-
How to test CSV files content in end-to-end testing
Commercial applications very often gives an end user ability to export some data as csv. In this article I wanna show you that it is possible to test it and how to do that.
-
Visualizing performance tests execution times
Continuation to the previous article about performance testing in F#, which you can find [here](https://mnie.github.io/2017-08-17-performanceTestsUsingFsCheck/).
-
Performance testing using FsCheck
While adding a new functionality to our application we want to ensure that the response time will not grow and remain at the acceptable level for users. We came up with the idea of writing FsCheck tests, which will be supposed to check the execution time of the function, rather than their full correctness. Thanks to this approach, We can generate a series of data, similar to those generated by users during day to day work with an application.Let's see how we achieve that
-
Decrease technical debt with help of CodeMetrics
It is important that code produced by us could be easily tested and managed. However, it must be borne in mind that the projects we do at work are not individual tasks, and dozens of people are working on them. However, it is well known that everyone can have a bad day that will cause a bad code to be written that will lead to headaches when we look at it after some time. In this article we gonna take a deep view of available options in .net ecosystem related to CodeMetrics.
-
Expecto and RegexTypeProvider in action
Expecto and RegexTypeProvider as a substitute of Machine.Specifications and standard .net Regex.
-
Creating a fully functional F# microservice (Quartz.Net, Net.Mail)
Recently I realized that I have the data where users evaluate things presented to them. These opinions are stored in the database, but let's be honest how often you open a management studio to see what records appear in the database? I am definitely not that kind of person. So I thought it would be fun to write an application that would sent as a weekly report and also providing an api, to ask for data from the last week. In this article we would take a look at scheduling mails on weekly basis.
-
Creating a fully functional F# microservice (Azure, FSharp.Configuration)
Recently I realized that I have the data where users evaluate things presented to them. These opinions are stored in the database, but let's be honest how often you open a management studio to see what records appear in the database? I am definitely not that kind of person. So I thought it would be fun to write an application that would sent as a weekly report and also providing an api, to ask for data from the last week. In this article we would take a look at Azure API and Configuration passing.
-
Creating a fully functional F# microservice (NancyFx, SqlTypeProvider)
Recently I realized that I have the data where users evaluate things presented to them. These opinions are stored in the database, but let's be honest how often you open a management studio to see what records appear in the database? I am definitely not that kind of person. So I thought it would be fun to write an application that would sent as a weekly report and also providing an api, to ask for data from the last week. In this article we would take a look at accessing database.
-
Subject attribute in Machine.Specifications, how to categorize Your tests?
In today post I want to say something about tagging/categorizing tests. Which, depends on a framework. Each of one implement it in a different way.
-
Azure Notebook in F# - creative way to share your notes beside the code.
In today post I would like to present to you the 'new' azure functionality which have been made available for us on December 1 this year. It's about creating notes in the Azure Notebooks (Jupyter Notebooks) in F#. What does it mean and what is it?
-
FsReveal as a substitute for PowerPoint
I suppose that you sometimes have to make a presentation. What do you do? You fires PowerPoint and begin to 'write'. While You are 'writing' I guess You often complain about it for example that text suddenly begins to overlap with the pictures and so on. In short all opposed against you? I would like to present you a different approach to creating a presentation(s). The presentation, which can act as a web page. The presentation, which is create in F# language, or Markdown.
-
How to configure Your open source project on github with FAKE
When we contribute to some open source project or contribute to one. We often hit a problem of CI/CD. We gonna take a look how to achieve this thanks to FAKE and Travis.
-
TDD Kata in F#/C# using FsCheck
Roy Osherove's short kata descibed step by step in C# and F#. Starting from simple unit tests, ending on property based tests.
-
Unit tests in F# using XUnit
How tests written in F# differ from those written in C#? Let's see!
-
Azure functions in F#
Some day ago Azure gives us a possibility to create an Azure Function in F#. Let's see how to do that.
-
Bing Api Spell Check - Are you sure that you wrote it correctly?
Thanks to BingApi Spell Check we can verify the spelling of a individual words as well as grammatical correctness of whole sentences. According to official documentation, we have the ability to even recognize the slang frequent mistakes in the text (eg. indeed, not inded etc). In this article we gonna give it a try.
-
Azure Text Analytics Api - Are your users happy?
Azure Text Analytics Api gives us many opportunities, from text study to building recommendation systems. Api Text Analytics gives us the ability to detect sentiment, keywords, topics and the language in which text is written. In contrast, the above-mentioned function, examines the sentiment of the text. What does it mean? It can determine whether a statement/text has a positive or negative undertone. In this article I wanna show how to use that function
- Newer posts


Ector County
2017
Total Felonies Filed = 2172
Total Felony Dispositions = 2209
Total Felony Dispositions = 2209
Total Misdemeanors Filed = 5020
Total Misdemeanor Dispositions = 5448
Total Misdemeanor Dispositions = 5448
2016
Total Felonies Filed = 2024
Total Felony Dispositions = 2030
Total Felony Dispositions = 2030
Total Misdemeanors Filed = 4726
Total Misdemeanor Dispositions = 5235
Total Misdemeanor Dispositions = 5235
2015
Total Felonies Filed = 1534
Total Felony Dispositions = 1936
Total Felony Dispositions = 1936
Total Misdemeanors Filed = 4818
Total Misdemeanor Dispositions = 5061
Total Misdemeanor Dispositions = 5061
2014
Total Felonies Filed = 1252
Total Felony Dispositions = 1696
Total Felony Dispositions = 1696
Total Misdemeanors Filed = 5042
Total Misdemeanor Dispositions = 5144
Total Misdemeanor Dispositions = 5144
2013
Total Felonies Filed = 1736
Total Felony Dispositions = 1820
Total Felony Dispositions = 1820
Total Misdemeanors Filed = 4553
Total Misdemeanor Dispositions = 5989
Total Misdemeanor Dispositions = 5989
2012
Total Felonies Filed = 1527
Total Felony Dispositions = 1569
Total Felony Dispositions = 1569
Total Misdemeanors Filed = 4093
Total Misdemeanor Dispositions = 4609
Total Misdemeanor Dispositions = 4609
2011
Total Felonies Filed = 1803
Total Felony Dispositions = 1367
Total Felony Dispositions = 1367
Total Misdemeanors Filed = 4192
Total Misdemeanor Dispositions = 4749
Total Misdemeanor Dispositions = 4749


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new BaseModule(bot)
Represents the base module to every module
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
bot |
Bot | The current bot instance |
- Source:
Methods
(static) setup(klass) → {undefined}
Extends an given type to this type
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
klass |
Type | Type to be extended |
- Source:
Returns:
Nothing
- Type
- undefined
ask(message, user, channel, type, regexopt) → {Promise}
Pushes a new context to a given user in a given channel. If another context
with the same type is present in the given channel/user combination, the older
context is dropped in favour of the new one. The Promise
returned will be resolved
whenever the user sends a message that satisfies the context type. If the user reacts
with an negative emoji (-1, thumbsdown), the promise is rejected.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
message |
String | The message containing the prompt to the user. |
|
user |
User | String | The user to which the prompt is directed to. This argument accepts both a User instance, or their ID used by the current Adapter to identify them. |
|
channel |
Channel | String | The channel to which the prompt is directed to. This argument accepts both a Channel instance, or their ID used by the current Adapter to identify them. |
|
type |
Integer | The type of context to be pushed to the user.
These types are defined in the
|
|
regex |
Regex |
<optional> |
Regular expression to be used when type is
|
- Source:
Returns:
A Promise that will be resolved whenever the bot
receives a response from the target user in the
target channel. The resulting promise argument
will be an Response
object, in which
response.match
will represent the parsed value
of this context. For instance, with a type of
BOOLEAN
, Response.match
can either be true
or false
, representing the answer of the user.
- Type
- Promise
exposeApi(type, path, callback) → {BaseModule}
Exposes an HTTP endpoint on the specified path. Notice the resulting route will be prefixed
with /api/modulename
where modulename
represents your class name, lowercased.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
type |
String | Type of the route. Valid values are |
path |
String | Route to be registered |
callback |
function | Function to be called when the route is requested. This function
receives two arguments: |
- Source:
Returns:
The same module instance.
- Type
- BaseModule
exposeGet(route, callback) → {BaseModule}
Exposes a GET endpoint on the specified route. Notice the resulting route will be prefixed
with /api/modulename
where modulename
represents your class name, lowercased.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
route |
String | Route to be registered |
callback |
function | Function to be called when the route is requested. This function
receives two arguments: |
- Source:
Returns:
The same module instance.
- Type
- BaseModule
exposeHead(route, callback) → {BaseModule}
Exposes a HEAD endpoint on the specified route. Notice the resulting route will be prefixed
with /api/modulename
where modulename
represents your class name, lowercased.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
route |
String | Route to be registered |
callback |
function | Function to be called when the route is requested. This function
receives two arguments: |
- Source:
Returns:
The same module instance.
- Type
- BaseModule
exposePost(route, callback) → {BaseModule}
Exposes a POST endpoint on the specified route. Notice the resulting route will be prefixed
with /api/modulename
where modulename
represents your class name, lowercased.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
route |
String | Route to be registered |
callback |
function | Function to be called when the route is requested. This function
receives two arguments: |
- Source:
Returns:
The same module instance.
- Type
- BaseModule
getMentionTagForUser(user) → {String}
Gets a mention tag for the given user.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
user |
User | User object to generate the tag from. |
- Source:
Returns:
A string representing the tag that mentions the user, considering the current adapter mechanics.
- Type
- String
getModuleName() → {String}
Returns the current module name
- Since:
- 2.0
- Source:
Returns:
The module name
- Type
- String
hear(regex, callback) → {Module}
Registers a listener to every message, including ones that does not mentions the bot.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
regex |
RegExp | Regex to be tested against every incoming message |
callback |
function | Callback to be executed whenever a message matches the provided regex.Please notice that this function must be declared using the arrow syntax. (=>) |
- Source:
Returns:
This module instance.
- Type
- Module
http() → {Promise}
Executes an HTTP request with the given arguments. This function is a proxy to the Request-Promise library. See more: https://github.com/request/request-promise
- Source:
Returns:
A Promise returned by the Request-Promise library.
- Type
- Promise
mentionsBot(text) → {Bool}
Checks if a given text mentions the bot.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
text |
String | Text to be checked |
- Source:
Returns:
Whether the given text mentions the bot.
- Type
- Bool
random(arr) → {AnyObject}
Gets a random item from an array.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
arr |
Array | Array to be processed. |
- Source:
Returns:
A random object from [arr]
- Type
- AnyObject
registerModel(name, structure) → {Mongoose.Model}
Registers a new model structure for your module.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
name |
String | Name of the model to be registered. On the databbase, this name will be prefixed with your module's file name. |
structure |
Object | Your model's structure metadata. More information on http://mongoosejs.com/docs/2.7.x/docs/model-definition.html |
- Source:
Returns:
A ready-to-use mongoose model connected to Giskard's database.
- Type
- Mongoose.Model
respond(regex, callback) → {Module}
Sets a listener to a given regex whenever the bot is mentioned.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
regex |
RegExp | Regex to be tested |
callback |
function | Callback to be executed whenever a received message matches the provided Regex. Please notice that this function must be declared using the arrow syntax. (=>) |
- Source:
Returns:
This module instance.
- Type
- Module
resumeModule() → {undefined}
Resumes all this module's activities
- Since:
- 2.0
- Source:
Returns:
Nothing
- Type
- undefined
scheduleTask(givenSchedule, callback) → {Module}
Executes a given function with base on a given Cron schedule.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
givenSchedule |
String | Object | A crontab pattern that defines whenever the
associated function will be invoked. For
further information on this pattern, please
refer to cron(5) manpage. Another possible
value for this argument, is an object with
properties |
callback |
function | Function to be called whenever the provided schedule is met. |
- Source:
Returns:
This very same module instance.
- Type
- Module
searchChannel(nameOrId) → {Promise}
Searches a channel with the given name or ID, where the ID must be a identifier used by the current Adapter to internally represent known channels.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
nameOrId |
String | Name or ID of the channel to be found. |
- Source:
Returns:
A promise that will be resolved whenever the channel is found. It will be rejected whenever the channel cannot be found or there's an underlying problem during the search process.
- Type
- Promise
searchUser(nameOrId) → {Promise}
Searches an user with the given name or ID, where the ID must be a identifier used by the current Adapter to internally represent known channels.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
nameOrId |
String | Name or ID of the user to be found. |
- Source:
Returns:
A promise that will be resolved whenever the user is found. It will be rejected whenever the user cannot be found or there's an underlying problem during the search process.
- Type
- Promise
suspendModule() → {undefined}
Suspends all this module's activities
- Since:
- 2.0
- Source:
Returns:
Nothing
- Type
- undefined


Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo, tortor mauris condimentum nibh, ut fermentum massa justo sit amet risus. Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod. Donec sed odio dui.
Why do we use it? It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using 'Content here, content here', making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text, and a search for 'lorem ipsum' will uncover many web sites still in their infancy. Various versions have evolved over the years, sometimes by accident, sometimes on purpose (injected humour and the like).
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Hong Kong rights Bill in Washington angers China, Beijing summons US diplomat
BEIJING: China's foreign ministry on Wednesday (Nov 20) summoned a top US diplomat over the Senate's passing of a Hong Kong rights Bill.
It warned of "strong" countermeasures against the United States should the legislation be signed into law.
China's vice foreign minister Ma Zhaoxu called in acting US charge d'affaires William Klein to lodge a "strong protest", the ministry said in a statement.
READ: US Bills on Hong Kong will ‘harm relations and common interests’, says Hong Kong government
"We strongly urge the US side to immediately take effective measures to prevent this bill from becoming law" and stop meddling in China's internal affairs, the statement said.
"Otherwise, the Chinese side will take strong measures to resolutely counter it, and the US side must bear all the consequences," it added.
The US Senate unanimously adopted legislation on Tuesday supporting "human rights and democracy" in Hong Kong and threatening to revoke its special economic status.
The lawmakers also approved a measure that would ban the sale of tear gas, rubber bullets and other equipment that have been used by security forces to suppress pro-democracy protests for nearly six months.
READ: Options narrow for last Hong Kong campus protesters as arrests take a toll
Commentary: This may be the end of Hong Kong as we know it
A US embassy spokesman said Klein "relayed that we are watching the situation in Hong Kong with grave concern" during the foreign ministry meeting.
The Senate's Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act would require the US president to annually review the favorable trade status that Washington grants to Hong Kong.
It also mandates sanctions against Hong Kong and Chinese officials who commit human rights abuses including "extrajudicial rendition."
The Senate "sent a clear message to Hong Kongers fighting for their long-cherished freedoms: We hear you, we continue to stand with you and we will not stand idly by as Beijing undermines your autonomy," Republican Senator Marco Rubio said.
Passage of the bill marks "an important step in holding accountable those Chinese and Hong Kong government officials responsible for Hong Kong's eroding autonomy and human rights violations."


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Bradley Hunter
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public class MenuController
extends java.lang.Object
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
private FoodRepository |
foodRepository |
private MealRepository |
mealRepository |
private java.lang.String |
menu
The text version of the menu.
|
private ProfileRepository |
profileRepository
This controller helps the user to pick a food from the menu.
|
private User |
user |
private java.lang.String |
userID
The ID of the user
|
private WeightRepository |
weightRepository |
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
MenuController() |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
private int[] |
calculateScores(java.lang.String[][] scores)
This method calculates the final score of each choice in the menu base on all factors.
|
private java.lang.String[] |
checkNutrient(java.util.List<java.util.Set<Food>> result,
java.lang.String type,
double remaining,
double perMeal)
This method checks the corresponding nutrient in each food of the menu, comparing it to the user's
remaining nutrient for the day, as well as the suitable amount per meal for the user.
|
private int |
findMax(int[] finalScore)
This method returns the maximum integer in an array
|
java.util.Set<Food> |
generateFoods(java.lang.String meal)
This method creates a set of food from a text version of a meal.
|
private java.lang.String |
generateReply(java.lang.String[] scores,
java.lang.String finalChoice)
This method prepares a response to the user base on all the different factors to help
the user to pick from the menu.
|
private java.util.Set<Food> |
getFoodsFromPastMeals()
This method returns the set of food consumed by the user for the past three days.
|
java.lang.String |
getMenu()
The getter of the menu.
|
java.lang.String |
getUserID()
The getter of the user's ID.
|
java.lang.String |
pickFood()
This method helps the user to pick a food from the menu.
|
private java.lang.String |
processFoodName(java.lang.String fdName)
This method processes the food name, so that only the part before the comma of the food name is used.
|
void |
setMenu(java.lang.String menuList)
The setter of the menu.
|
void |
setUserID(java.lang.String id)
The setter of the user's ID.
|
private ProfileRepository profileRepository
private WeightRepository weightRepository
private MealRepository mealRepository
private FoodRepository foodRepository
private User user
private java.lang.String userID
private java.lang.String menu
public java.lang.String getUserID()
public void setUserID(java.lang.String id)
id
- the user's IDpublic java.lang.String getMenu()
public void setMenu(java.lang.String menuList)
menuList
- the text version of the menupublic java.lang.String pickFood()
private java.lang.String processFoodName(java.lang.String fdName)
fdName
- the full name of the foodpublic java.util.Set<Food> generateFoods(java.lang.String meal)
meal
- the text version of a mealprivate java.util.Set<Food> getFoodsFromPastMeals()
private java.lang.String[] checkNutrient(java.util.List<java.util.Set<Food>> result, java.lang.String type, double remaining, double perMeal)
result
- the list of food of the menutype
- the type of nutrientremaining
- the remaining nutrient for the day for the userperMeal
- the suitable amount of nutrient for the userprivate int[] calculateScores(java.lang.String[][] scores)
scores
- the resulting scores after considering all factorsprivate int findMax(int[] finalScore)
finalScore
- an array of integersprivate java.lang.String generateReply(java.lang.String[] scores, java.lang.String finalChoice)
scores
- the scoring information of the final choice in each factorfinalChoice
- the name of the final choice from the menu


| UDHCPC(1) |
User Commands |
UDHCPC(1) |
udhcpc - manual page for udhcpc 1.31.1
udhcpc [-fbqvRB] [-a[MSEC]] [-t N] [-T
SEC] [-A SEC/-n]
BusyBox v1.31.1 (2020-04-30 13:38:01 EDT) multi-call binary.
- [-i IFACE] [-s PROG] [-p PIDFILE] [-oC] [-r IP] [-V VENDOR] [-F NAME] [-x
OPT:VAL]... [-O OPT]...
- -i IFACE
- Interface to use (default eth0)
- -s PROG
- Run PROG at DHCP events (default
/usr/share/udhcpc/default.script)
- -p FILE
- Create pidfile
- -B
- Request broadcast replies
- -t N
- Send up to N discover packets (default 3)
- -T SEC
- Pause between packets (default 3)
- -A SEC
- Wait if lease is not obtained (default 20)
- -b
- Background if lease is not obtained
- -n
- Exit if lease is not obtained
- -q
- Exit after obtaining lease
- -R
- Release IP on exit
- -f
- Run in foreground
- -S
- Log to syslog too
- -a[MSEC]
- Validate offered address with ARP ping
- -r IP
- Request this IP address
- -o
- Don't request any options (unless -O is given)
- -O OPT
- Request option OPT from server (cumulative)
- -x OPT:VAL
- Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative) Examples of string,
numeric, and hex byte opts: -x hostname:bbox - option 12 -x
lease:3600 - option 51 (lease time) -x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE - option
61 (client id) -x 14:'"dumpfile"' - option 14
(shell-quoted)
- -F NAME
- Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME
- -V VENDOR
- Vendor identifier (default 'udhcp VERSION')
- -C
- Don't send MAC as client identifier
- -v
- Verbose
- USR1
- Renew lease
- USR2
- Release lease


Class
Namespace: Imagini.Fonts
Declared in: Imagini.Fonts
Represents a sprite font page with the texture atlas and glyph bounds data.


Previous: OPTIONS
Note that the environment variable name must be constructed with the full-length option name, which must be in uppercase. For example, to make ftnchek print a source listing by default, set the environment variable FTNCHEK_LIST to 1 or YES or anything other than 0 or NO. The names FTNCHEK_LIS (not the full option name) or ftnchek_list (lower case) would not be recognized.
Here are some examples of how to set environment variables on various systems. For simplicity, all the examples set the default -list switch to YES.
>1. UNIX, Bourne shell: >$ FTNCHEK_LIST=YES
> >$ export FTNCHEK_LIST
>2. UNIX, C shell: >% setenv FTNCHEK_LIST YES
>3. VAX/VMS: >$ DEFINE FTNCHEK_LIST YES
>4. MSDOS: >$ SET FTNCHEK_LIST=YES
After processing any environment variables, ftnchek looks for a preferences file containing options and settings. It will search in the following order, using only the first file found: (1) .ftnchekrc in the current directory, (2) ftnchek.ini in the current directory, (3) .ftnchekrc in the user's home directory, (4) ftnchek.ini in the home directory. If such a file is found, the options defined in it are used as defaults in place of the built-in defaults and overriding any defaults set in the environment..
Each option or setting in the preferences file must be on a separate line. They are given in the same form as on the command line, except without the initial dash. The preferences file can contain blank lines and comments. Comments are introduced at any point in a line by a space character (blank or tab) or the '#' character, and are terminated by the end of the line.
Command-line options override the defaults set in the environment or in the preferences file, in the same way as they override the built-in defaults.
Next: USING PROJECT FILES


UnSerialized Transaction
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THE OMEGA CODE A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 1999 Steve Rhodes RATING (0 TO ****): *
"The Bible is actually a holographic computer program!" Dr. Gillen Lane (Casper Van Dien), a Tony Robbins-type of motivational speaker, tells his breathless television audience in THE OMEGA CODE. "Crisscrossing the Torah is a hidden code that reveals the future!" (The Bible's coded messages include the words "Princess," "Diana," "Paris," "tunnel" and the date that Princess Diana died.)
Robert Marcarelli's THE OMEGA CODE is like a passion play scripted by Mel Brooks, a Shakespearean tragedy performed on "Saturday Night Live," a James Bond spoof acted by Bill Murray, a car chase enacted by the Keystone Cops' stunt drivers, an opera without music choreographed by Barney's creators and an old newsreel shown late at night on a religious cable channel's infomercial. With the material for a great parody, the movie's worst sin is that the actors, who shamelessly overact, take it all quite seriously.
A marketing phenomenon, the picture was released to just 300 screens but rocketed to capture a spot on the top 10 box office list the week that it came out, thanks to local churches talking it up. The religious thriller, produced by the Trinity Broadcasting Network, can truly be called a thriller of apocalyptic proportions. Avoiding any sex, nudity and even a single "darn," the film, except for its gun violence, was carefully crafted in an attempt to appeal to a family audience.
Described as a Buddha-like figure, Chairman Stone Alexander (Michael York) presents himself as a world savior. Responsible for world peace and for skyrocketing stock markets due to his revolutionary idea of a single global currency, Chairman Alexander will, nevertheless, prove to have some serious character flaws. As a clue to his true identity perhaps I should mention that strange bombings, food shortages and epidemics have recently been striking the planet.
As the hackneyed dialog flies fast and furious ("I know that the worth of a real man will show up in the countenance in his wife's face."  Their program has the 3D text dancing on the screen like a double-helix ballet. Typical of the messages it decodes is the one: "Wild Siblings Tamed by Beast."
Only as an old-fashioned B-movie, the type that got second billing on a kids' Saturday afternoon double feature, does THE OMEGA CODE have any appeal. The delight of those movie was that everyone could hoot at them, and some of the kids would even throw popcorn boxes at the screen, as we all roared at how ridiculous the picture was.
THE OMEGA CODE runs 1:39. It is rated PG-13 for violence. The film would be acceptable for kids around 10 and up, but most kids of any age are going to be bored stiff and confused by the movie.
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Web: http://www.InternetReviews.com
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


[1]
easily operated menus, integrated lens cover, AV-in jack; jumpy zoom, software sucks
[2]
GREAT quality video, wide screen modes, small, compact, docking station included!!; NONE SO FAR!!!!


EFA enquiries
Contact form https://form.education...
For all enquiries for the Education Funding Agency
Guidance
Advice for institutions on the financial support young people may be able to access to help them participate in education and training.
This advice provides information for institutions about the financial support young people may be able to access to help them participate in education and training. It covers a number of schemes, often described as student support schemes:
the 16 to 19 Bursary Fund: pays a bursary of up to £1,200 a year to support young people in one of the defined vulnerable groups to participate in education. It also enables institutions to make discretionary awards to those young people they assess as facing the greatest financial barriers to participation.
free meals in further education: provides meals for eligible young people (they or their parents receive one of the qualifying benefits).
Care to Learn: support with the costs of childcare to ensure that young people who are parents are not prevented from participating in education because of these costs.
Residential Bursary Fund: allocations given to specialist institutions to help them contribute to the costs of accommodation for students they assess as facing financial barriers to accessing their specialist provision.
Residential Support Scheme: income-assessed support to help with the costs of accommodation for students who need to move away from home to participate because the substantial Level 2 or Level 3 qualification within their study programme is not available locally to their home address.
Dance and Drama Awards: scholarships offering income-assessed support for tuition fees and living costs at a small number of private dance and drama colleges in England. This award ensures that income is not a barrier to the most talented young people accessing this specialist provision.
The 16 to 19 Bursary Fund supports the most financially disadvantaged 16 to 19 year olds and those young people who most need help with the costs of staying in education.
There are 2 types of 16 to 19 bursaries:
Students in one or more of the groups below can apply for a vulnerable bursary of up to £1,200. Institutions do not receive an allocation of funds for vulnerable bursaries. They need to draw down the funds by completing a funding claim form and submitting it to the Student Support Bursary Service via the Student Bursary Support Service portal .
The eligible groups are students who are:
Institutions are responsible for verifying that young people meet the criteria for vulnerable student bursaries.
Funding claims for vulnerable student payments in the 2016 to 2017 academic year are available online from August 2016 via the SBSS portal .
Discretionary bursaries are awards made by institutions to individual students. They are targeted on overcoming the individual barriers to participation a student faces.
It is up to institutions to decide which students will receive a discretionary bursary and how much they will receive. However, they should be targeted at students who cannot stay in education without financial help for things like transport, meals, books and equipment. Institutions should not make blanket or flat rate payments to all students.
Education Funding Agency ( EFA ) has published information to help institutions administer the 16 to 19 Bursary Fund, which includes:
To be eligible for a free meal, students must be enrolled in further education provision funded via EFA .
Free meals are targeted at disadvantaged students. For the purposes of eligibility for free meals, disadvantage is defined by the students being in receipt of, or having parents who are in receipt of, one or more of the qualifying benefits. A student is only eligible to receive a free meal when they, or a parent/guardian on their behalf, have made a successful application to the institution where they are enrolled.
Students must be aged between 16 and 18 on 31 August 2016 to be eligible for a free meal in the 2016 to 2017 academic year. Students who turn 19 during their study programme will remain eligible for a free meal until the end of the academic year in which they turn 19 or to the end of their study programme, whichever is sooner.
Institutions are required to provide a free meals to eligible students for each day that the student attends their study programme, where this is appropriate.
Institutions are expected to provide a meal free of charge to eligible students, or to fund the free meal via an electronic credit or voucher which can be redeemed on-site or off-site where institutions have made arrangements with nearby food outlets.
In the 2016 to 2017 academic year institutions will receive an allocation of funding for free meals based on their 2015 to 2016 ILR RO6 data returns and their lagged student number, ie the number of students they have assessed as eligible for, and in receipt of, free meals in the 2015 to 2016 academic year at RO6 combined with the number of students funded in the 2016 to 2017 academic year to provide an all year number.
More information about the detail of the allocations methodology was sent to institutions with their allocations statements in March 2016.
Care to Learn helps young parents under the age of 20 to continue in, and return to education after the birth of a child by providing funding for childcare whilst the young parent is studying. The scheme can provide up to a maximum total amount of support of £160 per child per week or up to a maximum of £175 per child per week in London.
The young parent’s study programme must have some public funding.
Care to Learn will only fund childcare provision that is registered with Ofsted.
Young parents, their education institution and their childcare provider must all meet the eligibility criteria to receive Care to Learn.
Young parents must complete and submit a new application for each academic year they want to claim Care to Learn funding, even if their study programme runs for more than one year. Childcare providers and education institutions also need to provide information for each young parent who applies. Applications are submitted online via the SBSS portal . Applications for the 2016 to 2017 academic year will be available in May 2016.
There are 2 schemes currently offering support with accommodation costs for students:
The Residential Bursary Fund ( RBF ) provides financial help for students attending an institution delivering specialist provision.
The Residential Support Scheme ( RSS ) provides financial help for students who need to live away from home to study because the substantial Level 2 or Level 3 qualification within their study programme is not available within daily travelling distance.
RBF provides financial help towards the costs of accommodation for students attending one of the institutions delivering specialist provision. This provision requires the student to be resident to participate because it is not available locally and/or because it requires students to be available at unsociable hours on a regular basis. RBF enables young people to achieve a qualification in a specialist subject they would not be able to obtain at a non-specialist institution.
RBF provides a contribution towards residential costs for those students the institution identifies face the most significant financial barriers to participation. It is not intended to provide support to all students on residentially delivered provision at an institution; or to necessarily cover the full costs for each student.
RBF should be used to help students with the costs of accommodation whilst they are in further education. The majority of RBF funding is used to cover accommodation costs, however, RBF may also be used to help with travel costs between the student’s term time lodgings and the institution where appropriate. RBF cannot be used to pay for travel costs for non-residential students (those living at home).
Institutions decide which students receive RBF support and how much support they receive but must target funds towards those facing the most significant financial barriers to participation.
Students should contact their institution for more advice and to apply.
Details of the 2016 to 2017 academic year allocations for RBF were issued to institutions in March 2016.
Institutions need to complete a short management information return each October to report the number of students who received RBF and the amount of funding spent.
Institutions are also strongly encouraged to complete the ILR (Learning Funding and Monitoring (FAM); learner support reason) to report students who have been assessed as eligible for RBF and who have taken up the funding.
Contact form https://form.education...
For all enquiries for the Education Funding Agency
RSS is intended to help support students with the costs of living away from home to participate when the substantial Level 2 or Level 3 qualification that is part of their study programme is not available within reasonable daily travelling distance.
In order to receive RSS support students must meet all the eligibility criteria. The substantial qualification they are studying must be directly 16 to 19 funded by EFA and not available locally to their home address. Any other elements that make up the study programme are not relevant when assessing RSS eligibility.
RSS can provide annual support of up to £3,458 (up to £4,079 in the London area) towards accommodation costs. If the student is assessed as eligible, the amount they receive is based on their actual accommodation costs up to the maximum award thresholds.
Young people on apprenticeship programmes, or any education or training where a wage is being drawn, are not eligible to apply for support.
Students should contact their institution for more advice and to apply.
Details of the RSS allocations for the 2016 to 2017 academic year were issued to institutions in March 2016.
The availability of each student’s substantial Level 2 or Level 3 qualification must be verified by institutions with EFA . No RSS awards can be made until EFA has confirmed whether the student is eligible.
Institutions must use the form that has been sent to them by EFA to verify qualifications.
If institutions have any queries about either of the residential support schemes they should contact:
Contact form https://form.education...
For all enquiries for the Education Funding Agency
The Dance and Drama Awards ( DaDA ) scheme offers income assessed support for tuition fees and living costs at a number of high quality private dance and drama institutions in England. DaDA funding is intended to provide a contribution to the costs of participating for talented individuals who want to become professional actors and dancers.
To be eligible to receive DaDA funding in the 2016 to 2017 academic year, students must be aged between 16 and 23 at the start of the academic year (for a dance course) and aged between 18 and 23 at the start of the academic year (for an acting course).
Only students enrolled on the Trinity College London (TCL) Level 5 and 6 Professional Diplomas in Dance, Acting and Musical Theatre at one of the institutions that are part of the DaDA scheme are eligible to apply for funding.
DaDA funding can only be given to students who satisfy the residency conditions.
DaDA living costs support is only available to students who are ordinarily resident in England, Scotland or Wales, in other words they are a permanent resident in the UK. Students from Northern Ireland and EU countries are not eligible to receive living cost support.
Students have their eligibility for support and the amount of financial support they are eligible to receive assessed by their institution using nationally set household income bands.
Published: 4 February 2014
Updated: 11 April 2016


@@include('./partials/topbar.html') @@include('./partials/left-sidebar.html')
Minton
Charts
Jquery knob
Jquery knob
Lifetime Sales
549849
USD
Disable display input
Income Amounts
64654
USD
Cursor mode
Total visits
87798
USD
Display previous value
You have to pay
545
USD
Angle offset and arc
Lifetime Sales
898
USD
Angle offset
Income Amounts
54
USD
5-digit values, step 1000
Lifetime Sales
48948
USD
Readonly
You have to pay
4894
USD
Angle offset and arc
@@include('./partials/footer.html')
@@include('./partials/right-sidebar.html')


200 OK: The server successfully processed the request.
100 Continue: The client should continue with its request.
503 Service Unavailable: The server is temporarily unable to handle the request.
400 Bad Request: The request cannot be fulfilled due to bad syntax.


Privilege, Transport, Logic Privilege
Often logic, priv, auth bugs are blurred.
Testing user priv:
- admin has power
- peon has none
- peon can use function only meant for admin
More Privilege - Find site functionality that is restricted to certain user types
- Try accessing those functions with lesser/other user roles
- Try to directly browse to views with sensitive information as a lesser priv user
Autorize Burp plugin is pretty neat [here] (https://github.com/Quitten/Autorize).
Common Functions or Views
- Add user function
- Delete user function
- start project / campaign / etc function
- change account info (pass, CC, etc) function
- customer analytics view
- payment processing view
- any view with PII
Insecure direct object references
IDORs are common place in bounties, and hard to catch with scanners.
Find any and all UIDs
- increment
- decrement
- negative values
- Attempt to perform sensitive functions substituting another UID
- change password
- forgot password
- admin only functions
Common Functions , Views, or Files:
- Everything from the CSRF Table, trying cross account attacks
- Sub: UIDs, user hashes, or emails
- Images that are non-public
- Receipts
- Private Files (pdfs, ++)
- Shipping info & Purchase Orders
- Sending / Deleting messages
Transport
Most security concerned sites will enable HTTPs. It’s your job to ensure they’ve done it EVERYWHERE. Most of the time they miss something.
Examples:
- Sensitive images transported over HTTP
- Analytics with session data / PII leaked over HTTP
(ForceSSL) [https://github.com/arvinddoraiswamy/mywebappscripts/tree/master/ForceSSL]
Business Logic Flaws
Logic flaws that are tricky, mostly manual:
- substituting hashed parameters
- step manipulation
- use negatives in quantities
- authentication bypass
- application level DoS
- Timing attacks


Ctrl+X
Cut line (empty selection)
Ctrl+C
Copy line (empty selection)
Ctrl+Shift+K
Delete Line
Ctrl+Enter
Insert Line Below


The Pig Dice Game!
Let's play it!!
Enter Name of Player 1
Enter Name of Player 2
Now Let's Play
's Total Score:
0
Player
's Turn
Current turn score:
Roll Result:
Roll My Dice
Hold
's Total Score:
0
Player
's Turn
Current turn score:
Roll Result:
Roll My Dice
Hold


Before Change
from tensorflow_encrypted.protocol import Pond, Server
from tensorflow_encrypted.layer import Conv2D
server0 = Server("/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0")
server1 = Server("/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:1")
crypto_producer = Server("/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:2")
with Pond(server0, server1, crypto_producer) as prot:
a = prot.define_constant(np.array([4, 3, 2, 1]).reshape(2, 2))
b = prot.define_constant(np.array([4, 3, 2, 1]).reshape(2, 2))
After Change
from tensorflow_encrypted.protocol import Pond
from tensorflow_encrypted.layer import Conv2D
config = tfe.LocalConfig(3)
with Pond(*config.players) as prot:
a = prot.define_constant(np.array([4, 3, 2, 1]).reshape(2, 2))
b = prot.define_constant(np.array([4, 3, 2, 1]).reshape(2, 2))


Generates and encoded events for w2tag.
tooltip(msg, [options])
| msg |
string, tag message |
| options |
Object tag options |
The first argument msg is any HTML for w2tag. It can be quite complicated and big as it would be serialized.
The second optional argument options is the object to be passed to $().w2tag() plugin.


Pavarno Family
Steve Pavarno (LinkedIn) | (GitHub).
Is your surname Pavarno? Contact Steve to add your profile or links here.
Projects
Revolting Recipes: a single page app that generates recipes kids will enjoy.
Maths Game: basic addition and subtraction, with random kittens.
Byte Down Security: an interactive story to teach the basics of white hat pen testing to high school students.


The Mozilla Developer Network(MDN) is a community contributed, Mozilla edited and maintained resource for web developers. “Encyclopedic” is often an adjective used to describe the site and the traffic it sees is huge. Try searching for something that has to do with Javascript and it’s usually the first result. At it’s core its, and quite literally the technology is, a wiki. It’s a website that sees hundreds of changes a week to both content on individual pages and the number of groupings of pages themselves. Our challenge was to bring some order to this massive changing site that made it easier to read and find the information contained in MDN, made it easier to contribute content to MDN, and made it easier for Mozilla to expand MDN to include the new products it was launching.
A well thought out information architecture was the goal, and why I was brought into the project, but designing an IA for a site that could have six new sections next week and then ten fewer the week after that was a new challenge. Instead of building a rigid map of what we thought the site should be, we worked with a group of contributors and the editors of the site to create a framework everyone believed in and that met all our goal. To get to the final solution, we ran a series of interviews with the internal stakeholders, another with a group of highly active MDN contributors and then ran a fairly large open card sort with 100 MDN users.
When we started the project we pulled a snapshot of every page on MDN, and found out the site had roughly 39,800 pages and over 500 categories at that time. This obviously made creating a deck of cards to be sorted a little daunting, we needed to consolidate themes. We worked through this with our stakeholders and contributors in our interviews and ended up with a still rather hefty but much more manageable 93 cards. I should note here that having a very enthusiastic and engaged user-base is the only thing that makes a card sort with this many cards possible. We ended up with an 11% abandonment rate, and hit 100 responses in less than 36 hours.
From this point we took our list of categories the participants created and used some affinity diagraming to come up with a basic set of categories for the site, aided by the giant similarity matrix. While there weren’t very many surprises in the similarity matrix, some of the phasing used in the categories was different that what we had initially come up with and we let the tone and phrasing of our users influence our final wording. Under these new groupings we reused most of the existing IA inside of individual topics. In “Zones” each product group chose created a new IA for their new section on MDN.
While I was focusing on the IA of the redesigned site, the other half of the team was working on a new layout, identity and interactions for MDN. While I consulted on these, and gave my critiques of them, they are largely the result of the rest of the team and not me individually. That said, they are way too rad not to call out here.
You can view the whole new MDN site at developer.mozilla.org


| Interface | Description |
|---|---|
| Bool |
Has boolean characteristics, being true, false, or empty.
|
| Closure<ReturnType,ParamType> | |
| Comparing<T> |
Extensions to the Comparable interface.
|
| Sequence<T,C extends Sequence<T,C>> |
A list with extended functionality, modeled on the Enumerable class in Ruby.
|
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| BooleanArray |
Wraps boolean[] and Boolean[].
|
| ByteArray | |
| Char | |
| CharArray | |
| Common |
The most commonly used methods in ijdk, suitable for static import and replete with name
collisions.
|
| Comp |
Extensions to the Comparable interface.
|
| DefaultComparing<T extends java.lang.Comparable<T>> |
A class that implements
Comparing , handling null as the object wrapped and used in
the compareTo method. |
| DoubleArray | |
| FloatArray | |
| ICore | |
| Int |
Extensions to Integer, wrapping a possibly-null Integer with better null checking.
|
| IntArray |
Utilities for
int[] . |
| IntegerArray |
An array that allows insertion at any point, not within the set size.
|
| KeyValue<K,V> |
Otherwise known as a Pair.
|
| LongArray | |
| Maths |
Math extensions.
|
| NCPair<FirstType,SecondType> |
A pair of objects that do not implement Comparable.
|
| Obj<T> |
Extension to the Object class, wrapping a JDK Object with additional methods.
|
| Objects |
Extensions to the Object class.
|
| Output |
Various ways of writing output, to files, and standard out.
|
| Pair<FirstType extends java.lang.Comparable<? super FirstType>,SecondType extends java.lang.Comparable<? super SecondType>> |
A two-element tuple, for classes that are comparable.
|
| Pathname |
Extends java.io.File with Ruby-ish functionality, based on pathname.rb.
|
| PathnameGlob | |
| Range |
A range of integers, inclusive.
|
| ShortArray | |
| Str |
Extensions to the String class.
|
| Strings |
Extensions to the String class.
|
| Thrw |
| Enum | Description |
|---|---|
| Str.Option |


Road Warriors
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Alternative Implementation of Deletion
Below algorithm is a version of FIB-HEAP-DELETE procedure. It runs faster when the node being deleted is not the pointed to by H.min.
PISANO-DELETE (H, x):
// Checking condition the node is min heap or not.1 if x = min[H]
// refer from the text book, section 19.22 FIB-HEAP-EXTRACT-MIN(H)
// initialize the parent of the node3 else
// checking initialization node is nil or not4 if NIL
// performing cut operation on tree (refer from the text book, section 19.3)5 CUT(H, x, y)
// performing cascading cut operation (refer from the text book, section 19.3) 6 CASCADING-CUT(H, y)
// now adding the child list to the root list7 add child list to the root list of H
// removing the node from root list8 remove x from the root list of H
a. Consider the line 7 of the above algorithm that is:
Add child list to the root list of H
This assumption is based on the condition that X has only one child (performed in actual time). This is wrong because, if the child list of X has more than two entries, and for collecting every child node, and then add that to the root list of H, then it may require more than time. This is so because there are chances of having more than one child in a particular node X.
This procedure will take time if there will be n children of node X and this n is actually the number of children attached to the node X.
So, it can be any number from 1 to n.
b. Each Cascading-Cut procedure runs in time.
Hence, if C calls are made, total time is provides the running time of line 7 because this cost is going to applied on every node of the list and which is find in terms of degree.
If X is not H.min, total running time of this will be where N is the number of members in Heap H because the calls are now going to perform further until the condition of min H is not matched.
c. Fibonacci heap have trees at the maximum marked nodes are
(are the numbers of unmarked nodes by cascading cuts). Therefore, the potential bounded by this term is:
Now, referring to page 509 for equation (19.1)
Potential function:
... ... (1)
The potential function=number of trees +2 times number of marked nodes.
Consider if c be the number of tree added to the root list then c–1 were marked (last call makes node unmarked in cascading-cuts).
Number increases by c and marked node decreases by at least c–2.
Hence the above expression (1) becomes as shown below:
d. As the amortized time of FIB-HEAP-DELETE is, the amortized time of PISANO-DELETE can reach a minimum of this value only. It is due to the fact that the procedure for removing of children of X and adding them to root of H is a time taking process and compensates for the decrease in time generated by PISANO-DELETE.
Hence, the lower limit of amortized time taken by PISANO-DELETE is also.
This is no better than the FIB-HEAP-DELETE and neither the checking of min heap for a node is effect that because in the last amortized cost nature is same in both the cases because in part (c) nature of final expression is not going to change due to this condition.
BINOMIAL TREES AND BINOMIAL HEAPS
Binomial tree: The binomial tree is represented by the symbol. It is defined in a recursive way and is an ordered tree. It can represent more intuitively with the help of diagram as,
It can be visualize that the binomial tree have a single node and consist of two in which one of them is the leftmost child of the other node.
a. Binomial tree holds the following properties:
1. There are nodes.
In the tree, finding thathas two copies of this is shown below:
By applying process of induction on the given statement,
When k=1,
Therefore, is true.
Assume that the given condition is also holds for all positive integer k. Now it will prove this for next higher integer k+1.
Thus, by mathematical induction is true. So, holds for all natural numbers.
Hence total number of nodes is equal to.
2. The height of the tree is equal to k.
The binomial tree has the tree as the child of the other, .
By applying induction process on k,
So, it can be concluded that the height of the tree is one more than the height of which is equal to.
3. There are nodes at the depth i in which the value of.
Consider that is the number of nodes which is at the depth i in the binomial tree and it is equal to the sum of the number which is at the depth i and which is at the depth i–1 which is shown as:
Hence,
4. The root has the degree k, which is greater than any other node; and if the children of the root are numbered left to right by and in which the child i is the root of the sub-tree,
Any node which have its degree greater than in the binomial tree is the root node in which there is one child more than the. And as deduced above the degree of the root has k-1, and the degree of the root is k.
It can be deduced inductively that have the children which is the root ofwhich is shown below:
Hence, it can be easily concluded that the root has its children.
BINOMIAL HEAPS: Binomial heap is a group of binomial tree which is represented by the symbol H. It obeys the binomial heap properties which are as follows:
1. It is like a Fibonacci heap in which each node has a key.
2. It should satisfy min-heap property which implies key of the parents node is less than or equal to key of its child nodes.
3. There is minimum one binomial tree of degree k in binomial heap H where k is a nonnegative integer.
Binomial heap can be represents more intuitively with the help of diagram as shown:
It can be visualize that binomial heap is a combination of three binomial tree which are.b. With the reference to the 2nd property it is derived that the smallest key of the binomial tree is the key of the root node. By using the third properties it is clear that in an n-node binomial heap the number of trees is at most. The binary representation of the node n and the H is defined as,
By using First property of the Lemma which implies contains 2i nodes so that appears in the heap H if 1 holds well. And hence it is concluded that the H consists of at most binomial trees.
Consider an example that can be used for proving that H consists of at most binomial trees. Suppose a heap is consisting of 12 nodes. Then
12= <1, 1, 0, 0>2
Consist of two binomial trees.
In the above diagram it is clear that, if the binomial heap contains 12 nodes then there are two binomial trees in the binomial heap which are.Then by using the third properties it is clear that in an n-node binomial heap the number of trees is at most. So if the value of n=12.
Number of binomial trees in binomial heap H
So, it is clear from the above example the total number of binomial trees in binomial heap are 2.
c. Binomial heap: Binomial heap which is represented by H is a group of binomial trees. It obeys the binomial heap properties which are as follows:
1. It should satisfy heap-ordered property which implies key of the parents node is less than or equal to key of its child nodes.
2. There is minimum one binomial tree of degree k in binomial heap H where k is a nonnegative integer.
Representation of the binomial heap: T he binomial tree with the help of left-child; right-sibling is represented in such a way that the node b has a pointer for its leftmost child as b.child, b.sibling for its immediate right sibling and b.p for its parent. And it also contains a field for the data in which the number of children in b.degree.
As represented in the figure- organize the roots of the tree with the help of linked list, the root list. The degree of the root increases monotonically as the root list is traversed. Now for the root b, the b.sibling use to point to the next root in the list and as usual the NIL is the undefined pointer. Representation of binomial heap is shown by following example: Suppose a heap is consisting of 13 nodes. Then,
13= <1, 1, 0, 1>2
Consist of three binomial trees.
Binomial heap is represented by using linked list arranged in the order of increasing degree is as shown:
Operation performed on the binomial heap: Various operations on the binomial heaps are as shown below:
1. MAKE-HEAP:
To create an empty-heap MAKE-HEAP used to allocates and the object H is returned. The worst case running time for the MAKE-HEAP algorithm isas for the creation of heap it runs only once.
2. MINIMUM:
Its procedure is as,
BINOMIAL-HEAP-MINIMUM (H)
// make a pointer to the current value of min
b=NIL
a=H.head
min=infinity
// check condition
while a != NIL
do
if a.key < min
then min=a.key
b=a
a=a.sibling
return b
// end
A pointer is returned to the nodes which have the minimum key by the procedure. And as discussed the binomial-heap is a min-heap so the minimum must lie in the root so in this we only need to check in the root list for nodes.
Hence, the running time is .
3. UNION: It is done by the uniting of two Binomial-Heaps. It generally links the Binomial trees which have the same size.
BINOMIAL-HEAP-UNION (H1, H2)
H=MAKE-HEAD ()
H.head = BINOMIAL-HEAP-MERGE (H1, H2)
make H1 and H2 as free
if H.head = NIL
then return H
a.prev = NIL
a = H.head
a.next = a.sibling
// check condition
while a.next != NIL
do
if (a.degree != degree [a.next]) or (sibling [a.next] != NIL and degree [sibling [a.next]] = a.degree)
then a.prev = a
a = a.next
else if a.key =< key [a.next]
then a.sibling = sibling [a.next]
// BINOMIAL-LINK is called
BINOMIAL-LINK (a.next, a)
else if a.prev = NIL
then H.head = a.next
else
sibling [a.prev] = a.next
// BINOMIAL-LINK is called
BINOMIAL-LINK (a, a.next)
a = a.next
a.next = a.sibling
return H
//end
This procedure unites the heaps H1 and H2 and destroys them. It works in two phases-in the first phase we have BINOMIAL-HEAP-MERGE in which the roots of H1 and H2 are merged into a single linked-list and in the second phase we have BINOMIAL-HEAP-UNION.
Consider that the heap H1 have n1 nodes and the heap H2 contains n2 nodes, so the total number of nodes that the H contains is equal to n=n1+n2 nodes. And as we have H1 which have at most +1 roots and the H2 have root so the heap H have at most roots.
Here the running time for the BINOMIAL-HEAP-MERGE is equal to .and each of the iteration in the while loop takes time. Hence, the total iterations are equal to. Since in the each iteration, one of the roots is removed. Therefore the phase 2 also takes time.
So, the overall complexity is equal to the .
4. INSERTION:
BINOMIAL-HEAP-INSERT (H, a)
// MAKE-HEAP is called
H’ = MAKE-HEAP ()
a.p = NIL
a.child = NIL
a.sibling = NIL
a.degree = 0
H’.degree = a
// BINOMIAL-HEAP-UNION is called
H = BINOMIAL-HEAP-UNION (H, H’)
Consider that the node a has been allocated and its key value a.key is set, then the, BINOMIAL-HEAP-INSERT make an insertion into the heap H by keeping it in the heap H’ which have a single element which have the time complexity as and by making the union with H we have the overall complexity as.
5. Minimum Heap Extraction:
BINOMIAL-HEAP-EXTRACT-MIN (H)
1. The root a is searched which have the minimum key in the root list and the
node a is removed from the list
// MAKE-BINOMIAL-HEAP is used
2. H = MAKE-BINOMIAL-HEAP is used
3. Then the order of the linked list is reverse in such a way that H’.head point to the list head
// BINOMIAL-HEAP-UNION is used
4. H = BINOMIAL-HEAP-UNION (H, H’)
5. return a
// end
The line 1 and 4 take time and line number 3 takes times and the line 2 and 5 takes time. Hence the overall complexity is equal to.
6. Decreasing a key:
BINOMIAL-HEAP-DECREASE-KEY (H, a, k)
if k > a.key
then error “key.new > key.current”
a.key = k
b = a
c = b.p
while c != NIL and b.key < c.key
do
exchange b.key and c.key
// also exchange the data if any
b = c
c = b.p
Since the while loop iterates for the maximum of times. So, the procedure has the time complexity of.
7. Deleting a key:
BINOMIAL-HEAP-DELETE (H, a)
BINOMIAL-HEAP-DELETE (H, a, –)
BINOMIAL-HEAP-EXTRACT-MIN (H)
BINOMIAL-HEAP-DECREASE-KEY bubbles are infinity to the root, where it is removed by BINOMIAL-HEAP-EXTRACT-MIN. Since, both procedures run in time, so does BINOMIAL-HEAP-DELETE.
d. MERGEABLE-HEAP: MERGEABLE HEAP is the data structure for maintaining the dynamic set of items with the help of keys. It supports five operations which are as follows:
It creates and returns a new empty heap.
: It is used to insert node a into the heap H whose the key field is set.
: A pointer is returned to the node in the heap H whose value of key is minimum.
: The node whose key is minimum in H is deleted and a pointer is returned to it.
: A new heap is created and returned which have all the nodes of heap H1 and H2. And in this operation both the heap H1 and H2 are destroyed. Both the operations are supported by the Binomial and Fibonacci heaps which are merging able heaps.
: The node a is assigned the new key value of k which is supposed to be the current key. : It deletes node a from the heap H.
Binary heaps has a better performance of except for UNION, which takes time.
The relationship between the worst case complexity for the Binomial Heap and the Fibonacci Heap is illustrated below:
|
operation |
Binomial-heap (worst-case) |
Fibonacci-heap (AMORTISED) |
|
MAKE-HEAP |
||
|
UNION |
||
|
INSERT |
||
|
MINIMUM |
||
|
EXTRACT-MIN |
||
|
DECREASE-KEY |
||
|
DELETE |
Both the heaps are not efficient for the search operation so the operation DECREASE-KEY and DELETE have a pointer for the given node. Also show that the maximum degree in the n-node Fibonacci heap is. It can be deduced inductively.
Consider that the entire heap which has the m nodes has a maximum degree. And show that a heap has an n-node and has a maximum degree of.
Now, consider a heap having n-nodes. The height of this node is one greater than its parent (since we are not in the base case).
Hence, its maximum degree is by the induction hypothesis. It can also be derived that for the nth node the maximum degree as.
Hence it can be concluded that the maximum degree of the n-node in a Fibonacci-heap is.
MCGEE HEAP: It is a heap in which the implementation of all the operation is same as the Fibonacci heap which supports all the Mergeable-Heaps operations instead of insertion and union.
e. It can be observed, that the Fibonacci Heap in which all the Mergeable operations are supported is one of the collections of the binomial-trees. This heap contains maximum n nodes. Hence the largest degree is of.
As discussed the consolidation of roots is performed after the Union and the Insertion operation, it lead the entire binomial tree in the MCGEE-Heap in such a condition that the order is different. This case is also observed after the operation DELETE-min.
Hence it can be concluded that the MCGEE-Heap is a well known Binomial-Heaps.
So the complexity will be as follows:
|
operation |
Binomial-heap (worst-case) |
|
MAKE-HEAP |
|
|
UNION |
|
|
INSERT |
|
|
MINIMUM |
|
|
EXTRACT-MIN |
|
|
DECREASE-KEY |
|
|
DELETE |
Augmentation of Fibonacci heap
Fibonacci heap is a structural model which is a grouping of several heaps. Fibonacci heap performs all the operations of mergeable heap. One more property of Fibonacci heap is that the time taken operations is constant amortized. They have a better running time than the normal binomial heap. Fibonacci heap is composed of a set of heaps. Every heap fulfills the minimum requirement of a min-heap.
So in the heap, each key is either equal to or greater than the value of its parent’s key.
The diagram above shows a Fibonacci heap. In the diagram it can be inspected that the value of the key of each and every node is either larger than or equal to the key of its parent. The dotted line denotes the nodes located at the root or base of the heap.
Operations on Fibonacci heap: The operations that come under mergeable heap are given below:
MAKE-HEAP ():
This procedure is used for the creation of a heap that has no element in it, initially. The amortized execution time of this procedure is.
INSERT (H, e):
This operation is used to insert a new element e in heap H. In this case, the key for element e is already there in heap H. Locating the key in the heap takes constant amount of time and the equal time is taken in inserting a node in the heap. This operation is completed in the constant amount of time and the amortized time taken by this operation is.
MINIMUM (H):
This operation finds the minimum key from the meargeable heap and then returns a pointer that point to that element. Like the insertion, in this case also, the key value of the node can be located in the constant amount of time. The amortized time taken by this operation is also.EXTRACT-MIN (H):
This operation is similar to MINIMUM (H) operation except that it deletes the item from the heap.In this operation first of all the minimum key is removed from the heap. Now as the element having the minimum value has been deleted, the kids of that key must be brought to the root. The execution time of this operation is dependent on the number of nodes. The amortized time taken by this task is.
UNION (H1,H2):
This operation is used to connect two heaps. In this, a new heap is created holding the items of both of the heaps. Once the new heap is created, both of the previous heaps are removed from the memory. The amortized time taken by this operation is.
In the amortized completion time, the average cost is calculated. This keeps the running cost of operations small. Including mergeable heap operations, Fibonacci heap is also comprised of two more operations: DECRASE-KEY and DELETE.
For Fibonacci heap operations, the amortized running time of DELETE and EXTRACT-MIN operations isand rest of operations have amortized running time of. For making any new operation, no change in amortized running time means that the working part of operations should not been changed.
a . Considerbe the given heap, be the node whose value is to be replaced by. In this the value and position is taken from the user and the value at the node has been replaced by the key. Algorithm for this given below:
FIB-HEAP-CHANGE-KEY(H, x, k)
// Use of if condition to check if the value of k is less than the value of x.key
1. if ()
//When the condition is met, assigning of element in heap that has valuekin it
//is done
2. then FIB-HEAP-DECREASE-KEY(H, x, k)
//If the value of k is larger than x.key, then delete item x from heap
3. else Fib-Heap-Delete(H, x)
//create a new node that the value should be inserted in
4.
//Now, insert the node in the heap
5. FIB-HEAP-INSERT (H, y)
Explanation of the procedure:
First of all line 1 checks if the keyof item xis less than or equal to the value of k. If this is true then the procedure FIB-HEAP-DECREASE-KEY () is called in the line 2 of the procedure. This procedure would not generate a new node rather it would replace the old valuewith the later one.
If the condition is not true, line 3 is executed. This line would remove the element from the heap. Now as the latest value has to be located exactly from where the old value was deleted. To get it done, a new node has to be created and then placed in the heap. So, allocate the memory for the newly created node and assign the key value to it as the key. This would be done in the line 4 of the procedure.
Ultimately line 5 inserts the new node in the heap by invoking the procedure FIB-HEAP-INSERT (). This way the key value of the item can be altered and the new value can be put in. In the algorithm given above, the time required by the operations Fib-Heap-Insert (H, y) and Fib-Heap-Decrease-Key (H, x, k) is equal to O(1) and time taken by operation Fib-Heap-Delete(H, x) is O(log n). It is because the procedure of inserting any element and decreasing key would need only one step and in order to delete an element, the position should be taken into consideration.
Amortized time analysis of procedure
Keeping the values of x.key and k in the mind as the base values, there would be three cases. The key provided for replacement of the previous value can be less than the current key of the node, equal to the previous key value or larger than the key value of the node.
Amortize completion time for all of the above said cases are given below:
Case 1: : When the value of , then the amortized time will be
O (lg n)+O(1). This is the time taken in locating the node and changing it with the new value. The time taken in locating the node would be and the node can be changed in the constant time. This makes the amortized running time equal to.
Case 2: : When the value of, the operation Fib-Heap-Decrease-Key (H, x, k) is performed. This operation takes time of. So, in this case, the amortized completion time must be constant and that is.
Case 3: : When the value of, then the amortized tome will be O(1). It is because the operation Fib-Heap-Decrease-Key(H, x, k) is performed, which takes time of O(1).
b . FIB HEAP PRUNE operation is used to delete node from the heap. In this operation, two arguments (heap and number of nodes) are passed. After this, the number of nodes that should be deleted is calculated.
This can be achieved by locating the minimum from the set of nodes of the heap and getting the number of nodes user wants to delete. It is because if user enters more number of nodes than the total items available in the heap, the procedure would provide a remedy by finding the minimum of these values. After this, the elements are deleted by using for loop.
In a Fibonacci Heap, the nodes can be deleted from leaves, so no rearrangements are to be implemented. Therefore, each single node deletion will take time O(1).
The algorithm for this is given below: The function takes two arguments in it. H is the heap and r is the number of nodes that user wants to delete.
FIB-HEAP-PRUNE (H, r)
//Find the minimum value between the entered value and size of the heap and store it in
// the variable q
1.
//Use of for loop to delete q number of items from the heap
2. for
//Assign the new value to x
3. FIB-HEAP-DECREASE-KEY(H, x, -infinity)
//Extract the newly build heap
4. FIB-HEAP-EXTRACT-MIN(H)
Explanation of the procedure:
The procedure is meant for deleting a random number of values from the heap. The approach used over here makes it by traversing the entire nodes and accessing the node that must be removed from the heap. This is done as follows:
In the line 1 of the procedure the search has to be initialized. This can be done by setting the initial point of search at the start of the heap. There remains apossibility that a user enters a number bigger than the total number of items in the heap.
In that case, the procedure willbe unable to remove the desired number of nodes. So the procedure to find the minimum value can be invoked. If the number of nodes is less than the value supplied as argument, that would be the new minimum value in the heap. The value that is found can be accumulated in a variable. This is what the line 1 of the procedure does.
In the line 2 initialize a loop. This run till the minimum value is reached. Inside the loop the procedure FIB-HEAP-DECREASE-KEY would be called. This is what happens in the line 3 of the procedure. This procedure would in turn make a new heap that has node x as the root. One more thing that is to be ensured is that the new value must not be greater than the current value of the node. This is required to preserve the property of the min-heap. This is done by assigning the value to the node and this way the property of the min-heap is not violated.
Now the task is to delete the minimum value from the heap. This helps in getting the required value deleted from the tree. This is done with the help of line 4. Line 4 calls the procedure FIB-HEAP-EXTRACT-MIN. This procedure would find the minimum value from the heap and delete it.After being through, the procedure also takes the update of the pointers appropriately into the account.
Once this is done the next repetition of the loop happens and so on. This would happen till the minimum value is reached. This way all the nodes after the minimum value are ignored and a new heap with less number of nodes is created. After all, the desired number of nodes is deleted from the heap and a new heap with less number of nodes is created.
Amortized time analysis of procedure:
Amortized completion time analysis can be performedas shown:
As the loop provides the completion time of and the running time provided by FIB-HEAP-DELETE is .So running time will be. Here q is the number of deleted elements and n is the number of nodes.
A potential function is used for mapping of data structure with real number. The amortized completion time for ith number of operation can be given as:
, where ci is the original cost and is potential change due to operation. So, for the operation FIB-HEAP-PRUNE, the potential distinction will be equal to the negated value of the number of deleted nodes, which is –q.
Amortized cost
So, the amortized completion time for FIB-HEAP-PRUNE (H, r) is.


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