Table of Contents
&&
||
!
? :
? :
boolean
++
and --
if
Statements
assert
Statementsswitch
Statementswhile
Statementsdo
Statements
for
Statementsbreak
, continue
, return
, and throw
Statementssynchronized
Statements
try
StatementsEach local variable
(§14.4) and every blank final
field
(§4.12.4, §<IP_ADDRESS>) must
have a definitely assigned value when any access
of its value occurs.
An access to
its value consists of the simple name of the variable
(or, for a field, the simple name of the field qualified by
this
) occurring anywhere in an expression except as the
left-hand operand of the simple assignment operator =
(§15.26.1).
For every
access of a local variable or blank final
field x
,
x
must be
definitely assigned before the access, or a compile-time error
occurs.
Similarly, every blank final
variable must be assigned at most once; it must be
definitely unassigned when an assignment to it
occurs.
Such an
assignment is defined to occur if and only if either the simple name
of the variable (or, for a field, its simple name qualified by this
)
occurs on the left hand side of an assignment operator.
For every
assignment to a blank final
variable, the variable must be
definitely unassigned before the assignment, or a compile-time error
occurs.
The remainder of this chapter is devoted to a precise explanation of the words "definitely assigned before" and "definitely unassigned before".
The idea behind definite
assignment is that an assignment to the local variable or blank
final
field must occur on every possible execution path to the
access. Similarly, the idea behind definite unassignment is that no
other assignment to the blank final
variable is permitted to occur
on any possible execution path to an assignment.
The analysis takes into account
the structure of statements and expressions; it also provides a
special treatment of the expression operators !
,
&&
, ||
, and ? :
,
and of boolean-valued constant
expressions.
Except for the special treatment
of the conditional boolean operators &&
, ||
,
and ? :
and of boolean-valued constant expressions, the values of expressions
are not taken into account in the flow analysis.
Example 16-1. Definite Assignment Considers Structure of Statements and Expressions
A Java compiler recognizes that k
is definitely assigned before its access (as an argument of a method
invocation) in the code:
{ int k; if (v > 0 && (k = System.in.read()) >= 0) System.out.println(k); }
because the access occurs only if the value of the expression:
v > 0 && (k = System.in.read()) >= 0
is true
, and the value can be true
only if the
assignment to k
is executed (more properly,
evaluated).
Similarly, a Java compiler will recognize that in the code:
{ int k; while (true) { k = n; if (k >= 5) break; n = 6; } System.out.println(k); }
the variable k
is definitely
assigned by the while
statement because the condition expression
true
never has the value false
, so only the
break
statement can
cause the while
statement to complete normally,
and k
is definitely assigned before the break
statement.
On the other hand, the code:
{ int k; while (n < 4) { k = n; if (k >= 5) break; n = 6; } System.out.println(k); /* k is not "definitely assigned" before this statement */ }
must be rejected by a Java compiler, because in this
case the while
statement is not guaranteed to execute its body as
far as the rules of definite assignment are concerned.
Example 16-2. Definite Assignment Does Not Consider Values of Expressions
A Java compiler must produce a compile-time error for the code:
{ int k; int n = 5; if (n > 2) k = 3; System.out.println(k); /* k is not "definitely assigned" before this statement */ }
even though the value of n
is
known at compile time, and in principle it can be known at compile
time that the assignment to k
will always be
executed (more properly, evaluated). A Java compiler must operate
according to the rules laid out in this section. The rules recognize
only constant expressions; in this example, the expression n
> 2
is not a constant expression as defined in
§15.28.
As another example, a Java compiler will accept the code:
void flow(boolean flag) { int k; if (flag) k = 3; else k = 4; System.out.println(k); }
as far as definite assignment
of k
is concerned, because the rules outlined in
this section allow it to tell that k
is assigned no
matter whether the flag
is true
or false
. But
the rules do not accept the variation:
void flow(boolean flag) { int k; if (flag) k = 3; if (!flag) k = 4; System.out.println(k); /* k is not "definitely assigned" before this statement */ }
and so compiling this program must cause a compile-time error to occur.
Example 16-3. Definite Unassignment
A Java compiler will accept the code:
void unflow(boolean flag) { final int k; if (flag) { k = 3; System.out.println(k); } else { k = 4; System.out.println(k); } }
as far as definite unassignment
of k
is concerned, because the rules outlined in
this section allow it to tell that k
is assigned at
most once (indeed, exactly once) no matter whether
the flag
is true
or false
.
But the rules do not
accept the variation:
void unflow(boolean flag) { final int k; if (flag) { k = 3; System.out.println(k); } if (!flag) { k = 4; System.out.println(k); /* k is not "definitely unassigned" before this statement */ } }
and so compiling this program must cause a compile-time error to occur.
In order to precisely specify all the cases of definite assignment, the rules in this section define several technical terms:
whether a variable is definitely assigned before a statement or expression;
whether a variable is definitely unassigned before a statement or expression;
whether a variable is definitely assigned after a statement or expression; and
whether a variable is definitely unassigned after a statement or expression.
For boolean-valued expressions, the last two are refined into four cases:
whether a variable is definitely assigned after the expression when true;
whether a variable is definitely unassigned after the expression when true;
whether a variable is definitely assigned after the expression when false; and
whether a variable is definitely unassigned after the expression when false.
Here, when true and when false refer to the value of the expression.
For example, the local variable k
is definitely assigned a value after evaluation of the
expression:
a && ((k=m) > 5)
when the expression is true
but not when the
expression is false
(because if a
is false, then
the assignment to k
is not necessarily executed
(more properly, evaluated)).
The phrase "V is definitely assigned after X" (where V is a local variable and X is a statement or expression) means "V is definitely assigned after X if X completes normally". If X completes abruptly, the assignment need not have occurred, and the rules stated here take this into account.
A peculiar consequence of this definition is that
"V is definitely assigned after break;
" is always
true! Because a break
statement never completes normally, it is
vacuously true that V has been assigned a value if the break
statement completes normally.
The statement "V is definitely unassigned after X" (where V is a variable and X is a statement or expression) means "V is definitely unassigned after X if X completes normally".
An even more peculiar consequence of this definition
is that "V is definitely unassigned after break;
"
is always true! Because a break
statement never completes normally,
it is vacuously true that V has not been assigned a value if the
break
statement completes normally. (For that matter, it is also
vacuously true that the moon is made of green cheese if the break
statement completes normally.)
In all, there are four possibilities for a variable V after a statement or expression has been executed:
V is definitely assigned and is not definitely unassigned.
(The flow analysis rules prove that an assignment to V has occurred.)
V is definitely unassigned and is not definitely assigned.
(The flow analysis rules prove that an assignment to V has not occurred.)
V is not definitely assigned and is not definitely unassigned.
(The rules cannot prove whether or not an assignment to V has occurred.)
V is definitely assigned and is definitely unassigned.
(It is impossible for the statement or expression to complete normally.)
To shorten the rules, the customary abbreviation "iff" is used to mean "if and only if". We also use an abbreviation convention: if a rule contains one or more occurrences of "[un]assigned" then it stands for two rules, one with every occurrence of "[un]assigned" replaced by "definitely assigned" and one with every occurrence of "[un]assigned" replaced by "definitely unassigned".
For example:
V is [un]assigned after an empty statement iff it is [un]assigned before the empty statement.
should be understood to stand for two rules:
V is definitely assigned after an empty statement iff it is definitely assigned before the empty statement.
V is definitely unassigned after an empty statement iff it is definitely unassigned before the empty statement.
Throughout the rest of this chapter, we
will, unless explicitly stated otherwise, write V to represent a
local variable or blank final
field which is in scope
(§6.3).
Likewise, we will use a
, b
, c
, and e
to represent expressions,
and S and T to represent statements. We will use the phrase
"a
is V" to mean that a
is either the simple name of the
variable
V, or V's simple name qualified by this
(ignoring
parentheses). We will use the phrase "a
is not V" to mean
the
negation of "a
is V".
The definite unassignment analysis of loop
statements raises a special problem. Consider the
statement while (
. In
order to determine
whether V is definitely unassigned within some subexpression of e
) Se
,
we need to determine whether V is definitely unassigned before
e
. One might argue, by analogy with the rule for definite assignment
(§16.2.10), that
V is definitely unassigned
before e
iff it is definitely unassigned before the while
statement. However, such a rule is inadequate for our purposes. If e
evaluates to true
, the statement S will be executed.
Later, if V
is assigned by S, then in the following iteration(s) V will
have
already been assigned when e
is evaluated. Under the rule suggested
above, it would be possible to assign V multiple times, which is
exactly what we have sought to avoid by introducing these
rules.
A revised rule would be: "V is definitely
unassigned before e
iff it is definitely unassigned before the
while
statement and definitely unassigned after S".
However, when
we formulate the rule for S, we find: "V is definitely
unassigned
before S iff it is definitely unassigned after e
when
true". This
leads to a circularity. In effect, V is definitely
unassigned before the loop condition e
only
if
it is unassigned after the loop as a
whole!
We break this vicious circle using a hypothetical
analysis of the loop condition and body. For example, if we assume
that V is definitely unassigned before e
(regardless of
whether
V really is definitely unassigned before e
), and can then
prove
that V was definitely unassigned after e
then we know
that e
does not assign V. This is stated more formally as:
Assuming V is definitely unassigned before e
,
V is definitely unassigned after e
.
Variations on the above analysis are used to define well founded definite unassignment rules for all loop statements in the Java programming language.
V
is [un]assigned after any constant expression
(§15.28)
whose value is true
when
false.
V
is [un]assigned after any constant expression whose value is
false
when true.
V
is [un]assigned after any constant expression whose value is
true
when true iff V is [un]assigned
before the constant
expression.
V
is [un]assigned after any constant expression whose value is
false
when false iff V is
[un]assigned before the constant
expression.
V
is [un]assigned after a boolean-valued constant expression e
iff
V is [un]assigned after e
when true
and V is [un]assigned
after e
when false.
This is equivalent to saying that V is
[un]assigned after e
iff V is
[un]assigned before e
.
Because a constant expression whose value is true
never has the value false
, and a constant expression whose value is
false
never has the value true
, the first two
rules are vacuously
satisfied. They are helpful in analyzing expressions involving the
operators &&
(§16.1.2),
||
(§16.1.3),
!
(§16.1.4),
and ? :
(§16.1.5).
V
is [un]assigned after a
&&
b
(§15.23) when true iff
V is [un]assigned
after b
when true.
V
is [un]assigned after a
&&
b
when false iff V is
[un]assigned after a
when false and V
is [un]assigned after
b
when false.
V
is [un]assigned before a
iff V is
[un]assigned before a
&&
b
.
V
is [un]assigned before b
iff V is
[un]assigned after a
when
true.
V
is [un]assigned after a
&&
b
iff V is [un]assigned
after a
&&
b
when true and V is [un]assigned
after
a
&&
b
when false.
V
is [un]assigned after a
||
b
(§15.24) when true iff V is [un]assigned
after a
when true and V is
[un]assigned after b
when
true.
V
is [un]assigned after a
||
b
when false iff V is
[un]assigned after b
when false.
V
is [un]assigned before a
iff V is
[un]assigned before a
||
b
.
V
is [un]assigned before b
iff V is
[un]assigned after a
when
false.
V
is [un]assigned after a
||
b
iff V is [un]assigned
after a
||
b
when true and V is [un]assigned
after a
||
b
when false.
V
is [un]assigned after !
a
(§15.15.6)
when true iff V is [un]assigned after a
when false.
V
is [un]assigned after !
a
when
false iff V is
[un]assigned after a
when true.
V
is [un]assigned after !
a
iff V is [un]assigned after
!
a
when true and V is [un]assigned after !
a
when
false.
This is equivalent to saying that V is
[un]assigned after !
a
iff V is [un]assigned
after a
.
Suppose
that b
and c
are boolean-valued expressions.
V
is [un]assigned after a
?
b
:
c
(§15.25)
when true iff V is [un]assigned
after b
when true and V is
[un]assigned after c
when
true.
V
is [un]assigned after a
?
b
:
c
when false iff
V is [un]assigned after b
when false
and V is [un]assigned
after c
when false.
V
is [un]assigned before a
iff V is
[un]assigned before a
?
b
:
c
.
V
is [un]assigned before b
iff V is
[un]assigned after a
when
true.
V
is [un]assigned before c
iff V is
[un]assigned after a
when
false.
V
is [un]assigned after a
?
b
:
c
iff V is
[un]assigned after a
?
b
:
c
when true and V is
[un]assigned after a
?
b
:
c
when false.
Suppose
that b
and c
are expressions that are not
boolean-valued.
V
is [un]assigned after a
?
b
:
c
(§15.25)
iff V is [un]assigned after b
and V is [un]assigned after c
.
V
is [un]assigned before a
iff V is
[un]assigned before a
?
b
:
c
.
V
is [un]assigned before b
iff V is
[un]assigned after a
when
true.
V
is [un]assigned before c
iff V is
[un]assigned after a
when
false.
Suppose
that e
is an expression of type boolean
and is
not a boolean
constant expression, logical complement expression !
a
,
conditional-and expression a
&&
b
, conditional-or
expression a
||
b
,
or conditional expression a
?
b
:
c
.

Note that if a
is V and V is not definitely
assigned before a compound assignment such as
a
&=
b
, then
a compile-time error will
necessarily occur. The first rule for definite assignment stated above
includes the disjunct "a
is V" even for compound
assignment
expressions, not just simple assignments, so that V will be
considered to have been definitely assigned at later points in the
code. Including the disjunct "a
is V" does not
affect the binary
decision as to whether a program is acceptable or will result in a
compile-time error, but it affects how many different points in the
code may be regarded as erroneous, and so in practice it can improve
the quality of error reporting. A similar remark applies to the
inclusion of the conjunct "a
is not V" in the
first rule for
definite unassignment stated above.
V
is definitely assigned after ++
a
(§15.15.1), --
a
(§15.15.2), a
++
(§15.14.2), or a
--
(§15.14.3) iff either a
is V or V is
definitely assigned after the operand expression.
V
is definitely unassigned after ++
a
,
--
a
,
a
++
, or a
--
iff a
is not V and V is
definitely unassigned after the operand expression.
V
is [un]assigned before a
iff V is
[un]assigned before
++
a
, --
a
, a
++
, or
a
--
.
If an
expression is not a boolean constant expression, and is not a
preincrement expression ++
a
, predecrement
expression
--
a
, postincrement expression a
++
, postdecrement
expression a
--
, logical complement expression
!
a
,
conditional-and expression a
&&
b
, conditional-or
expression a
||
b
,
conditional expression a
?
b
:
c
, or assignment expression, then the
following rules
apply:
If the expression has no subexpressions, V is [un]assigned after the expression iff V is [un]assigned before the expression.
This case applies to literals, names, this
(both qualified and unqualified), unqualified class instance
creation expressions with no arguments, initialized array creation
expressions whose initializers contain no expressions, unqualified
superclass field access expressions, named method invocations with
no arguments, and unqualified superclass method invocations with
no arguments.
If the expression has subexpressions, V is [un]assigned after the expression iff V is [un]assigned after its rightmost immediate subexpression.
There is a piece of subtle reasoning behind the
assertion that a variable V can be known to be definitely unassigned
after a method invocation. Taken by itself, at face value and without
qualification, such an assertion is not always true, because an
invoked method can perform assignments. But it must be remembered
that, for the purposes of the Java programming language, the concept of definite
unassignment is applied only to blank final
variables. If V is a
blank final
local variable, then only the method to which its
declaration belongs can perform assignments to V. If V is a blank
final
field, then only a constructor or an initializer for the class
containing the declaration for V can perform assignments to V; no
method can perform assignments to V. Finally, explicit constructor
invocations (§<IP_ADDRESS>) are handled
specially
(§16.9);
although they are syntactically similar
to expression statements containing method invocations, they are not
expression statements and therefore the rules of this section do not
apply to explicit constructor invocations.
For any
immediate subexpression y
of an expression x
,
V is [un]assigned
before y
iff one of the following is true:
y
is the
leftmost immediate
subexpression of x
and V is
[un]assigned before x
.
y
is the
right-hand operand of a
binary operator and V is [un]assigned after the left-hand
operand.
x
is an
array access, y
is the
subexpression within the brackets, and V is [un]assigned after
the subexpression before the brackets.
x
is a
primary method invocation
expression, y
is the first argument expression in the method
invocation expression, and V is [un]assigned after the primary
expression that computes the target object.
x
is a
method invocation expression
or a class instance creation expression; y
is an argument
expression, but not the first; and V is [un]assigned after the
argument expression to the left of y
.
x
is a
qualified class instance
creation expression, y
is the first argument expression in the
class instance creation expression, and V is [un]assigned after
the primary expression that computes the qualifying object.
x
is an
array instance creation
expression; y
is a dimension expression, but not the first; and
V is [un]assigned after the dimension expression to the left of
y
.
x
is an
array instance creation
expression initialized via an array initializer; y
is the array
initializer in x
; and V is
[un]assigned after the dimension
expression to the left of y
.
V is [un]assigned after an empty statement (§14.6) iff it is [un]assigned before the empty statement.
A blank
final
member field V is definitely
assigned (and moreover is
not definitely unassigned) before the block
(§14.2) that
is the body of any method in the
scope of V and before the declaration of any class
declared within the scope of V.
A local variable V is definitely unassigned (and moreover is not definitely assigned) before the block that is the body of the constructor, method, instance initializer or static initializer that declares V.
Let C be a class declared within the scope of V. Then V is definitely assigned before the block that is the body of any constructor, method, instance initializer, or static initializer declared in C iff V is definitely assigned before the declaration of C.
Note that there are no rules that would allow us to conclude that V is definitely unassigned before the block that is the body of any constructor, method, instance initializer, or static initializer declared in C. We can informally conclude that V is not definitely unassigned before the block that is the body of any constructor, method, instance initializer, or static initializer declared in C, but there is no need for such a rule to be stated explicitly.
V is [un]assigned after an empty block iff V is [un]assigned before the empty block.
V is [un]assigned after a non-empty block iff V is [un]assigned after the last statement in the block.
V is [un]assigned before the first statement of the block iff V is [un]assigned before the block.
V is [un]assigned before any other statement S of the block iff V is [un]assigned after the statement immediately preceding S in the block.
We say that V is definitely unassigned everywhere in a block B iff:
These conditions are counterintuitive and require
some explanation. Consider a simple assignment V =
e
. If
V is definitely assigned after e
, then either:
The assignment occurs in dead code, and V is vacuously definitely assigned. In this case, the assignment will not actually take place, and we can assume that V is not being assigned by the assignment expression. Or:
V was already assigned by an earlier
expression prior to e
. In this case the current assignment will
cause a compile-time error.
So, we can conclude that if the conditions are met by a program that causes no compile time error, then any assignments to V in B will not actually take place at run time.
V is [un]assigned after a local class declaration statement (§14.3) iff V is [un]assigned before the local class declaration statement.
V is [un]assigned after a local variable declaration statement (§14.4) that contains no variable initializers iff V is [un]assigned before the local variable declaration statement.
V is definitely assigned after a local variable declaration statement that contains at least one variable initializer iff either V is definitely assigned after the last variable initializer in the local variable declaration statement or the last variable initializer in the declaration is in the declarator that declares V.
V is definitely unassigned after a local variable declaration statement that contains at least one variable initializer iff V is definitely unassigned after the last variable initializer in the local variable declaration statement and the last variable initializer in the declaration is not in the declarator that declares V.
V is [un]assigned before the first variable initializer in a local variable declaration statement iff V is [un]assigned before the local variable declaration statement.
V
is definitely assigned before any variable initializer e
other
than the first one in the local variable declaration statement iff
either V is definitely assigned after the variable initializer
to the left of e
or the initializer expression to the left of
e
is in the declarator that declares V.
V
is definitely unassigned before any variable initializer e
other
than the first one in the local variable declaration statement iff
V is definitely unassigned after the variable initializer to the
left of e
and the initializer expression to the left of e
is
not in the declarator that declares V.
V
is [un]assigned after a labeled statement L
:
S (where
L
is a label) (§14.7)
iff V is
[un]assigned after S and V is
[un]assigned before every
break
statement that may exit the labeled statement L
:
S.
V
is [un]assigned before S iff V is
[un]assigned before L
:
S.
V
is [un]assigned after an expression statement e
;
(§14.8)
iff it is [un]assigned after
e
.
V
is [un]assigned before e
iff it is [un]assigned before
e
;
.
The
following rules apply to a statement if (
(§14.9.1):
e
) S
The
following rules apply to a statement if (e) S else
T
(§14.9.2):
V
is [un]assigned after if (
iff
V is [un]assigned after S and V is [un]assigned after
T.
e
) S else T
V
is [un]assigned before e
iff V is
[un]assigned
before if (
.
e
) S
else T
V
is [un]assigned before S iff V is
[un]assigned after e
when
true.
V
is [un]assigned before T iff V is
[un]assigned after e
when
false.
The
following rules apply both to a statement assert
and to a statement e1
assert
(§14.10):
e1
:
e2
V
is [un]assigned before e1
iff V is
[un]assigned before the assert
statement.
V
is definitely assigned after the assert
statement iff V is
definitely assigned before the assert
statement.
V
is definitely unassigned after the assert
statement iff V is
definitely unassigned before the assert
statement and V is
definitely unassigned after e1
when true.
V
is [un]assigned after a switch
statement
(§14.11)
iff all of the following are
true:
Either there is a default
label
in the switch block or V is [un]assigned after the
switch
expression.
Either there are no switch
labels
in the switch block that do not begin a block-statement-group
(that is, there are no switch labels immediately before the
"}
" that ends the switch block) or V is
[un]assigned after the switch expression.
Either the switch block contains no block-statement-groups or V is [un]assigned after the last block-statement of the last block-statement-group.
V
is [un]assigned before every
break
statement that may exit the switch
statement.
V
is [un]assigned before the switch expression iff V is
[un]assigned before the switch
statement.
If a switch block contains at least one block-statement-group, then the following rules also apply:
V is [un]assigned before the first block-statement of the first block-statement-group in the switch block iff V is [un]assigned after the switch expression.
V is [un]assigned before the first block-statement of any block-statement-group other than the first iff V is [un]assigned after the switch expression and V is [un]assigned after the preceding block-statement.
V is
[un]assigned
after while (
(§14.12)
iff V is [un]assigned after e
) Se
when false and V is [un]assigned before every break
statement
for which the while
statement is the break target.
V is definitely
assigned before e
iff V is definitely assigned before the while
statement.
V is definitely
unassigned before e
iff all of the following are true:
V is
[un]assigned before S iff V
is [un]assigned after e
when true.
V is
[un]assigned after do
S while (
(§14.13)
iff V
is [un]assigned after e
);e
when false and V is [un]assigned
before every break
statement for which the do
statement is the
break target.
V is definitely
assigned before S
iff V is definitely assigned before the do
statement.
V is definitely unassigned before S iff all of the following are true:
V is
[un]assigned before e
iff V
is [un]assigned after S and V is
[un]assigned before every
continue
statement for which the do
statement is the continue
target.
The
rules herein cover the basic for
statement
(§14.14.1).
Since the enhanced for
statement
(§14.14.2)
is defined by translation to a basic
for
statement, no special rules need to be provided for it.
V is
[un]assigned after a for
statement iff both of the following are true:
V is
[un]assigned before the
initialization part of the for
statement iff V is [un]assigned
before the for
statement.
V is definitely
assigned before the
condition part of the for
statement iff V is definitely
assigned after the initialization part of the for
statement.
V is definitely
unassigned before the
condition part of the for
statement iff all of the following
are true:
V
is definitely unassigned
after the initialization part of the for
statement.
Assuming V is definitely
unassigned before the condition part of the for
statement,
V is definitely unassigned after the contained
statement.
Assuming V is definitely
unassigned before the contained statement, V is
definitely
unassigned before every continue
statement for
which the
for
statement is the continue target.
V is [un]assigned before the contained statement iff either of the following is true:
V is
[un]assigned before the
incrementation part of the for
statement iff V is [un]assigned
after the contained statement and V is [un]assigned before every
continue
statement for which the for
statement is the continue
target.
If the initialization part of the
for
statement is a local variable declaration statement,
the
rules of §16.2.4
apply.
Otherwise, if the initialization part is empty, then V is [un]assigned after the initialization part iff V is [un]assigned before the initialization part.
V is [un]assigned after the initialization part iff V is [un]assigned after the last expression statement in the initialization part.
V is [un]assigned before the first expression statement in the initialization part iff V is [un]assigned before the initialization part.
V is [un]assigned before an expression statement S other than the first in the initialization part iff V is [un]assigned after the expression statement immediately preceding S.
If the incrementation part of the
for
statement is empty, then V is
[un]assigned after the
incrementation part iff V is [un]assigned before the
incrementation part.
V is [un]assigned after the incrementation part iff V is [un]assigned after the last expression statement in the incrementation part.
V is [un]assigned before the first expression statement in the incrementation part iff V is [un]assigned before the incrementation part.
V is [un]assigned before an expression statement S other than the first in the incrementation part iff V is [un]assigned after the expression statement immediately preceding S.
By
convention, we say that V is [un]assigned after any break
,
continue
, return
, or throw
statement
(§14.15,
§14.16,
§14.17,
§14.18).
The notion that a variable is "[un]assigned
after" a statement or expression really means "is [un]assigned
after the statement or expression completes normally". Because a
break
, continue
, return
, or throw
statement never
completes normally, it vacuously satisfies this notion.
In
a return
statement with an expression e
or a throw
statement
with an expression e
, V is
[un]assigned before e
iff V is
[un]assigned before the return
or throw
statement.
V is
[un]assigned
after synchronized (
(§14.19) iff V is [un]assigned after
S.
e
) S
V is
[un]assigned before e
iff V
is [un]assigned before the statement synchronized (
.
e
)
S
These
rules apply to every try
statement (§14.20),
whether or not it has a finally
block:
V is
[un]assigned before the try
block iff V is [un]assigned before the try
statement.
V is definitely
assigned before a
catch
block iff V is definitely
assigned before the try
block.
V is definitely
unassigned before a
catch
block iff all of the following are true:
V
is definitely unassigned
before every return
statement that belongs to the
try
block.
V
is definitely unassigned
after e
in every statement of the form throw
e
that
belongs to the try
block.
V
is definitely
unassigned after every assert
statement that occurs
in the
try
block.
V
is definitely unassigned
before every break
statement that belongs to the
try
block
and whose break target contains (or is) the try
statement.
V
is definitely unassigned
before every continue
statement that belongs to the
try
block and whose continue target contains the try
statement.
If a
try
statement does not have a finally
block,
then this rule also
applies:
If a
try
statement does have a finally
block, then
these rules also
apply:
V is definitely
assigned after the
try
statement iff at least one of the following is true:
V is definitely
assigned before the
finally
block iff V is definitely
assigned before the try
statement.
V is definitely
unassigned before the
finally
block iff all of the following are true:
V
is definitely unassigned
before every return
statement that belongs to the
try
block.
V
is definitely unassigned
after e
in every statement of the form throw
e
that
belongs to the try
block.
V
is definitely
unassigned after every assert
statement that occurs
in the
try
block.
V
is definitely unassigned
before every break
statement that belongs to the
try
block
and whose break target contains (or is) the try
statement.
V
is definitely unassigned
before every continue
statement that belongs to the
try
block and whose continue target contains the try
statement.
V
is definitely unassigned
after every catch
block of the try
statement.
A formal parameter V of a method or constructor (§8.4.1, §8.8.1) is definitely assigned (and moreover is not definitely unassigned) before the body of the method or constructor.
An
exception parameter V of a catch
clause
(§14.20) is definitely assigned (and moreover
is not definitely unassigned) before the body of the catch
clause.
V is [un]assigned after an empty array initializer (§10.6) iff V is [un]assigned before the empty array initializer.
V is [un]assigned after a non-empty array initializer iff V is [un]assigned after the last variable initializer in the array initializer.
V is [un]assigned before the first variable initializer of the array initializer iff V is [un]assigned before the array initializer.
V
is [un]assigned before any other variable initializer e
of the
array initializer iff V is [un]assigned after the variable
initializer to the left of e
in the array initializer.
The rules determining when a variable is definitely assigned or definitely unassigned before an enum constant (§8.9.1) are given in §16.8.
This is because an enum constant is essentially a
static
final
field (§<IP_ADDRESS>,
§<IP_ADDRESS>) that is
initialized with a class
instance creation expression (§15.9).
V is definitely assigned before the declaration of a class body of an enum constant with no arguments that is declared within the scope of V iff V is definitely assigned before the enum constant.
V is definitely assigned before the declaration of a class body of an enum constant with arguments that is declared within the scope of V iff V is definitely assigned after the last argument expression of the enum constant
The definite assignment/unassignment status of any construct within the class body of an enum constant is governed by the usual rules for classes.
V is definitely assigned before an anonymous class declaration (§15.9.5) that is declared within the scope of V iff V is definitely assigned after the class instance creation expression that declares the anonymous class.
It should be clear that if an anonymous class is implicitly defined by an enum constant, the rules of §16.5 apply.
Let C be a class declared within the scope of V. Then:
V is definitely assigned before an enum constant (§8.9.1) or static variable initializer (§8.3.2) of C iff V is definitely assigned before the declaration of C.
Note that there are no rules that would allow us to conclude that V is definitely unassigned before a static variable initializer or enum constant. We can informally conclude that V is not definitely unassigned before any static variable initializer of C, but there is no need for such a rule to be stated explicitly.
Let C be a class, and let V be a blank static
final
member
field of C, declared in C. Then:
V is definitely unassigned (and moreover is not definitely assigned) before the leftmost enum constant, static initializer (§8.7), or static variable initializer of C.
V is [un]assigned before an enum constant, static initializer, or static variable initializer of C other than the leftmost iff V is [un]assigned after the preceding enum constant, static initializer, or static variable initializer of C.
Let C be
a class, and let V be a blank static
final
member field of C,
declared in a superclass of C. Then:
V is definitely assigned (and moreover is not definitely unassigned) before every enum constant of C.
V is definitely assigned (and moreover is not definitely unassigned) before the block that is the body of a static initializer of C.
V is definitely assigned (and moreover is not definitely unassigned) before every static variable initializer of C.
Let C be a class declared within the scope of V. Then:
V is definitely assigned before an instance variable initializer (§8.3.2) of C iff V is definitely assigned before the declaration of C.
Note that there are no rules that would allow us to conclude that V is definitely unassigned before an instance variable initializer. We can informally conclude that V is not definitely unassigned before any instance variable initializer of C, but there is no need for such a rule to be stated explicitly.
Let C be
a class, and let V be a blank final
non-static
member field of
C, declared in C. Then:
V is definitely unassigned (and moreover is not definitely assigned) before the leftmost instance initializer (§8.6) or instance variable initializer of C.
V is [un]assigned before an instance initializer or instance variable initializer of C other than the leftmost iff V is [un]assigned after the preceding instance initializer or instance variable initializer of C.
The following rules hold within the constructors (§8.8.7) of class C:
V is definitely assigned (and moreover is not definitely unassigned) after an alternate constructor invocation (§<IP_ADDRESS>).
V is definitely unassigned (and moreover is not definitely assigned) before an explicit or implicit superclass constructor invocation (§<IP_ADDRESS>).
If C has no instance initializers or instance variable initializers, then V is not definitely assigned (and moreover is definitely unassigned) after an explicit or implicit superclass constructor invocation.
If C has at least one instance initializer or instance variable initializer then V is [un]assigned after an explicit or implicit superclass constructor invocation iff V is [un]assigned after the rightmost instance initializer or instance variable initializer of C.
Let C be
a class, and let V be a blank final
member field of
C, declared
in a superclass of C. Then:


STRIPES A film review by Andrew Hicks Copyright 1996 Andrew Hicks / Fatboy Productions
(1981) * (out of four)
The Army comedy genre has never turned out a truly good movie (if you don't count Neil Simon's BILOXI BLUES). Year after year, more predictably cliched military movies come out -- most recently SGT. BILKO -- and none of them ever manage to be anything more than a rehash of the last. I thought STRIPES would be different. With Ivan Reitman as director, Bill Murray as star and Harold Ramis as co-star and co-screenwriter, it seemed like it would be GHOSTBUSTERS in the Army.
Murray, about as funny and sophisticated here as he was in MEATBALLS, plays a loser cab driver who sees the Army as his only chance for success, and convinces his friend Ramis to enlist with him. So he does, and we get the obligatory drill sergeant from hell, head-shaving and marching/singing sequences, more mind-numbingly stale here than ever. The characters are even less original, ranging from underachieving slob John Candy to incompetent captain John Larroquette.
All the big name stars in STRIPES (and even Larroquette) fall victim to the lame, rehashed material and are never really likeable, Murray in particular. He only gets a few decent lines in, although those barely-funny one liners pale in comparison to the hilarious Peter Venkman character he played three years later in GHOSTBUSTERS. He was even better in CADDYSHACK, for crying out loud.
As with a lot of the late 70's / early 80's comedies, STRIPES is a completely juvenile movie only a child would like but is so sex- obsessed no child should be able to watch it. I'm sure it seems funny on paper to have Candy pay over $400 to mud wrestle five beautiful women, but while watching it all that was coming out of my mouth was the admonition "Dear God!" every few seconds.
STRIPES isn't the playful kind of sex comedy, either. Most of the time it seems downright misogynistic, as when Larroquette uses his telescope to peer into the women's showers or Murray lifts a female M.P. onto the stove and, with an I-know-what-you-like look on his face, says he's going to give her the "Aunt Jemima treatment," which means shoving a spatula under her butt repeatedly. You don't want to stick around as the scene progresses and he uses an ice cream scoop on her genital region. "I'm not enjoying this," the woman protests. My sentiments exactly.
--
Visit the Movie Critic at LARGE homepage at http://www.missouri.edu/~c667778/movies.html Serving America For Over 1/50 of a Century!
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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White Island survivors describe carnage after New Zealand volcano erupts
by Harrison JonesSurvivors from the volcanic eruption in New Zealand have described their terrifying ordeal.
Up to 30 people are feared dead after ‘White Island’ blew up at around 2.10pm, while tourists were visiting the site.
Horrifying footage shows the aftermath of the eruption from on board a boat, in which survivors are urged to get inside as a giant ash cloud races across the island, also known as Whakaari.
50 people were on the island at the time of the incident, police said. They added that 23 had escaped, including 5 dead, but said that there was no further ‘sign of life’.
On Twitter, Michael Schade wrote: ‘My god, White Island volcano in New Zealand erupted today for first time since 2001.
‘My family and I had gotten off it 20 minutes before, were waiting at our boat about to leave when we saw it. Boat ride home tending to people our boat rescued was indescribable.’
Sharing footage of the incident as a boat raced away from the site, he continued: ‘This is so hard to believe. Our whole tour group were literally standing at the edge of the main crater not 30 minutes before.
‘My thoughts with the families of those currently unaccounted for, the people recovering now, and especially the rescue workers.’
People on board a boat are heard shouting ‘oh my god, go, go, go, go, we’ve got to get out of here’ as the ash cloud approaches.
Sharing footage on Twitter, ‘Dina’, wrote: ‘This is video we were taking as our boat tried to get us a safe distance before going back for survivors.
‘It didn’t dawn on us right away what had just happened or that there were still people were still on the island.’
Provider: Allessandro Kauffmann/Instagram
Another tourist, Aline Moura, shared a number of videos on Instagram and explained: ‘This was the end of today’s trip that I had. The beginning was excellent, lots of cool pictures, amazing experience…
‘But nature is autonomous and man has no control over his will.
‘Surely we never forget that day. Let us pray that everyone will be fine.’
Her partner, Brazilian Allessandro Kauffmann, also shared a series of Instagram stories and added: ‘Some people have extensive burns on their bodies. Two tours on the volcano. Ours was the first. The other one right after…
‘We left the island and wasn’t even five minutes before it erupted. This other tour that arrived after couldn’t leave in time.’
Royal Caribbean International have confirmed that passengers from its ship Ovation of the Seas passengers were visiting the island.


Today was my first day at Recurse Center!
I was more excited than my niece, Lisa, with a fresh piece of watermelon on a hot day.
Lisa loves some watermelon!
I’m hoping someone reads my blogs, so I’m going to try to keep them short, entertaining, and accessible. With that in mind, here’s my top three moments from my first day:
1) Lunch Break: I’m a middle school public school teacher in NYC. I haven’t had a lunch break without children or meetings or planning or grading in my whole professional life. Today, I got an hour lunch break, and went to a pretty tasty local sandwich spot, and I went with some of my new Recurse Center (RC) friends. They were smart, social, the food was tasty, and there were no kids or meetings. This was my best hightlight from the day.
2) I found my project: My brother Mike, general manager, CTO, and general badass at OKcupid, is the smartest programmer I know. I started chatting him up around 6pm today, late in my first day at RC, and he tipped me off to an exciting project I can work on for maybe my whole 12 weeks at RC. I’m going to pull XBoard compatible chess engines into a browser for human users to play against. It’ll take some serious Python and Javascript code to make this run, but I’m smart, so I can do it.
3) Meeting with Mary Rose Cook: Meeting MRC kinda feels like I’m meeting a celebrity. I did my RC skype interview with MRC, and I’ve also read a bunch of her articles before coming to RC. I got stuck on a github issue midday today, and I knew MRC is a github ninja. I walked over to her to see if she could help me out (of course she could!). Not only did she help me with the steps to solve my github issue, she gave me a whole under-the-hood understanding of what I was trying to do. This is why I came to RC: To learn from brilliant programmers. To learn programming at a foudational level. To be inspired by someone brilliant. This happened to me already on day 1.
That’s just my top three moments, but the whole day was a blast. I can’t wait for the next twelve weeks!
Tip of the day:
MRC gave a speech at the beginning of the day with her top four tips for your time at RC. Her tips were:
- Dive deep
- Debug systematically
- Know your tools
- Learn one language really well


Your job is making your business succeed. Our job is taking care of your
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Wishlist
- A (stationary) navigation bar at the top of the screen
- Home page with buttons to various sections
- Drop down menu/collapsable sidebar
- Pages that adjust to the size of the screen
- Centered content (Yay!)
- A classy home button
- Bottom bar with links and info
- Some javascript functionality
- Above all, keeping a simplicity of design
List of things that I may add if they suit the page but that I will definitely experiment with anyway
- Pictures that are links
- Flowing background imagery
- Semi-transparent text backgrounds
- How do you get an animated background?
- Text scroll within a stationary page
- Adding videos
- Tables
What is HTML, CSS, and the DOM?
You can think of the HTML as the script of a movie. It tells you all the things that are in the movie, all the dialogue and the characters that say it, but nothing about what the movie looks like.
The CSS would then be the storyboard of the film. It tells you what each of the scenes should look like and how the characters should interact.
The DOM perhaps would then be the final edit of the film. It's essentially the result of the script and storyboards (though there may have been some tweaks here and there to make it suit a theatre release). But editors can go into the individual scenes and shots and alter things, which results in a slightly different movie.
What is meant by boxifying design?
Boxifying is essentially breaking down the design of a website into boxes. Each of those boxes might contain some text, an image, or perhaps more boxes. By dividing the page into these boxes it makes things easier to code and design.
What is the box model?
A box in the box model consists of four elements: the margin, the border, the padding, and the content it surrounds. These four come together to define the total box and its size, wih the content being elements on the webpage.


VidShaper
Dynamic Traffic Shaping for Adaptive Streaming Players
Number of Adaptive video streaming players : 2
Adaptive streaming player 1:
IP address :
Screen resolution:
Video streaming Provider:
Adaptive streaming player 2:
IP address :
Screen resolution:
Video streaming Provider:


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--- title: National Health Service layout: gb ---
| Resource | Fetch | Format | Columns | Data | Valid | Entries | Oldest | Latest | Total (GBP) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| uk-financial-transactions-data-barnet-primary-care-trust | ||||||||||
| February 2011 Return | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 95 | 2010-03-01 | 2011-02-16 | 36046662.25 |
| Resource/Stage | Error |


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ANGEL'S LADIES --------------
Mack and Angel Moore, senior Christian cemetary/funeral parlor owners from Eugene, Oregon, had a unique retirement idea. They sold their death related businesses in the dreary Northwest and moved to sunny Nevada, where they purchased Fran's Star Ranch, a legal brothel which they renamed. Director Doug Lindeman's documents their new business in "Angel's Ladies."
LAURA:
"Angel's Ladies" sounds like a great idea for a documentary, especially given the background of the business' new owners (Mack is seventy, Angel fifty-five). Lindeman even captures the prurient interest of the public when he invites a tourist couple to go inside with him (funnily enough, its the wife who thinks it 'sounds like fun,' while the husband is concerned about their timetable). However, "Angel's Ladies" quickly outwears its welcome.
We're introduced to Mack and Angel as decent people who believe they're providing a needed service. Angel, in particular, is showcased grieving the loss of her two sons (one to illness, another to an accident) and first husband while likening their three 'girls' to her new family. Yet Lindeman is holding many things about this couple back, information that is shockingly abhorrent when revealed midway into the film. This holding back of information for dramatic effect later on seems dishonest.
The three prostitutes who we meet at "Angel's Ladies" are very different. Kevin is an outdoorsy horsewoman who seems pretty down to earth. Linda is friendly with Kevin and seems like the ex-suburban wife she was, but is given far less screen time than Kevin or Melody. Melody is the harshest of the three, seemingly more suited to the trade. Her recollections of things she's done to satisfy men's fetishistic fantasies become more and more offputting (as does the relish with which she relays them) as the documentary trudges on.
And trudge on this does, with increasingly repetitious shots of the girls cavorting in the desert in work costumes while addressing the camera crosscut with Angel becoming more and more defensive about the way she does business. The only person who seems to be making out at "Angel's Ladies" is the housekeeper, who professes to mostly sitting around drinking coffee.
Technically "Angel's Ladies" resembles a pretty good cable access production. Some editting choices are juvenile (repeat jump cuts to make someone 'dance' for example) while the music is cheesy and distracting.
D-
For more Reeling reviews visit www.reelingreviews.com
<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
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belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
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Made with in Birmingham, UK


U2 Australian Tour: Concert dates, times, how to get there, parking
U2 fans are preparing for the Irish supergroup’s massive Joshua Tree Australian stadium tour. Here’s everything you need to know before heading to the concert.
After fan petitions and desperate entreaties to the Irish rock supergroup to include Australia on one of their world tours over the past four years, the band has finally booked stadium concerts which kicked off at Brisbane’s Suncorp Stadium on November 12.
Bono, The Edge, Adam Clayton and Larry Mullen Jr and their epic production then head to Melbourne’s Marvel Stadium on November 15, Adelaide Oval on November 19, the Sydney Cricket Ground on November 22 and 23 and Perth’s Optus Stadium on November 27.
Bono’s best mate Noel Gallagher and his High Flying Birds will open for U2 at their Australian and New Zealand shows.
The Joshua Tree record, released in March 1987, catapulted the band to superstar status, selling more than 25 million copies worldwide and generating enduring hits including With Or Without You, I Still Haven’t Found What I’m Looking For and Where The Streets Have No Name.
U2 will perform the album in full, plus a collection of their biggest and most loved hits.
Here’s what you need to know
MELBOURNE
15 November
Marvel Stadium
Gates Open:
Gate 3 & 7 Ticket Windows Open: 3:30pm
General Admission Entry Gates Open: 5:00pm
Reserved Seat Entry Gates Open: 5:30pm
How to get there
Public transport: For full timetables and maps visit ptv.vic.gov.au/
Parking: Prebooked at https://parking.marvelstadium.com.au for $35 or $40 at the gate
ADELAIDE
19 November
Adelaide Oval
How to get there
Parking: Open from 4.30pm
East Car Park: Adelaide Oval permit parking only
North Car Park: Adelaide Oval permit parking only
University Lane: Limited casual parking ($20 fee payable upon entry, parking is subject to capacity – access via Pennington Terrace)
SYDNEY
22-23 November
Sydney Cricket Ground
Public transport: The stadium is a 20-minute walk from Central Station. Public transport schedules can be found here: http://www.transportnsw.info/
There is a taxi rank in the Entertainment Quarter on Errol Flynn Boulevard.
Parking:
Parking in the Moore Park precinct is available under the current provisions.
EP2 – Gold and Platinum Members can park in a section of EP2 for $15 until the allocation is exhausted.
EP2 and EP3 – Public parking on event days only ($25 fee per car).
Entry to EP2 (Kippax) and EP3 (Showground) via Driver Avenue.
Driver Avenue
The centre portion of Driver Avenue is closed for larger events. Access to MP1 and EP2 is from Moore Park Road and the Eastern Distributor in the north and EP3 via Lang Road and Anzac Parade in the south.
Entertainment Quarter
Public parking (fees apply). Entry to the Entertainment Quarter parking via Lang Road.
Sydney Boys High School
Public parking for selected events only (fees apply). Entry to Sydney Boys High School via Cleveland Street.
Sydney Girls High School
Public parking for selected events only (fees apply). Entry to Sydney Girls High School via Anzac Parade and Cleveland Street.


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Classes
The following classes are available globally.
-
A dynamic graph is a workspace for computations. All tensor variables can be tracked from a dynamic graph.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public final class DynamicGraph
-
A model is a base class for stateful operations on a dynamic graph. It can be use to construct computations statically, thus, more efficient.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public class Model
extension Model: Hashable
-
A model builder is a more generic type of model. A model can be quite static, thus, you have to be quite careful to have a model work with dynamic inputs. You cannot use reshape, or anything that can generate fixed tensor outputs from a fixed inputs.
A model builder on the other hand doesn’t have that restriction. When input changes, it simply calls the given builder closure to construct a new model. In such way, you can continue to use reshape etc to assume fixed inputs and outputs, it will just work for dynamic inputs. The newly built model will carry over stateful components (parameters) from the old models, thus, it doesn’t reset your training. This also means you need to make sure parameter shape won’t change when input changes, otherwise we will fatal.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public final class ModelBuilder<T> : AnyModelBuilder
-
A type-erased model builder.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public class AnyModelBuilder
-
A stream context is an object that an execution can be performed upon.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public final class StreamContext
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public final class AnyTensorStorage


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systemd is becoming de facto a standard init system for Linux. But even this choice of words is treacherous, because systemd is much more than an init system. It's basically an integrated redesign of all the low-level userspace of a Linux system, with great plans to change how software is run and organized.
Which is not a bad thing per se: Unix software can definitely benefit from improvements in this area, and the s6 suite, among other software, comes from the same assessment and ultimately has the same goal. But systemd suffers from a single conception flaw that sets it apart from the other initiatives, and that has both political and technical repercussions.
The single, overarching problem with systemd is that it attempts, in every possible way, to do more instead of less.
systemd attempts to cover more ground instead of less. In other words, rather than simply being an init system, it tries to be a complete overhaul of the way a Linux system is run, and tries to force other software to hook with it in order to be supported. This goes very much against:
The reason why systemd has become so prevalent is not that it has been accepted by the community. It's that it has manpower. It is backed up by open source software companies that can provide much more manpower than developers like myself working on free software on their own time. The distribution model of systemd, made of lobbying and bullying, is much more akin to the distribution model of Microsoft Windows than the one of GNU/Linux.
Which says something.
Software that does more instead of less is, simply put, badly designed software. Trying to come up with an all-encompassing solution is always a sign of developer hubris and inexperience, and never a sign of good engineering. Ever. Remember sendmail, BIND, INN, and, definitely a better analogy, the early days of Microsoft Windows ? Yes, systemd is in exactly the same league. It's as if we had learned nothing from the mistakes of the past 20 years. The systemd programmers may be better at writing code than the BIND programmers - which isn't saying much - but they are just as bad at designing software, and when said software is process 1 and basically the whole low-level userland layer, it is frightening.
Yes, doing more instead of less is especially bad in the case of system software, i.e. low-level software that aims to make the machine work and that application software depends upon. The goal of an operating system is to make it possible to run applications, and system software should always partake in that goal. System software should stay the heck out of the way, which is exactly what systemd does not.
Technically as well as politically, systemd is actually very similar to Microsoft Windows. If it is not fought, it is going to cause a lot of harm to the Linux ecosystem. It has already begun.
s6 is my humble contribution to the fight against systemd, and I am committed to making it evolve so it becomes a real alternative.


{% extends 'core/wizard-step-base.html' %}
{% block progress_indicator %}{% endblock %}
{% block head_title %}ERP - great.gov.uk{% endblock %}
{% block step_title %}Which one of these best describes you?{% endblock %}
{% block caption %}Affected goods are the ones you want to give feedback on. For free trade associations, select 'import' if this true for more than half of the businesses you represent.{% endblock %}
{% block save_for_later %}{% endblock %}


ESTATE AGENCY AGREEMENT FOR LEASING OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES IN HONG KONG
(for use between an estate agent and a tenant)
GENERAL CAUTION：Read this Agreement carefully and follow its instructions. If you do not understand any thing in this Agreement then ask for an explanation to be given. If you do not understand or agree with any explanation given then it is best to consult you solicitor before signing this Agreement.
Information note：Where any thing in this Agreement is followed by a number in brackets (e.g.(1)), then immediately read the explanatory note that bears that number in Schedule 4 to this Agreement. Where any thing in this Agreement refers to a Schedule to this Agreement, then immediately read that Schedule.
Signature of the Tenant:
Hong Kong identity card(s) number(s) ： () (if applicable)
Signature of the estate agent/salesperson signing for and on behalf of the Agent:
Name of the signatory :
licence number of the signatory :
Where the Tenant is a company, please state:
N/A
Name of the Signatory:
Position of the Signatory:
Business Registration Certificate number of the Tenant:
Address :
Telephone number：
Fax number：
Date：
Number of Agent’s statement of particulars of business:
Address :
Telephone number：
Fax number：
Date：
[CAUTION: Immediately after this Agreement has been signed, the Tenant must be given the original or a copy of this Agreement as signed.]
Schedule 1
Properties
Properties
Date of inspection (please specify if Tenant agrees not to inspect)
Tenant waives his right to receive Leasing Information Forms
Agency Relationship
Amount or rate of commission to be paid by landlord, if applicable
Amount or rate of commission to be paid by Tenant
Schedule 2
Duties of Agent
The Agent shall —
obtain information in relation to the Properties for the Tenant;
arrange for the Tenant to inspect the Properties if requested to do so by the Tenant;
conduct negotiation and submit all offers to the landlords of the Properties as instructed by the Tenant; and
assist the Tenant in entering into a binding lease with the landlord of any one or more of the Properties.
Schedule 3
Commission to be Paid by Tenant
Subject to sections 2 and 5 of this Schedule, if during the Validity Period the Tenant through the Agent enters into a binding lease with the landlord in respect of one or more of the Properties then the Tenant is liable to pay the Agent commission:
Subject to section 3 of this Schedule, the Tenant shall have no obligation to pay any commission to the Agent if commencement of the binding lease falls through without fault on the part of the Tenant and, in such case, if the commission has already been paid it shall be refunded by the Agent to the Tenant as soon as is practicable and in any case not later than 5 working days from the commencement date of the lease with
The commission shall become payable to the Agent in the case of mutual cancellation of the binding lease not arising from any provisions of the lease.
The Tenant is not liable to pay any commission to other estate agents with whom the Agent co-operates for the purpose of renting any one or more of the Properties.
Subject to sections 2, 3 and 4 of this Schedule, the Tenant is also liable to pay to the Agent as commission for services rendered with regard to the property concerned if the Tenant or the spouse, or any nominee, undisclosed principal or agent of the Tenant enters into a binding lease with the landlord of any one or more of the Properties during the Validity Period whether through the Agent or otherwise.
Schedule 4
Interests in Properties
In accordance with clause 5 of this Agreement, particulars of the pecuniary or other beneficial interests(6)in respect of one or more of the Properties are as follows:
Schedule 5
Explanatory Notes
Enter the name of the estate agency business entity concerned in clause 1 of this Agreement.
Single agency – this means the Agent acts for the Tenant only.
Dual agency – this means the Agent acts for both the Tenant and the landlord of a property listed in Schedule 1 to this Agreement.
Potentially dual agency – this means the Agent acts for the Tenant only but may also act for the landlord of a property listed in Schedule 1 to this Agreement at a later stage.
The amount or rate of commission is negotiable between the Tenant and the Agent.
Specified relative – this means the spouse, parent, child, brother or sister.
Substantial shareholder – this means a person who is entitled to exercise or control the exercise of 10% or more of the voting power at any general meeting of the Agent.
Having a pecuniary or other beneficial interest includes:
being a member of a company or any other body which has a pecuniary or other beneficial interest in respect of the Properties;
being in partnership with or is in the employment of a person who has a pecuniary or other beneficial interest in respect of the Properties; or
being a party to any arrangement or agreement (whether enforceable or not) concerning the Properties.


OhioChessFan: It's A Great Day To Be Alive
I got rice cooking in the microwave
Got a three day beard I don't plan to shave
And it's a goofy thing but I just gotta say
Hey, I'm doing alright
Yeah I think I'll make me some homemade soup
Feelin' pretty good and that's the truth
It's neither drink nor drug induced
No, I'm just doin' alright
And it's a great day to be alive
I know the sun's still shinin' when I close my eyes
There's some hard times in the neighborhood
But why can't every day be just this good?
It's been fifteen years since I left home
Said good luck to every seed I'd sown
Give it my best and then I left it alone
Oh I hope they're doin' alright
Now I look in the mirror and what do I see?
A lone wolf there starin' back at me
Long in the tooth but harmless as can be
Lord, I guess he's doin' alright
And it's a great day to be alive
I know the sun's still shinin' when I close my eyes
There's some hard times in the neighborhood
But why can't every day be just this good?
Sometimes its lonely
Sometimes its only me and
The shadows that fill this room
Sometimes I'm fallin', desperately callin'
Howlin' at the moon
Well I might go get me a new tatoo or
Take my old Harley for a three day cruise
Might even grow me a fu man chu
And it's a great day to be alive
I know the sun's still shinin' when I close my eyes
There's some hard times in the neighborhood
But why can't every day be just this good?
And it's a great day to be alive
I know the sun's still shinin' when I close my eyes
There's some hard times in the neighborhood
But why can't every day be just this good?


AWS::CloudFormation::WaitCondition
Important
For Amazon EC2 and Auto Scaling resources, we recommend that you use a CreationPolicy attribute instead of wait conditions. Add a CreationPolicy attribute to those resources, and use the cfn-signal helper script to signal when an instance creation process has completed successfully.
You can use a wait condition for situations like the following:
-
To coordinate stack resource creation with configuration actions that are external to the stack creation
-
To track the status of a configuration process
For these situations, we recommend that you associate a CreationPolicy attribute with the wait condition so that you don't have to use a wait condition handle. For more information and an example, see Creating Wait Conditions in a Template. If you use a CreationPolicy with a wait condition, do not specify any of the wait condition's properties.
Note
If you use the VPC endpoint feature, resources in the VPC that respond to wait conditions must have access to AWS CloudFormation-specific Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) buckets. Resources must send wait condition responses to a pre-signed Amazon S3 URL. If they can't send responses to Amazon S3, AWS CloudFormation won't receive a response and the stack operation fails. For more information, see Setting Up VPC Endpoints for AWS CloudFormation.
Syntax
To declare this entity in your AWS CloudFormation template, use the following syntax:
JSON
{ "Type" : "AWS::CloudFormation::WaitCondition", "Properties" : { "Count" :
Integer
, "Handle" :String
, "Timeout" :String
} }
YAML
Type: AWS::CloudFormation::WaitCondition Properties: Count:
Integer
Handle:String
Timeout:String
Properties
Count
-
The number of success signals that AWS CloudFormation must receive before it continues the stack creation process. When the wait condition receives the requisite number of success signals, AWS CloudFormation resumes the creation of the stack. If the wait condition does not receive the specified number of success signals before the Timeout period expires, AWS CloudFormation assumes that the wait condition has failed and rolls the stack back.
Required: No
Type: Integer
Update requires: Updates are not supported.
Handle
-
A reference to the wait condition handle used to signal this wait condition. Use the
Ref
intrinsic function to specify an AWS::CloudFormation::WaitConditionHandle resource.Anytime you add a WaitCondition resource during a stack update, you must associate the wait condition with a new WaitConditionHandle resource. Do not reuse an old wait condition handle that has already been defined in the template. If you reuse a wait condition handle, the wait condition might evaluate old signals from a previous create or update stack command.
Required: Yes
Type: String
Update requires: Updates are not supported.
Timeout
-
The length of time (in seconds) to wait for the number of signals that the
Count
property specifies.Timeout
is a minimum-bound property, meaning the timeout occurs no sooner than the time you specify, but can occur shortly thereafter. The maximum time that can be specified for this property is 12 hours (43200 seconds).Required: Yes
Type: String
Update requires: Updates are not supported.
Return Values
Ref
When the logical ID of this resource is provided to the Ref
intrinsic
function, Ref
returns the resource name.
For more information about using the Ref
function, see Ref.
Fn::GetAtt
Fn::GetAtt
returns a value for a specified attribute of this type.
The following are the available attributes and sample return values.
Data
-
Returns: A JSON object that contains the
UniqueId
andData
values from the wait condition signal(s) for the specified wait condition. For more information about wait condition signals, see Wait Condition Signal JSON Format.Example return value for a wait condition with 2 signals:
{ "Signal1" : "Step 1 complete." , "Signal2" : "Step 2 complete." }
For more information about using Fn::GetAtt
, see Fn::GetAtt.
Examples
WaitCondition that waits for the desired number of instances in a web server group
JSON
"WebServerGroup" : { "Type" : "AWS::AutoScaling::AutoScalingGroup", "Properties" : { "AvailabilityZones" : { "Fn::GetAZs" : "" }, "LaunchConfigurationName" : { "Ref" : "LaunchConfig" }, "MinSize" : "1", "MaxSize" : "5", "DesiredCapacity" : { "Ref" : "WebServerCapacity" }, "LoadBalancerNames" : [ { "Ref" : "ElasticLoadBalancer" } ] } }, "WaitHandle" : { "Type" : "AWS::CloudFormation::WaitConditionHandle" }, "WaitCondition" : { "Type" : "AWS::CloudFormation::WaitCondition", "DependsOn" : "WebServerGroup", "Properties" : { "Handle" : { "Ref" : "WaitHandle" }, "Timeout" : "300", "Count" : { "Ref" : "WebServerCapacity" } } }
YAML
WebServerGroup: Type: AWS::AutoScaling::AutoScalingGroup Properties: AvailabilityZones: Fn::GetAZs: "" LaunchConfigurationName: Ref: "LaunchConfig" MinSize: "1" MaxSize: "5" DesiredCapacity: Ref: "WebServerCapacity" LoadBalancerNames: - Ref: "ElasticLoadBalancer" WaitHandle: Type: AWS::CloudFormation::WaitConditionHandle WaitCondition: Type: AWS::CloudFormation::WaitCondition DependsOn: "WebServerGroup" Properties: Handle: Ref: "WaitHandle" Timeout: "300" Count: Ref: "WebServerCapacity"


|
SX126x-Arduino
2.0.1
|
The radio callbacks structure Holds function pointers to be called on radio interrupts. More...
#include <sx126x.h>
Data Fields | |
| void(* | txDone )(void) |
| Pointer to a function run on successful transmission. More... | |
| void(* | rxDone )(void) |
| Pointer to a function run on successful reception. More... | |
| void(* | rxPreambleDetect )(void) |
| Pointer to a function run on successful Preamble detection. More... | |
| void(* | rxSyncWordDone )(void) |
| Pointer to a function run on successful SyncWord reception. More... | |
| void(* | rxHeaderDone )(bool isOk) |
| Pointer to a function run on successful Header reception. More... | |
| void(* | txTimeout )(void) |
| Pointer to a function run on transmission timeout. More... | |
| void(* | rxTimeout )(void) |
| Pointer to a function run on reception timeout. More... | |
| void(* | rxError )(IrqErrorCode_t errCode) |
| Pointer to a function run on reception error. More... | |
| void(* | cadDone )(bool cadFlag) |
| Pointer to a function run on channel activity detected. More... | |
The radio callbacks structure Holds function pointers to be called on radio interrupts.
| void(* SX126xCallbacks_t::txDone) (void) |
Pointer to a function run on successful transmission.
| void(* SX126xCallbacks_t::rxDone) (void) |
Pointer to a function run on successful reception.
| void(* SX126xCallbacks_t::rxPreambleDetect) (void) |
Pointer to a function run on successful Preamble detection.
| void(* SX126xCallbacks_t::rxSyncWordDone) (void) |
Pointer to a function run on successful SyncWord reception.
| void(* SX126xCallbacks_t::rxHeaderDone) (bool isOk) |
Pointer to a function run on successful Header reception.
| void(* SX126xCallbacks_t::txTimeout) (void) |
Pointer to a function run on transmission timeout.
| void(* SX126xCallbacks_t::rxTimeout) (void) |
Pointer to a function run on reception timeout.
| void(* SX126xCallbacks_t::rxError) (IrqErrorCode_t errCode) |
Pointer to a function run on reception error.
| void(* SX126xCallbacks_t::cadDone) (bool cadFlag) |
Pointer to a function run on channel activity detected.


Syracuse fires defensive coordinator Brian Ward
SYRACUSE, N.Y. (AP) - Syracuse coach Dino Babers has fired defensive coordinator and linebackers coach Brian Ward, effective immediately.
Babers says in a release Sunday from the university that he felt “a change needed to be made at this time.” Defensive ends coach Steve Stanard has been promoted to defensive coordinator on an interim basis.
The move came a day after the Syracuse defense allowed a school-record 496 yards rushing in a humiliating 58-27 home loss to Boston College, which set a school record of its own with 691 yards offensively. BC tailbacks AJ Dillon and David Bailey combined to rush for 414 yards and five touchdowns and quarterback Dennis Grosel had three scoring passes in only 10 throws.
Stanard, who joined the Syracuse staff in 2017, has spent 20 seasons as a defensive coordinator, most recently at Wyoming where he served as the Cowboys’ defensive coordinator and linebackers coach from 2014-16. He’s also worked as the defensive coordinator at five other schools.
The Orange (3-6, 0-5 Atlantic Coast Conference), who are in a bye week, are the only team in the conference without a league win.
More AP college football: http://apnews.com/tag/Collegefootball and http://www.twitter.com/AP_Top25
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Please read our comment policy before commenting.


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Original photo was found here.
Demo featuring:
- Draw: Marker, Polyline, Polygon, Rectangle, and Circle.
- Edit-move: Marker, Polyline, Polyline vertices, Polygon, Polygon vertices, Rectange, and Circle.
- Edit-resize: Rectange and Circle.
- Delete: Marker, Polyline, Polyline vertices, Polygon, Polygon vertices, Rectange, and Circle.
- Undo (ctrl-z) and Redo (ctrl-y) are enabled for all drawing, editing, and deleting.
- L.Draw is used with L.CRS.Simple using a max-bounds, enforced for drawing and editing.
- L.Snap is enabled for all drawing and editing, with a snap-distance of 20px.


I can demonstrate my technical and experimental skills and contribute to the development my skill as well as strong determination to serve the institute where I will involve to work.
University is a knowledge Meausium Where we can gain knowldge .education is
a lifelong process of empowerment.
Education helps us to grow and develop as individuals. Education can empower
us to become empathic individuals, build our self-confidence and learn more
about our strengths.I think my university make every students as a perfect.
"An investment in knowledge always pays the best interest."
Benjamin Franklin
Education can empower us to become empathic individuals, build our self-confidence and learn more about our strengths.
I think My School Follow quotes The children of today are the future of tomorrow.They Think that every students are educated, skilled leaders who are dedicated to pursuing creative solutions.
A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary regelialia.


{% extends "errors/base_error.html" %} {% block header %} Uh oh, looks like you're lost! {% endblock %} {% block header2 %} You can visit our home page or let this bee help guide you back {% endblock %}