Paris, 19 July 1996
ARIANE 5
Flight 501 Failure
Report by the Inquiry Board
The
Chairman of the Board:
Prof. J. L. LIONS
FOREWORD
On 4 June 1996, the maiden flight of the Ariane 5 launcher
ended in a failure. Only about 40 seconds after initiation of the flight
sequence, at an altitude of about 3700 m, the launcher veered off its flight
path, broke up and exploded. Engineers from the Ariane 5 project teams of CNES
and Industry immediately started to investigate the failure. Over the following
days, the Director General of ESA and the Chairman of CNES set up an independent
Inquiry Board and nominated the following members:
- Prof. Jacques-Louis Lions (Chairman) Academie des Sciences (France)
- Dr. Lennart Lbeck (Vice-Chairman) Swedish Space Corporation (Sweden)
- Mr. Jean-Luc Fauquembergue Delegation Generale pour l'Armement
(France)
- Mr. Gilles Kahn Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en
Automatique (INRIA), (France)
- Prof. Dr. Ing. Wolfgang Kubbat Technical University of Darmstadt (Germany)
- Dr. Ing. Stefan Levedag Daimler Benz Aerospace (Germany)
- Dr. Ing. Leonardo Mazzini Alenia Spazio (Italy)
- Mr. Didier Merle Thomson CSF (France)
- Dr. Colin O'Halloran Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA), (U.K.)
The terms of reference assigned to the Board requested it
- to determine the causes of the launch failure,
- to investigate whether the qualification tests and acceptance tests were
appropriate in relation to the problem encountered,
- to recommend corrective action to remove the causes of the anomaly and
other possible weaknesses of the systems found to be at fault.
The
Board started its work on 13 June 1996. It was assisted by a Technical Advisory
Committee composed of:
- Dr Mauro Balduccini (BPD)
- Mr Yvan Choquer (Matra Marconi Space)
- Mr Remy Hergott (CNES)
- Mr Bernard Humbert (Aerospatiale)
- Mr Eric Lefort (ESA)
In accordance with its terms of reference,
the Board concentrated its investigations on the causes of the failure, the
systems supposed to be responsible, any failures of similar nature in similar
systems, and events that could be linked to the accident. Consequently, the
recommendations made by the Board are limited to the areas examined. The report
contains the analysis of the failure, the Board's conclusions and its
recommendations for corrective measures, most of which should be undertaken
before the next flight of Ariane 5. There is in addition a report for restricted
circulation in which the Board's findings are documented in greater technical
detail. Although it consulted the telemetry data recorded during the flight, the
Board has not undertaken an evaluation of those data. Nor has it made a complete
review of the whole launcher and all its systems.
This report is the result of a collective effort by the Commission, assisted
by the members of the Technical Advisory Committee.
We have all worked hard to present a very precise explanation of the reasons
for the failure and to make a contribution towards the improvement of Ariane 5
software. This improvement is necessary to ensure the success of the programme.
The Board's findings are based on thorough and open presentations from the
Ariane 5 project teams, and on documentation which has demonstrated the high
quality of the Ariane 5 programme as regards engineering work in general and
completeness and traceability of documents.
1. THE FAILURE
1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
On the basis of the documentation made available
and the information presented to the Board, the following has been observed:
The weather at the launch site at Kourou on the morning of 4 June 1996 was
acceptable for a launch that day, and presented no obstacle to the transfer of
the launcher to the launch pad. In particular, there was no risk of lightning
since the strength of the electric field measured at the launch site was
negligible. The only uncertainty concerned fulfilment of the visibility
criteria.
The countdown, which also comprises the filling of the core stage, went
smoothly until H0-7 minutes when the launch was put on hold since the visibility
criteria were not met at the opening of the launch window (08h35 local time).
Visibility conditions improved as forecast and the launch was initiated at H0 =
09h 33mn 59s local time (=12h 33mn 59s UT). Ignition of the Vulcain engine and
the two solid boosters was nominal, as was lift-off. The vehicle performed a
nominal flight until approximately H0 + 37 seconds. Shortly after that time, it
suddenly veered off its flight path, broke up, and exploded. A preliminary
investigation of flight data showed:
- nominal behaviour of the launcher up to H0 + 36 seconds;
- failure of the back-up Inertial Reference System followed immediately by
failure of the active Inertial Reference System;
- swivelling into the extreme position of the nozzles of the two solid
boosters and, slightly later, of the Vulcain engine, causing the launcher to
veer abruptly;
- self-destruction of the launcher correctly triggered by rupture of the
links between the solid boosters and the core stage.
The origin of the
failure was thus rapidly narrowed down to the flight control system and more
particularly to the Inertial Reference Systems, which obviously ceased to
function almost simultaneously at around H0 + 36.7 seconds.
1.2 INFORMATION AVAILABLE
The information available on the launch
includes:
- telemetry data received on the ground until H0 + 42 seconds
- trajectory data from radar stations
- optical observations (IR camera, films) - inspection of recovered
material.
The whole of the telemetry data received in Kourou was
transferred to CNES/Toulouse where the data were converted into parameter over
time plots. CNES provided a copy of the data to Aerospatiale, which carried out
analyses concentrating mainly on the data concerning the electrical system.
1.3 RECOVERY OF MATERIAL
The self-destruction of the launcher occurred
near to the launch pad, at an altitude of approximately 4000 m. Therefore, all
the launcher debris fell back onto the ground, scattered over an area of
approximately 12 km2 east of the launch pad. Recovery of material proved
difficult, however, since this area is nearly all mangrove swamp or savanna.
Nevertheless, it was possible to retrieve from the debris the two Inertial
Reference Systems. Of particular interest was the one which had worked in active
mode and stopped functioning last, and for which, therefore, certain information
was not available in the telemetry data (provision for transmission to ground of
this information was confined to whichever of the two units might fail first).
The results of the examination of this unit were very helpful to the analysis of
the failure sequence.
1.4 UNRELATED ANOMALIES OBSERVED
Post-flight analysis of telemetry has
shown a number of anomalies which have been reported to the Board. They are
mostly of minor significance and such as to be expected on a demonstration
flight.
One anomaly which was brought to the particular attention of the Board was
the gradual development, starting at Ho + 22 seconds, of variations in the
hydraulic pressure of the actuators of the main engine nozzle. These variations
had a frequency of approximately 10 Hz.
There are some preliminary explanations as to the cause of these variations,
which are now under investigation.
After consideration, the Board has formed the opinion that this anomaly,
while significant, has no bearing on the failure of Ariane 501.
2. ANALYSIS OF THE FAILURE
2.1 CHAIN OF TECHNICAL EVENTS
In general terms, the Flight Control
System of the Ariane 5 is of a standard design. The attitude of the launcher and
its movements in space are measured by an Inertial Reference System (SRI). It
has its own internal computer, in which angles and velocities are calculated on
the basis of information from a "strap-down" inertial platform, with laser gyros
and accelerometers. The data from the SRI are transmitted through the databus to
the On-Board Computer (OBC), which executes the flight program and controls the
nozzles of the solid boosters and the Vulcain cryogenic engine, via servovalves
and hydraulic actuators.
In order to improve reliability there is considerable redundancy at equipment
level. There are two SRIs operating in parallel, with identical hardware and
software. One SRI is active and one is in "hot" stand-by, and if the OBC detects
that the active SRI has failed it immediately switches to the other one,
provided that this unit is functioning properly. Likewise there are two OBCs,
and a number of other units in the Flight Control System are also duplicated.
The design of the Ariane 5 SRI is practically the same as that of an SRI
which is presently used on Ariane 4, particularly as regards the software.
Based on the extensive documentation and data on the Ariane 501 failure made
available to the Board, the following chain of events, their inter-relations and
causes have been established, starting with the destruction of the launcher and
tracing back in time towards the primary cause.
- The launcher started to disintegrate at about H0 + 39 seconds because of
high aerodynamic loads due to an angle of attack of more than 20 degrees that
led to separation of the boosters from the main stage, in turn triggering the
self-destruct system of the launcher.
- This angle of attack was caused by full nozzle deflections of the solid
boosters and the Vulcain main engine.
- These nozzle deflections were commanded by the On-Board Computer (OBC)
software on the basis of data transmitted by the active Inertial Reference
System (SRI 2). Part of these data at that time did not contain proper flight
data, but showed a diagnostic bit pattern of the computer of the SRI 2, which
was interpreted as flight data.
- The reason why the active SRI 2 did not send correct attitude data was
that the unit had declared a failure due to a software exception.
- The OBC could not switch to the back-up SRI 1 because that unit had
already ceased to function during the previous data cycle (72 milliseconds
period) for the same reason as SRI 2.
- The internal SRI software exception was caused during execution of a data
conversion from 64-bit floating point to 16-bit signed integer value. The
floating point number which was converted had a value greater than what could
be represented by a 16-bit signed integer. This resulted in an Operand Error.
The data conversion instructions (in Ada code) were not protected from causing
an Operand Error, although other conversions of comparable variables in the
same place in the code were protected.
- The error occurred in a part of the software that only performs alignment
of the strap-down inertial platform. This software module computes meaningful
results only before lift-off. As soon as the launcher lifts off, this function
serves no purpose.
- The alignment function is operative for 50 seconds after starting of the
Flight Mode of the SRIs which occurs at H0 - 3 seconds for Ariane 5.
Consequently, when lift-off occurs, the function continues for approx. 40
seconds of flight. This time sequence is based on a requirement of Ariane 4
and is not required for Ariane 5.
- The Operand Error occurred due to an unexpected high value of an internal
alignment function result called BH, Horizontal Bias, related to the
horizontal velocity sensed by the platform. This value is calculated as an
indicator for alignment precision over time.
- The value of BH was much higher than expected because the early part of
the trajectory of Ariane 5 differs from that of Ariane 4 and results in
considerably higher horizontal velocity values.
The SRI internal
events that led to the failure have been reproduced by simulation calculations.
Furthermore, both SRIs were recovered during the Board's investigation and the
failure context was precisely determined from memory readouts. In addition, the
Board has examined the software code which was shown to be consistent with the
failure scenario. The results of these examinations are documented in the
Technical Report.
Therefore, it is established beyond reasonable doubt that the chain of events
set out above reflects the technical causes of the failure of Ariane 501.
2.2 COMMENTS ON THE FAILURE SCENARIO
In the failure scenario, the
primary technical causes are the Operand Error when converting the horizontal
bias variable BH, and the lack of protection of this conversion which caused the
SRI computer to stop.
It has been stated to the Board that not all the conversions were protected
because a maximum workload target of 80% had been set for the SRI computer. To
determine the vulnerability of unprotected code, an analysis was performed on
every operation which could give rise to an exception, including an Operand
Error. In particular, the conversion of floating point values to integers was
analysed and operations involving seven variables were at risk of leading to an
Operand Error. This led to protection being added to four of the variables,
evidence of which appears in the Ada code. However, three of the variables were
left unprotected. No reference to justification of this decision was found
directly in the source code. Given the large amount of documentation associated
with any industrial application, the assumption, although agreed, was
essentially obscured, though not deliberately, from any external review.
The reason for the three remaining variables, including the one denoting
horizontal bias, being unprotected was that further reasoning indicated that
they were either physically limited or that there was a large margin of safety,
a reasoning which in the case of the variable BH turned out to be faulty. It is
important to note that the decision to protect certain variables but not others
was taken jointly by project partners at several contractual levels.
There is no evidence that any trajectory data were used to analyse the
behaviour of the unprotected variables, and it is even more important to note
that it was jointly agreed not to include the Ariane 5 trajectory data in the
SRI requirements and specification.
Although the source of the Operand Error has been identified, this in itself
did not cause the mission to fail. The specification of the exception-handling
mechanism also contributed to the failure. In the event of any kind of
exception, the system specification stated that: the failure should be indicated
on the databus, the failure context should be stored in an EEPROM memory (which
was recovered and read out for Ariane 501), and finally, the SRI processor
should be shut down.
It was the decision to cease the processor operation which finally proved
fatal. Restart is not feasible since attitude is too difficult to re-calculate
after a processor shutdown; therefore the Inertial Reference System becomes
useless. The reason behind this drastic action lies in the culture within the
Ariane programme of only addressing random hardware failures. From this point of
view exception - or error - handling mechanisms are designed for a random
hardware failure which can quite rationally be handled by a backup system.
Although the failure was due to a systematic software design error,
mechanisms can be introduced to mitigate this type of problem. For example the
computers within the SRIs could have continued to provide their best estimates
of the required attitude information. There is reason for concern that a
software exception should be allowed, or even required, to cause a processor to
halt while handling mission-critical equipment. Indeed, the loss of a proper
software function is hazardous because the same software runs in both SRI units.
In the case of Ariane 501, this resulted in the switch-off of two still healthy
critical units of equipment.
The original requirement acccounting for the continued operation of the
alignment software after lift-off was brought forward more than 10 years ago for
the earlier models of Ariane, in order to cope with the rather unlikely event of
a hold in the count-down e.g. between - 9 seconds, when flight mode starts in
the SRI of Ariane 4, and - 5 seconds when certain events are initiated in the
launcher which take several hours to reset. The period selected for this
continued alignment operation, 50 seconds after the start of flight mode, was
based on the time needed for the ground equipment to resume full control of the
launcher in the event of a hold.
This special feature made it possible with the earlier versions of Ariane, to
restart the count- down without waiting for normal alignment, which takes 45
minutes or more, so that a short launch window could still be used. In fact,
this feature was used once, in 1989 on Flight 33.
The same requirement does not apply to Ariane 5, which has a different
preparation sequence and it was maintained for commonality reasons, presumably
based on the view that, unless proven necessary, it was not wise to make changes
in software which worked well on Ariane 4.
Even in those cases where the requirement is found to be still valid, it is
questionable for the alignment function to be operating after the launcher has
lifted off. Alignment of mechanical and laser strap-down platforms involves
complex mathematical filter functions to properly align the x-axis to the
gravity axis and to find north direction from Earth rotation sensing. The
assumption of preflight alignment is that the launcher is positioned at a known
and fixed position. Therefore, the alignment function is totally disrupted when
performed during flight, because the measured movements of the launcher are
interpreted as sensor offsets and other coefficients characterising sensor
behaviour.
Returning to the software error, the Board wishes to point out that software
is an expression of a highly detailed design and does not fail in the same sense
as a mechanical system. Furthermore software is flexible and expressive and thus
encourages highly demanding requirements, which in turn lead to complex
implementations which are difficult to assess.
An underlying theme in the development of Ariane 5 is the bias towards the
mitigation of random failure. The supplier of the SRI was only following the
specification given to it, which stipulated that in the event of any detected
exception the processor was to be stopped. The exception which occurred was not
due to random failure but a design error. The exception was detected, but
inappropriately handled because the view had been taken that software should be
considered correct until it is shown to be at fault. The Board has reason to
believe that this view is also accepted in other areas of Ariane 5 software
design. The Board is in favour of the opposite view, that software should be
assumed to be faulty until applying the currently accepted best practice methods
can demonstrate that it is correct.
This means that critical software - in the sense that failure of the software
puts the mission at risk - must be identified at a very detailed level, that
exceptional behaviour must be confined, and that a reasonable back-up policy
must take software failures into account.
2.3 THE TESTING AND QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES
The Flight Control System
qualification for Ariane 5 follows a standard procedure and is performed at the
following levels:
- Equipment qualification
- Software qualification (On-Board Computer software)
- Stage integration
- System validation tests.
The logic applied is to check at each
level what could not be achieved at
the previous level, thus eventually providing complete test coverage of each
sub-system and of the integrated system.
Testing at equipment level was in the case of the SRI conducted rigorously
with regard to all environmental factors and in fact beyond what was expected
for Ariane 5. However, no test was performed to verify that the SRI would behave
correctly when being subjected to the count-down and flight time sequence and
the trajectory of Ariane 5.
It should be noted that for reasons of physical law, it is not feasible to
test the SRI as a "black box" in the flight environment, unless one makes a
completely realistic flight test, but it is possible to do ground testing by
injecting simulated accelerometric signals in accordance with predicted flight
parameters, while also using a turntable to simulate launcher angular movements.
Had such a test been performed by the supplier or as part of the acceptance
test, the failure mechanism would have been exposed.
The main explanation for the absence of this test has already been mentioned
above, i.e. the SRI specification (which is supposed to be a requirements
document for the SRI) does not contain the Ariane 5 trajectory data as a
functional requirement.
The Board has also noted that the systems specification of the SRI does not
indicate operational restrictions that emerge from the chosen implementation.
Such a declaration of limitation, which should be mandatory for every
mission-critical device, would have served to identify any non-compliance with
the trajectory of Ariane 5.
The other principal opportunity to detect the failure mechanism beforehand
was during the numerous tests and simulations carried out at the Functional
Simulation Facility ISF, which is at the site of the Industrial Architect. The
scope of the ISF testing is to qualify:
- the guidance, navigation and control performance in the whole flight
envelope,
- the sensors redundancy operation, - the dedicated functions of the stages,
- the flight software (On-Board Computer) compliance with all equipment of
the Flight Control Electrical System.
A large number of closed-loop
simulations of the complete flight simulating ground segment operation,
telemetry flow and launcher dynamics were run in order to verify:
- the nominal trajectory
- trajectories degraded with respect to internal launcher parameters
- trajectories degraded with respect to atmospheric parameters
- equipment failures and the subsequent failure isolation and recovery
In these tests many equipment items were physically present and
exercised but not the two SRIs, which were simulated by specifically developed
software modules. Some open-loop tests, to verify compliance of the On-Board
Computer and the SRI, were performed with the actual SRI. It is understood that
these were just electrical integration tests and "low-level " (bus
communication) compliance tests.
It is not mandatory, even if preferable, that all the parts of the subsystem
are present in all the tests at a given level. Sometimes this is not physically
possible or it is not possible to exercise them completely or in a
representative way. In these cases it is logical to replace them with simulators
but only after a careful check that the previous test levels have covered the
scope completely.
This procedure is especially important for the final system test before the
system is operationally used (the tests performed on the 501 launcher itself are
not addressed here since they are not specific to the Flight Control Electrical
System qualification).
In order to understand the explanations given for the decision not to have
the SRIs in the closed-loop simulation, it is necessary to describe the test
configurations that might have been used.
Because it is not possible to simulate the large linear accelerations of the
launcher in all three axes on a test bench (as discussed above), there are two
ways to put the SRI in the loop:
A) To put it on a three-axis dynamic table (to stimulate the Ring Laser
Gyros) and to substitute the analog output of the accelerometers (which can not
be stimulated mechanically) by simulation via a dedicated test input connector
and an electronic board designed for this purpose. This is similar to the method
mentioned in connection with possible testing at equipment level.
B) To substitute both, the analog output of the accelerometers and the Ring
Laser Gyros via a dedicated test input connector with signals produced by
simulation.
The first approach is likely to provide an accurate simulation (within the
limits of the three-axis dynamic table bandwidth) and is quite expensive; the
second is cheaper and its performance depends essentially on the accuracy of the
simulation. In both cases a large part of the electronics and the complete
software are tested in the real operating environment.
When the project test philosophy was defined, the importance of having the
SRIs in the loop was recognized and a decision was taken to select method B
above. At a later stage of the programme (in 1992), this decision was changed.
It was decided not to have the actual SRIs in the loop for the following
reasons:
- The SRIs should be considered to be fully qualified at equipment level
- The precision of the navigation software in the On-Board Computer depends
critically on the precision of the SRI measurements. In the ISF, this
precision could not be achieved by the electronics creating the test signals.
- The simulation of failure modes is not possible with real equipment, but
only with a model.
- The base period of the SRI is 1 millisecond whilst that of the simulation
at the ISF is 6 milliseconds. This adds to the complexity of the interfacing
electronics and may further reduce the precision of the simulation.
The opinion of the Board is that these arguments were technically
valid, but since the purpose of a system simulation test is not only to verify
the interfaces but also to verify the system as a whole for the particular
application, there was a definite risk in assuming that critical equipment such
as the SRI had been validated by qualification on its own, or by previous use on
Ariane 4.
While high accuracy of a simulation is desirable, in the ISF system tests it
is clearly better to compromise on accuracy but achieve all other objectives,
amongst them to prove the proper system integration of equipment such as the
SRI. The precision of the guidance system can be effectively demonstrated by
analysis and computer simulation.
Under this heading it should be noted finally that the overriding means of
preventing failures are the reviews which are an integral part of the design and
qualification process, and which are carried out at all levels and involve all
major partners in the project (as well as external experts). In a programme of
this size, literally thousands of problems and potential failures are
successfully handled in the review process and it is obviously not easy to
detect software design errors of the type which were the primary technical cause
of the 501 failure. Nevertheless, it is evident that the limitations of the SRI
software were not fully analysed in the reviews, and it was not realised that
the test coverage was inadequate to expose such limitations. Nor were the
possible implications of allowing the alignment software to operate during
flight realised. In these respects, the review process was a contributory factor
in the failure.
2.4 POSSIBLE OTHER WEAKNESSES OF SYSTEMS INVOLVED
In accordance with its
termes of reference, the Board has examined possible other weaknesses, primarily
in the Flight Control System. No weaknesses were found which were related to the
failure, but in spite of the short time available, the Board has conducted an
extensive review of the Flight Control System based on experience gained during
the failure analysis.
The review has covered the following areas:
- The design of the electrical system,
- Embedded on-board software in subsystems other than the Inertial Reference
System,
- The On-Board Computer and the flight program software.
In
addition, the Board has made an analysis of methods applied in the development
programme, in particular as regards software development methodology.
The results of these efforts have been documented in the Technical Report and
it is the hope of the Board that they will contribute to further improvement of
the Ariane 5 Flight Control System and its software.
3. CONCLUSIONS
3.1 FINDINGS
The Board reached the following findings:
- During the launch preparation campaign and the count-down no events
occurred which were related to the failure.
- The meteorological conditions at the time of the launch were acceptable
and did not play any part in the failure. No other external factors have been
found to be of relevance.
- Engine ignition and lift-off were essentially nominal and the
environmental effects (noise and vibration) on the launcher and the payload
were not found to be relevant to the failure. Propulsion performance was
within specification.
- 22 seconds after H0 (command for main cryogenic engine ignition),
variations of 10 Hz frequency started to appear in the hydraulic pressure of
the actuators which control the nozzle of the main engine. This phenomenon is
significant and has not yet been fully explained, but after consideration it
has not been found relevant to the failure.
- At 36.7 seconds after H0 (approx. 30 seconds after lift-off) the computer
within the back-up inertial reference system, which was working on stand-by
for guidance and attitude control, became inoperative. This was caused by an
internal variable related to the horizontal velocity of the launcher exceeding
a limit which existed in the software of this computer.
- Approx. 0.05 seconds later the active inertial reference system, identical
to the back-up system in hardware and software, failed for the same reason.
Since the back-up inertial system was already inoperative, correct guidance
and attitude information could no longer be obtained and loss of the mission
was inevitable.
- As a result of its failure, the active inertial reference system
transmitted essentially diagnostic information to the launcher's main
computer, where it was interpreted as flight data and used for flight control
calculations.
- On the basis of those calculations the main computer commanded the booster
nozzles, and somewhat later the main engine nozzle also, to make a large
correction for an attitude deviation that had not occurred.
- A rapid change of attitude occurred which caused the launcher to
disintegrate at 39 seconds after H0 due to aerodynamic forces.
- Destruction was automatically initiated upon disintegration, as designed,
at an altitude of 4 km and a distance of 1 km from the launch pad.
- The debris was spread over an area of 5 x 2.5 km2. Amongst the equipment
recovered were the two inertial reference systems. They have been used for
analysis.
- The post-flight analysis of telemetry data has listed a number of
additional anomalies which are being investigated but are not considered
significant to the failure.
- The inertial reference system of Ariane 5 is essentially common to a
system which is presently flying on Ariane 4. The part of the software which
caused the interruption in the inertial system computers is used before launch
to align the inertial reference system and, in Ariane 4, also to enable a
rapid realignment of the system in case of a late hold in the countdown. This
realignment function, which does not serve any purpose on Ariane 5, was
nevertheless retained for commonality reasons and allowed, as in Ariane 4, to
operate for approx. 40 seconds after lift-off.
- During design of the software of the inertial reference system used for
Ariane 4 and Ariane 5, a decision was taken that it was not necessary to
protect the inertial system computer from being made inoperative by an
excessive value of the variable related to the horizontal velocity, a
protection which was provided for several other variables of the alignment
software. When taking this design decision, it was not analysed or fully
understood which values this particular variable might assume when the
alignment software was allowed to operate after lift-off.
- In Ariane 4 flights using the same type of inertial reference system there
has been no such failure because the trajectory during the first 40 seconds of
flight is such that the particular variable related to horizontal velocity
cannot reach, with an adequate operational margin, a value beyond the limit
present in the software.
- Ariane 5 has a high initial acceleration and a trajectory which leads to a
build-up of horizontal velocity which is five times more rapid than for Ariane
4. The higher horizontal velocity of Ariane 5 generated, within the 40-second
timeframe, the excessive value which caused the inertial system computers to
cease operation.
- The purpose of the review process, which involves all major partners in
the Ariane 5 programme, is to validate design decisions and to obtain flight
qualification. In this process, the limitations of the alignment software were
not fully analysed and the possible implications of allowing it to continue to
function during flight were not realised.
- The specification of the inertial reference system and the tests performed
at equipment level did not specifically include the Ariane 5 trajectory data.
Consequently the realignment function was not tested under simulated Ariane 5
flight conditions, and the design error was not discovered.
- It would have been technically feasible to include almost the entire
inertial reference system in the overall system simulations which were
performed. For a number of reasons it was decided to use the simulated output
of the inertial reference system, not the system itself or its detailed
simulation. Had the system been included, the failure could have been
detected.
- Post-flight simulations have been carried out on a computer with software
of the inertial reference system and with a simulated environment, including
the actual trajectory data from the Ariane 501 flight. These simulations have
faithfully reproduced the chain of events leading to the failure of the
inertial reference systems.
3.2 CAUSE OF THE FAILURE
The failure of the Ariane 501 was caused by the
complete loss of guidance and attitude information 37 seconds after start of the
main engine ignition sequence (30 seconds after lift- off). This loss of
information was due to specification and design errors in the software of the
inertial reference system.
The extensive reviews and tests carried out during the Ariane 5 Development
Programme did not include adequate analysis and testing of the inertial
reference system or of the complete flight control system, which could have
detected the potential failure.
4. RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of its analyses and conclusions, the
Board makes the following recommendations.
- Switch off the alignment function of the inertial reference system
immediately after lift-off. More generally, no software function should run
during flight unless it is needed.
- Prepare a test facility including as much real equipment as technically
feasible, inject realistic input data, and perform complete, closed-loop,
system testing. Complete simulations must take place before any mission. A
high test coverage has to be obtained.
- Do not allow any sensor, such as the inertial reference system, to stop
sending best effort data.
- Organize, for each item of equipment incorporating software, a specific
software qualification review. The Industrial Architect shall take part in
these reviews and report on complete system testing performed with the
equipment. All restrictions on use of the equipment shall be made explicit for
the Review Board. Make all critical software a Configuration Controlled Item
(CCI).
- Review all flight software (including embedded software), and in
particular:
- Identify all implicit assumptions made by the code and its justification
documents on the values of quantities provided by the equipment. Check these
assumptions against the restrictions on use of the equipment.
- Verify the range of values taken by any internal or communication
variables in the software.
- Solutions to potential problems in the on-board computer software,
paying particular attention to on-board computer switch over, shall be
proposed by the project team and reviewed by a group of external experts,
who shall report to the on-board computer Qualification Board.
- Wherever technically feasible, consider confining exceptions to tasks and
devise backup capabilities.
- Provide more data to the telemetry upon failure of any component, so that
recovering equipment will be less essential.
- Reconsider the definition of critical components, taking failures of
software origin into account (particularly single point failures).
- Include external (to the project) participants when reviewing
specifications, code and justification documents. Make sure that these reviews
consider the substance of arguments, rather than check that verifications have
been made.
- Include trajectory data in specifications and test requirements.
- Review the test coverage of existing equipment and extend it where it is
deemed necessary.
- Give the justification documents the same attention as code. Improve the
technique for keeping code and its justifications consistent.
- Set up a team that will prepare the procedure for qualifying software,
propose stringent rules for confirming such qualification, and ascertain that
specification, verification and testing of software are of a consistently high
quality in the Ariane 5 programme. Including external RAMS experts is to be
considered.
- A more transparent organisation of the cooperation among the partners in
the Ariane 5 programme must be considered. Close engineering cooperation, with
clear cut authority and responsibility, is needed to achieve system coherence,
with simple and clear interfaces between partners.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %} Not found If it really should have been there, please file an issue. {% endblock %}
If it really should have been there, please file an issue.


Event is emitted when someones voice state updates.
event: "VOICE_STATE_UPDATE"
EventType: "JOINED" | "UPDATED" | "LEFT"
The event type
VoiceState: VoiceState
The new VoiceState instance.
This event is emitted when a user joins / leaves / moves voice channels. The EventType
will tell you if
a user has joined or left a channel. The "UPDATED"
EventType
is set if the user is already
in a voice channel and has either moved, set them self to deaf, set them self to mute, been server deafened, been
server muted or whether the current bot user has muted (suppressed) them.
| Connecting to Discord |
|


Goal: deliver smaller videos on smaller devices without preloading (without affecting the page load time)
This JavaScript allows to specify multiple sources of videos for different screen resolutions. The sources for different screen sizes can be specified as follows:

Video (embedded when page are ready):
How it works:
- Getting the page resolution;
- Getting attributes of each embedded video to find the source which best fits;
- Displaying the video which fits best for current page sizes;
- Hooking window.resize event to recalculate all embedded videos in a moment after resize (with little delay). That's making videos responsive to resize of the browser window.


# ${data.metadata.title}
**Paste the following code into the `head` section of your site's HTML.**
```html
```
Required file picker to use the plug-in is a "jQuery, ax5core, ax5 picker".
If you want to use UI such as the picker calendar will ax5ui-calendar needs.


{% include head.html %}
{% include navigation.html %} {% include header.html %} {% include details.html %} {% include intro.html %} {% comment %} {% include tickets.html %} {% endcomment %} {% include list_distribution.html %} {% include countdown.html %} {% include code_of_conduct.html %} {% include event_info.html %} {% include agenda.html %} {% include list_speakers.html %} {% include mulleres_tech.html %} {% include goals.html %} {% include organizers.html %} {% include join_sponsors.html %} {% include list_sponsors.html %} {% include t-shirts.html %} {% include footer.html %} {% include scripts.html %}


Engage a segment, reports the segment geometry, and moves the cursor to a specific point exactly.
Q Line or segment
ANode or Point
BCenter Snap
TPolygon surface or Tangent
IIntersection with previous pick
JPerpendicular
KIn the direction of
These shortcut key commands snap on demand. They work in 3D space. Use MenuBar Setup Constraints to set geometric snaps.


Provides intuitive functions for caching R objects, encouraging reproducible, restartable, and distributed R analysis. The user selects a location to store caches, and then provides nothing more than a cache name and instructions (R code) for how to produce the R object. Also provides some advanced options like environment assignments, recreating or reloading caches, and cluster compute bindings (using the 'batchtools' package) making it flexible enough for use in large-scale data analysis projects.
| Version: | 0.3.1 |
| Suggests: | knitr, testthat |
| Enhances: | batchtools |
| Published: | 2017-08-22 |
| Author: | VP Nagraj [aut], Nathan Sheffield [aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: | Nathan Sheffield <nathan at code.databio.org> |
| BugReports: | http://www.github.com/databio/simpleCache |
| License: | GPL-3 |
| URL: | http://www.github.com/databio/simpleCache |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | README NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | simpleCache results |
| Reference manual: | simpleCache.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Generating caches on a cluster Sharing caches across projects An introduction to simpleCache |
| Package source: | simpleCache_0.3.1.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: simpleCache_0.3.1.zip, r-release: simpleCache_0.3.1.zip, r-oldrel: simpleCache_0.3.1.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: simpleCache_0.3.1.tgz, r-oldrel: simpleCache_0.3.1.tgz |
| Old sources: | simpleCache archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=simpleCache to link to this page.


Simply copy & paste your plain javascript here and receive an applicable or distributable bookmarklet
The bookmarklet will utilize jQuery even if not available. If jQuery is available it will reuse it from the active website.
Your code will not be sent or stored anywhere by this tool. All magic happens in your browser.
Also check out the bookmarklet introduction page


Weekly Meeting: 2015-12-02
2nd December 2015: Website stability, Functoria, QubesOS and Hackathons
Agenda
- Quality and Test
- Functoria
- Blog posts
- Charrua
- Irmin update
- End-of-year review
- unikernel.org
- MirageOS AppVMs on Qubes
- Unikernel size
- Unikernel hackathons
- Pioneer Projects
- 1-star projects
- Outreachy
- Longer term projects
Attendees:
Amir Chaudhry (chair), Thomas Gazagnaire, Wassim Haddad, Thomas Leonard, Jon Ludlam, Anil Madhavapeddy, Hannes Menhert, Richard (Mort) Mortier, Mindy Preston, Dave Scott and Jeremy Yallop
Notes
Quality and Test
We’ve had some recent issues with MirageOS website uptime (see mirage/mirage-www#404 — the issue number is quite ironic). Part of the problem in debugging this is that we don’t have adequate log capturing yet. We could put the site in auto-restart mode but it’s much better to know that it’s down and work towards a fix (rather than relying too heavily on restarts).
One approach is to rewrite xenconsoled
to have more flexibility to output
logs. We could turn this into a Pioneer Project. Mort can write up a
short paragraph and Anil/Dave/ThomasG can be mentor(s). There may even be
existing patches out there that we could try now but it’s actually quite
tricky to recompile these without crashing the machine. Any help from others
would be appreciated.
Another one of the required pieces is a reporter for logs. ThomasL wrote one and will send an email to the list with information on the issues he came across.
Functoria
Jeremy has been looking over this carefully, comparing with things in
mirage-dev
, and fixing some xen-related issues. This is still ongoing and
it’s just a lot of little things that need cleaning up e.g. console connects
to xenstore, so it’s a little bit different. The unix aspects have been
checked over carefully but we’re also checking that the xen pieces are also ok.
Jeremy will try and post updates on how things are going. The release gate
for Functoria might be when mirage-www
runs with a dynamic block device
using functoria (that should stress everything).
JonL tried functoria stuff and had a few issues but it wasn’t clear if this
was due to functoria or some other issue with Opam. Will delete ~/.opam
and
try again. ThomasL also tried functoria and it worked well but on Qubes (his
primary OS), there were some issues as it makes assumptions.
Blog posts
Charrua — There’s still a pending blog post which should be ready to merge.
The related code for mirage-skeleton
has already been reviewed and merged
and the last step is to check the blog post one last time (it’s already been
reviewed by others).
Sidenote: At the moment no-one has had a chance to look at making a DHCP client with Charrua. It would be good if someone could work towards this and perhaps we could make it a Pioneer Project, but it would likely be a 5-star one.
Irmin update - There have been a lot of Irmin releases since the introductory blog post and it would be good to get a follow up post about the progress that’s been made. Given the amount of work underway, it’s not likely that ThomasG will be able to write this. He’d like to explain what the summer interns did and also document the language bindings that exist — getting all this in one post would be quite lengthy. He’ll try to find some time to put thoughts down. Perhaps we can encourage those who wrote the language bindings to write things up.
Since there are likely to be a number of Irmin-related posts, we can set up a short schedule of posts (as we’ve done before) — can aim to do this around January or February. There doesn’t need to be any big fanfare about this, just a mechanism to help get the posts out. For example, surfacing details on how to upgrade from v0.9 to v0.10 would be a useful post.
MirageOS end-of-year review — We’ve done this previously for 2014 and it was well received, so we should continue the pattern. We have a lot of material to draw on, in terms of changelogs, blog posts and these call notes. Jeremy agreed to take a look at this and see what he can start pulling together for others to look over.
Unikernel.org — There’s also a new community site for unikernels as a whole at unikernel.org. Having a short post here to introduce that would be useful and Amir will put something together before the next call. Others are welcome to discuss or comment via mirage-www#412.
MirageOS AppVMs on Qubes
ThomasL has been running some MirageOS VMs on Qubes OS (which is his main work environment). He’s working on a library to provide support for this (talex5/mirage-qubes), which does enough help the user do something useful.
ThomasL would like to implement a MirageOS firewall VM to replace the existing firewall in Qubes OS. In order to do this, he needs to implement netback support. Dave has a branch somewhere that may help with that and will look at merging it into a current repo. Joanna (Qubes OS project lead), was also asking on Twitter about running a GPG backend as a MirageOS unikernel. It wasn’t clear how much additional work would be needed over the existing TLS efforts. Hannes pointed out that there could be quite a bit of work depending on what exactly is required. Help is welcome and there’s a thread on the mailing list — “MirageOS AppVMs on Qubes”
Unikernel size
There was a question on the list from Wassim about getting back to very small unikernels. Wassim is doing a project on MirageOS and running on a very low memory budget (on x86). Hence any reduction will make a big impact on his use case. The focus is a DHCP server on Xen and they need to reduce the size as they’re linking it with other components. He was wondering what the runtime size was for the MirageOS DNS app. It seems that used to be below 8MB but trying to make it any smaller was tricky just due to how Xen. Wassim would be overjoyed if he can get his runtime size down to such levels.
Anil pointed out that the upcoming ‘flambda’ patch to the OCaml compiler will improve things for all OCaml code. Perhaps we can look again at memory usage when we do our DHCP server using Charrua. Making this runtime small is important for MirageOS too as, we want to deploy to ARM devices.
Wassim will make an issue on the mirage/mirage issue tracker so that we follow up with this.
Unikernel hackathons
We ended up discussing two separate types of events, a unikernel ‘install party’ (like the Linux install parties of yore) and a longer MirageOS hackathon/retreat/dev-meeting.
Unikernel install party — There seems to be desire amongst people to explore some of the other unikernel implementations that are available, e.g. HaLVM, Rump Kernel, IncludeOS, etc. However, getting started with any of these can be non-trival as the getting the environment set up appropriately takes prior knowledge. We thought about arranging the equivalent of an ‘install party’ (perhaps a ‘Hello World!’ party?), so that people can get going quickly with a number of different implementations. We’d likely find many ways to improve the onboarding experience for all the implementations. Perhaps we could link this up with the London Unikernel Meetup? Mid-February might be a good time to do this as a one-day/evening event and we could set the scope to be quite broad (and thus invite a lot more people).
MirageOS hackathon — There is also desire to hold an OpenBSD-style hackathon purely for MirageOS. This would be an event over several days, with the emphasis on writing code and working towards some goals (to be defined at the beginning of the event). Ideally, this would be held at some other location where people would travel to. This event could be arranged to take place in March/April to give people enough time to plan.
Since both events are serving different needs, there’s no reason we couldn’t do both. It’s mostly a matter of organising and ensuring that there would be enough participants for both.
Pioneer Projects
1 star projects — In the run up to the holidays, it would be great if we can gather a few more 1-star Pioneer Projects. This will help anyone who’s thinking of getting started with MirageOS over the break, even if they don’t contact anyone directly. It would also be timely to review the star-ratings for the current projects. On the next call, it would be good to review the project list to see where things stand.
Outreachy — One student will be working on NTP, which will have benefits to a number of other projects. Hannes is mentor and Mort can provide advice on what he had to do as a mentor from last time — the reporting requirements seem to be quite lightweight.
Longer projects — There was also the suggestion of more ‘elastic’ projects. These would be areas that start off easy and small but can expand and become more substantive pieces of work (e.g. can last for 3 months). Performance regression testing is one such area. Projects like this would also help onboard new contributors over an extended period.
–
AoB
-
vchan
andconduit
— JonL can pick upvchan
again. ThomasL is using it for Qubes and Mindy has a number of uses for it. Wassim is also using it so improvements are welcome (it’s a critical piece of their stack). Wassim’s aim is to useconduit
but docs are quite sparse and any links to more would be useful. Anil has blog post somewhere that he can link to. -
The next call is scheduled for Wednesday, 16th December. Please add any agenda items you wish to discuss in advance and refer to the mailing list for actual details a day or so in advance.


Version Control to Major Tom:
A Stellar Coding Adventure
Sept. 28: Is That Padding Soft Enough?
Boy was I wrong in voicing any kind of cautous optimism about my ability to romp through HTML and CSS. I've been throughly humbled this past week, finding myself unable to come up with a CSS template that didn't look like its was designed by a drunken monkey.  Progress!)
Anyone wants to look at the gruesome outcome, here is the main site: http://mfhan.github.io/
So now I will attempt to explain a key concept in CSS:
What is the difference between Margin, Border, and Padding?
Glad you asked!
Within the "box model" that governs CSS, margin, border and padding play an essential role in enhancing the content, making it more visible, legible and in tune with the character and design of the overall site. Inspired by age-old typography seen in books and newsprint, the three elements are often only noticeable when they are absent or flawed.
The PADDING is a transparent element that clears a perimeter around the content; a text with no margin would be pretty oppressive and hard to read, because the letters would bump into the BORDER, which marks a visible boundary between one type of content and another. The border itself is surrounded by a MARGIN, which like the padding is a transparent space that establishes an area outside the border and gives the whole page breathing space.
An example of a simple but popular site where the box concept is evident would be slate.com:
(https://github.com/mfhan/mfhan.github.io/blob/master/imgs/slate_3.6.png)
While the Donald Trump article uses no padding, the image has a thin border and a margin that prevents the item from bumping into the other news items. And for elements that are text-only, the margin ensures that each story teaser is legible and well separated from other elements.
Another important consideration is that while consistent margins and borders are often crucial to maintain the look and unity of Slate, the padding is more variable, which helps avoid a cookie-cutter look and gives the impression of a more spontaneous, more topical news outlet.
Previous Entry: What are the benefits of version control, pray tell?


Class: ActiveStorage::Attached::Changes::CreateOne
Do not use. This class is for internal use only.
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance Descendants | |
|
Subclasses:
|
|
| Inherits: | Object |
| Defined in: | activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/changes/create_one.rb |
Class Method Summary
- .new(name, record, attachable) ⇒ CreateOne constructor
Instance Attribute Summary
- #attachable readonly
- #name readonly
- #record readonly
Instance Method Summary
- #attachment
- #blob
- #save
- #upload
- #attachment_service_name private
- #build_attachment private
- #find_attachment private
- #find_or_build_attachment private
- #find_or_build_blob private
Constructor Details
.new(name, record, attachable) ⇒ CreateOne
# File 'activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/changes/create_one.rb', line 10
def initialize(name, record, attachable) @name, @record, @attachable = name, record, attachable blob.identify_without_saving end
Instance Attribute Details
#attachable (readonly)
[ GitHub ]#name (readonly)
[ GitHub ]# File 'activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/changes/create_one.rb', line 8
attr_reader :name, :record, :attachable
#record (readonly)
[ GitHub ]# File 'activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/changes/create_one.rb', line 8
attr_reader :name, :record, :attachable
Instance Method Details
#attachment
[ GitHub ]# File 'activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/changes/create_one.rb', line 15
def @attachment ||= end
#attachment_service_name (private)
[ GitHub ]#blob
[ GitHub ]# File 'activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/changes/create_one.rb', line 19
def blob @blob ||= find_or_build_blob end
#build_attachment (private)
[ GitHub ]# File 'activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/changes/create_one.rb', line 48
def ActiveStorage::Attachment.new(record: record, name: name, blob: blob) end
#find_attachment (private)
[ GitHub ]#find_or_build_attachment (private)
[ GitHub ]# File 'activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/changes/create_one.rb', line 38
def || end
#find_or_build_blob (private)
[ GitHub ]# File 'activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/changes/create_one.rb', line 52
def find_or_build_blob case attachable when ActiveStorage::Blob attachable when ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile, Rack::Test::UploadedFile ActiveStorage::Blob.build_after_unfurling( io: attachable.open, filename: attachable.original_filename, content_type: attachable.content_type, record: record, service_name: ) when Hash ActiveStorage::Blob.build_after_unfurling( **attachable.reverse_merge( record: record, service_name: ).symbolize_keys ) when String ActiveStorage::Blob.find_signed!(attachable, record: record) else raise ArgumentError, "Could not find or build blob: expected attachable, got #{attachable.inspect}" end end
#save
[ GitHub ]#upload
[ GitHub ]# File 'activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/changes/create_one.rb', line 23
def upload case attachable when ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile, Rack::Test::UploadedFile blob.upload_without_unfurling(attachable.open) when Hash blob.upload_without_unfurling(attachable.fetch(:io)) end end


FastTrack
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Promise is a service that helps you run functions asynchronously, and use their return values (or exceptions) when they are done processing.
result is: {{result}}


To get the best effort bid price, the model uses the following procedure:
Tick
data and the most recent batch of ticks contains a buy quote, use the bid price of the most recent quote tick.QuoteBar
data, use the closing bid price of the most recent QuoteBar
.To get the best effort ask price, the model uses the following procedure:
Tick
data and the most recent batch of ticks contains a sell quote, use the ask price of the most recent quote tick.QuoteBar
data, use the closing ask price of the most recent QuoteBar
.If neither of the preceding procedures yield a result, the model uses the following procedure to get the best effort bid or ask price:
Tick
data and the most recent batch of ticks contains a tick of type TickType.Trade
, use the last trade price.TradeBar
data, use the closing bid price of the most recent QuoteBar
.


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I had meant to move this weekend just gone. I had arranged the truck, some friends to help and cleared away a space for my possessions in my new home.
Sadly, I didn’t actually pack. Like Pope Urban VII, I expected the universe to move around me. I’m going to try to move again next week. Right now, all of my books, CDs, DVDs and odds-and-ends are all packed. Boxes are scattered on my floor like Biblical allusions in a Nick Cave song.
Instead of moving, I revamped my website, moved my professional blog and set up a feed that aggregates both blogs. Thanks to Huw and Mary for their help.
I’m looking forward to having it over and done with.


part of me wanted to call this module node-miyagi
.
please god let someone get the joke. preferably a girl. preferably gorgeous.
It blows my mind that these methods don't exist on the core node.js Buffer
object. srsly guise?
Constructor is compatible with existing Buffer
constructor, but also adds an
optional growSize
parameter. The only time that a BetterBuffer
will grow
is when you call the growToAccommodate()
method -- there's no auto-growing on
BetterBuffer::pushBack()
or Buffer::copy()
-- at least not yet.
Ensures that the buffer is at least big enough to store dataLengthToAccommodate
octets. The buffer will grow in intervals defind by its growSize
member, so
you may sometimes end up with a buffer that's slightly larger than necessary.
Queue-like functionality for buffers. Appends sourceBuffer
to the buffer at
the end of that buffer's actual data, as indicated by its dataLength
member. So
for example, if you have:
var myBuffer = new BetterBuffer(10, 5);
// myBuffer.length == 10
// myBuffer.dataLength == 0
...and you append, say, secondBuffer
, the length
of which is 6
:
myBuffer.pushBack(secondBuffer);
// myBuffer.length == 10
// myBuffer.dataLength == 6
myBuffer.dataLength
is now 6. Now let's append thirdBuffer
, the length of
which is 2
:
myBuffer.pushBack(thirdBuffer);
// myBuffer.length == 10
// myBuffer.dataLength == 8
myBuffer.dataLength
is now 8, and thirdBuffer
was written into myBuffer
starting at position 6.
In combination with BetterBuffer::popFront()
, this makes it much easier to
create queue- or stream-like behavior using simple buffer objects.
The buffer's dataLength
property is incremented accordingly.
Just a simple pop
function, like you'd find on a stack or queue. Hacks off the
first num
octets in the buffer, shifts everything in the buffer forward by the
same distance, and returns the popped octets in a new BetterBuffer
object.
The buffer's dataLength
property is decremented accordingly.
Creates a new BetterBuffer
containing an exact copy of the contents of the
buffer. NOTE: the returned buffer's size is equal to the source buffer's
dataLength
property, not its length
property.
For example, let's say you have a buffer myBuffer
of size 256
, and you've only
pushBack
ed one buffer of size 100
into it. This means that myBuffer.length
is 256
, but myBuffer.dataLength
is 100
. So when you call
cloneDataIntoNewBuffer
, it will return a buffer of size 100
, not 256
.
var myBuf = new BetterBuffer(10, 5);
myBuf.fill(0x00);
// myBuf.length == 10
// myBuf.dataLength == 0
// myBuf = <Buffer 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00>
var smallerBuffer = new BetterBuffer(8);
smallerBuffer.fill(0xff);
// smallerBuffer.length == 8
// smallerBuffer.dataLength == 0
// smallerBuffer = <Buffer ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff>
// now we explicitly set smallerBuffer.dataLength -- it's not necessary, but
// it makes things clearer conceptually
smallerBuffer.dataLength = smallerBuffer.length;
// what happens when we call growToAccommodate to ensure we have enough room?
myBuf.growToAccommodate(smallerBuffer.dataLength);
// smallerBuffer is smaller than myBuf, so myBuf.length is still 10
// go ahead and eat the smaller buffer
myBuf.pushBack(smallerBuffer);
// myBuf = <Buffer ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 00 00>
// myBuf.length == 10
// myBuf.dataLength == 8
var anotherBuffer = new BetterBuffer(8);
anotherBuffer.fill(0xaa);
// anotherBuffer.length == 8
// anotherBuffer.dataLength == 0
// anotherBuffer = <Buffer aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa>
// again, we explicitly set anotherBuffer.dataLength for the sake of code readability
anotherBuffer.dataLength = anotherBuffer.length;
// let's try calling growToAccommodate again and see if anything happens this time
myBuf.growToAccommodate(myBuf.dataLength + anotherBuffer.dataLength);
// now, myBuf.length == 20 because:
// myBuf.dataLength == 8
// anotherBuffer.dataLength == 8
// and myBuf.growSize == 5 (myBuf's initial size was 10, and 10 + 5 + 5 == 20)
// now we can pushBack() safely
myBuf.pushBack(anotherBuffer);
// myBuf = <Buffer ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa 00 00 00 00>
// myBuf.length == 20
// myBuf.dataLength == 16
// and just for good measure let's tack on a shitty example of popFront()
var justAPiece = myBuf.popFront(5);
// justAPiece = <Buffer ff ff ff ff ff>
// myBuf = <Buffer ff ff ff aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa 00 00 00 00>
bryn austin bellomy <<EMAIL_ADDRESS>>
Copyright (c) 2012 bryn austin bellomy, signalenvelope / signals.io »
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


{% extends "base_tabs.html" %} {% load static %} {% load hardware_extras %} {% block extra_head %} {% endblock %} {% block head_title %}Hardware List{% endblock %} {% block panel %}
In this page you can find a list of the hardware available. Once requested, the hardware is reserved for you for a certain amount of time. Before the time's up, you can go to the Hardware Lab desk to retrieve the item. To retrieve the item you will be asked to leave an ID in the desk, so don't forget to take it with you!
The numbers represent the availability of that kind of hardware:
When we run out of a specific hardware, the request button changes into LMK (stands for 'Let Me Know'). You can toggle this button on and off. If it's on, we will let you know when the hardware becomes available again. Keep in mind that this only works with the site open (and reload will forget any LMK's enabled).
In the borrowings section you see can our records about your own borrowings. You can see exactly what items have been borrowed to you and the relevant timestamps.
Check that all the pieces are packed in the same way that were given to you (if not better) and take them back to the Hardware Lab desk. They will handle the operation. If you don't have any more borrowings, your ID will be returned to you.


Runs a TTT calculation.
int jmpRunTttCalculation (void);
This function has no parameters.
JMP_STATUS_OK |
Request has been successfully completed. |
JMP_STATUS_ERROR |
An error has occurred. |
ttt.out
The output of a TTT calculation is written to this file in tab-separated format. Standard transformation temperatures are printed in the header, which is followed by the calculated transformation times for the temperature range from just below A3 to just above Ms (or room temperature, in case martensite is never found). In addition to the start and completion points, transformation times are given for the fraction values specified with jmpSetAdditionalTransformationFractions().
Runtime/win32
(for 32-bit applications) or Runtime/x64
(for 64-bit applications), found in the API installation directory, should be placed at the same level as your executable file.| Headers | jmpcore.h jmpttt.h |
| Library | jmpttt.lib /jmpttt_x64.lib |
| DLLs | jmpcore.dll /jmpcore_x64.dll
jmpsolver.dll /jmpsolver_x64.dll
jmpttt.dll /jmpttt_x64.dll
|


The Blues Brothers
The Blues Brothers is a movie starring John Belushi, Dan Aykroyd, and Cab Calloway. Jake Blues, just released from prison, puts together his old band to save the Catholic home where he and his brother Elwood were raised.


THE SIXTH SENSE RATING: 8 / 10 --> Great movie
For more reviews and movie screensavers, visit http://www.joblo.com/
Bruce Willis takes on a role strategically opposite to his usual macho, wise-crackin', gun-tottin' beefcake, to star alongside a cute kid, in a part that finds him leveled out as an insightful, caring, children's psychologist. Could he go an entire picture and not make one wise-ass remark? You bet!
PLOT: A children's psychologist becomes strongly attached to one child's problem, when the boy begins displaying strong signs of similarity with another young kid whom the doctor once treated, and failed to cure. The boy claims to see "dead people" walking all around him. In the meanwhile, the doctor's own marriage begins to fall apart, as he focuses too heavily on the child in question.
CRITIQUE: Wow. What an ending. I don't think I've been this moved by a film's conclusion since the frighteningly shocking end of David Fincher's SEVEN (9/10). Don't worry because I will obviously not ruin this film for anyone, but suffice it to say that the end of this film allows you to see the entire picture from an entirely different point of view, and that is simply a unique achievement. In fact, I am more than willing to see this film once again, just so that I could see it unravel within that other realm. Another thing that stood out for me with this picture was the fact that unlike its trailer, which sells this film as a chilling thriller, this movie is actually a supernatural drama with plenty of tear-jerking scenes to boot. And yes, even your faithful author crumbled under the emotional drainage of the film's players, filling his eyes with a little bit of the ol' wetness. I would rather compare it to elements of THE OMEN and GHOST, rather than any thrill-seekers ride.
In fact, the film is deliberately paced very slowly, with plenty of time given to the performers to grapple with the potent material at hand. Haley Joel Osment does an excellent job as the confused young child who is going through things that no child should ever go through, and even Bruce Willis pulls off an impressive steady performance, without a single "yipee-kaya" in the whole script. But once again, allow me re-iterate how much the twist ending of this film allowed it to catapult onto another level. Even after the film's credits had long been done rolling, my friends and I could not help but discuss the various intricacies of the plot which were altered through this amazing ending, and could not help but further our appreciation for this film. Great acting, great style, great score, an instant classic ending, and certainly worthy of being called one of my favorite films of the year. And despite it not being an all-out thriller, believe me when I say that you will be startled in a few scenes, and certainly touched in others. Giant kudos go out to the writer/director of this film, M. Night Shyamalan, for pulling off a very impressive film presentation.
Oh, and by the way, if this film interests you in the least, make sure that you see it as soon as possible, before someone ruins the ending for you. It truly is one to digest firsthand.
Little Known Facts about this film and its stars: Ex-New Kid on the Block, Donnie Wahlberg, makes a powerful performance in this picture, looking absolutely NOTHING like he used to in the days of "hanging tough" with his now-defunct band. Such an immense physical transformation, I have not seen in a long while. Donnie apparently dropped 30 pounds for his minimal role. Robert DeNiro would be proud. Donnie has eight brothers and sisters, including his one other famous sibling, Mark Wahlberg, another once-a-singer-now-a-want-to-be-serious-actor in his own right. Donnie also has a son named Xavier by a member of his brother's band Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch. Willis' wife in this movie is played by Olivia Williams, the apple of Max Fischer's eye in last year's comedy hit, RUSHMORE (8/10).  Actress Toni Collette is Australian. In 1994, she won the Australian equivalent of the Academy Award for MURIEL'S WEDDING, a role for which she gained 40 pounds in seven weeks, with the help of a dietician. Pay close attention, and you will notice writer/director M. Night Shyamalan in his role in this film as Dr. Hill. Mr. Shyamalan is born in Madras, India, and wrote/directed his first autobiographical film, PRAYING WITH ANGER, when he was only 22 years old. This is his third picture.
Review Date: August 7, 1999 Director: M. Night Shyamalan Writer: M. Night Shyamalan Producers: Kathleen Kennedy, Frank Marshall and Barry Mendel Actors: Bruce Willis as Malcolm Crowe Haley Joel Osment as Cole Sear Toni Collette as Lynn Sear Olivia Williams as Anna Crowe Genre: Thriller Year of Release: 1999 ------------------------------------- JoBlo's Movie Emporium http://www.joblo.com/ ------------------------------------- (c) 1999 Berge Garabedian
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


iridium.ggs.onl
HEY! welcome to my website/mc server! here you will find all types of custom items.
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|
OPAE C API
-..
FPGA API
|
#include <opae/cxx/core/sysobject.h>
Public Types | |
| typedef std::shared_ptr< sysobject > | ptr_t |
Public Member Functions | |
| sysobject ()=delete | |
| sysobject (const sysobject &o)=delete | |
| sysobject & | operator= (const sysobject &o)=delete |
| sysobject::ptr_t | get (const std::string &name, int flags=0) |
| Get a sysobject from an object. This will be read-write if its parent was created from a handle.. More... | |
| sysobject::ptr_t | get (int index) |
| Get a sysobject from a container object. This will be read-write if its parent was created from a handle.. More... | |
| virtual | ~sysobject () |
| uint32_t | size () const |
| Get the size (in bytes) of the object. More... | |
| uint64_t | read64 (int flags=0) const |
| Read a 64-bit value from an FPGA object. The value is assumed to be in string format and will be parsed. See flags below for changing that behavior. More... | |
| void | write64 (uint64_t value, int flags=0) const |
| Write 64-bit value to an FPGA object. The value will be converted to string before writing. See flags below for changing that behavior. More... | |
| std::vector< uint8_t > | bytes (int flags=0) const |
| Get all raw bytes from the object. More... | |
| std::vector< uint8_t > | bytes (uint32_t offset, uint32_t size, int flags=0) const |
| Get a subset of raw bytes from the object. More... | |
| enum fpga_sysobject_type | type () const |
| fpga_object | c_type () const |
| operator fpga_object () const | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static sysobject::ptr_t | get (token::ptr_t t, const std::string &name, int flags=0) |
| Get a sysobject from a token. This will be read-only. More... | |
| static sysobject::ptr_t | get (handle::ptr_t h, const std::string &name, int flags=0) |
| Get a sysobject from a handle. This will be read-write. More... | |
Private Member Functions | |
| sysobject (fpga_object sysobj, token::ptr_t token, handle::ptr_t hnd) | |
Private Attributes | |
| fpga_object | sysobject_ |
| token::ptr_t | token_ |
| handle::ptr_t | handle_ |
Wraps the OPAE fpga_object primitive. sysobject's are created from a call to fpgaTokenGetObject, fpgaHandleGetObject, or fpgaObjectGetObject
Definition at line 42 of file sysobject.h.
| typedef std::shared_ptr<sysobject> opae::fpga::types::sysobject::ptr_t |
Definition at line 44 of file sysobject.h.
|
delete |
|
delete |
|
virtual |
|
private |
|
static |
Get a sysobject from a token. This will be read-only.
| [in] | t | Token object representing a resource. |
| [in] | name | An identifier representing an object belonging to a resource represented by the token. |
| [in] | flags | Control behavior of object identification and creation. FPGA_OBJECT_GLOB is used to indicate that the name should be treated as a globbing expression. FPGA_OBJECT_RECURSE_ONE indicates that subobjects be created for objects one level down from the object identified by name. FPGA_OBJECT_RECURSE_ALL indicates that subobjects be created for all objects below the current object identified by name. |
|
static |
Get a sysobject from a handle. This will be read-write.
| [in] | h | Handle object representing an open resource. |
| [in] | name | An identifier representing an object belonging to a resource represented by the handle. |
| [in] | flags | Control behavior of object identification and creation. FPGA_OBJECT_GLOB is used to indicate that the name should be treated as a globbing expression. FPGA_OBJECT_RECURSE_ONE indicates that subobjects be created for objects one level down from the object identified by name. FPGA_OBJECT_RECURSE_ALL indicates that subobjects be created for all objects below the current object identified by name. |
| sysobject::ptr_t opae::fpga::types::sysobject::get | ( | const std::string & | name, |
| int | flags = 0 |
||
| ) |
Get a sysobject from an object. This will be read-write if its parent was created from a handle..
| [in] | name | An identifier representing an object belonging to this object. |
| [in] | flags | Control behavior of object identification and creation. FPGA_OBJECT_GLOB is used to indicate that the name should be treated as a globbing expression. FPGA_OBJECT_RECURSE_ONE indicates that subobjects be created for objects one level down from the object identified by name. FPGA_OBJECT_RECURSE_ALL indicates that subobjects be created for all objects. Flags are defaulted to 0 meaning no flags. |
| sysobject::ptr_t opae::fpga::types::sysobject::get | ( | int | index | ) |
Get a sysobject from a container object. This will be read-write if its parent was created from a handle..
| [in] | index | An index number to get. |
| uint32_t opae::fpga::types::sysobject::size | ( | ) | const |
Get the size (in bytes) of the object.
| uint64_t opae::fpga::types::sysobject::read64 | ( | int | flags = 0 | ) | const |
Read a 64-bit value from an FPGA object. The value is assumed to be in string format and will be parsed. See flags below for changing that behavior.
| [in] | flags | Flags that control how the object is read If FPGA_OBJECT_SYNC is used then object will update its buffered copy before retrieving the data. If FPGA_OBJECT_RAW is used, then the data will be read as raw bytes into the uint64_t pointer variable. Flags are defaulted to 0 meaning no flags. |
| void opae::fpga::types::sysobject::write64 | ( | uint64_t | value, |
| int | flags = 0 |
||
| ) | const |
Write 64-bit value to an FPGA object. The value will be converted to string before writing. See flags below for changing that behavior.
| [in] | value | The value to write to the object. |
| [in] | flags | Flags that control how the object is written If FPGA_OBJECT_RAW is used, then the value will be written as raw bytes. Flags are defaulted to 0 meaning no flags. |
| std::vector<uint8_t> opae::fpga::types::sysobject::bytes | ( | int | flags = 0 | ) | const |
Get all raw bytes from the object.
| [in] | flags | Flags that control how object is read If FPGA_OBJECT_SYNC is used then object will update its buffered copy before retrieving the data. |
| std::vector<uint8_t> opae::fpga::types::sysobject::bytes | ( | uint32_t | offset, |
| uint32_t | size, | ||
| int | flags = 0 |
||
| ) | const |
Get a subset of raw bytes from the object.
| [in] | offset | The bytes offset for the start of the returned vector. |
| [in] | size | The number of bytes for the returned vector. |
| [in] | flags | Flags that control how object is read If FPGA_OBJECT_SYNC is used then object will update its buffered copy before retrieving the data. |
| enum fpga_sysobject_type opae::fpga::types::sysobject::type | ( | ) | const |
Get the object type (attribute or container)
|
inline |
Retrieve the underlying fpga_object primitive.
Definition at line 185 of file sysobject.h.
References sysobject_.
|
inline |
Retrieve the underlying fpga_object primitive.
Definition at line 189 of file sysobject.h.
References sysobject_.
|
private |
Definition at line 193 of file sysobject.h.
Referenced by c_type(), and operator fpga_object().
|
private |
Definition at line 194 of file sysobject.h.
|
private |
Definition at line 195 of file sysobject.h.


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Hierarchy For Package old.org.bouncycastle.cms
Package Hierarchies:
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Class Hierarchy
java.lang.
Object
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSAbsentContent
(implements old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSTypedData
)
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSAlgorithm
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSAuthenticatedData
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSCompressedData
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSCompressedDataGenerator
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSCompressedDataStreamGenerator
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSConfig
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSContentInfoParser
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSAuthenticatedDataParser
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSCompressedDataParser
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSEnvelopedDataParser
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSSignedDataParser
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSEnvelopedData
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSEnvelopedGenerator
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSAuthenticatedGenerator
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSAuthenticatedDataGenerator
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSAuthenticatedDataStreamGenerator
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSEnvelopedDataGenerator
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSEnvelopedDataStreamGenerator
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSPBEKey
(implements javax.crypto.interfaces.
PBEKey
)
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
PKCS5Scheme2PBEKey
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
PKCS5Scheme2UTF8PBEKey
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSProcessableByteArray
(implements old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSTypedData
)
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSProcessableFile
(implements old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSTypedData
)
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSSignedData
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSSignedGenerator
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSSignedDataGenerator
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSSignedDataStreamGenerator
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSTypedStream
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
DefaultAuthenticatedAttributeTableGenerator
(implements old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSAttributeTableGenerator
)
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
DefaultSignedAttributeTableGenerator
(implements old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSAttributeTableGenerator
)
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
KEKRecipientInfoGenerator
(implements old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
RecipientInfoGenerator
)
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
KeyAgreeRecipientInfoGenerator
(implements old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
RecipientInfoGenerator
)
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
KeyTransRecipientInfoGenerator
(implements old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
RecipientInfoGenerator
)
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
PasswordRecipientInfoGenerator
(implements old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
RecipientInfoGenerator
)
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
RecipientInformation
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
KEKRecipientInformation
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
KeyAgreeRecipientInformation
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
KeyTransRecipientInformation
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
PasswordRecipientInformation
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
RecipientInformationStore
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
RecipientOperator
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
SignerInfoGenerator
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
SignerInfoGeneratorBuilder
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
SignerInformation
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
SignerInformationStore
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
SignerInformationVerifier
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
SimpleAttributeTableGenerator
(implements old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSAttributeTableGenerator
)
java.lang.
Throwable
(implements java.io.
Serializable
)
java.lang.
Exception
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSException
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSSignerDigestMismatchException
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSVerifierCertificateNotValidException
java.io.
IOException
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSStreamException
java.lang.
RuntimeException
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSRuntimeException
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSAttributeTableGenerationException
java.security.cert.
X509CertSelector
(implements java.security.cert.
CertSelector
)
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
RecipientId
(implements old.org.bouncycastle.util.
Selector
)
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
KEKRecipientId
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
KeyAgreeRecipientId
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
KeyTransRecipientId
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
PasswordRecipientId
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
SignerId
(implements old.org.bouncycastle.util.
Selector
)
Interface Hierarchy
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSAttributeTableGenerator
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSProcessable
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
CMSTypedData
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
Recipient
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
KEKRecipient
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
KeyAgreeRecipient
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
KeyTransRecipient
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
PasswordRecipient
old.org.bouncycastle.cms.
RecipientInfoGenerator
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{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block title %}{{ channel.display_name }}{% endblock %} {% block meta_title %}{{ channel.display_name }}'s channel{% endblock %} {% block meta_description %}{{ channel.display_name }} on Viewly.{% endblock %} {% set showFooter = true %} {% block styles %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
{{ channel.description }}
{% endif %} {% if not current_user.is_active %}Looks like your channel doesn't have any videos yet.
{% include 'atoms/icon-upload.html' %} Upload a video now {% else %}{{ channel.display_name }} hasn't uploaded anything.
{% endif %}


LHC rejected govt's condition of indemnity bonds: Shehbaz Sharif
by https://www.facebook.com/dunyanewsLAHORE (Dunya News) - Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz (PML-N) president Shehbaz Sharif on Saturday thanked nation for praying for health of Nawaz Sharif and said the court has given its verdict on human grounds.
He said there was no need to ask for indemnity bonds from government. Shehbaz said the court has rejected the condition set by the government.
Shehbaz said that he hoped the former prime minister would recover soon from his illness and return to Pakistan.
"The delay which was created as a result of the government s decision has been ended today by the court s verdict," he said.
While rejecting the objection by federal government on its proposed draft, the Lahore High Court earleir ordered to remove name of former premier from Exit Control List (ECL) and allowed him to travel abroad to get health treatment for four weeks.
READ MORE: LHC orders to remove Nawaz Sharif s name from ECL
The federal government had objected to the draft prepared by Lahore High Court (LHC) over the terms of Nawaz Sharif s travel abroad and specifically his return to Pakistan.
The proposed draft states that Nawaz Sharif has been given 4 weeks for his treatment but he can avail extension if health condition is not better. It added that the government can contact former premier through foreign embassy.
The federal government had set condition for Nawaz Sharif to pay Rs7 billion surety bond if he wants to travel abroad for medical treatment. The government had also given only one time four-week permission to ailing Sharif to get his medical treatment in London.


The server cannot or will not process the request due to an apparent client error
One of the following error conditions: Unable to parse data. Missing data. The request attempts data that is too large. The data contains invalid child names as part of the path. The data path is too long. The request contains an unrecognized server value. The request does not support one of the query parameters that is specified. The request mixes query parameters with a shallow request.
A server error occurred.
The specified Database was not found.
Standard response for successful HTTP requests.
The request's specified ETag value in the if-match header did not match the server's value.
The specified Database is temporarily unavailable, which means the request was not attempted.
Similar to 403 Forbidden, but specifically for use when authentication is required and has failed or has not yet been provided.
One of the following error conditions: The user token has expired or is missing. The user token used in the request is invalid.
Generated using TypeDoc
Possible response values when interacting with the database API.


Seth Lachman
Backend
I love coffee, and it doesn't hurt that it helps me solve challenging technical problems.
Rashmi Poddar
Front End Developer
I love reading and hiking
Ben Solt
Front End Developer: React 1
Attending Lambda school to become a Web Developer. - Have a Bachelors in Media Arts and
Animation. - Experience with Adobe Creative Suite, Unreal Engine
Danny Manzietti
Front End Developer: React 2
Loves food, animals and camping.
Michael Searles
Front-End UI
I love coffee, and it doesn't hurt that it helps me solve challenging technical problems.
Bryan Adams
Front-End UI
Father of the Sea. Married to a Princess. Builder of Virtual Things


| DOSE: T+ 0:00 |
888 mg |
oral |
DXM |
(liquid) |
| T+ 2:00 |
1 hit |
oral |
LSD |
(blotter / tab) |
I drank the DXM (delsym) and biked around town for awhile. It was a nice berkeley day. About 2 hours in, I rode to the campus and sat by a nice stream. I felt the DXM feelings coming and reached a very relaxed state. I got back and was still feeling peaceful. It was about 6 o'clock, and I ate a hit of (strong) acid. By this time, the DXM was in effect.
It ramped up slowly. Here are my day-after notes:
The 'winamp playlist' became the most significant thing in the universe. I thought I had enqueued the world's longest playlist that automatically figured out what I needed to hear. I thought it had mystical powers.
The music separated into individual parts coming in at the wrong times. The music would play 10 times slower than it should, then speed up to catch up. The notes couldn't decide weather or not they were in the music or part of a mesh. The sounds of the music were coming from everywhere. I played 'in the court of the crimson king' and was totally overwhelmed.
The visuals were subtle, and only visible in a dark room. Everything waved around and was slighly sparkly. The music was the best part of the trip. Even today, 4 months after, that music is still crazy to listen to, and I hear the same detail that I heard the night of the trip. I thought my computer came alive and was communicating with me. I saw lots of crazy things in my head. More than DXM alone, more than LSD alone.
It took a lot of mental energy. It's not good for parties, but it is a very interesting combination, and the night is still vivid in my mind. It's on my list of things to try again. Happy trails!
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


|
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Late-20 th century annual mean Temperature Humidity Index (T ... |
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Expected seasonal changes in heat stress frequency between 2 ... |
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S5 Fig
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Sensitivity of the mean cost-benefit ratio to barn cost diff ... |
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S6 Fig
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Sensitivity of the mean cost-benefit ratio to fan installati ... |
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S7 Fig
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Sensitivity of the mean cost-benefit ratio to discount rate, ... |
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S8 Fig
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Sensitivity of the mean cost-benefit ratio to milk price, by ... |
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S1 Table
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Coupled model intercomparison project 5 global climate model ... |
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S2 Table
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Milk production loss (kg/cow/year) under RCP 8.5, by heat ab ... |
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S3 Table
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Annual mean daily summary for maximum and minimum temperatur ... |
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S4 Table
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Mean cost-benefit ratios of heat abatement implementation un ... |
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S5 Table
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Mean annual net profit (or loss) of heat abatement implement ... |
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S6 Table
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Late-20 th Century milk production losses, net present value ... |
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S1 File
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Daily dew-point temperature and relative humidity projection ... |
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S2 File. E
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stimation of D d (daily ratio of the number of hours during ... |
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S3 File
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Cost-benefit ratio analysis. (PDF) |


File Splitter Usage
File Splitter is a utility designed to split large files into smaller parts and then reassemble those parts later on. It's useful for when you need to email yourself large files or files that corporate email scanners would otherwise strip off.
The utility has two basic functions: Split and Join. These do what they say: the first one splits a file into multiple parts, and the second one joins parts back together into the original file.
Splitting a file
To split a file, follow these steps:
- Enter the filename into the textbox (you can also drag and drop the file onto File Splitter).
- Decide how large you want each split part to be and enter the value into the "Part size" textbox. You can enter values using just about any common notation for file size--for example, 5MB, 5m, 40 k, and 12 kb all work as expected. If you don't enter a unit, the program assumes the number is in KB.
- Check the "Base64-encode parts" checkbox if you want the part files to be Base64-encoded. (Sometimes corporate email filters will strip off the binary .part files even though they're not executable; Base64-encoding your .part files can help get around this. The drawback is that Base64 will increase the .part file size to 4/3 of the original size. Thus, the parts will actually be 4/3 larger than the number you entered for .part size.)
- Click the "Split" button. The program generates a series of .part files in the directory containing the file you are splitting.
Note that File Splitter operates on a copy of your original file - the original remains unchanged.
Joining file parts
To reassemble a file that's been split, follow these steps:
- Put all the .part files into the same directory.
- Enter the filename of one of the .part files into the File textbox. (Any part will do; it doesn't have to be the first. You can also drag and drop a part onto the File Splitter window.)
- Click Join. If the join is successful, File Splitter will re-create your original file and remove all the .part files for you.
Note that when joining, the "Part size" and "Base64-encode parts" are ignored. (The program auto-detects them based on the .part file you selected.)