" "signif"
## [40] "cumprod" "cos" "length"
## [43] "!=" "digamma" "exp"
## [46] "floor" "acos" "seq.int"
## [49] "abs" "length<-" "sqrt"
## [52] "!" "acosh" "is.nan"
## [55] "Re" "tanh" "names"
## [58] "cospi" "&" "anyNA"
## [61] "trunc" "cummin" "levels<-"
## [64] "*" "Mod" "|"
## [67] "names<-" "+" "log"
## [70] "lgamma" "as.complex" "asinh"
## [73] "-" "sin" "/"
## [76] "as.environment" "<=" "as.double"
## [79] "is.infinite" "is.numeric" "rep"
## [82] "round" "sinpi" "dimnames"
## [85] "asin" "as.character" "%/%"
## [88] "is.na" "<" ">"
## [91] "Im" "%%" "trigamma"
## [94] "==" "cumsum" "atanh"
## [97] "sign" "ceiling" "Conj"
## [100] "log1p" "expm1" "("
## [103] "is.list" "switch" ":"
## [106] "=" "@" "{"
## [109] "~" "class" "class<-"
## [112] "is.function" "repeat" "UseMethod"
## [115] "untracemem" "return" "forceAndCall"
## [118] "lazyLoadDBfetch" "nargs" "proc.time"
## [121] "attr" "&&" "next"
## [124] "pos.to.env" "nzchar" "standardGeneric"
## [127] ".C" "is.logical" "is.single"
## [130] "@<-" "<-" "browser"
## [133] ".Call.graphics" "break" "oldClass<-"
## [136] "is.atomic" "attributes" "storage.mode<-"
## [139] "emptyenv" "is.integer" ".primTrace"
## [142] ".External.graphics" "substitute" "is.object"
## [145] "list" "tracemem" "invisible"
## [148] ".Primitive" "if" "enc2native"
## [151] "unclass" "is.name" "is.symbol"
## [154] "baseenv" "||" "seq_len"
## [157] "is.character" "function" "is.call"
## [160] "is.expression" "is.pairlist" ".primUntrace"
## [163] "as.call" "missing" "is.language"
## [166] "gc.time" "quote" "is.recursive"
## [169] ".subset2" "attr<-" "interactive"
## [172] ".Internal" "is.complex" "retracemem"
## [175] ".External2" "is.null" ".isMethodsDispatchOn"
## [178] "is.environment" "while" "is.double"
## [181] "for" ".cache_class" "enc2utf8"
## [184] "environment<-" "seq_along" "expression"
## [187] "is.raw" "globalenv" "on.exit"
## [190] "isS4" "oldClass" ".External"
## [193] "call" ".subset" ".Fortran"
## [196] "attributes<-" "<<-" ".Call"
pol <- function(x, power) {
z <- x^power
return(z)
}
This function takes two arguments: x
and power
, with x
being a generic
numeric vector (could be a scalar), and power being the power to which the number or vector will be raised (could also be a vector).
While the function appears (and is) simple, it is actually quite flexible.
pol(x = 2, power = 3)
## [1] 8
pol(c(3, 5, 7), 9)
## [1] 19683 1953125 40353607
pol(c(7, 1, -5, 8), c(2, 3))
## [1] 49 1 25 512
pol(c(8, 5), c(3, 5))
## [1] 512 3125
pol(8, c(5, 3, 2))
## [1] 32768 512 64
You can extract the body, formals, or environment from a function, by using the corresponding function.
body(pol)
## {
## z <- x^power
## return(z)
## }
formals(pol)
## $x
##
##
## $power
environment(pol)
## <environment: R_GlobalEnv>
environment(lm)
## <environment: namespace:stats>
formals(lm)
## $formula
##
##
## $data
##
##
## $subset
##
##
## $weights
##
##
## $na.action
##
##
## $method
## [1] "qr"
##
## $model
## [1] TRUE
##
## $x
## [1] FALSE
##
## $y
## [1] FALSE
##
## $qr
## [1] TRUE
##
## $singular.ok
## [1] TRUE
##
## $contrasts
## NULL
##
## $offset
##
##
## $...
Note that these calls will return NULL
for primitive functions.
formals(sum)
## NULL
body(sum)
## NULL
environment(sum)
## NULL
Functions do not neccessarily have to have formal arguments, but they must have a body.
a <- 7; b <- 5
f <- function() {
x <- 7 + a^2
return(x/b)
}
formals(f)
## NULL
f()
## [1] 11.2
Note: Scoping (next class) is important here.
\[\sigma = \sqrt{\frac{\Sigma(x_i - \bar{x})^2}{(n-1)}}\]
stDev <- function(x) {
num <- sum( (x - mean(x))^2 )
denom <- length(x) - 1
std <- sqrt(num / denom)
return(std)
}
This function takes one formal argument, x
, which must be a numeric vector. The body of the function is the equation, and the standard deviation is returned.
sd()
data(mtcars)
sd(mtcars$mpg); stDev(mtcars$mpg)
## [1] 6.026948
## [1] 6.026948
sd(mtcars$drat); stDev(mtcars$drat)
## [1] 0.5346787
## [1] 0.5346787
The formula for calculating the mean is
\[\bar{x} = \frac{\Sigma x_i}{n}\]
xbar
. The function must be written without using the base function mean()
.mean()
. Do the results match?xbar
. The function must be written without using the base function mean()
.xbar <- function(x) {
myMean <- sum(x)/length(x)
return(myMean)
}
mean()
. Do the results match?xbar(mtcars$mpg); mean(mtcars$mpg)
## [1] 20.09062
## [1] 20.09062
xbar(mtcars$drat); mean(mtcars$drat)
## [1] 3.596563
## [1] 3.596563
Formals = x
: a generic numeric vector
Body = myMean <- sum(x)/length(x)
, sums the generic numeric vector and
divides the result by the number of elements in the vector.
There are a few different options here. First, you could modify the function so it automatically calculates the mean from only the observed data.
xbar2 <- function(x) {
y <- na.omit(x)
myMean <- sum(y)/length(y)
return(myMean)
}
To test this, we could set some values to missing and then run the function.
v <- mtcars$mpg
# Randomly set 10 values to missing
set.seed(101) # Seed for replicability
v[sample(v, 10)] <- NA
v
## [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 NA 17.8 16.4 17.3 NA
## [15] NA NA NA 32.4 30.4 33.9 NA NA 15.2 13.3 19.2 NA 26.0 30.4
## [29] 15.8 19.7 15.0 21.4 NA
mean(v, na.rm = TRUE)
## [1] 21.19583
xbar2(v)
## [1] 21.19583
xbar3 <- function(x, miss = FALSE) {
if(miss == FALSE) {
myMean <- sum(x)/length(x)
}
else {
y <- na.omit(x)
myMean <- sum(y)/length(y)
}
return(myMean)
}
This function has two formal arguments, x
, and miss
. Notice that miss
defaults to FALSE
. This means the argument does not have to be explicitly called in the function, but it can still handle missing data, if they are present.
xbar3(mtcars$mpg)
## [1] 20.09062
xbar3(v, miss = TRUE)
## [1] 21.19583
Because else {}
was used, rather than if() {}
, any argument other than
FALSE
supplied to miss
will result in that portion of the function being evaluated.
xbar3(v, 3)
## [1] 21.19583
You may, or may not, want this type of behavior. If not, just use multiple
if() {}
statements.
xbar3 <- function(x, miss = FALSE) {
if(miss == FALSE) {
myMean <- sum(x)/length(x)
}
if(miss == TRUE) {
y <- na.omit(x)
myMean <- sum(y)/length(y)
}
return(myMean)
}
xbar3(v, 3)
## Error in xbar3(v, 3): object 'myMean' not found
return()
The return()
function does not neccessarily need to be used within functions (although it can make it a little more clear). If return()
is not used, the function will output the final expression from the function. For example, the following two functions are equivalent.
pol <- function(x, power) {
z <- x^power
return(z)
}
pol(3, 4)
## [1] 81
pol2 <- function(x, power) {
x^power
}
pol2(3, 4)
## [1] 81
If the entire function only takes one line of code, you can eliminate the brackets.
pol <- function(x, power) x^power
pol(3,4)
## [1] 81
Note that this is not close to the most important part of learning to write functions, but it can be helpful in de-bugging (especially when you start writing functions that call functions). It is also imperitive when you start writing packages, where other people are using your functions. You need to give the user some breadcrumbs so they understand why the function is not working.
Let's modify xbar2
to report a warning if missing data are removed.
xbar2 <- function(x) {
y <- na.omit(x)
if(length(y) != length(x)) {
warning("Missing data removed")
}
myMean <- sum(y)/length(y)
return(myMean)
}
xbar2(v)
## Warning in xbar2(v): Missing data removed
## [1] 21.19583
Lets modify the original xbar
function to report an error, rather than NA
,
if missing data are present.
xbar <- function(x) {
if(any(is.na(x))) {
stop("Missing data present")
}
myMean <- sum(x)/length(x)
return(myMean)
}
xbar(v)
## Error in xbar(v): Missing data present
xbar(na.omit(v))
## [1] 21.19583
catMean
, that takes a generic numeric vector, x
, and a
binary vector, bin
, and reports the mean of the numeric vector for each of the two categories. Use your xbar
function you wrote previously to calculate the means.
split()
. mtcars
data, calculating the mean of mpg
by vs
,
and the mean of disp
by am
. Then run the following two lines of code to see if the results match: tapply(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$vs, mean)
tapply(mtcars$disp, mtcars$am, mean)
catMean <- function(x, bin) {
if(length(x) != length(bin)) {
stop("Vectors are of different lengths")
}
l <- split(x, bin)
means <- c(xbar(l[[1]]), xbar(l[[2]]))
names(means) <- names(l)
return(means)
}
catMean(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$vs)
## 0 1
## 16.61667 24.55714
tapply(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$vs, mean)
## 0 1
## 16.61667 24.55714
catMean(mtcars$disp, mtcars$am)
## 0 1
## 290.3789 143.5308
tapply(mtcars$disp, mtcars$am, mean)
## 0 1
## 290.3789 143.5308
catMean(mtcars$disp, rep(c(0,1), 100))
## Error in catMean(mtcars$disp, rep(c(0, 1), 100)): Vectors are of different lengths
names
of returned vectorfact <- as.factor(rep(
c(rep("red", 3), "blue"),
length.out = nrow(mtcars))
)
catMean(mtcars$mpg, fact)
## blue red
## 21.4500 19.6375
tapply(mtcars$mpg, fact, mean)
## blue red
## 21.4500 19.6375
One of the best ways to get started with functions is by using them to plot more efficiently. For, example, let's write a function that produces a bivariate scatterplot with the regression line superimposed.
regPlot <- function(x, y, ...) {
plot(x, y, ...)
mod <- lm(y ~ x)
abline(coef(mod)[1], coef(mod)[2],
col = "blue", lwd = 2, lty = 3)
}
Now we can feed the function any two vectors and have the regression plot produced automatically. For example, let's explore the relation between car weight and horsepower.
regPlot(mtcars$wt, mtcars$hp)
regPlot <- function(x, y, ...) {
plot(x, y, ...)
mod <- lm(y ~ x)
abline(coef(mod)[1], coef(mod)[2],
col = "blue", lwd = 2, lty = 3)
}
Note the use of ...
, which is a convention used to pass additional arguments into the function. For example, here, regPlot
only has three formal arguments, but any of the plot
arguments can be called through ...
regPlot(mtcars$wt, mtcars$hp,
xlim = c(0,7),
ylim = c(0,350),
xlab = "Weight",
ylab = "Horsepower",
main = "Regression Plot"
)
d <- read.csv("./data/LSAT_theta.csv")
head(d)
## Item.1 Item.2 Item.3 Item.4 Item.5 Obs Exp z1 se.z1
## 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2.277412 -1.895344 0.7954828
## 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 2.277412 -1.895344 0.7954828
## 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 2.277412 -1.895344 0.7954828
## 4 0 0 0 0 1 6 5.860769 -1.479314 0.7960948
## 5 0 0 0 0 1 6 5.860769 -1.479314 0.7960948
## 6 0 0 0 0 1 6 5.860769 -1.479314 0.7960948
We will compute the raw score for each student, and compare the difference
between students' raw score and theta estimates from a two-parameter logistic item response theory model. In this dataset, theta values are stored in the column labeled z1
.
d$raw <- rowSums(d[ ,1:5])
head(d)
## Item.1 Item.2 Item.3 Item.4 Item.5 Obs Exp z1 se.z1 raw
## 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2.277412 -1.895344 0.7954828 0
## 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 2.277412 -1.895344 0.7954828 0
## 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 2.277412 -1.895344 0.7954828 0
## 4 0 0 0 0 1 6 5.860769 -1.479314 0.7960948 1
## 5 0 0 0 0 1 6 5.860769 -1.479314 0.7960948 1
## 6 0 0 0 0 1 6 5.860769 -1.479314 0.7960948 1
regPlot(d$raw, d$z1)
First, we'll write a function to calculate the mean and 95% bounds of the distribution (assuming a normal distribution).
mean_CI <- function(x) {
return(
data.frame(mean = mean(x),
lower = mean(x)
- 1.96*sd(x),
upper = mean(x)
+ 1.96*sd(x)
)
)
}
Next, we'll write a function to combine all the estimates into a single data frame.
all_CI <- function() {
l <- split(d, d$raw)
return(
rbind(mean_CI(l[[1]]$z1),
mean_CI(l[[2]]$z1),
mean_CI(l[[3]]$z1),
mean_CI(l[[4]]$z1),
mean_CI(l[[5]]$z1),
mean_CI(l[[6]]$z1)
)
)
}
The all_CI()
function is not really neccessary. We could do the same thing through the use of a loop (with sapply()
). We'll discuss loops beginning the class after next. But quickly
l <- split(d, d$raw)
means <- sapply(l, function(x) {
mean_CI(x$z1)
})
means
## 0 1 2 3 4 5
## mean -1.895344 -1.414632 -0.9516479 -0.4654806 0.04203435 0.6063524
## lower -1.895344 -1.519195 -1.055081 -0.5919605 -0.0863043 0.6063524
## upper -1.895344 -1.310069 -0.8482147 -0.3390007 0.170373 0.6063524
means <- t(sapply(l, function(x) {
mean_CI(x$z1)
}))
means
## mean lower upper
## 0 -1.895344 -1.895344 -1.895344
## 1 -1.414632 -1.519195 -1.310069
## 2 -0.9516479 -1.055081 -0.8482147
## 3 -0.4654806 -0.5919605 -0.3390007
## 4 0.04203435 -0.0863043 0.170373
## 5 0.6063524 0.6063524 0.6063524
First, calculate means
means <- all_CI()
means
## mean lower upper
## 1 -1.89534389 -1.8953439 -1.8953439
## 2 -1.41463210 -1.5191948 -1.3100694
## 3 -0.95164795 -1.0550812 -0.8482147
## 4 -0.46548058 -0.5919605 -0.3390007
## 5 0.04203435 -0.0863043 0.1703730
## 6 0.60635243 0.6063524 0.6063524
regPlot(d$raw, d$z1,
type = "n",
main = "Theta Distributions by
Raw Score",
xlab = "Raw",
ylab = expression(theta),
cex.lab = 1.5)
segments(x0 = 0:5, y0 = means$lower,
x1 = 0:5, y1 = means$upper,
lwd = 1.5)
width <- 0.03
segments(x0 = 0:5 - width,
y0 = means$lower,
x1 = 0:5 + width,
y1 = means$lower)
segments(x0 = 0:5 - width,
y0 = means$upper,
x1 = 0:5 + width,
y1 = means$upper)
points(x = 0:5, y = means$mean,
pch = 21,
bg = "aquamarine3",
cex = 1.2)
x
, and returns a
factor with 5 levels: Quintile1, Quintile2, Quintile3, Quintile4, and Quintile5. As the names of the levels suggest, you are essentially splitting the the continuous variable into quintiles. Hint: You will likely want to use the quantile()
and ifelse()
functions.cars
data, and create quintile variables for mpg
, hp
, and
drat
.mpg
variable by cyl
(be careful about your
variable naming conventions so you can distinguish them).catQ <- function(x) {
qs <- quantile(x, seq(.2, .8, .2))
q1 <- ifelse(x <= qs[1], 1, 0) # less or equal to 20th ptile
q2 <- ifelse(x > qs[1] & x <= qs[2], 2, 0) # > 20th, <= 40th
q3 <- ifelse(x > qs[2] & x <= qs[3], 3, 0) # > 40th, <= 60th
q4 <- ifelse(x > qs[3] & x <= qs[4], 4, 0) # > 60th, <= 80th
q5 <- ifelse(x > qs[4] , 5, 0) # > 80th
m <- cbind(q1, q2, q3, q4, q5)
f <- factor(rowSums(m),
levels = 1:5,
labels = paste0("Quintile", 1:5))
return(f)
}
d <- read.csv("./data/cars.csv")
qs <- quantile(d$mpg, seq(.2, .8, .2))
qs
## 20% 40% 60% 80%
## 15.20 17.92 21.00 24.08
q1 <- ifelse(d$mpg <= qs[1], 1, 0)
q2 <- ifelse(d$mpg > qs[1] & d$mpg <= qs[2], 2, 0)
q3 <- ifelse(d$mpg > qs[2] & d$mpg <= qs[3], 3, 0)
q4 <- ifelse(d$mpg > qs[3] & d$mpg <= qs[4], 4, 0)
q5 <- ifelse(d$mpg > qs[4] , 5, 0)
m <- cbind(q1, q2, q3, q4, q5)
head(m)
## q1 q2 q3 q4 q5
## [1,] 0 0 3 0 0
## [2,] 0 0 3 0 0
## [3,] 0 0 0 4 0
## [4,] 0 0 0 4 0
## [5,] 0 0 3 0 0
## [6,] 0 0 3 0 0
f <- factor(rowSums(m),
levels = 1:5,
labels = paste0("Quintile", 1:5))
head(f)
## [1] Quintile3 Quintile3 Quintile4 Quintile4 Quintile3 Quintile3
## Levels: Quintile1 Quintile2 Quintile3 Quintile4 Quintile5
d$mpg_q <- catQ(d$mpg)
d$hp_q <- catQ(d$hp)
d$drat_q <- catQ(d$drat)
head(d)
## model mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
## 1 Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4
## 2 Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0 1 4 4
## 3 Datsun 710 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1 1 4 1
## 4 Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1 0 3 1
## 5 Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8 360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0 0 3 2
## 6 Valiant 18.1 6 225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1 0 3 1
## mpg_q hp_q drat_q
## 1 Quintile3 Quintile2 Quintile4
## 2 Quintile3 Quintile2 Quintile4
## 3 Quintile4 Quintile1 Quintile4
## 4 Quintile4 Quintile2 Quintile2
## 5 Quintile3 Quintile4 Quintile2
## 6 Quintile3 Quintile2 Quintile1
cyl
l <- split(d, d$cyl)
l[[1]]$mpg_qBYcyl <- catQ(l[[1]]$mpg)
l[[2]]$mpg_qBYcyl <- catQ(l[[2]]$mpg)
l[[3]]$mpg_qBYcyl <- catQ(l[[3]]$mpg)
d2 <- rbind(l[[1]], l[[2]], l[[3]])
head(d2)
## model mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
## 3 Datsun 710 22.8 4 108.0 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1 1 4 1
## 8 Merc 240D 24.4 4 146.7 62 3.69 3.190 20.00 1 0 4 2
## 9 Merc 230 22.8 4 140.8 95 3.92 3.150 22.90 1 0 4 2
## 18 Fiat 128 32.4 4 78.7 66 4.08 2.200 19.47 1 1 4 1
## 19 Honda Civic 30.4 4 75.7 52 4.93 1.615 18.52 1 1 4 2
## 20 Toyota Corolla 33.9 4 71.1 65 4.22 1.835 19.90 1 1 4 1
## mpg_q hp_q drat_q mpg_qBYcyl
## 3 Quintile4 Quintile1 Quintile4 Quintile1
## 8 Quintile5 Quintile1 Quintile3 Quintile2
## 9 Quintile4 Quintile2 Quintile4 Quintile1
## 18 Quintile5 Quintile1 Quintile5 Quintile5
## 19 Quintile5 Quintile1 Quintile5 Quintile4
## 20 Quintile5 Quintile1 Quintile5 Quintile5
cyl
d$mpg_qBYcyl <- unlist(
sapply(
split(d, d$cyl), function(x) catQ(x$mpg)
)
)
head(d)
## model mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb
## 1 Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4
## 2 Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0 1 4 4
## 3 Datsun 710 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1 1 4 1
## 4 Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1 0 3 1
## 5 Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8 360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0 0 3 2
## 6 Valiant 18.1 6 225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1 0 3 1
## mpg_q hp_q drat_q mpg_qBYcyl
## 1 Quintile3 Quintile2 Quintile4 Quintile1
## 2 Quintile3 Quintile2 Quintile4 Quintile2
## 3 Quintile4 Quintile1 Quintile4 Quintile1
## 4 Quintile4 Quintile2 Quintile2 Quintile5
## 5 Quintile3 Quintile4 Quintile2 Quintile4
## 6 Quintile3 Quintile2 Quintile1 Quintile5


JavaScript is not Ruby
Or, how JavaScript helped me to understand Ruby
This week at DBC we started learning JavaScript. I made a game with JS that was actually fun to make. But in the process it became clear that JavaScript and Ruby are very different. In this post I want to go into some of those differences, and how JS helped me to better understand Ruby.
JS objects are very easy to read. Here is one:
var ganon = { shield: 0, sword: 0, superpower: false, hits_taken: 0, success: false };
This is the "ganon" object from my game. It has a real-world feel to it: it's named "ganon", and has various properties that could be set to any value (not just integers or boolean values).
Contrast this with a Ruby hash:
ganon = { "shield" => 0, "sword" => 0, "superpower" => false, "hits_taken" => 0, "success" => false }
BUT, I have not yet seen a Ruby hash like this. (All of the hashes I have seen so far look like databases, not objects.) Why? Because in Ruby the objects are class objects. That is why the only Ruby hashes I have encountered so far have been database-type hashes, not object-type hashes. Ruby's class objects are the equivalent of JavaScript's objects. Thus the comparison with JS objects and Ruby hashes is a little like comparing apples to oranges. Basically they both start and end with {} and can both be made to hold similar data types (like above), but no one would use a Ruby hash to do this since that would defeat the purpose of Ruby classes and class objects. Because Ruby has classes and class objects, Ruby hashes have been relegated to holding database-type information.
On another note, I got a big takeaway from JS objects. Because all of the properties are put in an object that has a real-world name, it feels much more intuitive, at least to me. This actually helps me to use Ruby hashes in the future; now I understand that hashes could be used in a similar fashion, which helps me going forward. But, I also understand that using a Ruby hash in this way would undercut the power of Ruby classes and class objects. Thus, JS objects have also helped me understand how to better utilize Ruby classes and class objects.
Ruby is very powerful, but it is not as intuitive as JS in this area. The Ruby classes and class objects sort of hide the properties of objects, or at least distribute those properties around to different places, making it more difficult to "see" the object. Let me put it this way. Here is a Ruby class with the ganon info, and an edit to that info:
class Player #this is class that will be used to create ganon object attr_accessor :shield, :sword, :superpower, :hits_taken, :success def initialize @shield = 0 @sword = 0 @superpower = false @hits_taken = 0 @success = false end end ganon = Player.new #this creates new ganon object ganon.shield = 100 #this changes ganon shield value to 100
Here is the same thing in JavaScript:
var ganon = { //this creates new ganon object shield: 0, sword: 0, superpower: false, hits_taken: 0, success: false }; ganon.shield = 100 //this changes ganon shield value to 100
In JS the ganon object properties are very clearly connected to the ganon object. But in Ruby the class and the class object are separated a little bit, which makes it not as intuitive.
Maybe it's just me, but seeing JavaScript objects has helped me better understand the role of Ruby classes and class objects. And Ruby hashes.
That is all for now!


|
SimpleITK
1.1.0
|
This document contains common conventions that SimpleITK filters, and objects follow. It is intended to describe the interfaces that users should use and developers should implement. If a method or class does not specify different behavior or default values then those described here, it should be assumed that it follows the following conventions.
Dimensional Vectors must contain at least the number of elements as the dimensions of the image, elements beyond the image's dimension will be truncated.
The SimpleITK image class can contain 2 or 3 dimensional images. In ITK proper, certain types such as indexes, points, and sizes are templeted over the image dimensions. In SimpleITK we utilize the variable length std::vector for these types, so that non-templeted calls can wrap ITK's templeted image class. These types are called Dimensional Vectors. If a dimensional vector's length is less that the dimension of the image, an exception will be generated when converted to the ITK type. If there are extra elements in the dimensional vector these values will be ignored.
Image access is in x,y,z order, GetPixel(x,y,z) or image[x,y,z], with zero based indexing.
The default mask image type is a scalar image of sitkUInt8 or uint8_t pixels. The default values are 0 and 1, with 1s representing the mask.
These defaults are for filter which create masks such as thresholding, and certain other segmentation filters. Additionally, these are the defaults for the binary morphology filters, so that they can easily be applied after segmentation. This choice makes many mask manipulations easier. For example, "masking" an image ( scalar or vector ) is simply a matter of multiplying by a mask an image. Additionally, the set of { 0, 1 } pixels is closed under the logical Boolean operators.
The order of the procedural parameters should be with the most frequently modified parameters at the beginning of the parameter list. While the last parameter, may be ones that the user does not need to set or are infrequently used.
Matrices are represented as a single dimensional vector with the entries in row major order. The vector represents the matrix
The dimensionality (2D or 3D) and pixel type (sitkUInt8, sitkFloat64...) of images is required to be the same for most methods that receive multiple images as input.
The ImageRegistrationMethod only supports images with sitkFloat32 and sitkFloat64 pixel types.
Casting an image's pixel type into another is done with the SimpleITK Cast() function.
If not explicitly stated otherwise, then filter parameters are the same default values as those in ITK proper.


默认Alert（INFO）
警告类型的Alert
危险类型的Alert
成功类型的Alert
别理我
允许关闭
Alert!
Danger alert preview. This alert is dismissable. A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these
sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart.
Alert!
Danger alert preview. This alert is dismissable. A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these
sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart.


Sports can be a stress reliever for you because it will help your mind get rid of all of your problems that stresses you out. It can be a stress reliever by helping you get distraceted from the everyday problems you have. It can also help your stress because it can keep you active. So, sports can your stress and you can also have fun and stay in shape.
Basketball can be beneficial to you in many ways. It can help you work on your teamwork and communication with other people. Basketball can help you use strategies to help you and your teammates. Basketball can aslo be beneficial to you because it can help you with your social communication skills because it can help you talk and be comfortable with the people you around you.
Baseball can help you in many ways by getting you in shape and also have fun doing it. It can also help your eyesight because the ball is going at you in a blink of an eye and it can help you find controll of the ball. It can also help your reaction time and help you be aware of your surrondings. It can also be beneficial to you by communicatin with your team and help you improve your teamwork and get you to know and help your teammates. Therefore, baseball can help you in many ways because it can help you communicate with other people, help you with your teamwaork skills, helps you get rid of your stress and have fun while doing it, and can help your eyesight and your mind.


This document explains some of AngularJS's security features and best practices that you should keep in mind as you build your application.
Email us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>to report any potential security issues in AngularJS.
Please keep in mind the points below about Angular's expression language.
Like any software library, it is critical to keep AngularJS up to date. Please track the CHANGELOG and make sure you are aware of upcoming security patches and other updates.
Be ready to update rapidly when new security-centric patches are available.
Those that stray from Angular standards (such as modifying Angular's core) may have difficulty updating, so keeping to AngularJS standards is not just a functionality issue, it's also critical in order to facilitate rapid security updates.
AngularJS's expressions are sandboxed not for security reasons, but instead to maintain a proper
separation of application responsibilities. For example, access to window
is disallowed
because it makes it easy to introduce brittle global state into your application.
However, this sandbox is not intended to stop attackers who can edit the template before it's processed by Angular. It may be possible to run arbitrary JavaScript inside double-curly bindings if an attacker can modify them.
But if an attacker can change arbitrary HTML templates, there's nothing stopping them from doing:
<script>somethingEvil();</script>
It's better to design your application in such a way that users cannot change client-side templates.
For instance:
$scope.$eval
In general, we recommend against this because it can create unintended XSS vectors.
However, it's ok to mix server-side templating in the bootstrap template (index.html
) as long
as user input cannot be used on the server to output html that would then be processed by Angular
in a way that would allow for arbitrary code execution.
For instance, you can use server-side templating to dynamically generate CSS, URLs, etc, but not for generating templates that are bootstrapped/compiled by Angular.
Whenever your application makes requests to a server there are potential security issues that need to be blocked. Both server and the client must cooperate in order to eliminate these threats. Angular comes pre-configured with strategies that address these issues, but for this to work backend server cooperation is required.
Protection from XSRF is provided by using the double-submit cookie defense pattern. For more information please visit XSRF protection.
Protection from JSON Hijacking is provided if the server prefixes all JSON requests with following string ")]}',\n"
.
Angular will automatically strip the prefix before processing it as JSON.
For more information please visit JSON Hijacking Protection.
Bear in mind that calling $http.jsonp
, like in our Yahoo! finance example,
gives the remote server (and, if the request is not secured, any Man-in-the-Middle attackers)
instant remote code execution in your application: the result of these requests is handed off
to the browser as regular <script>
tag.
Strict Contextual Escaping (SCE) is a mode in which AngularJS requires bindings in certain contexts to require a value that is marked as safe to use for that context.
This mode is implemented by the $sce
service and various core directives.
One example of such a context is rendering arbitrary content via the ngBindHtml
directive. If the content is
provided by a user there is a chance of Cross Site Scripting (XSS) attacks. The ngBindHtml
directive will not
render content that is not marked as safe by $sce
. The ngSanitize
module can be used to clean such
user provided content and mark the content as safe.
Be aware that marking untrusted data as safe via calls to $sce.trustAsHtml
, etc is
dangerous and will lead to Cross Site Scripting exploits.
For more information please visit $sce
and $sanitize
.
There are various places that the browser can store (or cache) data. Within Angular there are objects created by
the $cacheFactory
. These objects, such as $templateCache
are used to store and retrieve data,
primarily used by $http
and the script
directive to cache templates and other data.
Similarly the browser itself offers localStorage
and sessionStorage
objects for caching data.
Attackers with local access can retrieve sensitive data from this cache even when users are not authenticated.
For instance in a long running Single Page Application (SPA), one user may "log out", but then another user may access the application without refreshing, in which case all the cached data is still available.
For more information please visit Web Storage Security.


Classes vs. Ids
Is there a difference?
29th March, 2015
The first time I came across Classes and ID's in HTML/CSS code I though they were the same thing. Most people do think that even though its not true! The basic function of both Classes and ID's is to help people creating website better define tags. Since there are only a hand full of tags such as "a, h1-6, p, div, section" amoung few more, it gives the creator better and exact ways to difine these tags in order to change its properties using CSS. The only and biggest difference between Classes and ID's is that the same class can be used multiple times in the HTML code. Just think about a class in a elementry school. There are many students in 1 class ex: Bob, Sarah, Tim, Jon ...etc. So that one class can be used by many students at the same time. On the other hand if you look at ID's, they are unique and therefore only 1 ID can exist for each student. Therefore ID's are more specific but are used for the same function as the class. Some of the common and best practices when it comes to using Classes or ID's is that we only use ID's when we are defining something that will only be used once. Some things that "Moscovitz" suggests you ask before you select Classes or ID's are : 1) What function does the elements serve? 2) Are there other elements that server similar functions? 3) Are there other websites that use elements for the same purposes? If you are able to clearly define those three things you will be able to pick the correct choice between Classes and ID's.


Already Joined Courses
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Course's Summary
Show
{{coursesResult.Name}} : {{coursesResult.Scored}} %
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To add a vendor to a group type Vendors Name and what products are being supplied
The address is also required, example of address Street/House Number, Street Name, Town/City, County
| Name | Supplies | Address | Created at | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{vendor.name}} | {{vendor.supplies}} | {{vendor.location.address}} | {{vendor.created_at | date:'yyyy-MM-dd'}} |


flash cs5 viper download
Adobe Flash CS5 Feature | FlashBannerOnline
Nov 13, 2009 . When you save a Flash CS5 file, Viper will now save an XML-based . 1 Import video as progressive download, or place the FLVPlayback .
http://blog.flashbanneronline.com/2009/11/adobe-flash-cs5-feature/
Adobe Flash CS5 Viper New Feature Notes
Sep 25, 2009 . Adobe Flash CS5 Viper New Feature Notes - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. For more info visit .
http://www.scribd.com/doc/20184136/Adobe-Flash-CS5-Viper-New-Feature-Notes
User:TandemAdam/Flash - NUI Group Community Wiki
Nov 6, 2009 . There are a large number of code libraries for download all across the internet. Since ActionScript 3 was released, the . Adobe Flash CS5 Professional, 11, 2010-04, Flash Player 11 (?) Actionscript 3, Viper. Adobe Flash CS4 .
http://wiki.nuigroup.com/User:TandemAdam/Flash
Things You'll Need
- Certified copies of public records evidence in your case
Instructions
-
-
1
FOTB 09 Day 1 - Wired World
They treated us with a sneak peak of Flash CS5, codenamed Viper, and it looks . feel free to download his slideshow at the companion site for Learning Flash .
http://www.wiredportfolio.com/blog/?p=203Adobe Community: Extension Manager CS5 not recognizing installed Flash
Path = /Applications/Adobe Viper/Adobe Flash CS5.app. Display Name = Adobe . The instructions and download URL can be found from .
http://forums.adobe.com/message/3722935 -
2
A sneak peak at Flash CS5 - Mobile Phone | ThinkDigit News
Sep 22, 2009 . The next version of Flash CS5, dubbed "Viper", brings support for one of . Also included in Flash CS5 will be a Snippets panel, making it easier for . Video Players, Audio Players, Download Managers, DVD Burning Tools .
http://www.thinkdigit.com/General/A-sneak-peak-at-Flash-CS5_3457.htmlAdobe (Macromedia) Flash CS2 Professional space - FREE ... - Soft82
Internet Download Manager . Adobe (Macromedia) Flash CS5 Professional. Adobe Flash is the industry's most advanced authoring environment for creating .
http://www.soft82.com/free/adobe-macromedia-flash-cs2-professional-space/ -
-
3
What happened to the Flash CS5 beta?
Dec 18, 2009 . I want to make it clear that the Flash team is painfully aware of the . Hah, after watching your Flash CS5 video I went right to adobe labs to download the beta and I was like. . Flash CS5 [Viper] Preview | ZeroSeven Labs .
http://www.leebrimelow.com/what-happened-to-the-flash-cs5-beta/ -
4
Flash « i2fly
Mar 8, 2011 . Building Mobile Applications with Adobe Flash Professional CS5: . Palm's press release states that developers can expect to download a free . Richard Galvan gave us our first sneak peak of Viper Flash Professional CS5.
http://blog.i2fly.com/?tag=flashAdobe to officially unveil Creative Suite 5 for Mac April 12
Mar 23, 2010 . Flash CS5, codenamed Viper, marks a new strategy for adobe in . The company said more than 350,000 users have downloaded the first .
http://appleinsider.com/articles/10/03/23/adobe_to_officially_unveil_creative_suite_5_for_mac_april_12
-
1
References
Resources
- Photo Credit Justice image by MVit from characters in growing pains


ant-util project is collection of Ant utilities for stand-alone Ant environment and maven-antrun-plugin environment.
<mvnpath>
<mvnpathelement dependency="a_group_id:an_artifact_id:1.2.3" />
</mvnpath>
<mvnproperty
name="propName1"
value="propValue1" />
<mvnproperty
dependency="com.google.gwt:gwt-dev:2.4.0" />
After that, you can obtain the actual path by inquiring ${com.google.gwt:gwt-dev:jar}
as if the com.google.gwt:gwt-dev:2.4.0 dependency had been defined in the dependency
section of your project's pom.xml.
servers
element of Maven global or user settings file and store user name and decrypted password
to properties.
<mvnservercreden serverid="test_ds1" />
That mvnservercreden tag performs reading user name and password for test_ds1 server
element from default Maven settings file (default to ${user.home}/.m2/settings.xml and
${M2_HOME}/conf/settins.xml) and store user name and decrypted password to
test_ds1.username and test_ds1.password Maven properties (as well as Ant properties).
<javaext classname="some.name.of.ClassToExecute">
<jvmargext>
-Xmx768m -Xss4M
-javaagent:${agent_path}=nbjdk=JDK6u24;profile=java;
-Xbootclasspath:${some_path}
</jvmargext>
<argext>
-Dmulti-line-arg1=argext1 -Dmulti-line-arg2=argext2
-Dmulti-line-arg3=${arg3_value}
</argext>
...
</javaext>
<junitext fork="yes" printsummary="yes"
showoutput="true" haltonfailure="yes">
<jvmargext>
-Xmx256m -Xdebug
-Xrunjdwp:transport=dt_socket,server=y,suspend=y,address=${debug_port}
</jvmargext>
<syspropext>
gwt.args=-standardsMode -war ${war_dir} -logLevel WARN
java.awt.headless=true
gwt.devjar=${com.google.gwt:gwt-dev:jar}
java.util.logging.config.file=test/com/gwetons/client/devMode.logging.properties
</syspropext>
...
</junitext>


|
Simbody
3.5
|
These functions are overloaded to act on SimTK scalar types and C++ built-in types, including integral types when appropriate. More...
Modules | |
| Elliptic integrals | |
| Elliptic integrals arise occasionally in contexts relevant to us, particularly in geometric calculations involving ellipses or ellipsoids. | |
| Smoothed step functions | |
| Functions stepUp(), stepDown() and stepAny() provide smooth, S-shaped step functions that are useful for "softening" abrupt transitions between two values. | |
| clamp(), clampInPlace() | |
| Limit a numerical value so that it does not go outside a given range. | |
| cube() | |
| y=cube(x) returns the cube of the argument for any numeric type, integral or floating point. | |
| isFinite() | |
| isFinite(x) provides a reliable way to determine if x is a "normal" floating point number, meaning not a NaN or +/- Infinity. | |
| isInf() | |
| isInf(x) provides a reliable way to determine if x is one of the two infinities (either negative or positive). | |
| isNaN() | |
| isNaN(x) provides a reliable way to determine if x is one of the "not a
number" floating point forms. | |
| isNumericallyEqual() | |
| isNumericallyEqual(x,y) compares two scalar types using a tolerance (default or explicitly specified) and returns true if they are close enough. | |
| sign() | |
| s=sign(n) returns int -1,0,1 according to n<0, n==0, n>0 for any integer or real numeric type, unsigned 0 or 1 for any unsigned argument. | |
| square() | |
| y=square(x) returns the square of the argument for any numeric type. | |
These functions are overloaded to act on SimTK scalar types and C++ built-in types, including integral types when appropriate.


This is a bubble plot illustrates the relationship between wind speed and latitude. According to this plot, we can see that the wind speed is spreading pretty evenly in 5-20 mph. However, it seems that wind speed is faster in higher latitude.


In the current 70-year-old-or-so world of electrically amplified and manipulated music,
acoustic instruments thrive on the basis of their simplicity and 'purity'(as suggested by a few rightwing
acoustic music advocates!). Does the natural timbre of a musical instrument excite you? Well
we have just the event for you: Pearl Jam. Come, join us as we unplug, and play music the way it
used to be, back in those days; days, which have produced no less legendary artists than now.
RULES :
Team Strength: 2-9 members
Time Limit: 15 minutes (including setup). 5% of marks will be deducted for every extra minute taken.
1. Only acoustic instruments are allowed. All the same, acoustic-electric guitars are allowed (for
solely amplification purposes).
2. A drum kit, an electric bass guitar and a keyboard will be provided, but the keyboard should be
used in the Grand Piano Mode only.
3. Teams will be judged on the basis of the impact of their song selection and their overall
synchronisation.
4. The decision of the judges shall be in all cases, final and binding.
Contact:
Rohit -<PHONE_NUMBER>
Vishnu -<PHONE_NUMBER>
Indian music is the soul and heart of music in India as we know it. To live in India is to hum along
with Kishor Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar from the past while singing along to Shaan, Shankar
Mahadevan and A.R. Rahman from the present. This is the place where movies without an original
music score are an oddity. This is the place where Chak-de-India, a movie track, can become an
anthem for a whole nation. This is the place where music literally touches a billion hearts. Are you
one of them artists? Can you make the crowd go wild to your music? Then this is where you should
be.
Team Strength - 3-12 per team.
Time Limit - 20 minutes including sound check. 5% of marks will be deducted for every extra minute
taken.
Rules: 1. Teams are required to perform in any Indian language.
2. Original compositions/Medleys are allowed. For Original Compositions, lyrics must be submitted
beforehand.
3. One Drum Kit, one Electric Guitar, one Electric Bass, one Keyboard and one Tabla set will be
provided.
4. Teams will be judged on the basis of originality, chemistry and impact.
CONTACT:
Julius -<PHONE_NUMBER>
Vyom -<PHONE_NUMBER>
Do you feel tearful as you watch a sobbing Simba in the Lion King, whilst the powerful music plays?
Does the background score of Dark Knight send your heart racing? Do you think you have it in you to
be a Zimmer or an A.R Rahman? Do you think your music can add the X-factor to a simple video? If
so, this is just the place for you.
RULES:
1. Video clippings will be given a few days prior to the competition.
2. Teams have to choose one clipping and compose an instrumental theme which they feel suits the
setting of the video.
3. The teams will perform their theme on the day of the competition along with the video.
4. One drum kit, an electric guitar, a keyboard, a bass guitar and one table set will be provided.
5. Each team can perform a maximum of two themes for the clipping they choose.
6. Team size: 1-5
Here is the list of the videos for the participants to choose from:
Please Note:
1. The participants have to pick only one video.
2. Atmost two themes can be composed.
3. MIDI is also allowed.
Video1:
An inspirational video
Video2:
A bicycle ride
Video3:
A whacky Stick Fight
CONTACT
Vamsee -<PHONE_NUMBER>
Adithya -<PHONE_NUMBER>
India is a land of cultures, and music has been in our history books as long as we can remember.
Raga and Taal have shaped the culture of India from times forgotten, with greats, such as Tansen
from Akbar's court to Pandit Ravishankar from the 21st century, keeping the flames alive. If you
think you've mastered your vocal chords, or your instruments in this beautiful discipline, then show
us your talents in Gandhaara. This Pearl, celebrate the joy of being a Classical musician in BITS Pilani,
Hyderabad Campus.
Team Strength - Solo
Time limit - 5-15 minutes
1. This is an Indian classical solo event. Participants are expected to STRICTLY perform classical
pieces only.
2. There will be two rounds:
First - The participant will have to perform a kriti of their own choice in the given time limit.
Nerval and KalpanaSwaram will be awarded extra points.
Second - Participants from the first round will be shortlisted to the second round. This round will be
on the discretion of the judge. The participant will be given one raga in which they have to perform .
Contact:
Sindhuja -<PHONE_NUMBER>
Amrith -<PHONE_NUMBER>
Everyone's a good bathroom singer. But if you have the confidence to get out of the mold and be the
next Sonu Nigam or Janis Joplin, then Jhankaar is the perfect stage for you to get off to a flying start! Packed with challenges to test your versatility and passion for music, Jhankaar is not something to
be missed.
BE THERE.
Team Strength - Solo
1. This participants will be judged on vocal quality & versatility.
2. Participants are allowed to sing English/Hindi songs ONLY.
3. The event has 2 rounds. Preliminary and finals
4. PRELIMINARY ROUND
a) Time per contestant - 5 minutes including setup
b) This round will happen to a closed group of members from the Music Club.
c) A maximum of ONE accompaniment/accompanist or a karaoke is allowed.
d) Only one vocal mic and a lineout will be provided.
e) In case of the karaoke track, it has to be submitted to the event organiser beforehand.
f) No extra time tuning of the instruments or any other reason will be provided.
g) Shruti box is permitted.
5. FINALS
a) 8-10 participants will compete in the finals
b) Participants have to sing 2 songs out of the following 4 genres: semi classical, folk,
melody or fast beat. The selected songs should be of different genres and sung in the
given time of 10 minutes (for both songs together).
c) Decision of the judges will be final.
CONTACT
Rhythm -<PHONE_NUMBER>
Aparajita -<PHONE_NUMBER>


THE SIXTH SENSE (1999) Directed by M. Night Shyamalan Review © 1999 Scott J. Promish
At the start of THE SIXTH SENSE, Dr. Malcolm Crowe (Bruce Willis), an award-winning child psychologist, is confronted in his bedroom by an intruder who turns out to be a severely disturbed former patient. The young man, angry that Crowe was unable to help him, shoots him after some ranting and then turns the gun on himself.
Cut to `the next fall.' Crowe's current case is a young boy named Cole (Haley Joel Osment). Cole is a lonely outsider, considered a freak at school. He seems to have hallucinations, and he later confides to Crowe that he sees the ghosts of people who don't know they're dead yet. Crowe throws himself full into his work, determined to make up for his previous failure. In the process, he loses touch with his wife, who has not only stopped speaking to him, but who is having an affair with a coworker.
THE SIXTH SENSE is being marketed as a horror film but it's barely a thriller. There's nothing scary in the film; just a few minor, clumsily-executed gross-outs (LAWN DOGS' Mischa Barton dripping puke; well I guess if she suddenly appeared in my bedroom like that I'd be frightened too.) Worse, nothing happens to move the story forward. The characters are bores and there is no development in themselves or in their relationships with each other. The picture is drab and dull, both visually and because of the flat performances.
Having grown up on ‘The Twilight Zone' and ‘Alfred Hitchcock Presents', I've always been fond of twist endings, and the one that caps off THE SIXTH SENSE is good if not completely new. But it fails to be the revelation it should have been. By the time it arrived I was so numb from the rest of the picture that it had almost no impact. What's more, it offers no resolution to the main story of the film. No one is better or worse off than they were at the start. For a film that felt so long to sit through, it's a frustrating disappointment.
[Review written 8/7/99]
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


sevenbridges-python documentation!¶
sevenbridges-python is a Python library that provides an interface towards SevenBridges/CGC public API.
It works with Python versions 2.6+ and supports Python 3.
The Seven Bridges Platform is a cloud-based environment for conducting bioinformatic analyses. It is a central hub for teams to store, analyze, and jointly interpret their bioinformatic data. The Platform co-locates analysis pipelines alongside the largest genomic datasets to optimize processing. It allocates storage and compute resources on demand, to meet the needs of ever-growing analyses.


Underscore Temporary Tests
A page for temporary speed tests, used for developing faster implementations of existing Underscore methods.


@(phase: String)
@import helper._
@import b3.vertical.fieldConstructor
@main {
Submission Phase
@b3.form(routes.configSysController.update()) {
@if(phase == "OPEN") {
The submission phase is open. Click to close the submission phase.
Close the submission phase
} else {
The submission phase is closed. Click to open the submission phase.
Open the submission phase
}
}
}


knife node list list of every node in every environment
knife search "*" -a packages Installed packages for every machine
knife search "*" -a kernel.release Kernel version
knife search "*" -l | grep password Secrets
knife data bag list find more data
knife data bag show ssl certs find more data
knife ssh "*" <command> Arbitrary SSH commands (will prompt for SSH auth)


Stanford has a deferred rush policy, meaning that formal rush happens at the beginning of Spring quarter. Freshmen are not allowed to rush until the beginning of Spring quarter, while non-freshman are allowed to rush any of the three quarters.
Historically, the rush process at Stanford consists of about 3 rush nights per chapter leading up to an invite-only off-campus rush retreat. Bids are extended after this retreat by the following Monday.
If you are a freshman wanting more information about rush at Stanford, or an upperclassmen wanting to inquire about informal rush in either the Fall or Spring, we encourage you to drop a line to our president at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Otherwise, be sure to check this page closer to the Spring to see what we got planned for our rush events this year!


I like data, community, and climate justice
Recent Work
Origins of a Self-build Dream
I want to build a house.
Self-build Concept Model
Draft concept model and floor plans for a 2 story house.
Boston Heat Map
Mapping extreme heat in Boston with citizen science.