|
Software
vulnerabilities allow an attacker to reduce a system's Confidentiality,
Availability, and Integrity by exposing information, executing malicious
code, and undermine system functionalities that contribute to the overall
system purpose and need. With new vulnerabilities discovered everyday in a
variety of applications and user environments, a systematic study of their
characteristics is a subject of immediate need for the following reasons:
-
The high rate in which
information about past and new vulnerabilities are accumulated makes it
difficult to absorb and comprehend.
-
Rather than learning from past
mistakes, similar types of vulnerabilities are observed repeatedly.
-
As the scale and complexity of
current software grows, better mental models will be required for
developers to sense the possibility for the occurrence of
vulnerabilities.
While
the software development community has put a significant effort to capture
the artifacts related to a discovered vulnerability in organized
repositories, much of this information is not amenable to meaningful analysis
and requires a deep and manual inspection. In the software assurance
community a body of knowledge that provides an enumeration of common weaknesses
has been developed, but it is not readily usable for the study of
vulnerabilities in specific projects and user environments.
This research combines the information sources from these two communities in
a way that facilitates the study of vulnerabilities recorded in large
software repositories. We introduce the notion of a semantic template to
integrate the scattered information relevant to understand and discover
vulnerabilities. We evaluate the use of semantic templates by applying it to
analyze vulnerabilities, both reported and hidden, as recorded in the
software repositories from the Apache Web Server project. We refer to
software repositories in a general sense that includes source code, version
control data, bug reports, developer mailing lists and project development
websites. We derive semantic templates from community standards such as the
Common Weaknesses Enumeration (CWE) and Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
(CVE). We rely on standards in order to facilitate the adoption, sharing and
interoperability of semantic templates.
CWE
FormalizationNew!
Alloy Models of CWEs
Using Grammatech Code Surfer to explore
test case structuresNEW
www.grammatech.com
Injection
Semantic Template, CWE 1.6
A.
Preparation
and collection phase:
A.1
Selection of content:
Since
the CWE is continuously evolving, the template is based on version 1.6. The
CWE uses “views” to integrate multiple categorization
of weaknesses that share several CWE categories. We use the two most
prominent views of the CWE: The Development view (CWE-699) of CWE categories,
which is suited for suited for practitioners in the SDLC, and the Research
view (CWE-1000), which is suited for research purposes as it has a deep and
abstract hierarchical structure.
A.2
Extraction of relevant weaknesses:
The
next step is to identify the CWE category that identifies the weakness of
interest at the most abstract level. For the “Injection”
weakness, CWE – 74 “Failure to Sanitize Data into a Different
Plane ('Injection')” is such a category. We call it the root category.
Starting with the root category we adopt four strategies to gather weakness
related to it in the CWE research and development views.
a. Navigate hierarchical
relationships of the root category (“Parent” and “Child
Of”).
b. Navigate non-taxonomical
relationships such as “Can Precede”, “Can Follow”, “Peer-of” in the CWE hyperlinked document [1].
c. Keyword search on the CWE
document [1] for weaknesses that have the injection weakness
described in their primary or extended description. Keyword search is
followed by exploration of parent, sibling and child categories of the
discovered CWE category, for relevance to the root category.
d. Visualization of the root
category and its related weaknesses identified by automatically parsing the
CWE specification available in an eXtensible Markup
Language (XML) [1].
Injection related CWEs
Dynamic
visualization of injection related CWEs
While
applying each strategy, use of heuristics and some degree of judgment is required
on part of the subject matter expert to include a CWE category into the pool
of relevant weaknesses.
|
|
Publications/Activities Presentation at
the SwA Working Group Sessions - Summer 2011. June 28-30, 2011 at MITRE-1,
7525 Colshire Drive, McLean, VA 22102-7539.
Wednesday June 29 - Track B (1H300)
Session 1B: Helping Programmers Understand and Study Software Security
Weaknesses: Semantic Templates – Robin Gandhi
To cope with growing software complexity, programmers need better mental
models to sense the possibility of a vulnerability. There is no shortage of
weakness enumerations and categorization, but they are not in a form that
facilitates human understanding and recall. For example, the CWE contains
over 50 highly interrelated weakness definitions just to comprehend the
possibility of buffer overflows. In this session, the development of
Semantic Templates will be introduced for the study of software
vulnerabilities. Work on Semantic Templates has been ongoing at the
University of Nebraska Omaha since 2010. Using Semantic Templates
experiments indicate a definite improvement in the programmer's ability to
understand the CWEs related to the underlying software fault, weakness
characteristics, resources, and locations affected and the consequences of a
given CVE. Input from attendees will be used to guide the adoption of
semantic templates in education and research while soliciting avenues for
further growth.
PDF
Presentation at
the 24th FISSEA’s 24th Annual Conference: "Bridging to the Future – Emerging
Trends in Cybersecurity" March 15 - 17, 2011, National Institute of
Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland. Dr. Gandhi participated
with Joe Jarzombek, Director for Software Assurance, National Cyber Security
Division, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Cybersecurity and
Communications.
pptx
Siy, H., Wu, Y., Gandhi, R.A., Empirical Results on
the Study of Software Vulnerabilities (NIER Track). In proceedings of the
33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2011), Waikiki,
Honolulu, Hawaii, May 21-28, 2011
Gandhi, R.A., Siy, H., Wu, Y.,
Studying Security Vulnerabilities, CrossTalk, The Journal of Defense
Software Engineering, Sept/Oct issue 2010.
Presentation at NebraskaCERT Cyber Security Forum
http://www.nebraskacert.org/CSF/,
Standards in reporting software flaws: SCAP, CVE and CWE - Part 2, July 2010
Slides
Yan, W., Gandhi, R.A, and Siy, H., “Using Semantic Templates to Study
Vulnerabilities Recorded in Large Software Repositories” Proc. of The 6th
International Workshop on Software Engineering for Secure Systems (SESS'10)
at the 32nd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2010),
South Africa, Cape Town. 2010
|


Bank App
Create Account
Find Balance
Update Account
Delete Account
Account List
here will be the view
Toggle Menu


Auto Generating Migrations¶
Alembic can view the status of the database and compare against the table metadata
in the application, generating the “obvious” migrations based on a comparison. This
is achieved using the --autogenerate
option to the alembic revision
command,
which places so-called candidate migrations into our new migrations file. We
review and modify these by hand as needed, then proceed normally.
To use autogenerate, we first need to modify our env.py
so that it gets access
to a table metadata object that contains the target. Suppose our application
has a declarative base
in myapp.mymodel
. This base contains a MetaData
object which
contains Table
objects defining our database. We make sure this
is loaded in env.py
and then passed to EnvironmentContext.configure()
via the
target_metadata
argument. The env.py
sample script used in the
generic template already has a
variable declaration near the top for our convenience, where we replace None
with our MetaData
. Starting with:
# add your model's MetaData object here
# for 'autogenerate' support
# from myapp import mymodel
# target_metadata = mymodel.Base.metadata
target_metadata = None
we change to:
from myapp.mymodel import Base
target_metadata = Base.metadata
Note
The above example refers to the generic alembic env.py template, e.g.
the one created by default when calling upon alembic init
, and not
the special-use templates such as multidb
. Please consult the source
code and comments within the env.py
script directly for specific
guidance on where and how the autogenerate metadata is established.
If we look later in the script, down in run_migrations_online()
,
we can see the directive passed to EnvironmentContext.configure()
:
def run_migrations_online():
engine = engine_from_config(
config.get_section(config.config_ini_section), prefix='sqlalchemy.')
with engine.connect() as connection:
context.configure(
connection=connection,
target_metadata=target_metadata
)
with context.begin_transaction():
context.run_migrations()
We can then use the alembic revision
command in conjunction with the
--autogenerate
option. Suppose
our MetaData
contained a definition for the account
table,
and the database did not. We’d get output like:
$ alembic revision --autogenerate -m "Added account table"
INFO [alembic.context] Detected added table 'account'
Generating /path/to/foo/alembic/versions/27c6a30d7c24.py...done
We can then view our file 27c6a30d7c24.py
and see that a rudimentary migration
is already present:
"""empty message
Revision ID: 27c6a30d7c24
Revises: None
Create Date: 2011-11-08 11:40:27.089406
"""
# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
revision = '27c6a30d7c24'
down_revision = None
from alembic import op
import sqlalchemy as sa
def upgrade():
### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
op.create_table(
'account',
sa.Column('id', sa.Integer()),
sa.Column('name', sa.String(length=50), nullable=False),
sa.Column('description', sa.VARCHAR(200)),
sa.Column('last_transaction_date', sa.DateTime()),
sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
)
### end Alembic commands ###
def downgrade():
### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
op.drop_table("account")
### end Alembic commands ###
The migration hasn’t actually run yet, of course. We do that via the usual upgrade
command. We should also go into our migration file and alter it as needed, including
adjustments to the directives as well as the addition of other directives which these may
be dependent on - specifically data changes in between creates/alters/drops.
What does Autogenerate Detect (and what does it not detect?)¶
The vast majority of user issues with Alembic centers on the topic of what kinds of changes autogenerate can and cannot detect reliably, as well as how it renders Python code for what it does detect. it is critical to note that autogenerate is not intended to be perfect. It is always necessary to manually review and correct the candidate migrations that autogenererate produces. The feature is getting more and more comprehensive and error-free as releases continue, but one should take note of the current limitations.
Autogenerate will detect:
- Table additions, removals.
- Column additions, removals.
- Change of nullable status on columns.
- Basic changes in indexes and explcitly-named unique constraints
New in version 0.6.1: Support for autogenerate of indexes and unique constraints.
- Basic changes in foreign key constraints
New in version 0.7.1: Support for autogenerate of foreign key constraints.
Autogenerate can optionally detect:
- Change of column type. This will occur if you set
the
EnvironmentContext.configure.compare_type
parameter toTrue
, or to a custom callable function. The feature works well in most cases, but is off by default so that it can be tested on the target schema first. It can also be customized by passing a callable here; see the section Comparing Types for details. - Change of server default. This will occur if you set
the
EnvironmentContext.configure.compare_server_default
parameter toTrue
, or to a custom callable function. This feature works well for simple cases but cannot always produce accurate results. The Postgresql backend will actually invoke the “detected” and “metadata” values against the database to determine equivalence. The feature is off by default so that it can be tested on the target schema first. Like type comparison, it can also be customized by passing a callable; see the function’s documentation for details.
Autogenerate can not detect:
- Changes of table name. These will come out as an add/drop of two different tables, and should be hand-edited into a name change instead.
- Changes of column name. Like table name changes, these are detected as a column add/drop pair, which is not at all the same as a name change.
- Anonymously named constraints. Give your constraints a name,
e.g.
UniqueConstraint('col1', 'col2', name="my_name")
. See the section The Importance of Naming Constraints for background on how to configure automatic naming schemes for constraints. - Special SQLAlchemy types such as
Enum
when generated on a backend which doesn’t support ENUM directly - this because the representation of such a type in the non-supporting database, i.e. a CHAR+ CHECK constraint, could be any kind of CHAR+CHECK. For SQLAlchemy to determine that this is actually an ENUM would only be a guess, something that’s generally a bad idea. To implement your own “guessing” function here, use thesqlalchemy.events.DDLEvents.column_reflect()
event to detect when a CHAR (or whatever the target type is) is reflected, and change it to an ENUM (or whatever type is desired) if it is known that that’s the intent of the type. Thesqlalchemy.events.DDLEvents.after_parent_attach()
can be used within the autogenerate process to intercept and un-attach unwanted CHECK constraints.
Autogenerate can’t currently, but will eventually detect:
- Some free-standing constraint additions and removals, like CHECK, PRIMARY KEY - these are not fully implemented.
- Sequence additions, removals - not yet implemented.
Comparing and Rendering Types¶
The area of autogenerate’s behavior of comparing and rendering Python-based type objects in migration scripts presents a challenge, in that there’s a very wide variety of types to be rendered in scripts, including those part of SQLAlchemy as well as user-defined types. A few options are given to help out with this task.
Controlling the Module Prefix¶
When types are rendered, they are generated with a module prefix, so
that they are available based on a relatively small number of imports.
The rules for what the prefix is is based on the kind of datatype as well
as configurational settings. For example, when Alembic renders SQLAlchemy
types, it will by default prefix the type name with the prefix sa.
:
Column("my_column", sa.Integer())
The use of the sa.
prefix is controllable by altering the value
of EnvironmentContext.configure.sqlalchemy_module_prefix
:
def run_migrations_online():
# ...
context.configure(
connection=connection,
target_metadata=target_metadata,
sqlalchemy_module_prefix="sqla.",
# ...
)
# ...
In either case, the sa.
prefix, or whatever prefix is desired, should
also be included in the imports section of script.py.mako
; it also
defaults to import sqlalchemy as sa
.
For user-defined types, that is, any custom type that
is not within the sqlalchemy.
module namespace, by default Alembic will
use the value of __module__ for the custom type:
Column("my_column", myapp.models.utils.types.MyCustomType())
The imports for the above type again must be made present within the migration,
either manually, or by adding it to script.py.mako
.
Changed in version 0.7.0: The default module prefix rendering for a user-defined type now makes use
of the type’s __module__
attribute to retrieve the prefix, rather than
using the value of
sqlalchemy_module_prefix
.
The above custom type has a long and cumbersome name based on the use
of __module__
directly, which also implies that lots of imports would
be needed in order to accomodate lots of types. For this reason, it is
recommended that user-defined types used in migration scripts be made
available from a single module. Suppose we call it myapp.migration_types
:
# myapp/migration_types.py
from myapp.models.utils.types import MyCustomType
We can first add an import for migration_types
to our script.py.mako
:
from alembic import op
import sqlalchemy as sa
import myapp.migration_types
${imports if imports else ""}
We then override Alembic’s use of __module__
by providing a fixed
prefix, using the EnvironmentContext.configure.user_module_prefix
option:
def run_migrations_online():
# ...
context.configure(
connection=connection,
target_metadata=target_metadata,
user_module_prefix="myapp.migration_types.",
# ...
)
# ...
Above, we now would get a migration like:
Column("my_column", myapp.migration_types.MyCustomType())
Now, when we inevitably refactor our application to move MyCustomType
somewhere else, we only need modify the myapp.migration_types
module,
instead of searching and replacing all instances within our migration scripts.
New in version 0.6.3: Added EnvironmentContext.configure.user_module_prefix
.
Affecting the Rendering of Types Themselves¶
The methodology Alembic uses to generate SQLAlchemy and user-defined type constructs
as Python code is plain old __repr__()
. SQLAlchemy’s built-in types
for the most part have a __repr__()
that faithfully renders a
Python-compatible constructor call, but there are some exceptions, particularly
in those cases when a constructor accepts arguments that aren’t compatible
with __repr__()
, such as a pickling function.
When building a custom type that will be rendered into a migration script,
it is often necessary to explicitly give the type a __repr__()
that will
faithfully reproduce the constructor for that type. This, in combination
with EnvironmentContext.configure.user_module_prefix
, is usually
enough. However, if additional behaviors are needed, a more comprehensive
hook is the EnvironmentContext.configure.render_item
option.
This hook allows one to provide a callable function within env.py
that will fully take
over how a type is rendered, including its module prefix:
def render_item(type_, obj, autogen_context):
"""Apply custom rendering for selected items."""
if type_ == 'type' and isinstance(obj, MySpecialType):
return "mypackage.%r" % obj
# default rendering for other objects
return False
def run_migrations_online():
# ...
context.configure(
connection=connection,
target_metadata=target_metadata,
render_item=render_item,
# ...
)
# ...
In the above example, we’d ensure our MySpecialType
includes an appropriate
__repr__()
method, which is invoked when we call it against "%r"
.
The callable we use for EnvironmentContext.configure.render_item
can also add imports to our migration script. The AutogenContext
passed in
contains a datamember called AutogenContext.imports
, which is a Python
set()
for which we can add new imports. For example, if MySpecialType
were in a module called mymodel.types
, we can add the import for it
as we encounter the type:
def render_item(type_, obj, autogen_context):
"""Apply custom rendering for selected items."""
if type_ == 'type' and isinstance(obj, MySpecialType):
# add import for this type
autogen_context.imports.add("from mymodel import types")
return "types.%r" % obj
# default rendering for other objects
return False
Changed in version 0.8: The autogen_context
data member passed to
the render_item
callable is now an instance of AutogenContext
.
Changed in version 0.8.3: The “imports” data member of the autogen context
is restored to the new AutogenContext
object as
AutogenContext.imports
.
The finished migration script will include our imports where the
${imports}
expression is used, producing output such as:
from alembic import op
import sqlalchemy as sa
from mymodel import types
def upgrade():
op.add_column('sometable', Column('mycolumn', types.MySpecialType()))
Comparing Types¶
The default type comparison logic will work for SQLAlchemy built in types as
well as basic user defined types. This logic is only enabled if the
EnvironmentContext.configure.compare_type
parameter
is set to True:
context.configure(
# ...
compare_type = True
)
Alternatively, the EnvironmentContext.configure.compare_type
parameter accepts a callable function which may be used to implement custom type
comparison logic, for cases such as where special user defined types
are being used:
def my_compare_type(context, inspected_column,
metadata_column, inspected_type, metadata_type):
# return True if the types are different,
# False if not, or None to allow the default implementation
# to compare these types
return None
context.configure(
# ...
compare_type = my_compare_type
)
Above, inspected_column
is a sqlalchemy.schema.Column
as
returned by
sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.reflecttable()
, whereas
metadata_column
is a sqlalchemy.schema.Column
from the
local model environment. A return value of None
indicates that default
type comparison to proceed.
Additionally, custom types that are part of imported or third party
packages which have special behaviors such as per-dialect behavior
should implement a method called compare_against_backend()
on their SQLAlchemy type. If this method is present, it will be called
where it can also return True or False to specify the types compare as
equivalent or not; if it returns None, default type comparison logic
will proceed:
class MySpecialType(TypeDecorator):
# ...
def compare_against_backend(self, dialect, conn_type):
# return True if the types are different,
# False if not, or None to allow the default implementation
# to compare these types
if dialect.name == 'postgresql':
return isinstance(conn_type, postgresql.UUID)
else:
return isinstance(conn_type, String)
The order of precedence regarding the
EnvironmentContext.configure.compare_type
callable vs. the
type itself implementing compare_against_backend
is that the
EnvironmentContext.configure.compare_type
callable is favored
first; if it returns None
, then the compare_against_backend
method
will be used, if present on the metadata type. If that returns None
,
then a basic check for type equivalence is run.
New in version 0.7.6: - added support for the compare_against_backend()
method.


CURLOPT_RESOLVE explained
NAME
CURLOPT_RESOLVE - provide custom host name to IP address resolves
SYNOPSIS
#include <curl/curl.h> CURLcode curl_easy_setopt(CURL *handle, CURLOPT_RESOLVE, struct curl_slist *hosts);
DESCRIPTION
Pass a pointer to a linked list of strings with host name resolve information to use for requests with this handle. The linked list should be a fully valid list of struct curl_slist structs properly filled in. Use curl_slist_append to create the list and curl_slist_free_all to clean up an entire list.
Each single name resolve string should be written using the format HOST:PORT:ADDRESS[,ADDRESS]... where HOST is the name libcurl will try to resolve, PORT is the port number of the service where libcurl wants to connect to the HOST and ADDRESS is one or more numerical IP addresses. If you specify multiple ip addresses they need to be separated by comma. If libcurl is built to support IPv6, each of the ADDRESS entries can of course be either IPv4 or IPv6 style addressing.
This option effectively pre-populates the DNS cache with entries for the host+port pair so redirects and everything that operations against the HOST+PORT will instead use your provided ADDRESS. Addresses set with CURLOPT_RESOLVE will not time-out from the DNS cache like ordinary entries.
If the DNS cache already have an entry for the given host+port pair, then this entry will be removed and a new entry will be created. This is because old entry may have have different addresses or be ordinary entries with time-outs.
The provided ADDRESS set by this option will be used even if CURLOPT_IPRESOLVE is set to make libcurl use another IP version.
Remove names from the DNS cache again, to stop providing these fake resolves, by including a string in the linked list that uses the format "-HOST:PORT". The host name must be prefixed with a dash, and the host name and port number must exactly match what was already added previously.
Support for providing the ADDRESS within [brackets] was added in 7.57.0.
Support for providing multiple IP addresses per entry was added in 7.59.0.
DEFAULT
PROTOCOLS
EXAMPLE
CURL *curl; struct curl_slist *host = NULL; host = curl_slist_append(NULL, "example.com:80:<IP_ADDRESS>"); curl = curl_easy_init(); if(curl) { curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_RESOLVE, host); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, "http://example.com"); curl_easy_perform(curl); /* always cleanup */ curl_easy_cleanup(curl); } curl_slist_free_all(host);
AVAILABILITY
Added in 7.21.3. Removal support added in 7.42.0.
RETURN VALUE
Returns CURLE_OK if the option is supported, and CURLE_UNKNOWN_OPTION if not.
SEE ALSO
CURLOPT_IPRESOLVE, CURLOPT_DNS_CACHE_TIMEOUT, CURLOPT_CONNECT_TO
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7 November 2017 / {{conditionDetails?.category}} {{storyDetails?.title || 'Loading...'}} Read Condition Details Submit Research Evaluate Research {{storyDetails?.details}}


object TransitionUtils
Collection of utility methods for working with transitions.
fun mergeAnimators(animator1: Animator?, animator2: Animator?): Animator?
Merges non null animators among animator1 and animator2 and plays them together when started. |


It's never too late to be festive.
All scenes with multiple people were taken with proper safety guidelines in check and before the most recent quarantining policies.
Produced and Edited by Brandon Chung
Vocals by Henry Poole and Lil' Bruh
Thanks to Timothy Herchen, Steven Xue, and Sean Yen for helping throughout the
process!


The examples below seem slightly confusing. This is because an element’s style is influenced by dynamic pseudo-classes attached to adjacent elements. View the source of this document to fully understand these selectors.
#test1:hover > p {
background-color: yellow;
}
Here is a paragraph.
And another.
#test2 p:hover + p {
background-color: yellow;
}
Paragraph 1.
Paragraph 2.
Paragraph 3.
#test3 input:focus + input {
background-color: yellow;
}
#test4 p:hover ~ p {
background-color: yellow;
}
Paragraph 1.
Paragraph 2.
Paragraph 3.
Paragraph 4.
Paragraph 5.
Paragraph 6.
< back


This is a demonstration of using Windsor (a browser-based Bowtie theme runtime) with the default Bowtie theme, known internally as Flip. Click the first button to load the Default theme into Windsor, and then the second to play a royalty-free demo track that can be controlled by the Bowtie theme. Requires HTML5 Audio support with MP3 files (works in Safari on Mac).
Double-click the theme to flip it over!


--- title: "Hawthorn Mall owners look to add restaurants, entertainment options" class: latest-news parent: Latest News categories: --- Chicago Tribune: Vernon Hills Review
Representatives from Hawthorn Mall's new ownership team say they want the shopping center to offer experiences that get patrons through their doors for more than just shopping.
Investment firms Centennial Real Estate Company, Montgomery Street Partners, and USAA Real Estate Company bought an 80 percent stake in Hawthorn Mall in Vernon Hills and Fox Valley Mall in Aurora this past December, a deal they reported as being worth $1.1 billion.
In their announcement, the group said Dallas-based Centennial would take over day-to-day management from Westfield, who is now a silent minority owner.
Centennial's Chief Executive Officer Steven Levin and Chief Operating Officer Dan Sheridan met privately with Vernon Hills Mayor Roger Byrne prior to a Village Board meeting on May 3.
"A mall should be a destination for shopping, dining, entertainment, leisure and living. That's what we're here to create," Levin later told the village board. "Westfield started it with some of the things they did, but we have a lot of larger plans."
As part of a $50 million renovation that lasted over two years, Westfield built a 12-screen AMC movie theater that can seat up to 1,600 people and serves food and alcohol. It opened in May 2015.
A new 40,000-square-foot Dave & Buster's gaming and dinning venue opened in March 2014.
Levin said some of his future plans involve a mix of tenants, fitness centers for example, and recreational events like weekend music in the foyers.
"We want to add some new components that will create a better experience, something you'll want two or hopefully three times a week," Levin said after the meeting.
Restaurants play an important role in that new experience.
"We want to bring many more restaurants," Levin said. "Not just national chains but we want local community-based restaurants that have their own calling and are one-of-a-kind worth traveling for."
After four months, Levin said his team is still analyzing regional market trends and local government regulations, but he soon hopes to formally propose new improvements or additions.
Centennial has six other malls located across the US and Canada in its portfolio.
"Chicago is a fabulous and terrific city," Levin said. "To own quality assets in one of the greatest cities in the world is a major accomplishment for us and a project we approach with a lot of excitement and optimism."
The Village of Vernon Hills does not charge a property tax, a decision officials say is the result of the large amount of sales tax revenue generated from retail corridors.
In recent years, officials in Vernon Hills and elsewhere have expressed fear over the potential loss of sales tax revenue due to online shopping.
Levin said he's not worried about in-store shopping's perceived downward trend.
"The Internet is here and it's here to stay, but people going out and getting an experience is never going away," Levin said. "Retailers have to adapt and learn how to interact with the Internet. In many ways it's a tool."
Various marketing strategies and coupon promotions can drive people into stores, Levin said, especially if the sales floor is redesigned and sales associated retrained to push a theme or experience.
Partnering with nearby businesses in other industries, like restaurants or the movie theater, could attract more patrons or extend pre-planned outings.
"People look at items on their smart phones while doing something else and plan what they want to buy on the way home," Levin said. "It's part of a new model, but it's not the end of retail."
Read Original Article Here


New York State Center of Excellence
Bioinformatics & Life Sciences
President, WNY STEM
ShatterIT /
Infotech WNY
University at Buffalo
School of Management
We're here to help, send us your questions and we'll get back to you as soon as possible.


black-widow is one of the most useful, powerful and complete offensive penetration testing tool.
It provides easy ways to execute many kinds of information gatherings and attacks.


ErrorProtocol
enum ErrorProtocol : Error
A type representing an error value.
-
The bundle identifier cannot be retrieved.
Declaration
Swift
case bundleIdentifierNotAvailable
-
The platform cannot use this property or function.
Declaration
Swift
case platformNotSupported(detail: String)
Parameters
detail
The detail to place after description of the error description.
-
The platform version cannot use this property or function.
Declaration
Swift
case platformVersionNotSupported(detail: String)
Parameters
detail
The detail to place after description of the error description.
-
Current schema version is lower than old schema version.
Declaration
Swift
case lowerSchemaVersion(detail: String)
Parameters
detail
The detail to place after description of the error description.
-
The data source cannot be retrieved.
Declaration
Swift
case datasourceNotAvailable(detail: String)
Parameters
detail
The detail to place after description of the error description.
-
The object cannot be created.
Declaration
Swift
case createFailed(detail: String)
Parameters
detail
The detail to place after description of the error description.
-
The object cannot be retrieved.
Declaration
Swift
case readFailed(detail: String)
Parameters
detail
The detail to place after description of the error description.
-
The object cannot be updated.
Declaration
Swift
case updateFailed(detail: String)
Parameters
detail
The detail to place after description of the error description.
-
The object cannot be deleted.
Declaration
Swift
case deleteFailed(detail: String)
Parameters
detail
The detail to place after description of the error description.
-
The specified object already exists.
Declaration
Swift
case duplicateObject(detail: String)
Parameters
detail
The detail to place after description of the error description.
-
The directory URL cannot be retrieved.
Declaration
Swift
case directoryURLNotAvailable
-
The directory URL with path cannot be retrieved.
Declaration
Swift
case directoryFullURLNotAvailable
-
Contents of directory cannot be retrieved.
Declaration
Swift
case directoryListNotAvailable(detail: String)
Parameters
detail
The detail to place after description of the error description.
-
The database cannot be retrieved.
Declaration
Swift
case databaseNotAvailable
-
Use a representation that was unknown when this code was compiled.
Declaration
Swift
case unknownRepresentation
-
Creates a new instance with the specified raw value.
If there is no value of the type that corresponds with the specified string value, this initializer returns nil.
Declaration
Swift
init?(rawValue: Int)
Parameters
rawValue
The raw value to use for the new instance.
-
The corresponding value of the raw type.
Declaration
Swift
var rawValue: Int { get }
-
Equality is the inverse of inequality. For any values
a
andb
,a == b
implies thata != b
isfalse
.Returns a Boolean value indicating whether two values are equal.
Declaration
Swift
public static func == (lhs: ErrorProtocol, rhs: ErrorProtocol) -> Bool
Parameters
lhs
A value to compare.
rhs
Another value to compare.
Return Value
true
if the first argument equals the second argument;false
if not.
-
Hashes the essential components of this value by feeding them into the given hasher.
Implement this method to conform to the
Hashable
protocol. The components used for hashing must be the same as the components compared in your type’s==
operator implementation. Callhasher.combine(_:)
with each of these components.Important
Never call
finalize()
onhasher
. Doing so may become a compile-time error in the future.Declaration
Swift
public func hash(into hasher: inout Hasher)
Parameters
hasher
The hasher to use when combining the components of this instance.
-
A collection of all values of this type.
Declaration
Swift
public static var allCases: [ErrorProtocol] { get }
-
Setup entities before ErrorProtocol receives its first message.
Declaration
Swift
public static func setupEntities()
-
The key of the error.
Declaration
Swift
static var key: String { get }
-
The domain of the error.
Declaration
Swift
static var errorDomain: String { get }
-
The error code within the given domain.
Declaration
Swift
var errorCode: Int { get }
-
The user-info dictionary.
Declaration
Swift
var errorUserInfo: [String : Any] { get }
-
A localized message describing what error occurred.
Declaration
Swift
var errorDescription: String? { get }
-
A textual representation of this instance.
Declaration
Swift
var description: String { get }
-
A textual representation of this instance, suitable for debugging.
Declaration
Swift
var debugDescription: String { get }


End Of Codes
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|
||||||||||
| PREV NEXT | FRAMES NO FRAMES |
| Packages that use Pitch | |
|---|---|
| net.parallaxed.bluejam | |
| net.parallaxed.bluejam.grammar | |
| net.parallaxed.bluejam.playback |
| Uses of Pitch in net.parallaxed.bluejam |
|---|
| Fields in net.parallaxed.bluejam declared as Pitch | |
|---|---|
protected Pitch |
Note._evaluatedPitch
Stores the actual pitch this note was evaluated at if pitchClass = Pitch.R. |
Pitch[][] |
ScaledSet.pitchClass
This array describes pitch classes. |
protected Pitch |
Note.pitchClass
The pitchClass of this note. |
| Methods in net.parallaxed.bluejam that return Pitch | |
|---|---|
Pitch |
Note.evaluatedPitch()
|
static Pitch |
Pitch.getPitch(java.lang.String pitch)
|
Pitch |
Note.pitchClass()
|
Pitch |
JamParamters.rootPitch()
Returns the root pitch of this configuration as a type Pitch. |
static Pitch |
Pitch.valueOf(java.lang.String name)
Returns the enum constant of this type with the specified name. |
static Pitch[] |
Pitch.values()
Returns an array containing the constants of this enum type, in the order they're declared. |
| Methods in net.parallaxed.bluejam with parameters of type Pitch | |
|---|---|
boolean |
Pitch.equals(Pitch p)
Determines enharmonic equivalence a given pitch. |
abstract Accidental |
Scale.eval(Pitch[] pitchClass,
Pitch rootPitch,
int noteNumber)
This method provides a definite function call to find out which accidental should be present on a note. |
abstract Accidental |
Scale.eval(Pitch[] pitchClass,
Pitch rootPitch,
int noteNumber)
This method provides a definite function call to find out which accidental should be present on a note. |
Accidental |
Scale.BLUES.eval(Pitch[] pitchClass,
Pitch rootPitch,
int noteNumber)
|
Accidental |
Scale.BLUES.eval(Pitch[] pitchClass,
Pitch rootPitch,
int noteNumber)
|
Accidental |
Scale.MINOR.eval(Pitch[] pitchClass,
Pitch rootPitch,
int noteNumber)
|
Accidental |
Scale.MINOR.eval(Pitch[] pitchClass,
Pitch rootPitch,
int noteNumber)
|
Accidental |
Scale.MAJOR.eval(Pitch[] pitchClass,
Pitch rootPitch,
int noteNumber)
|
Accidental |
Scale.MAJOR.eval(Pitch[] pitchClass,
Pitch rootPitch,
int noteNumber)
|
boolean |
Note.evaluatePitch(Pitch rootPitch)
A note can be defined as "relative", in the context of a given pitch and scale. |
static java.lang.String |
Pitch.getName(Pitch pitch)
|
void |
NoteLeaf.pitchClass(Pitch p)
Set the pitchClass of this note. |
void |
Note.pitchClass(Pitch p)
Set the pitchClass of this note. |
void |
JamParamters.rootPitch(Pitch rootPitch)
Sets the root pitch of this Jam |
| Constructors in net.parallaxed.bluejam with parameters of type Pitch | |
|---|---|
JamParamters(Pitch pitch,
Scale scale,
java.lang.Integer tempo)
Initializes a Jam with the given parameterss |
|
Note(Pitch pitchClass,
int octave)
Constructs a note with the given pitch class and octave |
|
NoteLeaf(Pitch pitchClass)
For initialization - no parent or octave is needed yet (these are contextually added). |
|
NoteLeaf(Pitch pitchClass,
int octave)
For construction in a set - no parent is needed. |
|
NoteLeaf(Pitch pitchClass,
Rhythm rhythm,
int octave)
For construction at runtime. |
|
ScaledSet(Pitch rootPitch,
Scale scale,
int minOctave,
int maxOctave)
Constructs a set of all notes of the right pitch over a given octave range and scale. |
| Uses of Pitch in net.parallaxed.bluejam.grammar |
|---|
| Methods in net.parallaxed.bluejam.grammar that return Pitch | |
|---|---|
Pitch |
PitchModel.getPitch(int index)
Pitch order is preserved when adding to the model. |
| Methods in net.parallaxed.bluejam.grammar with parameters of type Pitch | |
|---|---|
double[] |
PitchModel.get(Pitch key)
|
double[] |
PitchModel.put(Pitch pitch,
double[] model)
Adds a single pitch, giving the probability series for other notes in the model following that pitch. |
| Method parameters in net.parallaxed.bluejam.grammar with type arguments of type Pitch | |
|---|---|
double[] |
PitchModel.putAll(java.util.Map<Pitch,double[]> m)
Puts a Map of notes into the model. |
| Uses of Pitch in net.parallaxed.bluejam.playback |
|---|
| Methods in net.parallaxed.bluejam.playback that return Pitch | |
|---|---|
static Pitch |
MIDI.relative(Pitch rootPitch,
int relativeIndex)
|
| Methods in net.parallaxed.bluejam.playback with parameters of type Pitch | |
|---|---|
static boolean |
MIDI.LESS_THAN.eval(Pitch pitch1,
Pitch pitch2)
|
boolean |
MIDI.GREATER_THAN.eval(Pitch pitch1,
Pitch pitch2)
|
static int |
MIDI.position(Pitch pitch1)
|
static Pitch |
MIDI.relative(Pitch rootPitch,
int relativeIndex)
|
|
||||||||||
| PREV NEXT | FRAMES NO FRAMES |


'I'm heartbroken': Jennifer Arcuri speaks to British media about Boris Johnson relationship – video
by Good Morning BritainThe US businesswoman Jennifer Arcuri says she is heartbroken after Boris Johnson refused to answer her calls, despite them having a relationship lasting a decade. Speaking on Good Morning Britain and Victoria Derbyshire, Arcuri said she would not reveal the details of their relationship but that she had asked Johnson to 'validate' her


Amazon files lawsuit contesting Pentagon's $10 billion cloud contract to Microsoft
by ReutersAmazon.com Inc on Friday filed a lawsuit in the US Court of Federal Claims contesting the Pentagon’s award of an up to $10 billion cloud computing contract to Microsoft Corp.
An Amazon spokesman said that the company filed a complaint and supplemental motion for discovery. The filing was under seal.
“The Complaint and related filings contain source selection sensitive information, as well as AWS’s proprietary information, trade secrets, and confidential financial information, the public release of which would cause either party severe competitive harm,” Amazon said in a court document seeking a protective order.
“The record in this bid protest likely will contain similarly sensitive information.”
Last week, US Defense Secretary Mark Esper rejected any suggestion of bias in the Pentagon’s decision to award Microsoft the contract after Amazon announced plans to challenge it.
Amazon was considered a favorite for the contract, part of a broader digital modernization process of the Pentagon, before Microsoft emerged as the surprise winner.
The company has previously said that politics got in the way of a fair contracting process. US President Donald Trump has long criticized Amazon and its founder Jeff Bezos.


Add your user to the dialout
group so you don't have to do sudo screen
:
$ sudo adduser $USER dialout
Then either reboot, or start a new shell with the new group applied
$ newgrp
Then connect to the TTY with
$ screen /dev/ttyUSB0 115200
Note that the 115200 baud rate is a good default, but is device configuration dependent, so you may need to provide a different value.
There's a few helpful keybinds
<ctrl-a-d>
- detach from the current session.
<ctrl-a>
, <k>
(release <ctrl-a>
before
pressing <k>
) - kill the current session (kills any subprocesses)
<ctrl-a-ESC>
- enter copy / scrollback mode.
Press <ESC>
again to return.
You can set the size of the scrollback buffer with screen -h <lines>
. The default is
100 lines, but Ubuntu ups that to 1024 lines in /etc/screenrc
.
You can set a custom session name with screen -S <session>
. But if you're only a
passing screen
user like me, and only ever have one screen session open at a time, you can
use screen -r
to resume a detached session. Otherwise, you can use
screen -list
to list sessions, and screen -r <session>
to resume a
specific session.
$ screen -list
There is a screen on:
16366.pts-1.bedlam (01/17/2023 05:21:36 PM) (Detached)
1 Socket in /run/screen/S-nots.
$ screen -r 16366.pts-1.bedlam
screen
is pretty customizable; there's guaranteed to be more powerful workflows that you
can use, but this is all I needed to be productive at a serial console.
I can't remember the details, but at one point I came to the conclusion that I should use PuTTY for serial connections because it "Just Worked". But when I tried it today, it'd crash because it couldn't load a font
$ putty
(putty:10718): Gtk-CRITICAL **: 16:01:12.674: gtk_box_gadget_distribute: assertion 'size >= 0' failed in GtkScrollbar
(putty:10718): Gtk-CRITICAL **: 16:01:12.675: gtk_box_gadget_distribute: assertion 'size >= 0' failed in GtkScrollbar
(putty:10718): Gtk-CRITICAL **: 16:01:12.676: gtk_box_gadget_distribute: assertion 'size >= 0' failed in GtkScrollbar
PuTTY: unable to load font "server:fixed"
$ echo $?
1
If I set the font to something I have installed locally, it works. This seemed suboptimal, so I'm back
to screen
now that I know how to use the scrollback mode.


Found {{search.results.total || 0}} results{{search.results.took/1000}} seconds
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Suggestions:
Your search - {{search.query.q}} - did not match any data.


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{% extends 'index/layout.html' %} {% load static %} {% block title %}{{form.title}}'s response ~ Google Forms CLONE{% endblock %} {% block script %} {% endblock %} {% block body %}
Once you delete a form, there is no going back. Please be certain.


On behalf of Old Savannah City Mission, we want to thank all the volunteers, prayer warriors, donors, and friends for your support of our 19th Annual Day of Great Thanksgiving. I am pleased to report that Old Savannah City Mission’s 19th Annual Day of Great Thanksgiving was an enormous success (click the picture link for scenes from the day). During the afternoon we served 350 delicious smoke turkey meals including all the trimmings. Knowing that we can count of people who love the Lord and believe in this ministry makes everything that is accomplished at Old Savannah City Mission well worth it. We truly believe that Old Savannah City Mission epitomizes Matthew 25. Because of your generous support not only during Thanksgiving but all year, we are able to provide clothing, food, and shelter to the least of us. We pray that during the coming year you will continue to keep Old Savannah City Mission in your prayers and equally as important continue to financially support this Matthew 25 ministry. Join us next year, (November 17th) for our 20th Anniversary of the Day of Great Thanksgiving.
We hope you have a wonderful Thanksgiving, a blessed Christmas and a prosperous New Year.


back to index
I've been told listening, reading, and writing are three methods of learning the same material.
This seems to be true on some level. An alternate truth may be if you work with a subject, or topic, enough to learn it you'll by default pass the material through these mediums.
The action of passing material through these different methods is what seems to be the important. The act of the individual making an effort to pass their interpretation of the subject through these communication mediums.
It requires the individual to make something concrete, concrete in terms of the rules the medium imposes. Passing from the abstract thought, which the individual can only know in their personal consciousness, to a medium which will attempt capture an analogue of the abstract thought.
Once a snapshot of thought is captured via the medium it is removed from the individual. It is free for interpretation by other individuals. Interpretation is subject to each individual's personal consciousness.
If the medium is language (verbal or written), interpretation is constrained by the time-dependent framework of the language. This is truly the power of language, providing a means of clarity when trading concepts between individuals.
Having this view of language one can see the beauty in writing. The act of communicating one's abstract thoughts is a necessary exercise. Writing continues to push the abstract thoughts forward. Abstract thought is a time-dependent process, capturing snapshots of this process in language allows logic to act on the abstract thought. Logic provides a means of both criticism and confirmation.


Fish don't fry in the kitchen and beans don't burn on the grill. Took a whole lotta tryin' just to get up that hill. Love exciting and new. Come aboard were expecting you. Love life's sweetest reward Let it flow it floats back to you.
Here he comes Here comes Speed Racer. He's a demon on wheels. Believe it or not I'm walking on air. I never thought I could feel so free. Flying away on a wing and a prayer.
Fish don't fry in the kitchen and beans don't burn on the grill. Took a whole lotta tryin' just to get up that hill. Love exciting and new. Come aboard were expecting you. Love life's sweetest reward Let it flow it floats back to you.
Here he comes Here comes Speed Racer. He's a demon on wheels. Believe it or not I'm walking on air. I never thought I could feel so free. Flying away on a wing and a prayer.
Conveniently leverage other's distinctive expertise and backend metrics. Progressively harness intuitive systems and ethical niches. Continually drive extensible benefits vis-a-vis leading-edge meta-services. Conveniently leverage existing market-driven outsourcing vis-a-vis e-business process improvements. Intrinsicly extend quality interfaces with intermandated innovation.
Conveniently leverage other's distinctive expertise and backend metrics. Progressively harness intuitive systems and ethical niches. Continually drive extensible benefits vis-a-vis leading-edge meta-services. Conveniently leverage existing market-driven outsourcing vis-a-vis e-business process improvements. Intrinsicly extend quality interfaces with intermandated innovation.
Is post each that just leaf no. He connection interested so we an sympathize advantages. To said is it shed want do. Occasional middletons everything so to. Have spot part for his quit may. End sitting shewing who saw besides son musical adapted. Contrasted interested eat alteration pianoforte sympathize was. He families believed if no elegance interest surprise an. It abode wrong miles an so delay plate.
Is post each that just leaf no. He connection interested so we an sympathize advantages. To said is it shed want do. Occasional middletons everything so to. Have spot part for his quit may. End sitting shewing who saw besides son musical adapted. Contrasted interested eat alteration pianoforte sympathize was. He families believed if no elegance interest surprise an. It abode wrong miles an so delay plate.
Is post each that just leaf no. He connection interested so we an sympathize advantages. To said is it shed want do. Occasional middletons everything so to. Have spot part for his quit may. End sitting shewing who saw besides son musical adapted. Contrasted interested eat alteration pianoforte sympathize was. He families believed if no elegance interest surprise an. It abode wrong miles an so delay plate.
Is post each that just leaf no. He connection interested so we an sympathize advantages. To said is it shed want do. Occasional middletons everything so to. Have spot part for his quit may. End sitting shewing who saw besides son musical adapted. Contrasted interested eat alteration pianoforte sympathize was. He families believed if no elegance interest surprise an. It abode wrong miles an so delay plate.
No phone no lights no motor car not a single luxury. Like Robinson Crusoe it's primitive as can be.
No phone no lights no motor car not a single luxury. Like Robinson Crusoe it's primitive as can be.
No phone no lights no motor car not a single luxury. Like Robinson Crusoe it's primitive as can be.
No phone no lights no motor car not a single luxury. Like Robinson Crusoe it's primitive as can be.
No phone no lights no motor car not a single luxury. Like Robinson Crusoe it's primitive as can be.
No phone no lights no motor car not a single luxury. Like Robinson Crusoe it's primitive as can be.
No phone no lights no motor car not a single luxury. Like Robinson Crusoe it's primitive as can be.
No phone no lights no motor car not a single luxury. Like Robinson Crusoe it's primitive as can be.
No phone no lights no motor car not a single luxury. Like Robinson Crusoe it's primitive as can be.
No phone no lights no motor car not a single luxury. Like Robinson Crusoe it's primitive as can be.
No phone no lights no motor car not a single luxury. Like Robinson Crusoe it's primitive as can be.
No phone no lights no motor car not a single luxury. Like Robinson Crusoe it's primitive as can be.
Florence Building
Kings Square
London, LDN1 23
+448754 658 048


Wings of the Dove, The (1997)
Seen on 22 November 1997 with Laura for $8.50 at the Angelika.
This is the latest entry in screen adaptations of Henry James novels (quickly following the latest version of *Washington Square*), and it's a very good one. Henry James' characters are complex--no cookie cutters here. What could have been a soap opera--poor man is urged by girlfriend to seduce her dying friend--is in fact a sophisticated emotional drama.
Set in London in 1910, Kate Croy (Helena Bonham Carter) is a poor relation who winds up living under the auspices of her coercive Aunt Maude (Charlotte Ramplng), who controls not only Kate's finances but those of her opium-addicted father (Michael Gambon). She forbids Kate to be involved with poor journalist Merton Densher (Linus Roache). Since her choice involves two fates, she tried to relegate Merton to her past. Resentfully settling into her new glamorous life, she meets Millie Theale (Alison Elliott), the "richest orphan in America," who is visiting from New York.
The two women become close friends and in due time, they start running into Merton all over town; Millie fancies him. When Kate finds out that Millie has a terminal illness, she starts to think...
Millie and Kate go on a trip to Venice, and they both invite Merton to join them. They both love him, but Kate urges him to cozy up to the heiress with an illness, thinking it will solve all their problems, and free them financially so they can--eventually--be together.
Luckily, this is not *Days of Our Lives*. The characters are richly drawn and the actors all do a wonderful job. Their faces reflect their changing emotional tides. It's a joy to watch talent in action. You really feel the emotional consequences to their actions. Linus Roach, who I last saw in *Priest*, is both attractive and talented, but not in the usual Hollywood sort of way. It's nice to see someone who is both offbeat *and* appealing.
Venice is the fourth star of the movie. It is one of the only cities in the world that is guaranteed never to change; a city without auto traffic built in a lagoon on stilts is not going to sprout character-altering skyscrapers. Whether it's *Summertime* or *Comfort of Strangers*, putting a film in Venice changes it completely. It's hard to imagine this story taking place entirely in London.
Director Iain Softley deserves special mention. It takes something special to make a park bench look like an island of loneliness or a rowboat for the lovelorn. He really knows when to, and not to, use a close-up. For example, when Helena Bonham-Carter's full moon of a face fills the screen, there's a good reason for it, and it shows.
Kudos also to Sandy Powell (II) for costume design. The flamboyant fashions of the 1910s are captured perfectly. The whole production looks like Merchant Ivory, even though it's not.
MPAA reasons: Rated R for sexuality. That would be *hetero*sexuality in this case.
More movie reviews by Seth Bookey, with graphics, can be found at http://www.geocities.com/Athens/2679/kino.html
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Explanation of Attributes.
This part of the project is supposed to act as a dictionary for words only used in the context of programming languages. To access information about languages that share this feature, go to the "Languages" section. If there are any mistakes, check out the "Contributing" section. Consult the "Resources" section to access the sources used to generate this information.


| Class |
Description |
|
ClosureMetaClass
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
ClosureMetaMethod
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
ClosureStaticMetaMethod
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
ConcurrentReaderHashMap
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
ConcurrentReaderHashMap.BarrierLock
|
A Serializable class for barrier lock * |
|
ConcurrentReaderHashMap.Entry
|
ConcurrentReaderHashMap collision list entry. |
|
ConcurrentReaderHashMap.HashIterator
|
|
|
ConcurrentReaderHashMap.KeyIterator
|
|
|
ConcurrentReaderHashMap.ValueIterator
|
|
|
DefaultMetaClassInfo
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
DefaultMetaClassInfo.ConstantMetaClassVersioning
|
|
|
MetaClassRegistryImpl
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
MetaMethodIndex
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
MetaMethodIndex.CacheEntry
|
|
|
MetaMethodIndex.Entry
|
|
|
MetaMethodIndex.Header
|
|
|
MethodHelper
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
MethodMetaProperty
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
MethodMetaProperty.GetBeanMethodMetaProperty
|
Wrapper for a method realizing the property getter.
|
|
MethodMetaProperty.GetMethodMetaProperty
|
Wrapper for a method realizing the property get.
|
|
MixedInMetaClass
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
MixinInstanceMetaMethod
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
MixinInstanceMetaProperty
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
MultipleSetterProperty
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
NewInstanceMetaMethod
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
NewMetaMethod
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
NewStaticMetaMethod
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
OwnedMetaClass
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
ReflectionMetaMethod
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
ReflectorLoader
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
TemporaryMethodKey
|
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
|
ThreadManagedMetaBeanProperty
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Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |
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TransformMetaMethod
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Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. |


Carl Friedrich Gauss
The Prince of Mathematics
A summary of Gauss's life:
- 1777 - Gauss is born in Brunswick, Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel
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1792-1795 - Gauss studies in the Gymnasium Carolineum in Brunswick
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1795-1798 - Gauss is admitted to the University of Gottingen but leaves in his 3rd year
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1799-1801 - Gauss submits his PhD dissertation and release his first publication on the theory of Congruence
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1805 - Marries Johanna Osthoff, however she dies. Gauss remarries to Minna Waldeck
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1812-1818 - Gauss works on elliptic integrals, the arithmetic-geometric mean, and hypergeometric functions
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1823 - Gauss recieves the Copenhagen Prize for his work on the Cauchy-Riemann Equations
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1831 - Gauss's second wife, Minna, dies.
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1838 - Gauss and Wilhelm Weber, a German Physicist develop the first electromagnetic telegraph
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1855 - Gauss dies of heart failure on February 23, 1855
"It is not knowledge, but the act of learning, not possession but the act of getting there, which grants the greatest enjoyment."
-- Carl Friedrich Gauss
If you would like to learn more about Gauss, click this button:


The ddev web container's webserver had a 500 or 501 error, usually something wrong with PHP code or configuration.


new Scene()
- Source:
Example
Game.scene = new DE.Scene( "Test" );
Members
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<protected, static> this.gameObjects :Array
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store GameObjects
Type:
- Array
- Source:
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<static> this.name :String
-
Type:
- String
- Source:
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<private, static> this.onGlobalMouseDown :Object
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store global events, exist for Down, Move, Up and Click with all versions of Last
Type:
- Object
- Source:
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<static> this.sleep :Boolean
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if this world is sleeping, update will be ignored
Type:
- Boolean
- Source:
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<static> this.timers :Array
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store timers
Type:
- Array
- Source:
Methods
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<private, static> this._init()
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add the scene in the MainLoop
- Source:
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<static> this.add(gameObject)
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add all given gameObjects inside the scene, if you add only one gameObject, call addOne you can call this method with array, single object, or multi arguments objects, look at examples.
Parameters:
Name Type Description gameObject
GameObject gameObject to add
- Source:
Examples
myScene.add( car ); // just one object, you should call addOne instead
myScene.add( car, car2, car3, banana, turtle ); // using multi arguments
var myArray = [ object1, object2, object3 ]; // declare an array with object inside as you wish myScene.add( myArray ); // then call add with array directly
var myArray = [ object1, object2, object3 ]; // declare an array with object inside as you wish var myArray2 = [ object4, object5, object6 ]; // declare a second array with object inside as you wish myScene.add( myArray, myArray2 ); // then call add with array and multi arguments
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<static> this.addOne(gameObject)
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add one gameObject inside the scene, call this one if you have only 1 gameObject to add, it's faster
Parameters:
Name Type Description gameObject
GameObject gameObject to add
- Source:
Example
myScene.addOne( car );
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<protected, static> this.sortGameObjects()
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Sort gameObjects in the scene along z axis or using z-index for objects on the same same plan. If z and z-index are same, objects are sorted from lower x to higher. You shouldn't call this method directly because engine do it for you, but in some case it's useful to do
- Source:
-
<protected, static> this.update()
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scene update
- Source:
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<protected> cleanObjectBinding(object)
-
remove global events binded
Parameters:
Name Type Description object
GameObject - Source:
-
delete(object)
-
Delete and remove an object in the scene. You should prefer askToKill GameObject's method because it's safer (if you know what you do go crazy).
Parameters:
Name Type Description object
GameObject can be the index of the GameObject in the gameObjects array
- Source:
-
deleteAll()
-
Delete and remove all gameObjects in the scene
- Source:
-
remove(object)
-
Remove an object on this scene (it is not deleted !).
Parameters:
Name Type Description object
GameObject can be the index of the GameObject in the gameObjects array
- Source:


Protocols
The following protocols are available globally.
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public protocol API
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol Endpoint
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol NetworkLoggable
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol NetworkProvider : DataRequestable
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol DataRequestable
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol ImageDownloadRequestable
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol NetworkTask
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol Serializable
-
The Interface for Movie repositories
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol MovieRepositoryProtocol
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol DataService
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol ImageService
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol ListService
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol MovieService
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public protocol ReusableCell
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public protocol UICellConfigurable
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public protocol UICollectionViewCellConfigurable: UICellConfigurable, ReusableCell where Cell: UICollectionViewCell
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol Coordinator
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol ViewStateProtocol
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol PresenterOutput : AnyObject
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
protocol ViewDataSource


Identify a web site that you believe is NOT accessible, and create an action plan to improve its accessibility. Your first task would be to identify this site, detail the ways that you think it is inaccessible without using analytic tools, and then put it through a Lighthouse analysis. Take the results of this analysis and outline a detailed plan with a minimum of ten points showing how the site could be improved.
| Criteria | Exemplary | Adequate | Needs Improvement |
|---|---|---|---|
| student report | includes paragraphs on how the site is inadequate, the Lighthouse report captured as a pdf, a list of ten points to improve, with details on how to improve it | missing 20% of the required | missing 50% of the required |


Reddit
This assignment was the "Lists and Links" assignment, which consisted of making a new folder called listsandlinks in my repository, and adding hyperlinks to a new index page in a list for the listsandlinks folder.
-
Create a new folder called "listsandlinks" in your repository folder.
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Inside listsandlinks create a file called "index.html" and a file called "main.css"
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In index.html create an ordered list of step by step instructions to create a new webpage on the production server.
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Also create an unordered list of 5 or more links to websites with useful webdesign related information.
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In the nav section, create an unordered list of links with a link back to your main index page.
-
In your main index.html file in public_html, add an unordered list of links to the nav section with a link to "listsandlinks".
-
Add an article with a heading and a paragraph description of this assignment. Also add an unordered list that contains this list of requirements.
-
Turn in your work.
Canon EF 24-70mm f/2.8L II USM Lens
This assignment was the "Lists and Links" assignment, which consisted of making a new folder called listsandlinks in my repository, and adding hyperlinks to a new index page in a list for the listsandlinks folder.
-
Create a new folder called "listsandlinks" in your repository folder.
-
Inside listsandlinks create a file called "index.html" and a file called "main.css"
-
In index.html create an ordered list of step by step instructions to create a new webpage on the production server.
-
Also create an unordered list of 5 or more links to websites with useful webdesign related information.
-
In the nav section, create an unordered list of links with a link back to your main index page.
-
In your main index.html file in public_html, add an unordered list of links to the nav section with a link to "listsandlinks".
-
Add an article with a heading and a paragraph description of this assignment. Also add an unordered list that contains this list of requirements.
-
Turn in your work.


A Meteor application built with the React.js library. It allows users to create, organize, and maintain their own bucket list.
A Sinatra application that simulates an online auction site where users can place bids on items and manage their own inventory.
A Rails application that helps users locate art venues in San Francisco. Submitted to the Dev Bootcamp Civic-Hackathon in January 2016.
This sample application features user authentication and CRUD actions for users and blog posts. Built with Rails backend and Bootstrap frontend.


Layers
Locations
Clear all locations.
GEOLYTIX
favorite
Leaflet
XYZ
search
gps_not_fixed
add
remove
school
{{:btnLogin_style}}
supervisor_account
settings
Session expired.


This demos shows animated sprites traversing a path.
Click on the screen to add a new Sprite.
Wrong orientation


Is Behaviour change a wicked problem?
Context or where this blog comes from?
June 26th, 2018 is when I defended my Master’s thesis. The topic was chosen with a hope to do something practically impactful in the domain of behaviour change. So, I chose both of my projects (MDP2 and MDP3) in the domain of behaviour change /1 MDP = Masters Design Project. MDP2 was "Design interventions for improving handwashing behaviour; MDP3 was "Design interventions for raising awareness of sound pollution" .
Describing my background might be stretched a bit far, but I think it is necessary for this post. I come from an engineering background and have entered the design domain from a maker’s route. Got introduced to design through the playgrounds of Fablab and workshops of Medialab. To put it in the other way, I lack the humanities background. This brings in several implications–right from the thinking subjectively to articulating in rich and thick descriptions.
Design as a solution-finding exercise
Design has no singular definition out there. One of the most prevailing understandings out there–in the industry and in schools is design as a ‘structured way of problem-solving’. Hence, some schools and industry also borrow things like solution finding methods, gap analysis in their curriculum. Ideo-like studios give out their design process. Instead of using them as guides and understanding the underlying methods and processes, industries seem to deploy it in design-equivalent of verbatim.
In this miscommunication, what is lost is pretty precious /2 2/ And I thank my friends, Prof Girish for making me see this through discussions on my projects of 'design for behaviour change'. . After the two projects, I saw design as act of deliberate sensitivity. Sensitive to what? Sensitive to anything you make. If one is designing a presentation, sensitivity can be in the form of choosing typefaces, layouts, the speech-slide coordination, and so forth This is different from decision-making. Decision making sounds super clinical and can be done by a Bayesian Learning program . This is also associated with how you see things. I think sensitivity is a function of ‘ways of looking’. Although this argument for this understanding of what design is might be pretty weak, the goal of the post is something else.
The projects taught me so many things about design and the discussions with friends and Prof Girish were nothing short than life changing; I now think design for behaviour change as a domain should be taken with some due considerations.
This is no way saying that design for behaviour change is not worthy of taking as a design project or I am discrediting my year worth of work. This is saying that behaviour change needs a different approach than what I took as a design student and here are my learnings.
Learnings from the academic projects
Design for behaviour change deals with wicked problems. If design is seen as a problem solving activity, how does one solve wicked problem? It would make sense to scope the problem down to what you can solve. This involves understanding the point of attack. One goes through important (if not philosophical) questions like what is important in this gooey mass of the problem of noise pollution? Who is the culprit? Who is the victim? Why people do what they do? And answers to these questions are not easy to find using design research methods. One applies different methods like interviews with experts, does different analysis only to find that the question boils down to some motivations that are not to be questioned /3 In the context of MDP3, why would people not make loud music in their own marriage which happens once in a lifetime? because of cultural, relogious, societal, economic aspects.
Hence, solutions are likely to approach towards systems design if the goal is to solve address the problem as a whole /4 4/ A perfectly scoped problem seems like an experiment and did not make sense as a design problem. On the opposite side, a venture into providing solution that makes sense, the scope has to be wider. And this poses a different set of problems. . A system design solution or a service design approach to behaviour change problem make sense as the components (systems design) or touchpoints (service design) can talk with each other, thus make a system of behavioural interventions. While this seems doable, a systems design approach faces what I call as implementation issues. Being a student, you are on a project for a short time (one year in my case), with limited contacts (which are essential for deploying a system of interventions), with limited funds, and lots of ambitions.
The limitations are not for cribing and pin pointing limitations, but these are more like conditions to carry on a good behaviour design project. Several projects implement systems design projects and are not deployed in real life. Or the impact is shown in terms of videos and posters. Although output of design deserves a separate thought-comparment and a post, I think design output should be measured, should be measured in terms of impact. Prof Khambete has this concept about the connection between design output and design impact. The connection should be clear in a design project. Here lies the problem.
The connection between design output and impact can be shown through studies after one has designed a product. Now, if the connection is speculative, it leaves design of the system in the air, which is not desired of any design project. How does one evaluate a system without implementating it? Another problem with evaluation of projects of behaviour change is that the domain demands a longitudinal evaluations for claims. And the claims in the domain of psychology, behaviour economics, if one observes are highly specific to a context. Huge works like works on flow by Czikcentmihalyi are also refuted in terms of generalisability /5 Citation from Games without frontiers . To claim that a design works without measuring the design output and proving the impact in a solid way would only invite criticisms and rebuttals.
Design for behaviour change + X
Interventionist approaches are common in design for behaviour change. The interventions are imagined for different public and individual contexts–ranging from health (probably novel) to advertising (seemingly evil). With the advent of digital media, the persuasive power of interfaces are increased manifold /6 /6 see, poster versus a digital signboard . Because of this, interfaces that were not thought to have persuasive ability have now received persuasive power See static websites versus intelligent websites with targetted content . This kind of power makes one think that persuasion should be everywhere, personalisation at every level for better ‘experience’. No wonder behaviour change is picked up and integrated by industries so quickly /7 Probably faster than industry has picked up and integrated AR/VR to their future plans. If there was a gaartner hype cycle of design for behaviour change, then it would be interesting to see its position from 2010 onwards . All sorts of industries. There are now agencies working on designing for behaviour change. However it would be interesting to see their business and revenue model /8 I think eventually, such agencies would direct their business and revenue model towards generating and analysing behavioural data . To summarise, many industries jump into the wagon without understanding the fact that behaviour change is not easy to claim and work. Because behaviour modelling is not perfect and has uncertainties. As Victor Papanek says that job of a designer is to manage uncertanties, it is essential to envisage the uncertainties, which I think designers are not equipped with. There has to be translational work between the domains /9 9/ Like, a pattern language for behaviour change in X domain. X can be transport systems, organisational systems, volunteering systems, banking systems, etc. Also the pattern langugae is just an example, not sure it will work as it sees everything as components. From Alexander's work on pattern language for architecture, it talks about parts, what about the whole? Can such a thing be applied in the case of behaviour change + X domains? . But such translational works have to be super strong in their claims, because of points mentioned in above section–longitudinal nature and lack of connection between design output and impact.
Ethics
I felt super responsible while doing the masters projects. Discussions with Prof Girish and my batchmate Rohit made made me realise the impact of design interventions and the unintented usage of products. The impact can only be studied when the intervention wears off its novelties and people bring that in their own ecosystem. By this time, the intervention might have found some other usage than the intended one and might be changing a different behaviour altogether. This is not desired as this would be considered as ‘uncertainty not well managed’.
Another popular line of thought is related to the question on agency of a designer to change things. This is a huge power and resposibility together. Some may dodge the bullet by saying that a designer is a conduit to do things, the results are not in her/his hand, for deontologists like me, I think they matter to me.
Changelog
Date: August 2, 2020
After revisiting things with Advait, some updates strengthening this reflection follow. They’re better articulated (if not rephrased)
Projects of design for behaviour change fall in the category of what we called as Design solutionism /10 10/ We found, there are atleast two approaches to design: 1) Solution driven approaach (which claim that design can show the solution to a problem) 2) Another approach does not claim solutions to the problems but Realises the possibilities and applicabilities of design. . n interaction design, these two kinds of projects were clearly visible. Interaction engineering and interaction technique like projects Realise the possibilities and applicabilities /11 11/ The second type of design projects are like the Heidegger's hammer. They are presence-at-hand. Rich with possibilities. . While interaction design when looked at from viewing design as a way of providing solutions, fall into design as a way of providing solutions. Every project has both components, hence, I guess, it is just a way of looking at the project. In the field of view, if one sees their design as a way of providing solution to a problem, the bridge between design impact and design output has to be established. But if one looks at design as a way of showing possibilities, one reduces the burden of proof as the claims will be on the design and not on what it can do. Some projects (like design for behvaiour change), demands a larger component of design as a solution implying stronger claims and the bridge between design output and design outcome. Here, speculative proofs to such strong claims do not work.


Step 1
This is the first step of the process.
Step 2
This is the second step. You get here once you have completed the first step.
Step 3
This is the third step. One more step before the end.
Step 4
Final step. You have completed all the previous steps and end the process.
January 2016
Timeline content - Can include any HTML element
February 2016
Timeline content - Can include any HTML element
March 2017
Timeline content - Can include any HTML element


The B Method is a consolidated formal method that has been used for several years in critical systems.
It is based on the abstract machine notation (AMN) and on the generalized substitution theory.
Supports modular modeling; each module specifies a software component in a different abstraction level.
General motivation
Errors in compilers silently introduce bugs [Leroy 2009].
Eleven C compilers were identified with more than 325 errors [Yang et al. 2011].
Code generators used in small communities have higher inherent technological risks than tools used in large scale [Stuermer et al. 2007].
Motivation in B Method
B code generators demand additional safety criteria.
They are used in critical applications.
Testing techniques can be used as an instrument for an in-depth validation of the system.
A lower-cost complement of formal proofs.
Some certifications require the use of software testing techniques.
BTestBox's GUI
Can be used as an extension for Atelier B.
The test cases are written in B.
The tool receives a B implementation, the target translator, a compiler, a coverage criterion, the folder project, and the logic expression solver (ProB)
Creating the test cases
BTestBox generates a control flow graph and uses Hoare logic to generate a predicate characterizing the possible values for the execution paths, according to the
chosen criterion.
The predicates are solved and the values of the input and
output parameters are stored for each valid solution.
The test components are translated and executed, and
the metrics are reported.
Example - Control flow graph
RussMult
IMPLEMENTATION RussianMult_i
REFINES RussianMult
CONCRETE_VARIABLES xx,yy,total
INVARIANT xx ∈ N ∧ yy ∈ N ∧ total ∈ N
INITIALISATION
xx,yy,total := 0,0,0
OPERATIONS
RussMult(aa,bb) =
xx:=aa; yy:=bb; total:=0;
WHILE xx > 0 DO
IF xx mod 2 = 1 THEN
total := total + yy
END;
xx := xx / 2;
yy := yy * 2
INVARIANT xx ∈ N ∧
total+xx*yy = aa * bb
VARIANT xx
END
END
END
// The variant and invariant are necessary to prove
// the correctness of the operation, including its termination.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 5, 10;
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 5, 10;
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10.
Generating Predicates
Based on Hoare triples (\(\{P\} C \{Q\}\))
\(P\) the precondition
\(C\) the command
\(Q\) is the post-condition
The predicates for each path generated by BTestBox are used to create test cases.
Each criterion requires one different condition to be satisfied.
Branch coverage criterion - Test case 1
\(\exists(xx, yy, total).(xx > 0 \wedge xx\ mod\ 2 = 1 \wedge xx \in \mathbb{N} \wedge total + xx * yy = aa * bb) \)
\(\wedge xx : \mathbb{N} \wedge yy : \mathbb{N} \wedge total : \mathbb{N} \wedge aa : \mathbb{N} \wedge bb : \mathbb{N} \)
In the next step, it is necessary to find if the predicate is verified by at least one solution.
Our tool uses the solver to find a suitable variable interpretation (if it exists).
A possible solution is (aa = 1, bb = 0, xx = 0, yy = 0, total = 0).
Branch coverage criterion - Test case 2
\(\exists(xx, yy, total).(xx \leq 0 \wedge xx \in \mathbb{N} \wedge total + xx * yy = aa * bb) \)
\(\wedge xx : \mathbb{N} \wedge yy : \mathbb{N} \wedge total : \mathbb{N} \wedge aa : \mathbb{N} \wedge bb : \mathbb{N} \)
A possible solution is (aa = 0, bb = 0, xx = 0, yy = 0, total = 0).
Branch coverage criterion - Test case 2
\(\exists(xx, yy, total).(xx \leq 0 \wedge xx \in \mathbb{N} \wedge total + xx * yy = aa * bb) \)
\(\wedge xx : \mathbb{N} \wedge yy : \mathbb{N} \wedge total : \mathbb{N} \wedge aa : \mathbb{N} \wedge bb : \mathbb{N} \)
Other possible solution is (aa = 2, bb = 0, xx = 0, yy = 0, total = 0).
B Method with a verified implementation ensures that the loop ends.
This test case is not relevant!
Creating test case files
Its improvements will provide interesting information and metrics about the code.
Compatibility to any B Translators.
Possible to use other solvers.
Experiments
BTestBox was tested for a variety of different B syntactic features, with the goal
of assuring the correctness of the process and the functionality of the tool.
Our tool ran more than 120 proved implementations.
The Clauses group, with 14 examples.
The Operation Call group, with 26 examples in different contexts.
The Depth blocks group, with 89 examples.
The Industrial project group, with one big example, is responsible for different contributions to the BTestBox.
Experiments with parallelization
All of the examples shown can be easily executed in a leased cloud computer (with 20 dedicated vCPUs for one hour) costing less than one US dollar with similar results.
The time is reduced approximately proportionally when we use a computer with more processing cores.
Related work
Tools developed in our research group:
BETA relies on input space partitioning and logical coverage criteria to generate unit tests from abstract B machines.
The tool automates all steps of the test generation process.
BTestBox is completely automatic in all steps of the test generation process based directly on implementation modules which are a closer representation of the actual software.
Another difference is that BETA is focused on unit testing.
BTestBox tests is focused on the entire module and its functions.
Conclusions and final considerations
The main differences between the previous and new versions
are:
(i) inclusion of several code coverage criteria, the previous version supported
only Statement Coverage;
(ii) new HTML interface, including reports generated
for each coverage criterion;
(iii) better support to new case studies both
academic and industrial. This support is based on the use of parallelization
techniques, in order to improve scalability.
Conclusions and final considerations
The parallelisation techniques applied reduced the process time and extended the power to generate tests for larger samples.
We also configured the tool to run it on a remote computer with more processor cores. This improvement
required changes that made our tool compatible with the most common operating systems (Windows, OS X and Linux).
All recent advances presented here are encouraging, showing performance numbers that are one order of magnitude
better than for the previous version of the tool.
The work is partly supported by IFRN, UFRN, ClearSy and High Performance Computing Center at UFRN (NPAD). This study was financed in part by the Brazil (CAPES).


Participatory zoning initiatives are underway in scores of protected areas in the tropics where forests are rich, but people are poor. Ideally, participatory zoning promises to
In this exercise, you will assume the role of a real-life stakeholder from Tambopata. Based on your stakeholder’s interests, you will define your land-use priorities for TNR, find allies, and negotiate with your opponents as you collectively negotiate and vote on one of four zoning proposal maps created in the local participatory planning process. In thinking about which map should guide land use activities in Tambopata’s future, consider the following: Why do your interests deserve priority? What kinds of activities will generate income without destroying biodiversity? Does your character have special interest in a certain area, e.g. the fertile, gold-rich and scenic riversides? Which areas have old-growth forests? Conversely, which areas are already deforested? Which activities are taking place up-stream from your character’s areas of interest?
You will advocate for your stakeholder’s vision for Tambopata by participating in a role-played roundtable and writing a position paper. At the roundtable and in the paper, you will identify the map you think best matches your character’s priorities, and (most importantly) defend your character’s position using moral, environmental and/or economic arguments:
Moral Arguments: Who should benefit from Tambopata’s forests and why? The area's original indigenous inhabitants? Or the largest group, namely small-scale farmers of mixed ancestry, some of whom have lived in Tambopata for decades, others only a few years? Which kinds of land use activities can offer security for Tambopata’s residents? Do Tambopata's forests and wildlife deserve protection apart from human economic concerns?
Environmental Arguments: What land uses are most likely to maintain biodiversity and/or other ecosystem services? How can environmentally destructive practices be mitigated? Why should certain activities be conducted in certain areas of TNR (e.g. where does old-growth forest persist? Where has forest already been cleared? Which areas are up/down stream? Which areas are closer to the Bahuaja-Sonene National Park?)?
Economic Arguments: Tambopata is poor. What kind of economic activities should have priority? Why? Which kinds of land use activities can generate capital and taxes to improve Tambopata’s services?
Instructors: If you are interested in using this assignment, contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for a teacher’s guide.
The Tambopata National Reserve (TNR) was created in 1990 to protect one of the most biologically diverse and least disturbed forests on the planet. The region is also home to indigenous people, like the Ese’eja, who see their very survival threatened by development. Many other local residents see Tambopata as a poor region of Peru that contains untapped reserves of timber, gold, and farmland.
To balance biodiversity protection with economic development, officials are promoting participatory zoning of the 272,000 hectares of land within TNR. Leading this zoning exercise is Peru’s Ministry of the Environment. The Ministry has invited local stakeholder groups to propose zoning maps and promote their map at a public roundtable. The consensus map selected at the roundtable will guide future management.
1890-1915: The global demand for rubber leads companies to penetrate the forests of Tambopata to tap rubber trees. These companies bring the first wave of colonists, diseases, and market economies to the region.
1930: People begin to extract Brazil nuts from Tambopata for international markets. Small-scale gold mining begins.
1990s: The Tambopata Candamo Reserve Zone (TCRZ) is created as a temporary reserve on 1.5 million hectares, including uninhabited forests and areas settled by ~6000 people. The local farmers’ federation FADEMAD and a local conservation group, Conservation Internacional-Peru (CI-Peru), work together to classify land in the region according to its agricultural potential and create a national park (“Bahuaja-Sonene”) (see VIDEO “Return to Tambopata”).
Late 1990s, early 2000’s: Participatory mapping and zoning exercises resume.
2000: The Peruvian Congress passes a new Sustainable Forestry Law. A moratorium is temporarily placed on logging in the Peruvian Amazon due to “destructive, corrupt, and wasteful” practices. Local loggers revolt and burn government vehicles and confiscated timber. They demand to log forests and to dissolve the TCRZ. The protestors set up a roadblock near the airport. One person killed, offices burned. After three days, anti-riot police from Lima squelch the protest with tear gas and arrests. INRENA lifts the logging moratorium.
2008: As global economic crisis sets in, gold prices soar, and a gold rush brings tens of thousands of Peruvians to Tambopata.
2012: SERNANP uses an emergency decree to halt mining within the Tambopata Reserve. Public riots break out. The National Federation of Miners of Peru strikes and burns government buildings.  The decree stands. Peru’s military evicts most of the miners from the Reserve. Mining continues (illegally) in the proposed Buffer Zone.
2020: Mining conflicts continue to this day…
Ramon Mishaja is from the Ese’eja Indigenous Territory of Infierno, The largest group of indigenous people in the region, numbering ~600 today, some estimate ~10,000 before 1890. an indigenous community with recognized land rights lying adjacent to the Tambopata National Reserve. The Ese’eja were originally a nomadic community living in the region around Tambopata for centuries. They have deep ecological knowledge and a strong spiritual connection to Amazonian ecosystems. Though individual communities like the one at Infierno won legal communal title to certain lands in 1974, the Ese’eja have lost access to many of their sacred sites and to areas they once relied on for hunting, fishing, and gathering. Today the Ese’eja Indigenous Territory of Infierno covers only 9,558 hectares, A 100 x 100 m unit of land (1 hectare = 2.3 acres). Abbreviated “ha". Most Tambopata farms are ~40 ha. an area significantly smaller than their original homeland.
Ramon’s primary concern is that his people are losing rights to their ancestral lands. Like other Ese’eja, he’s
unhappy that the Peruvian government and other outsiders are making decisions about their ancestral lands without
consulting leaders in the Federation of Native Peoples
(FADEMAD).
Leader of the Agrarian Federation(FADEMAD):
Alan leads FADEMAD, a grassroots political organization that represents ~5000 small farmers in the Madre de Dios region. FADEMAD’s goal is to improve the quality of life of its members,
both long-time residents and more-recently settled colonists. Alan believes that poor farmers’ quality of life
depends on a healthy environment. Thus, he tries to defend local farmers AND the forest. Click
FADEMAD to learn how
Alan weighs the costs and benefits of land management practices of his varied constituents are interested in pursuing.
Ramon is adamant that indigenous people should control their own destiny.
He is also thinking about different ways that his home Ese’eja community in Infierno can secure more income. His
community has an
eco-tourism
A form of nature-based tourism in which tourist impacts on the environment are mitigated.
partnership with the tourism company
Rainforest Expeditions.
Co-Founder of Rainforest Expeditions:
Oscar is passionate about biodiversity conservation but believes that
saving the rainforest must be profitable to be successful. To this end, he built Rainforest Expeditions, a high-end ecotourism company. Click
Rainforest Expeditions to learn how Oscar
collaborates with other interest groups to conserve the rainforest and bring economic support to the area while grappling with other challenges in
participatory land use management.
The Ese’eja own the tourism lodge built by the company in Infierno, and Rainforest Expeditions handles the marketing and management. Together,
they share the profits. Some of Ramon’s relatives have good jobs working at the lodge, but other Ese’eja distrust
tourism companies to equitably share tourism revenue. They think it might be better to follow the example of the
Harakmbut indigenous community living in an indigenous territory called Kotzimba (also adjacent to the Tambopata National Reserve).
Harakmbut residents are mining gold throughout their territory using heavy machinery and mercury. Although the damage
is severe, they have become wealthy from mining. Alternatively, Ramon has heard rumors about forest carbon projects
associated with an international climate change mitigation mechanism known as
REDD+
Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, is an incentive-based mechanism for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through improved forest management in developing countries.
(Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation).
Bosques Amazónicos,
A for-profit organization facilitating a REDD+ project in Tambopata. Click
BAM
for more information.
a Peruvian conservation company, has REDD projects that pay communities to
store carbon in the forests of Tambopata National Reserve, but he does not know the contract conditions or if the contract
will benefit native communities. Meanwhile, Ramon is troubled by reports that a third Tambopata-adjacent Ese’eja Indigenous
territory to the east (Palma Real) has suffered invasions by outside miners and loggers, some of whom are violent.


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The JWST Quicklook Application
{#
Instruments
#}
{% for inst in inst_list %}
{{ inst }}
{% endfor %}
{{ inst }}
{% endfor %}
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