SAY ANYTHING A film review by Jeff Meyer Copyright 1989 Jeff Meyer
Speaking for myself, I really enjoy a good romantic comedy, heavy on the romantic side. Unfortunately, there aren't too many good examples of that genre leaning towards the romantic. It is a credit to John Cusack that he stars in the only two that really come to mind over the last five years: THE SURE THING, and now SAY ANYTHING.  What is amazing -- what is truly amazing -- about this film is that it is able to nurture the spirit of romance in a setting that never forsakes its hold The Way Things Work to keep the romantic plot going. Nothing less than hope for frustrated romantics everywhere....
The film opens with Cusack's character graduating from high school. He's living with his sister (played by Cusack's real-life sister Joan in an uncredited role) with only two things certain in his mind: that he enjoys kick-boxing, and that he has fallen in love, from afar, with the the most brilliant graduate in his graduate class, played by Ione Skye, who hardly knows him from Adam. Skye has just found out that she's won a prestigious fellowship to study in England starting in the next fall; she is delighted -- almost as delighted as her doting, affectionate father, played by John Mahoney.
Cusack's character is hardly a scholar (though his honesty and good nature alone make him exceptional), but he manages to generate enough uneasy courage to ask Skye's character to go out with him to a graduation party. She, in turn, gets the chance to encounter a (wonderfully accurate) group of people she has gone to school with for three years, separated from by her exceptional scholarship. And she finds herself liking Cusack's character very much....
This is one of those rare films where the plot could have fallen into the ruts of cliche at almost any point, but through superior direction, writing and acting, scrapes off the layers of cinematic reworkings and literally shines. John Mahoney's character could so easily have degenerated into the parent-who-thinks-boyfriend-no-good role, but he's witty and imaginative; he affection and friendship with his daughter are immediately endearing, and if he dislikes Cusack's character because of the threat he sees to his daughter's future, you can also see his occasional delight with the special character Cusack plays. Cusack, Skye and Mahoney's characters are all wonderfully written and acted, but the other exceptional point of this film is how well the smaller roles are created and performed. The three girls who are Cusack's closest friends are a delight, like ducats found on the side of the road during a pleasant journey. They are funny without being absurd, and telling without being preachy or sounding artificial. Indeed, it is amazing how much character the creative team is able to develop in so small a time. Joan Cusack can't have more than a minute and a half in this film, but she manages to create a harried, worried, loving sister during that time.
Get the message? One of the two or three best films I've seen this year (and that includes the entire SIFF). Don't take the chance that you'll miss it: see it now.
Moriarty, aka Jeff Meyer INTERNET<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Manual UUCP: {uw-beaver, sun, hplsla, thebes, microsoft}!fluke!moriarty
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Acknowledgments
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I was born and raised in St. Louis Missouri, but my roots go all over the world and looking for a new place to call home. St. Louis is the biggest small town there is. Looking to travel and find a new place to make my roots while I have the opportunity to start all over again.
My passion lies with Art and Music. I’ve recently been turned onto Travel drawing and new techniques used to capture a scene, place and people with a limited amount of supplies. I may even combine hiking and bike riding with some travel drawing and looking for unique destinations to capture with my travel drawing kit.
I started learning to play guitar, and I have enjoyed what I have learned and even have started some song writing. So, welcome to my journey and my page and let’s see how I grow and learn new and exciting things (like building websites). Ready to come along?


Welcome
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When
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Where
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Who
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Checking Wallet...
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Dine Tab!
But can I come AND afford it?
LETS FIND OUT!


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Hi, I'm Pat. I make software. I do full stack but I lean towards the backend. I also make pies and play trumpet. That usually doesn't happen at my desk though.
I'm currently a software engineer in Chicago helping people look awesome in some great clothes.
I like the things that challenge me. I got into programming because it challenged the very way I thought, and there are always new problems to face. Honestly I'm much more interested in making giant robots, but I've been told that those are 'impractical' and 'physically impossible due to the
limits of modern material engineering'. So I'll settle for coding.
I also like to go outside occasionally to bike, run, swim, or frolf. I have also been known to play video games, trumpet, and D&D. Things I'm currently reading about are Statistics and Data Science because math is fun.
I am an advocater of the Keep It Simple, Silly (KISS) method. Not all problems have simple solutions, but the mark of a great programmer is the ability to convey the solution in a simple manner so others can understand it. If you win the lottery tomorrow, will others be able to maintain your code? Will you be able to read your own code in a year? 6 months from now? 3 weeks from now?
Good comments, clear code, and well organized programs help me sleep at night.
If smoke signals or carrier pigeons aren't your thing,
you can reach me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If they are your thing, I tend to look at the eastern sky at precisely 6:32pm daily and I have an allotted space for bird roosting (formerly known as my neighbor's car).
Want to take a look at my resume?
My github?
Or maybe you just want my linkedin profile?


The United States Energy Information Administration (EIA) offers thousands of free data sets publicly, and they can all be found on their website here. I believe that each of the datasets can be downloaded as a CSV, however there is also an option to access the data through the EIA API. Today, I will be working with some data that I manually downloaded from the EIA website with generator level information. A future post may address how to use the EIA API to programatically get the data.
library(tidyverse)
library(readxl)
library(here)
Using readxl
we can easily import the data downloaded from EIA.
As you can see there are a ton of variables in this data. Since we plan on doing an analysis of added and lost capacity we will only need a few.
# Units that began operation in 2018
operable2018 <- operable %>%
filter(`Operating Year` == 2018) %>%
transmute(`Plant Code`,
`Nameplate Capacity (MW)`,
`Energy Source 1`,
status = 1)
# Units that retired in 2018
retired2018 <- retired %>%
filter(`Retirement Year` == 2018) %>%
transmute(`Plant Code`,
`Nameplate Capacity (MW)`,
`Energy Source 1`,
status = 0)
all_data <- bind_rows(operable2018, retired2018) %>%
left_join(plant, by = "Plant Code") %>%
rename(plant_code = `Plant Code`,
nameplate = `Nameplate Capacity (MW)`,
energy_source = `Energy Source 1`,
ba = `Balancing Authority Code`)
Joining the plant capacity and fuel data with balancing authority information will give an idea of what regions were impacted most by additions and retirements. Some minor data manipulation is needed in order to create a stacked bar chart.
all_data <- all_data %>%
mutate(capacity = if_else(status == 1,
nameplate,
-nameplate))
Creating the first ggplot
all_data %>%
ggplot(aes(ba, capacity, fill = energy_source)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "stack")
Not very pretty. Some easy changes could be made to improve the plot quickly. Let’s set a universal theme and reclassify some of the energy sources, while focusing on the major ISO/RTO regions in the United States.
theme_set(theme_minimal())
coal <- c("ANT", "BIT", "LIG", "SGC", "SUB", "WC", "RC")
petrol <- c("DFO", "JF", "KER", "PC", "PG", "RFO", "SGP", "WO")
other_gas <- c("BFG", "OG")
other_renew <- c("OBL", "SLW", "BLQ", "WDL", "LFG", "OBG")
all_data2 <- all_data %>%
mutate(source_recode = case_when(
energy_source %in% coal ~ "Coal",
energy_source %in% petrol ~ "Petroleum Products",
energy_source %in% other_gas ~ "Other Gas",
energy_source %in% other_renew ~ "Other Renewables",
energy_source == "NG" ~ "Natural Gas",
energy_source == "SUN" ~ "Solar",
energy_source == "WND" ~ "Wind",
energy_source == "GEO" ~ "Geothermal",
energy_source == "WAT" ~ "Hydro",
energy_source == "NUC" ~ "Nuclear",
TRUE ~ "Other"
))
all_data2 %>%
ggplot(aes(fct_reorder(ba, capacity, sum), capacity, fill = source_recode)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "stack") +
theme(
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1)
)
Lots of capacity was added in regions that we don’t have BA codes for. If we drop those areas, we will get a better idea of which Balancing areas had capacity additions/losses.
all_data2 %>%
filter(ba != "NA") %>%
ggplot(aes(fct_reorder(ba, capacity, sum), capacity, fill = source_recode)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "stack") +
theme(
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1)
) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::comma)


--- layout: page title: "XML Media Types" description: "This specification standardizes three media types - application/xml, application/xml-external-parsed-entity, and application/xml-dtd - for use in exchanging network entities that are related to the Extensible Markup Language (XML) while defining text/xml and text/xml-external-parsed-entity as aliases for the respective application/ types. This specification also standardizes the '+xml' suffix for naming media types outside of these five types when those media types represent XML MIME entities." ---
| Document Name: | RFC 7303 |
|---|---|
| Document URI: |
urn:ietf:rfc:7303
|
| Online Version: |
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7303
|
| Organization: | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) |
| Series: | Request for Comments (RFC) |
| Abstract: | This specification standardizes three media types - application/xml, application/xml-external-parsed-entity, and application/xml-dtd - for use in exchanging network entities that are related to the Extensible Markup Language (XML) while defining text/xml and text/xml-external-parsed-entity as aliases for the respective application/ types. This specification also standardizes the '+xml' suffix for naming media types outside of these five types when those media types represent XML MIME entities. |
application/xml
,
application/xml-dtd
,
application/xml-external-parsed-entity
+xml
Return to ( Series | Organization | all Specifications )


set timelab on|off
This command turns on/off the display of the time label for sreen and printed output.
on
set timelab
set grads


{{#schools}}
{{name}}
{{#departments}}
{{id}}
{{code}}
{{name}}
{{/departments}}
{{/schools}}
{{name}}
{{getDeptCode department_id}}
{{number}}
{{formatCredits min_credits max_credits}}
{{description}}
{{#sections}}
Section {{name}}
{{instructors}}
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Public Member Functions | |
| def | __init__ |
| def | addHosts |
| def | start |
| def | setname |
| def | waitall |
| def | request_task |
| def | relinquish_task |
| def | call |
| def | kill |
| def | send |
| def | maybeRecv |
| def | recv |
Public Attributes | |
| tid | |
| slaveFile | |
| ntasks | |
| tasks | |
| idle | |
| hosts | |
| splitTasksEvenly | |
Static Public Attributes | |
| int | tid = -1 |
| dictionary | tasks = {} |
| list | idle = [] |
| string | slave = "" |
| int | ntasks = 0 |


9 Threading
This chapter is devoted to threads, locks and
condition variables.
9.1 The Program
The following program creates twice as many output threads as there are cores in the machine.
Each output thread generates ten times a hello message in its main function OutputThreadMain().
The program has also an output collector class whose Run() method is also run in a thread.
The output threads insert their output lines to the end of the collector's outputLines list
by calling the output collector's WriteLine() method.
The collector's outputLines member variable is an ordinary List<string>,
that is not synchronized by default. Therefore we need a lock object, outputLock, that
synchronizes access to the outputLines list by using lock statements.
After an output thread has added its message to the end of the outputLines list it also notifies a
condition variable outputAvailableOrExiting, that wakes up the output collector.
The output collector removes messages from the head of the outputLines list, prints them to the console,
and goes back to sleep waiting for more lines to output or exiting variable to become true.
It may happen that many output threads manage to insert their output to the output lines before the collector wakes up,
so that there may be more output lines than collector wake ups, so the collector empties the list each time it wakes up.
The main function of the program consists of starting the output collector thread and the output threads,
then waiting that the output threads end, and finally signaling the exiting condition to the collector and
waiting that the collector thread ends.
9.2 Output
Here's the output of the program when run on my machine, that has four cores:
> cminor run assembly/debug/threads.cminora
1: hello 0 from thread 1
2: hello 0 from thread 0
3: hello 0 from thread 2
4: hello 0 from thread 5
5: hello 0 from thread 3
6: hello 0 from thread 4
7: hello 1 from thread 1
8: hello 1 from thread 2
9: hello 1 from thread 4
10: hello 1 from thread 3
11: hello 1 from thread 5
12: hello 2 from thread 3
13: hello 2 from thread 4
14: hello 2 from thread 2
15: hello 2 from thread 5
16: hello 3 from thread 3
17: hello 3 from thread 5
18: hello 3 from thread 2
19: hello 2 from thread 1
20: hello 4 from thread 5
21: hello 3 from thread 4
22: hello 1 from thread 0
23: hello 4 from thread 3
24: hello 5 from thread 5
25: hello 4 from thread 4
26: hello 2 from thread 0
27: hello 5 from thread 4
28: hello 4 from thread 2
29: hello 3 from thread 0
30: hello 0 from thread 6
31: hello 5 from thread 3
32: hello 3 from thread 1
33: hello 6 from thread 4
34: hello 1 from thread 6
35: hello 6 from thread 3
36: hello 4 from thread 1
37: hello 6 from thread 5
38: hello 7 from thread 4
39: hello 4 from thread 0
40: hello 5 from thread 1
41: hello 0 from thread 7
42: hello 5 from thread 2
43: hello 2 from thread 6
44: hello 8 from thread 4
45: hello 1 from thread 7
46: hello 7 from thread 5
47: hello 3 from thread 6
48: hello 2 from thread 7
49: hello 6 from thread 2
50: hello 9 from thread 4
51: hello 8 from thread 5
52: hello 6 from thread 1
53: hello 3 from thread 7
54: hello 4 from thread 6
55: hello 7 from thread 1
56: hello 9 from thread 5
57: hello 7 from thread 3
58: hello 7 from thread 2
59: hello 4 from thread 7
60: hello 8 from thread 1
61: hello 8 from thread 2
62: hello 8 from thread 3
63: hello 5 from thread 7
64: hello 9 from thread 1
65: hello 9 from thread 3
66: hello 5 from thread 0
67: hello 6 from thread 7
68: hello 9 from thread 2
69: hello 5 from thread 6
70: hello 6 from thread 6
71: hello 7 from thread 7
72: hello 6 from thread 0
73: hello 7 from thread 0
74: hello 8 from thread 7
75: hello 7 from thread 6
76: hello 8 from thread 0
77: hello 8 from thread 6
78: hello 9 from thread 7
79: hello 9 from thread 0
80: hello 9 from thread 6


[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
I/O aufs storage system and
bottleneck
buffered I/O, redirectors and
ICAP (Internet Content Adaptation Protocol)
icmpRecv, debugging and
icon_directory directive
ICP (Internet Cache Protocol)
2nd
clients cache_peer directive
icp_port directive
multicast ICP
HTCP and
multicast
clients
example
servers
neighbor caches and
netdb and
reply processing
requests
server, Squid as
stale responses, icp_hit_stale directive
ICP queries, access controls and
icp_access ACL
icp_access directive
icp_hit_stale directive
2nd
ICP_MISS_NOFETCH
icp_port directive
2nd
Squid as ICP server
icp_query_timeout directive
2nd
ident ACL elements
ident ACL type
ident_lookup_access directive
2nd
3rd
access.log and
ident_regex ACL type
ident_timeout directive
ie_refresh directive
ignore_unknown_nameservers directive
in-transit objects, memory
2nd
incoming_dns_average directive
incoming_http_average directive
incoming_icp_average directive
info, cache manager page
init.d scheme, boot scripts
initializing cache directories
inodes
2nd
installation compiled programs
Cygwin
pinger program
intercache communication
interception caching
benefits and disadvantages
configuration and
device configuration
FreeBSD and
HTTP
debugging
proxy authentication and
IPFilter, NetBSD
layer four switches and
Linux systems
OpenBSD
operating systems and
io, cache manager page
IP addresses access controls and, request denial and
ACLs
IP packet filtering software
ipcache, cache manager page
ipcache_high directive
ipcache_low directive
ipcache_size directive
IPFilter
interception caching, NetBSD
ipfw (filtering software)
iptables (filtering software)
IRCache (Information Resource Caching)
|


| INCIDENTALS | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Adults, youth & children | Up to ${{maxIncidentals|number:'1.2-2'}} maximum per person (incl. PST) * |
NOTE: To be issued when evacuees have not been able to pack necessities.
May include miscellaneous items such as personal hygiene products, laundry supplies, pet food and lodging, and other immediate needs as required.
The Emergency Management BC (EMBC) Emergency Coordination Centre must be consulted when extraordinary requirements are needed to provide for immediate needs 1-800-663-3456.


softwareindex is a framework that enables a number of metrics relating to software to be gathered and displayed.


Supreme Court of India: Hindus to Get Ayodha with Alternate Land For Muslims
India’s Supreme Court has ruled that disputed religious ground should be possessed by Hindus with alternate land for Muslims.
DETAILS TO FOLLOW
India’s Supreme Court has ruled that disputed religious ground should be possessed by Hindus with alternate land for Muslims.
DETAILS TO FOLLOW


Credits
The following sets forth attribution notices for third party software that may be contained in portions of the Mapwize mobile application. We thank the open source community for all of their contributions.-
Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-
Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
Angular
The MIT License
Copyright (c) 2010-2015 Google, Inc. http://angularjs.org
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Async
Copyright (c) 2010-2014 Caolan McMahon
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Cordova
Copyright Apache Cordova
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the “License”); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an “AS IS” BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
Ionic
Copyright 2015-present Drifty Co. http://drifty.com/
MIT License
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Leaflet
Copyright (c) 2010-2015, Vladimir Agafonkin Copyright (c) 2010-2011, CloudMade All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS “AS IS” AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
Lodash
Copyright 2012-2015 The Dojo Foundation http://dojofoundation.org/ Based on Underscore.js, copyright 2009-2015 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors http://underscorejs.org/
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Mapbox
© Mapbox https://www.mapbox.com/about/maps/
ngCordova
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2014 Drifty
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Open Street Map
© OpenStreetMap http://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright
PhoneGap Plugin BarcodeScanner
The MIT License
Copyright (c) 2010 Matt Kane
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


This image processing project was another fun, creative project in JavaScript using the p5.js library, also inspired by YouTube channel The Coding Train! In this project, I implemented the Floyd-Steinberg Dithering algorithm. This is an algorithm used in image compression and quantization. It helps produce more visually pleasing results for images with smaller sizes or limited color spaces.
The algorithm itself can be split into two parts. The first is color quantization. Color quantization is the process of reducing the number of unique colors in an image by 'quantizing' colors into a set of predetermined choices. This can be useful for showing images on devices that can only display a limited number of colors or for efficient image compression.
However, the process of quantization can produce output images that are visually displeasing or significantly different from the original image, as in the example below.
That's where dithering comes in. Dithering is the process of spreading quantization error across nearby pixels to blend color blocks together and make images easier on the eye. When combined with quantization, dithering can produce visually similar output images with many fewer colors. Below are the same two images, this time, dithered!
Algorithmically, the most interesting part of this process is determining the optimal limited color palette for a given image. There are many complex ways to go about it; I chose to implement one of the most common algorithms, called median cut. Generally, median cut is used to split a set of data of any number of dimensions into a series of smaller sets by repeatedly splitting the set at its median along the longest dimension. In the case of color quantization, this means splitting the set of all of the pixels in the image at the median with respect to the color 'dimension' with the largest range. Repeating this process N times produces 2^N subsets of pixels. Taking the average of each of these subsets gives 2^N colors that generally represent the original color space of the image.
In practice, I noticed that median cut tends to overrepresent the colors with the highest volume in the image and ignore colors that only appear in small amounts. To solve this issue, I made a modification to the algorithm, based on some quick research. I modified the cut point to be further towards the side with the larger difference between its average color and the median color. I found that cutting at the median of the less represented side, instead of at the median of the entire set, ensured that the resulting color palette included more of the 'smaller' colors in the image. With that, my optimized median cut was complete!


Every sector has their responsibility to use water with care and abstain from waste, and the festival industry is no exception. If we translate the current water usage of DGTL into percentages, we start with the total amount of water used. Can you guess how much hereof goes to toilets?


Gunmen storm Adamawa university, kidnap professor
by Ibrahim AbdulazizGunmen Thursday night stormed Modibbo Adamawa University of Technology (MAUTECH), Yola, and kidnapped a professor, T Illesanmi of the Department of Urban and Regional Planning.
A witness, Na’omi Baba, said the gunmen seized the don at the university’s main campus and whisked him away.
Confirming the incident, police spokesperson in the state, Sulaiman Nguroje, said the police were on the trail of the kidnappers.
“We received a distress call around midnight on Thursday that the professor was kidnapped right inside the professor’s quarters in the university.
“We immediately deployed our intelligence unit to the area and are working to ensure that the culprits are arrested and the victim rescued,” Mr Nguroje said.
Recently, a professor in the same university, Adamu Zata, was kidnapped by unknown gunmen. About a year earlier, Mr Zata had also been kidnapped and released after payment of a N2 million ransom.
The family of Mr Zata reportedly paid another N2 million ransom before he was released from his second abduction.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block title %} Contact {% endblock %} {% block content %} Tell us what you think: Please send us some feedback via the form below ... Name: Email: Message: Submit » {% endblock %}
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Try out our Premium Member services: Virtual Legal Assistant, Query Alert Service and an ad-free experience. Free for one month and pay only if you like it.
REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4225 OF 2009 (Arising out of SLP (Civil) No. 14906 of 2009) Jantia Hill Truck Owners Association .... Appellant Versus Shailang Area Coal Dealer and Truck Owner Association and others .... Respondents WITH CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 4226-4227 OF 2009 (Arising out of SLP (Civil) Nos. 15450-15451 of 2009) [CC Nos. 9222-9223/2009] Ms. Mem Julet Passah ... Appellant Versus Shailang Area Coal Dealer and Truck Owner Association and others .... Respondents WITH 2 CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4228 OF 2009 (Arising out of SLP (Civil) No. 15452 of 2009) [CC No. 9224/2009] Shri Mylliemngaph ..... Appellant Versus Shailang Area Coal Dealer and Truck Owner Association and others .... Respondents AND CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4229 OF 2009 (Arising out of SLP (Civil) No. 15454 of 2009) [CC NO. 9231/2009] Shri Trinspil K. Sangma ..... Appellant Versus Shailang Area Coal Dealer and Truck Owner Association and others .... Respondents JUDGMENT
S.B. SINHA, J. .
1. Leave granted.
2. This batch of appeals arise out of a judgment and order dated 23rd June, 2009 passed by a Division Bench of the Gauhati High Court at Guwahati whereby and whereunder the Memorandum dated 11th 3 September, 2003 issued by the Government of Meghalaya purported to be in terms of Section 138 (2)(b) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (for short `the Act') was held to be illegal and a writ of or in the nature of mandamus was issued directing the Government of Mehalaya to make Rules in exercise of its powers thereunder.
3. The basic fact of the matter is not in dispute.
Several writ petitions were filed before the High Court alleging that trucks carrying cargo in the State of Meghalaya are compelled to pay substantial amounts to various entites at innumerable points who broadly fall under four categories - (1) persons operating weighbridges on various terms and conditions stipulated by the State of Meghalaya ; (2) the local tribal chiefs known as Sylems and Sardars ; (3) the authorities implementing the provisions of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and (4) the Police officers of the State of Meghalaya.
The Sylems and Sardars being the local tribal chiefs, admitted establishment of such toll gates and collection of monies from the cargo carrying vehicles asserting customary rights in them therefor and which are said to be protected by Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India and the laws made by the District Council thereunder. 4
Indisputably a batch of the writ petitions including the connected appeals relating to the right of Sylems and Sardars who established Toll Gates and collection of monies by them, had been heard in part by the High Court.
5
It is also not in dispute that various interim orders were passed in the said pending mattes. The Gauhati High Court, however, took up for hearing a batch of six matters in regard to the legality of collection of monies by the operators of the weighbridges in the State of Meghalaya opining that the purported grievances made 6 in the other writ petitions relating to establishment of toll gates and collection of monies by other agencies could be determined later. Checkgates on:
Shallang- Riangdo-Athiabari Road (Meghalaya portion of the Road)
1. Shallang Area Labour Association - Rs.50/-
At Kyllon-Mathei
2. Western Hills Weigh Bridge - Rs.250/-
(On Challan-Rs.30/- Actual charge is more at Nongdaju)
3. Nongstoin Syiemship Checkgate at - Rs.400/-
4. Nongstoin Syiemship Checkgate at - Rs.100/-
5. MVI not a Checkgate but persons kept by - Rs.1000/-
this MVI at Athiabari (No slip)
6. Sirdar of Riangsih Checkgate at Myndo - Rs.100/-
7. Sirdar of Jyrgam Checkgate at Tynghor - Rs.100/-
8. Smoke-Testing Checkgate at Kamrangshi - Rs.65/-
On slip actually
collected
Rs.250/-
9. Pollution under control at Athiabari - Rs.65/-
on slip actually
collected
Rs.250/-
10. D. Shira Weighbridge at Athiabari - No slip
Average per
truck Rs.1000/-
11. Police - Rs.400/-
O.C.Hahim P.S. (No slip/
Challan)
12. R.H. Weigh Bridge at Hahim - Rs.500/-
13. Automobile Smoke Emission Testing - Rs.250/- (not
Station near Hahim Bazar mentioned on
slip)
14. J.K. Rabha Weigh Bridge at Mauman - Rs.500/-
15. Smoke Testing at Mauman - Rs.250/-
16. Smoke Testing at Haldipara - Rs.250/-
Total - Rs.5330/-
7
4. We may, at the outset also place on record that in the writ petition filed by the respondent - Shallang Area Coal Dealer and Truck Owner Association 16 points at which the driver/owners of the trucks are subjected to extortionate payments exacted without any authority of law were mentioned which are as under :-
5. The prayers in the said writ petition read as under :-
"In the premises aforesaid, it is most respectfully prayed that this Hon'ble Court may be graciously pleased to issue Rule calling upon the respondents to show cause as to why a writ of mandamus shall not be issued directing stoppage of collection of illegal tolls and subjection of weighment and "smoke testing" more than once on public roads in Assam and Meghalaya with immediate effect and as to why all illegal check gates including the gates where the trucks are subjected to weighment and "smoke testing" more than once wherein such toll collection takes place shall not be dismantled."
6. The writ petitioner-respondent, however, directly or indirectly did not question the validity or otherwise of the aforementioned Memorandum dated 11th September, 2003.
7. The State of Meghalaya in its counter-affidavit filed before the High Court inter alia stated :-
8
"5. That with regard to the statement made in paragraphs 2, 3 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the petition your deponent denies the same and states that the Members of the Petitioner's Association have not made any complaint before the concerned Police Station or any other Respondent Authority regarding any illegal collection of tolls/ extortion as alleged in the petition. It may also be stated that so far illegal collection of tolls by the Respondent No. 6 is concerned; no Motor Vehicle Inspector has been posted in the Check gates as mentioned in the petition. As such illegal collection or extortion by the said person from the Members of the Petitioner's Association does not arise. The statements made in the petition are general statements containing wild allegations and the same are vague in nature. Whenever, any such complaint was received by the authority regarding any collection of illegal tolls, necessary steps were taken in the matter by the District Administration."
8. Before the High Court, however, on a query made by the Court, the learned Advocate General for the State of Meghalaya inter alia contended that check posts have been established and fees are being collected without framing any Rules and in terms of the said Memorandum.
9. By reason of the impugned judgment the High Court while recognizing that weighbridges can be established in terms of the Act but in absence of any Rules framed in this behalf no fee can be collected. The State of Meghalaya does not prefer any appeal thereagainst uptil now.
9
10. The appellants were not parties before the High Court.
11. Mr. Ranjit Kumar, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellants would contend that the appellants have preferred these appeals against the impugned judgment because in absence of any valid receipt granted to them by the authorized weighbridge owners, they would not be permitted to carry on inter-state transport business and thus their right under Article 301 of the Constitution would be violated.
12. Mr. A. Sarma, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent-writ petitioner, however, would support the impugned judgment.
13. Before adverting to the question involved in these appeals, we may place on record the relevant part of the said Memorandum dated 11th September, 2003 laying down the procedures required to be followed by the Transport Department for granting permission for installation and operation of weighbridges for commercial and regulatory purposes. They read as under :-
"1. This procedure shall be followed by the Transport Department for granting of permission of installation and operation of Weigh Bridge for commercial and regulatory purposes.10
8. For the weighment of vehicles fees may be charged at a rate fixed by the Transport Department.
9. The weighment of vehicles, whenever and wherever it becomes necessary in connection with any of the affairs of any of the Departments of the State shall be done at the weighbridges installed under these directions/ procedure and in keeping with the relevant provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.
10. Whenever _________ under these provisions a certificate of the weight of the vehicle shall be issued by or under the authority of the Transport Department and the same shall be taken cognizance of by all Government authorities/ Departments.
14. Fees shall be paid at the rate fixed by Government for each application for permission and for renewal of permission. All fees under these provisions shall be paid into the concerned Treasury and credited in the relevant Head of Account.
15. This Office Memorandum shall also apply and be binding on all the other weighbridges set-up on or before notification of this Office Memorandum.
17. These orders shall remain in force till the finalization and approval of the Rules for installation, Regulation, and Operation of weighbridges in Meghalaya."
14. Indisputably an interim order was passed on 11th June, 2008 directing stoppage of collection of monies from the truck owners/drivers by the various local tribal chiefs. Pursuant thereto or in furtherance thereof the Deputy Commissioner, West Khasi Hills, District of 11 Meghalaya issued an order dated 20th February, 2009 directing the said persons to remove/stop all the illegal Toll gates/Check gates/Weigh Bridge on public roads and stop collection of illegal tolls therein immediately within one week from the date of issue of the said letter.
15. Writ petitions were filed thereagainst and a learned Single Judge of the High Court kept the said stay order in abeyance during the pendency of the writ petitions. Writ appeals preferred thereagainst are pending before the Division Bench of the High Court.
16. As indicated heretobefore although various questions were raised in the writ petitions filed by the Association of the Coal Dealers and Truck Owner as also by tribal chiefs, the High Court thought it fit not to go into other questions except the one involved in these appeals.
17. It is not in dispute that the Act in unequivocal terms provides to specify among other things the weight which a carrier of a given description may carry. The said provisions are necessary not only for construction and maintenance of road but also to prevent accidents.
18. The Act provides for registration of the Motor Vehicles in terms of the provisions contained in Chapter IV of the Act. Section 41 prescribes that an application therefor is required to be accompanied by such documents, particulars and information and shall be made within such 12 period as may be prescribed by the Central Government. In terms of Section 58 of the said Act, the Central Government is authorized to notify the gross vehicle weight, and axle weight of certain types of transport vehicles.
Sub-section (3) of Section 113 of the Act prohibits any person to drive or cause or allow to be driven in any public place any motor vehicle
- (a) the unladen weight of which exceeds the unladen weight specified in the certificate of registration and (b) the laden weight of which exceeds the gross vehicle weight specified in the certificate of registration.
19. Section 114 of the Act, which is relevant for our purpose, reads as under:-
"114. Power to have vehicle weighed. (1) Any officer of the Motor Vehicles Department authorised in this behalf by the State Government shall, if he has reason to believe that a goods vehicle or trailer is being used in contravention of section 113,] require the driver to convey the vehicle to a weighing device, if any, within a distance of ten kilometres from any point on the forward route or within a distance of twenty kilometres from the destination of the vehicle for weighment; and if on such weighment the vehicle is found to contravene in any respect the provisions of section 113 regarding weight, he may, by order in writing, direct the driver to off-load the excess weight at his own risk and not to remove the vehicle or trailer from that place until the 13 laden weight has been reduced or the vehicle or trailer has otherwise been dealt with so that it complies with section 113 and on receipt of such notice, the driver shall comply with such directions.
(2) Where the person authorised under sub- section (1) makes the said order in writing, he shall also endorse the relevant details of the overloading on the goods carriage permit and also intimate the fact of such endorsement to the authority which issued that permit."
20. Section 138 of the said Act empowers the State Government to make rules. Sub-section 2(b) thereof states that such rules may provide for "the installation and use of weighing devices".
Section 194 of the said Act reads as under :-
"194. Driving vehicle exceeding permissible weight. (1) Whoever drives a motor vehicle or causes or allows a motor vehicle to be driven in contravention of the provisions of section 113 or section 114 or section 115 shall be punishable with minimum fine of two thousand rupees and an additional amount of one thousand rupees per tonne of excess load, together with the liability to pay charges for off-loading of the excess load.
(2) Any driver of a vehicle who refuses to stop and submit his vehicle to weighing after being directed to do so by an officer authorised in this behalf under section 114 or removes or causes the removal of the load or part of it prior to weighing shall be punishable with fine which may extend to three thousand rupees."14
Section 211 of the Act provides for power to levy fee.
It reads :-
"211. Power to levy fee.
Any rule which the Central Government or the State Government is empowered to make under this Act may, notwithstanding the absence of any express provision to that effect, provide for the levy of such fees in respect of applications, amendment of documents, issue of certificates, licences, permits, tests, endorsements, badges, plates, countersignatures, authorisation, supply of statistics or copies of documents or orders and for any other purpose or matter involving the rendering of any service by the officers or authorities under this Act or any rule made thereunder as may be considered necessary:
Provided that the Government may, if it considers necessary so to do, in the public interest by general or special order, exempt any class of persons from the payment of any such fee either in part or in full."
Section 212 provides for publication, commencement and laying of rules and notifications. Sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) thereof read as under:-
"212. Publication, commencement and laying of rules and notifications.15
(1) The power to make rules under this Act is subject to the condition of the rules being made after previous publication.
(2) All rules made under this Act shall be published in the Official Gazette, and shall unless some later date is appointed, come into force on the date of such publication.
(3) Every rule made by any State Government shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made before the State Legislature."
21. We may at this juncture also notice the provisions of Section 23 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 which reads :-
23. Provisions applicable to making of rules or bye-laws after previous publication.- Where, by any (Central Act) or Regulation, a power to make rules or bye-laws is expressed to be given subject to the condition of the rules or bye-laws being made after previous publication, then the following provisions shall apply, namely:-
(1) the authority having power to make the rules or bye-laws shall, before making them, publish a draft of the proposed rules or bye-laws for the information of person likely to be affected thereby.
(2) the publication shall be made in such manner as that authority deems to be sufficient, or, if the condition with respect to previous publication so requires, in such manner as the (Government concerned) prescribed.
(3) there shall be published with the draft a notice specifying a date on after which the draft will be taken into consideration.16
(4) the authority having power to make the rules or bye-laws , and where the rules or bye-laws are to be made with the sanction, approval or concurrence of another authority, that authority also, shall consider any objection or suggestion which may me received by the authority having power to make the rules or bye-laws from any person with respect to the draft before the date so specified.
(5) the publication in the (Official Gazette) of a rule or bye-law purporting to have been made in exercise of a power to make rules or bye-laws after previous publication shall be conclusive proof that the rule or bye-law has been duly made."
22. The core question which arises for consideration in these appeals is as to whether the State Government is empowered to issue any executive order in respect of the matters required to be prescribed by Rules.
23. Article 162 of the Constitution of India in unequivocal terms provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of the State has power to make laws. Such executive powers having regard to the Rule of Executive Business are framed in terms of Article 166. Clause (3) of Article 166 empowers the Governor to make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the Government of the State, and for the allocation among Minister of the said business in so far as it is not business with respect to which the Governor is by or under the Constitution required to act in his discretion. 17
24. The Memorandum was issued in the name of the Governor. It is not in dispute that it was authenticated in terms of clause (2) of Article 166 of the Constitution. The power was exercised by the State under the provisions of the Act. The said order was to remain in force till Rules are framed in the prescribed manner.
The provisions of the Act mandate that the unladen weight and laden weight must be determined. Indisputably, weighing devices had to be provided for the said purpose. It is true that for the said purpose Rules may have to be framed. It is, however, a well settled principle of law that even in a case where the statute provides for certain things to be done, subject to Rules, any action taken without framing the Rules would not render any action invalid. If a statute is workable even without framing of the Rules, the same has to be given effect to. The law itself except in certain situations does not envisage vacuum.
25. Non compliance of the provisions relating to "laden weight" and "unladen weight" being penal in nature must be held to be imperative in character. For the purpose of construction of the provisions of the Act the Courts will have to take into consideration the freedom on the part of the citizens as also non citizens to carry out trade and business in terms of 18 Article 301 of the Constitution of India, subject of course to the other provisions thereof.
26. The High Court itself noticed the two primary contentions of the writ petition for its consideration, which read :-
"Essentially the grievances in these cases is two fold - (1) the State lacks the necessary authority of law to collect such fee and (2) even if the authority in law exists, that those who are entrusted with the responsibility of rendering the services and collecting the fee are acting in excess of the authority conferred on them."
27. The second contention was not answered.
In fact there was no sufficient pleadings brought on record by the parties in that behalf. The State for giving effect to the provisions of the statute may upon itself take the burden of providing for weighbridges and collection of fees etc. in exercise of its power under Article 298 or Article 162 of the Constitution of India. It may, however, permit to provide parties to install weighbridges, subject to regulations.
28. The Memorandum in question provides broad terms and conditions under which the private parties were authorized to set up weighbridges and collection of fees. Power of the State to do so is not in question. It is not a 19 case where fees are required to be prescribed for undertaking administrative action.
29. Apart from Section 211 of the Act the State is entitled to make laws for collection of fees in respect of any manner enumerated in List II of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India as would be evident from Entry 66 thereof. If it itself carries on business, it is entitled to lay down the norms therefor.
30. Where the State or the State controlled agencies render services for the purpose of effectuation of the provisions of a Central Act, it, in our opinion, is entitled to charge a reasonable amount in respect thereof.
31. We may, in this behalf, refer to a decision of this Court in T. Cajee v. U. Jormanik Siem and another [ [1961] 1 SCR 750]. The question which arose for consideration therein was as to whether in absence of any law regulating the appointment and succession of Chiefs and Headmen, a notice issued to the respondent therein to show cause as to why he should not be removed from his office, was valid. The respondent questioned the said legality of the show cause notice as also the order of suspension passed against him on the grounds :-
"(i) That he could not be removed by administrative orders but only by making a law ;20
(ii) that the Executive Committee could not take any action in this case, and
(iii) that the order of suspension was ultra vires."
Wanchoo, J. speaking for the Court opined as under :-
"The High Court seems to be of the view that until such a law is made there could be no power of appointment of a Chief or Siem like the respondent and in consequence there would be no power of removal either. With respect, it seems to us that the High Court has read far more into para 3(1)(g) than is justified by its language. Para 3(1) is in fact something like a legislative list and enumerates the subjects on which the District Council is competent to make laws. Under para 3(1)(g) it has power to make laws with respect to the appointment or succession of Chiefs or Headmen and this would naturally include the power to remove them. But it does not follow from this that the appointment or removal of a Chief is a legislative act or that no appointment or removal can be made without there being first a law to that effect. The High Court also seems to have thought that as there was no provision in the Sixth Schedule in terms of Articles 73 and 162 of the Constitution, the administrative power of the District Council would not extend to the subjects enumerated in para 3(1). Now para 2(4) provides that the administration of an autonomous district shall vest in the District Council and this in our opinion is comprehensive enough to include all such executive powers as are necessary to be exercised for the purposes of the administration of the district. It is true that where executive power impinges upon the rights of citizens it will have to be backed by an appropriate law; but where executive power is concerned only with the 21 personnel of the administration it is not necessary
-- even though it may be desirable -- that there must be laws, rules or regulations governing the appointment of those who would carry on the administration under the control of the District Council. "
The said decision has been noticed by this Court in Surinder Singh v.
Central Govt., [ (1986) 4 SCC 667]. It was held therein:-
"6. The High Court has held that the disposal of property forming part of the compensation pool was "subject" to the rules framed as contemplated by Sections 8 and 40 of the Act and since no rules had been framed by the Central Government with regard to the disposal of the urban agricultural property forming part of the compensation pool, the authority constituted under the Act had no jurisdiction to dispose of urban agricultural property by auction-sale. Unless rules were framed as contemplated by the Act, according to the High Court the Central Government had no authority in law to issue executive directions for the sale and disposal of urban agricultural property. This view was taken, placing reliance on an earlier decision of a Division Bench of that court in Bishan Singh v. Central Government. The Division Bench in Bishan case took the view that since the disposal of the compensation pool property was subject to the rules that may be made, and as no rules had been framed, the Central Government had no authority in law to issue administrative directions providing for the transfer of the urban agricultural land by auction-sale. In our opinion the view taken by the High Court is incorrect. Where a statute confers powers on an authority to do certain acts or exercise power in respect of certain matters, subject to rules, the exercise of power conferred by the statute does not depend on the existence of rules unless the statute 22 expressly provides for the same. In other words framing of the rules is not condition precedent to the exercise of the power expressly and unconditionally conferred by the statute. The expression "subject to the rules" only means, in accordance with the rules, if any. If rules are framed, the powers so conferred on authority could be exercised in accordance with these rules. But if no rules are framed there is no void and the authority is not precluded from exercising the power conferred by the statute."
32. Mr. Sharma would lay emphasis on the opinion of the Bench in Cajee (supra) that executive power infringing upon the rights of the citizens would have to be backed by appropriate law.
The aforementioned observation was made in the context of the Constitutional provisions contained in the Sixth Schedule.
There exists a distinction between an executive order made in terms of Articles 73 and 162 of the Constitution of India and one made under the Sixth Schedule thereof.
Furthermore the levy of charges towards rendering services by itself does not infringe upon the right of any person.
33. Services of the weighbridges are required to be obtained by the drivers/owners of the trucks for fulfillment of their statutory obligations. 23 They cannot obtain such services free of any charges. When private parties are given the right to set up such weighbridges, indisputably they would be entitled to reasonable profit.
It was not the contention of the writ petitioner-respondent that the charges levied for getting their trucks weighed at the weighbridges are exorbitant or they are compelled to get their trucks weighed at several places, although they otherwise fulfill the statutory requirements laid down in Section 211 of the Act.
34. Our attention has been drawn by Mr. Sharma to a decision of this Court in The Commissioner., Hindu Religious Endowments v. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt, [ AIR 1954 SC 282].
"44. Coming now to fees, a "fee" is generally defined to be a charge for a special service rendered to individuals by some governmental agency. The amount of fee levied is supposed to be based on the expenses incurred by the Government in rendering the service, though in many cases the costs are arbitrarily assessed. Ordinarily, the fees are uniform and no account is taken of the varying abilities of different recipients to pay. These are undoubtedly some of the general characteristics, but as there may be various kinds of fees, it is not possible to formulate a definition that would be applicable to all cases."
The ratio laid down therein is not in dispute.24
35. We may, however, notice that the question has been considered by a Constitution Bench of this Court in Jindal Stainless Ltd. (2) and another vs. State of Haryana and others [ (2006) 7 SCC 241 ]. The Bench noticed the difference between `a tax' `a fee' and `a compensatory tax" inter alia in the following terms :-
"40. Tax is levied as a part of common burden. The basis of a tax is the ability or the capacity of the taxpayer to pay. The principle behind the levy of a tax is the principle of ability or capacity. In the case of a tax, there is no identification of a specific benefit and even if such identification is there, it is not capable of direct measurement. In the case of a tax, a particular advantage, if it exists at all, is incidental to the State's action. It is assessed on certain elements of business, such as, manufacture, purchase, sale, consumption, use, capital, etc. but its payment is not a condition precedent. It is not a term or condition of a licence. A fee is generally a term of a licence. A tax is a payment where the special benefit, if any, is converted into common burden.
41. On the other hand, a fee is based on the "principle of equivalence". This principle is the converse of the "principle of ability" to pay. In the case of a fee or compensatory tax, the "principle of equivalence" applies. The basis of a fee or a compensatory tax is the same. The main basis of a fee or a compensatory tax is the quantifiable and measurable benefit. In the case of a tax, even if there is any benefit, the same is incidental to the government action and even if such benefit results 25 from the government action, the same is not measurable. Under the principle of equivalence, as applicable to a fee or a compensatory tax, there is an indication of a quantifiable data, namely, a benefit which is measurable."
[See also M. Chandru v. The Member Secretary, Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority and another, [ 2009 (2) SCALE 750 ].
36. Although not very relevant, we may notice that this Court in Vimal Kumari v. State of Haryana and others, [(1998) 4 SCC 114 ] has held that even the draft rules may be followed where no rules in accordance with the statutory provisions have been framed. {See also High Court of Gujarat v. Gujarat Kishan Mazdoor Panchayat, [(2003) 4 SCC 712] and Mahabir Vegetable Oils (P) Ltd. and another v. State of Haryana and others, [ (2006) 3 SCC 620 ]}.
37. Mr. Ranjit Kumar relying on the decision of this Court in Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Pvt. Ltd. and others v. Union of India and others, [ (1985) 1 SCC 641 ], would contend that the High Court had no jurisdiction to direct State to frame Rules. We need no go into the said question as before us Mr.Ranjan Mukherjee, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the State of Meghalaya made a categorical statement that the Rules would be framed within eight weeks.
26
38. This Court in Surinder Singh (supra) opined that a copy of the order must be produced before the High Court before the same can be quashed. The validity of an order issued by the State Government, furthermore should be questioned by a person aggrieved upon raising grounds therefor. The State must be given an opportunity to file a counter-affidavit meeting those grounds.
39. We, therefore, are of the opinion that the impugned judgment cannot be sustained. The same is, therefore, set aside.
40. The writ petitioners, however, would be at liberty to file additional affidavit (s) questioning the validity or otherwise of the said Memorandum. The High Court must also give an opportunity to the State and other interested parties to present their respective cases before the High Court.
41. The High Court in the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case may also consider the desirability of consideration of the matters pending before it together, if not already disposed of, so that the points raised by the writ-petitioners may be dealt with comprehensively.
42. The appeals are allowed. No costs.
...................................J.
[ S.B. SINHA ] 27 ...................................J.
[ DEEPAK VERMA ] New Delhi July 10, 2009


@import uk.gov.hmrc.govukfrontend.views.html.components._
@this(govukErrorSummary : GovukErrorSummary)
@()
@govukErrorSummary(ErrorSummary(
errorList = Seq(
ErrorLink(
href = Some("#"),
content = Text("Enter your full name")
),
ErrorLink(
href = Some("#"),
content = Text("The date your passport was issued must be in the past")
)
),
title = Text("There is a problem")
))


Kanye West and Dr Dre collaborating on Jesus Is King II album
- Hip-hop fans are in for a treat as two of the genre's greats are teaming up for a collaboration album
- Rapper Kanye West and legendary producer Dr Dre announced that they are working on a joint album
- The album is to be titled Jesus Is King Part II, paying homage to West's first gospel record Jesus Is King
Kanye West announced a joint project with Dr Dre on his Twitter account late yesterday evening.
He posted a picture of himself and Dr Dre in the studio. West captioned the picture, "Ye and Dre Jesus is King Part II coming soon."
This will, surprisingly, be the first time the two stars work together.
But then again, Dre is quite the recluse these days and hardly releases new music or performs. That's what will make this project extra special for the pair's fans.
West's fans are super excited to hear what the two talents are going to cook up.
Listen to the latest track by Alikiba - Mshumaa and you will enjoy
What's particularly interesting to see are the words of encouragement from the new Christian fan base that West has tapped into.
One follower wrote, "Y'all about to witness highest selling record ever... Hey! Dre and Ye about to make an epic landmark forever in Christian hip-hop."
There are hundreds of comments on the post and it's been liked almost 300,000 times.
See some of the comments below:
West and his wife, Kim Kardashian, are working extremely hard to change their images for the better.
PAY ATTENTION: Download our mobile app to enjoy the latest news update
Meanwhile, Legit.ng earlier reported that West announced that he would be staging his first-ever opera titled Nebuchadnezzar.
The rapper who just turned Christian devotee said that he would be presenting the opera come Sunday, November 24, at the Hollywood Bowl, Evening Standard reports.
Listen to the new hit by Joeboy - Don't Call Me Back and you will not regret
On his Twitter account, Kanye shared a sample of the golden ticket designed by Nick Knight and has an engraved image of the ancient Babylonian king, Nebuchadnezzar.
Naij.com (naija.ng) > Legit.ng We have upgraded to serve you better
D’banj prays a lot – Label signee Cheekychizzy on Legit TV


"The Copycat Killer"
class Serializer(BaseSerializer):
@property
def fields(self):
"""
A dictionary of {field_name: field_instance}.
"""
# `fields` is evaluated lazily. We do this to ensure that we don't
# have issues importing modules that use ModelSerializers as fields,
# even if Django's app-loading stage has not yet run.
if not hasattr(self, '_fields'):
self._fields = BindingDict(self)
for key, value in self.get_fields().items():
self._fields[key] = value
return self._fields
def get_fields(self):
"""
Returns a dictionary of {field_name: field_instance}.
"""
# Every new serializer is created with a clone of the field instances.
# This allows users to dynamically modify the fields on a serializer
# instance without affecting every other serializer instance.
return copy.deepcopy(self._declared_fields)
Deep copies can be a killer


Installation Instructions
First setup your computer:
In the following sections, we’ll go through how to get your computer set up so that you are ready for the course. Follow the instructions for your computer type (Windows = any computer running windows, Mac = any apple computer) Most of the instructions involve clicking on links to follow instructions and pasting text into your computer. If you get stuck or have any problems, please Slack me or email me.
Windows:
-
Open your PowerShell as Administrator and paste this command and then hit enter:
Enable-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux
-
Restart your computer when prompted.
- Install a linux distribution. Follow the steps for installing Windows Subsystem for Linux. (You can either do it through the Windows Store or the Command Line. I would recommend the Windows Store though). Choose the link for Ubuntu 18.04
- Finally initialize the linux distribution following these instructions
Setup Python
-
Windows Subsystem Linux (WSL) comes with Python3, but need to install pip.
-
Open WSL and type:
sudo apt-get install -y python3-pip
- Then you need to install Debian development tools, openSSL, and Python extension headers. Type the following:
sudo apt-get install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python3-dev
- Then update pip:
pip3 install --upgrade pip
Text Editor
- Finally, install Visual Studio Code for your computer (Select the Download for Mac or download for windows)Find VS Code here
More Info
- Feel free to check out this WSL setup for links to more options https://github.com/lloydstubber/my-wsl-setup
Mac:
- Go to Homebrew
-
Open up Terminal, it should like this:
- You can find Terminal in your applications folder. Paste this line into the terminal and press enter:
/usr/bin/ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"
- Once that’s complete install Xcode Command Line Tools, by typing into the terminal:
xcode-select --install
Setup Python:
-
Instructions for installing Python 3
-
Open up your terminal and type this command, then press enter:
brew install python
- Then update pip with this command:
pip3 install --upgrade pip
Text Editor
- Finally, install Visual Studio Code for your computer (Select the Download for Mac or download for windows)Find VS Code here
CONGRATS YOU’VE SETUP YOUR COMPUTER 🎉


Sample customization
The customization is available at https://github.com/oxygenxml/com.oxygenxml.webhelp.responsive.custom.footer


{% extends "base_user.html" %} {% load static %} {% block extra_scripts %} {% endblock %} {% block head_title %}Add a snippet{% endblock %} {% block content_header %}Add a snippet{% endblock %} {% block content %}
Please remember that this site is not a pastebin or debugging tool; it is intended for finished, working pieces of code.
If you need someplace to temporarily post some code while others help you debug it, please use the pastebin at dpaste.org.
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{% endif %} {% endblock %} {% block sidebar %}All fields are required; tags should be separated with spaces, and you can use Markdown in the description for your snippet, but raw HTML will be removed.
Remember: by posting a snippet, you agree to let anyone make use of the code.
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Because of the lack of information on clonazepam, I thought I would add a report to start off the experiences database :)
A little on me- I'm a light drug user, I mostly stick to marijuana. I do smoke relatively heavily, I'll go through an eigth in a week or week and a half. I barely ever drink. Every month or two I like to trip on DXM.
I've tried clonazepam about 5 or 6 times in a 4 month period, at first by itself and later with alcohol. In those 4 months I've had a full bottle of 40 or so .5 mg pills available to me pretty much constantly, and I never had any unfightable urge to take the pills. Of course, addiction varies from person to person and I never got high off them two days in a row or even within a week at the minimum from the last time I had used. Your mileage may vary, but please be careful =]
The clonazepam high itself is quite mild and very empathic. I don't get blatantly stoned or wasted, but it has interesting and subtle effects on the mind that other drugs don't have. It also has had a noticeable effect on memory- I find it hard to recall events from a clonazepam day
It has been about a month since my last use of clonazepam, so tolerance should not be a problem.
It's 11:05 pm and I have taken 8 .5 mg pills. From my experience, the effect comes on in about half an hour. We'll see :D I smoked 2 hits of pot earlier to get over a bad headache I've had all day.
As a side note, alcohol greatly increases the effects of clonazepam, but for the sake of an untainted report I am taking the pills alone, as plenty has already been written about booze ,), and drugs sometimes have completely different effects when mixed, especially this one.
11:16 Put on some weezer and jumping into the shower, no effects whatsoever yet.
11:31 Out of the shower, feeling very care-free, very loose, and quite content with everything =] The music is engrossing.
11:41 Things seem a little strange, I think my speech is slurred, or at least different- harder to control. I'm debating packing a hookah bowl or not, it's just flavored tobacco, shouldn't really skew the results. And it's a killer way to waste some time hehe. By this time my motor coordination is a bit off 'clumsiness'. Stiff feeling in my legs, it makes it hard to walk.
11:58 My hookah is finished. I have noticed a lack of motor control and overall 'carefree' feeling. I can accept everything for what it is and see its beauty. Can't wait to hit that hookay =] Also feeling slight cottonmouth- no where near what you can get from pot, but a little bit.
The smoke from the hookah is very relaxing, and the banana flavor is quite nice (it's only tobacco and sweeteners) and the intricate patterns it forms in the air are beautiful and unsually relaxing. Still listening to weezer (pinketon :D) and turning on adult swim for some hopefully decent anime.
12:18 I'm feeling quite emphatic and happy, I have the urge to go for a walk, but I'm going to hold on for a little while. My mindset also feels altered, I don't have a care in the world.
12:31 I keep forgetting what I was going to do hehe. I couldn't care less though. I feel very heavy and clumsy, definitely should refrain from driving.
12:54 Packing another hookah bowl :D I feel very subdued and relaxed. I keep bumping into things, but who cares.
It should be noted that I never found a good reliable dose to get high with while surfing the internet, so little by little I've been trying to find the best dose. I'm debating poppping another .5 mg to see the effect. I might just wait a little while before going for another .5.
1:06 I popped another .5 mg pill. That will be the last of the evening.
1:19 I really feel the characters I'm watching. It's hard to seperate the fact that they aren't realy =]
5:45 I woke up. I didn't intentionally fall asleep but somehow ended up in my bed. Still feeling the effects of the drug. I have 'I'm strarting to feel deeoplu ti' written down last, but I can't quite decipher it. My memory is fuzzy... I'm not sure when I fell asleep or how.
I think I either might have taken too much, or did it at a bad time. Late at night, I might have been naturally sleepy.
I personally don't think I'll take anything past 4mg at a time.
Hope this helps someone :)
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.