Data analyzed in this study were originally generated and published by Reinert, Harbach and Kitching (2009), Zool J Linn Soc 157: 700-794, and were retrieved manually. The nexus file dataset we used is publically available on the website of the Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit: (
The tribe Aedini (Family Culicidae) contains approximately one-quarter of the known species of mosquitoes, including vectors of deadly or debilitating disease agents. This tribe contains the genus Aedes, which is one of the three most familiar genera of mosquitoes. During the past decade, Aedini has been the focus of a series of extensive morphology-based phylogenetic studies published by Reinert, Harbach, and Kitching (RH&K). Those authors created 74 new, elevated or resurrected genera from what had been the single genus Aedes, almost tripling the number of genera in the entire family Culicidae. The proposed classification is based on subjective assessments of the “number and nature of the characters that support the branches” subtending particular monophyletic groups in the results of cladistic analyses of a large set of morphological characters of representative species. To gauge the stability of RH&K’s generic groupings we reanalyzed their data with unweighted parsimony jackknife and maximum-parsimony analyses, with and without ordering 14 of the characters as in RH&K. We found that their phylogeny was largely weakly supported and their taxonomic rankings failed priority and other useful taxon-naming criteria. Consequently, we propose simplified aedine generic designations that 1) restore a classification system that is useful for the operational community; 2) enhance the ability of taxonomists to accurately place new species into genera; 3) maintain the progress toward a natural classification based on monophyletic groups of species; and 4) correct the current classification system that is subject to instability as new species are described and existing species more thoroughly defined. We do not challenge the phylogenetic hypotheses generated by the above-mentioned series of morphological studies. However, we reduce the ranks of the genera and subgenera of RH&K to subgenera or informal species groups, respectively, to preserve stability as new data become available.
The Catalog of the Mosquitoes of the World, published in 1977 by Knight and Stone [ 1 ] and its three supplements [ 2 – 5 ], which were based on an earlier 1959 catalog [ 6 ] and supplements [ 7 – 11 ], are the primary reference point for all modern mosquito systematics. These catalogs summarize the nomenclatorial organization of the entire Culicidae family and list all references that established those names. The family Culicidae includes 3,601 described species and subspecies (
Names proposed herein are in bold typeface; previous name combinations follow in normal typeface.
| SPECIES | ASSOCIATED HUMAN PATHOGENS / INVASIVE AND NON-NATIVE SPECIES |
|---|---|
| Aedes ( Aedes) cinereus Meigen * | EEEV [ 12 ], HJV [ 13 ], JCV [ 13 ], |
| Aedes cinereus Meigen | TAHV, WNV [ 14 ] |
| Aedes ( Aedimorphus) abnormalis (Theobald) * | SFV, WSLV |
| 'Aedes' ( 'Aedimorphus') abnormalis (Theobald) | |
| Aedimorphus abnormalis (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Aedimorphus) cumminsii (Theobald) * | RVFV [ 15 ], SPOV |
| 'Aedes' ( 'Aedimorphus') cumminsii (Theobald) | |
| Aedimorphus cumminsii ( Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Aedimorphus) dalzieli (Theobald) * | BBKV [ 15 ], BOUV [ 15 ], CHIKV [ 15 ], |
| 'Aedes' ( 'Aedimorphus') dalzieli (Theobald) | KEDV, NDOV, PGAV, RVFV [ 15 ], WSLV, ZIKAV |
| Aedimorphus dalzieli (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Aedimorphus) dentatus (Theobald) * | ORUV, RVFV [ 16 ], WSLV |
| 'Aedes' ( 'Aedimorphus') dentatus (Theobald) | |
| Aedimorphus dentatus (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Aedimorphus) fowleri (de Charmoy) * | PGAV, RVFV + [ 17 ] |
| 'Aedes' ( 'Aedimorphus') fowleri (de Charmoy) | |
| Aedimorphus fowleri (de Charmoy) | |
| Aedes ( Aedimorphus) hirsutus (Theobald) * | NRIV [ 18 ] |
| 'Aedes' ( 'Aedimorphus') hirsutus (Theobald) | |
| Aedimorphus hirsutus (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Aedimorphus) mediolineatus (Theobald) * | WSLV |
| 'Aedes' ( 'Aedimorphus') mediolineatus (Theobald) | |
| Aedimorphus mediolineatus (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Aedimorphus) natrionius Edwards * | UGSV |
| 'Aedes' ( 'Aedimorphus') natronius Edwards | |
| Aedimorphus natronius (Edwards) | |
| Aedes ( Aedimorphus) ochraceus (Theobald) * | RVFV [ 15 ], WSLV [ 15 ] |
| 'Aedes' ( 'Aedimorphus') ochraceus (Theobald) | |
| Aedimorphus ochraceus (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen) * | TAHV, TVTV, WEE + [ 19 ], WNV [ 14 , 15 ], |
| 'Aedes' ( 'Aedimorphus') vexans (Meigen) | Banna [ 20 ], Chaoyang [ 21 ], Potosi [ 22 ] |
| Aedimorphus vexans (Meigen) | |
| Aedes ( Catageiomyia) argenteopunctatus (Theobald) | NRIV, SFV |
| Aedes ( Aedimorphus) argenteopunctatus (Theobald) * | |
| 'Aedes' ( 'Aedimorphus') argenteopunctatus (Theobald) | |
| Catageiomyia argenteopunctata (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Catageiomyia) minutus (Theobald) | KEDV |
| Aedes ( Aedimorphus) minutus (Theobald) * | |
| 'Aedes' ( 'Aedimorphus') minutus (Theobald) | |
| Catageiomyia minuta (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Catageiomyia) tarsalis (Newstead) | KEDV, PGAV, WSLV |
| Aedes ( Aedimorphus) tarsalis (Newstead) * | |
| 'Aedes' ( 'Aedimorphus') tarsalis (Newstead) | |
| Catageiomyia tarsalis (Newstead) | |
| Aedes ( Diceromyia) furcifer (Edwards) * | BOUV, CHIK [ 23 ], RVFV [ 15 ], |
| Diceromyia furcifer (Edwards) | YF [ 24 ] |
| Aedes ( Diceromyia) taylori Edwards * | CHIK [ 23 ], YFV [ 24 ] |
| Diceromyia taylori (Edwards) * | |
| Aedes ( Downsiomyia) harinasutai Knight | W. bancrofti [ 25 ] |
| Aedes ( Finlaya) harinasutai Knight * | |
| Downsiomyia harinasutai (Knight) | |
| Aedes ( Downsiomyia) niveus (Ludlow) | DENV, W. bancrofti [ 26 ] |
| Aedes ( Finlaya) niveus (Ludlow) * | |
| Downsiomyia nivea (Ludlow) | |
| Ae des ( Finlaya) fijiensis Marks * | W. bancrofti [ 27 ] |
| Finlaya fijiensis (Marks) | |
| Aedes ( Finlaya) kochi (Dönitz) * | W. bancrofti [ 28 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Finlaya) kochi (Dönitz) | |
| Finlaya kochi (Dönitz) | |
| Aedes ( Finlaya) poicilius (Theobald) * | W. bancrofti [ 29 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Finlaya) poicilius (Theobald) | |
| Finlaya poicilia Theobald | |
| Aedes ( Fredwardsius) vittatus (Bigot) | BBKV, NRIV, PGAV, SFV |
| Aedes ( Stegomyia) vittatus (Bigot) * | |
| Fredwardsius vittatus (Bigot) | |
| Aedes ( Georgecraigius) epactius Dyar & Knab | WNV [ 14 ] |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) epactius Dyar & Knab * | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) epactius (Dyar & Knab) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') epactius (Dyar & Knab) | |
| Georgecraigius ( Georgecraigius) epactius (Dyar & Knab) | |
| Aedes ( Georgecraigius) atropalpus (Coquillett) | Invasive [ 30 ], WNV [ 14 ] |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) atropalpus (Coquillett) * | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) atropalpus (Coquillett) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') atropalpus (Coquillett) | |
| Georgecraigius ( Georgecraigius) atropalpus (Coquillett) | |
| Aedes ( Hopkinsius) ingrami (Edwards) | UGSV |
| Aedes ( Finlaya) ingrami Edwards * | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Finlaya) ingrami (Edwards) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Finlaya') ingrami (Edwards) | |
| Hopkinsius ( Hopkinsius) ingrami (Edwards) | |
| Aedes ( Howardina) septemstriatus Dyar & Knab * | WYOV |
| Ochlerotatus ( Howardina) septemstriatus (Dyar & Knab) | |
| Howardina septemstriata (Dyar & Knab) | |
| Aedes ( Howardina) sexlineatus (Theobald) * | WYOV |
| Ochlerotatus ( Howardina) sexlineatus (Theobald) | |
| Howardina sexlineata (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Hulecoeteomyia) japonicus (Theobald) | Invasive [ 30 ], CVV [ 31 ], WNV [ 14 ] |
| Aedes ( Finlaya) japonicus (Theobald) * | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Finlaya) japonicus (Theobald) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Finlaya') japonicus (Theobald) | |
| Hulecoeteomyia japonica (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Hulecoeteomyia) koreicus (Edwards) | Invasive [ 32 ] |
| Aedes ( Finlaya) koreicus (Edwards) * | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Finlaya) koreicus Edwards | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Finlaya') koreicus Edwards | |
| Hulecoeteomyia koreica (Edwards) | |
| Aedes ( Neomelaniconion) mcintoshi Huang * | NRIV [ 15 ], MIDV [ 33 ], RVFV [ 34 ], |
| Neomelaniconion mcintoshi (Huang) | WSLV [ 33 ] |
| Aedes ( Neomelaniconion) palpalis (Newstead) * | RVFV [ 15 ], SFV |
| Neomelaniconion palpale Newstead | |
| Aedes ( Neomelaniconion) circumluteolus (Theobald) * | BUNV, LEBV, PGAV, RVFV, SPON, WSLV |
| Neomelaniconion circumluteolus (Theobald) | |
| Neomelaniconion circuluteolum (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Neomelaniconion) lineatopennis (Ludlow) * | WSLV |
| Neomelaniconion lineatopenne (Ludlow) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) abserratus (Felt & Young) * | JCV |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) abserratus (Felt & Young) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') abserratus (Felt & Young) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) abserratus (Felt & Young) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Woodius) abserratus (Felt & Young) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) angustivittatus Dyar & Knab * | ILHV [ 35 ], VEEV |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) angustivittatus (Dyar & Knab) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') angustivittatus (Dyar & Knab) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) argyrothorax (Bonne-Wepster & Bonne) * | WYOV |
| Aedes ( Protomacleaya) argyrothorax (Bonne-Wepster & Bonne) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Protomacleaya) argyrothorax (Bonne-Wepster & Bonne) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Protomacleaya') argyrothorax (Bonne-Wepster & Bonne) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) atlanticus Dyar & Knab * | EEEV, EYEV, TENV, TVTV, WNV [ 14 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) atlanticus (Dyar & Knab) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) atlanticus (Dyar & Knab) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Protoculex) atlanticus (Dyar & Knab) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) bancroftianus (Edwards) | BAMV |
| Aedes ( Pseudoskusea) bancroftianus Edwards * | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Pseudoskusea) bancroftianus (Edwards) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Pseudoskusea') bancroftianus (Edwards) | |
| Pseudoskusea bancroftiana ( Edwards) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) caballus (Theobald) * | RVFV, WSLV |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) caballus (Theobald) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') caballus (Theobald) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( subgenus unassigned) caballus (Theobald) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Juppius) caballus (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) canadensis (Theobald) * | EEEV [ 12 ], HJV [ 36 ], JCV [ 13 ], |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) canadensis (Theobald) | RVFV + [ 37 ], WNV [ 19 ] |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') canadensis (Theobald) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( subgenus unassigned) canadensis (Theobald) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Culicada) canadensis (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) cantans (Meigen) * | TAHV, WNV |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) cantans (Meigen) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') cantans (Meigen) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) cantans (Meigen) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Woodius) cantans (Meigen) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) cantator (Coquillett) * | CVV [ 31 ], EEEV [ 36 ], HJV [ 36 ], JCV, |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) cantator (Coquillett) | RVFV + [ 37 ], WNV [ 14 ] |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') cantator (Coquillett) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) cantator (Coquillett) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas) * | TAHV, WNV [ 38 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') caspius (Pallas) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) caspius (Pallas) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) communis (de Geer) * | LACV, JCV, TAHV |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) communis (de Geer) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) communis de Geer | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) condolescens Dyar & Knab * | WNV [ 14 ] |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') condolescens (Dyar & Knab) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) condolescens (Dyar & Knab) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) detritus Haliday * | TAHV [ 39 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) detritus (Haliday) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') detritus (Haliday) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) detritus (Haliday) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) diantaeus Howard, Dyar & Knab * | TAHV |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) diantaeus Howard, Dyar & Knab * | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) diantaeus (Howard, Dyar & Knab) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') diantaeus (Howard, Dyar & Knab) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) diantaeus (Howard, Dyar & Knab) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Woodius) diantaeus (Howard, Dyar & Knab) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) dorsalis (Meigen) * | WEE [ 40 ], WNV [ 14 ], Banna [ 20 ], |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) dorsalis (Meigen) | Liaoning [ 41 ] |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) dorsalis (Meigen) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) dupreei (Coquillett) * | WNV [ 14 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) dupreei (Coquillett) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus') dupreei (Coquillett) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Protoculex) dupreei (Coquillett) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) excrucians (Walker) * | RVFV + [ 37 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) excrucians (Walker) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') excrucians (Walker) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) excrucians (Walker) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) fitchii (Felt & Young) * | WNV [ 14 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) fitchii (Felt & Young) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') fitchii (Felt & Young) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) fitchii (Felt & Young) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) fulvus (Wiedemann) * | EEEV, WNV, WYOV |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) fulvus (Wiedemann) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) fulvus (Wiedemann) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Chrysoconops) fulvus (Wiedemann) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) grossbecki Dyar & Knab * | WNV [ 14 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) grossbecki (Dyar & Knab) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') grossbecki (Dyar & Knab) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) grossbecki (Dyar & Knab) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) infirmatus Dyar & Knab * | EEEV [ 42 ], Keystone [ 42 ], |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) infirmatus (Dyar & Knab) | Tensaw [ 42 ], TVTV, WNV [ 14 ] |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) infirmatus (Dyar & Knab) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) melanimon Dyar * | SLEV, WEEV [ 19 ], WNV [ 14 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) melanimon (Dyar) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') melanimon (Dyar) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) melanimon (Dyar) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) mitchellae (Dyar) * | EEEV, TENV |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) mitchellae (Dyar) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') mitchellae (Dyar) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Culicelsa) mitchellae (Dyar) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) nigromaculis (Ludlow) * | WNV [ 14 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) nigromaculis (Ludlow) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') nigromaculis (Ludlow) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Culicelsa) nigromaculis (Ludlow) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) normanensis (Taylor) * | BAMV, GGV, MVEV, RRV, SINV |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) normanensis (Taylor) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') normanensis (Taylor) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) normanensis (Taylor) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) provocans (Walker) * | WNV [ 14 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) provocans (Walker) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Rusticoidus) provocans (Walker) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) punctor (Kirby) * | BATV |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) punctor (Kirby) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') punctor (Kirby) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) punctor (Kirby) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) scapularis (Rondani) * | ILHV [ 43 ], SLEV, VEEV, WYOV, YFV [ 44 ], |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) scapularis (Rondani) Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) scapularis (Rondani) | W. bancrofti [ 44 ] |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) serratus (Theobald) * | SLEV, VEEV, WYOV |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) serratus (Theobald) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') serratus (Theobald) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Protoculex) serratus (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) sollicitans (Walker) * | CVV [ 31 ], EEEV, RVFV + [ 37 ], |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) sollicitans (Walker) | VEEV, WNV [ 14 ] |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) sollicitans (Walker) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Culicelsa) sollicitans (Walker) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) squamiger (Coquillett) * | WNV [ 14 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) squamiger (Coquillett) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') squamiger (Coquillett) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) squamiger (Coquillett) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) sticticus (Meigen) * | EEEV, JCV, TAHV, WNV [ 14 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) sticticus (Meigen) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') sticticus (Meigen) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) sticticus (Meigen) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) stimulans (Walker) * | JCV, WNV [ 14 ] |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) stimulans (Walker) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') stimulans (Walker) | |
| Ochlerotatus (subgenus unassigned) stimulans (Walker) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) * | CVV, EEEV, EYEV, ORIV, RVFV + [ 37 ], |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) | TENV, TVTV, VEEV, WNV [ 14 ], WYOV |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Culicelsa) taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) thelcter Dyar * | VEEV |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) thelcter (Dyar) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') thelcter (Dyar) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) trivittatus (Coquillett) * | EEEV [ 12 ], LACV, TVTV, WNV [ 14 ] |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') trivittatus (Coquillett) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) trivittatus (Coquillett) | |
| Aedes ( Ochlerotatus) vigilax (Skuse) * | Non-native [ 30 ] , BAMV, EHV, GGV, KOKV, RRV, SINV |
| Ochlerotatus ( Ochlerotatus) vigilax (Skuse) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Ochlerotatus') vigilax (Skuse) | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Empihals) vigilax (Skuse) | |
| Aedes ( Polyleptiomyia) albocephalus (Theobald) | WNV [ 45 ] |
| Aedes ( Aedimorphus) albocephalus (Theobald) * | |
| 'Aedes' ( 'Aedimorphus') albocephalus (Theobald) | |
| Polyleptiomyia albocephala (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Protomacleaya) triseriatus (Say) * | CVV [ 46 ], EEEV [ 12 ], JCV ++ , LACV, |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Protomacleaya') triseriatus (Say) | RVFV + [ 37 ], WNV [ 14 ], Potosi [ 46 ] |
| Aedes ( Rampamyia) notoscriptus (Skuse) | Invasive [ 30 ] |
| Aedes ( Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse) * | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse) | |
| 'Ochlerotatus' ( 'Finlaya') notoscriptus (Skuse) | |
| Rampamyia notoscripta ( Skuse) | |
| Aedes ( Skusea) pembaensis Theobald | BUNV, TAHV |
| Aedes ( Skusea) pembaensis Theobald * | |
| Skusea pembaensis (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) * | Invasive [ 30 ] , CHIK, DENV, ORUV, VEEV, WNV, YFV |
| Stegomyia aegypti (Linnaeus) | |
| Stegomyia ( Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) | |
| Aedes ( Stegomyia) africanus (Theobald) * | BBKV, BOUV, CHIK, RVFV [ 47 ], YFV, ZIKAV |
| Stegomyia africana Theobald | |
| Stegomyia (subgenus unassigned) africana Theobald | |
| Aedes ( Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) * | Invasive [ 30 ], CHIK [ 48 ], CVV [ 46 ], |
| Stegomyia albopicta (Skuse) | DENV, EEEV [ 49 ], LACV [ 46 ], |
| Stegomyia (subgenus unassigned) albopicta (Skuse) | WNV [ 50 ], YFV [ 51 ] |
| Aedes ( Stegomyia) bromeliae (Theobald) * | YFV [ 52 ] |
| Stegomyia bromeliae Theobald | |
| Stegomyia ( Mukwaya) bromeliae Theobald | |
| Aedes ( Stegomyia) luteocephalus (Newstead) * | CHIK [ 23 ], DEN [ 47 ], YFV [ 47 ], ZIKAV |
| Stegomyia luteocephala Newstead | |
| Stegomyia (subgenus unassigned) luteocephala Newstead | |
| Aedes ( Stegomyia) neoafricanus Cornet, Valade & Dieng * | NRIV |
| Stegomyia neoafricana (Cornet, Valade & Dieng) | |
| Stegomyia (subgenus unassigned) neoafricana (Cornet, Valade & Dieng) | |
| Aedes ( Stegomyia) opok Corbet & van Someren * | YFV |
| Stegomyia opok (Corbet & van Someren) | |
| Stegomyia (subgenus unassigned) opok (Corbet & van Someren) | |
| Aedes ( Stegomyia) polynesiensis Marks * | W. bancrofti [ 27 , 53 ] |
| Stegomyia polynesiensis (Marks) | |
| Stegomyia (subgenus unassigned) polynesiensis (Marks) | |
| Aedes ( Stegomyia) scutellaris (Walker) * | DEN [ 27 ], W. bancrofti [ 27 ] |
| Stegomyia scutellaris (Walker) | |
| Stegomyia (subgenus unassigned) scutellaris (Walker) | |
| Aedes ( Stegomyia) simpsoni (Theobald) * | BBKV, NRIV +++ , YFV |
| Stegomyia simpsoni Theobald | |
| Aedes ( Mukwaya) simpsoni (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Tanakius) togoi (Theobald) | Non-native [ 30 ], JEV [ 54 ], |
| Aedes ( Finlaya) togoi (Theobald) * | Brugia malayi [ 54 ], W. bancrofti [ 54 ], |
| Ochlerotatus ( Finlaya) togoi (Theobald) | D. immitis [ 54 ] |
| Tanakius togoi (Theobald) | |
| Aedes ( Zavortinkius) longipalpis (Gruenberg) | UGSV |
| Aedes ( Finlaya) longipalpis (Gruenberg) * | |
| Ochlerotatus ( Finlaya) longipalpis (Gruenberg) | |
| Zavortinkius longipalpis (Gruenberg) | |
| Armigeres ( Armigeres) obturbans (Walker) * | GETV [ 39 ], Kadipiro [ 39 ] |
| Armigeres ( Armigeres) subalbatus (Coquillett) * | JEV [ 55 ], W. bancrofti [ 54 ] |
| Haemagogus ( Haemagogus) janthinomys Dyar * | YFV [ 56 ] |
| Haemagogus ( Haemagogus) mesodentatus Komp & Kumm * | YFV [ 55 ] |
| Haemagogus ( Haemagogus) spegazzinii Brethes * | YFV [ 55 ] |
| Haemogogus ( Conopostegus) leucocelanus (Dyar & Shannon) * | WYOV, YFV |
| Psorophora ( Janthinsoma) cyanescens (Coquillett) * | VEEV |
| Psorophora ( Janthinsoma) ferox (von Humboldt) * | CVV [ 31 ], EEEV [ 12 ], ORIV, SLEV, WNV [ 14 ], WYOV |
| Psorophora ( Grabhamia) columbiae (Dyar & Knab) * | WNV [ 14 ], Potosi [ 22 ] |
| Psorophora ( Grabhamia) confinnis (Lynch Arribálzaga) * | CVV, TENV, VEEV |
| Psorophora ( Grabhamia) discolor (Coquillett) * | VEEV |
| Psorophora ( Janthinosoma) ferox (von Humboldt) * | WNV [ 14 ] |
| Psorophora ( Janthinosoma) albipes (Theobald) * | WYOV |
| Psorophora ( Psorophora) ciliata (Fabricius) * | TENV [ 22 ], VEEV, WNV [ 14 ] |
| Psorophora ( Psorophora) cilipes (Fabricius) * | VEEV |
| Psorophora ( Psorophora) howardii Coquillett * | WNV [ 14 ] |
*Name combination as in Knight & Stone (1977) [ 1 ]
+ Experimental infection
++ Virus detected in eggs
+++ Virus detected in males
Virus-species associations listed in bold typeface are those listed on the CDC Arbovirus Catalog (2015) [ 57 ]. Virus names and abbreviations: BAMV—Barmah Forest; BATV—Batai; BBKV—Babanki; BOUV—Bouboui; BUNV—Bunyamwera; CHIKV—Chikungunya; CVV—Cache Valley; DENV—Dengue; EEEV—Eastern Equine Encephalitis; EHV—Edge Hill; EYEV—Everglades; GETV—Getah; GGV—Gan Gan; HJV—Highland J; ILHV—Ilheus; JCV—James Canyon; KEDV—Kedougou; LACV—La Crosse; LEBV—Lebombo; MVEV—Murray Valley River; NDOV—Nyando; NRIV—Ngari; ORIV—Oriboca; ORUV—Orungo; PGAV—Pongola; RRV—Ross River; RVFV—Rift Valley Fever; SFV—Semiliki Forest; SINV—Sindbis; SLEV—St Louis Encephalitis; SPOV—Spondweri; TAHV—Tahyna; TENV—Tensaw; TVTV—Trivittatus; UGSV—Uganda S; VEEV—Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis; WNV—West Nile; WSLV—Wesselbron; WYOV—Wyeomyia; YFV—Yellow Fever; ZIKAV—Zika.
This publication restores the generic structure of the tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae) to its status prior to the year 2000. Specifically, all species in the tribe are placed in the following 10 genera: Aedes, Armigeres, Eretmapodites, Haemagogus, Heizmannia, Opifex, Psorophora, Udaya, Verrallina, and Zeugnomyia. Aedine genera created in and after 2000 are placed as subgenera of genus Aedes; subgenera created after 2000 are placed in informal species groupings ( S1 Appendix, S2 Appendix). The classification proposed here, and further updates to culicid classification, will be reflected in the online taxonomic catalog at
The 1977 catalog [ 1 ] lists nine genera in the tribe Aedini ( Aedes Meigen, 1818; Armigeres Theobald, 1901; Eretmapodites Theobald, 1901; Haemagogus Williston, 1896; Heizmannia Ludlow, 1905; Opifex Hutton, 1902; Psorophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827; Udaya Thurman, 1954; and Zeugnomyia Leicester, 1908). Of the 51 subgenera in Aedini, 38 subgenera with about 800 species were placed in the genus Aedes. An “Aedes Group” was mentioned by Edwards in 1932 [ 58 ] in a compendium of mosquito taxonomy that preceded the 1959 and 1977 catalogs. His Aedes Group included all of the above except Udaya, which had not yet been described, and Zeugnomyia, which was then considered to be in the Uranotaenia group. Tribe Aedini with all nine genera was first mentioned by Belkin in 1962 [ 27 ] in a two-volume work on mosquitoes of the South Pacific that also discussed mosquito systematics and biogeography in a world-wide context.
Since Knight and Stone’s catalog and supplements, five new aedine subgenera were added ( Isoaedes [ 59 ], Belkinius [ 60 ], Albuginosus [ 61 ], Kenknightia [ 62 ] and Zavortinkius [ 63 ]). Also during this period three subgenera of Aedes were elevated to genus, one in 1999 ( Verrallina [ 64 ]) and two in 2000 ( Ayurakitia [ 65 ] and Ochlerotatus [ 66 ]). Elevation of Verrallina and Ayurakitia to genus went largely unnoticed except by taxonomists. In contrast, because Ochlerotatus contained some well-known species, e.g. Ae. ( Och.) sollicitans (Walker), a salt-marsh mosquito and important nuisance and disease vector ( Table 1 ), there was a good deal of debate as to the merit of elevating it to a genus [ 67 ]. The classification that included Ochlerotatus as a genus was followed by some workers but ignored by others [ 68 , 69 ]. The recognition of these additional genera and subgenera in Aedini was based on traditional taxonomic judgments of similarities and relationships rather than on quantitative cladistic analysis.
In a series of papers published from 2004 through 2009 [ 70 – 73 ], Reinert, Harbach, and Kitching (henceforth RH&K) made many changes to the nomenclature of the tribe Aedini. The RH&K reclassifications [ 70 – 73 ] were based on comprehensive morphological studies of all life stages of the tribe. Their papers report many entirely new morphological observations, especially on the female genitalia. The authors were not able to examine every species in the tribe, but instead chose those species that were available to them and that they considered representative of previously established groups, usually choosing the type species from a genus or subgenus. Based on their results, RH&K identified monophyletic groups and declared new classifications that were further refined in each publication. The series of papers established 74 genera ( S1 Fig, Fig 1) from what was formerly genus Aedes, essentially tripling the number of genera in the family Culicidae. Most of the decisions on classification, particularly in the 2009 paper [ 73 ], were based on quantitative cladistic analyses. These decisions were primarily anchored to an objectively defined measure of "Groups present/Contradicted" (GC) [ 74 ]. Those groups were identified by pseudo-replication, or jackknifing, using symmetric resampling in an implied-weights parsimony analysis in the computer program TNT [ 75 ]. When a grouping was supported by a GC threshold ≥ 40, it was considered cladistically significant [ 73 ]. However, the authors departed from this quantitative scheme by recognizing clades with GC<40 when the “number and nature of the characters that support the branches” were subjectively considered significant ( Fig 2). RH&K did not propose diagnostic characters for the new genera, though they did assign many species in Aedini to genus or subgenus based on accepted groupings and their own analyses of characters. Exceptions were: genus Ochlerotatus, 138 species unassigned to subgenus; ‘ Ochlerotatus’ (‘ Finlaya’) sensu auctorum (= a name used by subsequent authors in a sense different from that established by the original author [ 76 ]), 28 species; ‘ Ochlerotatus’ (‘ Protomacleaya’) sensu auctorum, 39 species; and genus Stegomyia, 104 species unassigned to subgenus.
Branches with GC≥40 are indicated by dark circles.
Although phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences should ultimately be helpful in determining taxonomic relationships between groups within Aedini, the few studies to date have not been able to test the validity of the reclassification proposed by RH&K based on morphological characters. DNA barcoding studies have examined 217 aedine species in China [ 77 ], India [ 78 ], and Afghanistan [ 79 ]. Of note, barcoding involves comparison of short sequences of the COI mitochondrial gene, producing distance measures that are only useful for delineating and differentiating species-level taxa, not for estimating their relationships. Combining COI and COII mitochondrial genes from 17 aedine species in western Africa [ 80 ] failed to distinguish them as a group from three non-aedine species and also failed to show significant groupings of species. Restriction mapping of rDNA [ 81 ] was similarly unsuccessful for a study of 12 culicine species representing six genera. Analysis of the white gene [ 82 ] successfully distinguished three aedine species from nine others, but the sample size was too small to examine relationships among the aedine species.
The Linnaean system of nomenclature that has served biology since 1758 was formalized in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), a basic set of rules designed to promote stability and communication [ 76 ]. Classifications governed by the ICZN are meant to be “natural,” a term that since the translation of Hennig’s “Phylogenetic Systematics” [ 83 ] has been defined as strictly monophyletic, meaning “including all descendants from a common ancestor.” Wiley [ 84 , 85 ], one of the early theorists of phylogenetic systematics, asserted that an annotated Linnaean classification can take more than one form as long as each is logically consistent with a phylogeny, and that “… minimum taxonomic decisions will be made whenever possible to construct a classification or to modify an existing classification.” Wiley and Liebermann [ 86 ] also stated that “the ranks of well-known clades will be retained whenever possible.” Although explicitly "tree-based" classification systems have been suggested as alternatives to Linnaean classification (e.g., numerical prefix schemes [ 87 ] and the PhyloCode [ 88 ]), these alternative schemes require a well-supported phylogeny based on multiple lines of evidence, a condition not yet reached in Aedini as discussed above.
Regardless of the system, some accommodations are necessary for serving the sometimes non-overlapping requirements of taxonomy, information retrieval, and communication [ 86 ]. Recently, Vences and colleagues [ 89 ] discussed the relationship between nomenclatorial utility and phylogenetic accuracy in an expansion on previous treatments of the subject [ 84 – 86 ]. They acknowledged that taxonomic instability “…can become a serious problem consuming public and private resources…”. To address this and other issues, they proposed several levels of taxon naming criteria (TNCs), the priority criteria being monophyly, clade stability, and phenotypic diagnosability. Accessory criteria included, among others, the medical or economic significance of a taxon. These authors emphasized that “…except for monophyly, the priority TNCs are not proposed as mandatory requirements of a Linnaean taxon but as yardsticks to allow for an informed choice among various clades in a tree…” and warn that “…taxa of unstable monophyly or poor diagnosability reduce the information content and hence the utility of the Linnaean system.”
After reviewing the history of the classification of tribe Aedini and previous morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, we reanalyzed RH&K data and performed a critical assessment of their methods and results in the context of Wiley [ 84 , 85 ], Wiley and Lieberman [ 86 ]’s, “conventions for annotated Linnaean classifications”, and also Vences et al. [ 89 ]’s, “taxon naming criteria”. To preserve information about morphological evolution in mosquitoes, we suggest alternative methods for reflecting RH&K’s findings in a classification that retains the stability necessary for effective information retrieval and communication.
We reanalyzed RH&K’s data in the program TNT [ 75 , 90 ], not for the purpose of producing a classification, but rather to test the robustness of RH&K’s [ 73 ] generic groups ( Fig 3; S1 Tree, S2 Tree, S3 Tree, S4 Tree) under alternative, but similar, cladistic analyses. We assumed that if proposed relationships among genera are not robust when subjected to closely related analytical methods, they are unlikely to be robust to the introduction of new data. To gauge the stability of RH&K’s [ 73 ] generic groupings to standard parsimony-based analytical methods, we reanalyzed their data with two alternative methods: (i) unweighted parsimony jackknife analyses, identifying clades and their GC (Groups present/Contradicted) support values [ 74 ] on the resulting jackknife tree, and (ii) unweighted maximum-parsimony analyses, identifying clades occurring on the strict consensus of the resulting most parsimonious trees. For each of these analytical methods, we conducted two sets of multiple analyses, one in which all characters were unordered and one in which 14 characters were ordered, as was the case in a subset of the original analyses [ 73 ]. We performed all analyses in TNT v.1.1 [ 75 , 90 ], although in some cases we carried out tree-bisection and reconnection (TBR) branch-swapping on accumulated trees in PAUP* [ 91 ].
Dark circle = nodes supported in [ 73 ] and herein; triangle = supported in RH&K [ 73 ] but not herein; square = supported herein but not in RH&K [ 73 ].
Jackknife analyses. We conducted unweighted parsimony jackknife analyses consisting of 1,000 pseudoreplicates, each pseudoreplicate consisting of 10 separate tree searches utilizing TBR branch-swapping on a random-taxon-addition Wagner tree and limited to finding 10 most-parsimonious trees. Support for clades was measured with the GC (Groups present/Contradicted) criterion [ 74 ] based on the TNT default tree output, which displays a tree consisting of all groups with positive GC values ( S1 Tree, S2 Tree). Following RH&K’s criterion, we report nodes with GC≥ 40.
Maximum parsimony analyses. We conducted multiple, progressive, unweighted parsimony analyses in which resulting trees were saved, accumulated trees were subjected to TBR branch-swapping, and duplicate trees were discarded. These analyses employed varying combinations of TNT "new technology" algorithms, including the parsimony ratchet (5 to 100,000 iterations), sectorial searching (RSS and CSS), tree drifting (10–1000 cycles), and tree fusing (5–100 rounds), in which accumulating trees from prior searches were carried over into subsequent searches. Multiple driven searches were also conducted, including (i) 1,000 initial random-taxon-addition sequences with five rounds of ratcheting and three rounds of tree-fusing and requiring that minimum-length trees be found 10 times; and (ii) combined sectorial, ratchet, tree-drifting, and tree-fusion searches requiring the consensus tree to stabilize four times ( S3 Tree, S4 Tree).
GC support criterion. GC is calculated as the difference between the frequency with which a given group is retrieved (e.g., in the jackknife replicates) and the frequency with which its most frequent contradictory group is retrieved [ 74 ]. Absolute frequencies (the usual method of counting frequencies in jackknife or bootstrap analyses) do not distinguish between a group with a frequency of 60% that is uncontradicted by an alternative grouping (GC = 60) and a group with a frequency of 60% that is contradicted by an alternative grouping that may occur, e.g., 20% of the time, which would produce GC = 40 [ 74 ].
Ordered characters. Following RH&K, the 14 ordered characters (out of a total of 336 characters) are all measurement or ratio characters, ordered as suggested by Thiele [ 92 ] (characters 13, 14, 17, 20, 62, 67, 72, 84, 107, 138, 161, 273, 280, 318; for TNT characters 12, 13, 16, 19, 61, 66, 71, 83, 106, 137, 160, 272, 279, 317).
A series of 20 maximum-parsimony searches in which all characters were unordered converged multiple times on the same set of 832 most-parsimonious trees of unweighted length = 6,609 ( S4 Tree). A series of 51 maximum-parsimony searches in which 14 characters were ordered produced 4,000 most-parsimonious trees of unweighted length = 6,654 ( S3 Tree), but searches continued to find additional trees, so it is likely that not all of the most-parsimonious trees were found. Finding all most-parsimonious trees, however, is not necessary for calculating the strict consensus [ 93 ]. The majority of tree islands were likely visited and the strict consensus is likely stable because all 51 searches, including the driven consensus-stabilization searches, employed the parsimony ratchet [ 94 ]. At best, any additional most-parsimonious trees would have no effect on the consensus and, at worst, they would further erode its resolution.
Regardless of the specific analysis used (unweighted parsimony or strict consensus, ordered or unordered: see S1 Tree, S2 Tree, S3 Tree, S4 Tree), 48 supported clades, including all 10 pre-2000 Aedine genera, were supported by GC values ≥ 40 ( Fig 3). These included 45 of the 46 clades proposed by RH&K, with the exception of the proposed genus Catageiomyia that split into two unsupported clades in our analysis ( Fig 3). In addition, our analysis supports three clades corresponding to the proposed genera Danielsia, Hopkinsius and Petermattinglyius ( Fig 3), which were not supported in the analysis of RH&K ( Fig 1 in [ 73 ]). Significantly, our analyses split Aedimorphus into four distinct clades, none of which were supported by GC values ≥ 40 ( Fig 3). Numerous instances of species groupings unsupported according to RH&K’s criteria but nonetheless ultimately elevated to generic status [ 73 ] were also not supported in our analyses ( S1 Tree, S2 Tree, S3 Tree, S4 Tree, Fig 3). Most importantly, we found minimal support for the phylogenetic relationships among taxa (i.e., very low GC or jackknife support at branches), underscoring the low phylogenetic resolution of the character set used to assign ranks among the taxa. Detailed examples are discussed fully in the next section.
As we would expect, the implied-weight parsimony method used by RH&K [ 73 ] resulted in a more resolved phylogeny ( Fig 2) than the standard equally weighted parsimony strategy we employed ( Fig 3). In particular, and as admitted by the authors [ 73 ], the high level of precision of the floating-point arithmetic used to calculate fit in the TNT implementation of the implied-weights method is unlikely to find more than a single optimal cladogram. A single-solution, highly resolved cladogram may serve a valuable purpose in posing bold hypotheses maximally vulnerable to refutation by the addition of new data (i.e., taxa or characters) [ 95 ]. However, the potential instability that makes monophyletic groups on optimal trees ideal for the generation of bold hypotheses can make those same groups poor candidates upon which to base stable classifications. Because they recognized this problem, RH&K [ 73 ] utilized the support criterion of "Groups present/Contradicted" (GC) ≥ 40, based on jackknifing with symmetric resampling, to judge clades on their implied-weights parsimony tree ( Fig 2). Although we applied this same criterion (i.e., GC ≥ 40) in our alternative unweighted parsimony analyses, we found negligible support for the basal branches uniting the terminal taxa, i.e., for higher-level relationships between supraspecific groups ( Fig 3). Without a better understanding of the relationships among terminal taxa, application of the principle of equivalent ranking advocated by RH&K is unfeasible.
In light of these results and using Vences et al. [ 89 ] as a guide, we make a point-by-point evaluation to assess whether the classification of Aedini as proposed by RH&K [ 73 ] meets the taxonomic naming criteria (TNCs) described. Of 11 TNCs discussed by Vences et al. [ 89 ] the following seven are applicable to our argument (quotes are from Vences et al. [ 89 ] unless otherwise noted).
“The only strict TNC, […]: All supraspecific taxa must be monophyletic units in the respective species tree (although they might be paraphyletic in any gene tree). Monophyly of a taxon should be assessed by an explicit phylogenetic analysis with adequately dense taxon sampling.”
Monophyly of family Culicidae has been demonstrated [ 96 – 98 ] and Tribe Aedini is monophyletic based on morphological characters [ 99 ], egg structure, and physiology [ 67 ]. RH&K propose and at least partially demonstrate monophyly for many aedine generic level taxa [ 73 ]. However, questions remain about branch support and subjectivity, particularly the use of the GC value as the primary determinant of branch support and the arbitrary use of GC≥40 as the cut-off for significance. Of the 74 terminal clades raised to genera by RH&K [ 73 ], 36 are supported according to the GC≥40 criterion. Elevation of the remaining 38 unsupported clades (GC<40) to generic status is not further explained or justified except to reference the “nature of the characters that support the branches.”
RH&K [ 73 ] indicate three measures of support on each branch of their most-parsimonious implied-weights tree ( Fig 1 in [ 73 ]): (i) the absolute (i.e., non-GC) frequency from symmetric resampling (a form of jackknifing that accounts for character weights; see [ 74 ] and [ 90 ]), (ii) the GC frequency from symmetric resampling, and (iii) the absolute (i.e., non-GC) frequency based on typical (i.e., non-symmetric) jackknife resampling. On some branches, these support measures take on zero (measure i) or negative (measures ii and iii) values, indicating no support or contradictory support for groups that do not appear on the most-parsimonious tree. Except for one case (the clade Juppius + Lepidokenon), in discussing their choices to elevate groups of species to genus level, RH&K only consider measure ii and ignore the other two measures.
Critically, support (GC≥40) uniting pairs of genera (i.e. putative sister taxa) was limited to two nodes in RH&K’s 2009 analysis [ 73 ] ( Downsiomyia– Haemagogus and Elpeytonius-Catageiomyia), and more basal support (GC≥40) for relationships between multiple genera occurs only twice (a clade with four genera ( Sallumia, Geoskusea, Levua, Rhinoskusea, and the entire clade from Elpeytonius to Stegomyia). However, when GC support values are taken into account, their tree is essentially a polytomy with regard to relationships between species groups ( Fig 1 in [ 73 ]).
Our simplified RH&K tree ( Fig 2) does not show the internal relationships within Mucidus, Ochlerotatus, Petermattinglyius, and Stegomyia as proposed by RH&K ( Fig 1 in [ 73 ]). Genus Mucidus had two well-supported subgenera and genus Ochlerotatus was divided into 14 subgenera, nine of which were supported ( Pseudoskusea, Woodius, Culicada, Gilesia, Ochlerotatus, Protoculex, Chrysoconops, Pholeomyia, Rusticoidus). The branch leading to Ochlerotatus subgenera Juppius and Leptokeneon only has single species scored thus it was not possible to judge their support. Interspersed with the named Ochlerotatus subgenera were 124 (of 198) species unassigned to subgenus (Appendix 2 in [ 73 ]). Lack of consistency in naming within the Ochlerotatus clade was evident. For example, it was unclear why subgenus Culicelsa was elevated from synonymy [ 72 ] while the genus Ochlerotatus species pair andersoni and nivalis, with similarly poor support, was not given equivalent subgeneric rank [ 73 ]. Genus Petermattinglyius was split into two subgenera even though only the nominotypical subgenus was supported by GC≥40. Genus Stegomyia, containing several medically important species, emerged as two poorly supported clades. Eight well-supported subgenera were created for 30 species of Stegomyia, leaving the remaining 100 species unassigned to subgenus. We also noted that genus Aedimorphus, was not divided into subgenera by RH&K even though it contains four branches with GC≥40 support [ 73 ].
The above hypotheses of monophyly are accepted by us as the best currently available. Given our own results and a reassessment of those presented in RH&K [ 73 ], we follow Vences et al. [ 89 ], who proposed that subgenera or species group names be used “before the phylogeny is fully resolved” or “when important future changes to classification are to be expected.” Since the monophyly of groups within Aedini is only partially supported, we argue it serves little purpose to subdivide the well-known taxon Aedes into many additional generic level groups. It is preferable at this time to preserve the groups as subgenera or informal groups.
“Those clades selected for naming as taxa in a phylogeny should be supported by as many different independent data sets and analysis methods as possible, and not strongly contradicted by any of them (strong / significant contradictions require a biological explanation to be put forward).”
This criterion is not met by RH&K since only one data set and one analytical approach (implied-weights parsimony) was considered. Our analyses of the same data set with a closely related method, jackknife unweighted parsimony jackknifing, produced significant support (i.e., by RH&K's criterion of GC≥40) for just over half the terminal clades assumed to be equivalent-rank genera by RH&K. This lack of support for terminal species-group clades, as well as the non-significant support for internal nodes in both RH&K's and our analyses, demonstrates the weakness of the phylogenetic signal in the dataset used by RH&K to infer relationships among taxa upon which they base their taxonomic ranks.
“A taxon to which a Linnaean rank is assigned should be diagnosable and identifiable phenotypically. Preference should be on diagnostic characters that are unequivocally synapomorphic, externally visible in as many sexes and life-history stages of the organism as possible, and recognizable also by non-specialists;…..”
For this we also follow Wiley & Liebermann’s [ 86 ] description of diagnosis which is: “Diagnoses in revisionary work have a different function than diagnoses used for conveying phylogenetic characters of monophyletic groups.” None of the new or resurrected generic level taxa [ 70 – 73 ] were accompanied by diagnoses or keys. They are characterized instead by lists of homoplasious polythetic characters that are not easily retrievable from the publications [ 70 – 73 ].
“If equally stable and diagnosable clades are alternatively available for naming as taxa, choose those that contain a number of taxa manageable for the human mind. Avoid over splitting and deliberately creating monotypic taxa.”
The avoidance of over splitting applies to diagnosable clades and multiple data sets, which as discussed above fundamentally does not apply. However, we cite TNC 8 because we argue that, based on the available dataset, the classification has been over split and most names are difficult to remember and manage.
“Take particular care with taxa that are of high public interest beyond taxonomy and where communication is thus particularly important. The more prominent a rank the more carefully should any change be applied. Intermediate ranks or unranked taxon names can be used preferentially when Clade Stability and Phenotypic Diagnosability TNCs are not sufficiently met.”
We show 101 high-profile mosquito species in tribe Aedini, 85 formerly in genus Aedes ( Table 1 ). Given the importance of the relationship of classification to communication and information retrieval, this alone is reason to use intermediate ranks or informal groups to reflect hypotheses of relationships, at least until the classification is declared stable.
“If equally stable and diagnosable clades are alternatively available for naming as taxa, avoid a classification in which unstable names …. are resurrected from synonymy.” Also, “Minimum taxonomic decisions will be made, whenever possible, to construct a classification or to modify an existing classification.”
Although this TNC is for more than one alternative clade we apply it to the excessive changes proposed for genus Aedes between 2000 and 2009. S1 Fig is a summary of currently valid generic-level names with a chronology of changes from 1977–2015. The dominant starting point for the chronology was the 1977 catalog [ 1 ]. As a result of Reinert [ 66 ] and RH&K [ 70 – 73 ] there have been 118 status and / or rank changes in the original genus Aedes (elevation from synonymy, change from subgenus to genus and vice versa, and new names). Several taxonomic changes were proposed and later amended or reversed in subsequent publications e.g., Kenknightia (3 changes), Levua (4 changes with a reversal), Pseudoskusea (3 changes with a reversal), and Rhinoskusea (3 changes with a reversal) ( S1 Fig). These changes underscore the instability of this proposed classification.
“If equally stable and diagnosable clades are alternatively available for naming as taxa, choose a classification which is favored by the majority of taxonomists and, if applicable, other biologists, e.g., because it conserves the traditional content and definition of prominent taxa, …”
We measured community consensus regarding the proposed new classifications of Aedini by RH&K [ 70 – 73 ] by using the number of “hits” in the “Web of Science,” searching “topic” AND “title” on 13 September, 2014. The time reference was from 2004 (elevation of genus Stegomyia) to present. We chose a few important species to determine which names researchers were using. Search terms and hits are as follow: “ Aedes aegypti” (n = 6,300) versus “ Stegomyia aegypti” (n = 191); “ Aedes albopictus” (n = 2,042) versus “ Stegomyia albopicta” (n = 23); “ Aedes japonicus” (n = 102) versus “ Ochlerotatus japonicus” (n = 72) and “ Hulecoeteomyia japonica” (n = 0). The “traditional” use of Aedes for this small but important sample of species is obviously preferred by the majority of workers. It is likely that “ Ochlerotatus japonicus”, a recent introduction to North America [ 100 ], received more use because it was adopted in a revision of the influential Darsie & Ward key to North American mosquitoes [ 101 ].
RH&K’s work, published from 2004 through 2009 [ 70 – 73 ], caused a dramatic change in the structure of Aedini, as outlined above. The elevation of Ochlerotatus to genus level in 2000 [ 66 ] removed many familiar species from Aedes, which in North America involved most of the floodwater species that formed a functional unit from the standpoint of operational mosquito control. In that sense, Ochlerotatus was useful from a functional perspective, even if it meant that morphological keys could not be used to separate them at a generic level (i.e., identifications were performed at a species level and then assigned to either Ochlerotatus or Aedes retrospectively [ 67 ]). The establishment of 74 additional genera by RH&K [ 70 – 73 ] ( S1 Fig, Fig 1) removed that functionality. RH&K stated that they were attempting to make divisions within Aedini comparable in taxonomic significance by elevating each monophyletic group to genus rank. They used, but did not define or reference, the “principle of equivalent rank” as one of the bases of this decision. While Hennig [ 83 ] introduces and discusses many criteria that should be used in the absolute ranking of higher taxa, such as assigning equal rank to sister taxa, he does not specifically define or highlight a principle of equivalent rank. Application of the “principle of equivalent rank” sensu RH&K resulted in many new taxon groups being recognized by those authors as equivalent to the small number of traditionally recognized genera, and therefore raised by them to genus status. The most significant outcomes of this process were the near trebling of the number of total genera and the reduction of the number of species in genus Aedes from over 800 to just 12. These proposed changes have caused extensive debate about translating phylogenies into classifications [ 102 – 105 ].
The attempt to align aedine classification with cladistically defined monophyletic groups was probably motivated by a desire to have a natural classification. Such a classification has the potential to make information retrieval easier, in that identifying a particular specimen or population to genus would associate it with biologically significant characteristics shared by species within that genus. Such a classification could be helpful not only by predicting likely characters of unfamiliar species, but also by serving as a powerful tool for educating people about the structure of the larger groups. Unfortunately, in our experience, many of these advantages have not resulted from the new classification because most of the genera cannot be identified except by combinations of character states, i.e., they do not have simple, unreversed diagnostic character states. This problem not only inhibits the assignment of new species to the genera, it also tends to force entomologists to identify specimens to species before assigning them to a genus. In contrast, the traditional genus Aedes has morphological and biological characters held in common by its species [ 67 ], so that identification of a specimen to Aedes is informative. The large number of species in the genus is not in itself a reason to divide it, since it may be the result of an evolutionary radiation of a cohesive genetic architecture that is particularly successful under current conditions (for examples refer to [ 106 ]).
Hindrance of communication and information retrieval resulting from the reclassification of Aedini is illustrated by the successive renaming of Aedes ( Finlaya) japonicus, a recent invasive species in the US and elsewhere [ 100 ]. It was first changed to Ochlerotatus japonicus [ 66 ] and then Hulecoeteomyia japonica [ 71 ] ( Table 1 ). The two most globally important arboviral vectors Aedes ( Stegomyia) aegypti and Ae. ( Stegomyia) albopictus were renamed Stegomyia aegypti and Stegomyia albopicta, respectively [ 70 ] ( Table 1 ). Another example is the invasive Australasian species Aedes notoscriptus (Skuse), recently found in California (Kenn Fujioka, Pers. Comm.). During the past decade, this species has been referred to as Aedes ( Finlaya) notoscriptus [ 1 ], Ochlerotatus ( Finlaya) notoscriptus [ 70 ], and Rampamyia notoscripta [ 71 ] ( Table 1 ). Successive name changes during a short period of time are confusing and significantly interfere with critical information retrieval from the literature ( Table 1 ).
In conclusion, we formally restore the generic classification of Aedini to its status prior to the publications of RH&K ( S1 Appendix), update the subgenera and informal species groups in genus Aedes in accordance with their findings ( S1 Appendix, S2 Appendix), and propose updated two and three-letter abbreviations for genera and subgenera, respectively ( S3 Appendix). We argue that this action will stabilize the Aedini classification and maximize its usefulness to the operational community, while highlighting the need to strive towards a natural system where group membership will provide insights into ecological, evolutionary, and epidemiological criteria. Basing subgenera and informal species groups on the results of RH&K's morphological research incorporates the progress that they have made in defining clades. In taking these actions we restore the utility of the generic designations within Aedini while safeguarding advances in our understanding of morphological evolution in mosquitoes.
Specifically, we propose the following:
Return to a linear classification that retains names as they were commonly used prior to the year 2000. This arbitrarily retains the recent elevation of the morphologically diagnosable genus Verrallina ( S1 Appendix, S1 Fig).
Reduction in rank of all aedine genera created in and after 2000 to subgenera of Aedes ( S1 Appendix, S1 Fig). Reduction of all subgenera designated by RH&K to informal species-group status ( S2 Appendix). This respects the taxonomic conclusions of RH&K [ 73 ].
Acceptance of a revised list of species ( S1 Appendix; abbreviations in S3 Appendix) with appropriate endings, authors, and dates to reflect membership in the genus Aedes.
(PDF)
Click here for additional data file.
(PDF)
Click here for additional data file.
Based on: Reinert JF (2009) List of abbreviations for currently valid generic-level taxa in family Culicidae (Diptera). European Mosquito Bulletin 27: 68–76.
(PDF)
Click here for additional data file.
Valid generic level names and graphical timeline of nomenclature combination changes in Aedine taxa pre-2000 to date. Genera are indicated in blue, subgenera in green and synonomy (Syn.) in red. Author abbreviations include: D&S = Dyar and Shannon; H&R = Harbach & Rattanarithikul; R-D = Robineau-Desvoidy RH&K = Reinert, Harbach & Kitching; S&P = Shevchenko & Prudkina. Generic abbreviations follow those in Reinert, Harbach & Kitching (2009) and herein as listed in S3 Appendix. * Nyctomyia is a replacement name for the pre-occupied genus name Nyx (Harbach et al., Zootaxa, 3683(2), 159–177 (2013).
(PDF)
Click here for additional data file.
(PDF)
Click here for additional data file.
(PDF)
Click here for additional data file.
(PDF)
Click here for additional data file.
(PDF)
Click here for additional data file.
We thank Dave Swofford, Ed Wiley, Torsten Dikow, Rudy Meiswinkel and Art Borkent for enlightened and informative discussions on technical, basic, and applied aspects of this study that significantly improved the manuscript. We also thank Judith Stoffer for excellent graphics support. This research was performed under a Memorandum of Understanding between the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and the Smithsonian Institution, with institutional support provided by both organizations. This manuscript was prepared whilst YML held a National Research Council (NRC) Research Associateship Award at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. The material to be published reflects the views of the authors and should not be construed to represent those of the US Department of the Army or the US Department of Defense.


This class implements an abstract class for hardware devices. More...
#include <CGenericDevice.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| cGenericDevice (unsigned int a_deviceNumber=0) | |
| Constructor of cGenericDevice. More... | |
| virtual | ~cGenericDevice () |
| Destructor of cGenericDevice. More... | |
| virtual bool | open () |
| This method opens a connection to this device. More... | |
| virtual bool | close () |
| This method closes the connection to this device. More... | |
| bool | isDeviceAvailable () |
| This method returns true if the device is available for communication, false otherwise. More... | |
| bool | isDeviceReady () |
| This method returns true if the connection to the device has been established by calling method open(), false otherwise. More... | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static unsigned int | getNumDevices () |
| This method returns the number of haptic devices available for this class of devices. More... | |
Static Protected Member Functions | |
| static bool | openLibraries () |
| This method opens libraries for this class of devices. More... | |
| static bool | closeLibraries () |
| This method closes libraries for this class of devices. More... | |
Protected Attributes | |
| bool | m_deviceAvailable |
| Flag that indicates if the device is available to the computer. More... | |
| bool | m_deviceReady |
| Flag that indicates if connection to device was opened successfully by calling method open(). More... | |
| int | m_deviceNumber |
| Device number ID for this category of devices. Value must be equal or bigger than 0. A value of __-1__ means that the ID has not yet been defined. More... | |
This class implements an general interface to communicate with hardware devices. The device can be opened or closed by calling methods open() and close() respectively. A static method getNumDevices() is used to query the number of available devices for its class of devices.
| chai3d::cGenericDevice::cGenericDevice | ( | unsigned int | a_deviceNumber = 0 | ) |
Constructor of cGenericDevice.
|
inlinevirtual |
|
inlinevirtual |
|
inlinevirtual |
|
inline |
|
inline |
|
inlinestatic |
|
inlinestaticprotected |
|
inlinestaticprotected |
|
protected |
|
protected |
|
protected |


Likelihood of writer being perceived as angry. Low value indicates unlikely to be perceived as angry. High value indicates very likely to be perceived as angry.
0.25
UNLIKELY
Disgust
Likelihood of writer being perceived as disgusted. Low value, unlikely to be perceived as disgusted. High value, very likely to be perceived as disgusted.
0.42
UNLIKELY
Fear
Likelihood of writer being perceived as scared. Low value indicates unlikely to be perceived as fearful. High value, very likely to be perceived as scared.
0.03
UNLIKELY
Joy
Joy or happiness has shades of enjoyment, satisfaction and pleasure. There is a sense of well-being, inner peace, love, safety and contentment.
0.32
UNLIKELY
Sadness
Likelihood of writer being perceived as sad. Low value, unlikely to be perceived as sad. High value very likely to be perceived as sad.


Yesterday, it was a great honor to be a guest on Nick Wan’s data science livestream on Twitch to talk through bad (and less bad) data viz that I’ve created.
-- It was a lot of fun! Talking about the history of my popular Titanic R notebook on Kaggle was a great opportunity for me to reflect on my data science journey. Its explosive success was very unintended. But as a result I’ve got a couple of cool insights to share about this experience and how I apply them in my role as a product manager at Kaggle today. Keep Reading...


Since download extensions that use the Class-Path headers are simpler, lets consider them first. Assume for example that a.jar and b.jar are two JAR files in the same directory, and that the manifest of a.jar contains this header:
Class-Path: b.jar
There's nothing special about the classes that are playing the role of a download extension. They are treated as extensions solely because they're referenced by the manifest of some other JAR file.
To get a better understanding of how download extensions work, let's create one and put it to use.
RectangleArea
class of the previous
section:
public final class RectangleArea { public static int area(java.awt.Rectangle r) { return r.width * r.height; } }
If you want to be able to use the RectangleArea class from an
applet, the situation is a little different. Suppose, for example,
that you have an applet, AreaApplet
, that makes use of class
RectangleArea:
import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.*; public class AreaApplet extends Applet { Rectangle r; public void init() { int width = 10; int height = 5; r = new Rectangle(width, height); } public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawString("The rectangle's area is " + RectangleArea.area(r), 10, 10); } }
However, you can't assume that everyone who downloads and uses your applet is going to have the RectangleArea class available on their system, as an installed extension or otherwise. One way around that problem is to make the RectangleArea class available from the server side, and you can do that by using it as a download extension.
To see how that's done, let's assume that you've bundled
AreaApplet
in a
JAR file called AreaApplet.jar and that the class
RectangleArea is bundled in RectangleArea.jar. In order for
RectangleArea.jar to be treated as a download extension,
RectangleArea.jar must be listed in the
Class-Path header in AreaApplet.jar's manifest.
AreaApplet.jar's manifest might look like this, for example:
Manifest-Version: 1.0 Class-Path: RectangleArea.jar
Class-Path: area.jar servlet.jar images/
Note that only one Class-Path header is allowed in a manifest file, and that each line in a manifest must be no more than 72 characters long. If you need to specify more class path entries than will fit on one line, you can extend them onto subsequent continuation lines. Begin each continuation line with two spaces. For example:
Class-Path: area.jar servlet.jar monitor.jar datasource.jar provider.jar gui.jar
Download extensions can be "daisy chained", meaning that the manifest of one download extension can have a Class-Path header that refers to a second extension, which can refer to a third extension, and so on.
Since this mechanism extends the platform's core API, its use should be judiciously applied. It is rarely appropriate for interfaces used by a single, or small set of applications. All visible symbols should follow reverse domain name and class hierarchy conventions.
The basic requirements are that both the applet and the extensions it uses provide version information in their manifests, and that they be signed. The version information allows Java Plug-in to ensure that the extension code has the version expected by the applet. For example, the AreaApplet could specify an areatest extension in its manifest:
Manifest-Version: 1.0 Extension-List: areatest areatest-Extension-Name: area areatest-Specification-Version: 1.1 areatest-Implementation-Version: 1.1.2 areatest-Implementation-Vendor-Id: com.example areatest-Implementation-URL: http://www.example.com/test/area.jar
Manifest-Version: 1.0 Extension-Name: area Specification-Vendor: Example Tech, Inc Specification-Version: 1.1 Implementation-Vendor-Id: com.example Implementation-Vendor: Example Tech, Inc Implementation-Version: 1.1.2
keytool -genkey -dname "cn=Fred" -alias test -validity 180
jarsigner AreaApplet.jar test jarsigner area.jar test
Here is AreaDemo.html, which loads the applet and causes the extension code to be downloaded and installed:
<html> <body> <applet code="AreaApplet.class" archive="AreaApplet.jar"/> </body> </html>
After restarting the web browser and load the same web page, only the dialog about the applet's signer is presented, because area.jar is already installed. This is also true if AreaDemo.html is opened in a different web browser (assuming both browsers use the same JRE).
For more information about installing download extensions, please see Deploying Java Extensions. A more detailed example is at Deploying Java Media Framework as Java Extension.


{% extends "tasting/base.html" %} {% load static %}
No wines or tastings have been added to the database.
When the database is populated, a list of available wines will appear here.


Austin Powers:The Spy Who Shagged Me
Here we have the superior sequel to Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery. This time Austin's nemesis, Dr. Evil, has traveled back in time to steal our hero's mojo. Of course, Austin has no choice but to revisit his swinging past in an attempt to regain said mojo and prevent Dr. Evil from conquering the world. At its best, this movie is far funnier than the law allows. Unfortunately, there are several slow spots with nary a chuckle. Most of these unfunny moments involve Austin's romancing of Felicity Shagwell. The romance does provide many a funny moment, but the film dwells on it in too much detail. Besides, the funniest scenes are those involving Dr. Evil, not Austin Powers. It just goes to show you -- Evil will win, because Good is dumb! Anyway, this movie would be worth seeing just for the hilarious credits, both beginning and ending, and it offers far more. I have to give a final word of praise to two of the supporting actors. Seth Green is brilliant as Dr. Evil's not evil enough son and Rob Lowe does a fantastic Robert Wagner impression.
Rating: Very Good
Ratings go like this: Abominable, Bad, Fair, Good, Very Good, Great, and Perfect. As you might guess, most movies are Fair to Good. Very few movies are either Abominable or Perfect. --
Jesse Kopelman -<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"It's not worth leaving, until you've worn out your welcome."
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Saturday, 21st of January 2017-01-19
Time: 12:30 – 4:30 P.M.
Instructor: Lina Wang
Class Size: Limited
Please bring your own mat and dress accordingly.
Call<PHONE_NUMBER> to sign up for a class
For questions and inquiries, email at info@themelab.com


As the dial hand tells o’er
The same hours it had before,
Circular account still lending,
So, most mighty Queen we pray,
Like the dial day by day
You may lead the seasons on,
Making new when old are gone,
That the babe which now is young
And hath yet no use of tongue
Many a Shrovetide here may bow
To that empress I do now,
That these children of these lords,
Sitting at your council boards,
May be grave and agÃ¨d seen
Of her that was their fathers’ queen.
Once I wish this wish again,
Heaven subscribe it with “Amen”.


WELCOME TO NANDHA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
                       IT IS STUDENT DATABASE OF NANDHA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
                                               (YOU CAN INSERT OR SEARCH THE STUDENT DATA FROM DATABASE)


--- layout: post title: Umbrellr! date: 2006-09-22 00:00:00 categories: digital-media interfaces-&-interaction ---
Umbrellr: "A project in the handle of the Pileus umbrella paints the brolly's interior with a series of wirelessly-fetched Flickr photos while a camera in its tip lets you document your day"


JSON tools allows you to diff objects, merge and overwrite one with another
If you like me, end up in a project where they use huge nested JSON objects for something. And you some times run into issues with version control, then this tool can help you make sure that you keep all of the properties.
Or if you want to get the diff between two objects in either direction.
Or if you want to just overwrite common values from one JSON object onto another.
This app is created using Angular and is hosted in an AWS S3 bucket.


1 I have often mentioned the Egyptian oracle, and shall give an account of this, as it deserves. This oracle is sacred to Leto, and is situated in a great city by the Sebennytic arm of the Nile, on the way up from the sea.
2 Buto is the name of the city where this oracle is; I have already mentioned it. In Buto there is a temple of Apollo and Artemis. The shrine of Leto where the oracle is, is itself very great, and its outer court is sixty feet high.
3 But what caused me the most wonder among the things apparent there I shall mention. In this precinct is the shrine of Leto, the height and length of whose walls is all made of a single stone slab; each wall has an equal length and height; namely, seventy feet. Another slab makes the surface of the roof, the cornice of which is seven feet broad.


Hi {{username}},
You recently requested to reset your password for your account.
Click the button below to reset it.
If you didn't request this, you can ignore this email or let us know. This password reset can only be used once.
Thanks,
The CardGameApp Team


DecodeableAbstractSyntaxTree
public protocol DecodeableAbstractSyntaxTree : AbstractSyntaxTree
This protocol identifies as set of additional requirements for Node
s in order for them to be used for decoding. Some elements of the implementation are
provided through an extension.
-
The String the was matched for the node
Declaration
Swift
var stringValue: String { get }
-
Should be the
CodingKey
for this node. This is normally generated using the name of theToken
.Declaration
Swift
var key: CodingKey { get }
-
Should be the children of this node
Declaration
Swift
var contents: [DecodeableAbstractSyntaxTree] { get }
-
subscript(_:)
Default implementationShould return the child node at the supplied
index
. A default implementation is provided through an extension.-Parameter index: The index of the desired child -Returns: The child node
Default Implementation
Returns the child node at the supplied
index
-Parameter index: The index of the desired child -Returns: The child node
Returns the child node with the specified
CodingKey
ornil
if it does not exist. A default implementation is provided through an extension.-Parameter key: The key of the desired child -Returns: The child node, or
nil
if not foundDeclaration
Swift
subscript(index: Int) -> DecodeableAbstractSyntaxTree { get }
-
subscript(key:)
Default implementationShould return the child node with the specified
CodingKey
ornil
if it does not exist. A default implementation is provided through an extension.-Parameter key: The key of the desired child -Returns: The child node, or
nil
if not foundDefault Implementation
Returns the child node at the supplied
index
-Parameter index: The index of the desired child -Returns: The child node
Declaration
Swift
subscript(key codingKey: CodingKey) -> DecodeableAbstractSyntaxTree? { get }
-
Should return the child node with the specified
String
as a key ornil
if it does not exist. A default implementation is provided through an extension.-Parameter name: The name of the desired child -Returns: The child node, or
nil
if not foundDeclaration
Swift
subscript(name: String) -> DecodeableAbstractSyntaxTree? { get }


Welcome
def welcome(attendance_count): print 'Welcome %d Pythonians to PyMNtos' % attendance_count print 'September 12th, 2013 - 7pm' print 'Clockwork Active Media'
def who_am_i(): print 'Peter J. Farrell' print<EMAIL_ADDRESS>print '651-366-9348'
def welcome(attendance_count): print 'Welcome %d Pythonians to PyMNtos' % attendance_count print 'September 12th, 2013 - 7pm' print 'Clockwork Active Media'
def who_am_i(): print 'Peter J. Farrell' print<EMAIL_ADDRESS>print '651-366-9348'
def we_are(): print 'A community of Pythonians' print 'We cannot have meetings without you volunteering'
def our_code_of_conduct(): print 'Open' print 'Considerate' print 'Respectful' print 'tinyurl.com/pymntos-coc'
def thank_you(): print 'Clockwork' print 'Jet Brains' print 'Python Software Foundation'
def please(): print 'Sign-in for giveaway' print 'Scan your drinks' print 'Help our hosts cleaning up'
def web_development_meeting(): print 'New monthly meeting (time and place variable)' print 'Tuesday, October 1st, 2013 - 7pm' print 'Common Roots Cafe -- 26th St & Lyndale Ave in Uptown' print 'RSVP on our Meetup at python.mn' print 'Limited spaces due to size of room'
def next_main_meeting(): print 'Need a volunteer to help out' print 'Thursday, October 10th, 2013 - 7pm' print 'Clockwork Active Media' print 'RSVP on our Meetup at python.mn'
def metaclasses(): print 'Vincent Povirk'
def file_looping_and_parsing_xml(): print 'Kurt Wiersma'
def widely(): print 'Kyle Marek-Spartz'
def argparse_and_subprocess(): print 'Dan Steeves'
def python_and_django_stack(): print 'Derek Anderson'
/


No increases in tuition for at least five years
$15 minimum wage for all employees of Temple University
Temple's new budget structure is hurting our colleges and schools
Greater transparency and accountability regarding university spending


Lorem ipsum dolor adipisicing elit.
Synergistically matrix tactical sources.
Distinctively drive best practices.


Introduction¶
A boilerplate for reproducible and transparent computer audition research that leverages nussl, a source separation library. This project provides boilerplate code for training neural network models to separate mixtures containing multiple speakers, music, and environmental sounds. It is easy to add and train new models or datasets (GPU sold separately). The goal of this project is to enable further reproducibility within the source separation community.
Documentation¶
The documentation is here. It includes guides for getting started, training models, creating datasets, and API documentation.
Features¶
The following models can be trained:
Mask Inference
Deep Clustering
Chimera
TasNet
on the following datasets:
MUSDB18
MIR-1k
Slakh
WSJ0-mix2
Wham!
This project utilizes building block components from nussl
for input/output
(reading/writing audio, STFT/iSTFT, masking, etc.), and for neural network construction
(recurrent networks, convolutional networks, etc) to train models with minimal setup.
The main source separation library, nussl
, contains many pre-trained models trained
using this code. See the External File Zoo (EFZ)
for
This project uses
cookiecutter.
Cookiecutter is a logical, reasonably standardized, but flexible project structure
for doing and sharing research. This project and nussl
are both built upon
the PyTorch machine learning framework, as such, building new
components is as simple as adding new PyTorch code, though writing python is not required.
Requirements¶
Install
cookiecutter
command line:pip install cookiecutter
(generates boilerplate code)Install Anaconda or Miniconda
Install Docker and NVIDIA Docker
Install Poetry: https://poetry.eustace.io/docs/#installation (dependency management)
Guiding Principles¶
The idea behind this project structure is to make it easy to use nussl
to set up
source separation experiments. The functionality here is such that classes are taken
from nussl
and can be extended and customized by your package code. For example, to
set up a new type of training scheme, you might subclass the Trainer class from
nussl
and then modify it by overriding functions from the original Trainer class
with your own implementation.
If you’re trying new types of models, you can use the existing SeparationModel class but
add custom modules in model/extras/
. These extra modules are handed to
SeparationModel so it can resolve the model configuration. Note that models trained using
extra modules will need to be shipped with the accompanying code to be portable. For a new
model architecture to be shipped via nussl’s external file zoo, the accompanying modules
must be pull requested to the main nussl repository and then deployed.
If you are implementing new separation algorithms, you can work in the algorithms/
folder. Implement your algorithm and then include it in algorithms/__init__.py
. The
base classes in nussl for all separation algorithms are included already: SeparationBase
,
MaskSeparationBase
, and ClusteringSeparationBase
.
Your new algorithm will now be accessible by the scripts via .yml
files. Once your new
algorithm is implemented to your satisfaction, you can factor it out of the cookiecutter
and start a PR for nussl to contribute it to the main library.
All scripts, which are kept in the scripts/
folder should take in a .yml
file and
function according to the parsed .yml
file. This is to make sure every part of the
pipeline you create in your experiment is easily reproducible by processing a sequence
of .yml
files with their associated scripts. This prevents “magic commands” with
mysterious and long forgotten command-line arguments that you ran one time 3 months ago
from occurring.
License¶
This project is licensed under the terms of the MIT License


VSL // Let’s Go Central
* Frank Gehry makes his debut in Latin America with a whimsical design for the long-awaited Biomuseo
today’s Very Short List:
culture 4 Aug 2014
Rob Harper is an American ex-pat living in Panama and a co-owner of NAMU Travel
Subscribe
* Since 1999, TEOR/éTica
* Preserving the human and historic heritage of the Casco Viejo neighborhood in Panama City has been the mission of Fundación Calicanto
http://link.nyobserver.com/516ca68465217dc6e1b9a3a61q0e7.28gn/TvnrKi0WTdwTHwxwC2806
delightful e-mail that shares
cultural gems from a
different curator every day.
If you have any problems reading this e-mail, click here
http://link.nyobserver.com/516ca68465217dc6e1b9a3a61q0e7.28gn/UHyHCJsf7NZSKXrPC901d
Subscribe
Forward
My Account
Unsubscribe
tech 30 Jul 2014
Jenny Leonard loves scientists and the problems they solve.
food 28 Jul 2014
Tracie McMillan explores the new face of hunger.
tech 25 Jul 2014
Sonia Epstein looks at the intersection of science and culture.
Editorial Policy
Privacy Policy
Contact Us
Press
Terms + Conditions
very fine print: ©2014
Observer VSL LLC.
321 West 44th Street, 6th Floor
New York, NY 10036 USA
All rights reserved.
Questions?<PHONE_NUMBER>.
This message was intended for<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If you believe this has been sent to you in error, please safely unsubscribe


This page helps you trying out different aggregations and how to present the data. Currently only term and date histogram aggregations are supported.


Mile 12
Dashboard
Action Data
Add Sections
Sections/Categories:
Add Sections
Add items
view sections
Manage record
Administratives :
Add record
view records
Report Manager
Data Report
Visualization Charts
Manage users
Administratives :
add users
view users
3+
Alerts Center
December 12, 2019
A new monthly report is ready to download!
December 7, 2019
$290.29 has been deposited into your account!
December 2, 2019
Spending Alert: We've noticed unusually high spending for your account.
Show All Alerts
7
Message Center
Hi there! I am wondering if you can help me with a problem I've been having.
Emily Fowler · 58m
I have the photos that you ordered last month, how would you like them sent to you?
Jae Chun · 1d
Last month's report looks great, I am very happy with the progress so far, keep up the good work!
Morgan Alvarez · 2d
Am I a good boy? The reason I ask is because someone told me that people say this to all dogs, even if they aren't good...
Chicken the Dog · 2w
Read More Messages
Valerie Luna
Profile
Add reports
Add Sections
Add items
Activity Log
Logout
Ready to Leave?
×
Select "Logout" below if you are ready to end your current session.
Add Data
×
Sections
Choose...
Tomatoe Section
Fresh Pepper
Onion Section
Fruit & Vegetables
Grains
Okro
Item name
Choose...
Tomatoes
Onions
Pepper
Package Type
Choose...
Basket
Crate
Big Bag
small Bag
Location
Number of Goods
Receiver:
Vehicle number:
Vehicle Type
Receiver:
Add items
×
Section
{% for sections in section %}
{{ sections['Section_name'] }}
{% endfor %}
item name
item name
item name
item name
item name
Add Sections
×
Section Name
Market:


| 020:114 Khan | : |
Then High above all be Allah, the True King. And be not in haste (O Muhammad SAW) with the Qur'an before its revelation is completed to you, and say: "My Lord! Increase me in knowledge." |
| 020:114 Maulana | : |
Supremely exalted then is Allah, the King, the Truth. And make not haste with the Qur'an before its revelation is made complete to thee, and say: My Lord, increase me in knowledge. |
| 020:114 Pickthal | : |
Then exalted be Allah, the True King! And hasten not (O Muhammad) with the Qur'an ere its revelation hath been perfected unto thee, and say: My Lord! Increase me in knowledge. |
| 020:114 Rashad | : |
Most Exalted is GOD, the only true King. Do not rush into uttering the Quran before it is revealed to you, and say, "My Lord, increase my knowledge." |
| 020:114 Sarwar | : |
God is the Most High and the True King. (Muhammad), do not be hasty in reading the Quran to the people before the revelation has been completed. "Say, My Lord, grant me more knowledge." |
| 020:114 Shakir | : |
Supremely exalted is therefore Allah, the King, the Truth, and do not make haste with the Quran before its revelation is made complete to you and say: O my Lord ! increase me in knowledge. |
| 020:114 Sherali | : |
Exalted then is ALLAH, the True King. And make no haste to recite the Qur'an ere its revelation is completed unto thee, but only say, 'Lord, bestow on me increase of knowledge.' |
| 020:114 Yusufali | : |
High above all is Allah, the King, the Truth! Be not in haste with the Qur'an before its revelation to thee is completed, but say, "O my Lord! advance me in knowledge." |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > حمد الله تعالى وتسبيحه والثناء عليه Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> Praise be to Him أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > صفات الله تعالى > الحقّ Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Glory's Characteristics> The Just Lord أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > صفات الله تعالى > الملك Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Glory's Characteristics> The Lord أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > صفات الله تعالى > الملك الحق Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Glory's Characteristics> The True King أركان الإسلام > (محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم > مخاطبة الله إياه Pillars of Islam> The Blessed Muhammad(PBUH)> Allah's Address to Him(PBUH) أركان الإسلام > الصلاة > الدعاء > المأثور من الدعاء Pillars of Islam> The Prayers>The Invocation> What is said Concerning Invocation القرآن الكريم > حقيقته وتصديقه للكتب الأوائل The Holy Quran> The Quran's Reality and its confirmation of the Previous Books العلوم والفنون > الحقائق العلمية و الإشاة إلى وقائع أيدتهاالإكتشافات العلمية > دعوة الإنسان إلى إكتناه الحقائق العلمية Science and Art> The Scientific Facts and the Indication to Facts which have been supported by the Scientific Discoveries> Calling Man to Grasp Fully the Scientific Facts
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


-
Bug in Bash shell creates big security hole on anything with *nix in it ...
arstechnica.com
Could allow attackers to execute code on Linux, Unix, and Mac OS X.
-
Jimmy John’s Confirms Breach at 216 Stores — Krebs on Security
krebsonsecurity.com
More than seven weeks after this publication broke the news of a possible credit card breach at nationwide sandwich chain Jimmy John’s , the company ...
-
43% of companies had a data breach in the past year
www.usatoday.com
A staggering 43% of companies have experienced a data breach in the past year, an annual study on data breach preparedness finds.
-
Medical Records For Sale in Underground Stolen From Texas Life Insurance ...
krebsonsecurity.com
How much are your medical records worth in the cybercrime underground? This week, KrebsOnSecurity discovered medical records being sold in bulk for ...
-
'Tiny banker' malware targets US financial institutions
www.cio.com
Its source code was leaked in July, which may have broadened its use among cybercriminals
-
Health Insurance Marketplace, Affordable Care Act
www.healthcare.gov
Learn how the health care law affects you at Healthcare.gov. The official site of the Health Insurance Marketplace. See your health insurance choices.
-
5 things you should know about email unsubscribe links before you click
nakedsecurity.sophos.com
We all get emails we don’t want and cleaning them up can be as easy as clicking 'unsubscribe' at the bottom of the email. However, some of those ...
-
Dread Pirate Sunk By Leaky CAPTCHA — Krebs on Security
krebsonsecurity.com
Ever since October 2013, when the FBI took down the online black market and drug bazaar known as the Silk Road , privacy activists and security ...
-
Lorem Ipsum: Of Good & Evil, Google & China — Krebs on Security
krebsonsecurity.com
Imagine discovering a secret language spoken only online by a knowledgeable and learned few. Over a period of weeks, as you begin to tease out the ...
-
How a Times Cybersecurity Reporter Protects Her Data. And What You Can Do ...
www.nytimes.com
Times technology reporter Nicole Perlroth shares her thoughts on cybersecurity, on how she protects her online identity, and how you should protect ...
-
Howard CyberSecurity Academy students get real world training
www.baltimoresun.com
When discussing the CyberSecurity Networking Academy offered by Howard County schools, students enrolled in the program describe it as more like a ...
-
10 lessons learned from major retailers' cyber breaches
www.propertycasualty360.com
Insurers wrote layers of major retailers at minimum premiums that now look thin, to say the least. What are the takeaways here for all involved?
-
Don't Let Data Breach Fatigue Cause Dangerous Cyber Security Complacency
insurancenewsnet.com
Earlier this week, Home Depot revealed that up to 56 million of their customers may have had their credit card information pilfered by hackers, ...
-
Cyber Essentials – a good first step to raise SMEs’ cyber security bar ...
www.einpresswire.com
Cyber Essentials – a good first step to raise SMEs’ cyber security bar from zero level, to one. Press release distribution provided by EIN News
-
FTC member says lawsuits focus on cyber failures
www.mysanantonio.com
FTC Commissioner Julie Brill said the organization she helps guide tends to file lawsuits when it finds systematic failures in a company's data ...
-
IT news, reviews and analysis for UK IT professionals - V3.co.uk
www.v3.co.uk
IT news and reviews for technology professionals covering all the latest products, events and new technologies including software and hardware reviews
-
Bash Bug, Shellshock, CVE-2014-6271… | Core Security
blog.coresecurity.com
We can’t agree on a name, but we can agree it’s a big deal.
-
Shellshock Bash vulnerability being exploited in the wild, Red Hat says ...
www.csoonline.com
On Wednesday, AusCERT and MalwareMustDie reported that Shellshock is being exploited in the wild. Shellshock is the name given to a vulnerability ...
-
SANS Security Trend Line | Simple Math: It Always Costs Less to Avoid a ...
www.sans.org
SANS Security Trend Line blog pertaining to Simple Math: It Always Costs Less to Avoid a Breach Than to Suffer One
-
Workaround for "Embarcadero VCL Library Heap Overflow" for Skype | Core ...
blog.coresecurity.com
Core Security shows a workaround for "Embarcadero VCL Library Heap Overflow" for Skype and other affected applications.
-
Fraudulent Transactions Surface in Wake of Home Depot Breach
online.wsj.com
The illicit activity is showing up across the U.S., as criminals use stolen credit card and debit card information to buy prepaid cards, electronics ...
-
Big data: Still dogged by security fears but Europe's catching up | ZDNet
www.zdnet.com
The right to be forgotten and EU regulations have hardly helped the big-data cause in western Europe, but the technology is still managing to gain ...
-
A Souped-Up Tinba Reemerges to Target Global Banks
www.infosecurity-magazine.com
Since its source code was leaked in July, Tinba has gotten a host of new—and dangerous—features.
-
Kevin Mitnick, Once the World's Most Wanted Hacker, Is Now Selling ...
www.wired.com
As a young man, Kevin Mitnick became the world’s most notorious black hat hacker, breaking into the networks of companies like IBM, Nokia, Motorola, ...
-
Bash specially-crafted environment variables code injection attack
securityblog.redhat.com
Update 2014-09-25 16:00 UTC Red Hat is aware that the patch for CVE-2014-6271 is incomplete. An attacker can provide specially-crafted environment ...
-
General Motors appoints its first cybersecurity chief
kfgo.com
By Jim Finkle and Bernie Woodall BOSTON/DETROIT (Reuters) - General Motors Co on Tuesday named an engineer to serve as its first cybersecurity chief ...
-
TripAdvisor subsidiary data breach hits up to 1.4 million customers
www.scmagazineuk.com
Travel firm Viator has suffered a data breach that has compromised the credentials or payment card details of up to 1.4 million of its customers.
-
Big data security analytics still immature, say security experts
www.computerweekly.com
The big data security analytics concept and the tools are still immature, according to a panel of security experts
-
High-volume DDoS attacks on the rise
www.net-security.org
A continuing trend of DDoS attacks are short in duration and repeated frequently. In parallel, high-volume and high-rate DDoS attacks were o...
-
The Home Depot, Inc's Data Breach Will Not Doom Its Business (HD)
www.fool.com
The chain has handled its breach better than Target handled a similar issue, but falling consumer interest in the topic of security may make the ...


The total number of pairs of records
among n
records is:
n(n-1)/2
n^2/2
n
2n
2n^2
n \log n
n!
n!/2
n(n+1)/2
There are n
ways to pick the first record in
the pair.
This leaves n-1
ways to pick the second
record.
We consider pair (A, B) to be the same as pair (B, A).


SyncSession
public extension SyncSession
-
The current state of the session represented by a session object.
See
RLMSyncSessionState
Declaration
Swift
public typealias State = RLMSyncSessionState
-
The current state of a sync session’s connection.
See
RLMSyncConnectionState
Declaration
Swift
public typealias ConnectionState = RLMSyncConnectionState
-
The transfer direction (upload or download) tracked by a given progress notification block.
Progress notification blocks can be registered on sessions if your app wishes to be informed how many bytes have been uploaded or downloaded, for example to show progress indicator UIs.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public enum ProgressDirection
-
The desired behavior of a progress notification block.
Progress notification blocks can be registered on sessions if your app wishes to be informed how many bytes have been uploaded or downloaded, for example to show progress indicator UIs.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public enum ProgressMode
-
A token corresponding to a progress notification block.
Call
invalidate()
on the token to stop notifications. If the notification block has already been automatically stopped, callinginvalidate()
does nothing.invalidate()
should be called before the token is destroyed.Declaration
Swift
public typealias ProgressNotificationToken = RLMProgressNotificationToken
-
A struct encapsulating progress information, as well as useful helper methods.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public struct Progress
-
Register a progress notification block.
If the session has already received progress information from the synchronization subsystem, the block will be called immediately. Otherwise, it will be called as soon as progress information becomes available.
Multiple blocks can be registered with the same session at once. Each block will be invoked on a side queue devoted to progress notifications.
The token returned by this method must be retained as long as progress notifications are desired, and the
invalidate()
method should be called on it when notifications are no longer needed and before the token is destroyed.If no token is returned, the notification block will never be called again. There are a number of reasons this might be true. If the session has previously experienced a fatal error it will not accept progress notification blocks. If the block was configured in the
forCurrentlyOutstandingWork
mode but there is no additional progress to report (for example, the number of transferrable bytes and transferred bytes are equal), the block will not be called again.Declaration
Swift
public func addProgressNotification(for direction: ProgressDirection, mode: ProgressMode, block: @escaping (Progress) -> Void) -> ProgressNotificationToken?
Parameters
direction
The transfer direction (upload or download) to track in this progress notification block.
mode
The desired behavior of this progress notification block.
block
The block to invoke when notifications are available.
Return Value
A token which must be held for as long as you want notifications to be delivered.


Plugin Information |
|---|
View Xvnc on the plugin site for more information. |
This plugin lets you run an Xvnc session during a build. This is handy if your build includes UI testing that needs a display available.
Each build using the plugin gets its own display allocated from a free list, by default starting with :10 and ending with :99.
(The $DISPLAY environment variable is set for the build by the plugin.)
Thus you can freely run builds on multiple executors without fear of interference.
If there is some problem starting a display server with a given number, that number will be blacklisted
for the remainder of the Hudson session and the plugin will try ten more times before giving up.
This is commonly due to stale locks that did not get cleaned up properly.
There is also an option to clean up locks when starting the first Xvnc-enabled build in a given session.
You can record your vnc session with VncRecorder Plugin.
Note: you must have started the vncserver at least one time before you use it with hudson. This is to create a password. Otherwise Jenkins fails. This blog post describes how.
If you are running Windows you probably do not want this plugin. This blog post offers an alternative suggestion.
Version History
Version 1.24 (Jul 22 2015)
- JENKINS-36845: ConcurrentModificationException when using Xvnc plugin on Pipeline.
Version 1.23 (Aug 28 2015)
- A small bugfix when overwriting the XAUTHORITY env var during vnc setup retry.
- A workaround for JENKINS-19139 where the xautority file is placed in the slave fs root if the build's workspace contains a space, or in tmp if that also contains a space.
Version 1.22 (Jun 10 2015)
- Requires 1.609.1+.
- JENKINS-26477 Workflow plugin support.
Version 1.20 (Nov 12 2014)
- JENKINS-25424 Exception when editing nodes
Version 1.19 (skipped)
Version 1.18 (Oct 15 2014)
- JENKINS-24773 Allocated and blacklisted display number are shared accross all slaves
Version 1.17 (Mar 16 2014)
- JENKINS-22105 Client is not authorized to connect to Server.
This will reintroduce the problem with spaces in job names. To avoid that bug:- avoid using spaces in job names, or
- fix the vncserver script: add qoutes around the xauthority filename when xauth is called, or
- turn off per job xauthority file generation.
Version 1.16 (Mar 5 2014)
- JENKINS-19139 Xvnc plugin fails if the job has a space in the name
- JENKINS-18108 "Unrecognized option: UI" in v1.14
Version 1.14 (Apr 10 2013)
- JENKINS-17280 Display number out of bounds, no way to reset
- JENKINS-17550 Xvnc plugin tries to use already allocated displays
Version 1.13 (Apr 9 2013)
- Automatic clearing of blacklist when run out of available ports
Version 1.12 (Apr 4 2013)
- Changed the configurable base display number to a configurable range of display numbers.
- Randomly retry ten times to find a working display number before giving up.
- JENKINS-16879 More robust display detection needed - builds fail when many builds require Xvnc
Version 1.11 (Jan 14 2012)
- JENKINS-8670 Bind vncserver to localhost for enhanced security.
Version 1.10 (Jul 19 2010)
- JENKINS-3285 Option to clean up stale locks & processes.
- JENKINS-3680 Do not run
vncserver -kill
in workspace directory.
Version 1.9 (Jun 21 2010)
- Added a mechanism to exclude Xvnc execution on specific nodes
- Added an option to skip Xvnc execution on all Windows machines
Version 1.8 (Jan 9 2010)
- Ensure screenshot is taken when selected
- Update code for more recent Hudson
Version 1.7 (Apr 15 2009)
- Retry several times before giving up on attempt to get a display, blacklisting displays each time.
Version 1.6 (Apr 14 2009)
- If the user forgot to put
:$DISPLAY_NUMBER
in the command line, issue a warning (report) - Better help.
- Updated to new form validation style.
Version 1.5 (August 11, 2008)
- Can be configured to take a screenshot of the X session upon build completion. These screenshots are treated as build artifacts. This functionality requires Imagemagick
Version 1.4
- Updated to work with the latest Hudson patch


Sign up
×
First Name
Last Name
Other Names
Username
Email
Password
Confirm Password
Already have an account?
Sign in