I am a recent graduate from Western University with a Bachelor of Science degree and Post-graduate diploma in Computer Science. My skills acquired so far include: in-class experience with Python, Java, C, and C++, and knowledge and application of web development, Photoshop, and Illustrator. My hobbies include: learning new things, kayaking, reading, running, and Taekwondo.


Equivalent to choosing the Delete button from the Style dialog box, which appears when you choose the Style command from the Format menu. Deletes a style from a workbook. Cells formatted with the deleted style revert to the Normal style.
Syntax
DELETE.STYLE(style_text)
Style_text is the name of a style to be deleted. If style_text does not exist, DELETE.STYLE returns the #VALUE! error value and interrupts the macro.
Remarks
You can only delete styles from the active workbook. External references are not permitted as part of the style_text argument.
Related Functions
APPLY.STYLE Applies a style to the selection
DEFINE.STYLE Creates or changes a cell style
MERGE.STYLES Merges styles from another workbook into the active workbook
Return to index


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Gandhi Research Foundation, Jalgaon Gandhi Teerth, Jain
Hills, Post Box No.-118, Shirsoli Road, Jalgaon
| Registration No: {{school.autoGenerated}} |
{{school.schoolName}}, A/P:- {{add.line1}}
{{add.line2}}, {{add.city}}, Tal:- {{add.tal}},
Dist:-{{add.dist}}
CERTIFICATE DETAILS
| Standard |
Present Student |
| {{bookDetailObj.standard}} |
{{bookDetailObj.appearedTotalStud}} |
| Total : |
{{totalStudents}} |
Number of Coordinators:
{{examDetail.numberOfCoordinators}}
|
| {{school.autoGenerated}} |
TO,
{{coordinatorName}}, {{school.schoolName}}, A/P:-
{{add.line1}} {{add.line2}}, {{add.city}}, Tal:-
{{add.tal}}, Dist:- {{add.dist}}, State:-
{{add.state}}, Pin:- {{add.pin}}, Mobile
No:-{{coordinatorMobileNum}}
|
Gandhi
Research Foundation Gandhi Teerth', Jain Hills,
Shirsoli Road, Post Box No.:118, Jalgaon,
Maharashtra Contact No:<PHONE_NUMBER>,<PHONE_NUMBER>
|
NOTE:
Before opening this consignment, please confirm the number
of candidates appeared for the exam. if necessary,
contact GRF.
|
|


Hmm. While your browser seems to support WebGL, it is disabled or unavailable. If possible, please ensure that you are running the latest drivers for your video card.
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Without friction, billiards gets a lot messier.
Turn off the friction.
Take the shot.
Try to put the balls back in a triangle now. It’s practically impossible! They keep bouncing around, and just making them slow down is a lot of work.
Without friction, billiards gets a lot messier.
Turn off the friction.
Take the shot.
Try to put the balls back in a triangle now. It’s practically impossible! They keep bouncing around, and just making them slow down is a lot of work.


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distributed tracing
zipkin
cassandra's tracing
zipkin & cassandra
Apache Cassandra
data platform de jure
microservices, base, and lambda architectures
the missing piece for many is tracing and profiling difficult to reproduce problems
an implementation of Google's Dapper paper
git clone git@github.com:openzipkin/zipkin-java.git
cd zipkin-java
# it's in the readme
STORAGE_TYPE=cassandra ./mvnw -pl zipkin-server spring-boot:run
( docker: https://github.com/openzipkin/docker-zipkin-java )
CS -->
--> SR
<-- SS
CR <--
| Language | Library | Framework |
|---|---|---|
| Python | pyramid_zipkin | Pyramid Http (B3) |
| Java | brave | Jersey, RestEASY, JAXRS2, Apache HttpClient, Mysql |
| Java | Spring Cloud Sleuth | Spring, Spring Cloud (e.g. Stream, Netflix) |
| Scala | finagle-zipkin | Finagle |
| Ruby | zipkin-tracer | Rack |
| C# | ZipkinTracerModule | OWIN, HttpHandler |
| Go | go-zipkin | x/net Context |
| Go | Go kit | Go kit |
| Scala | akka-tracing | Akka, Spray, Play |
| Java | Dropwizard Zipkin | Dropwizard |
( Brave-3.7 – https://github.com/openzipkin/brave )
CO-ORDINATOR NODE REPLICA NODE
-->
beginSession(..)
trace(..)
trace(..)
--> initialiseMessage(..)
trace(..)
trace(..)
<--
trace(..)
endSession(..)
<--
Cassandra-3.4
git clone git@github.com:thelastpickle/cassandra-zipkin-tracing
cd cassandra-zipkin-tracing
# it's in the readme
mvn install
cp target/cassandra-zipkin-tracing-*.jar $CASSANDRA_HOME/lib/
cp lib/* $CASSANDRA_HOME/lib/
JVM_OPTS= \
"-Dcassandra.custom_tracing_class=com.thelastpickle.cassandra.tracing.ZipkinTracing" \
bin/cassandra
CO-ORDINATOR NODE REPLICA NODE
-->
beginSession(..)
trace(..)
trace(..)
(zipkin headers) --> initialiseMessage(..)
trace(..)
trace(..)
<--
trace(..)
endSession(..)
<--
bin/cassandra
-Dcassandra.custom_tracing_class=..ZipkinTracing
-Dcassandra.custom_query_handler_class=..CustomPayloadMirroringQueryHandler


isset
(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7)
isset — 检测变量是否设置
说明
bool isset ( mixed $var [, mixed $... ] )
检测变量是否设置，并且不是 NULL。
如果已经使用 unset() 释放了一个变量之后，它将不再是 isset()。若使用 isset() 测
试一个被设置成 NULL 的变量，将返回 FALSE。同时要注意的是一个 NULL 字节（"\0"）
并不等同于 PHP 的 NULL 常数。
If multiple parameters are supplied then isset() will return TRUE only if all
of the parameters are set. Evaluation goes from left to right and stops as soon
as an unset variable is encountered.
参数
var
要检查的变量。
...
其他变量。
返回值
如果 var 存在并且值不是 NULL 则返回 TRUE，否则返回 FALSE。
更新日志
版本 说明
5.4.0 检查字符的非数字偏移量将会返回 FALSE。
范例
Example #1 isset() 例子
这对于数组中的元素也同样有效：
1, 'hello' => NULL, 'pie' => array('a' => 'apple'));
var_dump(isset($a['test'])); // TRUE
var_dump(isset($a['foo'])); // FALSE
var_dump(isset($a['hello'])); // FALSE
// 键 'hello' 的值等于 NULL，所以被认为是未置值的。
// 如果想检测 NULL 键值，可以试试下边的方法。
var_dump(array_key_exists('hello', $a)); // TRUE
// Checking deeper array values
var_dump(isset($a['pie']['a'])); // TRUE
var_dump(isset($a['pie']['b'])); // FALSE
var_dump(isset($a['cake']['a']['b'])); // FALSE
?>
Example #2 isset() on String Offsets
PHP 5.4 changes how isset() behaves when passed string offsets.
以上例程在PHP 5.3中的输出：
bool(true)
bool(true)
bool(true)
bool(true)
bool(true)
bool(true)
以上例程在PHP 5.4中的输出：
bool(false)
bool(true)
bool(true)
bool(true)
bool(false)
bool(false)
注释
Warning
isset() 只能用于变量，因为传递任何其它参数都将造成解析错误。若想检测常量是否已
设置，可使用 defined() 函数。
Note: 因为是一个语言构造器而不是一个函数，不能被可变函数调用。
Note:
如果使用 isset() 来检查对象无法访问的属性，如果 __isset() 方法已经定义则会
调用这个重载方法。
参见
• empty() - 检查一个变量是否为空
• __isset()
• unset() - 释放给定的变量
• defined() - 检查某个名称的常量是否存在
• the type comparison tables
• array_key_exists() - 检查给定的键名或索引是否存在于数组中
• is_null() - 检测变量是否为 NULL
• 错误控制 @ 运算符。
User Contributed Notes 61 notes
===============================================================================
"empty() is the opposite of (boolean) var, except that no warning is generated
when the variable is not set."
So essentially
is the same as
doesn't it? :)
!empty() mimics the chk() function posted before.
===============================================================================
in PHP5, if you have
null);
function __get($p)
{
if( isset($this->data[$p]) ) return $this->data[$p];
}
}
?>
and
bar);
?>
will always echo 'false'. because the isset() accepts VARIABLES as it
parameters, but in this case, $foo->bar is NOT a VARIABLE. it is a VALUE
returned from the __get() method of the class Foo. thus the isset($foo->bar)
expreesion will always equal 'false'.
===============================================================================
To organize some of the frequently used functions..
prop), otherwise the third
parameter
* @param array/object $arr_or_obj
* @param string $key_or_prop
* @param mixed $else
*/
function nz($arr_or_obj, $key_or_prop, $else){
$result = $else;
if(isset($arr_or_obj)){
if(is_array($arr_or_obj){
if(isset($arr_or_obj[$key_or_prop]))
$result = $arr_or_obj[$key_or_prop];
}elseif(is_object($arr_or_object))
if(isset($arr_or_obj->$key_or_prop))
$result = $arr_or_obj->$key_or_prop;
}
}
return $result;
}
/**
* Returns integer value using nz()
*/
function nz_int($arr_or_obj, $key_or_prop, $else){
return intval(nz($arr_or_obj, $key_or_prop, $else));
}
$my_id = nz_int($_REQUEST, 'id', 0);
if($my_id > 0){
//why?
}
?>
===============================================================================
How to test for a variable actually existing, including being set to null. This
will prevent errors when passing to functions.
Note: you can't turn this into a function (e.g. is_defined($myvar)) because
get_defined_vars() only gets the variables in the current scope and entering a
function changes the scope.
===============================================================================
I tried the example posted previously by Slawek:
$foo = 'a little string';
echo isset($foo)?'yes ':'no ', isset($foo['aaaa'])?'yes ':'no ';
He got yes yes, but he didn't say what version of PHP he was using.
I tried this on PHP 5.0.5 and got: yes no
But on PHP 4.3.5 I got: yes yes
Apparently, PHP4 converts the the string 'aaaa' to zero and then returns the
string character at that position within the string $foo, when $foo is not an
array. That means you can't assume you are dealing with an array, even if you
used an expression such as isset($foo['aaaa']['bbb']['cc']['d']), because it
will return true also if any part is a string.
PHP5 does not do this. If $foo is a string, the index must actually be numeric
(e.g. $foo[0]) for it to return the indexed character.
===============================================================================
isset expects the variable sign first, so you can't add parentheses or
anything.
===============================================================================
results with unexpected values:
yes yes
Well, it is necessary to check type of $foo first !
===============================================================================
Here is an example with multiple parameters supplied
This will output:
Array
(
[val2] => on
)
The following code does the same calling "isset" 2 times:
===============================================================================
Note that isset() is not recursive as of the 5.4.8 I have available here to
test with: if you use it on a multidimensional array or an object it will not
check isset() on each dimension as it goes.
Imagine you have a class with a normal __isset and a __get that fatals for
non-existant properties. isset($object->nosuch) will behave normally but isset
($object->nosuch->foo) will crash. Rather harsh IMO but still possible.
nosuch exists: ";
if (isset($obj->nosuch)) echo "Yes"; else echo "No";
// fatals
echo "\nTesting if ->nosuch->foo exists: ";
if (isset($obj->nosuch->foo)) echo "Yes"; else echo "No";
// not executed
echo "\nTesting if ->irrelevant exists: ";
if (isset($obj->irrelevant)) echo "Yes"; else echo "No";
?>
Testing if ->nosuch exists: No
Testing if ->nosuch->foo exists: Property does not exist!
Uncomment the echos in the methods and you'll see exactly what happened:
Testing if ->nosuch exists: (isset nosuch?) No
Testing if ->nosuch->foo exists: (getting nosuch) Property does not exist!
On a similar note, if __get always returns but instead issues warnings or
notices then those will surface.
===============================================================================
I found something interesting while working with isset() in PHP5.5+
null);
return isset($array['foo']) || array_key_exists('foo',$array)
? true : false ; // return true
return isset($array['inexistent']) || array_key_exists('inexistent',$array)
? true : false ; // return false
// static class
class bar
{
static $foo=null;
}
return isset(bar::$foo) || array_key_exists('foo',get_class_vars('bar'))
? true : false ; // return true
return isset(bar::$inexistent) || array_key_exists('inexistent',get_class_vars(
'bar'))
? true : false ; // return false
// object
class bar
{
public $foo=null;
}
$bar=new bar();
return isset($bar->foo) || array_key_exists('foo',get_object_vars($bar))
? true : false ; // return true
return isset($bar->inexistent) || array_key_exists('inexistent',get_object_vars
($bar))
? true : false ; // return true
// stdClass
$bar=new stdClass;
$bar->foo=null;
return isset($bar->foo) || array_key_exists('foo',get_object_vars($bar))
? true : false ; // return true
return isset($bar->inexistent) || array_key_exists('inexistent',get_object_vars
($bar))
? true : false ; // return true
?>
===============================================================================
Sometimes you have to check if an array has some keys. To achieve it you can
use "isset" like this: isset($array['key1'], $array['key2'], $array['key3'],
$array['key4'])
You have to write $array all times and it is reiterative if you use same array
each time.
With this simple function you can check if an array has some keys:
Use: isset_array($array, 'key1', 'key2', 'key3', 'key4')
First parameter has the array; following parameters has the keys you want to
check.
===============================================================================
The following is an example of how to test if a variable is set, whether or not
it is NULL. It makes use of the fact that an unset variable will throw an
E_NOTICE error, but one initialized as NULL will not.
Outputs:
True False
The problem is, the set_error_handler and restore_error_handler calls can not
be inside the function, which means you need 2 extra lines of code every time
you are testing. And if you have any E_NOTICE errors caused by other code
between the set_error_handler and restore_error_handler they will not be dealt
with properly. One solution:
Outputs:
True False
Notice: Undefined variable: j in filename.php on line 26
This will make the handler only handle var_exists, but it adds a lot of
overhead. Everytime an E_NOTICE error happens, the file it originated from will
be loaded into an array.
===============================================================================
Careful with this function "ifsetfor" by soapergem, passing by reference means
that if, like the example $_GET['id'], the argument is an array index, it will
be created in the original array (with a null value), thus causing posible
trouble with the following code. At least in PHP 5.
For example:
will print
Array
(
)
Array
(
[unsetindex] =>
)
Any foreach or similar will be different before and after the call.
===============================================================================
Simple solution for: "Fatal error: Can't use function return value in write
context in ..."
===============================================================================
Note: Because this is a language construct and not a function, it cannot be
called using variable functions.
So why it is under "Variable handling Functions". Maybe there should be some
good documentation field for language constructs.
===============================================================================
You can safely use isset to check properties and subproperties of objects
directly. So instead of writing
isset($abc) && isset($abc->def) && isset($abc->def->ghi)
or in a shorter form
isset($abc, $abc->def, $abc->def->ghi)
you can just write
isset ($abc->def->ghi)
without raising any errors, warnings or notices.
Examples
123);
var_dump(isset($abc)); // bool(true)
var_dump(isset($abc->def)); // bool(true)
var_dump(isset($abc->def->ghi)); // bool(false)
var_dump(isset($abc->def->ghi->jkl)); // bool(false)
var_dump(isset($def)); // bool(false)
var_dump(isset($def->ghi)); // bool(false)
var_dump(isset($def->ghi->jkl)); // bool(false)
var_dump($abc); // object(stdClass)#1 (1) { ["def"]
=> int(123) }
var_dump($abc->def); // int(123)
var_dump($abc->def->ghi); // null / E_NOTICE: Trying to get
property of non-object
var_dump($abc->def->ghi->jkl); // null / E_NOTICE: Trying to get
property of non-object
var_dump($def); // null / E_NOTICE: Trying to get
property of non-object
var_dump($def->ghi); // null / E_NOTICE: Trying to get
property of non-object
var_dump($def->ghi->jkl); // null / E_NOTICE: Trying to get
property of non-object
?>
===============================================================================
//thin way to set a variable
$foo = isset($_POST['foo']) ? $_POST['foo'] : null;
===============================================================================
1) Note that isset($var) doesn't distinguish the two cases when $var is
undefined, or is null. Evidence is in the following code.
2) If you want to distinguish undefined variable with a defined variable with a
null value, then use array_key_exist
===============================================================================
Note that array keys are case sensitive.
will report:
bool(true) bool(false)
===============================================================================
Note: isset() only checks variables as anything else will result in a parse
error. In other words, the following will not work: isset(trim($name)).
isset() is the opposite of is_null($var) , except that no warning is generated
when the variable is not set.
===============================================================================
isset() returns TRUE if a value is NULL. That seems wrong to me as there is no
way to distinguish between a value set to NULL and a truly undefined value.
If you have this problem inside a class, there is a fix:
foo_exists = 4;
var_dump(isset($x->foo_exists)); // TRUE
var_dump(isset($x->bar_exists)); // FALSE
?>
[EDITOR thiago NOTE: This snippet has improvements by "Paul Lashbrook"]
===============================================================================
In PHP 5.2.3, really returns true if the variable is set to null.
===============================================================================
Here's a simple function to test if the variable is set:
Now instead of very popular (but invalid in many situations):
if (!$var) $var=5;
you can write:
if (!is($var)) $var=5;
===============================================================================
In PHP4, the following works as expected:
thing['key'])) {
unset($obj->thing['key']) ;
}
?>
In PHP5 however you will get a fatal error for the unset().
The work around is:
thing) && isset($obj->thing['key'])) {
unset($obj->thing['key']) ;
}
?>
===============================================================================
Returns false without trouble (assuming $nonexistent array does not exist).
Also returns false without trouble.
But, oddly,
While returning false, also triggers a notice regarding the undefined variable
"$nonexistentkey".
Some thought shows that this is the right behaviour (we're testing for the
existence of an array element, but we need to know which array element we're
testing the existence of), but it probably isn't obvious. This implies that:
Triggers a notice and returns true.
===============================================================================
In response to 10-Feb-2006 06:02, isset($v) is in all (except possibly buggy)
cases equivalent to !is_null($v). And no, it doesn't actually test if a
variable is set or not by my definition "$v is set if unset($v) has no effect".
In the following example, we see an alternate method of testing if a variable
is actually set or not:
Obviously, null values take up space (or they wouldn't show up in
get_defined_vars). Also, note that &$v sets $v to NULL if it is unset.
===============================================================================
Here's a nice little function that I use everywhere that'll help with setting
alternate values so you don't have a bunch of situations like:
===============================================================================
The unexpected results of isset has been really frustrating to me. Hence, it
doesn't work how you'd think it would, (as documented) a var currently in the
scope with a null value will return false.
Heres a quick solution, perhaps there are better ways of going about this, but
heres my solution...
Hence, $varname should be a mixed value of var's to check for, and $parent can
be an array or object, which will default to the GLOBAL scope. See the
documentation of array_key_exists for further information.
This will allow to check if a var is in the current scope, object, or array...
Whether it's a null, false, true, or any value. It depends on ARRAY_KEY_EXISTS
for it's functionality which also works with Objects. Feel free to improve on
this anyone ;D
===============================================================================
Beware that the chk() function below creates the variable or the array index if
it didn't existed.
';
$a = array();
var_dump($a);
chk($a['b']);
var_dump($a);
echo '';
// Gives:
// array
// empty
//
// array
// 'b' => null
?>
===============================================================================
I don't know if you guys can use this but i find this piece of code pretty
useful (for readabillity at least):
function isset_else( $&v, $r )
{
if( isset( $v ))
return $v;
else
return $r;
}
This way you can go:
$a = 4;
$c += isset_else( $a, 0 );
$c += isset_else( $b, 0 );
echo $c;
Of course, this code would work anyway, but you get the point.
===============================================================================
It is possible to encapsulate isset() calls inside your own functions if you
pass them by reference (note the ampersand in the argument list) instead of by
value. A prime example would be the heavily-requested "ifsetor" function, which
will return a value when it is set, otherwise a default value that the user
specifies is used.
===============================================================================
Check out this ifsetor function. If $var is set, do nothing, otherwise $var =
$default.
===============================================================================
Simple, but very useful:
Some examples:
===============================================================================
Below a user by the name of Scott posted an isval() function; I just wanted to
point out a revision to his method since it's a bit lengthy for what it does.
The trick is to realize that a boolean AND clause will terminate with false as
soon as it encounters anything that evaluates to false, and will skip over any
remaining checks.
Instead of taking up the space to define isval(), you could just run inline
commands for each variable you need to check this:
Also be warned that if you try to encapsulate this into a function, you might
encounter problems. It's meant to stand alone.
===============================================================================
Before:
//ask, if is set
$number = isset($_GET['number']) ? $_GET['number'] : '';
$age = isset($_GET['age']) ? $_GET['age'] : '';
$street = isset($_GET['street']) ? $_GET['street'] : '';
After: --> it's easier to read
//ask, if is set
$parameter = array('number', 'age', 'street');
foreach($parameter as $name)
{
$$name = isset($_GET[$name]) ? $_GET[$name] : '';
}
===============================================================================
if(isset($_POST['in_qu']))
{
include("qanda/in_qu.php");
$content.=$message;
include("qanda/view_qanda.php");
}
elseif(isset($_GET['rq']))
{
include("qanda/add_answer.php");
}
elseif(isset($_POST['add_answer']))
{
include("qanda/in_an.php");
$content.=$message;
include("qanda/view_qanda.php");
}
elseif($_GET['act']== 'v_qanda' && !(isset($_GET['rq'])))
{
include("qanda/view_qanda.php");
}
/*
if(isset($_POST['add_answer']))
===============================================================================
just as note: if you want to check variables by boolean value: true or false ,
"isset" has a different meaning!
";
} else {
echo "1. var is "false" or "null"
";
}
if(!$var) {
// if false or "null": go on here
echo "2. var has no value $var
";
} else {
echo "2. var is "false" or "null"
";
}
// sample 2
$var =false;
if(isset($var)) {
// $var is false so it is set to a value and the execution goes here
echo "3. var has value: $var
";
}
$var=null;
if(!isset($var)) {
// $var is null (does not exist at this time) and the execution goes here
echo "4. var was not set $var
";
}
?>
===============================================================================
I know this is probably not the recommended way to do this, but it seems to
work fine for me. Instead of the normal isset check to extract variables from
arrays (like $_REQUEST), you can use the @ prefix to squelch any errors.
For example, instead of:
you can use:
It saves some typing, but doesn't give the opportunity to provide a default
value. If 'test' is not an assigned key for $_REQUEST, the assigned value will
be null.
===============================================================================
Using
isset($array['key'])
is useful, but be careful!
using
isset($array['key']['subkey'])
doesn't work as one could expect, if $array['key'] is a string it seems that
'subkey' is converted to (integer) 0 and $array['key']['subkey'] is evaluated
as the first char of the string.
The solution is to use
is_array($array['key']) && isset($array['key']['subkey'])
Here is a small code to show this:
'val1','two' => 'val2');
echo '$ex = ';print_r($ex);
echo "
";
echo " isset(\$ex['one']['three']) : ";
if (isset($ex['one']['three']))
echo 'true';
else
echo 'false';
echo "
";
echo "is_array(\$ex['one']) && isset(\$ex['one']['three']) : ";
if (is_array($ex['one']) && isset($ex['one']['three']))
echo 'true';
else
echo 'false';
?>
shows:
$ex = Array ( [one] => val1 [two] => val2 )
isset($ex['one']['three']) : true
is_array($ex['one']) && isset($ex['one']['three']) : false
===============================================================================
KISS: array_key_exists() is often the answer, not isset()
===============================================================================
This function is very useful while calling to the URL to specify which template
to be used on certain parts of your application.
Here is an example...
You can see several uses of the isset function being used to specify wheter a
template is to be called upon or not. This can easily prevent other generic
PHP errors.
===============================================================================
I've come up with a little not-so-clean but useful function to avoid checking
if a variable is set before reading its value, specially useful for $_REQUEST
and the like:
and then call it this way:
It checks wether the variable is set, copies it to a local variable, and if it
wasn't set, it assigns the new variable a default value, all in one line,
preventing you to have to always check for isset() before trying to read its
value.
Gotta call it with @ because if the variable is not set, then trying to pass it
as an argument will yield a warning.
Petruza.
===============================================================================
fyi:
you *cannot* do assignments inside of the isset() function. although you *can*
while inside of other functions such as is_null().
hope someone finds this useful.
===============================================================================
Based on the previous post, I've found this code even more useful:
Now instead of:
No more "Undefined variable" warnings, and you save your fingers and sanity!
Thanks to the previous poster for inspiration.
===============================================================================
Just to reiterate on what everyone has already said before, you should not use
wrapper functions for isset. Using a wrapper function will generate a Notice
unless you pass the unset variable by reference, in which case it is the
equivalent to writing using $var === null (which is a lot faster). Even if you
do pass the variable by reference, you could still get notices using
multidimensional arrays where isset() would silently return false.
===============================================================================
Since PHP will check cases in order, I often end up using this bit of code:
In short, if you have error reporting on, and $var is not set, PHP will
generate an error if you just have:
...but, as noted elsewhere, will return True if set to False in this case:
Checking both to see if $var is set, and that it equals something other than
Null or False is something I find very useful a lot of times. If $var is not
set, PHP will never execute the second part of "(isset($var) && $var)", and
thus never generate an error either.
This also works very nice for setting variable as well, e.g.:
===============================================================================
test:
the interesting result:
isset is the fastest
===============================================================================
if you want to check whether the user has sent post vars from a form, it is a
pain to write something like the following, since isset() does not check for
zero-length strings:
if(isset($form_name) && $form_name != '') [...]
a shorter way would be this one:
if($form_name && $form_message) [...]
but this is dirty since you cannot make sure these variables exist and php will
echo a warning if you refer to a non-existing variable like this. plus, a
string containing "0" will evaluate to FALSE if casted to a boolean.
this function will check one or more form values if they are set and do not
contain an empty string. it returns false on the first empty or non-existing
post var.
function postvars() {
foreach(func_get_args() as $var) {
if(!isset($_POST[$var]) || $_POST[$var] === '') return false;
}
return true;
}
?>
example: if(postvars('form_name','form_message')) [...]
===============================================================================
It is worth noting that in order to check for the existence of a key within an
array, regardless of it's contents one should use array_key_exists() not isset
().
isset() will (correctly) return false if the value of your array key is null,
which may be a perfectly valid condition.
===============================================================================
Here a short note on the function tomek wrote:
Don't use it, because it is still better to use !$var than !is($var).
Some comments on the body of the function:
The reason why you shall not use this function:
Notice: Undefined variable: {variablename} in {file} on line {__LINE__}
It's me as plain as the nose on your face that the piece of code hasn't been
tested with E_NOTICE.
So my advice in this case is: don't use the above function, but simply use !,
and functions such like is_null in the situation they are made for.
===============================================================================
Useful to check if the variable have some value...specially for GET POST
variables
Example
echo getGETPOST('na'); //Find the na varriabl by get and post
===============================================================================
If you don't want to bother checking every single var with isset or empty, use
this function on every var you use:
It takes ANYTHING as argument, and returns the exact same thing, but without
Notice if the var doesn't actually exist
===============================================================================
This is very simple implementation of issetor() for PHP. It works like ?? in C
#, // in Perl (it can access undefined hash keys without it nevertheless) or ?
in CoffeeScript (also can access undefined hash keys too). You shouldn't use
directly $_GET['something'] (it can generate E_NOTICEs in case somebody would
try hacking your site), but isset($_GET['something']) ? $_GET['something'] : ''
is long for many people (for so common operation). This alternative makes using
superglobals easier.
Now you can do:
This code doesn't generate notices in case variable doesn't exist.
===============================================================================
If you have for example a variable in your URL say url.php?var= and some one
types in %00 the variable will pass isset. For post and get variables I wrote
this function to filter out varables that are set but empty.
function isval($inp){
if(isset($inp)){
$len = strlen($inp);
if($len > 0){
return true;
}
else{
return false;
}
}
else{
return false;
}
}
===============================================================================
according to the docs -- "isset() will return FALSE if testing a variable that
has been set to NULL."
That statment is not always correct, sometimes isset() returns TRUE for a NULL
value. But the scenarios are obtuse. There are a tons of bugs on this
subject, all marked as bogus.
Problems occur when NULLs are in named fields of arrays and also when vars are
passed by reference.
do lots of testing and code defensively.
is_null() is your friend...
===============================================================================
Just a note on the previous users comments. isset() should only be used for
testing if the variable exists and not if the variable containes an empty ""
string. empty() is designed for that.
Also, as noted previosuly !empty() is the best method for testing for set
non-empty variables.
===============================================================================
When a variable is set and its values is null, isset() returns false.
You can use array_key_exists() to check whether a null value variable exists.
Output of the above example:
bool(false) bool(true)
===============================================================================
Here is another way to check if you have any $_GET variable set.
0)
{echo "There are $_GET variables.";}
else
{echo "There are no $_GET variables.";};
?>
Alternatively you could use the switch method.
===============================================================================
This could be viewed as a philosophy. I wonder why a NULL variabel is being
considered FALSE rather than TRUE while in isset, because if the variable has
been unset it becomes undefined but a NULL variabel is still defined although
it has no value. Or, perhaps, it's based on the memory usage, if it is how
about $x="" ? Is empty value use memory too? This leads me to another thinking
that the isset isn't have family relationship with unset although both of it
are a language construct and have 'set' word :)
===============================================================================
Return Values :
Returns TRUE if var exists and has value other than NULL, FALSE otherwise.
Could any one explain me in clarity.


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Discover how George bounced back from a random heart attack on his way to the library and his journey to recovery.
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[gecode-users] Implementing No-goods
Kish Shen
kisshen at cisco.com
Wed Sep 11 21:14:12 CEST 2013
Hi,
I am posting this as a new message as my previous one had a spelling
error (I was in a rush, sorry about that).
I am looking at implementing no-goods with restart search for ECLiPSe's
interface. After posting my last message, I have thought more about
this, and I now think I don't have to implement a master() function
myself, because the default master() function post no-goods. I assume
the default nogoods_limit is 0, so although the master() function does
post no-goods by default, there are no no-goods to post unless the
no-goods_limit is set to a value > 0, so the default behaviour is that
there is no posting of no-goods when restarting the search. Is my
understanding correct?
There is one more issue: are the no-goods remembered after the search (I
guess this means if the no-goods are copied into the Space that is
returned by next()). The reason I ask is that in ECLiPSe's Gecode
interface, the user can perform as many searches on the same space as
they want (persumably somewhat different searches, on different
variables, and perhaps with more constraints). [I am talking about
searches on the same branch of the (ECLiPSe) search tree, not some
alternative on a different branch]
On a slightly different issue: I am wondering how restart search (with
or without no-goods) works with DFS (or any other non-optimising search)
if you want to search for more than one solution, i.e. when next() is
called more than once. I expect that having returned a solution, another
call to next() should return a different solution, but from my reading
of the MPS, I think there has to be a no-goods posted for the previous
solution, regardless of the settings of nogoods_limit. Is this correct?
If so, how can this be done?
Even with this, am I correct to think using no-goods with searching for
multiple solutions is probably not a good idea, as most heuristics would
probably drive the search towards the first solution before finally
failing because of the no-goods.
Cheers,
Kish
More information about the users
mailing list


#include <sysc/datatypes/int/sc_biguint.h>
Definition at line 87 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 94 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | const sc_biguint< W > & | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 98 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | const sc_unsigned & | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 102 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | const sc_unsigned_subref & | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 106 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | const sc_generic_base< T > & | a | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 111 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | const sc_signed & | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 115 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | const sc_signed_subref & | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 119 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | const char * | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 123 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | int64 | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 127 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | uint64 | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 131 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | long | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 135 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | unsigned long | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 139 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | int | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 143 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | unsigned int | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 147 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | double | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 151 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | const sc_bv_base & | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 155 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::sc_biguint | ( | const sc_lv_base & | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 159 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::~sc_biguint | ( | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 188 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | const sc_uint_base & | v | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 249 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | const sc_int_base & | v | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 246 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | const sc_lv_base & | v | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 243 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | const sc_bv_base & | v | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 240 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | double | v | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 236 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | unsigned int | v | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 233 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | int | v | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 230 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | unsigned long | v | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 227 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | long | v | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 224 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | uint64 | v | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 221 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | int64 | v | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 218 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | const char * | v | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 215 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | const sc_signed_subref & | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 212 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | const sc_signed & | v | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 209 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | const sc_generic_base< T > & | a | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 206 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | const sc_unsigned_subref & | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 202 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | const sc_unsigned & | v | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 199 of file sc_biguint.h.
| sc_biguint<W>& sc_dt::sc_biguint< W >::operator= | ( | const sc_biguint< W > & | v | ) | [inline] |
Reimplemented from sc_dt::sc_unsigned.
Definition at line 196 of file sc_biguint.h.


Scania UI Guidelines
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|
BitShares-Core
6.1.0
BitShares blockchain implementation and command-line interface software
|
A credit deal expired without being fully repaid. More...
#include <credit_offer.hpp>
Classes | |
| struct | fee_parameters_type |
Public Member Functions | |
| credit_deal_expired_operation ()=default | |
| credit_deal_expired_operation (const credit_deal_id_type &did, const credit_offer_id_type &oid, const account_id_type &o, const account_id_type &b, const asset &u, const asset &c, const uint32_t fr) | |
| account_id_type | fee_payer () const |
| void | validate () const override |
| share_type | calculate_fee (const fee_parameters_type &) const |
| This is a virtual operation; there is no fee. More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from graphene::protocol::base_operation | |
| virtual | ~base_operation ()=default |
| template<typename T > | |
| share_type | calculate_fee (const T ¶ms) const |
| virtual void | get_required_authorities (vector< authority > &) const |
| virtual void | get_required_active_authorities (flat_set< account_id_type > &) const |
| virtual void | get_required_owner_authorities (flat_set< account_id_type > &) const |
| fc::optional< fc::future< void > > | validate_parallel (uint32_t skip) const |
Public Attributes | |
| asset | fee |
| Only for compatibility, unused. More... | |
| credit_deal_id_type | deal_id |
| ID of the credit deal. More... | |
| credit_offer_id_type | offer_id |
| ID of the credit offer. More... | |
| account_id_type | offer_owner |
| Owner of the credit offer. More... | |
| account_id_type | borrower |
| The account who repays to the credit offer. More... | |
| asset | unpaid_amount |
| The amount that is unpaid. More... | |
| asset | collateral |
| The collateral liquidated. More... | |
| uint32_t | fee_rate = 0 |
| Fee rate, the demominator is GRAPHENE_FEE_RATE_DENOM. More... | |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Static Public Member Functions inherited from graphene::protocol::base_operation | |
| static uint64_t | calculate_data_fee (uint64_t bytes, uint64_t price_per_kbyte) |
A credit deal expired without being fully repaid.
Definition at line 165 of file credit_offer.hpp.
|
default |
|
inline |
Definition at line 171 of file credit_offer.hpp.
|
inline |
This is a virtual operation; there is no fee.
Definition at line 189 of file credit_offer.hpp.
|
inline |
Definition at line 185 of file credit_offer.hpp.
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
Reimplemented from graphene::protocol::base_operation.
Definition at line 186 of file credit_offer.hpp.
| account_id_type graphene::protocol::credit_deal_expired_operation::borrower |
The account who repays to the credit offer.
Definition at line 180 of file credit_offer.hpp.
| asset graphene::protocol::credit_deal_expired_operation::collateral |
The collateral liquidated.
Definition at line 182 of file credit_offer.hpp.
| credit_deal_id_type graphene::protocol::credit_deal_expired_operation::deal_id |
ID of the credit deal.
Definition at line 177 of file credit_offer.hpp.
| asset graphene::protocol::credit_deal_expired_operation::fee |
Only for compatibility, unused.
Definition at line 176 of file credit_offer.hpp.
| uint32_t graphene::protocol::credit_deal_expired_operation::fee_rate = 0 |
Fee rate, the demominator is GRAPHENE_FEE_RATE_DENOM.
Definition at line 183 of file credit_offer.hpp.
| credit_offer_id_type graphene::protocol::credit_deal_expired_operation::offer_id |
ID of the credit offer.
Definition at line 178 of file credit_offer.hpp.
| account_id_type graphene::protocol::credit_deal_expired_operation::offer_owner |
Owner of the credit offer.
Definition at line 179 of file credit_offer.hpp.
| asset graphene::protocol::credit_deal_expired_operation::unpaid_amount |
The amount that is unpaid.
Definition at line 181 of file credit_offer.hpp.


Chapter 5 Stats
5.1 General
Mixed Categorical & Numeric Distance 2 Outliers in small samples
paired t-test compares different measures within the same sample similar idea with repeated measures ANOVA
count data poisson n < 30
Studies with low statistical power, like those with small samples, are more likely to show false negative and false positive results.
Cohen’s Alphabet (H D F^2) Multiple comparisons Problem Importance sampling Bayes Error Rate Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness Bayes factor Correction methods for non representative samples Mann–Whitney U test
A mixture distribution is a distribution whose density is a linear combination of normal distribution densities (components).
Zero correlation doesn’t imply independence
lm vs t.test vs anova library(EMT): multinomial test
Another common measure of effect size is d, sometimes known as Cohen’s d. This can be used when comparing two means, as when you might do a t-test, and is simply the difference in the two groups’ means divided by the average of their standard deviations*. This means that if we see a d of 1, we know that the two groups’ means differ by one standard deviation; a d of .5 tells us that the two groups’ means differ by half a standard deviation; and so on. Cohen suggested that d=0.2 be considered a ‘small’ effect size, 0.5 represents a ‘medium’ effect size and 0.8 a ‘large’ effect size. This means that if two groups’ means don’t differ by 0.2 standard deviations or more, the difference is trivial, even if it is statistically significant.
Beta Distribution: The larger the alpha parameter is the closer the resulting distribution is to 1.0 and the larger the beta the closer it is to 0.
The Pearson Correlation is normalized version of covariance
Populations have parameters. Samples have statistics.
Probably the most useful types of statistics for skewed probability distributions are quantiles.
Random sampling & random assignment: generalizable & causal
There is no one rule about when a number is not accurate enough to use, but as a rule of thumb, you should be cautious about using any number with a MOE (Margin-of-error) over 10%.
Probability is calibrated if it is empirically correct, i.e. the empirical probability matches the theoretical one.
Sum of normally distributed random variables: sum of means & sum of variances
Zero correlation doesn’t mean independent variables. Covariance only determines linear relationships.
Bypass inferential stats if features at least 1/10 of data points.
If we take a larger and larger sample from a population, its distribution will tend to become normal no matter what it is initially. It won’t. The Central Limit Theorem, the misreading of which is the cause of this mistake, refers to the distribution of standardized sums of random variables as their number grow, not to the distribution of a collection of random variables.
Frequentists: Probability is a measure of the the frequency of repeated events. The parameters are fixed (but unknown) and data are random. Bayesians: Probability is a measure of the degree of certainty about values, so the interpretation is that rameters are random and data are fixed.
Independent rvs are uncorrelated. That is Cor (X,Y)=0
In the real world, exponential distributions come up when we look at a series of events and measure the times between events, which are called interarrival times. If the events are equally likely to occur at any time, the distribution of inter-arrival times tends to look like an exponential distribution.
An estimator is unbiased if the expected total (or mean) error, after many iterations of the estimation game, is 0.
A challenge in measuring correlation is that the variables we want to compare might not be expressed in the same units. For example, height might be in centimeters and weight in kilograms. And even if they are in the same units, they come from different distributions. There are two common solutions to these problems: 1. Transform all values to standard scores. This leads to the Pearson coefficient of correlation. 2. Transform all values to their percentile ranks. This leads to the Spearman coefficient.
In random sampling, you use stratifying to control for a variable. In random assignment, you use blocking to achieve the same goal.
Control: compare treatment of interest to a control group
Randomize: randomly assign subjects to treatments
Replicate: collect a sufficiently large sample within a study, or replicate the entire study
Block: account for the potential effect of confounding variables
Random Sampling + Random Assignment: Causal + generalizable
The Poisson distribution is the limit of the Binomial distribution for low probability of success and large number of trials, that is, for rare events.
5.2 Sample Size
Sample size: A good formula is: if your sample is picked uniformly at random and is of size at least:
\(\frac{-log(\frac{d}{2})}{2e^2}\)
then with probability at least 1-d your sample measured proportion q is no further away than e from the unknown true population proportion p (what you are trying to estimate). Need to estimate with 99% certainty the unknown true population rate to +- 10% precision? That is d=0.01, e=0.1 and a sample of size 265 should be enough. A stricter precision of +-0.05 causes the estimated sample size to increase to 1060, but increasing the certainty requirement to 99.5% only increases the estimated sample size to 300.
5.3 Hypothesis Testing
There is only one test.
Hypothesis tests aim to describe the plausibility of a parameter taking on a specific value. Confidence intervals aim to describe a range of plausible values a parameter can take on. If the value of the parameter specified by H0 is contained within the 95% confidence interval, then H0 cannot be rejectedat the 0.05 p-value threshold. If the value of the parameter specified by H0 is not contained within the 95% confidence interval, then H0 can be rejectedat the 0.05 p-value threshold.
A t test (t.test in R) is a special case of an ANOVA and a paired t test (parameter paired = T) is a special case of a repeated measures ANOVA.
Type I Error: Saying there is an effect when there isn’t one. Type II error: concluding there is no effect when, in fact, there is one.
jarque.bera.test: Tests the null of normaility for the series using the Jarque-Bera test statistics
test heteroscedaticity: breusch-pagan or ncv test
box.test: Compute the Box-Pierce or Ljung-Box test statistics for examining the null of independence in a given series
The probability (p-value) of observing results at least as extreme as what is present in your data sample. P-value less than .05 retain h_0 else reject h_0.
One Sample T-Test? To examine the average difference between a sample and the known value of the population mean. Assumptions: The population from which the sample is drawn is normally distributed. Sample observations are randomly drawn and independent.
When do we use the Two Sample T-Test? To examine the average difference between two samples drawn from two different populations. Assumptions: The populations from which the samples are drawn are normally dist. The standard deviations of the two populations are equal. Sample observations are randomly drawn and independent.
When do we use the F-Test? To assess whether the variances of two different populations are equal. Assumptions: The populations from which the samples are drawn are normally dist. Sample observations are randomly drawn and independent.
When do we use One-Way ANOVA? To assess the equality of means of two or more groups. NB: When there are exactly two groups, this is equivalent to a Two Sample T-Test. Assumptions: The populations from which the samples are drawn are normally dist. The standard deviations of the populations are equal. Sample observations are randomly drawn and independent.
One Sample T-test: To examine the average difference between a sample and the known value of the population mean. Assumes the population from which the sample is drawn is normally distributed and the sample observations are randomly drawn and independent.
Two Sample T-test: To examine the average difference between two samples drawn from two different populations. Assumes the populations from which the samples are drawn are normally dist, the standard deviations of the two populations are equal, and sample observations are randomly drawn and independent.
One-Way ANOVA: To assess the equality of means of two or more groups. Assumes the populations from which the samples are drawn are normally dist, the standard deviations of the populations are equal, and sample observations are randomly drawn and independent.
Chi-Squared Test of Independence: To test whether two categorical variables are independent. Assumes the sample observations are randomly drawn and independent.
F-Test: To assess whether the variances of two different populations are equal. Assumes the population from which the sample is drawn is normally distributed and the sample observations are randomly drawn and independent.
Barlett Test: F-Test for more than two populations.
Shapiro-Wilk Test for Normality: H_0 says the data is normally distributed while H_a says it is not. To run this test in R, the syntax is quite simple:
Most Tests Are Linear Regression: lm() with a single categorical feature is equivalent to a t test or anova test.
Fisher’s Exact Test: Test for proportions
Hypothesis testing requires an inferential-statistical approach. Crucial are meaningful distributions of test statistics, on which p-values for hypothesis tests can be based.
The MWW RankSum test is a useful test to determine if two distributions are significantly different or not. Unlike the t-test, the RankSum test does not assume that the data are normally distributed, potentially providing a more accurate assessment of the data sets.
5.4 AB Testing
Mostly notes from the Udacity class.
Power-Of-Test: https://rpsychologist.com/d3/NHST/ https://juliasilge.shinyapps.io/power-app/ https://www.statmethods.net/stats/power.html https://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/binomial1.cfm https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/stats/html/power.prop.test.html https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/stats/html/prop.test.html Power Analysis AB Testing
The appropriate sample size depends on many things, chiefly the complexity of the analysis and the expected effect size. The “30” rule comes from one of the simplest cases: Whether to use a z-test or t-test for comparing two means. 1) for large n (sample size), many distributions can be approximated to normal. [ courtesy : Central Limit Theorems ]
- The approximation becomes better with larger n, given other things remaining the same.
However if you are wondering why 30 ? why not 25 or 40 or something else ? Note that actual answer will depend:
how much error are you going to tolerate
size of the effect
exact distribution family (like t vs chi-square vs gamma)
The power of any test of statistical significance is defined as the probability that it will reject a false null hypothesis. Statistical power is inversely related to beta or the probability of making a Type II error. In short, power = 1 – β. In plain English, statistical power is the likelihood that a study will detect an effect when there is an effect there to be detected. If statistical power is high, the probability of making a Type II error, or concluding there is no effect when, in fact, there is one, goes down. Statistical power is affected chiefly by the size of the effect and the size of the sample used to detect it. Bigger effects are easier to detect than smaller effects, while large samples offer greater test sensitivity than small samples.
The following four quantities have an intimate relationship:
sample size
effect size
significance level = P(Type I error) = probability of finding an effect that is not there
power = 1 - P(Type II error) = probability of finding an effect that is there
Given any three, we can determine the fourth.
The power of any test of statistical significance is defined as the probability that it will reject a false null hypothesis. Statistical power is inversely related to beta or the probability of making a Type II error. In short, power = 1 – beta.
For quantitative explanatory variables, effect sizes always have the unit of the response variable divided by the unit of the explanatory variable.
Guide: Choose metric (CTR), review stats (Hypothesis Testing), design, analyse
Need to have clear control and thing to test. Also need time. Frequency of customer interaqction is important.
shopping and searching not independent events.
Point estimate of CTR (users who clicked)/users. Need margin of error for estimate. Approximate binomial by normal if N*p & N(1-p) > 5.
marin of error = Z*(stndad error)
se = sqrt(p(1-p)/n)
Z for 95% s 1.96 and 2.58 for 99%.
for Two samples calculate a pooled CTR point estimate and standard error.
Need to be substantive (a worthy difference) in addition to being statistically significant. Some changes might not be useful due to the resources one might want to allocate.
Result are repeatable (stat sig) bar should be lower than business interesting (practically sig)
Stat Power: How many page view necessary to get a stat sig result.
Size v Power: The smaller the effect or increased confidence you want to detect/have (greater power of experiment), the larger the sample you need to use.
alpha = P(reject null when true) beta = P(accept null when false)
small sample: low alpha, high beta larger sample: low alpha, low beta
1- alpha = confidence level 1 - beta = sensitivity (often 80%)
practical significance: 2%, alpha = 0.05, beta = 0.2
sample size dp_to ctr (increase in se), confidence level, sensitivity sample size invp_to practical sig (larger changes easier to detect)
above is design of experiment. below is analysis:
estimate diff: experimental prop - control prop margin of error = z*se
conf int: estimated diff +/- margin of error
rate better for usability test than prob
Focus groups, UER (user experience study), survey, experiments, retrospective analysis, external data
temporal effects across hours, days, weeks are important
different browsers screw with the CTR depending on how they deal with JS
Can use cookies to track users
Metric definitions
Def #1 (Cookie probability): For each
Def #2 (Pageview probability): Number of pageviews with a click within
Def #3 (Rate): Number of clicks divided by number of pageviews
CTR vs CTP: The first can be >1.
Take into consideration mean and median. Median is robust but might not be useful so look at percentiles.
Measuring sensitiviyt and robustness: 1) Running experiments to see if metrics move as predicted. A vs A experiments: Measure people who saw the same thing to see if there is a difference between them according to the metric or its too sensitive. Look at previous experiments. 2) Retrospective analysis of logs to see how the metrics responded in the past.
Metric For Loading Vid: Look at distribution of load times for vid. Want a robust metric that doesn’t really change for comparable vids. But wnat a metric that is sensitive to a change that you care about like resolution.
How to compare experiment vs control: difference or relative change. Relative change allows you to keep same significance boundary.
Check that praticial sig level is good for metric. Need to have handle on variability for confidence interval.
sign test: Good for looking to implement a change, but doesn’t give effect size.
empirical vs analytic: underlying distribution could be weird so do empirical. Analyticcal for simple metrics. If empirical and anlytical don’t agree then run AvA test.
A vs A test: Std proportional to square root of number of samples. Diminishing returns for many tests. Can use bootstrap if don’t have enough traffic for a big A v A test.
Unit of Diversion: How to indentify a person. Cookie (could clear so change), userid, deviceid, and address (changes all the time).
Intra-user vs inter-user experiment.
Choose Population:
Size
Duration
Cohort: People who enter the experiment at the same time.
Cohort > Population: Learning effects, user retention
Can reduce sample if just targeting english speaking traffic
When going to run experiment: holiday or not? How many people to put through experiment and control?
Analyzing Results:
Sanity Checks:
Pass all before move on
Good invariants: # of events, video load time (user has no control over it). Want these to be about the same for experiment and control.
Single Metric:
sign test
Multiple Metrics:
More metrics increase false positive chance. Use Bonferroni assumption: makes no independence assumption and is conservative.
margin of error smaller than observed diff so the confidence interval won’t include 0.
Different strategies: family-wise error rate, false discovery rate,
Gotchas:
Simpson’s Paradox
Usually A/B testing works for testing changes in elements in the web page. A/B testing framework is following sequence:
Design a research question.
Choose test statistics method or metrics to evaluate experiment.
Designing the control group and experiment group.
Analyzing results, and draw valid conclusions.
5.5 Experimental Design
Notes from DataCamp
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) experiment
Power usually @ 80%. power effect size & sample size all inter-related (with 2 can calculate 3rd).
power: prob that test correctly rejects null hypo when alt hypo is true
effect size: standardized measure of the difference you’re trying to detect
sample size: how many experimental units needed to survey to detect the desired diff at the desired power
pwr::pwr.anova.test() [exactly one of n, d, power, and sig.level must be NULL]
aov = lm + anova | aov + tukey hsd
Another assumption of ANOVA and linear modeling is homogeneity of variance. Homogeneity means “same”, and here that would mean that the variance of int_rate is the same for each level of grade. We can test for homogeneity of variances using bartlett.test(), which takes a formula and a dataset as inputs.
One non-parametric alternative to ANOVA is the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test. For those with some statistics knowledge, it is an extension of the Mann-Whitney U test for when there are more than two groups, such as with our grade variable.
Use the correct function from pwr to find the sample size (d is the effect size) pwr::pwr.t.test(n = NULL, d = .2, power = .8, sig.level =.05, alternative = “two.sided”)
multivariable experiment:
lendingclub_multi <- lm(loan_amnt ~ Group + grade + verification_status, lendingclub_ab) tidy(lendingclub_multi)
The sampling package’s cluster() creates cluster samples. It takes in a dataset name, the variable in the set to be used as the cluster variable, passed as a vector with the name as a string, e.g. c(“variable”), a number of clusters to select, and a method
Randomized Complete Block Designs
the purpose of blocking an experiment is to make the experimental groups more like one another.
A rule of thumb in experimental design is often “block what you can, randomize what you cannot”, which means you should aim to block the effects you can control for (e.g. sex) randomize on those you cannot (e.g. smoking status). Variability inside a block is expected to be fairly small, but variability between blocks will be larger.


IT companies may shed 30,000-40,000 mid-level staff: Mohandas Pai
by PTIHighlights
- The former chief financial officer of Infosys Ltd termed the job losses as once-in-five-years normal phenomenon with maturing of the industry
- 'As in all sectors in the West, in India too when a sector matures so many people will be there in the middle level who will not be adding value to the salary they get,' Pai said
BENGALURU: India's information technology services companies may shed 30,000 to 40,000 middle-level employees this year as growth slows down, IT industry veteran T V Mohandas Pai said on Monday.
The former chief financial officer of IT major Infosys Ltd termed these job losses as once-in-five-years normal phenomenon with maturing of the industry.
"As in all sectors in the West, in India too when a sector matures so many people will be there in the middle level who will not be adding value to the salary they get," Pai said.
Promotions are okay when companies are growing fast but when it slows down, people getting fat salaries will aggregate at the higher level, prompting companies to periodically reset their pyramids, and shedding people, he said.
"It's going to happen again and again and again every five years," said Pai, chairman of Aarin Capital and Manipal Global Education Services.
"Nobody is entitled to a fat salary and high-paying job unless you perform, right? You have to deliver value".
"All across industry, may be 30,000 to 40,000 in a year ... ," he said when asked about the number of middle-level staff who would lose their jobs.
But Pai said about 80 per cent of those who lose jobs would have employment opportunities in industries in general if they are specialists.


This package contains models and blocks from the Modelica Standard Library version 2.2.2 that are no longer available in version 3.0. The conversion script for version 3.0 changes references in existing user models automatically to the models and blocks of package ObsoleteModelica3. The user should manually replace all references to ObsoleteModelica3 in his/her models to the models that are recommended in the documentation of the respective model.
In most cases, this means that a model with the name "ObsoleteModelica3.XXX" should be renamed to "Modelica.XXX" (version 3.0) and then a manual adaptation is needed. For example, a reference to ObsoleteModelica3.Mechanics.MultiBody.Sensors.AbsoluteSensor should be replaced by Modelica.Mechanics.MultiBody.Sensors.AbsoluteSensor (version 3.0). Since the design of the component has changed (e.g., several optional connectors, and no longer one connector where all signals are packed together), this requires some changes at the place where the model is used (besides the renaming of the underlying class).
The models in ObsoleteModelica3 are either not according to the Modelica Language version 3.0 and higher, or the model was changed to get a better design. In all cases, an automatic conversion to the new implementation was not feasible, since too complicated.
In order to easily detect obsolete models and blocks, all of them are specially marked in the icon layer with a red box.
Copyright © 2007-2019, Modelica Association and contributors
This Modelica package is free software and the use is completely at your own risk; it can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms of the 3-Clause BSD license. For license conditions (including the disclaimer of warranty) visit https://modelica.org/licenses/modelica-3-clause-bsd.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Blocks | Library of basic input/output control blocks (continuous, discrete, logical, table blocks) |
| Electrical | Library of electrical models (analog, digital, machines, multi-phase) |
| Icons | Library of icons |
| Mechanics | Library of 1-dim. and 3-dim. mechanical components (multi-body, rotational, translational) |


TryParse vs Parse - how .NET framework produces their behaviour internally for non-number strings
For parse failure:
- TryParse returns false with out parameter = 0
- Parse throws format exception
But what code inside .NET framework 4.8 produces this behaviour?
Lets look inside it using https://referencesource.microsoft.com/#mscorlib
TryParse
Below we look at overload TryParse(String, out Int32).
Starting from Int32.cs:TryParse(…), it eventually calls Number.cs:ParseNumber(…).
Code flow summary inside .NET
Int32.cs:TryParse(String, out Int32)
public static bool TryParse(String s, out Int32 result) {
return Number.TryParseInt32(s, NumberStyles.Integer, NumberFormatInfo.CurrentInfo, out result);
}
- Number.cs:TryParseInt32
- sets out result to 0 before progressing (so if it fails, result equals 0)
- passes in arg parseDecimal=false (this comes into play @ ParseNumber(…))
- Number.cs:TryStringToNumber
- Number.cs:ParseNumber
- since no stringbuilder, bigNumber = false
- eat away currency sign (so we just get the 1st digit of the actual number to be parsed)
- while current pointer is digit character
- add char to NumberBuffer
...
while(true) {
if ((ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') ...) {
...
if (bigNumber) // Note: bigNumber is a false param passed in by Int32.cs:TryParse()
sb.Append(ch);
else
number.digits[digCount++] = ch; // "number" refers to the NumberBuffer
...
}
...
}
...
- digEnd = 0
- adds characters to NumberBuffer (i.e.: the ref NumberBuffer param)
- add null-terminator
if (bigNumber)
sb.Append('\0');
else
number.digits[digEnd] = '\0';
- try parse exponent
- set string param (passed by ref) to char pointer (address)
if ((state & StateDigits) != 0) {
...
if ((state & StateParens) == 0) {
...
str = p; // str is the char pointer, p is the NumberBuffer pointer
return true;
}
...
}
At this point, it returns to Number.cs:TryParseInt32(), which then calls NumberToInt32(ref NumberBuffer, ref Int32).
Which then works backwards on NumberBuffer to set Int32 (which was passed by ref).
Behavioural explanation
So if ParseNumber fails, the call to TryParseInt32 returns false.
And since TryParseInt32 only set the out var to default(int) (i.e.: 0), this is what produces a false & 0 result.
Lets compare this logic to this TryParse brother, Parse(String)
Parse
Below we look at overload Parse(String).
Starting from Int32.cs:Parse(…), it follows a very different path but ends up calling the same function Number.cs:ParseNumber() to do the main work.
The difference is in HOW the return result from Number.cs:ParseNumber() is handled.
Code flow summary inside .NET
- Int32.cs:Parse(String)
- Number.cs:ParseInt32
- Number.cs:StringToNumber
- Number.cs:ParseNumber
- returns false for invalid strings (that represent numbers) = throws format exception
internal unsafe static Single ParseSingle(String value, NumberStyles options, NumberFormatInfo numfmt) {
...
if (!TryStringToNumber(value, options, ref number, numfmt, false)) {
String sTrim = value.Trim();
if (sTrim.Equals(numfmt.PositiveInfinitySymbol)) {
return Single.PositiveInfinity;
}
if (sTrim.Equals(numfmt.NegativeInfinitySymbol)) {
return Single.NegativeInfinity;
}
if (sTrim.Equals(numfmt.NaNSymbol)) {
return Single.NaN;
}
// This is the line we care about
throw new FormatException(Environment.GetResourceString("Format_InvalidString"));
}
...
}
Behavioural explanation
Hence, ParseNumber is called again.
The difference is that:
- When Number.cs:ParseNumber(…) returns false to TryParse, TryParse doesnt throw an exception and just returns false to its caller
- When Number.cs:ParseNumber(…) returns false to StringToNumber, StringToNumber throws the format exception (bubbling all the way back to Int32.cs:Parse(…))


Easterling, W. and approximately 50 contributing authors, including E. S. Takle, 2001: Chapter 5. Agricultural Impacts. Climate Change 2000: Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(in press).
Giorgi, F., B. Hewitson, and 59 contributing authors, including R. Arritt and W. J. Gutowski, 2001: Chapter 10. Regional Climate Change Simulation: Evaluations and Projections. Climate Change 2000: Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(in press).
Pan, Z., M. Segal, R.W. Arritt, T.-C. Chen, and S.-P. Weng, 2000: Effects of quasi-stationary large-scale anomalies on some mesoscale features associated with the 1993 flood. J. Geophys. Res., (in press).
Segal, M., Z. Pan, W. J. Gutowski, 2000: Some conceptual and scaling evaluations of snowmelt events forced by warm soil. J. Hydromet.,1, 364-369.
Conference Presentations
Gutowski, W. J,, H. Wei, C. J. Vorosmarty, and B. Fekete, 2000:
Regional Climate Simulation for the Pan-Arctic Region using MM5:
Issues for pan-Arctic System Hydrology. Workshop on on Arctic System
Hydrology, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis,
Santa Barbara, California, 18-20 September 2000.
Gutowski, W. J,, H. Wei, C. J. Vorosmarty, and B. Fekete, 2000:
Regional Climate Simulation for the Pan-Arctic Region using MM5.
Arctic Model Intercomparison Project (ARCMIP) Planning Workshop,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, 13-15 September 2000.
Gutowski, W. J,, H. Wei, C. J. Vorosmarty, and B. Fekete, 2000:
Regional Climate Simulation for the Pan-Arctic Region using MM5 MM5
Users Workshop, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 21-23 June
2000.
Gutowski, W. J., C. J. Vorosmarty, H. Wei, and B. Fekete, 2000:
Simulation of the Coupled Land-Atmosphere Hydrologic Cycle. Climate
Change Prediction Program Meeting, Bethesda, Maryland, 27-29 March 2000.
PIRCS Publications
Copyright/Trademark
Legal Notice


The Thin Red Line (1998)
A Film Review by Mark O'Hara
Visit Online Film Critics Society at http://www.ofcs.org
Terrence Malik's 'The Thin Red Line' is a diatribe against war, an anti-violence tone poem that highlights the senselessness and insanity that occurs when humans insist on fighting. It is also a very uneven film.
Malik's screenplay begins with two GIs walking about a scant village of native islanders, with whom they seem to be familiar. The friendliness of Pvt. Witt (James Caviezel) is obvious in the easy way he relates to a woman caring for her child. After an American patrol boat passes, we learn that Witt and his friend have been AWOL, actually taking a break from the war and living with the villagers. Instantly we are forced to note the contrast between the lush rainforest, beaches leading down to sparkling water, and the troop ship on which Witt is held prisoner by his own army. Sgt. Edward Welch (Sean Penn) takes a sort of philosophical pity on Witt, however, and instead of being court-martialed, the young man is sent to a disciplinary unit where he helps care for the wounded. It is here that Witt commences his role as Christ figure, a gentle soul sent along to teach others by kind acts and examples. Ironic for a soldier, especially when Witt talks his way back into "C" Company, which is run by Welsh and captained by James Staros (Elias Koteas).
The film follows this company throughout their campaign to take an important hill on the Pacific island of Guadalcanal in the Second World War. As much as it can be categorized, the plot consists of these men's exploits, triumphs and deaths in their attempts to capture this strategic strip of land from the occupying Japanese forces.
The history surrounding the battles around the Solomon Islands is non-existent; perhaps Malik can justify the paucity of military planning in the name of character development or even in the service of portraying war in its allegorical sense. But it would have been nice to see more than one soldier with a clipboard, and more than two scenes showing where these weary warriors slept or mended or spend their off hours. Anyhow, Malik is not after portraying what happened throughout the entire offensive on Guadalcanal and Tulagi between August, 1942 and February, 1943. As I stated before, his intention seems to be showing the grisly reality of modern combat, focusing on the devastation wreaked upon individual men.
A fascinating element employed by Malik is the voice-over monologues. First we hear Witt talking about the natives, followed by other characters ruminating on what's happening to their lives. Images interrupt their voices, a wife swinging or a child in a field - remnants of real-world memories many of the men carry with them in the same way they carry lockets with photographs. These sudden, almost expressionistic sequences serve to show the source of meaning in these men's lives; they add a sense of home and comfort in the chaos of battle and the mortal boredom of waiting to attack. Because they are risky narrative devices, these mental flashbacks are to be admired. It's when they go on too long that they threaten the success of the film.
A very strong aspect is the battle scenes. Starting with the LCIs racing toward shore, their engines rumbling above the spirited shouts of the troops, Malik depicts energy and action very well. The assault by Charlie Company on the hill will rank with the best and most realistic of filmed combat. It contains so many dimensions of the human condition - courage and cowardice, ethical dilemmas and accidents, terror and egotism - that a review cannot do justice to its accomplishment. Malik has choreographed truly realistic and horrifying work here.
A lot has been said about Malik's striking camera work, and it's clear why. The settings are beautifully shot, from the hills covered with high grass to the green glassiness of the sea. When Malik juxtaposes the war atop these images from Eden, we get a quick idea of the destructiveness of humankind. Just over the ridge of five-foot grass, or across the clearing in the bamboo forest, there lurks a painful death. One is reminded again that World War II is often glorified, its purpose just. But directors like Malik and Steven Spielberg show us scenes just as hellish as anything set during other wars. Occasionally, though, the individual daydream sequences last too long, seeming to lack direction and sometimes coherence.
'The Thin Red Line' is well acted. If you are like me and do not care for Sean Penn, perhaps because of the reputation formed in his younger years, you will probably change your mind. I saw him just recently in 'Dead Man Walking', and was impressed by his complete assumption of the character. His Sgt. Welsh is sculpted just as carefully, with searing stares and wrinkled, compassionate brow. Nick Nolte, as Lt. Colonel Gordon Tall, hands in the other outstanding performance. From the time we first see him licking the boots of his one-star general (John Travolta) to the time he inadvertently reveals his megalomania, Nolte flashes the subtle expressions, mannerisms and intonations owned by the very best actors.
Several actors distinguish themselves in supporting roles. John Cusack is so good that he seems underused. Woody Harrelson sketches a mean but heroic Sgt. Keck in his brief role. As Captain Staros, Elias Koteas assumes a gutsy, fatherly authority: he's a lawyer turned trained killer, a reluctant leader with the backbone to stand up to the rants and ordered suicides of Col Tall. In their cameo appearances, John Travolta and George Clooney struck me as so much fluff. Like a couple of the precious dream shots, they call too much attention to themselves. I like them as actors, but why hire leading men for jobs character actors can do better?
It's a fair judgment that the 170-minute running time helps to cause the saggy narrative structure, particularly at the end. Malik goes over-the-top with his poetic disgust, but his grasp for greatness puts within our reach a far better film than one made by a safer director with less vision. I would recommend seeing this lush and memorable piece on the big screen if you can; otherwise, wait until its premiere on commercial television.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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The root of the proton exception hierarchy. All proton exception classes derive from this exception.
| Instance Methods | |
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| Generated by Epydoc 3.0.1 on Wed Jul 13 07:57:42 2016 | http://epydoc.sourceforge.net |


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Buckingham carries Cal St Bakersfield past NAIA Life Pacific
BAKERSFIELD, Calif. (AP) - De’Monte Buckingham had 19 points and eight rebounds, and Taze Moore added 18 points as Cal State Bakersfield routed NAIA member Life Pacific 91-51 on Friday.
Buckingham led the way in the first half with 13 points and six rebounds. Moore added 14 points as the Roadrunners led 54-29.
Cameron Allen scored 10 points for Cal State Bakersfield (2-2). Czar Perry had six assists. The Roadrunners made seven of their first 10 3-pointers and finished 10 of 21.
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Hezekiah Banks had 11 points for the Warriors, who were held to 34% shooting.
Cal State Bakersfield matches up against San Francisco on the road on Tuesday and at No. 8 Gonzaga on Nov. 23.
For more AP college basketball coverage: https://apnews.com/Collegebasketball and http://twitter.com/AP_Top25
Elements of this story were generated by Automated Insights, http://www.automatedinsights.com/ap, using data from STATS LLC, https://www.stats.com
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This package contains implementations for concrete binding strategies.
A binding strategy acts as a mediator between a Form
object
and the data model used by an application. By separating the binding
implementation from the form the form can support multiple model
implementations, e.g. plain Java beans, map-based data transfer object, or SDO.
This package contains a few fundamental binding implementations. The most
important one is BeanBindingStrategy
that uses Java beans.
$Id: package.html 205 2012-01-29 18:29:57Z oheger $


I use Xcode IDE programming by SWIFT to build iOS apps
there are some simple samples here to show AR and some other iOS apps.
Evee RP
NewsPaper autoload video
Here I try to make a shooting game by pygame.
coming soon!
use vistual studio community
Xamarin works with it_
coming soon!,still working on it


About Me
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Dream as if you'll live forever. Live as if you'll die today.


Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
Contrary to popular belief, Lorem Ipsum is not simply random text.  Richard McClintock, a Latin professor at Hampden-Sydney.
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I include my other school courses because i think it is somehow related to the Friday project objectives. I think discrete mathematics improves my analytical thinking and algorithm as well. Currently, we are now on week5 discussing about equivalence relationship(symmetric, transivity and reflexive properties). I usually accomplish this on my weekends but to make my time more valuable, I decided to accomplish reading the lessons today. It also have an assignment requirement that i scheduled doing on Saturday.
In addition to my discrete math, i am also taking up linux course. We are now on week5 and our topic for this week is history of bash, csh, ksh and identify their differences and its own advantages. Like discrete math, i also have an assignment requirement which i have to accomplished before sunday.


Note
Looking for Rewriting and Refactoring?I recently used uTidyLib after mxTidy didn't immediately install for me (such impatience). uTidyLib doesn't ship with any C code, but uses ctypes to interface directory with libtidy (the library version of HTML tidy).
I thought that was clever. Then I looked at the actual code that does the interfacing; then I was really impressed: the entire interface to tidy is 216 lines long. It's not incredibly easy to understand -- it's glue code, after all -- but it's really not too bad. And it's so short!
ctypes is pretty great, but caveat emptor..
(a) there's no automatic way to convert a C header to ctypes code
(b) some C-isms are terribly difficult to express in ctypes code
(c) debugging ctypes code is HARD
pyrex still has (a), partially solves (b), and almost entirely solves (c).
Where ctypes excels is deployment. It's very difficult to setup a build env. on w32 (see my docs on building Mnet on w32). For my ctypes based module I have one .py file, and the w32 users can copy the DLL need to c:\windows\system32 and be off and running.
For deployment you can just as easily offer a precompiled pyd. It only takes one correctly configured environment in order to target windows.
FWIW, if you own VS.NET, it's easy to build on windows ;)
I mostly agree with Bob's three points, although for me (a) is not that important. I mainly use it to call win32 apis, and I gave up to wrap windows header files automatically, after some experiments (I got most far parsing header files with Simon Burton's cdecl.py module). Automatic wrapping may be more sucessful for simpler header files, if someone wants to work on this and submit code I'm open.
The ctypes.com package imo shows the real power of ctypes. And I don't want to fire up the C compiler for each and every new com interface I have to use. (Has anyone used pyrex to use com interfaces?)# Thomas Heller
I think that Thomas uses APIs that take simple pointers and integers more often than I do ;) It seems that I have to write three or four lines of code, or more, per function call whenever I use ctypes.. which puts it more or less on par with Pyrex.
It's also half-broken on non-win32 platforms right now. Several important tests that should pass don't. This is where debugging is important. From gdb and pdb, it's REALLY hard to tell when and why it's ctypes fault.
I do like to experiment with ctypes, but I'll be damned if I use it in a production app any time soon :)
Of course it's partly broken on non-win32. I only left the cross-platform code because some users wanted it, but nobody so far complained or provided patches. I've seen that you posted a patch now, so it can improve.
I'll continue *this* discussion on the ctypes-users mailing list ;-)# Thomas Heller


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I am currently finishing up my forth year studying
Human-Centered Computing, a 4-year degree program that
combines principles from computing, design, and psychology
to advance the ways people interact with modern technology.
I chose this major when I found out my disabilities affected
my ability to use technology to its full potential. Although
I have learned to operate many assistive technologies to
close that gap over the years, I felt it was never quite
enough. I knew I needed to do something with my life to
improve access for future generations, hence my decision in
choosing this degree and applying to this opening.
I currently serve as the webmaster for an on-campus
Fraternity group. I help ensure the website is up to date,
the information posted are correct, and in general make sure
the site looks nice. I’ve been tasked to also overhaul the
site, which gives me the opportunity to take greater
accessibility measures. I’ve also lead a number of projects,
many of which involved the relationship of how users
interacts with the given platform and that it was a positive
experience. Within these projects, I’ve managed as many as 5
persons in my team. Beyond being familiar in a number of
assistive technologies and software, I am also well-versed in
multiple programming languages, graphic design software, and
operating systems.
Things I Can Do
- Web Design and Developer
- Graphic Designing
- Research Development
- Project Planning and Management


The course — UC 1500: Introduction to Sorority and Fraternity Life — will officially begin the week of Sept. 26. All new Greek Life members at OU, primarily those who affiliate with the Interfraternity Council and the Women's Panhellenic Association, regardless of class, will be required to participate in the seven week, half-credit course.
In July, anti-hazing legislation named in memoriam of OU freshman Collin Wiant, who died of asphyxiation at the unofficial Sigma Pi annex house in 2018, was signed into law by Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine. Collin’s Law includes a provision related to hazing education, which this course will satisfy.
Ariel Tarosky, director of Sorority and Fraternity Life, pitched the idea of an SFL course in 2019 when she was hired, and it was originally unrelated to Collin’s Law. Her initial idea was a course that new members would be required to take upon affiliation with one of the 29 groups that are under the SFL office.
Last year, students participated in online modules they could click through in addition to a new member education session. Tarosky said she was interested in a longer program that would educate new Greek Life students about their role and rights within their organization.
“I don't know if they are truly … getting the information that the need, that they are retaining it, that they are having the opportunity to ask questions and just have an intentional conversation,” Tarosky said. “I think being able to have touch points throughout the year, being able to work with them as they're exploring new things and their new member process. I think that's really how we can create change.”
Tarosky and Wendy Merb-Brown, assistant dean for Operations and First-Year and Student Transitions, did not start working on the course in-depth until fall 2020. Merb-Brown said she and Tarosky had to adjust the curriculum of the course to fit the general UC 1500 structure as a transition course.
The curriculum includes discussions regarding hazing prevention, bystander intervention, power-based violence and respect, Tarosky said. As part of the student transition seminar, the course will also connect the transition into Greek Life and academic success.
“There are touch points in people's lives where we can help make a difference in educating students about life,” Merb-Brown said. “This is a really good one for students going into the Greek system.”
On Oct. 3 2019, nearly a year after Wiant died, OU suspended Interfraternity Council, which includes 15 chapters. Additionally, on Oct. 9 2019, OU issued cease and desists to three sororities and a professional fraternity, according to a previous Post report.
More recently, OU suspended both Delta Tau Delta and Sigma Chi fraternities for numerous Student Code of Conduct violations — including hazing — in July.
The course will be taught in five sections, all of which are led by volunteers. Affiliation with particular Greek groups does not affect placement in the sections, as students will be able to interact with other individuals outside of their specific organization.
Jenny Hall-Jones, interim vice president for Student Affairs, will be teaching one of the five sections this fall and said she hopes to eliminate the notion that the university does not value Greek Life.
“We know how important (Greek Life) is when done well, and when students get together in these values based organizations. They find a common goal, a common purpose,” Hall-Jones said. “Students can boost a sense of self, they can get more easily connected, they make friends, they create a network.”
Due to the inter-affiliated nature of the course, Tarosky said students will be able to build meaningful connections within Greek Life outside of their chapter and the general OU community.
“This will really help new members build community outside of their individual organization,” Tarosky said. “They're not only going to be able to interact with people in other groups, but they're going to be able to build relationships with faculty, staff and administrators.”
Similarly, Merb-Brown, while never having been in Greek Life herself, acted as the house director for a Sorority as a graduate student and believes Greek Life has a large impact on students' experiences in college.
“I saw really, really great experiences in Greek Life and then I saw some really awful experiences in Greek Life,” Merb-Brown said. “I think that we can be great. We don't need to have awful if we can help students understand why the Greek is going to help them be more successful.”


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The Robotic Vision Probabilistic Object Detection Challenge held in conjunction with CVPR 2019
4th Workshop on Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis held in conjunction with MICCAI 2018
Breast Image Analysis 2018, held in conjunction with MICCAI 2018
CVPR workshop on Real-World Challenges and New Benchmarks for Deep Learning in Robotic Vision 2018
3rd Workshop on Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis held in conjunction with MICCAI 2017
2nd Workshop on Large-scale Annotation of Biomedical data and Expert Label Synthesis held in conjunction with MICCAI 2017
1st Workshop on Deep Learning for Robotic Vision held in conjunction with CVPR 2017
Special Session on Breast Image Analysis held in conjunction with ISBI 2017
3rd Workshop on Computer Vision for Art Analysis held in conjunction with ECCV 2016
2nd Workshop on Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis held in conjunction with MICCAI 2016.
1st Workshop on Large-scale Annotation of Biomedical data and Expert Label Synthesis (W-LABELS) held in conjunction with MICCAI 2016.
1st Workshop on Medical Computer Vision (CVPRMCV16) to be held in conjunction with CVPR'16.
1st Workshop on Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis held in conjunction with MICCAI 2015.
ISBI 2015 Challenge - 2nd Overlapping Cell Segmentation.
VISART II: Where Computer Vision Meets Art held in conjunction with ECCV 2014.
ISBI 2014 Challenge - 1st Overlapping Cell Segmentation.
VISART: Where Computer Vision Meets Art held in conjunction with ECCV 2012.
Printart: Where Computer Vision Meets Art held in 2010 at the National Tile Museum in Lisbon, Portugal.
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Deep Learning for Medical Imaging tutorial at the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI). Munich, Germany. 2015.
Local Feature Learning and Non-rigid Matching at IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). Melbourne, Australia. September, 2013.
Robust Features for Image Registration at IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Alaska, USA. June, 2008.


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