I'm an iOS developer who loves working on challenging and interesting projects.
I've built apps using UIKit and SwiftUI.
Pulled data from APIs using URLSession and made sure
to keep it saved with Core Data.
Worked on apps using
MVVM with Coordinators and MVC with
UIViewController containment.
All of this while writing
as much testable code as possible using
FORMWORKS
A framework inspired by server-driven UI aimed at making it easy to build forms from JSON.
Helped implement a MVVM-like architecture for the form and its components.
Built the form's initialization process, from receiving the JSON data to generating each component and displaying them.
Implemented tests using XCTest and made sure to keep code documented.
GITHUB
MEMORA
An iOS app for recording, collecting and remembering audio memories.
Solo-developed iOS app using a MVVM-like architecture with some UIViewController containment.
Made use of Core Data for data persistence and NSFetchedResultsController to display memories saved by the user.
Views built using only code with animations done using Core Animation.
Implemented logging through OSLog.
GITHUB APP STORE
COREMELYSIS
An app for experience sampling with sentiment analysis.
Implemented UI in UIKit using only code.
Helped shaped the architecture using MVVM and UIViewController containment.
Views built using only code with animations done using Core Animation
Implemented property wrappers for easier access to UserDefaults and simple initialization for views ready for in-code Auto Layout.
GITHUB


presentation by Courtney Wilburn / @cjwilburn
Atom is a text editor created by github. It has a lot of robust features out-the-box, but like many modern text editors, functionality is extended with plugins and themes (called packages in Atom). After a brief overview of the editor itself, this presentation will show you a few ways (with some quick examples) to get started writing Atom packages.
I could go on for a while here, but all you need to know is that it's an abstraction of Node Package Manager.
The phrase "atom package" is broadly used to describe a plugin the extends the functionality of the text editor.
Themes
Language Support
Syntax Theme
prince-syntax
styles/
README.md
index.less
package.json
Interface Theme
computer-blue-ui
styles/
README.md
index.less
package.json
language-prince
package.json
index.coffee
lib/
language-prince.coffee
Courtney, what about tests?
Excellent question, Court!
language-prince
lib/
spec/
index.coffee
package.json
language-prince.coffee
Well what about all that other stuff, you know, how on earth is this text editor supposed to recognize what this language looks like?
Court, you're en fuego today! 2 for 2!
language-prince
grammars/
keymaps/
lib/
menus/
spec/
snippets/
stylesheets/
index.coffee
package.json
language-prince.coffee
Saving it 4 the demo
package.json
cd ~/github/language-chuck
apm publish minor
apm publish [$newversion | major | minor | patch | build]
apm publish --tag $tagname
apm publish --rename $new-name
apm init --package ~/.atom/packages/language-chuck --convert https://github.com/tasmo/ChucK.tmbundle
cd ~/github/language-chuck
apm publish minor


Routing -- Static Route Add Enter the destination network address, subnet mask, gateway AND/OR available WAN interface then click "Apply/Save" to add the entry to the routing table. Destination IP address/prefix length: Interface: Interface: Gateway IP Address: (optional: metric number should be greater than or equal to zero) Metric:


For the first time, I’m creating an art drawing not for contesting purpose on Steem. Happy to announce my new collab with @cryptogee for making art illustration for his book. He publishes a science fiction story Asimov's Ghost
chapter by chapter where you can have a look on his page. Excited yet feeling new in this collaboration as this is my first time.
I used to make artwork in contests with specific themes, many will focus on the end result of how amazing the drawing skills were used and how beautiful the final work looks. But few appreciating the effort in finding the subject to interpret the theme, to me that is the most important part to settle before lifting the pens.
This artwork was made with my recent favorite art tool, the Copic markers. I have many black and grey color set in hand which coincidentally match with @cryptogee book’s theme – dark and something technopunk.
这是首次在 Steem 上作画而不是为了参加比赛。很开心的宣布这是首次我和 @crytpogee 的一次在创作上的合作。他在自己的主页上定时连载了科幻小说《Asimov’s Ghost》，有兴趣的可以去支持下。
合作的模式就是他根据每个章节的内容给我点指示，然后我在画出来交差，他就会连画和那个章节一起发布。
这幅作品依然是由我近来最爱的 Copic 马克笔所创造。Copic 名下的颜色系列实在是太过庞大（300+色）而且很贵，我的手上主要拥有调色为主的黑色灰色系列，凑巧的和 @cryptogee 要求的黑暗庞克风格不谋而合。
If you have followed my previous making-of post for artwork creation, I used to take pictures of the progress at quite a constant interval. Not this time as you can see, from sketch straight to the final product.
Not because I changed the style of recording progress, but simply because I was so into it that I forgot to take a break and take pictures…
Maybe this is an indicator telling me that I should do more of it?
值得一提的是，有留意过我以往的作品的朋友应该都会发现，我习惯性的会在固定的间隔记录当前进度，而这次只有第一张的草稿，接下来就直接跳成品了。
不是因为改变风格，而是一画起来就忘了，直到画完才发现。哈哈，也许说明了我很享受这次的创作过程？
This page is synchronized from the post: ‘Bot art illustration 机械人 | 月旦评’


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| Packages that use Versioned | |
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| com.fasterxml.jackson.core | Main public API classes of the core streaming JSON
processor: most importantly JsonFactory
used for constructing
JSON parser (JsonParser )
and generator
(JsonParser )
instances. |
| com.fasterxml.jackson.core.base | Base classes used by concrete Parser and Generator implementations; contain functionality that is not specific to JSON or input abstraction (byte vs char). |
| com.fasterxml.jackson.core.json | JSON-specific parser and generator implementation classes that Jackson defines and uses. |
| com.fasterxml.jackson.core.util | Utility classes used by Jackson Core functionality. |
| Uses of Versioned in com.fasterxml.jackson.core |
|---|
| Classes in com.fasterxml.jackson.core that implement Versioned | |
|---|---|
class |
JsonFactory
The main factory class of Jackson package, used to configure and construct reader (aka parser, JsonParser )
and writer (aka generator, JsonGenerator )
instances. |
class |
JsonGenerator
Base class that defines public API for writing JSON content. |
class |
JsonParser
Base class that defines public API for reading JSON content. |
| Uses of Versioned in com.fasterxml.jackson.core.base |
|---|
| Classes in com.fasterxml.jackson.core.base that implement Versioned | |
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class |
GeneratorBase
This base class implements part of API that a JSON generator exposes to applications, adds shared internal methods that sub-classes can use and adds some abstract methods sub-classes must implement. |
class |
ParserBase
Intermediate base class used by all Jackson JsonParser
implementations. |
class |
ParserMinimalBase
Intermediate base class used by all Jackson JsonParser
implementations, but does not add any additional fields that depend
on particular method of obtaining input. |
| Uses of Versioned in com.fasterxml.jackson.core.json |
|---|
| Classes in com.fasterxml.jackson.core.json that implement Versioned | |
|---|---|
class |
JsonGeneratorImpl
Intermediate base class shared by JSON-backed generators like UTF8JsonGenerator and WriterBasedJsonGenerator . |
class |
ReaderBasedJsonParser
This is a concrete implementation of JsonParser , which is
based on a Reader to handle low-level character
conversion tasks. |
class |
UTF8JsonGenerator
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class |
UTF8StreamJsonParser
This is a concrete implementation of JsonParser , which is
based on a InputStream as the input source. |
class |
WriterBasedJsonGenerator
JsonGenerator that outputs JSON content using a Writer
which handles character encoding. |
| Uses of Versioned in com.fasterxml.jackson.core.util |
|---|
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|---|---|
class |
JsonGeneratorDelegate
|
class |
JsonParserDelegate
Helper class that implements delegation pattern for JsonParser ,
to allow for simple overridability of basic parsing functionality. |
class |
JsonParserSequence
Helper class that can be used to sequence multiple physical JsonParser s to create a single logical sequence of
tokens, as a single JsonParser . |
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????
?
??:
??
?
??
?
??1
aijiigi
M
A
0
1
2
cm
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
The
New
York
copyright
reserved
Botanical
Garden
REVISION
OF
CANAVALIA,
1962
Subgenus
Catodonia
Canavalia
cubenaiB
Griseb.
THE
NEW
YORK
BOTANICAL
GARDEN
Nash,
1903
ĮpligE............_
'
Plants
oolleoteo
in
the
Republic
of
Hayti
by
Qeorqe
V.
PLAISANCE
TO
MARMELADE,
AUG,
New
York
Botanical
Garden
lklb321
1616321
Legend -
Level of confidence that token is an accurately-transcribed word
extremely low
very low
low
undetermined
medium
high
very high


The other week, I took part in the FT’s annual internal hackathon. My team and I decided to play with our idea of bringing video-game-style ‘achievements’ into FT.com, with the aim of encouraging exploration and discovery of the site. It was great fun! Check it out:
I got to try out some cringe-inducingly sloppy but highly effective techniques for quickly building rich prototypes. I’m not sure I should really be proud of them but I am.
Using an online JSON store as a database
I reckon this saved us bags of time. We needed somewhere to store the info that would inform our users’ achievement progress. It needed to be publicly accessible so other folks could see our ‘profiles’, and ideally it needed to be easy to fiddle so we could throw in some dummy data for a smooth demo.
And along came JSON Blob. It may be designed for mocking backends for testing and development purposes, but here’s all the great benefits you get from using it as a database:
- Simple HTTP API.
- HTTPS and CORS enabled, allowing us to make requests from client-side code on FT.com.
- Online UI for easy data fiddling.
- All this with zero setup. Amazing!
Our trick was to have a single blob to act as the ‘index’, the URL for which was hard-coded in the app. The index had an entry for each of our users, linking their user IDs to the generated JSON Blob IDs.
It worked a treat. However, I’d never use this in the real world because:
- No security whatsoever - a significant problem when you’re storing folks’ web history (even if it is only their FT article views).
- It probably wouldn’t scale to the real FT.com user-base, who together amass a mighty 700k article views per day. I imagine that Tristan (the developer of JSON Blob), though he’s kind enough to provide this tool for free, wouldn’t be particularly impressed if we were to try this out.
For hackathons and the like though, I couldn’t recommend this approach enough. It’s amazing how quickly things go when you gleefully disregard any notion of good security practices.
Using a Chrome extension for collecting info
So we needed to be able to collect info on willing folks’ article views so we knew when they’d passed their achievement milestones.
How were we to get the info though? I’d have been very lucky to get a 👍 on a pull request in which I was trying to sneak some guerrilla tracking code into the production site, and I was pretty sure we weren’t allowed to make use of our real production analytics stuff (which probably would have been overkill anyway).
And then it came to us - a Google Chrome extension! Once again, the advantages were many:
- Super quick to get up and running. Bang out a manifest.json file, add a splash of JS and you’re away.
- Easy development workflow. Reload the extension from local files to try out your code on the real live site.
- As the extension injects code into a page that already has all of the session authentication and stuff, it can seamlessly get hold of the user’s ID.
- Effortlessly share your work by publishing your Chrome extension and chucking people a link to its Chrome Web Store page.
On every FT.com page load, our extension peeped at the URL to check that we were on an article page. Once the reader was deemed to have had a good and genuine read, it would upload a new event to that user’s personal JSON blob.
As a cheeky bonus, we had our tracking code flash up a web notification to show achievement progress when we saved an event. Pretty snazzy.
Displaying the achievements page with… the Chrome extension again!
Now that we were collecting all this juicy info, we needed a way of showing it off.
Ideally we’d have been able to build this too straight into FT.com, but this approach would flounder due to the reasons laid out about above, and even if we did get away with it, it would require a degree of cautious professionalism that would slow us down considerably.
Our saviour was, once again, the humble Chrome extension. Here’s what we did:
- Chose a page to hijack (we went with the myFT page, just because).
- Effectively removed the original content by hiding it with CSS.
- Had the extension inject some JS to retrieve our tracking data, plug it into a Handlebars template, and sneak it into the chosen page.
This made for some very speedy UI development. The end result was fairly slow to load (seeing as it had to load all the original content before our stuff kicked in) but perfectly serviceable. It also maintained the advantage that our entire hack was contained within the Chrome extension, making it very easy to share.
Back to reality
In summary, the hackathon was great and really I enjoyed working at the speed of light and having license for laziness, if only for a couple of days (in fact, it would have been exhausting keep it going for any longer).
Here’s the codez for our thing if you’ll forgive the mess: github.com/laurieboyes/poliwag.
Thanks to @upthebuzzard for organising, to @marawanot for being the other half of my team’s development effort, and to Emma for some excellent design work. A final thank you to Tristan Birch for maintaining jsonblob.com.


Mdown is a short Markdown contents translator to HTML. Do not support nested elements
as p or ul in blockquotes.
Supports classes: class(w,x y.z), and id's: id(myid). It was spetialy thinked for developers.
Supports classes: class(w,x y.z), and id's: id(myid). It was spetialy thinked for developers.
Example
let mymd = Mdown('# I\'m an H1') //
I'm an H1

let mymd = Mdown('id(myh1)# I\'m an H1') //
I'm an H1

let mymd = Mdown('class(Foo.Bar Baz-baz)# I\'m an H1') //
I'm an H1

let mymd = Mdown('id(myh1)class(Foo.Bar Baz-baz)# I\'m an H1') //
I'm an H1

// Use ? (with one space ending) to create a div tag and ? (with two space ending) to close div:
let mymd = Mdown(`
'id(mydiv)class(Foo)?
# I'm an H1 inside a div with id mydiv.
? `) //

I'm an H1 inside a div with id mydiv.

// If you want to introduce backticks (``) in your content, please use (´´) tokens.
let mymd = Mdown('A paragraph ´p´ in my content.') //
A paragraph `p` in my content.

// Lists ul or ol must to have one space ending in open tag and two spaces in close tag as ? on div tag.
// It supports 'rvars':
let cont = 'in my content' // a global variable.
let mymd = Mdown('A paragraph ´p´ $cont.') //
A paragraph `p` in my content.

let local = 'MY CONTENT' // a local variable.
let mymd2 = Mdown('A paragraph ´p´ $$loc.', {'loc':local}) //
A paragraph `p` MY CONTENT.

// To obtain hr tag: ------ or ______ or ======
// For ul lists tags: + or * or - and then any content with one space ending the first line and two spaces the last line.
// For ol lists tags: 1. (any number foolwed by dot and a tab) and then any content with
// one space ending the first line and two spaces the last line.
// For paragraph tags: Just any content for one line, two spaces ending inserts an br tag and three spaces ends p tag.
// For pre tags: ``` or +++ or \`\`\` followed by language name, as: javascript. This language name will be
// added on HTML pre tag as a class. ``` or +++ or \`\`\` to end pre tag.
// For tables: Use | to separe datas as in normal Markdown. First line will be the thead tag and next lines will be
// inserted on tbody tag and in it's tr and td tags.
// For contents with links and images references, use a document divided in two parts: The main content and The references section:
// Example:
// 'This is an example content with a referenced link [Rocforjs][1] and a referenced image: ![alt text][id]
// [//]: # References
// [1]: http://rocforjs.com/ "Rocforjs"
// [id]: /path/to/img.jpg "Title"


#include "_doctype.html" #define FLAWNAME NTLM Authentication Buffer Overflow
| Date: | February 21, 2005 |
| ID | BID 12615 CAN-2005-0490 |
| Affected versions | 7.10.6 to and including 7.13.0 |
| Not affected versions | 7.13.1 and later |
| Advisories | iDEFENSE's advisory |
Due to bad usage of the base64 decode function to a stack-based buffer without checking the data length, it was possible for a malicious HTTP server to overflow the client during NTLM negotiation. The announcement was done without contacting us. #include "_footer.html"


How does life look through the 'pleasure, passion and purpose' lens?
In my youthful days I guess I was living a type of pleasurable life going out
every weekend with all my friends, dodging school work and being a free spirit,
on a "high" at that time of my life but as it says in
"Search Inside Yourself"
in Chapter 6, it is very hard to maintain that type of lifestyle, because back at
school I never really knew what I wanted to do for my career or study all I knew
is that I didnt want to go to University. After school I was a bit bummed because
all my friends knew what they wanted to do and where they wanted to study but last
year was a big eye opener for me to the passion and purpose lens. After finding
out I was pregnant I knew I had to give my life a purpose for my babys benefit,
and so I found out about EDA and I had a little passion for coding so away I went
into the big city to learn this foreign thing, because my hometown is very small
and there aren't many jobs, many people are on the DOLL and don't know much outside
of that town so in order to be able to live you need to create work for yourself
or move away basically. So I figured this type of work would be perfect for me
and what I really want to do is go back to my hometown and teach people about
coding and web design show them that theres so much out there! So Im now living
in the passion lense trying to make a career for myself.
From the 'discovering values and higher purpose' exercise,
What are my core values? & What do I stand for? These are pretty hard
questions for me, I've never really thought about it until now, I guess they would be
Honesty:
Happiness:
Treating people right:
Family & Friends:
and ofcourse...
To teach my son to be a much better me
How did you find the resilience ideas and meditation exercise?
I found them okay, I guess they didn't really relate to me yet, there are
three parts of 'Resilience' which are Inner calm, Emotional resilience &
Cognitive resilience. Im not too sure which one I lean towards but on the
emotional topic sucess and failure both have their pros anc cons in some way,
by teaching you from your wrongs and letting you know what will work for nect
time I guess, I'm not sure I'm just typing words now.


Home
(current)
Survey
Welcome to Poise. Design a workout with exercises that help your body and your mind.


Payments via Cash in advance
The Integration Service supports payments via
Cash in Advance
l.
Checkout Processes
Checkout Process
Post Purchase Processes
Customer sends the money


 A lawyer, Mitchell Stephens (Ian Holm) arrives shortly after to convince the suffering parents that they should sue for damages. Who exactly they should sue is not a concern for Stephens yet. He will blame someone.
Stephens interviews the parents and survivors with varied success to his cause. Most of the parents, including Delores Driscoll (Gabrielle Rose) the bus driver who survived the crash, join Stephens in his lawsuit. Others are not so convinced, including Billy Ansell (Bruce Greenwood) who lost both of his children and refuses to help, feeling that the lawsuit will divide the once peaceful community, and Nicole Burnell (Sarah Polley) a survivor now confined to a wheelchair.
Stephens' case is also hindered by his own personal turmoil. His daughter Zoe (Caerthan Banks) is a drug abuser who has been through (and dropped out of) countless rehab centers and clinics. Through frantic phone calls at inopportune times, Stephens learns that his daughter is in serious trouble. In effect, Stephens anguish is similar to that of the parents in his lawsuit. He is dealing with the loss of a child.
Commentary:
Atom Egoyan is an impressive director. The Sweet Hereafter is similar to his previous work - 'Exotica' in many ways. From his non-linear form of storytelling to his beautiful, long shots of landscapes (The rugged snowy mountain in this film and the big grassy prairie in 'Exotica' are great examples). Many people (my wife included) felt the bouncing time line a bit distracting, but I felt that it was effective and that it enhanced the story.
Dealing with grief and loss is the major issue with this film. Egoyan skillfully introduces the characters and reveals how they are dealing with the tragedy. Very painful, touching and sometimes disturbing memories unfold, as secrets of the inhabitants in the town are revealed. Adding to the poignancy of the story is the wonderful narration of a Robert Browning poem "The Pied Piper of Hamelin" (where the film gets its title), drawing similarities between Nicole and a character in the poem.
This is an impressive ensemble cast, even though there are no big name actors in this film (except Holm). Most noteworthy Sarah Polley (the Boston Society of Film critics gave her their award for Best Supporting Actress), who not only portrays the courageous moral center of the film very well, but also wrote and performed most of the songs on the soundtrack. She deserves an Academy Award nomination.
The Sweet Hereafter leaves many loose ends and questions unanswered, most notably the situation with Stephens daughter. It is unlikely that a film like this could possibly have a happy ending, but a lesser film could easily have forced some kind of resolution or closure to some (or even all) of the characters. Egoyan trusts his audience. This is one of the best films I have seen this year and eagerly await Atom Egoyans next film.
The Sweet Hereafter **** (out of 5 ) Directed and Written by Atom Egoyan Based on the novel by Russell Banks Mitchell Stevens Ian Holm Nicole Burnell Sarah Polley Delores Driscoll Gabrielle Rose Billy Ansell Bruce Greenwood Risa Walker Alberta Watson
Written by Randy Turgeon. January 15, 1998
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


By {{a.madeBy}} at {{a.madeAt|date:'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm'}}
By {{a.madeBy}} at {{a.madeAt|date:'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm'}}visibilityView full announcement


CHAPTER 211E
HAWAII INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Section
211E-1 Definitions
211E-2 Repealed
211E-3 Venture capital information center; establishment;
duties
211E-4 Advisory committee
Note
Chapter heading amended by L 1987, c 242, §2.


Money Play. How should Red play 63?
pips Red=116 White=153
(CorrectAnswer= 0/0, ErrorScore= 0)
Should one go for broke and try to win a gammon with 7/1*, 4/1?
The answer is that at most match scores and for money the play is just too loose. However, trailing in a match at certain scores the pointing play becomes much more attractive. Indeed at 0-1 to 5 it would be a huge error not to point!
However, in ‘normal' play 18/9 is best and 18/15, 13/7 is also OK.
The answer is that at most match scores and for money the play is just too loose. However, trailing in a match at certain scores the pointing play becomes much more attractive. Indeed at 0-1 to 5 it would be a huge error not to point!
However, in ‘normal' play 18/9 is best and 18/15, 13/7 is also OK.
Cube analysis 2-ply cubeless equity +0.712 (Money: +0.732) 0.771 0.247 0.006 - 0.229 0.061 0.003 Cubeful equities: 1. Double, pass +1.000 2. Double, take +1.036 (+0.036) 3. No double +0.916 (-0.084) Proper cube action: Redouble, pass


| Interface | Description |
|---|---|
| MASUserIdentity |
The MASUserIdentity interface enables the Identity Management feature for the authenticated user.
|
| MASUserRepository |
The MASUserIdentity interface enables the Identity Management feature for the authenticated user.
|
| ScimUser |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| IdentityBase |
IdentityBase is a
MASTransformable class that is used to represent SCIM attributes that are share a common
description set. |
| MASAddress |
The MASAddress interface contains the common attribute address
components of a single user's address.
|
| MASEmail | |
| MASIms | |
| MASMeta |
The MASMeta class implements the SCIM resourceType meta attribute.
|
| MASName |
The MASName interface contains the common attribute name
components of the user's name.
|
| MASPhone | |
| MASPhoto | |
| User |
See
MASUser . |
| UserAttributes |
UserAttributes is the specialization of the
Attributes class and deals specifically with SCIM users. |
| Exception | Description |
|---|---|
| UserNotAuthenticatedException |


Include pace.js and the
theme css of your choice on your page
(as early as is possible), and you’re done!
Pace will automatically monitor your ajax requests, event loop lag, document
ready state, and elements on your page to decide the progress. On ajax navigation
it will begin again!
If you use AMD or Browserify, require in pace.js and call pace.start()
as early in
the loading process as is possible.
The easiest way to add Pace to your site is with Eager. Click Install to see a live preview of Pace on your website.
<head>
<script src="/pace/pace.js"></script>
<link href="/pace/themes/pace-theme-barber-shop.css" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
Pace is fully automatic, no configuration is necessary to get started.
If you would like to make some tweaks, here’s how:
You can set window.paceOptions
before bringing in the file:
paceOptions = {
// Disable the 'elements' source
elements: false,
// Only show the progress on regular and ajax-y page navigation,
// not every request
restartOnRequestAfter: false
}
You can also put options on the script tag:
<script data-pace-options='{ "ajax": false }' src='pace.js'></script>
If you’re using AMD or Browserify, you can pass your options to start
:
define(['pace'], function(pace){
pace.start({
document: false
});
});
Pace includes a bunch of themes
to get you started. Just include the appropriate css file. Send us a PR with
any interesting themes you create.
Collectors are the bits of code which gather progress information. Pace includes four default collectors:
Ajax
Monitors all ajax requests on the page
Elements
Checks for the existance of specific elements on the page
Document
Checks the document readyState
Event Lag
Checks for event loop lag signaling that javascript is being executed
They can each be configured or disabled through configuration options of the same name.
paceOptions = {
ajax: false, // disabled
document: false, // disabled
eventLag: false, // disabled
elements: {
selectors: ['.my-page']
}
};
Add your own classes to paceOptions.extraSources
to add more sources. Each source should either
have a .progress
property, or a .elements
property which is a list of objects with.progress
properties. Pace will automatically handle all scaling to make the progress
changes look smooth to the user.
Elements being rendered to the screen is one way for us to decide that the page has been
rendered. If you would like to use that source of information (not required at all),
specify one or more selectors. You can comma seperate the selectors to propertly handle
error states, where the progress bar should disappear, but the element we are looking for
may never appear:
paceOptions = {
elements: {
selectors: ['.timeline,.timeline-error', '.user-profile,.profile-error']
}
}
Pace will consider the elements test successful when each selector matches something. For
this example, when either .timeline
or .timeline-error
exist, and either .user-profile
or .profile-error
exist.
Most users want the progress bar to automatically restart when a pushState event occurs
(generally means ajax navigation is occuring). You can disable this:
paceOptions = {
restartOnPushState: false
}
You can also have pace restart on every ajax request which lasts longer than x ms. You’ll want to
disable this if you make ajax requests the user doesn’t need to know about, like precaching:
paceOptions = {
restartOnRequestAfter: false
}
You can always trigger a restart manually by calling Pace.restart()
See the source for a full list of all options.
Pace exposes the following methods:
Pace.start
: Show the progress bar and start updating. Called automatically if you don’t use AMD or CommonJS.
Pace.restart
: Show the progress bar if it’s hidden and start reporting the progress from scratch. Called automatically
whenever pushState
or replaceState
is called by default.
Pace.stop
: Hide the progress bar and stop updating it.
Pace.track
: Explicitly track one or more requests, see Tracking below
Pace.ignore
: Explicitly ignore one or more requests, see Tracking below
Pace fires the following events:
start
: When pace is initially started, or as a part of a restartstop
: When pace is manually stopped, or as a part of a restartrestart
: When pace is restarted (manually, or by a new AJAX request)done
: When pace is finishedhide
: When the pace is hidden (can be later than done
, based on ghostTime
and minTime
)You can bind onto events using the on
, off
and once
methods:
Pace.on(event, handler, [context])
: Call handler
(optionally with context) when event
is triggeredPace.off(event, [handler])
: Unbind the provided event
and handler
combination.Pace.once(event, handler, [context])
: Bind handler
to the next (and only the next) incidence of event
By default, Pace will show any ajax requests which begin as a part of a normal or ajax-y page load, or which last longer than
500ms.
You can disable all ajax tracking by setting ajax
to false:
Pace.options = {
ajax: false
}
You can disable ajax tracking except on page navigation by setting restartOnRequestAfter
to false:
Pace.options = {
restartOnRequestAfter: false
}
You can manually disable tracking for a specific request or requests by triggering them within a Pace.ignore
callback:
Pace.ignore(function(){
$.ajax(...)
});
You can force the progress bar to be shown for a specific request by triggering them within a Pace.track
callback:
Pace.track(function(){
$.ajax(...)
});
You can also ignore URLs based on a pattern:
Pace.options = {
ajax: {
ignoreURLs: ['some-substring', /some-regexp/]
}
}
None!
Pace is designed to support IE8+ (standards mode), FF 3.5+, Chrome, Safari 4+, Opera 10.5+, and all modern
mobile browsers. If you run into a compatibility issue, or can make a case for supporting something else,
please create an issue.
pace.js is 4kb minified and gzipped. The themes vary between 0.5 and 4kb.
We have obviously not tested this on every website. If you run into an issue, or find a way the automatic
detection could be better, please create an Issue. If you can include a test case, that’s even better.
PRs Welcome!
Building requires node.js.
npm install
grunt
You can also run grunt watch
to have it automatically build as you make changes.
There is no need to include compiled files in PRs.
Javascript by Zack Bloom
CSS by Adam Schwartz
Themes inspired by Mary Lou
Project inspired by nprogress


An Agent Based Model to look at Gwent Pro Ladder (results)
let's dive into the data the ABM generated
With the Agent Based Model (ABM) from the previous post we can simulate any number of Gwent players, with known skill and play rate, playing throughout a season. Using this model we’ll try to get a firmer grasp on the ladder system and test whether this rewards skill or grinding games…
Climbing Pro Ladder Skill vs Grind
The ABM mimics a population of agents playing Gwent for an entire season with different innate skill and time to play. Though unlike with actual people we can change the parameters of the model to examine what we want to test. So in the first model we’ll disable any kind of learning, where agents would get better as they play more games, to see only the impact of playing more games on the peak MMR score (of a single faction).
To do this a model was run with these parameters:
- 8000 players
- 100 steps resulting in players playing 25-170 games per season
- no learning players don’t get better by playing more games
- initial skill ranges from 1200-2700 distributed similarly as chess players
After running the model with these parameters, we can group players by skill (in bins of 200 ELO) and amount of games played (in 25 percentile bins). Then we can plot out their peak MMR and see how well they did. The resulting graph (shown below) immediately reveals two flaws with the current system. The spread within a group of players with similar skill, that played a similar number of games is quite large. Simple luck of when you play your games and who you queue into can make a difference of up to 70 MMR! Furthermore, players that play more tend to acquire a higher peak MMR than players with similar skill that play fewer games. Therefore players able to put in more games each season have a distinct advantage over those with less time on their hands.
When looking at actual data, it became obvious that players in the higher ranks tend to play more than players further down. When recreating this plot with the simulated data, this pattern doesn’t appear. This will be discussed further down in the article.
Adding Learning to the Model
We can reasonably assume that as a player plays more games their familiarity with the deck they are playing and the
meta are increasing. Simply put, they get better at the games by playing more games. Perhaps this can explain the
increase in players with a lot of games under their belt at the higher positions? To test this an experience factor is
added to the model which gives players an ELO bonus as they play more games defined. A new model was run with this
learning factor set to 20, as the ELO bonus is calculated as experience_factor * sqrt(games_played)
this would give
a player that played 100 games a 200 ELO increase over a player that played none even if their innate skill was the same.
As other parameters were left the same, for this simulation these settings were used:
- experience factor 20
- 8000 players
- 100 steps as before
- initial skill ranges from 1200-2700 with the same distribution as the previous
Now the same plot can be created showing the peak MMR of the agents grouped by innate skill and the number of games they played. As agents now learn by playing games the difference in peak MMR between players that play little and those that play a lot, despite starting at a similar skill level, increases.
To check if with agents learning, as you would expect from actual players, those that play more frequently shift to higher ranks the same ridgeline plot was created. There is a minor shift, but it is barely perceptible and nowhere near the clear shift that is observed in real data.
Even with the experience factor pushed to 100 (data in repository), which is far beyond the skill increase you can expect in real life, this pattern cannot be replicated. There is another factor at play here, one that is not included in our model…
Discussion
Using a model we can check a number of things which cannot be easily tested in real life, and this reveals a few things about how the ladder system works. With an Agent Based Model we know exactly what the innate skill is of each agent and we can check how high up the ladder they can get in a number of games. So we can quantify how well ladder is at ranking individuals based on their actual skill. Also the impact of playing more games could be uncovered both with players getting better by playing more games in the absence of any learning.

Answer: Yes, but not much
Playing more games gives you a relatively small advantage over players that play fewer games, even in the absence of a player getting better by playing more games. However, this advantage isn’t big enough that an average player will suddenly be able to get into the Top 200 or even the Top 500 simply by playing a ton of games.
As a matter of fact, there is a lot of variance between innate skill and peak MMR reached. By playing 30-50 games and being lucky with who you queue into, you could end up at 50 MMR higher than an equally skilled player that plays two or three times more games but has worse luck.
Why Are Players Higher Up Playing More ?
Answer: Human psychology ?
Players that play more don’t simply end up higher in the ranks because they play more. No amount of learning can account for the shift that is observed in real data. So human players exhibit behaviour that doesn’t emerge from the model. I’ll go out on a limb and give a few hypotheses which could explain this discrepancy between the model and observation.
- Players that were playing a lot in previous seasons will be (i) more proficient at the game due to experience and (ii) will continue to do play the game more than average.
- While the gains are relatively small, the way ladder works gives a small advantage to frequent players. The higher up ladder you get the more competitive it gets and more players are willing to play additional games to leverage this minor edge over their competition.
- Players in higher ranks notice that other players at their level play more. Therefore there is a push to keep up the pace.
- A combination of all of the above … there probably isn’t a single explanation that applies to all players
Is There a Need to Grind ?
Answer: Yes, at higher ranks
Playing more games gives you an advantage and this advantage becomes bigger within the most skilled groups of players. That taken together with the fact players in those groups tend to play quite a few games each season, you lose that edge unless you play even more … This is a feedback loop where players might feel compelled to play more than they would otherwise. Even though that edge isn’t big, a small difference in MMR in that relatively small pool of top players could mean the difference between a top 200 spot, crown points and a spot in an official tournament or missing out on all that.
Is Peak MMR a Good Metric ?
Answer: It can be improved
Peak MMR as a metric is reasonably well correlated with the innate skill of a player, so overall it does a fair job capturing the skill of a player. Though there are two main issues that emerged from this analysis:
- There is a lot of variance, similarly skilled players that play roughly the same number of games can end up with peak MMR scores that are up to ~70 point apart. This is simply based on luck and who you queue into.
- Playing more leads to higher peak MMR scores, even in the absence of learning. Having a winning streak at the right time can push the peak MMR score up. Playing more games increases the chance of such a streak happening at the right moment.
Because the simulation assumes players are playing with a single faction, and Gwent sums up the MMR scores for your four best factions this reduces variance as having luck with one will be cancelled out by having bad luck with another. This could be further improved by recalculating MMR each 5-10 games, similar to how calculations are done to adjust ELO scores for Chess players at the end of a tournament.
The impact of playing more games is very easy to get rid of … by ranking based on the current MMR instead of the peak MMR. As you can see in the graph below, in the absence of learning, when considering current MMR there is no difference between players with comparable skill based on the number of games they play.
Peak MMR creates an incentive to play as many games as possible, and gives players the option to play more leisurely once they no longer wish to climb with a certain faction. Therefore this cultivates a more active player base. The current MMR would not allow players to start playing more casually in ranked as this would lower their score again. Once you reach an MMR that feels like it would be a peak for you, it would actually be better to stop playing that faction for the remainder of the season. This would mean fewer people are active and queue times would increase making that part of the game worse.
Conclusion
No, you can’t grind your way to a top 200 spot unless you have the skills to get there. Though playing more games than your competitors with similar skills is an advantage. In the top brackets where players play fairly frequently this would mean playing even more games to use that as a competitive advantage.
Should peak MMR be replaced by current MMR as the metric? As a game developer CDPR likely wants as many people online playing as possible, and using peak MMR to measure ladder performance aligns well with that. However, this incentivises players to play more and competitive players to not only compete to play their best, but also as much as possible. In an age where digital wellbeing is starting to show up on the agenda of companies like Google, Samsung and Apple, this is something CDPR might need to have a look at sooner or later.
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Every now and again in my adventures in coding thus far, I encounter a couple of lines of code that look like gibberish. What could the lines upon lines of random characters with slashes everywhere be? And what do these strange combinations of characters do? Ladies and gentlemen, today is the day that I've figured out that mystery. It turns out the weird combinations of numbers and letters and symbols are simply regular expressions! What's more is that they actually mean something!
Regular expressions simply provide a flexible means by which one can search for strings of text that one is interested in. Think of it as the find and replace function on Microsoft Word, except instead of having to type in the exact letters/characters/symbols that you're looking for, you can instead put in a pattern and get all the results that fit that pattern. Following this comparison with Word, one can say that the simplest function of a regular expression is to match a sting of symbols exactly as it is (precisely as Word does.) like so:
| Regex | Matches |
|---|---|
| cat | dogcatdog |
Yeah, that's pretty useful. But eh, not very exciting. It's essentially like doing a Ctrl+F and we've all definitely seen that before. But what if you need to find a pattern as opposed to an exact text?
| Regex | Matches |
|---|---|
| \w\w\w\w_\d\d\d | duck_021, _cat_001, dogs_857, bear_253 |
WOAAAAAAH. That's pretty cool! And yes, there are very many uses for being able to find patterns and not just predefined text. In this previous case, the RegEx I used are for characters, where "\w" searches for a word character such as ASCII letters, digits or underscores and "\d" looks for digits from 0-9. Note that there are certain different things that regex does depending on what language you are coding in. For example, in .NET and Python 3, "\d" looks for a Unicode digit as opposed to just digits from 0-9 (although that is what most engines will do).
In addition to the cool things above that you can do with RegEx, it also provides you with modifiers so that you can perform case-insensitive and global searches. You can see the i modifier in action in the JavaScript code below:
var str = "I want a Golden Retriever!";
var find = str.search(/golden\sretriever/i);
var change = str.replace(/golden\sretriever/i, "puppy");
console.log(find); // 9
console.log(change); // "I want a puppy!""
console.log(str); // still "I want a Golden Retriever!"
/*
search() examines a string to see if there are any matches for an expression. If there are any matches, it will return the position of the string where the match is found. If not, it will return -1.
replace() simply replaces the match with a different text.
"\s" matches any white space character
The "i" at the end is a modifier that allows you to perform case-insensitive matching
*/
There are, of course, other modifiers.
To be quite honest, there are just so many regular expressions that you can use, and one post will certainly not cover them. There's a RegEx for characters, quantifiers, logic, different kinds of white-space, and various character classes, and that's not even all of them. This is where the internet becomes your best friend. I suggest looking into websites that have tables upon tables of regular expressions. I personally found RexEgg.com very useful, but there are other websites out there with cheat sheets on RegEx as well. Go explore, find a site that lists them out in a way that is most palatable to you, and then try them out for yourself!


Fastest web game news.
At Facebook Here
New game in 2019 !!
"The top teams in the world compete to claim the ultimate prize--the Aegis of Champions."


What is AlgoTrust? Why AlgoTrust?
AlgoTrust is a digital utility that aims to adopt globally-accepted standards and protocols in trade finance and connect official parties and businesses on a public blockchain, to enable interoperability and exchange of electric trade documents. Adopting Algorand Blockchain as the backbone, AlgoTrust can operate globally, including countries such as China which has a huge market for international trade. AlgoTrust aims to provide easier access to make use of public blockchain to record and transfer digital ownership of documents and goods, especially in the trade finance sector. With the extra element of security brought by Algorand and AlgoTrust's services, digitising documents is now more secure, convenient and reliable among different parties.
Seamless Transition
Stakeholders can continue their current digital practices in transferring their documents, such as bill of lading, invoices and cheques, to integrate into this platform. All they need is the digital file sent through conventional manners such as email, USB drive and verify or transfer the ownership of documents on AlgoTrust.
Confidential and Trustworthy
Documents uploaded to AlgoTrust are only accessible by owning the digital file, ensuring confidentiality of transactions. Sophisticated encryption techniques are used to easily detect documents that are tampered with digitally, providing enhanced integrity to different parties.
Enhanced Interoperability
Research reveals that up to 20% of shipping costs can be attributed to the shipping of trade documents. AlgoTrust's framework can provide an effective solution to connect different parties in a trade, including but not limited to sellers and buyers, government parties, negotiating and issuing banks, carriers, etc.


List of all toolkit hosts on configured sLS
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Please select a host
Information about this host came from above sLS URL
The host information came from {{selected.lsid}}, however, we were not able to download its toolkit JSON for host details.. We are guessing its content.
{{selected.lsid}}
The host information has not been received for more than 7 days. Last update was {{selected.update_date | timeAgo}}
This is an adhoc host. The information about this host was entered manually by MCA administrators. Once real data for this is delivered via sLS, this host will become read-only.
Comes from the lookup service (or guessed if it's not set)
Host description is used by maddash for host labels. If not set, Site Name will be used instead
For graphical displays that wish to provide a link to more information about this host (such as MadDash)
If checked, this host will not read the mesh config. This is significant because it means those that test to it are responsible for initiating tests in both directions and storing the results. If un-checked, it means other testers can assume this host is reading the mesh and will initiate its portion of the tests accordingly.
Users who can update this host. Only for Adhoc hosts.
You can configure whether to store test results in the host's local MA, as well as additional MAs to store results for all tests involving this host.
If checked, test results for all tests involving this host will be written to the host's local Esmond MA. The MA URL is guessed based on the hostname; you can override it in the next field. Not all hosts run their own MA, so in some cases this may not be desired (disabled by default).
This allows you to override the local MA URL for this host, in case you need https instead of http, alternative ports, etc.
Local archives
Providing additional MA URLs (one per line) will allow you to send test results for all tests involving this host to additional MAs.
Host details can be used in a dynamic hostgroup query
No Communities
This host is member of following hostgroups
This host does not belong to any hostgroups
Which are used in following Configs
Which are not used in any Configs
This host has no addresses associated with it.
This host has {{addresses.length}} address(es)
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Address family (ipv4 or ipv6)
Add address
{{selected|json}}


Shaunak Kashyap • @shaunak
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{
"from"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"to"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"subject": "Scepter gem -> Ultron - WDYT??",
"body": "Hey green guy, so I have this idea..."
}
| RDBMS | Elasticsearch | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Database | Index | emails |
| Table | Type | messages |
| Row | Document | (an email message) |
| Column aka Field | Field | sender |
INSERT INTO emails.messages (
sender,
recipient,
subject,
body
) VALUES (
<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Scepter gem -> Ultron - WDYT??",
"Hey green guy, so I have this idea..."
);
curl -X POST http://localhost:9200/emails/messages -d '
{
"sender"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"recipient"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"subject": "Scepter gem -> Ultron - WDYT??",
"body": "Hey green guy, so I have this idea..."
}
'
SELECT *
FROM emails.messages
WHERE id = :id
curl -X GET http://localhost:9200/emails/messages/:id
UPDATE emails.messages
SET subject = "Top Secret - Call me!!!"
WHERE id = :id
curl -X POST http://localhost:9200/emails/messages/:id/_update
{
"doc": {
"subject": "Top Secret - Call me!!!"
}
}
curl -X POST http://localhost:9200/emails/messages/:id/_update
{
"script": "ctx._source.subject = 'Top Secret - Call me!!!'"


Learning Python
Preface
About This Book
Font Conventions
About the Programs in This Book
How to Contact Us
Acknowledgments
I: The Core Language
1. Getting Started
1.1 Why Python?
1.2 How to Run Python Programs
1.3 A First Look at Module Files
1.4 Python Configuration Details
1.5 Summary
1.6 Exercises
2. Types and Operators
2.1 Python Program Structure
2.2 Why Use Built-in Types?
2.3 Numbers
2.4 Strings
2.5 Lists
2.6 Dictionaries
2.7 Tuples
2.8 Files
2.9 General Object Properties
2.10 Built-in Type Gotchas
2.11 Summary
2.12 Exercises
3. Basic Statements
3.1 Assignment
3.2 Expressions
3.3 Print
3.4 if Tests
3.5 while Loops
3.6 for Loops
3.7 Common Coding Gotchas
3.8 Summary
3.9 Exercises
4. Functions
4.1 Why Use Functions?
4.2 Function Basics
4.3 Scope Rules in Functions
4.4 Argument Passing
4.5 Odds and Ends
4.6 Function Gotchas
4.7 Summary
4.8 Exercises
5. Modules
5.1 Why Use Modules?
5.2 Module Basics
5.3 Module Files Are Namespaces
5.4 Import Model
5.5 Reloading Modules
5.6 Odds and Ends
5.7 Module Gotchas
5.8 Summary
5.9 Exercises
6. Classes
6.1 Why Use Classes?
6.2 Class Basics
6.3 Using the Class Statement
6.4 Using Class Methods
6.5 Inheritance Searches Namespace Trees
6.6 Operator Overloading in Classes
6.7 Namespace Rules: The Whole Story
6.8 Designing with Classes
6.9 Odds and Ends
6.10 Class Gotchas
6.11 Summary
6.12 Exercises
7. Exceptions
7.1 Why Use Exceptions?
7.2 Exception Basics
7.3 Exception Idioms
7.4 Exception Catching Modes
7.5 Odds and Ends
7.6 Exception Gotchas
7.7 Summary
7.8 Exercises
II: The Outer Layers
8. Built-in Tools
8.1 Aside: The sys Module
8.2 Built-in Functions
8.3 Library Modules
8.4 Exercises
9. Common Tasks in Python
9.1 Data Structure Manipulations
9.2 Manipulating Files
9.3 Manipulating Programs
9.4 Internet-Related Activities
9.5 Bigger Examples
9.6 Exercises
10. Frameworks and Applications
10.1 An Automated Complaint System
10.2 Interfacing with COM: Cheap Public Relations
10.3 A Tkinter-Based GUI Editor for Managing Form Data
10.4 Design Considerations
10.5 JPython: The Felicitous Union of Python and Java
10.6 Other Frameworks and Applications
10.7 Exercises
III: Appendixes
A. Python Resources
A.1 The Python Language Web Site
A.2 Python Software
A.3 Python Documentation and Books
A.4 Newsgroups, Discussion Groups, and Email Help
A.5 Conferences
A.6 Support Companies, Consultants, Training
A.7 Tim Peters
B. Platform-Specific Topics
B.1 Unix
B.2 Windows-Specific Information
B.3 Macintosh-Specific Information
B.4 Java
B.5 Other Platforms
C. Solutions to Exercises
C.1 Chapter 1
C.2 Chapter 2
C.3 Chapter 3
C.4 Chapter 4
C.5 Chapter 5
C.6 Chapter 6
C.7 Chapter 7
C.8 Chapter 8
C.9 Chapter 9
C.10 Chapter 10
Colophon


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ATAN
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (3)
Updated: 2013-10-07
Index
Return to Main Contents
NAME
atan, atanf, atanl - arc tangent function
SYNOPSIS
#include <math.h>
double atan(double x);
float atanf(float x);
long double atanl( long double x);
Link with -lm.
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
feature_test_macros(7)):
atanf(),
atanl():
-
_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 600 || _ISOC99_SOURCE ||
_POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L;
or
cc -std=c99
DESCRIPTION
The
atan()
function calculates the principal value of the arc tangent of
x;
that is the value whose tangent is
x.
RETURN VALUE
On success, these functions return the principal value of the arc tangent of
x
in radians; the return value is in the range [-pi/2, pi/2].
If
x
is a NaN, a NaN is returned.
If
x
is +0 (-0),
+0 (-0) is returned.
If
x
is positive infinity (negative infinity), +pi/2 (-pi/2) is returned.
ERRORS
No errors occur.
ATTRIBUTES
Multithreading (see pthreads(7))
The
atan(),
atanf(),
and
atanl()
functions are thread-safe.
CONFORMING TO
C99, POSIX.1-2001.
The variant returning
double
also conforms to
SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89.
SEE ALSO
acos(3),
asin(3),
atan2(3),
carg(3),
catan(3),
cos(3),
sin(3),
tan(3)
Index
- NAME
-
- SYNOPSIS
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- RETURN VALUE
-
- ERRORS
-
- ATTRIBUTES
-
- Multithreading (see pthreads(7))
-
- CONFORMING TO
-
- SEE ALSO
-
This document was created by
man2html,
using the manual pages.
Time: 02:55:18 GMT, September 18, 2014


Starting point templates for your next project.
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Table of Contents
Security Issues: xf86(4)
Unix/BSDs provide a great sturdy platform for running services that just need to be "going and going and ..." For this type of environment the Windowing Graphical User Interface is mostly unnecessary (or maybe totally unnecessary.) But a Win GUI augments the tough exterior of the sturdy server with a more approachable look for those new to Unix/BSDs who are used to a desktop environment (ala MS Windows.) OpenBSD is as adept as other *NIX systems in displaying a nice gui and a flexible GUI provides a platform for non-*NIX people to be introduced to, operate and maintain the general configurations of a a secure OpenBSD box.
files: included as part of base files (2.x/ARCH)
If you did not include the X Windows during the system installation, you can manually extract the files. The distribution files are xbase[26|27].tgz, xserv[26|27].tgz, and xshare[26|27].tgz. From the root directory / untar the files and then configure ld to look for the X libraries that you have newly installed.
|
# cd / |
You may also wish to include the new X, bin directory into your path /usr/X11R6/bin.
[ref: xf86(4)]
File: /etc/sysctl.conf
To allow the X11 server to start, the following option needs to be allowed. This option will have been set for you if you answered yes during installation that you intend to install X.
File: /etc/sysctl.conf
#machdep.allowaperture=1
To read:
machdep.allowaperture=1
If you need to make the changes above, you will need to restart the computer for the kernel configuration to take effect.
Utility: SuperProbe
[Ref: /dev/MAKEDEV]
[Ref: /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/README.* (various files on configuration the mouse,and
videochips)]
To configure, initialise X for your system you will need to know a few details about the hardware on which you are installing X. The basic information is regarding the display devices (video card, monitor) and the mouse (pointing device.)
/usr/X11R6/bin/SuperProbe will interrogate your video card to give you details required during configuration. The output from the program will include the following items you should write down.
|
First video: ** |
Example 1: Micron Millenia Pro2 with a Diamond Stealth 3D 2000 the output is:
|
# /usr/X11R6/bin/SuperProbe |
| [ SuperProbe displays the following ...]
[ ... stuff cut out ... ] First video: Super-VGA Chipset: S3 ViRGE (PCI Probed) Memory: 4096 Kbytes RAMDAC: Generic 8-bit pseudo-color DAC (with 6-bit wide lookup tables (or in 6-bit mode)) |
Additional documentation on configuring this card (chipset) can be found in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/README.S3V
Example 2: Compaq Prolinea 575e with built-in video (?)
|
# /usr/X11R6/bin/SuperProbe |
|
[ SuperProbe displays the following ...]
[ ... stuff cut out ... ] |
Additional documentation on configuring this card (chipset) can be found in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/README.cirrus
The standard i386 configuration uses the following devices for your pointing device (mouse) [ref: /dev/MAKEDEV]. The device definitions below use an asterix (*) to designate where the unit number should be placed (eg. mms* would be replaced by mms0 or mms1 etc.)
| /dev/mms* | Microsoft bus mouse |
| /dev/lms* | Logitech bus mouse |
| /dev/pms* | PS/2 Mouse |
| /dev/tty* | Serial Port where serial mice could be placed. |
| /dev/mouse | (A link you create to whichever device above actually holds your mouse.) |
Example 1, Micron Millenia Pro2 using a serial mouse plugged into the DOS labelled Serial Port A, this means that the Serial Mouse is connected to /dev/tty00 so I use the following command to link /dev/mouse to /dev/tty00. Note: A ps/2 mouse port exists but I only had a serial mouse, which was plugged into the serial port.
|
# ln -fs /dev/tty00 /dev/mouse |
Example 2: Compaq Prolinea 575e where I use a PS/2 mouse on the motherboard ps/2 mouse slot, this means that the mouse is connected to /dev/pms0 so I use the following command to link /dev/mouse to /dev/pms0
|
# ln -fs /dev/pms0 /dev/mouse |
Now, when configuring X I can just say that the mouse is /dev/mouse, regardless of what options it gives.
Is there any advantage to creating the /dev/mouse link ? In my limited experience using the /dev/mouse link lets me use the mouse with the XF86Setup program. Without the /dev/mouse link the auto-detect routines in XF86Setup often do not find the mouse and using the keyboard to navigate XF86Setup is not an easy task.
[Ref: /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/QuickStart.doc]
Utility: XF86Setup, xf86config
When X Windows starts it is going to look for its configuration file at: /etc/XF86Config. We create the file through using one of two programs XF86Setup or xf86config. Either program will be asking questions that include a request for the information collected above (Video, Mouse).
XF86Setup uses a windowing environment for configuring X.
xf86config is a very terse installation process, but is readily accessible from the keyboard with no need for the mouse.
Both programs cover a step-by-step process of asking you to verify/specify the devices you have on your computer that X will use. More details on this process is covered in the QuickStart.doc (see above for location of the file.)
If the graphical XF86Setup doesn't work well for you, then use xf86config in one terminal (eg. Ctrl+Alt+F1) and open up QuickStart.doc in another screen (Ctrl+Alt+F2). You can then use the QuickStart as an active step-by-step guide to creating the XF86Config file.
System: Pentium II Iwill Motherboard
Video Card: Intel Ether Express 3D AGP Video Card
Video Monitor: 17" SVGA
Pointing Device: PS/2 Mouse
For some reason XF86Setup doesn't recognise the mouse
on Screen 1 (Ctrl+Alt+F1) login and start xf86config:
|
OpenBSD/i386 (myhostname) (ttyC0) |
|
login: root
/root # xf86config |
|
[ . . . xf86config will display . . . ] This program will create a basic XF86Config File, based on menu selections you make
[ . . . stuff cut-out . . . ] |
on Screen 2 (Ctl+Alt+F2) login and load the QuickStart.doc:
|
OpenBSD/i386 (myhostname) (ttyC1) |
|
login: myuserid
myuserid $ less /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/QuickStart.doc |
|
[ . . . less will display . . . ] Joe Moss
[ . . . stuff cut-out . . . ] |
Scroll through the documentation to the xf86config section:
4. Running xf86config
From a text screen, run the xf86config program. ...
On Screen 1. Follow the directions on Screen 2 (Ctrl+Alt+F2) answer the questions on Screen 1 (Ctrl+Alt+F1)
We begin the bombardment of questions from xf86config
* Mouse Type ?
> I pick the PS/2 Mouse (QuickStart 4.3)
* I'm asked further questions which I ignore until I am asked about the Mouse
Device
> I pick /dev/mouse (because I've configured it earlier as in
the above notes)
* Keyboard settings ?
> I just accept the defaults by hitting <Enter> according
to
> (QuickStart 4.4)
* Monitor characteristics
> You might get in trouble using my settings, so double-check
> (QuickStart 4.5)
* Graphics Card ?
> because I don't know how to answer this I'll use the
card database
> (QuickStart 4.6)
* Which X Server to use
> When I picked the card from the database it gave me the
suggested server
> so I use the suggested server
> (QuickStart 4.7)
* How much memory I have on the card (I have 8MB)
> I manually specify how much RAM I have.
> (QuickStart 4.8)
* What Type of RAMDAC/ClockChips ?
> I just skip this section for my system, check the documentation
for your response.
* Run the probe to check the video configuration?
> I don't run the probe.
* Select the Resolution ?
> Look this one up in the notes
> (QuickStart 4.9)
The rest is pretty much straight forward as per QuickStart documentation.
After completing the above xf86config, I now have a functional XF86Config file, but I hate it and want to 'tweak' a few things. I could dive into the /etc/XF86Config file or, now that it is working I can startup XF86Setup.
XF86Setup, now that it is working, let's me change the Resolution settings (somehow doing 640x480 has lost its appeal) and now I have a default setting of 16bit Colour using 1024 x 768. (As my dear friend would say, woo hooo)
Both setup programs should create a workable server, and you can test it by using the startx script.
# /usr/X11R6/bin/startx
To Get out of X, use Ctrl+Alt+Backspace
[ref: /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/README.mouse]
[ref: /dev/MAKEDEV]
If starting X there is no mouse, you may find it easier to edit the /etc/XF86Config file directly instead of re-running the configuration programs. The /etc/XF86Config file is separated into different sections relating to providing information for X on the hardware and file locations.
Section "Pointer" specifies the details of what X is to search for to find about your mouse (pointing device) and it's hardware location. The important parameters here are:-
Protocol "Microsoft"
Device "/dev/mouse"
If you are not using a Microsoft Mouse compatible mouse, then you can make the change here if you know what 'protocol' your mouse is using [ref: README.mouse]. The Device section is where I've had previous problems with the mouse and changing it here to: Device "/dev/pms0" or which ever port the device is connected is faster than having to re-run xf86config (where a mistake in the menus can cause other problems.)
To automatically start the machine with the X environment, configuration changes are made in the rc.conf file
Enable the X manager to begin on startup
File: /etc/rc.conf
Change the line that reads as:
xdm_flags=NO
To read:
xdm_flags="" # note the use of two double-quotes
Restart the machine and xdm will prompt you for password authentication in a graphical environment.
ftp://ftp.kde.org – location for latest release http://www.kde.org website to find mirrors to the folder.
Unfortunately I couldn't get the packaged version of kde-1.1.2 to work, so I went with the tar release from the KDE ftp sites.
[Ref: i386_openbsd27-README, i386_openbsd25-README]
Get the tar release of kde-1.1.2 for OpenBSD from the KDE site (or mirrors) and store it somewhere on your system (eg: /home/user/tmp)
|
i386_OpenBSD27-kdeadmin-1.1.2.tgz i386_OpenBSD27-kdebase-1.1.2.tgz i386_OpenBSD27-kdegames-1.1.2.tgz i386_OpenBSD27-kdegraphics-1.1.2.tgz i386_OpenBSD27-kdelibs-1.1.2.tgz i386_OpenBSD27-kdemultimedia-1.1.2.tgz i386_OpenBSD27-kdenetwork-1.1.2.tgz i386_OpenBSD27-kdesupport-1.1.2.tgz |
The kde binaries were compiled with /opt/kde as their expected base directory. Extract the files into their expected location (/opt/kde) by moving to the /opt directory, or mkdir /opt and then cd into it.
|
# mkdir /opt # tar –zxf /[path-to-files]/i386_OpenBSD27-kdeadmin-1.1.2.tgz # ... # ... # tar -zxf /[path-to-files]/i386_OpenBSD27-kdeutils-1.1.2.tgz # tar -zxf /[path-to-files]/i386_OpenBSD27-qt144.tgz |
Side Note: If the files are downloaded onto another machine within your LAN (or your Internet link is fast) then you can try using the ftp redirection commands:
|
# cd /opt # ftp ftp.mymirror.com
{ login stuff ... got to appropriate directory }
ftp> bi ftp> get i386_OpenBSD27-kdeadmin-1.1.2.tgz "| tar -zxf -" ftp> ... ftp> ... ftp> get i386_OpenBSD27-kdeutils-1.1.2.tgz "| tar -zxf -" ftp> get i386_OpenBSD27-korganizer.tgz "| tar -zxf -" ftp> get i386_OpenBSD27-qt144.tgz "| tar -zxf -" |
Configure ld so it looks in the kde/lib directory for dynamically loadable libraries
|
# /usr/sbin/ldconfig -m /opt/kde/lib |
To configure KDE as your windows manager, we will grab a copy of the startkde file into ~/.xinitrc where startx will initially check which windowing system to use.
|
# cp /opt/kde/bin/startkde ~/.xinitrc |
The ~/.xinitrc file should now contain something similar to the below.
| #!/bin/sh #============================== # comments taken out #============================== kcontrol -init sleep 1 ; kaudioserver (sleep 1 && exec kwmsound) & (sleep 1 && exec kfm) & (sleep 1 && exec krootwm) & (sleep 1 && exec kpanel) & (sleep 3 && exec kbgndwm) & # finally, give the session control to the window manager sleep 2 ; exec kwm |
KDE is ready to run. Start X (startx) and the KDE windowing environment should greet you.
When xdm starts a user session, it follows its own rules on how to setup that client. The information/configurations for all users are set in the file /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession
File: /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession
To have xdm launch KDE as the GLOBAL default user environment, then make the following modifications to the file Xsession: Change the section in the Xsession file that reads:
if [ -f "$startup" ]; then |
To read as follows
|
if [ -f "$startup" ]; then |
|
#xterm
& |
|
fi |
The above is a really ugly hack because I can't figure out how to get KDE's kdm to run as the default xdm. (I do want kdm don't I?)
If you want more directories in your path than you could add it above, or you can edit your ~/.bashrc file.
If you do not want to make KDE the global default Windowing Environment then you can make the changes to the user file ~/.xsession When xdm attempts to start an Xsession it will first look into the user's home directory for the file .xsession. If the file .xsession is found then this will be executed instead of the changes above.
package: vnc-3.3.2r3.tar.gz (available as package)
Windows Binaries: vnc-3.3.3r2_x86_win32.tgz
[ref: /usr/local/share/docs/vnc/*.html]
VNC is a neat set of programs to allow remote access to the GUI environment from either a separate X box, or a Windows box. If you're like me and have too many monitors giving off heat, it is nice to work from one keyboard and minimise the number of powered-on monitors. Of course, it is also helpful if the system is in another location and you need a GUI environment to do some work.
Install the package
|
# pkg_add /[path-to-package]/vnc-3.3.2r3.tgz |
The installation will create a ~/.vnc folder which will hold the pid files indicating which pid different VNC servers may be running on the machine serving up X enquiries. The directory will contain *.pid, *.log files for running vncs. The xstartup file is the x initialisation file. The simplest solution is to copy the existing ~/.xinitrc as the new xstartup file.
|
# cp ~/.vnc/xstartup ~/.vnc/xstartup- |
Start the X vnc server (vncserver) at the command line and you will be prompted to enter a server password. There is a critical security issue with maintaining this password since it automatically logs the user in as the client running the server. Which will be required when using a client to access the machine.
After the server has started it will notify at the terminal which 'display' the X will be serving on. For example, localhost:0 is the physically connected screen and server:1 is the 1st available outside X client.
|
# vncserver |
|
You will require a password to access your desktops. |
I now have vncserver running at desktop [ iwill:2 ] and session information logging to iwill:2.log. The desktop is at "iwill" since that is my machine hostname, and it is giving me the vncserver on display 2.
The password is stored as an encrypted file in ~/.vnc/passwd so don't let anyone else get at it. The password will be used for all vncserver sessions (including new vncserver configurations) until I delete the file.
From my Windows 2000 machine I can now use vncViewer to connect to my OpenBSD box. After installing the vnc programs on the Win2000 box I start "Run vnc Viewer" and answer the dialog boxes:
|
VNC server - [
iwill:2 ]
|
Now I'm browsing the OpenBSD box using KDE on Windows 2000, great for those KDE Games?
For further information on stopping vncserver (vncserver -kill :2) and other options, browse the documentation (no man or info pages) supplied as html in the /usr/local/share/doc directory.
Copyright (c) 2000 Samiuela LV Taufa. All Rights Reserved.
You are permitted and encouraged to use this guide for fun or for profit as you see fit. If you republish this work in what-ever form, it would be nice (though not enforceable) to be credited.
|
X a pretty face on OpenBSD |
Copyright © 2000 NoMoa.COM All rights reserved.


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% load static %} {% block content %}
Enter the name of the team you want to join, and enter the password to enter the team given to you by the team creator.


Hey there! Our chefs are still cooking up our shop in the kitchen, so you won't be able to purchase anything just yet.
FoodSpan Family
At the FoodSpan shop, you're able to buy all of the awesome products that make up the FoodSpan Family: the kits to start you off on your FoodSpan journey, and tags to expand it further. In addition our products ship anywhere in the world, and have pretty dependanble refund and warranty policies.
Not all fridges are created equal, and that's alright, since getting more FoodSpan tags is easy! We have 100 unique, elegantly-designed tags at the FoodSpan Shop, with more designs coming in soon. All of our tags covered by our reliable warranty and refund policies. Plus, they ship straight to your door!


Fecal matter, our natural resource for energy - CAFAF
by Francis Duku-Boateng, GNAKoforidua, Nov. 21, GNA - Mr Joseph Senyo Kwashie, the Executive Director of Community And Family Aid Foundation (CAFAF), a Non Governmental Organization (NGO), has said fecal matter is our natural resource for energy production.
Mr Kwashie said this in a press release copied to the Ghana News Agency to commemorate the World Toilet Day.
The day is celebrated every year to inspire action to tackle the global sanitation crisis and help achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which promises sanitation for all by 2030.
The theme for this year’s e celebration is: ‘leaving no one behind’.
He said there is nothing like waste due to advancement in technology and called for fecal matter to be seen as an economic resource.
Mr Kwashie urged the world leaders and the business community to invest in toilet management to take advantage of the opportunities that could be derived from such ventures.
He said statistics shows that 4.2 billion people live without safely managed sanitation in the world which is more than half the global population whiles 673 million people still practice open defecation and 2 billion people use a drinking water source contaminated with faeces globally.
Mr Kwashie said inadequate sanitation is estimated to cause 432,000 diarrhea related deaths every year globally and is a major factor in diseases such as intestinal worms and trachoma.
Meanwhile the UNICEF 2019 report reveals that children under the age of five living in countries affected by protracted conflict are on average, more likely to die from diarrhea diseases caused by a lack of safe water, sanitation and hygiene than by direct violence.
GNA


Class AccountEntity
Class that represents a character entity.
Inherited Members
Namespace: Fibula.Data.Entities
Assembly: Fibula.Data.Entities.dll
Syntax
public class AccountEntity : BaseEntity, IAccountEntity, IIdentifiableEntity, IEntity
Properties
| Improve this Doc View SourceAccessLevel
Gets or sets the access level on the account.
Declaration
public byte AccessLevel { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Byte |
Banished
Gets or sets a value indicating whether this account is currently banished.
Declaration
public bool Banished { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean |
BanishedUntil
Gets or sets the date and time that the banishment on this accont lasts until.
Declaration
public DateTimeOffset BanishedUntil { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.DateTimeOffset |
Creation
Gets or sets the account's creation date and time.
Declaration
public DateTimeOffset Creation { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.DateTimeOffset |
CreationIp
Gets or sets the IP address that created this account.
Declaration
public string CreationIp { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.String |
Deleted
Gets or sets a value indicating whether this account was deleted.
Declaration
public bool Deleted { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean |
Gets or sets the email on file for this account.
Declaration
public string Email { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.String |
LastLogin
Gets or sets the account's last successfully login date and time.
Declaration
public DateTimeOffset LastLogin { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.DateTimeOffset |
LastLoginIp
Gets or sets the last IP address that successfully connected to this account.
Declaration
public string LastLoginIp { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.String |
Number
Gets or sets the number for this account.
Declaration
public uint Number { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.UInt32 |
Password
Gets or sets the password on this account.
Declaration
public string Password { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.String |
Premium
Gets or sets a value indicating whether this account is on premium status.
Declaration
public bool Premium { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean |
PremiumDays
Gets or sets the number of premium days left on the account.
Declaration
public ushort PremiumDays { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.UInt16 |
SessionIp
Gets or sets the current IP address in use for this account, if any.
Declaration
public string SessionIp { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.String |
SessionKey
Gets or sets the session key in use for this account, if any.
Declaration
public string SessionKey { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.String |
TrialOrBonusPremiumDays
Gets or sets the number of trial/bonus premium days left on the account.
Declaration
public ushort TrialOrBonusPremiumDays { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.UInt16 |
TrialPremium
Gets or sets a value indicating whether this account is on premium status but only because of bonus/trial days.
Declaration
public bool TrialPremium { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean |


Could be used in Groovy as cloud identifier.
Note: Due to Jenkins organization, Build Executor Status section in Jenkins UI could show old cloud name for agents. To fix that, just wait until agents are recreated (could be long) or delete the agent (will not delete underlying EC2 instances). Deleting an agent will cause the plugin to recreate it with correct cloud name.


received
Ministry of Justice (MoJ)
Closing date: 17 Apr 2015
incomplete
Government Digital Service (GDS)
Closing date: 17 Aug 2015
in progress
arrange interviewMinistry of Justice (MoJ)
Closing date: 17 Apr 2015
offer given
accept offerMinistry of Justice (MoJ)
Closing date: 17 Apr 2015
rejected
view feedbackMinistry of Justice (MoJ)
Closed: 14 Dec 2014


Christmas Lights
This webpage lets you change our Christmas lights.
Colour List
RED
GREEN
BLUE
ANDROID GREEN


Eddy Kenzo advises Rema to block negativity
by Ruth NasejjeThe glitterati of Uganda including the Nabagereka of Buganda has attended Rema’s introduction ceremony.
.
The glitterati of Uganda including the Nabagereka of Buganda has attended Rema’s introduction ceremony.
.


| Jump to DART Documentation Main Index |
Real-world observations of earth-system data come from a variety of sources, including radiosondes, satellites, ships, aircraft, weather stations, etc. The files in this observations directory can be used to convert data from a variety of native formats into a common DART observation sequence format.
Synthetic observations are those not based on an actual instrument reading of a system, but instead are fabricated to have a known value, or have values computed by running a model, possibly with a fixed amount of simulated noise added. These observations can be used for testing, determining the sensitivity of the model to assimilation, and for designing new observation systems. The DART system includes several ways to create synthetic observations. See the Programs section below for more details.
The DART framework enforces a clean separation between observations and the models they are assimilated into. The same observations can be used in any model which understands how to generate a value for the requested type of observation from its state space values.
In many cases a single, self-contained program can convert directly from the observation location, time, value, and error into the DART format. In other cases, especially those linking with a complicated external library (e.g. BUFR), there is a two-step process with two programs and an ASCII intermediate file. We are currently leaning towards single-step conversions but either approach can be used for new programs.
Frequently the original datasets are in a standard scientific format like netCDF, HDF, or BUFR, and library routines for those formats can be used to read in the original observation data.
The DART software distribution includes Fortran subroutines and functions to help create a sequence of observations in memory, and then a call to the DART observation sequence write routine will create an entire obs_seq file in the correct format.
The DART system comes with several types of location modules for computing distances appropriately. Two of the ones most commonly used are for data in a 1D system and for data in a 3D spherical coordinate system. All the programs here assume the location/threed_sphere/location_mod.f90 3D sphere location module is being used.
There are currently some additional observation sources and types which we are in the process of collecting information and conversion programs for and which will eventually be added to this directory. In the meantime, if you have converters for data or interest in something that is not in the repository, please email the DART group.
See the various subdirectories here, which generally include information on where the example data was obtained and in what format it is distributed. Most data is available for download off the web. The Data Support Section (DSS) at NCAR has large data repositories, the MADIS data center distributes observations in NetCDF format, GTS real-time weather data is available from various sources. For new converters, if you can find what format the data is distributed in you may be able to adapt one of the existing converters here for your own use. Formats read by the existing converters include NetCDF, HDF, little-r, text, Prepbufr, amongst others.
See the Programs section below for a list of the current converter programs.
If you have looked and none of the existing converters are right for your data, here are some suggestions for where to start creating a new converter. Create a new subdirectory in the observations directory. Copy with the recursive option (cp -r) one of the existing converters and adapt to your needs. Our suggestions for which converter to start from depends on the format of your input observations to be converted. If your input data format is:
Time enters into the assimilation system in 3 places: the timestamp of the state vector data (the current model time when this data was produced), the time of each observation, and the minimum time period the model should be called to advance (the assimilation window size). The internal timestepping of the model is unrelated to any of these times and is outside the scope of the assimilation system.
The basic time type in DART is a pair of integers; one for the day number and one for the number of seconds. Generally the low order models, which aren't direct geophysical models, use time directly as a sequence of days starting at 0 and incrementing in any appropriate number of seconds or days. The observations assimilated into these systems do not need to use a calendar.
Observations of a real-world system usually are distributed with a year/month/day, hour/min/seconds timestamp. There are routines in DART to convert back and forth between the (day-number/seconds) format and a variety of (year/month/day) calendars. See the time manager documentation for more details on how DART stores time information and the types of available calendars. Some climate models which do long runs (100s or 1000s of years) use a modified calendar for simplicity in computation, e.g. months which always have 30 days, or no leap years. When trying to assimilate real observations into these models there may be calendar issues to solve.
The smallest resolvable unit of time in DART is a second. To model a system which operates on sub-second time scales the time can be scaled up by some factor. As long as the observation time, the state data time, and the minimum model advance time are expressed in the same scaled time units, there is no problem.
Observations must specify an associated expected error. Each individual observation stores its own error value, so it can be a constant value for all observations of that type or it can vary by location, by height, by magnitude of the observed value, etc. This value is the expected instrument error plus the representativeness error of the model. The model error includes deficiencies in the equations representing the processes of the system as well as errors introduced by representing a continuous system as a series of discrete points. While the instrument error and the representativeness error could be specified separately, they each have the same impact on the assimilation and can be difficult to determine with any real accuracy. For simplicity, in DART (and most current assimilation software) they are combined and specified as a single value.
The instrument error is generally supplied by the instrument maker. Sadly, it is frequently surprisingly difficult to find these values. For the representativeness error, a set of artificial observations could be generated with the perfect_model_obs program and an assimilation experiment could be run to generate an estimate of the error in the model. In practice however most people make an educated guess on the values of the error and then start with a larger than expected value and decrease it based on the results of running some test assimilations. For these tests the namelist for the outlier threshold should be disabled by setting it to -1 (the default value is 3). This value controls whether the observation is rejected because the observed value is too far from the ensemble mean.
If the diagnostics show that the difference between the mean of the forward operators and the observed value is consistently smaller than the specified observation error, then the error is probably too large. A too-large error reduces the impact of an observation on the state. If the specified observation error is too small it is likely the observation will be rejected when the outlier threshold is enabled, and the observation will not be assimilated. It is important to look at the output observation sequence files after an assimilation to see how many observations were assimilated or rejected, and also at the RMSE (root mean squared error) versus the total spread. DART includes Matlab diagnostic routines to create these types of plots. The observation RMSE and total spread should be roughly commensurate. The total spread includes contributions from both the ensemble variance and the observational error variance, so it can be adjusted by changing the error values on the incoming observations. There are other ways to adjust the ensemble spread, including inflation, so the observation error is not the only factor to consider.
One last recommendation: if possible, the Prior forward operator values should be compared against the observations after several assimilation cycles. If you plot results using the Posterior values it is always possible for the assimilation to overfit the observations and look good on the diagnostic plots. But the actual test is to then advance the model and look at how the forecast of the state compares to the observations.
All observations have to have a specific 'type'. There are namelist controls to turn on and off the assimilation of observations at run-time by type, or to only evaluate the forward operator for an observation but have no impact on the state. Several of the diagnostics also group observations by type to give aggregate statistics after an assimilation. Generally types are based on both the observing platform or instrument as well as the kind of observation, e.g. RADIOSONDE_TEMPERATURE, ARGO_SALINITY, etc. Each type is associated with a single underlying generic 'kind', which controls what forward operator code is called inside the model, e.g. QTY_TEMPERATURE, QTY_DENSITY, etc.
See here for more details on how to use and add new DART types. The DART obs_kind_mod.f90 defines a list of already defined observation kinds, and users can either use existing observation types in 'obs_def_xxx_mod.f90' files, or define their own.
The two most common choices for specifying the location of an observation are the threed_sphere and the oned locations. For observations of a real-world system, the 3D Sphere is generally the best choice. For low-order, 1D models, the 1D locations are the most commonly used. The observation locations need to match the type of locations used in the model.
The DART/observations/obs_converters directory contains a variety of converter programs to read various external formats and convert the observations into the format required by DART.
The current list of converters include:
There are also a couple utilities of note:
In addition the following external program produces DART observation sequence files:
For generating synthetic observations, see the create_obs_sequence program documentation. You can also generate observation files based on text input. See the text_to_obs program documentation. Or for simulating a large complex observing system, you can use the DART library routines in a Fortran program to compute the observation information and have the DART routines write the output file.
See the perfect_model program documentation on how to run a model with a set of observations that have only locations, types, and times, and have the forward operators compute the observation values.
Contact the DART development group if you have observations in a different format that you want to convert. We can give you advice and pointers on how to approach writing the code.
DART software - Copyright UCAR. This open source software is provided by UCAR, "as is", without charge, subject to all terms of use at http://www.image.ucar.edu/DAReS/DART/DART_download


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