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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION I.A. No. 52448 of 2017 IN WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 728 of 2015 Arjun Gopal and Ors. ….Petitioners versus Union of India and Ors. …Respondents JUDGMENT
Madan B. Lokur, J.
1. A large number of disparate prayers have been made in this public interest litigation initiated by the petitioners under Article 32 of the Constitution, but for the time being we are only concerned with the first prayer. This is to the effect that this Court may issue a writ of mandamus or any other appropriate writ or direction to ban the use of fireworks, sparklers and minor explosives in any form, during festivals or otherwise. Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by
2. The public interest relief sought for is required to be considered from SANJAY KUMAR Date: 2017.09.12 12:10:57 IST two perspectives: firstly, from preventing air pollution through the bursting Reason:
IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 1 of 44 of fireworks and secondly, by invoking the provisions of the Explosives Act, 1884 and the Explosives Rules, 2008 framed thereunder for preventing air pollution by restricting the possession and sale of fireworks in the National Capital Region.
Fireworks and air pollution in 2016
3. The prayer for a complete prohibition on the sale of fireworks due to pollution in the air caused by the bursting of fireworks was considered at an interim stage by this Court and a detailed order passed on 11th November, 2016.1 The manufacturers and suppliers of fireworks primarily based in Sivakasi (Tamil Nadu) moved an application on or about 5th July, 2017 for modification of that interim order. The modification application is registered as I.A. No. 52448 of 2017 and we now propose to decide that application.
4. The background for the interim order passed on 11th November, 2016 is that Diwali was celebrated in 2016 on 30th October. On the next day, it was discovered that PM2.5 levels in the air had crossed 700 µg/m3 being among the highest levels recorded in the world and about 29 times above the standards laid down by the World Health Organization (WHO). We need not 1 Arjun Gopal v. Union of India, (2017) 1 SCC 412 IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 2 of 44 delve into the details given in the order since there is no dispute that the air in Delhi and in most parts of the National Capital Region (NCR) was stiflingly polluted. This resulted in many falling sick and others having to purchase face masks for personal use and install air purifiers in buildings.
5. The conclusion that the air in the NCR and particularly in Delhi was polluted is not only based on the above information but is also based on the statutory standards or the National Ambient Air Quality Standards laid down in India. The standards are in Schedule VII of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986. Broadly stated the presence of PM2.5 should range between 40 and 60 µg/m3 and the presence of PM10 should range between 60 and 100 µg/m3. For the purposes of a lay person understanding this, it would be enough to say that air quality index or AQI is dependent on eight pollutants and the categorization based on the presence of these pollutants is as follows:
AQI Range Category 0-50 Good 51-100 Satisfactory 101-200 Moderately polluted 201-300 Poor 301-400 Very poor 401-500 Severe
In Delhi, during November 2016 the AQI was way above 500 on several days and IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 3 of 44 had even crossed 700 the day after Diwali. The standards laid down in Schedule VII of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 are as follows:
SCHEDULE VII National Ambient Air Quality Standards S. Pollutant Time Concentration in Ambient Air No. weighted Average Industrial, Ecologically Methods of measurement Residential, Sensitive Rural and Area Other Area (notified by Central Government) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
1. Sulphur Annual* 50 20 - Improved West and Dioxide (SO2), Gaeke µg/m 3 24 hours** 80 80 - Ultraviolet fluorescence
2. Nitrogen Annual* 40 30 - Modified Jacob & Dioxide (NO2), Hochheiser (Na-
µg/m3 24 hours** 80 80 Arsenite) - Chemiluminescence 3. Particulate Annual* 60 60 - Gravimetric Matter (size less - TOEM than 10µm) or 24 hours** 100 100 - Beta attenuation PM10 µg/m3 4. Particulate Annual* 40 40 - Gravimetric Matter (size less - TOEM than 2.5µm) or 24 hours** 60 60 - Beta attenuation PM2.5 µg/m3 5. Ozone (O3) 8 hours* * 100 100 - UV photometric µg/m3 - Chemiluminescence 1 hour** 180 180 - Chemical Method 6. Lead (Pb) Annual* 0.50 0.50 - AAS/ICP method after µg/m3 sampling on EPM 24 hours** 1.0 1.0 2000 or equivalent filter paper - ED-XRF using Teflon filter 7. Carbon 8 hours* * 02 02 - Non Dispersive, Infra Monoxide (CO) Red (NDIR) mg/m3 1 hour** 04 04 spectroscopy 8. Ammonia Annual* 100 100 - Chemiluminescence (NH3) µg/m3 - Indophenol blue 24 hours** 400 400 method IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 4 of 44 9. Benzene (C6H6) Annual* 05 05 - Gas chromatography µg/m3 based continuous analyzer - Adsorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis 10. Benzo(α) Annual* 01 01 - Solvent extraction Pyrene (BaP) - followed by HPLC particulate /GC analysis phase only, ng/m3 11. Arsenic (As), Annual* 06 06 - AAS/ICP method after µg/m3 sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper 12. Nickel (Ni), Annual* 20 20 - AAS/ICP method after µg/m3 sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper
* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals.
** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 1 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year, 2% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
Notes. - Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive days of monitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective category, it shall be considered adequate reason to institute regular or continuous monitoring and further investigations.
6. In the backdrop of these staggeringly high PM2.5 levels and other information provided by learned counsel appearing for the parties, including damage to health by breathing in such highly polluted air, this Court directed the Union of India on 11th November, 2016 to:
(i) Suspend all such licences as permit sale of fireworks, wholesale and retail within the territory of the National Capital Region (NCR).
(ii) The suspension shall remain in force till further orders of this Court.
(iii) No such licences shall be granted or renewed till further orders.
IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 5 of 44
7. The directions given by this Court have been implemented and are presently in operation. It was further directed that the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) will study and prepare a report on the harmful effects of the materials currently used in the manufacture of fireworks. The report was to be submitted to this Court within a period of three months.
Notwithstanding the aforesaid order the CPCB has not furnished the report.
Application for modification of the interim order
8. Feeling aggrieved by the continuance of the interim order passed on 11th November, 2016 the concerned manufacturer and supplier of fireworks moved I.A. No.52448 of 2017 for modification/vacation of the said order. The applicant was supported by other manufacturers and suppliers.
9. It is stated in the application for modification or vacation of the interim order that there are 821 fireworks industries situated in and around Sivakasi and they produce and supply fireworks and sparklers all over the country for festivals such as Diwali, Dussehra, Christmas, Ramzan and other important ceremonies. It is further stated that these industries directly employ about 2 lakh people and in addition, about 3 lakhs are employed in ancillary and subsidiary industries connected with the production and supply of fireworks.
IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 6 of 44
10. According to the applicant the National Green Tribunal (NGT) rendered a decision on 10th November, 2016 in Original Application No.21 of 2014 and other connected matters in which it is recorded that there are seven major contributors of air pollution in the NCR and these are:
1. Construction activity and carriage of construction material.
2. Burning of Municipal Solid Waste and other waste.
3. Burning of agriculture residue.
4. Vehicular Pollution.
5. Dust on the roads.
6. Industrial and power house emission including fly-ash.
7. Emissions from Hot-Mix Plants and Stone Crushers.
In other words, the submission of the applicant was that fireworks are not a major contributor of air pollution. We may, however, add that during the course of submissions, it was accepted by learned counsel for all the parties that whether or not the bursting of fireworks is a major cause of air pollution in the NCR, it is certainly one of the causes of air pollution, particularly in Delhi.
11. The applicant also referred to and relied upon a study conducted by the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IIT-K) in January 2016. The study is titled “Comprehensive Study on Air Pollution and Green House Gases in Delhi”. The study was submitted in the form of a report to the Department of IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 7 of 44 Environment of the Government of NCT of Delhi and the Delhi Pollution Control Committee. The study conducted by IIT-K suggests that the sources of PM2.5 are several but the bursting of fireworks is not one of them. We have not been informed whether any use has been made (if at all) of the study.
12. In addition to the aforesaid, the applicant also relied upon a view expressed by the CPCB before this Court to the effect that poor wind speed was one of the causes of smog over Delhi particularly in the winter months. It was also submitted that there are certain other geographical and meteorological conditions such as temperature, wind direction and boundary layer that contribute to the presence of smog in Delhi.
13. It was also submitted that the burning of crops or stubbles in Punjab and Pakistan also caused air pollution in Delhi and indeed this was the case in October-November 2016. A reference was made to a brief write up along with an image, released by the Earth Observatory of the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) and dated 2nd November, 2016, stating that, “Punjab ranks among the nation’s top wheat and rice producers. For a few weeks in October and November, Punjab also becomes a major producer of air pollution.” A reference was also made to a report in the New York Times by Geeta Anand on 2nd November, 2016 that an estimated 32 million tons of leftover straw from rice harvests were burnt in Punjab and Haryana, in spite IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 8 of 44 of an NGT direction against this, and this led to plumes of smoke blackening the skies in the capital.
14. The applicant drew our attention to the poor air quality in Delhi on the days prior to Diwali 2016 and for more than a month thereafter. A comparison was drawn with the air quality recorded by the CPCB in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka and West Bengal to suggest that on some days prior to Diwali, the air quality was not particularly healthy in select cities in these States thereby suggesting that the air is generally polluted in different parts of the country and the bursting of fireworks may marginally add (if at all) to air pollution. In this context it was submitted that the bursting of fireworks takes place only for a couple of days around Diwali and other festive occasions and that cannot by itself result in a substantial deterioration in air quality all over the country including Delhi. The bursting of fireworks around Diwali would have only a temporary and transitory impact and not any long lasting effect. Therefore, the bursting of fireworks around Diwali does not explain high PM2.5 levels in Delhi more than even a month after Diwali.
15. During the course of submissions it was pointed out that the Delhi Pollution Control Committee had issued a direction on 8th November, 2016 under the provisions of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 banning the bursting of fireworks at all times except on religious IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 9 of 44 occasions. It was submitted that this ban is still in force and therefore it cannot be said that the terrible quality of air in Delhi in November 2016 and thereafter is attributable only to bursting of fireworks - there are several other factors. It was submitted that on an overall consideration of the issues, the ban and sale of fireworks in Delhi and in the NCR should be modified if not lifted.
16. Learned counsel for the petitioners gave us a Note on the harmful and deleterious effects of some of the chemicals used in fireworks. We have no doubt and indeed no learned counsel had any doubt that the excessive use of chemicals in fireworks could have serious and deleterious health effects, particularly among children. We are, therefore, proceeding on this basis without reference to the Note since there is no dispute on this aspect. With this agreement in mind (which has always been there), we had passed an order on 31st July, 2017 after hearing learned counsel as well as Dr. A.B. Akolkar, Member Secretary of the CPCB and Mr. K. Sundershan, Deputy Chief Controller of Explosives, Sivakasi to the effect that fireworks manufactured by the respondents shall not contain antimony, lithium, mercury, arsenic and lead in any form whatsoever. We had also directed that it would be the responsibility of PESO to ensure compliance particularly in Sivakasi. We had noted that there was some doubt about the health hazards that could be caused IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 10 of 44 by the use of strontium in fireworks and adjourned the matter to hear submissions in that regard.
Steps taken to reduce air pollution
17. Learned counsel for the parties drew our attention to certain steps that have been taken to curb air pollution in Delhi around the time of Diwali.
18. The Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization (PESO) had laid the foundation stone of the Fireworks Development Research Centre (FDRC) on 28th November, 2004. This is a specialized Centre which has been operating now for quite some time. The functions and activities of the Centre are the following:
1. Research & Development of eco friendly fireworks.
2. Testing of raw materials used in the manufacturing of fireworks.
3. Mechanisation of hazardous process in fireworks industry.
4. Testing of general performance and sound level of fireworks.
5. Rendering guidance for development of new products and standardization of general products.
6. Improvement of quality control and quality assurance.
7. Imparting training to supervisors and workers of fireworks factories.
8. Investigation of accidents.
19. It was brought to our notice that the FDRC has done some good work though related only to a few fireworks that are colloquially referred to as (a) IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 11 of 44 Atom Bomb, (b) Chinese crackers (no reference to China at all), (c) Maroons and (d) Garland crackers. This study and research relates to the sound caused by the bursting of these fireworks and the light and colour emitted by them. No work has been done or study conducted at all with reference to pollution in the air caused by the bursting of these or other fireworks. We were informed (somewhat faintly) that this is really the job of the CPCB but the FDRC is willing to extend full cooperation to the CPCB in arriving at some definite standards.
20. It was also pointed out that this Court had passed an order on 18th July, 2005 in Noise Pollution (V), in Re.2 to the following effect:
(i) Firecrackers “174. 1. On a comparison of the two systems i.e. the present system of evaluating firecrackers on the basis of noise levels, and the other where the firecrackers shall be evaluated on the basis of chemical composition, we feel that the latter method is more practical and workable in Indian circumstances. It shall be followed unless and until replaced by a better system.
2. The Department of Explosives (DOE) shall undertake necessary research activity for the purpose and come out with the chemical formulae for each type or category or class of firecrackers. DOE shall specify the proportion/composition as well as the maximum permissible weight of every chemical used in manufacturing firecrackers.
3. The Department of Explosives may divide the firecrackers into two categories - (i) sound-emitting firecrackers, and (ii) colour/light- emitting firecrackers.
2 (2005) 5 SCC 733 IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 12 of 44
4. There shall be a complete ban on bursting sound-emitting firecrackers between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. It is not necessary to impose restrictions as to time on bursting of colour/light-emitting firecrackers.
5. Every manufacturer shall on the box of each firecracker mention details of its chemical contents and that it satisfies the requirement as laid down by DOE. In case of a failure on the part of the manufacturer to mention the details or in cases where the contents of the box do not match the chemical formulae as stated on the box, the manufacturer may be held liable.
6. Firecrackers for the purpose of export may be manufactured bearing higher noise levels subject to the following conditions: (i) the manufacturer should be permitted to do so only when he has an export order with him and not otherwise; (ii) the noise levels for these firecrackers should conform to the noise standards prescribed in the country to which they are intended to be exported as per the export order; (iii) these firecrackers should have a different colour packing, from those intended to be sold in India; (iv) they must carry a declaration printed thereon something like “not for sale in India” or “only for export to country AB” and so on.
But again these directions were confined to the sound (or noise), colour and light emitted by the bursting of fireworks and had no reference to air pollution.
21. We were also informed that this Court had passed an order on 16th October, 2015 in the present petition to the following effect:
“The Union Governments and all the State Governments will give wide publicity both in print and Electronic media to the ill effects of fireworks and advise people accordingly.
We also direct the Teachers/ Lecturers/ Assistant Professors/ Professors of the Schools and Colleges to educate the students about the ill effects of the fireworks.” IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 13 of 44 In other words, directions have been issued by this Court from time to time to prevent air pollution around the time of Diwali and to make people aware of the health hazards of bursting fireworks.
22. An affidavit has been filed on behalf of the Government of NCT of Delhi on 26th August 2017 in which it is stated that school children are being informed about the hazards and ill-effects of indiscriminate bursting of fireworks by encouraging participation of schools in ‘anti-fire crackers’ campaigns. Through these campaigns, participation of all stakeholders and eco-clubs is expected and schools are advised to organize innovative awareness programmes on the issue.
23. It is further stated that the Directorate of Education has advised all heads of schools to sensitize students and staff members about the ill-effects of bursting fireworks and to organize programmes for motivating students to “say no to crackers” and to utilize safe alternatives such as lights, flowers, paintings, etc. Additionally, heads of schools have been directed to personally address students to adopt safer measures to celebrate Diwali. It is stated that since 2010, circulars have been issued by the Directorate to spread the message of “Say No to Crackers”.
24. Finally, it is stated that on 24th August, 2017 the Directorate of Education has issued a circular to all heads of schools falling under the IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 14 of 44 Directorate of Education to sensitize students and staff members about the ill-
effects of bursting fireworks.
25. An affidavit has also been filed on behalf of the Commissioner of Police in Delhi on 28th August 2017, in which it is stated that temporary licences for stocking fireworks can be granted by a Magistrate by virtue of Section 146 of the Delhi Police Act read with Section 4(c) of the Explosives Act. It is stated that the temporary licences are granted for 24 days, that is, two days before Dussehra and two days after Diwali. In any case, no temporary licence is granted for more than 30 days. In addition, it is stated that in the case of temporary sheds, a licence is granted for not more than 15 days in terms of the Explosives Rules.
26. It is stated on behalf of the Commissioner of Police in Delhi that the maximum quantity of fireworks permissible is 100 kg in terms of Division 2, sub-division 2 of Schedule I of the Explosives Rules in respect of the fireworks mentioned therein (high hazard fireworks) and 500 kg under Division 2, sub-division 1 of Schedule I of the Explosives Rules in respect of the fireworks mentioned therein (low hazard fireworks).
27. The mandatory conditions laid down in the Explosives Rules are followed subject to the orders passed by this Court in Sadar Bazar Fire Works IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 15 of 44 (Pucca Shop) Association v. Pankaj Traders & Ors.3 The order passed in this case on 1st November, 1993 reads as follows :
“It appears that after this Court’s order of 22nd October, 1993, the authorities have issued a circular dated 26.10.93 imposing certain conditions in regard to which the petitioners have no objection, save and except Condition ii(a) which provides that the premises to be used for sale of crackers, etc. shall be at a minimum distance of 15 mtrs. from any such premises used for storage of similar explosives and hazardous materials. After some discussion at the Bar, Mr. Lahiri, the learned counsel for the respondents, states that appropriate instructions will be issued so that temporary licences are not denied on the ground that the cracker shops are adjacent to each other. We have also indicated to Mr. Lahiri that what was intended was that if there is any shop adjacent to the shops in respect of which licence is sought wherein any other highly inflammable and combustible material is being sold, that may be a factor which may weigh with the authority. In view of the statement made by Mr. Lahiri, we do not think it necessary to issue any direction. The proceedings will stand terminated with liberty to mention if there is any difficulty. The application for temporary licences should be processed without delay. The parties may be advised to complete the forms wherever there are deficiencies. With these observations, the Special Leave Petitions are disposed of.”
28. It is further submitted that permanent licences have been granted to 20 licensees as on date in Delhi and these have been suspended in view of the order passed by this Court on 11th November, 2016 (the corresponding figure for the NCR minus Delhi has not been given to us).
3 SLP (C) Nos. 17327-28/1993 IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 16 of 44
29. With regard to the grant of temporary licences, it is stated that in 2016 a total of 1073 applications were received for temporary licences and only 968 temporary licences were issued for a period of 24 days each (the corresponding figure for the NCR minus Delhi has not been given to us).
30. We were informed by the learned counsel for the Commissioner of Police that there is a prohibition on bursting fireworks between 10.00 pm and 06.00 am and a prohibition on the bursting of fireworks in silence zones, that is an area not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area declared as such by the competent District Deputy Commissioner of Police.
31. An affidavit has also been filed on behalf of the CPCB on 29th August, 2017 in which it is stated that during Diwali day, the level of metals/ constituents of fireworks indicated by PESO, that is aluminium, sulphur, potassium and barium are elevated. Some other constituents, such as titanium, iron, copper, zinc, strontium, antimony and chlorine were found to be in higher concentration during Diwali day as compared to other days. But the higher level of these constituents is observed only for one day. According to the CPCB, to regulate and minimize the adverse effects of fireworks, smoke and pollutants on human health, the following actions would be of assistance:
IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 17 of 44 a. Constituents those mentioned in the specifications of PESO (year 2008) may only be permitted (Aluminium, Sulphur, Potassium and Barium).
b. Other constituents unless permitted under specified notification, if any, may not be permitted.
c. Health advisories by authorized Medical Institutions for public can be disseminated for public safety.
32. With regard to our order of 31st July, 2017 on the use of strontium in fireworks, the CPCB is of the view that only strontium chromate is harmful/ dangerous to human health and may cause problems with bone growth, skin rashes, skin problems and possibly lung cancer. The safe limits of strontium in the ambient air have not been mentioned by the CPCB.
33. On our asking, as a result of a submission made by learned counsel for the petitioners, the Union of India filed a Status Report on 31st August 2017 with regard to the import of fireworks from China. It is stated that the import of any explosives containing sulphur or sulphurate in admixture with any chlorate is banned vide notification GSR No. 64(E) dated 27th January, 1992 on the manufacture, possession, use, sale etc. of any explosives. However, an exception has been made for import in respect of the following:
(a) in small quantities for scientific purposes;
(b) for the purpose of manufacturing heads of matches;
(c) for use in toy amorces (paper caps for toy pistols); or
(d) in percussion caps for use of Railway Fog Signals.
IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 18 of 44
34. It is further stated that Chinese origin fire crackers generally contain the above banned chemicals and are, therefore, prohibited from import. In this regard, it is stated that approximately 435 tons of Chinese origin fireworks have already been destroyed by the officials of the Joint Chief Controller of Explosives, West Circle, Mumbai, but the period of destruction and the manner of destruction has not been stated.
The Explosives Act and Rules framed thereunder
35. The other perspective relates to licences issued for possession and sale of fireworks under the Explosives Act, 1884 and Rules framed thereunder and continuing the ban on the sale of fireworks or limiting the possession and sale of fireworks. For this purpose, it is necessary to appreciate the scheme of the Explosives Act and the Rules so that appropriate remedial steps can be taken in accordance with the provisions of the law.
36. Section 4 of the Explosives Act, 1884 (for short ‘the Act’) contains various definitions. Section 4(d) defines the word ‘explosive’ and it includes, amongst others, fireworks. In this context, the classification of explosives is given in Schedule I to the Explosives Rules, 2008 (for short ‘the Rules’) and Class 7 thereof relates to fireworks which are categorized into divisions and classes. This reads as follows:
IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 19 of 44 Class 7 – Fireworks Class “(1) Fireworks Class has four divisions, namely, Division 1, Division 2, Division 3, and Division 4.
(2) Division 1 comprises fireworks composition that is to say, any chemical compound or mechanically mixed preparation of an explosive or inflammable nature, which is used for the purpose of making manufactured firework, and is not an explosive of classes 1,2,3,4,5 & 6, any star and any coloured fire composition:
Provided that a substantially constructed hermetically closed metal case, containing not more than 500 grammes of coloured fire composition of such a nature, as not to be liable to spontaneous ignition shall be deemed to be "a manufactured firework" and not a "firework composition".
(3) Division 2 fireworks comprises manufactured fireworks i.e., to say any explosive of class 1,2,3,4 or 6 and any fireworks composition when such explosive or composition is enclosed in any case or contrivance or other articles specially adapted, for the production of pyrotechnic effect for pyrotechnic signal or sound signals. (4) Division 2 fireworks comprises 3 sub-divisions, namely, sub- division 1, sub-division 2 and sub-division 3.
(5) Sub-division 1 of Division 2 fireworks comprises low hazard fireworks which, in the opinion of Chief Controller are relatively innocuous in themselves and are not liable to explode violently or all at once, e.g., sparklers [Chinese crackers, serpents, etc.]. (6) Sub-division 2 of Division 2 of fireworks comprises high hazard fireworks which, in the opinion of Chief Controller, present a special hazard to a person, e.g., rockets, shells, maroons, wheels, barrages, fountains, illumination pieces, distress signals, pyrotechnic devices etc.
(7) Sub-division 3 of Division 2 fireworks comprises such fireworks, which are assembled at site purely for the purpose of display. (8) Division 3 comprises any explosive contrivance required for the manufacture of manufactured fireworks, e.g., quick match fuse, micro cord fuse, etc. IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 20 of 44 (9) Division 4 comprises manufactured fireworks for use of Armed Forces of the Union.”
37. Section 5 of the Act confers the power to make Rules as to licensing of the manufacture, possession, use, sale, transport, import and export of explosives. Quite naturally, the Rules framed under the Act also deal with fireworks.
38. For the present, we are concerned only with certain provisions of the Rules. Rule 2(19) defines “display fireworks” as a group of authorized manufactured fireworks assembled at site, solely for the purpose of display.
39. Rule 2(24) defines “fireworks” as low hazard explosive comprising of any composition or device manufactured with a view to produce coloured fire or flame, light effect, sound effect, smoke effect (coloured or natural), or combination of such effects and includes fog-signals, fuses, rockets, shells, percussion caps.
40. Rule 2(25) defines “fireworks composition” as any chemical compound or mechanically mixed preparation of an explosive or inflammable substance that is used for the purpose of making manufactured fireworks and is not included in any other class of explosives, and includes any star or colored fire composition.
IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 21 of 44
41. Finally, Rule 2(32) defines “manufactured fireworks” as low hazard explosive contrivance containing explosive or combination of different classes, namely, Class 1 or Class 2 or Class 3 or Class 4 or Class 6 given in Part 1 of Schedule I of these rules or any explosives that come under Division 2 or Division 3 or Division 4 under Class 7 given under the said Part.
42. Rule 4 deals with the classifications of explosives and as far as fireworks are concerned, they are categorized into sound emitting fireworks, colour or light emitting fireworks, display fireworks and fireworks for export purposes. We are concerned only with the first three categories of fireworks and they are explained as follows:
“4. Classification of explosives.—(1) For the purposes of these rules, the explosives shall be classified in the manner specified in Schedule I. The dual system of classification shall be retained for five years from the date of commencement of these Rules, thereafter only UN classification shall be applicable.
(2) If any explosive falls within the limits of more than one class as defined in Schedule I, it shall be deemed to belong exclusively to the last number of such classes.
(3) The fireworks are classified into the following categories depending upon the desired pyrotechnique effect :—
(i) Sound emitting fireworks.—Fireworks with sound level not exceeding 125 dB (AI) or 145 dB (C) pk at 4 meters distance from the point of bursting. For individual fire-cracker constituting the series (joined fire-crackers), the above mentioned limit be reduced by 5 log 10(N) dB, where N = number of crackers joined together;
IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 22 of 44
(ii) Colour or light emitting fireworks.—such fireworks which emit colour or light and having sound level not exceeding 90 dB (AI) at 4 m distance from the point of bursting;
(iii) Display Fireworks.— Any product of fireworks assembled at the site for the purpose of display including shell of diameter exceeding 25 mm, multiple shots or cake products of any diameter exceeding 25 nos., of shots in a product and lance network or other products as approved by the Chief Controller.”
43. Rule 9(5) provides that possession of fireworks, not exceeding one hundred kilogram for own use and not for sale does not require any licence to be issued, notwithstanding anything contained in Rule 7 of the Rules.
44. Rule 15 relates to marking on explosives and packages. As per sub- Rule (i), (ii) and (iii) thereof, packages of fireworks shall contain the following markings in a conspicuous indelible character, by means of a stamping, embossing or painting. The relevant portion of this Rule reads thus:
“15. Marking on explosives and packages.— (1) Marking on packages. — (i) The outer package shall be marked in conspicuous indelible character, by means of a stamping, embossing or painting with —
(a) the word “EXPLOSIVES”;
(b) the name of authorised explosive;
(c) the number if any of the Class and the Division including sub-
division to which it belongs;
(d) the safety distance category of explosive;
(e) the name of the manufacturer;
(f) identification number of the package;
IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 23 of 44
(g) the net weight of explosives;
(h) gross weight of the package;
(i) date of manufacture and batch number;
(j) UN Classification and UN Identification number (for export packages);
(k) in case of plastic explosives, the words “marking agent added as per International Civil Aviation Organisation Resolution A 27-8” referred in sub-clause (iv) of clause (c) under sub-rule (2) of rule 10; and
(l) a paper slip containing the above details shall be kept inside the package:
Provided that in the case of safety fuse or fireworks, clauses
(a) and (1) may be omitted and the words “safety fuse” or “Fireworks” shall be marked.
(ii) In case of fireworks, the names of the items, for example - amorces, paper caps, serpents eggs, etc., as appropriate shall be marked.
(iii) Every manufacturer shall on the box of each fire cracker shall mention details of its chemical content, sound level and that it satisfies requirements as laid down by the Chief Controller. Fire-cracker meant for export shall have a different colour packing from those intended to be sold in India and a clear print indicating that they are not to be sold in India.” Sub-Rule 4 of Rule 15 of the Rules is also of some importance and this reads as follows:
“(4) Marking on fireworks.— In case of fireworks, explosive composition, quantity of such composition, whether sound emitting crackers or colour or light emitting crackers, sound level, a caution or warning indicating the name of the item, manufacturer’s name, method of firing and precautions to be taken both in words and pictorial view shall be printed on each piece of fireworks and cardboard box and where adequate space is not available on the IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 24 of 44 fireworks, such caution or warning shall be printed on a separate label and inserted in the smallest packet or carton.”
45. Chapter VII of the Rules relates to special provisions for possession, sale and use of explosives. Rule 75 therein provides for a permit to be issued for temporary possession of manufactured fireworks in excess of the licensed quantity and this provides that a permit for a period not exceeding thirty days may be granted by the licensing authority to a licensee for fireworks shop to possess one-third in excess of the licensed quantity on receipt of the appropriate fees.
46. Rule 84 of the Rules provides for temporary shops for possession and sale of fireworks during festivals and this reads:
“84. Temporary shops for possession and sale of fireworks during festivals.—During festivals, the District Magistrate may issue temporary licences for possession and sale of fireworks in a temporary shop subject to the following conditions, namely :— (1) The fireworks shall be kept in a shed made of non-flammable material, which is closed and secured so as to prevent unauthorised persons having access thereto.
(2) The sheds for possession and sale of fireworks shall be at a distance of at least three metres from each other and fifty metres from any protected work.
(3) The sheds shall not face each other.
(4) No oil burning lamps, gas lamps or naked lights shall be used in the shed or within the safety distance of the sheds. Electrical lights, if used, shall be fixed to the wall or ceiling and shall not be suspended IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 25 of 44 by flexible wire. Switches for each shop shall be fixed rigidly to the wall and a master switch shall be provided for each row of sheds. (5) Display of fireworks shall not be allowed within fifty metres of any shed.
(6) In one cluster not more than fifty shops shall be permitted.”
47. Chapter VIII of the Rules relates to the grant or refusal of approval, no objection certificate, licence, certificates, amendment, transfer and renewal of licences. Rule 99 therein provides that licences and certificates, for a specific purpose may be granted by the authorities, specified in Part 1 of Schedule IV of the Rules.
48. Rule 106 provides for the period of validity of the licence granted under the Rule while Rule 113 provides for documents to be furnished for approval and grant of a licence and the relevant Form required to be filled up by an applicant.
49. Schedule IV referred to in Rule 99 of the Rules, particularly Part 1 thereof is required to be read with Rule 113 of the Rules and from a perusal of items 5 and 6 thereof, the limits for possession and sale of fireworks, the relevant licensing application form and the licensing authority are indicated.
50. Learned counsel for the applicant informed us through a note that as of date, in the NCR, PESO has issued 435 permanent licences and in Delhi alone, PESO has issued 175 permanent licences, thereby making a total of 610 IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 26 of 44 permanent licences. It is further stated that the stocks in hand of the fireworks in the NCR both under permanent and temporary licences is 50,00,000 kg in the NCR and 1,00,000 kg in Delhi.
What more needs to be done
51. What is necessary now is to correlate air pollution with the sale and bursting of fireworks in Delhi and the NCR. There is no doubt that the air we breathe gets polluted with the bursting of fireworks. The extent of air pollution caused by bursting fireworks is not clear in the absence of empirical data – it could be severe or it could be marginal, but it is there.
52. Have the steps already taken by the concerned authorities reduced air pollution during Diwali? It seems to us that the steps so far taken by the Government of NCT of Delhi are limited to issuing directions, which is merely paperwork. Only general directions have been given in the past to schools to sensitize the students and the staff as to the ill-effects and health hazards of bursting fireworks. No specific plan of action has been laid down by the Government of NCT of Delhi to make children aware of the hazards of bursting fireworks and the existing awareness campaigns have been allowed to drift over the last one year. There is no information on the success or failure of these campaigns.
IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 27 of 44
53. The response of the Government of NCT of Delhi is lethargic with the absence of any keenness to take proactive steps. This is disconcerting. It is high time that governmental authorities realize that the cost of ill health (particularly among children) is far greater in psycho-social terms than in financial and economic terms. The adage that ‘prevention is better than cure’ is fully applicable in the present circumstances.
54. Similarly, the Delhi Police has issued directions that are difficult to enforce such as restricting the time during which fireworks can be burst. These are ad hoc measures that might be workable (if at all) only for the immediate future. We have not been informed of the impact of such directions or their implementation.
55. We must note that there has been no response from the States within the NCR giving the impression that air pollution is not a problem for the State Governments despite the ill-effects and health hazards of bursting fireworks.
56. There must be a concerted effort by the powers that be to ensure awareness and sensitization of the people in Delhi and NCR, particularly children, of the health hazards of indiscriminate use of fireworks. Unless urgent steps are taken, there could be an adverse impact on the health of children and this would be to nobody’s benefit but to everybody’s detriment. Anybody who lived in Delhi during Diwali in 2016 and soon thereafter would IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 28 of 44 have experienced the choking effects of breathing in polluted air and the tremendous increase in the use and sale of face masks and air purifiers. In the absence of any concerted plan of action implemented by the governmental authorities, the residents responded in an ad hoc manner by purchasing face masks and air purifiers. There is no doubt that an effective and longer lasting solution is necessary.
57. What has really disturbed us is that the CPCB was directed on 11th November, 2016 to study and prepare a report within three months on the harmful effects of the materials used in the manufacture of fireworks. It is astonishing that the CPCB has not conducted the study and prepared a report as directed. Apart from the fact that the CPCB has not conducted any study, even otherwise, no standards have been laid down by the CPCB which could give any indication of the acceptable and permissible limit of constituent metals or chemicals used in fireworks and released in the air, beyond which their presence would be harmful or dangerous. There cannot be any doubt that the presence of certain metals or chemicals in the air beyond a particular limit would be inadvisable but that limit is not known to anybody including the CPCB. Therefore, any discussion on the subject of whether there is an excessive presence of a particular chemical in the air will not yield any result unless some authority lays down an acceptable standard of what is excessive IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 29 of 44 and what is not. Dr. Akolkar, Member Secretary of the CPCB had informed us on 31st July, 2017 that the CPCB would be in a position to lay down the standards by 15th September, 2017. We do hope the CPCB does so – in any case as a part of the continuing mandamus principle laid down by this Court, the matter is required to be followed up.
58. What is also worrying, apart from the absence of standards or limits having been laid down by the CPCB, is that very little or no attention seems to have been paid by any of the governmental authorities to the possible health hazards faced by children due to exposure to chemicals in fireworks. The governmental authorities need to realize their responsibility regarding the care and protection of the health of the people in Delhi and NCR and the importance of launching a sustained campaign to reduce air pollution to manageable limits during Diwali and the period immediately thereafter. The health of children should be of foremost concern in this regard. It is, as submitted, only a matter of a few days of intense pollution but even that is capable of having long term health effects. There are also short-term adverse consequences of breathing in polluted air and even this cannot be overlooked by the governmental authorities, particularly in the case of children.
59. On 31st July, 2017 we had prohibited the use of five chemicals and their compounds in the manufacture of fireworks. These constituents are antimony, IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 30 of 44 lithium, mercury, arsenic and lead. We had left open the issue of use of strontium and its compounds in the manufacture of fireworks. During the course of submissions on the issue of whether the use of strontium should be permitted in fireworks and the application for modification or vacation of the interim order, our attention was drawn to an article in the Swarajya magazine, by one Srikanth Ramakrishnan who reported that the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) along with researchers from an organization based in Austria, namely, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIAS) had conducted a study whose results revealed that the majority of the pollution in Delhi comes from outside the NCT of Delhi and from other areas in the NCR in Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. Therefore, no matter what air quality standards are adopted in Delhi, pollution would flow in from the neighbouring States in any case. The report prepared by NEERI and the IIAS has not been made available to us.
60. Be that as it may, the CPCB has now concluded that only strontium chromate is harmful or dangerous to human health. Therefore, we have no option but to prohibit the use of strontium chromate in the manufacture of fireworks.
61. It was submitted by Mr. P.S. Patwalia, learned counsel appearing for one of the respondents that the best possible solution to the problem of air IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 31 of 44 pollution in Delhi, allegedly due to the bursting of fireworks, would be to constitute a Committee to advise this Court. It was submitted that when the issue of noise pollution had surfaced, the CPCB had set up the National Committee on Noise Pollution and Control in 1997 which led to noise pollution standards being set. It was suggested that a similar exercise may be undertaken to deal with the issue of air pollution due to bursting of fireworks in Delhi. This was precisely the purpose of issuing a direction to the CPCB on 11th November, 2016 but that was not taken seriously. Therefore, in our opinion, the suggestion deserves acceptance and it is necessary to set up such a Committee with the assistance and guidance of the CPCB and the FDRC. The Committee can quite effectively conduct a study along with assistance and inputs from other bodies or organizations and make recommendations. It may be appropriate to appoint a Committee including officers at the appropriate level from the National Physical Laboratory, Delhi, the Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Delhi, the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, scientists from the State Pollution Control Boards, the Fire Development and Research Centre, Sivakasi and Nagpur and the National Environment Engineering Research Institute (NEERI).
62. It was submitted by learned counsel for the petitioners that the poor air quality in November 2016 justified the passing of the interim order on 11th IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 32 of 44 November, 2016 and there was no reason to vary that order. Virulent air pollution is a cause of concern and the only remedy to stop its ill effects is to continue the suspension of licences for the sale of fireworks in Delhi and in the NCR. It was submitted that if there is any doubt regarding the effect of bursting fireworks on air pollution, and in the absence of any standards to measure the same, the safer course would be to continue such suspension rather than risk the health of large sections of people in Delhi and the NCR, particularly children.
63. It was submitted by learned counsel for the petitioners that in Consumer Education & Research Centre v. Union of India4 it was held by this Court that the right to health, though of a worker, is a fundamental right. We see no real difference between the fundamental right to health of a worker and the human right to health of any other citizen of the country, particularly children who perhaps need more care and attention. It was held in paragraph 24 of the Report:
“The right to health to a worker is an integral facet of meaningful right to life, to have not only a meaningful existence but also robust health and vigour without which worker would lead life of misery. Lack of health denudes him of his livelihood. Compelling economic necessity to work in an industry exposed to health hazards due to indigence to bread-winning for himself and his dependants, should not be at the cost of the health and vigour of the workman. Facilities and opportunities, as enjoined in Article 38, should be provided to protect 4 (1995) 3 SCC 42 IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 33 of 44 the health of the workman. Provision for medical test and treatment invigorates the health of the worker for higher production or efficient service. Continued treatment, while in service or after retirement is a moral, legal and constitutional concomitant duty of the employer and the State. Therefore, it must be held that the right to health and medical care is a fundamental right under Article 21 read with Articles 39(e), 41 and 43 of the Constitution and make the life of the workman meaningful and purposeful with dignity of person. Right to life includes protection of the health and strength of the worker and is a minimum requirement to enable a person to live with human dignity.”
64. A similar view was expressed in Occupational Health & Safety Assn. v. Union of India5 when it was held in paragraph 10 of the Report:
“Right to health i.e. right to live in a clean, hygienic and safe environment is a right flowing from Article 21. Clean surroundings lead to healthy body and healthy mind. But, unfortunately, for eking out a livelihood and for national interest, many employees work in dangerous, risky and unhygienic environment. Right to live with human dignity enshrined in Article 21 derives its life breath from the directive principles of State policy, particularly clauses (e) and (f) of Articles 39, 41 and 42. Those articles include protection of health and strength of workers and just and humane conditions of work. Those are minimum requirements which must exist to enable a person to live with human dignity. Every State has an obligation and duty to provide at least the minimum condition ensuring human dignity.”
65. Under the circumstances, there can be no doubt that the residents of the NCT of Delhi and indeed the entire NCR are entitled to breathe unpolluted air. They are entitled to the protection of their health from the adverse consequences of breathing in air polluted by the bursting of fireworks.
5 (2014) 3 SCC 547 IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 34 of 44
66. The right to breathe clean air is a recognized right under our Constitution. Learned counsel for the petitioners drew our attention to paragraphs 16 and 17 of Vellore Citizens’ Welfare Forum v. Union of India6 which read as follows:
“The constitutional and statutory provisions protect a person’s right to fresh air, clean water and pollution-free environment, but the source of the right is the inalienable common law right of clean environment. It would be useful to quote a paragraph from Blackstone’s commentaries on the Laws of England (Commentaries on the Laws of England of Sir William Blackstone) Vol. III, fourth edition published in 1876. Chapter XIII, “Of Nuisance” depicts the law on the subject in the following words:
“Also, if a person keeps his hogs, or other noisome animals, or allows filth to accumulate on his premises, so near the house of another, that the stench incommodes him and makes the air unwholesome, this is an injurious nuisance, as it tends to deprive him of the use and benefit of his house. A like injury is, if one’s neighbour sets up and exercises any offensive trade; as a tanner’s, a tallow-chandler’s, or the like; for though these are lawful and necessary trades, yet they should be exercised in remote places; for the rule is, ‘sic utere tuo, ut alienum non leadas’; this therefore is an actionable nuisance. And on a similar principle a constant ringing of bells in one’s immediate neighbourhood may be a nuisance.
… With regard to other corporeal hereditaments; it is a nuisance to stop or divert water that used to run to another’s meadow or mill; to corrupt or poison a watercourse, by erecting a dye-house or a lime-pit, for the use of trade, in the upper part of the stream; to pollute a pond, from which another is entitled to water his cattle; to obstruct a drain; or in short to do any act in common property, that in its consequences must necessarily tend to the prejudice of one’s neighbour. So closely does the law of England enforce that excellent rule of gospel-morality, of ‘doing to others, as we would they should do unto ourselves’.” 6 (1996) 5 SCC 647 IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 35 of 44 Our legal system having been founded on the British common law the right of a person to a pollution-free environment is a part of the basic jurisprudence of the land.”
67. The right to health coupled with the right to breathe clean air leaves no manner of doubt that it is important that air pollution deserves to be eliminated and one of the possible methods of reducing it during Diwali is by continuing the suspension of licences for the sale of fireworks and therefore implicitly, prohibiting the bursting of fireworks.
68. In our considered opinion, continuing the suspension of licences might be too radical a step to take for the present – a graded and balanced approach is necessary that will reduce and gradually eliminate air pollution in Delhi and in the NCR caused by the bursting of fireworks. At the same time it is necessary to ensure that injustice is not caused to those who have already been granted a valid permanent licence to possess and sell fireworks in Delhi and the NCR. The graded and balanced approach is not intended to dilute our primary concern which is and remains the health of everybody and the human right to breathe good quality air or at least not be compelled to breathe poor quality air. Generally speaking, this must take precedence over the commercial or other interest of the applicant and those granted a permanent licence to possess and sell fireworks.
69. But, from the material before us, it cannot be said with any great degree IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 36 of 44 of certainty that the extremely poor quality of air in Delhi in November and December 2016 was the result only of bursting fireworks around Diwali. Certainly, there were other causes as well, but even so the contribution of the bursting of fireworks cannot be glossed over. Unfortunately, neither is it possible to give an accurate or relative assessment of the contribution of the other identified factors nor the contribution of bursting fireworks to the poor air quality in Delhi and in the NCR. Consequently, a complete ban on the sale of fireworks would be an extreme step that might not be fully warranted by the facts available to us. There is, therefore, some justification for modifying the interim order passed on 11th November, 2016 and lifting the suspension of the permanent licences.
70. At the same time, it cannot be forgotten that admittedly there is a huge quantity of fireworks in Delhi and in the NCR and the figure has been provided to us by the applicant. Similarly, there can be no doubt that the Delhi Police had issued a large number of temporary licences in 2016 and it would not be unreasonable to assume that around and during Diwali, there would have been some illegal temporary shops set up, whether known or not known to the police. We do not have the figures with regard to the NCR, but we assume that like in Delhi, a large number of temporary licences have been issued for the possession and sale of fireworks. Therefore, there is a need to IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 37 of 44 regulate the availability and sale of fireworks in Delhi and the NCR.
Directions
71. As mentioned above, the health of the people in Delhi and in the NCR must take precedence over any commercial or other interest of the applicant or any of the permanent licensees and, therefore, a graded regulation is necessary which would eventually result in a prohibition. Taking all factors into consideration, we are of the view that the following orders and directions are required to be issued and we do so:
(1) The directions issued by this Court in Sadar Bazar Fire Works (Pucca Shop) Association7 shall stand partially modified to the extent that they are not in conformity with the Explosives Rules which shall be implemented in full by the concerned authorities. Safety from fire hazards is one of our concerns in this regard.
(2) Specifically, Rule 15 relating to marking on explosives and packages and Rule 84 relating to temporary shops for possession and sale of fireworks during festivals of the Explosives Rules shall be strictly enforced. This should not be construed to mean that the other Rules need not be enforced – all Rules should be enforced. But if the fireworks do not conform to the requirements of Rules 15 and 84, they 7 st SLP (C) No. 17327-28/1993 decided on 1 November, 1993 IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 38 of 44 cannot be sold in the NCR, including Delhi and this prohibition is absolute.
(3) The directions issued and restrictions imposed in the order passed by this Court on 18th July, 2005 in Noise Pollution (V) shall continue to be in force.
(4) The concerned police authorities and the District Magistrates will ensure that fireworks are not burst in silence zones that is, an area at least 100 meters away from hospitals, nursing homes, primary and district health-care centres, educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area that may be declared as a silence zone by the concerned authorities.
(5) The Delhi Police is directed to reduce the grant of temporary licences by about 50% of the number of licences granted in 2016. The number of temporary licences should be capped at 500. Similarly, the States in the NCR are restrained from granting more than 50% of the number of temporary licences granted in 2016. The area of distribution of the temporary licences is entirely for the authorities to decide. (6) The Union of India will ensure strict compliance with the Notification GSR No. 64(E) dated 27th January, 1992 regarding the ban on import of fireworks. The Union of India is at liberty to update and IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 39 of 44 revise this notification in view of the passage of time and further knowledge gained over the last 25 years and issue a fresh notification, if necessary.
(7) The Department of Education of the Government of NCT of Delhi and the corresponding Department in other States in the NCR shall immediately formulate a plan of action, in not more than 15 days, to reach out to children in all the schools through the school staff, volunteers and NGOs to sensitize and educate school children on the health hazards and ill-effects of breathing polluted air, including air that is polluted due to fireworks. School children should be encouraged to reduce, if not eliminate, the bursting of fireworks as a part of any festivities.
(8) The Government of NCT of Delhi and other States in the NCR may consider interacting with established medical institutions for issuing advisories cautioning people about the health hazards of bursting fireworks.
(9) The interim direction issued by this Court on 31st July, 2017 prohibiting the use of compounds of antimony, lithium, mercury, arsenic and lead in the manufacture of fireworks is made absolute. In IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 40 of 44 addition, the use of strontium chromate in the manufacture of fireworks is prohibited.
(10) Fireworks containing aluminium, sulphur, potassium and barium may be sold in Delhi and in the NCR, provided the composition already approved by PESO is maintained. It is the responsibility of PESO to ensure compliance of the standards it has formulated. (11) Since there are enough fireworks available for sale in Delhi and the NCR, the transport of fireworks into Delhi and the NCR from outside the region is prohibited and the concerned law enforcement authorities will ensure that there is no further entry of fireworks into Delhi and the NCR till further orders. In our opinion, even 50,00,000 kg of fireworks is far more than enough for Dussehra and Diwali in 2017. The permanent licensees are at liberty to exhaust their existing stock of fireworks in Delhi and the NCR and, if that is not possible, take measures to transport the stocks outside Delhi and the NCR. (12) The suspension of permanent licences as directed by the order dated 11th November, 2016 is lifted for the time being. This might require a review after Diwali depending on the ambient air quality post Diwali. However, it is made explicit that the sale of fireworks by the permanent licensees must conform to the directions given above and IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 41 of 44 must be fully in compliance with the Explosives Rules. We were informed that the permanent licences were issued by PESO and therefore the responsibility is on PESO to ensure compliance. (13) While lifting the suspension on the permanent licences already granted, we put these licensees on notice for Dussehra and Diwali in 2018 that they will be permitted to possess and sell only 50% of the quantity permitted in 2017 and that this will substantially reduce over the next couple of years. The permanent licensees are at liberty to file objections to this proposed direction within 30 days from today and thereafter the objections if any will be heard and decided. If no objections are filed, this direction will become absolute without any further reference to any licensee.
(14) Since there is a lack of clarity on the safety limits of various metals and constituents used in fireworks, a research study must be jointly carried out by the CPCB and the FDRC laying down appropriate standards for ambient air quality in relation to the bursting of fireworks and the release of their constituents in the air. While Schedule VII of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 does deal with several metals, but as we have seen there are several other metals or constituents of fireworks that have not been studied by the CPCB and IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 42 of 44 no standards have been laid down with regard to the concentration of these metals or constituents in the ambient air. The CPCB has assured us that it will complete the exercise by 15th September, 2017 but keeping in mind its track record subsequent to the order dated 11th November, 2016 this does not seem possible. Therefore, we grant time to the CPCB to come out with definite standards on or before 30th September, 2017.
(15) In any event, a research study also needs to be conducted on the impact of bursting fireworks during Dussehra and Diwali on the health of the people. We, therefore, appoint a Committee to be chaired by the Chairperson of the CPCB and consisting of officers at the appropriate level from the National Physical Laboratory, Delhi, the Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Delhi, the Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, scientists from the State Pollution Control Boards, the Fire Development and Research Centre, Sivakasi and Nagpur and the National Environment Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) nominated by the Chairperson of the CPCB to submit a report in this regard preferably on or before 31st December, 2017. (16) Keeping in mind the adverse effects of air pollution, the human right to breathe clean air and the human right to health, the Central IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 43 of 44 Government and other authorities should consider encouraging display fireworks through community participation rather than individual bursting of fireworks.
72. With the above directions, I.A. No. 52448 of 2017 is disposed of.
……………………………J (Madan B. Lokur) ……………………………..J (Deepak Gupta) New Delhi;
September 12, 2017 IA No. 52448/2017 in WP (C) No.728/2015 Page 44 of 44


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Transit Wise is a Mobile app which provides useful and reliable
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Pragya’s appointment to parliamentary committee on defence unfortunate for the country: Congress
by PTIThe Congress on Thursday slammed the government over the appointment of controversial BJP leader Pragya Thakur to a crucial Parliamentary Consultative Committee on Defence and said it was “unfortunate for the country”.
According to a bulletin issued by the Lok Sabha Secretariat, Thakur will be part of the 21-member committee headed by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh.
“It is unfortunate for the country that an MP accused of spreading terror has been nominated as member of a defence-related committee. Modi ‘has not been able to forgive her from the heart’ but she has been given the responsibility of important issues such as the country’s defence.
“That is why if there is Modi, anything is possible,” Congress spokesperson Randeep Singh Surjewala said in a tweet in Hindi.


Introduction About Me
Thaer Al Jomhawi, 26 years old, studied chemical engineering at BAU, graduated in 2017. Worked as a Validation Engineer at the pharmaceutical industry field for four years and now I am on my way to become a developer.
Education
- (400 hrs course )Software Development at abdul Aziz Al Ghurair School of Advanced Computing (ASAC).2021
- BS in Chemical Engineering at Al-balqa Applied University. 2017.
Working Experince
- Aug 2020 – May 2021 : Validation Senior officer at Naratech pharmaceutical consultancy.
- Aug 2017 – Aug 2020 : Validation officer at Naratech pharmaceutical consultancy.
- May 2016 - Oct 2016: Competition officer at the Local Organization Committee of Under-17 Women World
My ten favorite boardgames:
- Splendor
- Azul
- Secret Hitletr
- Exploding Kittens
- Ticket to ride
- Shirreff of Birmingham
- Code names
- Cluedo
- Ware wolf legacy
- Mascaraed


If you are interested in being involved in any of these projects, please contact us.
The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the most well-researched logistics planning problems. TSPs arise in a wide variety of transportation and logistics applications such as the delivery of farming equipment from one location to another to test soil, arranging school bus routes to pick up children in a school district, handling material in a warehouse, scheduling interviews between tour brokers and vendors of the tourism industry, and the design of global navigation satellite systems, among others. The project will draw on evolutionary computation and local search techniques to propose a more systematic way of comparing TSP solvers.
Image source: Wikimedia Commons
The SHADE project is developing the first serious computer game that directly addresses depression, binge drinking, and related issues. There is a tremendous opportunity to intervene using computer games that are designed to address key health behaviours found in adolescent and young adult populations. Aside from the significant public health implications of this innovation, there is already considerable commercial interest in the SHADE gaming prototype from the United Kingdom and the United States of America.
Heart rate can be measured with simple equipment and does not provide the full ECG signal. However, there is much information in the beat to beat (RR) interval. Heart rate variability has been analysed with time- and frequency-domain methods, but more recent nonlinear analysis has shown an increased sensitivity for identifying risk of future morbidity and mortality in cardiac patients.
Image source: Project authors
This project investigates the use of virtual technologies for providing training experiences for pharmacy students. It incorporates the use of online walkthroughs and 3D models to provide students with a means for interacting in pharmacy settings prior to placement. This work is in collaboration with the School of Pharmacy.
Image source: Wikimedia Commons
A large electricity network can be analyzed and understood from a complex systems viewpoint. Power systems are believed to be examples of systems with Self Organizing Criticality. That is, such systems may evolve towards a critical point. The implications are that large blackouts are an inevitable feature of such networks.
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- Install Python 2.5.
- Download and install Scapy.
- (For non-Linux platforms): Install libpcap and libdnet and their Python wrappers.
- (Optional): Install additional software for special features.
- Run Scapy with root priviledges.
Each of these steps can be done in a different way dependent on your platform and on the version of Scapy you want to use.
At the moment, there are two different versions of Scapy:
Note
In Scapy v2 use from scapy.all import * instead of from scapy import *.
The following steps describe how to install (or update) Scapy itself. Dependent on your platform, some additional libraries might have to be installed to make it actually work. So please also have a look at the platform specific chapters on how to install those requirements.
Note
The following steps apply to Unix-like operating systems (Linux, BSD, Mac OS X). For Windows, see the special chapter below.
Make sure you have Python installed before you go on.
Download the latest version to a temporary directory and install it in the standard distutils way:
$ cd /tmp
$ wget scapy.net
$ unzip scapy-latest.zip
$ cd scapy-2.*
$ sudo python setup.py install
Alternatively, you can execute the zip file:
$ chmod +x scapy-latest.zip
$ sudo ./scapy-latest.zip
or:
$ sudo sh scapy-latest.zip
or:
$ mv scapy-latest.zip /usr/local/bin/scapy
$ sudo scapy
Note
To make a zip executable, some bytes have been added before the zip header. Most zip programs handle this, but not all. If your zip program complains about the zip file to be corrupted, either change it, or download a non-executable zip at http://hg.secdev.org/scapy/archive/tip.zip
If you always want the latest version with all new features and bugfixes, use Scapy’s Mercurial repository:
Install the Mercurial version control system. For example, on Debian/Ubuntu use:
$ sudo apt-get install mercurial
or on OpenBSD:
$ pkg_add mercurial
Check out a clone of Scapy’s repository:
$ hg clone http://hg.secdev.org/scapy
Install Scapy in the standard distutils way:
$ cd scapy
$ sudo python setup.py install
Then you can always update to the latest version:
$ hg pull
$ hg update
$ sudo python setup.py install
For more information about Mercurial, have a look at the Mercurial book.
As Scapy v1 consists only of one single Python file, installation is easy: Just download the last version and run it with your Python interpreter:
$ wget http://hg.secdev.org/scapy/raw-file/v<IP_ADDRESS>/scapy.py
$ sudo python scapy.py
On BSD systems, you can also try the latest version of Scapy-bpf (development repository). It doesn’t need libpcap or libdnet.
For some special features you have to install more software. Platform-specific instructions on how to install those packages can be found in the next chapter. Here are the topics involved and some examples that you can use to try if your installation was successful.
Plotting. plot() needs Gnuplot-py which needs GnuPlot and NumPy.
>>> p=sniff(count=50)
>>> p.plot(lambda x:len(x))
2D graphics. psdump() and pdfdump() need PyX which in turn needs a LaTeX distribution. For viewing the PDF and PS files interactively, you also need Adobe Reader (acroread) and gv (gv).
>>> p=IP()/ICMP()
>>> p.pdfdump("test.pdf")
Graphs. conversations() needs Grapviz and ImageMagick.
>>> p=readpcap("myfile.pcap")
>>> p.conversations(type="jpg", target="> test.jpg")
3D graphics. trace3D() needs VPython.
>>> a,u=traceroute(["www.python.org", "google.com","slashdot.org"])
>>> a.trace3D()
WEP decryption. unwep() needs PyCrypto. Example using a Weplap test file:
>>> enc=rdpcap("weplab-64bit-AA-managed.pcap")
>>> enc.show()
>>> enc[0]
>>> conf.wepkey="AA\x00\x00\x00"
>>> dec=Dot11PacketList(enc).toEthernet()
>>> dec.show()
>>> dec[0]
Fingerprinting. nmap_fp() needs Nmap. You need an old version (before v4.23) that still supports first generation fingerprinting.
>>> load_module("nmap")
>>> nmap_fp("<IP_ADDRESS>")
Begin emission:
Finished to send 8 packets.
Received 19 packets, got 4 answers, remaining 4 packets
(0.88749999999999996, ['Draytek Vigor 2000 ISDN router'])
Scapy can run natively on Linux, without libdnet and libpcap.
Just use the standard packages:
$ sudo apt-get install tcpdump graphviz imagemagick python-gnuplot python-crypto python-pyx
Here’s how to install Scapy on Fedora 9:
# yum install mercurial python-devel
# cd /tmp
# hg clone http://hg.secdev.org/scapy
# cd scapy
# python setup.py install
Some optional packages:
# yum install graphviz python-crypto sox PyX gnuplot numpy
# cd /tmp
# wget http://heanet.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/gnuplot-py/gnuplot-py-1.8.tar.gz
# tar xvfz gnuplot-py-1.8.tar.gz
# cd gnuplot-py-1.8
# python setup.py install
Here’s how to install Scapy on Mac OS 10.4 (Tiger) or 10.5 (Leopard).
Install MacPorts Download the dmg from macports.org and install it.
Update MacPorts:
$ sudo port -d selfupdate
Install Scapy:
$ sudo port install scapy
You can then update to the latest version as shown in the generic installation above.
Install libdnet and its Python wrapper:
$ wget http://libdnet.googlecode.com/files/libdnet-1.12.tgz
$ tar xfz libdnet-1.12.tgz
$ ./configure
$ make
$ sudo make install
$ cd python
$ python2.5 setup.py install
Install libpcap and its Python wrapper:
$ wget http://dfn.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/pylibpcap/pylibpcap-0.6.2.tar.gz
$ tar xfz pylibpcap-0.6.2.tar.gz
$ cd pylibpcap-0.6.2
$ python2.5 setup.py install
Optionally: Install readline:
$ python `python -c "import pimp; print pimp.__file__"` -i readline
Here’s how to install Scapy on OpenBSD 4.3.
# export PKG_PATH=ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.3/packages/i386/
# pkg_add py-libpcap py-libdnet mercurial
# ln -sf /usr/local/bin/python2.5 /usr/local/bin/python
# cd /tmp
# hg clone http://hg.secdev.org/scapy
# cd scapy
# python setup.py install
py-crypto
# pkg_add py-crypto
gnuplot and its Python binding:
# pkg_add gnuplot py-gnuplot
Graphviz (large download, will install several GNOME libraries)
# pkg_add graphviz
ImageMagick (takes long to compile)
# cd /tmp
# ftp ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.3/ports.tar.gz
# cd /usr
# tar xvfz /tmp/ports.tar.gz
# cd /usr/ports/graphics/ImageMagick/
# make install
PyX (very large download, will install texlive etc.)
# pkg_add py-pyx
/etc/ethertypes
# wget http://www.secdev.org/projects/scapy/files/ethertypes -O /etc/ethertypes
python-bz2 (for UTscapy)
# pkg_add python-bz2
Scapy is primarily being developed for Unix-like systems and works best on those platforms. But the latest version of Scapy supports Windows out-of-the-box. So you can use nearly all of Scapy’s features on your Windows machine as well.
Note
If you update from Scapy-win v<IP_ADDRESS> to Scapy v2 remember to use from scapy.all import * instead of from scapy import *.
You need the following software packages in order to install Scapy on Windows:
- Python: python-2.5.4.msi. python-2.6.3.msi. After installation, add the Python installation directory and its Scripts subdirectory to your PATH. Depending on your Python version, the defaults would be C:\Python25 and C:\Python25\Scripts or C:\Python26 and C:\Python26\Scripts respectively.
- Scapy: latest development version from the Mercurial repository. Unzip the archive, open a command prompt in that directory and run “python setup.py install”.
- pywin32: pywin32-214.win32-py2.5.exe pywin32-214.win32-py2.6.exe
- WinPcap: WinPcap_4_1_1.exe. You might want to choose “[x] Automatically start the WinPcap driver at boot time”, so that non-privileged users can sniff, especially under Vista and Windows 7. If you want to use the ethernet vendor database to resolve MAC addresses or use the wireshark() command, download Wireshark which already includes WinPcap.
- pypcap: pcap-1.1-scapy-20090720.win32-py25.exe pcap-1.1-scapy-20090720.win32-py2.6.exe. This is a special version for Scapy, as the original leads to some timing problems. Now works on Vista and Windows 7, too. Under Vista/Win7 please right-click on the installer and choose “Run as administrator”.
- libdnet: dnet-1.12.win32-py2.5.exe dnet-1.12.win32-py2.6.exe. Under Vista/Win7 please right-click on the installer and choose “Run as administrator”
- pyreadline: pyreadline-1.5-win32-setup.exe
Just download the files and run the setup program. Choosing the default installation options should be safe.
For your convenience direct links are given to the versions I used (for Python 2.5 and Python 2.6). If these links do not work or if you are using a different Python version, just visit the homepage of the respective package and look for a Windows binary. As a last resort, search the web for the filename.
After all packages are installed, open a command prompt (cmd.exe) and run Scapy by typing scapy. If you have set the PATH correctly, this will find a little batch file in your C:\Python26\Scripts directory and instruct the Python interpreter to load Scapy.
If really nothing seems to work, consider skipping the Windows version and using Scapy from a Linux Live CD – either in a virtual machine on your Windows host or by booting from CDROM: An older version of Scapy is already included in grml and BackTrack for example. While using the Live CD you can easily upgrade to the lastest Scapy version by typing cd /tmp && wget scapy.net.
Plotting (plot)
- GnuPlot: gp420win32.zip. Extract the zip file (e.g. to c:\gnuplot) and add the gnuplot\bin directory to your PATH.
- NumPy: numpy-1.3.0-win32-superpack-python2.5.exe numpy-1.3.0-win32-superpack-python2.6.exe. Gnuplot-py 1.8 needs NumPy.
- Gnuplot-py: gnuplot-py-1.8.zip. Extract to temp dir, open command prompt, change to tempdir and type python setup.py install.
2D Graphics (psdump, pdfdump)
- PyX: PyX-0.10.tar.gz. Extract to temp dir, open command prompt, change to tempdir and type python setup.py install
- MikTeX: Basic MiKTeX 2.8 Installer. PyX needs a LaTeX installation. Choose an installation directory WITHOUT spaces (e.g. C:\MikTex2.8 and add the (INSTALLDIR)\miktex\bin subdirectory to your PATH.
Graphs (conversations)
- Graphviz: graphviz-2.24.exe. Add (INSTALLDIR)\ATT\Graphviz\bin to your PATH.
3D Graphics (trace3d)
- VPython: VPython-Win-Py2.5-3.2.11.exe. No binary installer for Python 2.6 seems to be available yet.
WEP decryption
Fingerprinting
- Nmap. nmap-4.20-setup.exe. If you use the default installation directory, Scapy should automatically find the fingerprints file.
- Queso: queso-980922.tar.gz. Extract the tar.gz file (e.g. using 7-Zip) and put queso.conf into your Scapy directory
- You may not be able to capture WLAN traffic on Windows. Reasons are explained on the Wireshark wiki and in the WinPcap FAQ. Try switching off promiscuous mode with conf.sniff_promisc=False.
- Packets cannot be sent to localhost (or local IP addresses on your own host).
- The voip_play() functions do not work because they output the sound via /dev/dsp which is not available on Windows.


We will be taking over the beautiful Fountain Point Resort for the weekend of June 16 to June 19, 2022. This historic Northern Michigan resort includes 52 acres of waterfront property perfect for boating, swimming, bonfires, games and relaxation. Though the wedding is on Saturday, we encourage our guests to stay for the entire weekend, arriving as early as Thursday and departing as late as Sunday.
Fountain Point Resort 990 S Lake Leelanau Dr Lake Leelanau, MI 49653
There are both cottages and rooms in the main house. The rooms in the main house are primarily two person rooms, bed and breakfast style. The cabins are a bit more communal, and sleep anywhere from four to 14 people. We will assign cottages and main house rooms once we have our confirmed guests, and will send you an email to make sure you are OK with your accommodations.
The cost to stay at Fountain Point will be a flat fee of $315 per person for the entire weekend. Please note that the cost is the same whether you plan to stay for one, two, or all three nights. Children ages 17 and under stay for free.
This fee includes: Lodging for Thursday, Friday and Saturday nights, some meals & access to amenities, as well as use of kayaks, canoes, tennis courts, game room, volleyball courts, beach and yard games.
Meals Included: Breakfast daily, Lunch on Saturday, and dinner Friday and Saturday nights.
On-site accommodations are limited and will be reserved on a first come, first served basis. To reserve your cottage, please provide payment via venmo, paypal, or check. We’ll send you an email confirming the payment amount and number of guests staying with us when it is received.
Paypal: https://paypal.me/emmarosekerr?locale.x=en_US
Venmo: @Emma-Kerr-1
Check: 1020 N. Highland St. Unit 423 Arlington, VA 22201
Guests can check in from 4:00 p.m. to 10 p.m., and check out is at 11 a.m. on their date of departure.


| 016:125 Khan | : |
Invite (mankind, O Muhammad SAW) to the Way of your Lord (i.e. Islam) with wisdom (i.e. with the Divine Inspiration and the Qur'an) and fair preaching, and argue with them in a way that is better. Truly, your Lord knows best who has gone astray from His Path, and He is the Best Aware of those who are guided. |
| 016:125 Maulana | : |
Call to the way of thy Lord with wisdom and goodly exhortation, and argue with them in the best manner. Surely thy Lord knows best him who strays from His path, and He knows best those who go aright. |
| 016:125 Pickthal | : |
Call unto the way of thy Lord with wisdom and fair exhortation, and reason with them in the better way. Lo! thy Lord is Best Aware of him who strayeth from His way, and He is Best Aware of those who go aright. |
| 016:125 Rashad | : |
You shall invite to the path of your Lord with wisdom and kind enlightenment, and debate with them in the best possible manner. Your Lord knows best who has strayed from His path, and He knows best who are the guided ones. |
| 016:125 Sarwar | : |
Call (the pagans) to the path of your Lord through wisdom and good advice and argue with them in the best manner. God knows well about those who stray from His path and those who seek guidance. |
| 016:125 Shakir | : |
Call to the way of your Lord with wisdom and goodly exhortation, and have disputations with them in the best manner; surely your Lord best knows those who go astray from His path, and He knows best those who follow the right way. |
| 016:125 Sherali | : |
Call unto the way of thy Lord with wisdom and goodly exhortation and argue with them in a way that is best. Surely, thy Lord knows best who has strayed from HIS way; and HE also knows those who are rightly guided. |
| 016:125 Yusufali | : |
Invite (all) to the Way of thy Lord with wisdom and beautiful preaching; and argue with them in ways that are best and most gracious: for thy Lord knoweth best, who have strayed from His Path, and who receive guidance. |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > ربوبيته جلّ وعلا Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Divinity, the Great and Almighty أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > صفات الله تعالى > أعلم Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Glory's Characteristics> The One who Knows Better أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > علمه جلّ شأنه Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Glory's Knowledge أركان الإسلام > (محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم > مخاطبة الله إياه Pillars of Islam> The Blessed Muhammad(PBUH)> Allah's Address to Him(PBUH) الإيمان > الأنبياء والرسل > حكمتهم في الدعوة Faith> The Prophets and the Messengers of Allah> Their Wisdom in their Mission الدعوة إلى الله > الحكمة في الدعوة > المجادلة بالتي هي أحسن The Call for Allah> The Wisdom in the Mission> Argument through the Optimum Ways الدعوة إلى الله > الحكمة في الدعوة > وجوب التزام الحكمة The Call for Allah> The Wisdom in the Mission> Having to Keep to the Wisdom Side الإنسان والعلاقات الأخلاقية > الأخلاق الحميدة > الحكمة Man and The Moral Relations> Good Morals>Wisdom
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


Displays a bar chart with the goals which were started and/or completed within the past four weeks or the current week.


These are just example articles to demonstrate the concept of giving feedback after reading an article (Eg. Article 1, Article 2 etc. as shown below)
To send feedback for the article, please click on the relevant article below (Eg. Article 1, Article 2 etc.) and submit the form that comes up
To view results of the feedback poll, please click on the "Poll Results" tab on the top navigation of this page
Please click here to get articles, if not already displayed (please wait for some time for page to refresh)
Note: This page gets articles from a sample website which has limited number of articles for demo purposes. Clicking the link will add on to the current articles (if there are any) showing an actual scenario where new articles are being updated, but due to no updation being done on the created sample website, the article numbering will repeat after a certain number. The polling results will reflect those as new articles and update accordingly


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Little Shanghai Restaurant is an interactive culinary and cultural destination located at the gateway of San Mateo, offering an in-depth exploration of Greater Chinese gastronomy. Our mission is to demystify Chinese ingredients and recipes while educating guests on the rich history and influence.


{%extends "nav_account.html"%} {%block title%}Elections{%endblock%} {%block content%}
This is a list of the candidates you voted for in {{election.name}}, and what score you gave them.


Functions, data sets, analyses and examples from the book ”A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using R” (Brian S. Everitt and Torsten Hothorn, Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2006). The first chapter of the book, which is entitled ”An Introduction to R”, is completely included in this package, for all other chapters, a vignette containing all data analyses is available.
| Version: | 1.3-9 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.2.0), tools |
| Suggests: | lattice, MASS, scatterplot3d (≥ 0.3-23), ape (≥ 1.6), coin (≥ 1.1-3), flexmix (≥ 1.1-0), gee (≥ 4.13-10), lme4 (≥ 0.98-1), mclust (≥ 3.0-0), party (≥ 0.2-8), randomForest (≥ 4.5-12), rmeta (≥ 2.12), vcd (≥ 0.9-3), survival, KernSmooth, rpart, mvtnorm, Matrix, boot, TH.data |
| Published: | 2017-08-18 |
| Author: | Brian S. Everitt and Torsten Hothorn |
| Maintainer: | Torsten Hothorn <Torsten.Hothorn at R-project.org> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL] |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | HSAUR results |
| Reference manual: | HSAUR.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Chapter Analysing Longitudinal Data I Chapter Analysing Longitudinal Data II Chapter Analysis of Variance Chapter Cluster Analysis Chapter Conditional Inference Chapter Density Estimation Errata Chapter An Introduction to R Chapter Logistic Regression and Generalised Linear Models Chapter Meta-Analysis Chapter Multidimensional Scaling Multiple Linear Regression Chapter Principal Component Analysis Chapter Recursive Partitioning Chapter Simple Inference Chapter Survival Analysis Chapter Preface |
| Package source: | HSAUR_1.3-9.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: HSAUR_1.3-9.zip, r-release: HSAUR_1.3-9.zip, r-oldrel: HSAUR_1.3-9.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: HSAUR_1.3-9.tgz, r-oldrel: HSAUR_1.3-9.tgz |
| Old sources: | HSAUR archive |
| Reverse suggests: | GFD, MANOVA.RM, vcd |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=HSAUR to link to this page.


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| Package | sandy.core |
| Class | public class SceneLocator |
An application can only have one SceneLocator. Using the SceneLocator, scenes can be located, registered, and unregistered.
When scenes are created in an application, they automatically register with the SceneLocator registry.
See also
| Method | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
SceneLocator(access:PrivateConstructorAccess)
Creates the SceneLocator registry.
| SceneLocator | ||
|
[static]
Returns the instance of this SceneLocator object.
| SceneLocator | ||
|
Returns the Scene3D object with the specified name.
| SceneLocator | ||
|
isRegistered(key:String):Boolean
Checks if a scene with the specified name is registered.
| SceneLocator | ||
|
registerScene(key:String, o:Scene3D):Boolean
Registers a scene.
| SceneLocator | ||
|
unregisterScene(key:String):void
Unregisters a scene with the specified name.
| SceneLocator |
| SceneLocator | () | constructor |
public function SceneLocator(access:PrivateConstructorAccess)
Creates the SceneLocator registry.
This constructor is never called directly. Instead the registry instance is retrieved by calling SceneLocator.getInstance().
Parametersaccess:PrivateConstructorAccess — A singleton access flag object
|
| getInstance | () | method |
public static function getInstance():SceneLocator
Returns the instance of this SceneLocator object.
ReturnsSceneLocator —
This instance.
|
| getScene | () | method |
public function getScene(key:String):Scene3D
Returns the Scene3D object with the specified name.
Parameterskey:String — The name of the scene.
|
Scene3D —
The requested scene.
|
| isRegistered | () | method |
public function isRegistered(key:String):Boolean
Checks if a scene with the specified name is registered.
Parameterskey:String — key The name of the scene to check.
|
Boolean — true if a scene with that name is registered, false otherwise.
|
| registerScene | () | method |
public function registerScene(key:String, o:Scene3D):Boolean
Registers a scene.
Parameterskey:String — The name of the scene.
|
|
o:Scene3D — The Scene3D object.
|
Boolean — Whether the scene was successfully registered.
|
| unregisterScene | () | method |
public function unregisterScene(key:String):void
Unregisters a scene with the specified name.
Parameterskey:String — The name of the scene to unregister.
|