--- layout: post title: Optimization bigimg: /img/2016-12-09-img1.png tags: [optimization, scipy, modeling, python] css: /css/jupyter.css ---
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Optimization consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. With this definition, it is a wide field but equally diverse applications.
In this notebook, we will take the two most common optimization methods: Nelder-Mead and Levenberg-Marquardt. Although these methods can optimize general functions, we will restrict ourselves to sinusoidal input.
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
%pylab inline
Let's make a sine function and plot it given parameters.
true = [1, 1, 0]
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 1000)
def simple_sine(theta, x):
a, b, c = theta
return a * np.sin(b * x + c)
plt.plot(x, simple_sine(true, x))
plt.ylim([-4,4]);
Artificially add noise to represent natural data. Superpose noisy data to perfect sine curve.
y_noisy = simple_sine(true, x) + np.random.randn(x.size)
plt.plot(x, y_noisy, 'o')
plt.plot(x, simple_sine(true, x),'r-', lw=3)
plt.ylim([-4,4]);
Let's see the histogram of residuals (i.e. true - observed).
#y = simple_sine(x, params);
res = y_noisy - simple_sine(true, x);
plt.hist(res, bins=30);
The histogram is fairly normally distributed, i.e. bell-shaped.
Let's make a general optimization model called Nelder-Mead.
import scipy.optimize as opt
opt.minimize?
# Nelder-Mead <optimize.minimize-neldermead> uses the Simplex algorithm.
# This algorithm is robust in many applications. However, if numerical
# computation of derivative can be trusted, other algorithms using the
# first and/or second derivatives information might be preferred for
# their better performance in general.
The minimization algorithms in scipy.optimize.minimize requires a theoretical function as an input called objective below. To get the minimum, the values that yield smallest squared error between the theoretical function and the data are computed.
def objective(theta, xi, yi):
model = simple_sine(theta, xi)
return np.sum((model - yi)**2) #res**2
Let's see the squared error of the objective given our noisy data.
objective(true, x, y_noisy)
This is just a number. But we can use this as the minimum measure of our error. We can use scipy.optimize.minimize to check all combinations of parameters theta (tuple) that yield closest to the value above.
import scipy.optimize as opt
init_guess = [0.5] * 3 #[0.5,0.5,0.5]
optimize = opt.minimize(objective, init_guess, args=(x,y_noisy), method='nelder-mead')
optimize
optimize has a lot of outputs but we only need the 'x' in the results. It gives the best estimate to theta or true (tuple).
for i in optimize.x: #x is the result of opt.minimize
print('Success={}'.format(optimize.success))
print("parameter optimum: {}".format(i))
Let's see if the squared error is indeed close to ~980 computed earlier.
objective(optimize.x,x, y_noisy)
Let's see the % error
(1 - objective(optimize.x,x, y_noisy)/objective(true,x, y_noisy))*100
Let's see the difference between the results (computed optimum values) and the true values.
(true-optimize.x) #difference from true values
The next optimization model we will discuss is also known as LMA.
We will use scipy.optimize.curve_fit to find the optimum values (called p_opt and p_cov) which yields minimum squared error between the theoretical function (h: simple_sine) and the data (x, y_noisy). Note that p_opt is a tuple (best estimate for true=[1,1,0]=a,b,c) and p_cov is the covariance from which variance and standard deviation can be computed.
opt.curve_fit?
#create a function identical to simple_sine
#mapping/copying of simple_sine to h
h = lambda x,a,b,c: a*np.sin(b*x+c)
p_opt, p_cov = opt.curve_fit(h, x, y_noisy, p0=init_guess)
var = np.diag(p_cov)
std = np.sqrt(np.diag(p_cov)) #a.k.a. sigma
for i,j in zip(p_opt, std):
print ("parameter optimum: {} +/- {}".format(i, j))
#above is similar to
#for i in range(len(p_opt)):
# print("parameter optimum: {} +/- {}".format(p_opt[i], p_std))
p_opt #is a tuple
plt.plot(x, y_noisy, 'o')
plt.plot(x, h(x,*p_opt), 'r-', lw=3); # *mu; asterisk in variable is required for lambda func
Not quite as robust to bad initial guesses, apparently. So let's try initial guess that is close to true values. This is quite difficult to implement in real life situation however.
better_guess = 0.9, 0.9, 0.1
p_opt, p_cov = opt.curve_fit(h, x, y_noisy, p0=better_guess)
std = np.sqrt(np.diag(p_cov))
plt.plot(x, y_noisy, 'o')
plt.plot(x, h(x, *p_opt),'r-', lw=3);
p_opt
std
# mu, sigma = 0, 0.1 #which among the 3 values of std?
# count, bins, ignore = plt.hist(h(x, *p_opt)-y_noisy, 30, normed=True)
# #superpose the probability density function (pdf)
# plt.plot(bins, 1/(sigma*np.sqrt(2*np.pi))*np.exp(- (bins - mu)**2/ (2*sigma**2)), lw=2, c='r')
# plt.show()
plt.plot(x, y_noisy, 'ko', ms=2)
for i in range(100):
theta = p_opt + np.random.randn(p_opt.size) * std
plt.plot(x, h(x, *theta),'r-', lw=3, alpha=0.1)


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THE LAST DAYS OF DISCO (Gramercy) Starring: Chloe Sevigny, Kate Beckinsale, Chris Eigeman, Mackenzie Astin, Matt Keeslar, Robert Sean Leonard, Matthew Ross, Tara Subkoff. Screenplay: Whit Stillman. Producer: Whit Stillman. Director: Whit Stillman. MPAA Rating: R (profanity, brief nudity, drug use, adult themes) Running Time: 109 minutes. Reviewed by Scott Renshaw.
A funny thing happens when the characters start dancing in Whit Stillman's THE LAST DAYS OF DISCO: they stop talking. Set in the early 1980s, the story follows several young people whose social lives revolve around a super-trendy Manhattan disco referred to only as "the club." Among them are Alice (Chloe Sevigny) and Charlotte (Kate Beckinsale), roommates and co-workers as manuscript readers for a publishing house; Jimmy (Mackenzie Astin), a junior advertising executive whose job depends on getting potential clients into the club; Tom (Robert Sean Leonard), a Harvard man Alice admires from afar; Josh (Matt Keeslar), an assistant district attorney with a history of manic-depression; and Des (Chris Eigeman), the club's womanizing assistant manager who ends his flings by claiming to have discovered that he's gay.
Most of the time, these characters do what characters in films by Whit Stillman (METROPOLITAN, BARCELONA) typically do: they engage in a whole lot of urbane conversation. They share views on the value of group social activities versus "ferocious pairing-off." They wax philosophical on contemporary male-female relationship dynamics. They complain about being perceived as "yuppies" despite feeling that their career prospects are limited. They exchange observations on pop culture phenomena (including how BAMBI sparked the environmental movement and LADY AND THE TRAMP indoctrinated young girls into desiring "bad boys") like Tarantino characters toting highball glasses. They talk and talk and talk and talk until amusement at their bon mots gives way to frustration as you begin wishing you could grab every one of them by the collar and beg someone, anyone to do something, anything.
What they eventually do -- all they eventually do, really, besides talk -- is dance. For several seconds at a time, Stillman will hold the camera on a couple doing their clumsy middle-class boogieing to Chic or Diana Ross or Evelyn "Champagne" King with nary a sound to be heard but the tunes. These moments anchor a two-pronged approach by Stillman to the disco culture. On the one hand, he clearly appreciates selected songs from the much-derided genre, and enjoys providing a showcase for some of the livelier, funkier numbers (including a surreal closing scene with subway riders jumping up to the O'Jays' "Love Train"). On the other hand, he doesn't seem to care much for the disco environment, a haven for drugs, corruption, sexually-transmitted diseases and ultimately disappointing pairings of convenience, all tarted up to be irresistably hip. For an inveterate gab-meister like Stillman, the disco is practically his concept of hell -- a vacuous place where people fall into bed together after having shared only token words.
The social angle is occasionally intriguing, but you have to wade through an awful lot of tediousness and sloppy plotting to get to it. It's hard to keep track of the various romantic permutations in THE LAST DAYS OF DISCO, not because Stillman tears through the narrative at a breakneck pace but because his characters are so interchangeably earnest and clever. The notable exceptions are Eigeman (a veteran of Stillman's previous features) and Beckinsale, who at least add a bit of self-absorbed spice to the proceedings. Otherwise it's not easy to care about who ends up with whom, or why Stillman muddles through plot devices like an undercover investigation of the club's finances while abandoning the repercussions of one of Alice's one-night stands. The scattered comic high points are too subdued to overcome the incongruity between the subject matter and Stillman's approach to it. For a film about the flame-out of a flashy era, THE LAST DAYS OF DISCO is just too languid and verbose. Only for those few moments when the music starts and the talking stops does the film feel like it's got to be real.
On the Renshaw scale of 0 to 10 discothequeniques: 5.
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Weather
MET EIREANN: Louth hit with Rainfall warning
STATUS YELLOW
by David LynchLouth has been hit with a status yellow rainfall warning by Met Eireann.
The warning came into effect at 8am and lasts until 9pm.
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class TZInfo::DataSource
TZInfo
can be used with different data sources for time zone and country data. Each source of data is implemented as a subclass of {DataSource}.
To choose a data source and override the default selection, use the {DataSource.set} method.
@abstract To create a custom data source, create a subclass of {DataSource}
and implement the {load_timezone_info}, {data_timezone_identifiers}, {linked_timezone_identifiers}, {load_country_info} and {country_codes} methods.
Public Class Methods
@return [DataSource] the currently selected source of data.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 42 def get # If a DataSource hasn't been manually set when the first request is # made to obtain a DataSource, then a default data source is created. # # This is done at the first request rather than when TZInfo is loaded to # avoid unnecessary attempts to find a suitable DataSource. # # A `Mutex` is used to ensure that only a single default instance is # created (this avoiding the possibility of retaining two copies of the # same data in memory). unless @@instance @@default_mutex.synchronize do set(create_default_data_source) unless @@instance end end @@instance end
Initializes a new {DataSource} instance. Typically only called via subclasses of {DataSource}.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 166 def initialize @timezones = Concurrent::Map.new end
Sets the currently selected data source for time zone and country data.
This should usually be set to one of the two standard data source types:
-
`:ruby` - read data from the Ruby modules included in the TZInfo::Data library (tzinfo-data gem).
-
`:zoneinfo` - read data from the zoneinfo files included with most Unix-like operating systems (e.g. in /usr/share/zoneinfo).
To set TZInfo
to use one of the standard data source types, call `TZInfo::DataSource.set“ in one of the following ways:
TZInfo::DataSource.set(:ruby) TZInfo::DataSource.set(:zoneinfo) TZInfo::DataSource.set(:zoneinfo, zoneinfo_dir) TZInfo::DataSource.set(:zoneinfo, zoneinfo_dir, iso3166_tab_file)
`DataSource.set(:zoneinfo)` will automatically search for the zoneinfo directory by checking the paths specified in {DataSources::ZoneinfoDataSource.search_path}. {DataSources::ZoneinfoDirectoryNotFound} will be raised if no valid zoneinfo directory could be found.
`DataSource.set(:zoneinfo, zoneinfo_dir)` uses the specified `zoneinfo_dir` directory as the data source. If the directory is not a valid zoneinfo directory, a {DataSources::InvalidZoneinfoDirectory} exception will be raised.
`DataSource.set(:zoneinfo, zoneinfo_dir, iso3166_tab_file)` uses the specified `zoneinfo_dir` directory as the data source, but loads the `iso3166.tab` file from the path given by `iso3166_tab_file`. If the directory is not a valid zoneinfo directory, a {DataSources::InvalidZoneinfoDirectory} exception will be raised.
Custom data sources can be created by subclassing TZInfo::DataSource
and implementing the following methods:
-
{load_timezone_info}
-
{data_timezone_identifiers}
-
{linked_timezone_identifiers}
-
{load_country_info}
-
{country_codes}
To have TZInfo
use the custom data source, call {DataSource.set}, passing an instance of the custom data source implementation as follows:
TZInfo::DataSource.set(CustomDataSource.new)
Calling {DataSource.set} will only affect instances of {Timezone} and {Country} obtained with {Timezone.get} and {Country.get} subsequent to the {DataSource.set} call. Existing {Timezone} and {Country} instances will be unaffected.
If {DataSource.set} is not called, TZInfo
will by default attempt to use TZInfo::Data as the data source. If TZInfo::Data is not available (i.e. if `require 'tzinfo/data'` fails), then TZInfo
will search for a zoneinfo directory instead (using the search path specified by {DataSources::ZoneinfoDataSource.search_path}).
@param data_source_or_type [Object] either `:ruby`, `:zoneinfo` or an
instance of a {DataSource}.
@param args [Array<Object>] when `data_source_or_type` is a symbol,
optional arguments to use when initializing the data source.
@raise [ArgumentError] if `data_source_or_type` is not `:ruby`,
`:zoneinfo` or an instance of {DataSource}.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 127 def set(data_source_or_type, *args) if data_source_or_type.kind_of?(DataSource) @@instance = data_source_or_type elsif data_source_or_type == :ruby @@instance = DataSources::RubyDataSource.new elsif data_source_or_type == :zoneinfo @@instance = DataSources::ZoneinfoDataSource.new(*args) else raise ArgumentError, 'data_source_or_type must be a DataSource instance or a data source type (:ruby or :zoneinfo)' end end
Private Class Methods
Creates a {DataSource} instance for use as the default. Used if no preference has been specified manually.
@return [DataSource] the newly created default {DataSource} instance.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 145 def create_default_data_source has_tzinfo_data = false begin require 'tzinfo/data' has_tzinfo_data = true rescue LoadError end return DataSources::RubyDataSource.new if has_tzinfo_data begin return DataSources::ZoneinfoDataSource.new rescue DataSources::ZoneinfoDirectoryNotFound raise DataSourceNotFound, "No source of timezone data could be found.\nPlease refer to https://tzinfo.github.io/datasourcenotfound for help resolving this error." end end
Public Instance Methods
Returns a frozen `Array` of all the available ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes. The identifiers are sorted according to `String#<=>`.
@return [Array<String>] a frozen `Array` of all the available ISO 3166-1
alpha-2 country codes.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 246 def country_codes raise_invalid_data_source('country_codes') end
Returns a frozen `Array` of all the available time zone identifiers for data time zones (i.e. those that actually contain definitions). The identifiers are sorted according to `String#<=>`.
@return [Array<String>] a frozen `Array` of all the available time zone
identifiers for data time zones.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 218 def data_timezone_identifiers raise_invalid_data_source('data_timezone_identifiers') end
@param code [String] an ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code. @return [DataSources::CountryInfo] a {DataSources::CountryInfo} instance
for the given ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code.
@raise [InvalidCountryCode] if the country could not be found or the code
is invalid.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 237 def get_country_info(code) load_country_info(code) end
Returns a {DataSources::TimezoneInfo} instance for the given identifier. The result will derive from either {DataSources::DataTimezoneInfo} for time zones that define their own data or {DataSources::LinkedTimezoneInfo} for links or aliases to other time zones.
{get_timezone_info} calls {load_timezone_info} to create the {DataSources::TimezoneInfo} instance. The returned instance is cached and returned in subsequent calls to {get_timezone_info} for the identifier.
@param identifier [String] A time zone identifier. @return [DataSources::TimezoneInfo] a {DataSources::TimezoneInfo} instance
for a given identifier.
@raise [InvalidTimezoneIdentifier] if the time zone is not found or the
identifier is invalid.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 184 def get_timezone_info(identifier) result = @timezones[identifier] unless result # Thread-safety: It is possible that multiple equivalent TimezoneInfo # instances could be created here in concurrently executing threads. The # consequences of this are that the data may be loaded more than once # (depending on the data source). The performance benefit of ensuring # that only a single instance is created is unlikely to be worth the # overhead of only allowing one TimezoneInfo to be loaded at a time. result = load_timezone_info(identifier) @timezones[result.identifier] = result end result end
@return [String] the internal object state as a programmer-readable
`String`.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 257 def inspect "#<#{self.class}>" end
Returns a frozen `Array` of all the available time zone identifiers that are links to other time zones. The identifiers are sorted according to `String#<=>`.
@return [Array<String>] a frozen `Array` of all the available time zone
identifiers that are links to other time zones.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 228 def linked_timezone_identifiers raise_invalid_data_source('linked_timezone_identifiers') end
@return [Array<String>] a frozen `Array“ of all the available time zone
identifiers. The identifiers are sorted according to `String#<=>`.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 204 def timezone_identifiers # Thread-safety: It is possible that the value of @timezone_identifiers # may be calculated multiple times in concurrently executing threads. It # is not worth the overhead of locking to ensure that # @timezone_identifiers is only calculated once. @timezone_identifiers ||= build_timezone_identifiers end
@return [String] a description of the {DataSource}.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 251 def to_s "Default DataSource" end
Protected Instance Methods
@param code [String] an ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code. @return [DataSources::CountryInfo] a {DataSources::CountryInfo} instance
for the given ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code.
@raise [InvalidCountryCode] if the country could not be found or the code
is invalid.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 283 def load_country_info(code) raise_invalid_data_source('load_country_info') end
Returns a {DataSources::TimezoneInfo} instance for the given time zone identifier. The result should derive from either {DataSources::DataTimezoneInfo} for time zones that define their own data or {DataSources::LinkedTimezoneInfo} for links to or aliases for other time zones.
@param identifier [String] A time zone identifier. @return [DataSources::TimezoneInfo] a {DataSources::TimezoneInfo} instance
for the given time zone identifier.
@raise [InvalidTimezoneIdentifier] if the time zone is not found or the
identifier is invalid.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 274 def load_timezone_info(identifier) raise_invalid_data_source('load_timezone_info') end
Looks up a given code in the given hash of code to {DataSources::CountryInfo} mappings. If the code is found the {DataSources::CountryInfo} is returned. Otherwise an {InvalidCountryCode} exception is raised.
@param hash [String, DataSources::CountryInfo] a mapping from ISO 3166-1
alpha-2 country codes to {DataSources::CountryInfo} instances.
@param code [String] a country code to lookup. @param encoding [Encoding] the encoding used for the country codes in
`hash`.
@return [DataSources::CountryInfo] the {DataSources::CountryInfo} instance
corresponding to `code`.
@raise [InvalidCountryCode] if `code` was not found in `hash`.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 326 def lookup_country_info(hash, code, encoding = Encoding::UTF_8) raise InvalidCountryCode, "Invalid country code: #{code.nil? ? 'nil' : code}" unless code.kind_of?(String) info = try_with_encoding(code, encoding) {|c| hash[c] } return info if info raise InvalidCountryCode, "Invalid country code: #{code.encode(Encoding::UTF_8)}" end
@return [Encoding] the `Encoding` used by the `String` instances returned
by {data_timezone_identifiers} and {linked_timezone_identifiers}.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 289 def timezone_identifier_encoding Encoding::UTF_8 end
Checks that the given identifier is a valid time zone identifier (can be found in the {timezone_identifiers} `Array`). If the identifier is valid, the `String` instance representing that identifier from `timezone_identifiers` is returned. Otherwise an {InvalidTimezoneIdentifier} exception is raised.
@param identifier [String] a time zone identifier to be validated. @return [String] the `String` instance equivalent to `identifier` from
{timezone_identifiers}.
@raise [InvalidTimezoneIdentifier] if `identifier` was not found in
{timezone_identifiers}.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 304 def validate_timezone_identifier(identifier) raise InvalidTimezoneIdentifier, "Invalid identifier: #{identifier.nil? ? 'nil' : identifier}" unless identifier.kind_of?(String) valid_identifier = try_with_encoding(identifier, timezone_identifier_encoding) {|id| find_timezone_identifier(id) } return valid_identifier if valid_identifier raise InvalidTimezoneIdentifier, "Invalid identifier: #{identifier.encode(Encoding::UTF_8)}" end
Private Instance Methods
Combines {data_timezone_identifiers} and {linked_timezone_identifiers} to create an `Array` containing all valid time zone identifiers. If {linked_timezone_identifiers} is empty, the {data_timezone_identifiers} instance is returned.
The returned `Array` is frozen. The identifiers are sorted according to `String#<=>`.
@return [Array<String>] an `Array` containing all valid time zone
identifiers.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 355 def build_timezone_identifiers data = data_timezone_identifiers linked = linked_timezone_identifiers linked.empty? ? data : (data + linked).sort!.freeze end
If the given `identifier` is contained within the {timezone_identifiers} `Array`, the `String` instance representing that identifier from {timezone_identifiers} is returned. Otherwise, `nil` is returned.
@param identifier [String] A time zone identifier to search for. @return [String] the `String` instance representing `identifier` from
{timezone_identifiers} if found, or `nil` if not found.
:nocov_no_array_bsearch:
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 371 def find_timezone_identifier(identifier) result = timezone_identifiers.bsearch {|i| i >= identifier } result == identifier ? result : nil end
Raises {InvalidDataSource} to indicate that a method has not been overridden by a particular data source implementation.
@raise [InvalidDataSource] always.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 341 def raise_invalid_data_source(method_name) raise InvalidDataSource, "#{method_name} not defined" end
Tries an operation using `string` directly. If the operation fails, the string is copied and encoded with `encoding` and the operation is tried again.
@param string [String] The `String` to perform the operation on. @param encoding [Encoding] The `Encoding` to use if the initial attempt
fails.
@yield [s] the caller will be yielded to once or twice to attempt the
operation.
@yieldparam s [String] either `string` or an encoded copy of `string`. @yieldreturn [Object] The result of the operation. Must be truthy if
successful.
@return [Object] the result of the operation or `nil` if the first attempt fails and `string` is already encoded with `encoding`.
# File lib/tzinfo/data_source.rb, line 425 def try_with_encoding(string, encoding) result = yield string return result if result unless encoding == string.encoding string = string.encode(encoding) yield string end end


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We provide a professional renovation and installation services with a real focus on customer satisfaction.
Our installations are carried out by fully trained staff to the highest professional standards.
We combine quality workmanship, superior knowledge and low prices to provide you with service unmatched by our competitors.
We have the experience, personel and resources to make the project run smoothly. We can ensure a job is done on time.
Work with us involve a carefully planned series of steps, centered around a schedule we stick to and daily communication.
We are one of leading manufacturers, suppliers and exporters in the stone art industry, known for our premium quality and originality and creativity in design. We manufacturing and rich experience of our master craftsmen we offer an unmatched range of Temples, Sculptures, Decoratives and Decorative Accessories.
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@SylvainCorlay @QuantStack
Jupyter: Humans in the Read-Eval-Print-Loop
Scientists, engineers not only use programming languages to build systems, but also in interactive workflows, to explore a problem and reason about it.
Most of the progress made in software projects comes from incrementalism.
Obstacles to fast iteration hinder progress.
- Fernando Perez
What is Jupyter?
A consistent set of tools meant to improve the workflow of engineers, scientists
Recreation of Mike Bostock's Wealth of Nations. This was also done by Gapminder. It is originally based on a TED Talk by Hans Rosling.
A demo of xleaflet, a C++ interactive widgets library for the xeus-cling C++ Jupyter kernel
Well-specified
transformed Jupyter in the HTTP of Scientific Computing for
The Xeus C++ library is a standard implementation of the Jupyter kernel protocol
(Demo)
What did Jupyter change for the Python community?
For a long time, the focus of the Python community was to improve the language, and less importance was given to the Interpreter.
The REPL could become a more central project:
Commands for Jupyter kernels that are not part of the language
Python
Python 3.6.0
[GCC 4.2.1]
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import aiohttp
>>> session = aiohttp.ClientSession()
>>> result = session.get('https://api.github.com')
>>> response = await result
File "", line 1
response = await result
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
IPython
Python 3.6.0
Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
IPython 7.0.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.
In [1]: import aiohttp
...: session = aiohttp.ClientSession()
...: result = session.get('https://api.github.com')
In [2]: response = await result
In [3]: await response.json()
Out[3]:
{'authorizations_url': 'https://api.github.com/authorizations',
'code_search_url': 'https://api.github.com/search/code?q={query}...',
...
}
Notebook are often seen as an implementation of Donald Knuth's litterate programming. A program is given as an explanation of the program logic in a natural language alongside de source code.
Jupyter notebooks have proved invaluable
Notebook are not always ideal to address non-technical readers.
The security model for sharing notebooks is also a challenge.
From Jupyter notebooks to standalone web applications and dashboards
A voilà application
The voilà execution model
voila --template=foobar
PREFIX/share/jupyter/voila/templates/foobar/ | ├── conf.json # Template configuration file ├── nbconvert_templates/ # Custom nbconvert templates ├── static/ # Static directory └── templates/ # Custom tornado templates
Custom voilà templates
pip install voila-gridstack
Custom voilà templates
pip install voila-vuetify
Coming soon


Song of Songs
1
1 This is King Solomon's most beautiful song.
The young woman speaking to her lover
2 Kiss me on my lips,
because your love for me is more delightful than wine.
3 The fragrance of the perfume on your skin is very sweet.
And your honor is very great and is spreading,
like the fragrance of the special oil that you have put on your skin.
That is why the other young women are attracted to you.
4 Take me quickly;
take me to your home.
The woman speaking to herself
He is like a king to me;
he has brought me into his bedroom.
The woman speaking to her lover
I am very happy about you;
my love for you is better than wine.
It is not surprising that the other young women adore you.
The woman speaking to the other women
5 You women of Jerusalem,
I am dark but beautiful;
my dark skin is like the tents in Kedar,
or like the beautiful curtains in Solomon's palace.
6 But do not stare at me because the sun has made my skin dark.
my brothers were angry with me,
so they forced me to work out in the sunshine in the vineyards,
so I was not able to take good care of my body.
The woman speaking to her lover
7 You whom I love, where will you take your flock of sheep today?
Where will you allow them to rest at noontime?
I want to know because it is not right for me to wander around like a prostitute
looking for you among the flocks that belong to your friends.
Her lover answering her
8 You who are the most beautiful of all the women,
if you search for me and do not know where I will take my sheep,
follow the tracks of the sheep.

Her lover speaking to her
15 You whom I love, you are beautiful;
you are very beautiful!

This green grass in the countryside will be like a couch where we can lie down.
17 Branches of cedar trees will shade us;
the fir branches overhead are like a roof for us.


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Key nominees for the 2020 Grammy Awards
by Agency ReportHere is a list of nominees in the major categories for the 62nd annual Grammy Awards, which will be handed out January 26 in Los Angeles:
– Album of the Year –
Bon Iver, “i, i”
Lana Del Rey, “Norman Fucking Rockwell!”
Billie Eilish, “When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?”
Ariana Grande, “thank u, next”
H.E.R., “I Used To Know Her”
Lil Nas X, “7”
Lizzo, “Cuz I Love You (Deluxe)”
Vampire Weekend, “Father Of The Bride”
– Record of the Year, recognizing overall performance on a song –
Bon Iver, “Hey, Ma”
Billie Eilish, “Bad Guy”
Ariana Grande, “7 Rings”
H.E.R., “Hard Place”
Khalid, “Talk”
Lil Nas X featuring Billy Ray Cyrus, “Old Town Road”
Lizzo, “Truth Hurts”
Post Malone and Swae Lee, “Sunflower”
– Song of the Year, recognizing songwriting –
Lady Gaga, Natalie Hemby, Hillary Lindsey and Lori McKenna, “Always Remember Us This Way” (from “A Star Is Born”)
Billie Eilish and Finneas O’Connell, “Bad Guy”
Brandi Carlile, Phil Hanseroth, Tim Hanseroth and Tanya Tucker, “Bring My Flowers Now”
H.E.R., Ruby Amanfu, Sam Ashworth, D. Arcelious Harris and Rodney Jerkins, “Hard Place”
Taylor Swift, “Lover”
Lana Del Rey and Jack Antonoff, “Norman Fucking Rockwell!”
Lewis Capaldi, Tom Barnes, Pete Kelleher, Benjamin Kohn and Sam Roman, “Someone You Loved”
Lizzo, Steven Cheung, Eric Frederic and Jesse Saint John, “Truth Hurts”
– Best New Artist –
Black Pumas
Billie Eilish
Lil Nas X
Lizzo
Maggie Rogers
Rosalia
Tank And The Bangas
Yola
– Best Music Video –
The Chemical Brothers, “We’ve Got to Try”
Gary Clark Jr, “This Land”
FKA twigs, “Cellophane”
Lil Nas X and Billy Ray Cyrus, “Old Town Road”
Tove Lo, “Glad He’s Gone”
– Best Rap Album –
Dreamville, “Revenge Of The Dreamers III”
Meek Mill, “Championships”
21 Savage, “I Am > I Was”
Tyler, The Creator, “Igor”
YBN Cordae, “The Lost Boy”
– Best Rock Album –
Bring Me The Horizon, “Amo”
Cage The Elephant, “Social Cues”
The Cranberries, “In The End”
I Prevail, “Trauma”
Rival Sons, “Feral Roots”
– Best Pop Vocal Album –
Beyonce, “The Lion King: The Gift”
Billie Eilish, “When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?”
Ariana Grande, “thank u, next”
Ed Sheeran, “No. 6 Collaborations Project”
Taylor Swift, “Lover”
– Best Alternative Music Album –
Big Thief, “U.F.O.F.”
James Blake, “Assume Form”
Bon Iver, “i, i”
Vampire Weekend, “Father of the Bride”
Thom Yorke, “Anima”
– Best World Music Album –
Altin Gun, “Gece”
Bokante & Metropole Orkest conducted by Jules Buckley, “What Heat”
Burna Boy, “African Giant”
Nathalie Joachim with Spektral Quartet, “Fanm D’Ayiti”
Angelique Kidjo, “Celia”
(AFP)


The following security permissions warning may be displayed when you attempt to add or edit a document using the Documents module:
"Warning: The security permissions for the selected file do not match this module's configured view roles. The module is configured to allow viewing by role 'All Users', but the file does not. For users who are not members of a role that can view the file, this document row will not be displayed. You can adjust security settings using the File Manager in the admin menu."
Here are the options to fix this problem:
Option One: Using the Selected File
You can choose to use the file you have already selected, however the document will only be displayed to users with the correct permissions to browse or view the file.
Note 1: The warning message continues to display on the Edit Documents page.
Note 2: You will no longer need to confirm Update Anyway for this document.
Option Two: Modifying the File Location
How to allow all roles authorized to view the module to access the document. This topic assumes you are currently located on the Edit Documents page and are adding or editing the required document.
Important. You must have permission to upload files to the folder where you will be uploading the file.


rimager
is a R package that provides a quick and easy way to perform image processing and graphic editing. The package includes four functionalities: reduce the size of the image, crop the image into a circle, reduce the image colors, and blur or sharpen the image.
imgfilter(input_path, filter_type, strength, output_path = NULL)
The filter types include ‘blur’ and ‘sharpen’; where blur blends neighboring pixels and sharpen enhances edges. The strength of the filter indicates how much of effect is applied to the image; where 0 is no effect and 1 is very strong effect.
input_path
: character the file path of the image filter_type
: character filter to be applied to the input image. options: ‘blur’ and ‘sharpen’ strength
: numeric or integer (0 to 1) the strength of the selected filter effect output_path
: character or NULL (default NULL); the file path of the resultant image
We will use mandrill.jpg
saved in the images
folder of this repository.


We are prepared to share with you breath taking views around the world
She is a well exprience software Developer, she has worked in different countries and loves travelling and taken pictures of fascinating views in order to share her adventure around the world using images. Her curiosity have help her to learn more and pushed her out of her comfort zone.
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| DOSE: |
0.8 g |
insufflated |
Cocaine |
(powder / crystals) |
My hands are shaking... I sit here with the coke finally in my hands after struggling through the whole night without it.
I'm 20 years old and I'm addicted to cocaine. Because of this I lost many close friends, most of my sanity and I'm in so much debt it's ridiculous. I can't help but think it's worth it.  I just took them...  It burns a little in my nose but it wears off eventually. I feel clearer minded instantly. I need more... right now.
I was never a bad kid, more like the black sheep. The dark brooding artist with intelligence beyond her years. Not much for common sense though. I mean, what girl in her right mind would try an addictive drug when she has an addictive personality? And I'm bipolar and on Prozac. Not a good combination in the real world.
3:25pm: I feel a rush of euphoria wash over my mind and body. I taste it in the back of my throat and smell it deep in my nasal cavity. The drip has begun.
I always talked about coke even before I tried it. I always wanted to try it. Hell, the first time I did it I was alone in my bedroom. No clue on dosage, I chopped it up and cut two very small lines. Now they're huge. My room is a sanctuary for me. I've become a loner where I once was a social butterfly. Sure, it makes me more talkative, but I feel as if I can only be myself and on it around friends who know or at least understand. I don't like running to the bathroom to chop and sniff a line real quick. I don't like having it on my mind constantly day in and day out. And it's only just begun. I started 2 months ago and have been a regular pro at it for the last month.
3:31pm: I feel a little light headed. My stomachache I had from eating is gone and my teeth are starting to tingle. Time for a cigarette.
3:37pm: Snorted 2 more lines. Out of the other nostril this time. The drip from the first few lines just increases the buzz I get from this. My teeth start feeling numb.  I just forgot I put my cigarette down. I was ready to light another.
3:40pm: I keep sniffling. my nose has been either runny or congested for 2 weeks now. Not fun when trying to sleep. Just got a phone call and now I have to leave... may as well snort the last 3 lines.
3:42pm: Finishes cigarette and snorts remaining 3 lines. More euphoria... sigh. I know I'm going to want more later. I know the comedown is coming. The awful headache, tooth pain, and moodiness is what I fear the most. I can barely afford anything yet I know I'm going to buy and do more later. I'm already done with what I just bought. It's a horrible feeling to need something so bad... to think about it when I sleep and when I wake... to rely on it just to function. Without it I would never be able to wake in the morning. I absolutely love cocaine and do not have any plans on stopping no matter what. It's a sad outlook but I gave in to the white seduction and only time will tell from here.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


LibPCAP capture file format (PCAP). This package contains classes and
interfaces for working with PCAP files. Typical filename extensions for
PCAP capture files are
.cap
or
.pcap
for PCAP files.
PCAP API
PCAP API further defines additional capabilities beyond what capturefile
package defines. You can access PCAP specific records and private
information.


To pick the correct answer you must read carefully.
For your first choice, you need to be 'right' in order to live.
A throbbing pain forced you out of a realm of sleep to a reality that you didn't remember. You now lay on a small bed. A fogged memory came into view. You saw the same room you are in but cleaned. The view soon vanished to revealed the opposite. The room seemed abandoned; small plants and decaying drywall. The room was pitiful.
You stood up to see the ground was wet. The liquid was too thick to be water. You stumbled a bit as you walk to the door. The door was left ajar. You push it open.
The door exposed a dark and damp hallway. Lights flicker. Both ends of the hallway seem empty.
You walk for a while. Snippets of memories swarmed your vison. You reached the end of this path. You are left with two doors. Both seem unused and rusted.
One has dents that bring an image of an immense creature clawing its way out from the other side (left). The door held one finishing touch, an out of place "DO NOT ENTER" sign.
The other door holds a small window (right). The window is broken. There is what seems to be fresh blood and flesh. You know not if it's human or not.
The door leads you to a hallway lined with numerous doors. Each door possesses a small window and several locks. There is an awful stench coming from the doors, yet you are compelled to open them. Do you give in to the need or do you continue down the hallway into the emanating darkness?
The door led you into the main office. You can see the doors from the main entrance. To your left you notice a hall way towards the back exit. Which do you take?
The hallway to the exit is short but dark. Yet the main entrance seems welcoming; bright and warm.
Something inside pushes you to take the back exit. Are you one to follow your instincts or do you go against it?
Lights flicker in and out of existences as you make your way down the hallway.  You stop. The creaks continue for just a moment but long enough for you to notice it. Something is here with you. You look around aimlessly yet there is nothing to see.
You start moving again but you hesitate. Where were you coming from? The ends seem to be an eternity away. There haven't been any turns either. You've entered its domain.
There is something coming for you. You stand still. You can hear it coming. The lights start to flutter until one the one standing above you is left. You can feel its warm breath on your face however you can't see it. You stumble back and fall down.
The light shines upon its face. You know that face don't you? Well, you did before it was changed. It's too late now. Despite knowing that, to moved closer.  They hold such sadness and longing.
Your train of thought is suddenly cut off as those eyes change abruptly. Any and all trace of humanity gone. They are cold and distant yet still hold a burning hunger.  As it tears into your flesh you hear a voice. A soft whisper.
"Forgive me, my love."
 It's blood. The door handle was covered in blood. You force yourself to push forward and open the door. You take a deep breath.  You didn't realize that you had closed them. You see nothing wrong. Just another room left in ruins. Taking a few steps into the room you hear something. A soft crunching, almost like chewing.
You are left frozen. What have you walked into? You turn your head to meet the source of the noise. The room was dark but somehow that area seemed darker. This seems to be the end. The chewing stops. It can smell your sweat. A thought runs through your mind. 'Was someone else here? The blood on the door was still warm.' The thing that sat in the dark room rose.
Eyes shine a yellow-green like a cat hunting under the new moon. As it came closer you saw more. You didn't dare to move. You knew that this was the end. It now stood no more than a yard away. It loomed over you. There was a new sound. Drip, drip, drip. I looked at the beasts arm. 'It was eating its arm.' You looked up to its eyes and smiled. Time was up. You knew that at least you satisfied its hunger. For now.
Curiosity killed the cat you know. Yet you open the door. You couldn't help yourself, could you? Well, as you push open the door you relieved that it was harder than you originally thought. You push harder. Finally, something snaps and the door opens swiftly. The room is relatively small and there isn't much to see. You take a step into the dark room to get a better look. Nothing. It still looks awful but the theme fits. Padded wall discolored and shredded and scents that are anything except pleasant though that's what everything looks like.
You turn to leave but something catches your eye. Something small and glistening gleams brightly near the right corner of the pitiful room. You're compelled to grab it. You walk further into the room.  SLAM! The door is suddenly shut forcefully.
You don't bother turning around. A warm moist air slides over your neck and cheek. Violent shivers run through your body.  I'm so sorry.  It's been so long since he's had a meal and he wants to make it last.
You should have stayed out.


| First name | Last name | Title | Department | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{employee.firstName}} | {{employee.lastName}} | {{employee.title}} | {{employee.dept}} | {{employee.email}} |
| First name | Last name | Title | Department | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{employee.firstName}} | {{employee.lastName}} | {{employee.title}} | {{employee.dept}} | {{employee.email}} |


{% extends 'layout.html' %} {% block body %}
{{ _('Note: If you\'re the owner of an unclaimed course, please contact Curriculum Management.') }}
{% for business_line, business_line_dict in pass_dict.items() %} {% set outer_loop = loop %}{{ download_raw(url_for('downloads.download_browse'), _('Download all raw data')) }}


BPSSC releases results for Stenographer, ASI, Excise SI; check cut-off
BPPSC stenographer ASI, excise SI cut-off 2019: The candidates can check their score and cut-off marks at the official website, bpssc.bih.nic.in
by Careers DeskBPPSC stenographer ASI, excise SI cut-off 2019: The Bihar Police Sub-ordinate Services Commission (BPSSC) has released the result along with cut-off marks for the post of assistant sub-inspector and excise sub-inspector (ASI). Candidates can check their score and cut-off marks at the official website, bpssc.bih.nic.in.
The link to check individual marks and cut-off will remain active till December 5, 2019 after which it will be deactivated. Candidates need to check and download the documents for their reference within the given time frame.
For the sub-inspector category, the final selection cut-off was at 153 for males and 134.6 for females in the general category. For ASI, the final selection cut-off was recorded at 78.4 marks for general category males and 75.6 marks for general category females.
BPPSC stenographer ASI, excise SI cut-off 2019: Detailed cut-off
ASI
SI
The ASI exam was conducted on September 19 for 174 posts while the recruitment exam for SI was conducted on October 25 for 126 posts.


PERMANENT MIDNIGHT
Reviewed by Harvey Karten, Ph.D. Artisan Entertainment Director: David Veloz Writer: David Veloz, from Jerry Stahl's autobiography Cast: Ben Stiller, Elizabeth Hurley, Janeane Garofalo, Maria Bello, Owen Wilson, Peter Greene, Fred Willard, Cheryl Ladd
Why do people take illegal drugs? The most powerful argument is given by one scuzzy character in Danny Boyle's movie "Transpotting": "Imagine your best orgasm and multiply it by one thousand." When Boyle was asked whether his movie encouraged drug use, he replied "Absolutely not." Yeah, right. Several movies provide an antidote to "Trainspotting"'s glorification of chemical highs and lows, beginning with Otto Preminger's "The Man with the Golden Arm," with Frank Sinatra as the junkie and Eleanor Parker his crippled wife. That major work, now dated, is still powerful, and has a jazz score by Elmer Bernstein that hasn't yet been beaten by movies of that genre. But for sheer in-your-face potency, you'd look hard to find a better remedy to drug- glorification films than "Permanent Midnight." What gives David Veloz's new film its extra poignancy is that it's all true. The events really happened, as recorded in TV writer Jerry Stahl's autobiography which has been successfully adapted to the screen. Stahl, who had a promising career writing for the thriving puppet-show sitcom "Mr. Chompers," was making $5,000 a week at the time. Trouble is he was paying out $6,000 a week for cocaine and heroin, and you don't have to have a CPA to know that this does not provide a favorable individual balance sheet. Stahl spent some time in an L.A. rehab clinic and based on the film's conclusion seems now to be clean. He appeared on several TV interview shows to spill all--Oprah, Geraldo et al--and was the ideal guest who must have kept the folks in the audience tut-tutting throughout the interviews.
Forceful direction by Veloz and poignant acting by the talented Ben Stiller compel audience attention to what otherwise might have been a fairly static chamber piece suitable more for stage than screen. The thirty-two year old Stiller is positioned early on in his career to surpass the renown of his talented parents, Anne Meara and Jerry Stiller, and now seems to be one of the most sought-after actors though largely for indie films. You're not a serious movie buff if you've missed the likes of "Reality Bites," "Flirting with Disaster," "If Lucy Fell," and his most exciting work to date in Neil LaBute's "Your Friends and Neighbors." In "Permanent Midnight" he appears at first behind a fast-food stand, obviously too bright for positioning tartar sauce on fish sandwiches for mentally challenged customers. Kitty (Maria Bello), pulling up in her convertible, sees that in him in one glance, invites him for coffee and, of course, they end up in bed. Mellowing out, Stahl becomes eager to confess his life while the attractive woman at his side is all-ears. We in the audience eavsdrop on the intimate details of his sordid tale.
Stahl takes us through his green-card marriage to the stunning Sandra (Elizabeth Hurley, a dead ringer for early Jacqueline Bisset), for which he receives $30,000. His writing gains the attention of the producer of a TV puppet show, Mr. Chompers. He fixes the script, the show takes off, and Stahl's career seems made, but for one thing: he is an addict. "I'm from New York, but I came to LA to get away from the drugs," he confesses not without waggery.
Now, director Veloz does not let the audience off the hook by turning Robert D. Yeoman's camera away from the innermost details of the needle. Veloz does for narcotics what Spielberg did for war: he takes us right into the action to watch every miserable component.  At one point, when he apparently has run out of veins, he plunges the hypodermic deep into his neck. We watch it all. (Five people walked out of the screening at this point, which is a recommendation for the movie.) He steals percodan from his wife's medicine cabinet, going through his usual routine since his wife is just outside the door. He coughs when he opens the chest, and flushes the toilet when he closes it. He steals drugs from a friend, having discovered the hiding place. Just out of a rehab session, he is seduced by another "friend" into shooting heroin and smoking a crack pipe, after which he and associate begin running toward the unbreakable window of an office building and literally smashing repeatedly against the glass, rolling like cretins on the carpeted floor.
The greatest irony of the story is that Stahl is a health nut who jogs five miles after breakfast and insists on eating only organic vegetables.
In a less than successful scene he flirts with an unresponsive agent (Janeane Garofalo in a rare, serious, role), but for the most part the movie works because Stiller is so convincing that you'd almost think he was forced to shoot up repeatedly in researching the part. "Permanent Midnight" is one muscular film about Hollywood's underbelly, done without commercialized fanfare but with a great deal of attention to the real hazards of self-destructive addictions.
Rated R. Running time: 100 minutes. (C) Harvey Karten 1998
The review above was posted to the
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Module: Mongoid::Equality
- Included in:
- Composable
- Defined in:
- lib/mongoid/equality.rb
Overview
This module contains the behavior of Mongoid's clone/dup of documents.
Instance Method Summary collapse
-
#<=>(other) ⇒ Integer
Default comparison is via the string version of the id.
-
#==(other) ⇒ true, false
Performs equality checking on the document ids.
-
#===(other) ⇒ true, false
Performs class equality checking.
-
#eql?(other) ⇒ true, false
Delegates to ==.
Instance Method Details
#<=>(other) ⇒ Integer
Default comparison is via the string version of the id.
19 20 21 |
# File 'lib/mongoid/equality.rb', line 19 def <=>(other) attributes["_id"].to_s <=> other.attributes["_id"].to_s end |
#==(other) ⇒ true, false
Performs equality checking on the document ids. For more robust equality checking please override this method.
34 35 36 37 |
# File 'lib/mongoid/equality.rb', line 34 def ==(other) self.class == other.class && attributes["_id"] == other.attributes["_id"] end |
#===(other) ⇒ true, false
Performs class equality checking.
49 50 51 |
# File 'lib/mongoid/equality.rb', line 49 def ===(other) other.class == Class ? self.class === other : self == other end |
#eql?(other) ⇒ true, false
Delegates to ==. Used when needing checks in hashes.
63 64 65 |
# File 'lib/mongoid/equality.rb', line 63 def eql?(other) self == (other) end |


Mobile Banking Usability Study
During my semester abroad at ETH, I collaborated with my partner to conduct a confidential full-scale usability study on the next-generation of mobile banking.
This project was facilitated by Human-Computer Interaction by the Chair of Cognitive Science at ETH Zürich in collaboration with Credit Suisse, Switzerland.
01 Abstract
Mobile apps have increasingly become the preferred method of banking, as clients are able to access their accounts and conduct transactions at their convenience, anytime and anywhere. Due to the widening scope and adoption of mobile banking, the usability of such interfaces becomes increasingly important as a focus of study and directly impacts the user experience of clients across all demographics.
With the opportunity to test the latest Credit Suisse iOS mobile banking app prototype, we focus on usability of the user interface and the payments workflow. We seek to uncover possible usability issues and discover new ways to improve payments on the mobile platform from an international point of view.
For the study, we tested the prototype with thirteen participants spanning relationship managers and multinational university students. Our findings suggest that simplicity, efficiency, and contextual convenience are of the highest priority when designing banking experiences on the mobile platform.
We conclude with recommendations for the final design of the interface and underscore the importance of aligning the feature set to the purpose of mobile banking, error prevention, and educating the users on new design and functionality.
02 Theory
An entire subfield within Human-Computer Interaction focuses on testing the usability of interfaces in hopes to develop them into systems that are as user-friendly as possible. The main goal for usability testing is to “improve the quality of an interface by finding flaws in it” of which “cause problems for users” (Lazar 2010). In contrast to Summative Testing which takes place at the later stages of the design process, formative user-based testing is a subfield of usability that occurs in the earlier-stage design process. At this stage, users are often given wireframes and prototypes to test that don’t yet have the entire set of features implemented. As a result, the main focus of formative usability studies is to provide an opportunity for problem discovery, generate data, and gather feedback that can be helpful in guiding the direction of the final design of the interface.
Through the process of usability testing, it is said that five users will find around 80% of the usability problems in a given interface (Virzi, 1992). However, that “magic number” also depends on other factors, such as the complexity of the interface and the scope of the tasks (Lazar 2010). Regardless, the goal of usability testing is not to find all the usability issues, but instead to uncover the major, high-priority, high-severity ones.
The basis of usability testing is centered around various task scenarios that emulate real-world ones. In doing so, both quantitative and qualitative data are generated throughout the process. Different quantitative metrics such as task success, satisfaction, and error rates, can be evaluated throughout the interviews, while qualitative data can be identified as users talk through their thought process aloud. This is also known as the Thinking-Aloud Protocol (Lazar 2010). This protocol is particularly helpful for Formative usability testing given that not every part of the interface is interactable or implemented.
Another critical part of usability testing includes surveys and questionnaires. Questions that probe users’ perception about a system may encompass: simple rating scales to rate difficulty and quantify expectations before and after a given task or scenario, such as Likert scales; specific qualitative attributes, such as visual appeal and enjoyment, on users’ emotional connection with the system; and open-ended questions to encourage critical thinking, such as ranking top three things users liked the most (Tullis, 2008).
In particular, the System Usability Scale (SUS) provides a standardized metric for benchmarking and evaluating the overall usability of a given system (Brooke 1996). The survey consists of ten questions -- five of which are positively worded, while the other half are negatively worded. All the questions are taken into account and combined to form an overall score from 0 to 100, with 100 being the best score. Scores above 80 are considered good; consequently, all systems should aim to surpass this threshold (Tullis 2008).
03 Research Methodology
04 Result
Role
I served as the architect for the usability study design and methodology, and wrote all the surveys and designed the tasks. I conducted half of the user studies, and analyzed and summarized the findings into the final presentation and paper.
Result
My partner and I demoed our work to the course and the senior staff at Credit Suisse, and summarized our findings in a formal research paper.
Team
Kevin Shum & Héctor Javier Vázquez Martínez under the supervision of Svetlana Ognjanovic
Technologies
Usability
User Study
User Research
InVision


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In stochastic volatility models, the asset price and its volatility are both assumed to be random processes and can change over time. There are many stochastic volatility models. Here we will present the most well-known and popular one: the Heston Model. In Heston model, the stock price is log-normal distributed, the volatility process is a positive increasing function of a mean-reversion process. That is
\[dS_t = \mu_tS_tdt+\sqrt{v_t}S_tdW_{1,t}\] \[dv_t=-\lambda(v_t-\overline{v})\ dt+\eta\sqrt{v_t}\ dW_{2,t}\] \[dW_{1,t},\ dW_{2,t}=\rho \ dt\]Where the instantaneous variance of the stock price \(v_t\) itself is a stochastic process.
\(\lambda\) is the speed of reversion of \(v_t\) to its long-term mean \(\overline{v})\). We can think of\(\lambda\) as the rate at which the stock price variance reverts back to its long-term average value. \(\eta\) is the volatility of the variance process \(v_t\) (often called the volatility of volatility) \(W_{1,t}\) and \(W_{2,t}\) are two dependent Wiener processes with correlation coefficient \(\rho\).We already discuss how to simulate the stock price process with Monte Carlo method in the introduction to stochastic process tutorial. In order to simulate the variance process, we need to write it into discrete form. The derivation can be found in paper Rouah F D. Euler and Milstein discretization.
\[v_{t+\Delta t}=\left(\sqrt{v_t}+\frac{1}{2}\eta\sqrt{\Delta t}W_1\right)^2-\lambda(v_t-\overline{v})\Delta t-\frac{\eta^2}{4}\Delta t\]Then, we take following steps to simulate Heston process: Given the value of \(v_t\) at time t, we first update to \(v_{t+\Delta t}\) using the formula above (Here note that in options pricing, Monte Carlo method uses risk-neutral result, so here the expected return \(\mu\) should equal the risk free rate r):
from numpy import sqrt, exp import numpy as np def mc_heston(option_type,S0,K,T,initial_var,long_term_var,rate_reversion,vol_of_vol,corr,r,num_reps,steps): """ option_type: 'p' put option 'c' call option S0: the spot price of underlying stock K: the strike price T: the maturity of options initial_var: the initial value of variance long_term_var: the long term average of price variance rate_reversion: the mean reversion rate for the variance vol_of_vol: the volatility of volatility(the variance of the variance of stock price) corr: the correlation between the standard normal random variables W1 and W2 r: the risk free rate reps: the number of repeat for monte carlo simulation steps: the number of steps in each simulation """ delta_t = T/float(steps) payoff = 0 for i in range(num_reps): vt = initial_var st = S0 for j in range(steps): w1 = np.random.normal(0, 1) w2 = corr*w1+sqrt(1-corr**2)*np.random.normal(0, 1) vt = (sqrt(vt) + 0.5 * vol_of_vol * sqrt(delta_t) * w1)**2 \ - rate_reversion * (vt - long_term_var) * delta_t \ - 0.25 * vol_of_vol**2 * delta_t st = st * exp((r - 0.5*vt)*delta_t + sqrt(vt*delta_t) * w2) if option_type == 'c': payoff += max(st - K, 0) elif option_type == 'p': payoff += max(K - st, 0) return (payoff/float(num_reps)) * (exp(-r*T))
The calibration of a model is the process of seeking the model parameters for which the model result best matches the market option data. This data usually consists of market quoted prices for European plain vanilla call options or of Black-Scholes implied volatilities derived from prices. Calibrating the Heston model is equivalent to solving the non-linear constrained optimization problem: Minimize the error between the market quotes of options and the options price estimated by Heston model. The object function could be the absolute value of the error or the absolute squared error. You can refer to this paper Parameters recovery via calibration in the Heston model for details of different error measure.
There are five parameters to be estimated in Heston model:
Here we use QuantLib Python library to calibrate the parameters.
Let's look at how we can calibrate the Heston model to some market quotes. For example, let's say we are interested in trading SPDR S&P 500 ETF (SPY) options with 4-months maturity. Here we choose all the options contracts written on SPY expire in 4 months. We need the strikes and the market prices of those contracts and the underlying price as the input of our objective function to minimize.
import pandas as pd from numpy import sqrt,mean,log,diff import QuantLib as ql from pandas_datareader.data import Options import pandas_datareader.data as web import datetime opt = Options('spy', 'yahoo') expiration_dates = [ql.Date(i.day, i.month, i.year) for i in opt.expiry_dates] expiry_index = 14 # choose the contracts expire on 11/17/2017 data = opt.get_call_data(expiry=opt.expiry_dates[expiry_index]) strikes = list(data.index.get_level_values('Strike')) premium = list(data['Last']) day_count = ql.Actual365Fixed() calendar = ql.UnitedStates() calculation_date = ql.Date(opt._quote_time.day,opt._quote_time.month,opt._quote_time.year) # 08/10/2017 spot = opt.underlying_price # spot price is 244.82 ql.Settings.instance().evaluationDate = calculation_date dividend_yield = ql.QuoteHandle(ql.SimpleQuote(0.0)) risk_free_rate = 0.01 dividend_rate = 0.0 flat_ts = ql.YieldTermStructureHandle( ql.FlatForward(calculation_date, risk_free_rate, day_count)) dividend_ts = ql.YieldTermStructureHandle( ql.FlatForward(calculation_date, dividend_rate, day_count)) # dummy parameters initial_var = 0.2; rate_reversion = 0.5; long_term_var = 0.2; corr = -0.75; vol_of_vol = 0.2; # initial_var = 0.2; rate_reversion = 0.15; long_term_var = 0.6; corr = -0.75; vol_of_vol = 0.2; process = ql.HestonProcess(flat_ts, dividend_ts, ql.QuoteHandle(ql.SimpleQuote(spot)), initial_var, rate_reversion, long_term_var, vol_of_vol, corr) model = ql.HestonModel(process) engine = ql.AnalyticHestonEngine(model) heston_helpers = [] date = expiration_dates[expiry_index] for j, s in enumerate(strikes): t = (date - calculation_date) p = ql.Period(t, ql.Days) sigma = premium[j] helper = ql.HestonModelHelper(p, calendar, spot, s, ql.QuoteHandle(ql.SimpleQuote(sigma)), flat_ts, dividend_ts) helper.setPricingEngine(engine) heston_helpers.append(helper) lm = ql.LevenbergMarquardt(1e-8, 1e-8, 1e-8) model.calibrate(heston_helpers, lm, ql.EndCriteria(500, 50, 1.0e-8,1.0e-8, 1.0e-8)) long_term_var, rate_reversion, vol_of_vol, corr, initial_var = model.params() print "long_term_var = %f, rate_reversion = %f, vol_of_vol = %f, corr = %f, initial_var = %f" % (long_term_var, rate_reversion, vol_of_vol, corr, initial_var)
We get the market data at 08/10/2017 and choose the contracts which expire on 11/17/2017. Then we get the following parameters estimation
long_term_var = 0.191762, rate_reversion = 0.000001, vol_of_vol = 0.215442, corr = -0.817388, initial_var = 0.198778
When you get the parameter estimation, you can plug the parameter values into the Heston Monte Carlo options pricing model and get the price estimation with stochastic volatility. But as we already discussed for Heston model, the introduction of randomness of volatility increases the complexity of the estimation. No matter which error measure is chosen, the objective function is highly non-linear and far from being convex and we have 5 parameters in the model. All these drawbacks of Heston models will make the estimated parameter values quite sensitive the initial guess of parameters. Therefore options prices generated by the Heston model are also parameter sensitive. From the above, we can get a sense of how computationally expensive it can be to get accurate values of options in a stochastic volatility model.


Phone:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Address: 222 Dolphin Resort Way, Island Town, DolphinLand 55533
Email: privatedolphinresorts@dolphintown.com


Movieweb
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Made by @alexsideris_
Feedback is more than welcome. Get in touch with me on Twitter.


A Tracing is a graphic file with one layer, registered at the absolute origin.
A Sheet is a graphic file with more than one layer, registered at the absolute origin.
A Sheet can include multiple Tracings using pointers.
A Reference drawing is a graphic file with one layer,unregistered; a detail drawing.


Awards and achievements
School Level:
- All India Rank 361 in National Cyber Olympiad (2007)
- Consistent top All India Ranks (282, 844, 334) in National Science Olympiad for years 2006, 2007, 2009
- State rank 18 in Maharashtra Talent Search Exam (2009), a State level Aptitude Scholarship exam with 110,000 appearing students
College Level:
- Ranked in top 5% of the students in the department.
- Won the 'Best Project Award' in Open Showcase event (Project Exhibition Competition) at QUARK 2016, BITS Pilani, Goa Campus for the project Content-based Storage Mode in Btrfs.
- Winner (1st prize) in M.A.D. Talks, a competition to present genuine SciFi ideas. This event was part of a National level technical mega-event Credenz, 2012, conducted by PICT-IEEE branch. The winning idea proposed by my colleagues and me was: V2R - Vibes to Reality, a hypothetical super-advanced communication system based on electromagnetic vibrations from human brain.
- 1st runner-up in Pradnya, a programming event in the national level symposium Impetus and Concepts 2014, PICT, Pune.
Extracurricular Achievements:
- President of the PICT Art Circle – a group of over 100 theater enthusiasts from May 2015 till date
- Won the first prize in the prestigious 51st Purushottam Karandak 2015
- Also bagged the second prize in Purushottam Mahakarandak 2016 at state level
- Winner of Best-organized Team prize in Purushottam Karandak 2015
- Part of team that won Best-organized Team prize in Purushottam Karandak twice - 2013, 2014
- Working as a Photographer under the Creative Block of a startup magazine ‘Pictorially Speaking’
- Won the first prize in a voting based Photography Exhibition-cum-Competition - ‘Pics-O-Reel’
"Don't shoot what it looks like, shoot what it feels like"
I take interest in photography. I own a Canon 1100D and I love to capture wildlife, birds, scenary, nature. Recently started exploring people photography. Here are few of my clicks :
Explore. Experience. Express
"Pictorially Speaking" is a startup magazine where I work in the creative block as a Photographer.


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block body %} IPython Notebook Viewer A Simple way to share your IP[y]thon Notebook as Gists. Share your own notebook, or browse others' Go!
A Simple way to share your IP[y]thon Notebook as Gists.
Share your own notebook, or browse others'
Probabilistic Programming
An IJulia Preview
XKCD Plot With Matplotlib
Non Parametric Regression
Exploring R formula
Nose testing
Pandas timeseries
Working with pandas
Fitting
Analysis of current events
Cython extension
Jaynes-Cummings model
SymPy notebook
Numpy tests
R magic extension


Constructing Roads
问题描述 :
There are N villages, which are numbered from 1 to N, and you should build some roads such that every two villages can connect to each other. We say two village A and B are connected, if and only if there is a road between A and B, or there exists a village C such that there is a road between A and C, and C and B are connected.
We know that there are already some roads between some villages and your job is the build some roads such that all the villages are connect and the length of all the roads built is minimum.
输入:
The first line is an integer N (3 <= N <= 100), which is the number of villages. Then come N lines, the i-th of which contains N integers, and the j-th of these N integers is the distance (the distance should be an integer within [1, 1000]) between village i and village j.
Then there is an integer Q (0 <= Q <= N * (N + 1) / 2). Then come Q lines, each line contains two integers a and b (1 <= a < b <= N), which means the road between village a and village b has been built.
输出:
You should output a line contains an integer, which is the length of all the roads to be built such that all the villages are connected, and this value is minimum.
样例输入:
3 0 990 692 990 0 179 692 179 0 1 1 2
样例输出:
179
题目地址： http://acm.hdu.edu.cn/showproblem.php?pid=1102
一道入门的最小生成树题目。
这道题目描述的边是双向的，xh[i][j]=xh[j][i],所以我们要把它变成单向的，读数据加 if(i<j) 就增加一条边，而下面Q条已经修好的路也要判断(edge[i][j],始终保持i<j)。
这道题数据量不是很大，所以find函数里面的剪枝可有可无。
代码如下：
#include <iostream> #include <cstdio> #include <cstdlib> #include <cmath> #include <cstring> #include <string> #include <algorithm> #include <vector> #include <set> #include <map> #include <queue> #include <stack> using namespace std; /* freopen("input.txt","r",stdin); freopen("output.txt","w",stdout); */ int n,m;//n个点，总共有m跳边，单向边 int xh[105][105]; int parent[105];//父亲节点 struct se { int x,y,w; }edge[5055]; bool emp(se a,se b) { return a.w<b.w; } void UFset() { for(int i=0;i<=n;i++) parent[i]=i; } int find(int x) { int r=x; while(x!=parent[x]) x=parent[x]; while(r!=x)//剪枝 { int j=parent[r]; parent[r]=x; r=j; } return x; } void Kruskal() { int sum=0,i,count=0; UFset(); for(i=0;i<m;i++) { int x=edge[i].x; int y=edge[i].y; int fx=find(x),fy=find(y); if(fx!=fy) { count++; parent[fx]=fy; sum+=edge[i].w; if(count==n-1) break; } } cout<<sum<<endl; } int main() { int i,j,k,x; while(cin>>n) { m=0; for(i=1;i<=n;i++) for(j=1;j<=n;j++) { scanf("%d",&x); if(i<j)//因为是单向的，所以只用i<j右上角那一边就行了 { edge[m].x=i; edge[m].y=j; edge[m].w=x; xh[i][j]=m;//记录i和j是第几条边 m++; } } cin>>k; while(k--) { int a,b; scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); if(a>b)//和上面一样，始终保持edge[i][j],i<j swap(a,b); edge[xh[a][b]].w=0;//已经有路了，w就记为0 } sort(edge,edge+m,emp);//边从小到大排序 Kruskal(); } return 520; }
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
妈呀！这个Dijkstra模板好长OwQ！
Gucci New Fall Arrivals
This is really nice to know. I hope it will be successful in the future. Good job on this and keep up the good work.
妈呀！这个Dijkstra模板好长OwQ！
I like your publish. It is great to see you verbalize from the coronary heart and clarity on this essential subject matter can be easily noticed.
第二个方法挺不错。NewHead代表新的头节点，通过递归找到最后一个节点之后，就把这个节点赋给NewHead，然后一直返回返回，中途这个值是没有变化的，一边返回一边把相应的指针方向颠倒，最后结束时返回新的头节点到主函数。
Java真是解决大数的利器
I go through some of your put up and I uncovered a good deal of expertise from it. Many thanks for posting this sort of exciting posts
这道题目的核心一句话是：取还是不取。
如果当前取，则index+1作为参数。如果当前不取，则任用index作为参数。
/*
* =====================================================================================
*
* Filename: 1366.cc
*
* Description:
*
* Version: 1.0
* Created: 2014年01月06日 14时52分14秒
* Revision: none
* Compiler: gcc
*
* Author: Wenxian Ni (Hello World~<EMAIL_ADDRESS>* Organization: AMS/ICT
*
* =====================================================================================
*/
#include
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
stack st;
int n,i,j;
int test;
int a[100001];
int b[100001];
while(cin>>n)
{
for(i=1;i>a[i];
for(i=1;i>b[i];
//st.clear();
while(!st.empty())
st.pop();
i = 1;
j = 1;
while(in)
break;
}
while(!st.empty()&&st.top()==b[j])
{
st.pop();
j++;
}
}
if(st.empty())
cout<<"YES"<<endl;
else
cout<<"NO"<<endl;
}
return 0;
}
红绯鱼：
这模板神了
书上的解法更巧妙一些，在九度OJ实测的效率差不多
赞一个


+++ title = "Marsala" lat = 37.798390 lon = 12.437553 +++
Marsala is the centre of Sicily's prime wine-growing area, located on the south-west coast of the island. Also of interest near Marsala is the island of Mozia, located beside a lovely coastal road just to the north. I went through Marsala this afternoon, and camped in a field not far from it.


Warehouse Keeper Hagos:
Welcome, friend of Varka!
I'm in charge of keeping the tribe's supplies. I can't help you now because I don't yet have the approval of the elder.
Try a little harder! Surely he'll allow you to use the warehouse.
Quest


--- layout: default title: Breakout groups description: Every week after the presentation, we break out into topic-specific working and learning groups led by regular facilitators to guide conversations, answer questions, and build teams for civic apps. The groups are split into two types - working groups and learning groups. ---
Every hacknight after the presentation, we break out into topic-specific working and discussion groups led by regular facilitators to guide conversations, answer questions, and build teams for civic apps. The groups are split into two types: working groups and discussion groups.
Want to start your own breakout group? Just announce it at the next hack night and people will vote with their feet!
Our breakout groups focus on mobilizing tech workers to discuss, strategize and create technology that dismantles structures of injustice and inequality. Our projects are developed in service to organizations without institutional monetary support. . Groups can last for one night or several years - it's up to you!
If you are interested in getting involved in a breakout group, contact the project leader from their Github issue below, join our Slack to connect with them directly, or keep an eye out for them at one of our future HackNights.
Sometimes groups get marked as closed
if they haven't been active in a few weeks. This is to keep the list size managable. Any group marked this way can be re-opened at any time.
To re-open a group:


Total count:
total count of jira issues
Cycle time:
issue lifetime from the start of the work
Lead time:
issue lifetime from the creation of issue


Chemistry 1 (CHEM1100)
Course level
Undergraduate
Faculty
School
Agriculture Food Sciences Schl
Units
2
Duration
One Semester
Class contact
3 Lecture hours, 3 Practical or Laboratory hours
Incompatible
CHEM1020, CHEM1010, CHEM1021, CHEM1022
Prerequisite
Senior Chemistry or CHEM1090
Assessment methods
Assignment, lab reports, mid-semester and end of semester examinations
Course coordinator
Semester 1 A/Prof Gwen Lawrie<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(St Lucia) and Dr Bruce D'Arcy (Gatton) Semester 2 A/Prof Mark Riley<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Study Abroad
This course is pre-approved for Study Abroad and Exchange students.
Current course offerings
| Course offerings | Location | Mode | Course Profile |
| Semester 1, 2019 | Gatton | Internal | Profile unavailable |
| Semester 1, 2019 | St Lucia | Internal | Profile unavailable |
| Semester 2, 2019 | St Lucia | Internal | Profile unavailable |
Please Note: Course profiles marked as not available may still be in development.
Course description
This course provides the foundation in concepts underpinning inorganic, physical and organic chemistry necessary for advancement to the higher levels of study in chemistry and engineering courses. Core topics include: atomic structure, bonding and hybridisation, molecular shape, an introduction to organic chemistry, states of matter and intermolecular forces, chemical equilibrium, aqueous solution equilibria, thermodynamics, and redox chemistry. This course is a prerequisite to CHEM1200 Chemistry 2 for all students in the following programs: BSc, B Biomedical Science, B Biotechnology, B Engineering and B Occupational Health & Safety Science.
Archived offerings
| Course offerings | Location | Mode | Course Profile |
| Semester 1, 2018 | Gatton | Internal | Course Profile |
| Semester 1, 2018 | St Lucia | Internal | Course Profile |
| Semester 2, 2018 | St Lucia | Internal | Course Profile |
| Semester 1, 2017 | Gatton | Internal | Course Profile |
| Semester 1, 2017 | St Lucia | Internal | Course Profile |
| Semester 2, 2017 | St Lucia | Internal | Course Profile |
| Semester 1, 2016 | Gatton | Internal | Course Profile |
| Semester 1, 2016 | St Lucia | Internal | Course Profile |
| Semester 2, 2016 | St Lucia | Internal | Course Profile |
| Semester 1, 2015 | Gatton | Internal | Course Profile |
| Semester 1, 2015 | St Lucia | Internal | Course Profile |
| Semester 2, 2015 | St Lucia | Internal | Course Profile |
| Semester 1, 2014 | Gatton | Internal | Course Profile |
| Semester 1, 2014 | St Lucia | Internal | Course Profile |
| Semester 2, 2014 | St Lucia | Internal | Course Profile |


| Type | File | Description | jsCoFE Object |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unmerged reflections |
*.mtz, *.hkl | Unmerged reflections, either in CCP4 (*.mtz) or XDS (*.hkl) file format. Both scaled and unscaled datastes may be used. All datasets found in uploaded files will be converted into individual Unmerged objects, complemented with symmetry metadata, used for subsequent merging and scaling. Useful properties of datasets, calculated with Pointless, will be presented in the output. | Unmerged |
| Merged reflections |
*.mtz | Merged reflections in CCP4 file format. All datasets found in uploaded files will be converted into individual HKL objects, complemented with FreeR flag columns (unless found in the file) and truncated if necessary. Useful properties of datasets, calculated with CTruncate, will be presented in the output. | HKL |
| Sequence | *.seq, *.pir, *.fasta | Macromolecular sequence. | Sequence |
| Coordinates | *.pdb, *.cif, *.mmcif, *.ent | Macromolecular coordinates. Multi-chain files will be split into single chains and added as additional XYZ objects. | XYZ |
Data import is amost always the first task in any Project (only the
Make Ligand task may be run without any
data imported). There may be as many data imports in projects as necessary,
however, it is usually a good idea to import all available experimental data,
sequences and molecular coordinates in the very beginning.


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Three possible options for the management of the DPIA should be envisaged, each of them having its merits and drawbacks:
A dedicated team within the organisation but not the one in charge of the application. The Data Protection Officer should be involved or contribute to this team from an evaluation or an operational point of view:
Persons with knowledge of the automation environment (hardware, software, networks and network components);
Persons in the user environment;
A third party providing external expertise needed for the DPIA;
The persons in charge of the application/system which is the target of the DPIA. This might especially apply in the case of SMEs with limited resources.
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Project4U
C
C++
Python
Operating System
HTML & CSS & JS
Get only in just 50rs
Looking for Projects
APIs and SDKs for maps and location-aware web and mobile apps
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Die Rolls
Die Rolls are used by Characters to resolve their actions. Die Rolls in this system are typically opposed and the difference determines the success or failure of the used Ability. Die Rolls fall under either Attacker Rolls or Defender Rolls.
Attacker Rolls
Attacker Rolls are primarily used when a Character uses an Ability on an Enemy. Attacker Rolls include Attack and Status Rolls. Attack Rolls represent physical attacks and add STR. Status Rolls represent mental attacks and add INT. Attacker Rolls use the Die or Dice listed in the Ability's entry (Ability Die) and appropriate Attribute to determine the total.
Attack Rolls = Ability Die + STR
Status Rolls = Ability Die + INT
Defender Rolls
Defender Rolls are primarily used when a Character is being targeted by an Enemy’s Ability. Defender Rolls include Defense and Resistance Rolls. Defense Rolls represent physical defense and add VIT.  Defender Rolls use the Die or Dice based on the Character’s EM Total (see Elemental Map) and appropriate Attribute to determine the total.
 See the following to determine which Attacker and Defender Rolls are opposed.
Attack Rolls are opposed by Defense Rolls
Status Rolls are opposed by Resistance Rolls
For more see Combat
Unopposed Rolls
Certain Abilities may list an Effect that includes a Die Roll without listing the type of Die Roll used. In these cases, use the Die Roll plus bonus listed in the entry. Examples of Unopposed Rolls are Heal 1d8+2 and At the End of the Character's Turn, Target takes Damage 1d4+1


Copyright (c) 2001 Joćo Pedro Neto
The game is played on an empty 5x5 board.
|
| An example If White plays a stone at cell [1], he will capture the 4 marked black stones. Notice that the group on the bottom-left is not capture (mirror patterns are not capturable). |
|
| Ko rule
Black has just played d4:b3 (using the patterns bc34 and de34). Now, White cannot play on cells b3 and c3, because those cells are included on the 2x2 area used for capture. |
A variant, is to change the goal for the following rule: When no more moves are possible, wins the player with more stones onboard (that is, all cells are occupied, or only remains empty KO cells). But if a player cannot end his turn (i.e., only can make one drop move) the game ends and wins the player with more stones onboard.


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Why Roborock is the best robot vacuum maker you've never heard of
Source: Android Central
When you think of a robot vacuum, what's the first name that comes to mind? While Roborock might not immediately be the first on your list, you may want to take a minute or two to understand why it should, in fact, be the name to remember when it comes to buying a robot vacuum.
So why is it that you may not have ever heard of Roborock? That's because Roborock's humble roots begin with Xiaomi, a company name you're likely familiar with if you frequent Android Central. When it launched in 2016, the Xiaomi Mi Robot Vacuum made huge waves in an industry dominated by big names that were often regarded as dumb, overpriced gadgets instead of useful robots.
Roborock changed the game by offering up an intelligent laser-guided navigation system that mapped the home in real-time, showing you a complete floorplan of your home. This floorplan wasn't just a static image though; it was updated in real-time as the vacuum roved around, showing you exactly where the vacuum was in your home and where it cleaned. This was something unheard of, as most robot vacuums at the time simply didn't offer any of this functionality.
Source: Android Central
Two years later, Roborock launched the first vacuum under its own Roborock branding; the Roborock S5 in 2018. That means we're not even two years into the usage of the Roborock branding, but with the recent move into the U.S. market via Amazon.com's ubiquitous virtual shelves, Roborock is finally making it much easier to buy their excellent products.
But here's something I really like about Roborock: it has been careful not to flood the market with products just to never support them again, as we've seen in the smartphone industry all too often. Instead, Roborock has carefully designed and constructed a number of robot vacuums that are meant for varying types of homes and budgets.
Source: Android Central
This year, we've seen the launch of two flagship vacuums from the company, with a third on the way later this year. The Roborock S6 launched this summer and the Roborock S4 just hit the market as the lowest priced Roborock flagship vacuum yet. These top flagship vacuums offer the best of not just Roborock, but the best choice in each respective class. They're easy to use, intelligent, reliable, perform incredibly well and, to top it off, are super quiet to boot.
Roborock offers a number of even less expensive vacuums as well, such as the Roborock E25 or the E35. While these vacuums are offered at a lower price point, they're still more advanced than the usual bump-and-go style robot vacuum that you would find in this class. Much of what makes Roborock so reliable and useful is found in the navigational abilities of each vacuum, which map out the home and intelligently plan routes for the best cleaning of every nook and cranny.
Haven't checked out Roborock yet? My family uses Roborock's vacuums in our home and we absolutely love them. It's hard not to recommend Roborock and, once you're an owner, you'll know exactly why people are so darn happy with their products.
The best of the Rock
Roborock S6
An incredible robot vacuum at a great price
Roborock's lineup of robot vacuums is incredibly diverse, but the high-end S6 does everything. From an intense suction, enough to lift large objects, to easy mopping, full scheduling, no-go zones and more, the Roborock S6 is the best robot vacuum you can buy.
We may earn a commission for purchases using our links. Learn more.


My home
Owner: John Lennon
This is a lovely 1 bathroom apartament that can accommodate 2 people. It locates at the center of Shanghai and next to subway line 1, 1 stop to People Square, 2 stops to Bund, 3 stops to Jungan Temle.
Amenities
- Pet friendly
- Tv
- Wifi
2 Reviews
-
From Bob Dylan the 27th January 2021
Runshi is an epic host. Nothing more i can say. 5 star!
-
From Connor 4th January 2021
Higly recommended!


Just In: Appeal Court Sacks PDP Lawmaker, Gives Fresh Order
by George OgboluThe Appeal Court sitting in Owerri has sacked the member representing Isiala Mbano/Onuimo/Okigwe federal constituency of Imo State in the House of Representatives, Obinna Onwubuariri.
Delivering judgement o Saturday, the chairman of the panel, Justice R.N Pemu, said the election that brought Onwubuariri of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) to power in February was not in tandem with the Electoral Act, 2010, as amended.
The Appeal Court backed the decision of the Election Petition Tribunal that ordered a fresh election in the federal constituency.
Justice Pemu stated that the candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC), Miriam Onuoha, able to prove her allegations of over-voting, mutilation of figures and violence which marred the election.
The Appeal Court directed the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) to withdraw the Certificate of Return it had earlier issued Onwubuariri.
Justice Pemu also ordered the electoral umpire to conduct a fresh election in the entire federal constituency within 90 days.


Expansion panels contain creation flows and allow lightweight editing of an element.
An expansion panel is a lightweight container that may either stand alone or be connected to a larger surface, such as a card.
In the next example we will show you how create an expansion panel with form options inside.


American diver survives shark attack off Mexico Baja beach
MEXICO CITY (AP) - A U.S. diver is recovering from a shark bite on the forearm after being attacked in Magdalena Bay off the Baja California Sur coast.
The Mexican navy has not released the man’s name or hometown, though it says he is 23 years old.
The navy says the man was diving Monday in the Pacific near San Carlos, and he apparently made it back aboard his dive boat on his own. The man was taken to a local hospital for treatment and his wounds are not considered life-threatening.
There is no immediate information on the species of shark involved in the attack.
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