CGPath
An immutable graphics path: a mathematical description of shapes or lines to be drawn in a graphics context.
Static Member Summary
| Static Public Members | ||
| public static get |
typeID: CFTypeID |
Constructor Summary
| Public Constructor | ||
| public |
constructor(rect: CGRect, transform: UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform>) This is a convenience function that creates a path of an rectangle. |
Member Summary
| Public Members | ||
| public get |
The bounding box is the smallest rectangle completely enclosing all points in the path, including control points for Bézier and quadratic curves. |
|
| public get |
The path bounding box is the smallest rectangle completely enclosing all points in the path but not including control points for Bézier and quadratic curves. |
|
| public get |
If the path is empty—that is, if it has no elements—this function returns CGPointZero (see CGGeometry). |
|
| public get |
An empty path contains no elements. |
Method Summary
| Public Methods | ||
| public |
apply(info: Object, _function: CGPathApplierFunction): void For each element in the specified path, Core Graphics calls the applier function, which can examine (but not modify) the element. |
|
| public |
containsUsing(point: CGPoint, rule: CGPathFillRule, transform: CGAffineTransform): boolean A point is contained in a path if it would be inside the painted region when the path is filled. |
|
| public |
Creates an immutable copy of a graphics path. |
|
| public |
copyDashingWithPhase(phase: number, lengths: number[], transform: CGAffineTransform): CGPath The new path is created so that filling the new path draws the same pixels as stroking the original path with the specified dash parameters. |
|
| public |
copyStrokingWithWidth(lineWidth: number, lineCap: CGLineCap, lineJoin: CGLineJoin, miterLimit: number, transform: CGAffineTransform): CGPath The new path is created so that filling the new path draws the same pixels as stroking the original path with the specified line style. |
|
| public |
Creates an immutable copy of a graphics path transformed by a transformation matrix. |
|
| public |
initEllipseIn(rect: CGRect, transform: UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform>): void This is a convenience function that creates a path of an ellipse. |
|
| public |
initRoundedRect(rect: CGRect, cornerWidth: number, cornerHeight: number, transform: UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform>): void This is a convenience function that creates a path of an rounded rectangle. |
|
| public |
init__byDashing(path: CGPath, transform: UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform>, phase: number, lengths: UnsafePointer<CGFloat>, count: number): void The new path is created so that filling the new path draws the same pixels as stroking the original path with the specified dash parameters. |
|
| public |
init__byStroking(path: CGPath, transform: UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform>, lineWidth: number, lineCap: CGLineCap, lineJoin: CGLineJoin, miterLimit: number): void The new path is created so that filling the new path draws the same pixels as stroking the original path.If the line join style is set to kCGLineJoinMiter, Core Graphics uses the miter limit to determine whether the lines should be joined with a bevel instead of a miter. |
|
| public |
Indicates whether or not a graphics path represents a rectangle. |
|
| public |
You can modify a mutable graphics path by calling the various path geometry functions, such as addArc(:x:y:radius:startAngle:endAngle:clockwise:), addLineTo(:x:y:), and moveTo(_:x:y:). |
|
| public |
mutableCopyUsing(transform: UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform>): CGMutablePath Creates a mutable copy of a graphics path transformed by a transformation matrix. |
Static Public Members
public static get typeID: CFTypeID source
Public Constructors
public constructor(rect: CGRect, transform: UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform>) source
This is a convenience function that creates a path of an rectangle. Using this convenience function is more efficient than creating a mutable path and adding an rectangle to it.Calling this function is equivalent to using minX and related functions to find the corners of the rectangle, then using the moveTo(:x:y:), addLineTo(:x:y:), and closeSubpath() functions to draw the rectangle.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| rect | CGRect | The rectangle to add. |
|
| transform | UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform> |
|
A pointer to an affine transformation matrix, or NULL if no transformation is needed. If specified, Core Graphics applies the transformation to the rectangle before it is added to the path. |
Public Members
public get boundingBox: CGRect source
The bounding box is the smallest rectangle completely enclosing all points in the path, including control points for Bézier and quadratic curves.
public get boundingBoxOfPath: CGRect source
The path bounding box is the smallest rectangle completely enclosing all points in the path but not including control points for Bézier and quadratic curves.
public get currentPoint: CGPoint source
If the path is empty—that is, if it has no elements—this function returns CGPointZero (see CGGeometry). To determine whether a path is empty, use isEmpty.
Public Methods
public apply(info: Object, _function: CGPathApplierFunction): void source
For each element in the specified path, Core Graphics calls the applier function, which can examine (but not modify) the element.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| info | Object |
|
A pointer to the user data that Core Graphics will pass to the function being applied, or NULL. |
| _function | CGPathApplierFunction |
Return:
| void |
public containsUsing(point: CGPoint, rule: CGPathFillRule, transform: CGAffineTransform): boolean source
A point is contained in a path if it would be inside the painted region when the path is filled.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| point | CGPoint | The point to check. |
|
| rule | CGPathFillRule | The rule for determining which areas to treat as the interior of the path. Defaults to the winding rule if not specified. |
|
| transform | CGAffineTransform | An affine transform to apply to the point before checking for containment in the path. Defaults to the identity transform if not specified. |
public copyDashingWithPhase(phase: number, lengths: number[], transform: CGAffineTransform): CGPath source
The new path is created so that filling the new path draws the same pixels as stroking the original path with the specified dash parameters.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| phase | number | A value that specifies how far into the dash pattern the line starts, in units of the user space. For example, a value of 0 draws a line starting with the beginning of a dash pattern, and a value of 3 means the line is drawn with the dash pattern starting at three units from its beginning. |
|
| lengths | number[] | An array of values that specify the lengths, in user space coordinates, of the painted and unpainted segments of the dash pattern.For example, the array [2,3] sets a dash pattern that alternates between a 2-unit-long painted segment and a 3-unit-long unpainted segment. The array [1,3,4,2] sets the pattern to a 1-unit painted segment, a 3-unit unpainted segment, a 4-unit painted segment, and a 2-unit unpainted segment.Pass an empty array to clear the dash pattern so that all stroke drawing in the context uses solid lines. |
|
| transform | CGAffineTransform | An affine transform to apply to the path before dashing. Defaults to the identity transform if not specified. |
public copyStrokingWithWidth(lineWidth: number, lineCap: CGLineCap, lineJoin: CGLineJoin, miterLimit: number, transform: CGAffineTransform): CGPath source
The new path is created so that filling the new path draws the same pixels as stroking the original path with the specified line style.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| lineWidth | number | The line width to use, in user space units. The value must be greater than 0. |
|
| lineCap | CGLineCap | The line cap style to render. (For equivalent CGContext drawing methods, the default style is butt.) |
|
| lineJoin | CGLineJoin | The line join style to render. (For equivalent CGContext drawing methods, the default style is miter.) |
|
| miterLimit | number | A value that limits how sharp individual corners in the path can be when using the miter line join style. When the ratio of a the length required for a mitered corner to the line width exceeds this value, that corner uses the bevel style instead. |
|
| transform | CGAffineTransform | An affine transform to apply to the path before dashing. Defaults to the identity transform if not specified. |
public copyUsing(transform: UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform>): CGPath source
Creates an immutable copy of a graphics path transformed by a transformation matrix.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| transform | UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform> |
|
A pointer to an affine transformation matrix, or NULL if no transformation is needed. If specified, Core Graphics applies the transformation to all elements of the new path. |
public initEllipseIn(rect: CGRect, transform: UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform>): void source
This is a convenience function that creates a path of an ellipse. Using this convenience function is more efficient than creating a mutable path and adding an ellipse to it.The ellipse is approximated by a sequence of Bézier curves. Its center is the midpoint of the rectangle defined by the rect parameter. If the rectangle is square, then the ellipse is circular with a radius equal to one-half the width (or height) of the rectangle. If the rect parameter specifies a rectangular shape, then the major and minor axes of the ellipse are defined by the width and height of the rectangle. The ellipse forms a complete subpath of the path—that is, the ellipse drawing starts with a move-to operation and ends with a close-subpath operation, with all moves oriented in the clockwise direction. If you supply an affine transform, then the constructed Bézier curves that define the ellipse are transformed before they are added to the path.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| rect | CGRect | The rectangle that bounds the ellipse. |
|
| transform | UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform> |
|
A pointer to an affine transformation matrix, or NULL if no transformation is needed. If specified, Core Graphics applies the transformation to the ellipse before it is added to the path. |
Return:
| void |
public initRoundedRect(rect: CGRect, cornerWidth: number, cornerHeight: number, transform: UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform>): void source
This is a convenience function that creates a path of an rounded rectangle. Using this convenience function is more efficient than creating a mutable path and adding an rectangle to it.Each corner of the rounded rectangle is one-quarter of an ellipse with axes equal to the cornerWidth and cornerHeight parameters. The rounded rectangle forms a complete subpath and is oriented in the clockwise direction.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| rect | CGRect | The rectangle to add. |
|
| cornerWidth | number | The width of the rounded corner sections. |
|
| cornerHeight | number | The height of the rounded corner sections. |
|
| transform | UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform> |
|
A pointer to an affine transformation matrix, or NULL if no transformation is needed. If specified, Core Graphics applies the transformation to the rectangle before it is added to the path. |
Return:
| void |
public init__byDashing(path: CGPath, transform: UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform>, phase: number, lengths: UnsafePointer<CGFloat>, count: number): void source
The new path is created so that filling the new path draws the same pixels as stroking the original path with the specified dash parameters.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| path | CGPath | The path to copy. |
|
| transform | UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform> |
|
A pointer to an affine transformation matrix, or NULL if no transformation is needed. If specified, Core Graphics applies the transformation to elements of the converted path before adding them to the new path. |
| phase | number | A value that specifies how far into the dash pattern the line starts, in units of the user space. For example, passing a value of 3 means the line is drawn with the dash pattern starting at three units from its beginning. Passing a value of 0 draws a line starting with the beginning of a dash pattern. |
|
| lengths | UnsafePointer<CGFloat> |
|
An array of values that specify the lengths of the painted segments and unpainted segments, respectively, of the dash pattern—or NULL for no dash pattern.For example, passing an array with the values [2,3] sets a dash pattern that alternates between a 2-user-space-unit-long painted segment and a 3-user-space-unit-long unpainted segment. Passing the values [1,3,4,2] sets the pattern to a 1-unit painted segment, a 3-unit unpainted segment, a 4-unit painted segment, and a 2-unit unpainted segment. |
| count | number | If the lengths parameter specifies an array, pass the number of elements in the array. Otherwise, pass 0. |
Return:
| void |
public init__byStroking(path: CGPath, transform: UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform>, lineWidth: number, lineCap: CGLineCap, lineJoin: CGLineJoin, miterLimit: number): void source
The new path is created so that filling the new path draws the same pixels as stroking the original path.If the line join style is set to kCGLineJoinMiter, Core Graphics uses the miter limit to determine whether the lines should be joined with a bevel instead of a miter. Core Graphics divides the length of the miter by the line width. If the result is greater than the miter limit, Core Graphics converts the style to a bevel.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| path | CGPath | The path to copy. |
|
| transform | UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform> |
|
A pointer to an affine transformation matrix, or NULL if no transformation is needed. If specified, Core Graphics applies the transformation to elements of the converted path before adding them to the new path. |
| lineWidth | number | The line width to use, in user space units. The value must be greater than 0. |
|
| lineCap | CGLineCap | A line cap style constant—butt (the default), round, or square. |
|
| lineJoin | CGLineJoin | A line join value—miter (the default), round, or bevel. |
|
| miterLimit | number | The miter limit to use. |
Return:
| void |
public isRect(rect: UnsafeMutablePointer<CGRect>): boolean source
Indicates whether or not a graphics path represents a rectangle.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| rect | UnsafeMutablePointer<CGRect> |
|
On input, a pointer to an uninitialized rectangle. If the specified path represents a rectangle, on return contains a copy of the rectangle. |
public mutableCopy(): CGMutablePath source
You can modify a mutable graphics path by calling the various path geometry functions, such as addArc(:x:y:radius:startAngle:endAngle:clockwise:), addLineTo(:x:y:), and moveTo(_:x:y:).
public mutableCopyUsing(transform: UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform>): CGMutablePath source
Creates a mutable copy of a graphics path transformed by a transformation matrix.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| transform | UnsafePointer<CGAffineTransform> |
|
A pointer to an affine transformation matrix, or NULL if no transformation is needed. If specified, Core Graphics applies the transformation to all elements of the new path. |


On Technical Interviews
When the HCL Labs is hiring engineers, we conduct technical interviews. I had and have the priviledge to interview, hire and work with incredible talented individuals in the process. Lets look behind the curtain of the process.
What we are looking for
The technical interview is conducted by the interviewie's potential future colleagues. We try to gauge skills, conduct and team fit. Fit includes: does it improve diversity. You got a tatoo, tell me how you picked the design?  Punk is your thing, what's your favorite band? - You get the drift.
Can the candidate explain technology to peer engineers and understands the fundamental concepts? We found a surprising number of developers who don't know how their platform actually works. Topics like "The Node event loop" or "What does Maven do".
Knowing your environment is essential. Have you kept uptodate with latest changes, even your current role holds you back on applying them.
Does the candidate know about our "Buzzwords" YAGNI, DRY, KISS, SOLID or pattern
What we ask
Questions come from all areas: general project conducts, APIs, Code (mostly JS, TS & Java), HTTP and databases. We are looking not only for "I have x years experience", but also general awareness.
Example: you might not have a chance to work with a graph database, but you know they exist, what they are supposed to solve. etc.
A little taste:
- How much Scrum does one entertain to be agile and what's the essence of agile
- How to interact and resolve ambiguity in tasks and asks
- On object oriented vs functional programming styles
- Types of NoSQL databases and their uses
- How do the joins (left, right, inner, outer) in an RDBMS work
- Use cases for SQL and NoSQL
- HTTP Verbs: POST vs PUT vs PATCH
- REST experience including a tool or another
- HTTP return codes. Everyone knows 200, some 201 and the difference to 200, and a few 418
- CORS and CSP
- Callbacks vs. Promises
let
vsvar
vsconst
function
vs=>
- Loops vs streams
- Testing: TDD, UnitTests and Integration Tests
- SQL Injection and prevention
- Maven & NPM
- Git & GitHub
- What do you use NodeJS for
Coding challenges
Coding challenges in interviews are controversial and they are usefull.
We keep ours simple and explicitely allow questions, dialogue or googling for answers, with the warning label: you need to explain your solution, no matter what.
Being a little sneaky we keep the challenge requirements fuzzy to check if the candidate will ask for clarifications.
The exercises are light and not too far from practical use:
- talk to an API
- refactor code
- fix performance
Work with us
HCL in Manila is looking for engineers of all levels and career stages. Come join us, some current openings from Linkedin (links are temporary, grab them while they are hot):
Posted by Stephan H Wissel on 12 December 2022 | Comments (0) | categories: Java JavaScript Software


Davido Drops ‘A Good Time’ Album
by Oyindamola OlubajoAward-winning singer, David Adeleke better known as Davido has finally dropped his much anticipated album ‘A Good Time’.
Concise News reports that ‘A Good Time’ is Davido’s third studio album coming after ‘Omo Baba Olowo’ and ‘Baddest’.
‘A Good Time’ comprises seventeen tracks, including collaborations with Peruzzi, Zlatan, Naira Marley, WurlD, Chris Brown, Yonda, among others.
Prominent music producers on the album include Shizzi, Kiddominant, Speroach Beatz, Tekno, etc.
The ‘Fall’ crooner is obviously living a good time as he earlier shared his experience in the past seven years.
He wrote “A Good Time, It’s been a long 7 years. A lot has transpired in my life since my debut album ‘Genesis’, and I, David Adeleke (aka Davido) have [sic] gone through a process of immense changes and growth.


Best practices for writing Dockerfiles
Estimated reading time: 30 minutesThis document covers recommended best practices and methods for building efficient images.
Docker builds images automatically by reading the instructions from a
Dockerfile
-- a text file that contains all commands, in order, needed to
build a given image. A Dockerfile
adheres to a specific format and set of
instructions which you can find at Dockerfile reference.
A Docker image consists of read-only layers each of which represents a
Dockerfile instruction. The layers are stacked and each one is a delta of the
changes from the previous layer. Consider this Dockerfile
:
FROM ubuntu:18.04
COPY . /app
RUN make /app
CMD python /app/app.py
Each instruction creates one layer:
FROM
creates a layer from theubuntu:18.04
Docker image.COPY
adds files from your Docker client’s current directory.RUN
builds your application withmake
.CMD
specifies what command to run within the container.
When you run an image and generate a container, you add a new writable layer (the “container layer”) on top of the underlying layers. All changes made to the running container, such as writing new files, modifying existing files, and deleting files, are written to this thin writable container layer.
For more on image layers (and how Docker builds and stores images), see About storage drivers.
General guidelines and recommendations
Create ephemeral containers
The image defined by your Dockerfile
should generate containers that are as
ephemeral as possible. By “ephemeral”, we mean that the container can be stopped
and destroyed, then rebuilt and replaced with an absolute minimum set up and
configuration.
Refer to Processes under The Twelve-factor App methodology to get a feel for the motivations of running containers in such a stateless fashion.
Understand build context
When you issue a docker build
command, the current working directory is called
the build context. By default, the Dockerfile is assumed to be located here,
but you can specify a different location with the file flag (-f
). Regardless
of where the Dockerfile
actually lives, all recursive contents of files and
directories in the current directory are sent to the Docker daemon as the build
context.
Build context example
Create a directory for the build context and
cd
into it. Write “hello” into a text file namedhello
and create a Dockerfile that runscat
on it. Build the image from within the build context (.
):mkdir myproject && cd myproject echo "hello" > hello echo -e "FROM busybox\nCOPY /hello /\nRUN cat /hello" > Dockerfile docker build -t helloapp:v1 .
Move
Dockerfile
andhello
into separate directories and build a second version of the image (without relying on cache from the last build). Use-f
to point to the Dockerfile and specify the directory of the build context:mkdir -p dockerfiles context mv Dockerfile dockerfiles && mv hello context docker build --no-cache -t helloapp:v2 -f dockerfiles/Dockerfile context
Inadvertently including files that are not necessary for building an image
results in a larger build context and larger image size. This can increase the
time to build the image, time to pull and push it, and the container runtime
size. To see how big your build context is, look for a message like this when
building your Dockerfile
:
Sending build context to Docker daemon 187.8MB
Pipe Dockerfile through stdin
Docker has the ability to build images by piping Dockerfile
through stdin
with a local or remote build context. Piping a Dockerfile
through stdin
can be useful to perform one-off builds without writing a Dockerfile to disk,
or in situations where the Dockerfile
is generated, and should not persist
afterwards.
The examples in this section use here documents for convenience, but any method to provide the
Dockerfile
onstdin
can be used.For example, the following commands are equivalent:
echo -e 'FROM busybox\nRUN echo "hello world"' | docker build -
docker build -<<EOF FROM busybox RUN echo "hello world" EOF
You can substitute the examples with your preferred approach, or the approach that best fits your use-case.
Build an image using a Dockerfile from stdin, without sending build context
Use this syntax to build an image using a Dockerfile
from stdin
, without
sending additional files as build context. The hyphen (-
) takes the position
of the PATH
, and instructs Docker to read the build context (which only
contains a Dockerfile
) from stdin
instead of a directory:
docker build [OPTIONS] -
The following example builds an image using a Dockerfile
that is passed through
stdin
. No files are sent as build context to the daemon.
docker build -t myimage:latest -<<EOF
FROM busybox
RUN echo "hello world"
EOF
Omitting the build context can be useful in situations where your Dockerfile
does not require files to be copied into the image, and improves the build-speed,
as no files are sent to the daemon.
If you want to improve the build-speed by excluding some files from the build- context, refer to exclude with .dockerignore.
Note: Attempting to build a Dockerfile that uses
COPY
orADD
will fail if this syntax is used. The following example illustrates this:# create a directory to work in mkdir example cd example # create an example file touch somefile.txt docker build -t myimage:latest -<<EOF FROM busybox COPY somefile.txt . RUN cat /somefile.txt EOF # observe that the build fails ... Step 2/3 : COPY somefile.txt . COPY failed: stat /var/lib/docker/tmp/docker-builder249218248/somefile.txt: no such file or directory
Build from a local build context, using a Dockerfile from stdin
Use this syntax to build an image using files on your local filesystem, but using
a Dockerfile
from stdin
. The syntax uses the -f
(or --file
) option to
specify the Dockerfile
to use, using a hyphen (-
) as filename to instruct
Docker to read the Dockerfile
from stdin
:
docker build [OPTIONS] -f- PATH
The example below uses the current directory (.
) as the build context, and builds
an image using a Dockerfile
that is passed through stdin
using a here
document.
# create a directory to work in
mkdir example
cd example
# create an example file
touch somefile.txt
# build an image using the current directory as context, and a Dockerfile passed through stdin
docker build -t myimage:latest -f- . <<EOF
FROM busybox
COPY somefile.txt .
RUN cat /somefile.txt
EOF
Build from a remote build context, using a Dockerfile from stdin
Use this syntax to build an image using files from a remote git
repository,
using a Dockerfile
from stdin
. The syntax uses the -f
(or --file
) option to
specify the Dockerfile
to use, using a hyphen (-
) as filename to instruct
Docker to read the Dockerfile
from stdin
:
docker build [OPTIONS] -f- PATH
This syntax can be useful in situations where you want to build an image from a
repository that does not contain a Dockerfile
, or if you want to build with a custom
Dockerfile
, without maintaining your own fork of the repository.
The example below builds an image using a Dockerfile
from stdin
, and adds
the hello.c
file from the “hello-world” Git repository on GitHub.
docker build -t myimage:latest -f- https://github.com/docker-library/hello-world.git <<EOF
FROM busybox
COPY hello.c .
EOF
Under the hood
When building an image using a remote Git repository as build context, Docker performs a
git clone
of the repository on the local machine, and sends those files as build context to the daemon. This feature requiresgit
to be installed on the host where you run thedocker build
command.
Exclude with .dockerignore
To exclude files not relevant to the build (without restructuring your source
repository) use a .dockerignore
file. This file supports exclusion patterns
similar to .gitignore
files. For information on creating one, see the
.dockerignore file.
Use multi-stage builds
Multi-stage builds allow you to drastically reduce the size of your final image, without struggling to reduce the number of intermediate layers and files.
Because an image is built during the final stage of the build process, you can minimize image layers by leveraging build cache.
For example, if your build contains several layers, you can order them from the less frequently changed (to ensure the build cache is reusable) to the more frequently changed:
-
Install tools you need to build your application
-
Install or update library dependencies
-
Generate your application
A Dockerfile for a Go application could look like:
FROM golang:1.11-alpine AS build
# Install tools required for project
# Run `docker build --no-cache .` to update dependencies
RUN apk add --no-cache git
RUN go get github.com/golang/dep/cmd/dep
# List project dependencies with Gopkg.toml and Gopkg.lock
# These layers are only re-built when Gopkg files are updated
COPY Gopkg.lock Gopkg.toml /go/src/project/
WORKDIR /go/src/project/
# Install library dependencies
RUN dep ensure -vendor-only
# Copy the entire project and build it
# This layer is rebuilt when a file changes in the project directory
COPY . /go/src/project/
RUN go build -o /bin/project
# This results in a single layer image
FROM scratch
COPY --from=build /bin/project /bin/project
ENTRYPOINT ["/bin/project"]
CMD ["--help"]
Don’t install unnecessary packages
To reduce complexity, dependencies, file sizes, and build times, avoid installing extra or unnecessary packages just because they might be “nice to have.” For example, you don’t need to include a text editor in a database image.
Decouple applications
Each container should have only one concern. Decoupling applications into multiple containers makes it easier to scale horizontally and reuse containers. For instance, a web application stack might consist of three separate containers, each with its own unique image, to manage the web application, database, and an in-memory cache in a decoupled manner.
Limiting each container to one process is a good rule of thumb, but it is not a hard and fast rule. For example, not only can containers be spawned with an init process, some programs might spawn additional processes of their own accord. For instance, Celery can spawn multiple worker processes, and Apache can create one process per request.
Use your best judgment to keep containers as clean and modular as possible. If containers depend on each other, you can use Docker container networks to ensure that these containers can communicate.
Minimize the number of layers
In older versions of Docker, it was important that you minimized the number of layers in your images to ensure they were performant. The following features were added to reduce this limitation:
-
Only the instructions
RUN
,COPY
,ADD
create layers. Other instructions create temporary intermediate images, and do not increase the size of the build. -
Where possible, use multi-stage builds, and only copy the artifacts you need into the final image. This allows you to include tools and debug information in your intermediate build stages without increasing the size of the final image.
Sort multi-line arguments
Whenever possible, ease later changes by sorting multi-line arguments
alphanumerically. This helps to avoid duplication of packages and make the
list much easier to update. This also makes PRs a lot easier to read and
review. Adding a space before a backslash (\
) helps as well.
Here’s an example from the buildpack-deps
image:
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
bzr \
cvs \
git \
mercurial \
subversion
Leverage build cache
When building an image, Docker steps through the instructions in your
Dockerfile
, executing each in the order specified. As each instruction is
examined, Docker looks for an existing image in its cache that it can reuse,
rather than creating a new (duplicate) image.
If you do not want to use the cache at all, you can use the --no-cache=true
option on the docker build
command. However, if you do let Docker use its
cache, it is important to understand when it can, and cannot, find a matching
image. The basic rules that Docker follows are outlined below:
-
Starting with a parent image that is already in the cache, the next instruction is compared against all child images derived from that base image to see if one of them was built using the exact same instruction. If not, the cache is invalidated.
-
In most cases, simply comparing the instruction in the
Dockerfile
with one of the child images is sufficient. However, certain instructions require more examination and explanation. -
For the
ADD
andCOPY
instructions, the contents of the file(s) in the image are examined and a checksum is calculated for each file. The last-modified and last-accessed times of the file(s) are not considered in these checksums. During the cache lookup, the checksum is compared against the checksum in the existing images. If anything has changed in the file(s), such as the contents and metadata, then the cache is invalidated. -
Aside from the
ADD
andCOPY
commands, cache checking does not look at the files in the container to determine a cache match. For example, when processing aRUN apt-get -y update
command the files updated in the container are not examined to determine if a cache hit exists. In that case just the command string itself is used to find a match.
Once the cache is invalidated, all subsequent Dockerfile
commands generate new
images and the cache is not used.
Dockerfile instructions
These recommendations are designed to help you create an efficient and
maintainable Dockerfile
.
FROM
Dockerfile reference for the FROM instruction
Whenever possible, use current official images as the basis for your images. We recommend the Alpine image as it is tightly controlled and small in size (currently under 5 MB), while still being a full Linux distribution.
LABEL
You can add labels to your image to help organize images by project, record
licensing information, to aid in automation, or for other reasons. For each
label, add a line beginning with LABEL
and with one or more key-value pairs.
The following examples show the different acceptable formats. Explanatory comments are included inline.
Strings with spaces must be quoted or the spaces must be escaped. Inner quote characters (
"
), must also be escaped.
# Set one or more individual labels
LABEL com.example.version="0.0.1-beta"
LABEL vendor1="ACME Incorporated"
LABEL vendor2=ZENITH\ Incorporated
LABEL com.example.release-date="2015-02-12"
LABEL com.example.version.is-production=""
An image can have more than one label. Prior to Docker 1.10, it was recommended
to combine all labels into a single LABEL
instruction, to prevent extra layers
from being created. This is no longer necessary, but combining labels is still
supported.
# Set multiple labels on one line
LABEL com.example.version="0.0.1-beta" com.example.release-date="2015-02-12"
The above can also be written as:
# Set multiple labels at once, using line-continuation characters to break long lines
LABEL vendor=ACME\ Incorporated \
com.example.is-beta= \
com.example.is-production="" \
com.example.version="0.0.1-beta" \
com.example.release-date="2015-02-12"
See Understanding object labels for guidelines about acceptable label keys and values. For information about querying labels, refer to the items related to filtering in Managing labels on objects. See also LABEL in the Dockerfile reference.
RUN
Dockerfile reference for the RUN instruction
Split long or complex RUN
statements on multiple lines separated with
backslashes to make your Dockerfile
more readable, understandable, and
maintainable.
apt-get
Probably the most common use-case for RUN
is an application of apt-get
.
Because it installs packages, the RUN apt-get
command has several gotchas to
look out for.
Avoid RUN apt-get upgrade
and dist-upgrade
, as many of the “essential”
packages from the parent images cannot upgrade inside an
unprivileged container. If a package
contained in the parent image is out-of-date, contact its maintainers. If you
know there is a particular package, foo
, that needs to be updated, use
apt-get install -y foo
to update automatically.
Always combine RUN apt-get update
with apt-get install
in the same RUN
statement. For example:
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
package-bar \
package-baz \
package-foo
Using apt-get update
alone in a RUN
statement causes caching issues and
subsequent apt-get install
instructions fail. For example, say you have a
Dockerfile:
FROM ubuntu:18.04
RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install -y curl
After building the image, all layers are in the Docker cache. Suppose you later
modify apt-get install
by adding extra package:
FROM ubuntu:18.04
RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install -y curl nginx
Docker sees the initial and modified instructions as identical and reuses the
cache from previous steps. As a result the apt-get update
is not executed
because the build uses the cached version. Because the apt-get update
is not
run, your build can potentially get an outdated version of the curl
and
nginx
packages.
Using RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y
ensures your Dockerfile
installs the latest package versions with no further coding or manual
intervention. This technique is known as “cache busting”. You can also achieve
cache-busting by specifying a package version. This is known as version pinning,
for example:
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
package-bar \
package-baz \
package-foo=1.3.*
Version pinning forces the build to retrieve a particular version regardless of what’s in the cache. This technique can also reduce failures due to unanticipated changes in required packages.
Below is a well-formed RUN
instruction that demonstrates all the apt-get
recommendations.
 If the image previously
used an older version, specifying the new one causes a cache bust of apt-get
update
and ensures the installation of the new version. Listing packages on
each line can also prevent mistakes in package duplication.
In addition, when you clean up the apt cache by removing /var/lib/apt/lists
it
reduces the image size, since the apt cache is not stored in a layer. Since the
RUN
statement starts with apt-get update
, the package cache is always
refreshed prior to apt-get install
.
Official Debian and Ubuntu images automatically run
apt-get clean
, so explicit invocation is not required.
Using pipes
Some RUN
commands depend on the ability to pipe the output of one command into another, using the pipe character (|
), as in the following example:
RUN wget -O - https://some.site | wc -l > /number
Docker executes these commands using the /bin/sh -c
interpreter, which only
evaluates the exit code of the last operation in the pipe to determine success.
In the example above this build step succeeds and produces a new image so long
as the wc -l
command succeeds, even if the wget
command fails.
If you want the command to fail due to an error at any stage in the pipe,
prepend set -o pipefail &&
to ensure that an unexpected error prevents the
build from inadvertently succeeding. For example:
RUN set -o pipefail && wget -O - https://some.site | wc -l > /number
Not all shells support the
-o pipefail
option.In cases such as the
dash
shell on Debian-based images, consider using the exec form ofRUN
to explicitly choose a shell that does support thepipefail
option. For example:RUN ["/bin/bash", "-c", "set -o pipefail && wget -O - https://some.site | wc -l > /number"]
CMD
Dockerfile reference for the CMD instruction
The CMD
instruction should be used to run the software contained by your
image, along with any arguments. CMD
should almost always be used in the form
of CMD ["executable", "param1", "param2"…]
. Thus, if the image is for a
service, such as Apache and Rails, you would run something like CMD
["apache2","-DFOREGROUND"]
. Indeed, this form of the instruction is recommended
for any service-based image.
In most other cases, CMD
should be given an interactive shell, such as bash,
python and perl. For example, CMD ["perl", "-de0"]
, CMD ["python"]
, or CMD
["php", "-a"]
. Using this form means that when you execute something like
docker run -it python
, you’ll get dropped into a usable shell, ready to go.
CMD
should rarely be used in the manner of CMD ["param", "param"]
in
conjunction with ENTRYPOINT
, unless
you and your expected users are already quite familiar with how ENTRYPOINT
works.
EXPOSE
Dockerfile reference for the EXPOSE instruction
The EXPOSE
instruction indicates the ports on which a container listens
for connections. Consequently, you should use the common, traditional port for
your application. For example, an image containing the Apache web server would
use EXPOSE 80
, while an image containing MongoDB would use EXPOSE 27017
and
so on.
For external access, your users can execute docker run
with a flag indicating
how to map the specified port to the port of their choice.
For container linking, Docker provides environment variables for the path from
the recipient container back to the source (ie, MYSQL_PORT_3306_TCP
).
ENV
Dockerfile reference for the ENV instruction
To make new software easier to run, you can use ENV
to update the
PATH
environment variable for the software your container installs. For
example, ENV PATH /usr/local/nginx/bin:$PATH
ensures that CMD ["nginx"]
just works.
The ENV
instruction is also useful for providing required environment
variables specific to services you wish to containerize, such as Postgres’s
PGDATA
.
Lastly, ENV
can also be used to set commonly used version numbers so that
version bumps are easier to maintain, as seen in the following example:
ENV PG_MAJOR 9.3
ENV PG_VERSION 9.3.4
RUN curl -SL http://example.com/postgres-$PG_VERSION.tar.xz | tar -xJC /usr/src/postgress && …
ENV PATH /usr/local/postgres-$PG_MAJOR/bin:$PATH
Similar to having constant variables in a program (as opposed to hard-coding
values), this approach lets you change a single ENV
instruction to
auto-magically bump the version of the software in your container.
Each ENV
line creates a new intermediate layer, just like RUN
commands. This
means that even if you unset the environment variable in a future layer, it
still persists in this layer and its value can be dumped. You can test this by
creating a Dockerfile like the following, and then building it.
FROM alpine
ENV ADMIN_USER="mark"
RUN echo $ADMIN_USER > ./mark
RUN unset ADMIN_USER
$ docker run --rm test sh -c 'echo $ADMIN_USER'
mark
To prevent this, and really unset the environment variable, use a RUN
command
with shell commands, to set, use, and unset the variable all in a single layer.
You can separate your commands with ;
or &&
. If you use the second method,
and one of the commands fails, the docker build
also fails. This is usually a
good idea. Using \
as a line continuation character for Linux Dockerfiles
improves readability. You could also put all of the commands into a shell script
and have the RUN
command just run that shell script.
FROM alpine
RUN export ADMIN_USER="mark" \
&& echo $ADMIN_USER > ./mark \
&& unset ADMIN_USER
CMD sh
$ docker run --rm test sh -c 'echo $ADMIN_USER'
ADD or COPY
Although ADD
and COPY
are functionally similar, generally speaking, COPY
is preferred. That’s because it’s more transparent than ADD
. COPY
only
supports the basic copying of local files into the container, while ADD
has
some features (like local-only tar extraction and remote URL support) that are
not immediately obvious. Consequently, the best use for ADD
is local tar file
auto-extraction into the image, as in ADD rootfs.tar.xz /
.
If you have multiple Dockerfile
steps that use different files from your
context, COPY
them individually, rather than all at once. This ensures that
each step’s build cache is only invalidated (forcing the step to be re-run) if
the specifically required files change.
For example:
COPY requirements.txt /tmp/
RUN pip install --requirement /tmp/requirements.txt
COPY . /tmp/
Results in fewer cache invalidations for the RUN
step, than if you put the
COPY . /tmp/
before it.
Because image size matters, using ADD
to fetch packages from remote URLs is
strongly discouraged; you should use curl
or wget
instead. That way you can
delete the files you no longer need after they’ve been extracted and you don’t
have to add another layer in your image. For example, you should avoid doing
things like:
ADD http://example.com/big.tar.xz /usr/src/things/
RUN tar -xJf /usr/src/things/big.tar.xz -C /usr/src/things
RUN make -C /usr/src/things all
And instead, do something like:
RUN mkdir -p /usr/src/things \
&& curl -SL http://example.com/big.tar.xz \
| tar -xJC /usr/src/things \
&& make -C /usr/src/things all
For other items (files, directories) that do not require ADD
’s tar
auto-extraction capability, you should always use COPY
.
ENTRYPOINT
Dockerfile reference for the ENTRYPOINT instruction
The best use for ENTRYPOINT
is to set the image’s main command, allowing that
image to be run as though it was that command (and then use CMD
as the
default flags).
Let’s start with an example of an image for the command line tool s3cmd
:
ENTRYPOINT ["s3cmd"]
CMD ["--help"]
Now the image can be run like this to show the command’s help:
$ docker run s3cmd
Or using the right parameters to execute a command:
$ docker run s3cmd ls s3://mybucket
This is useful because the image name can double as a reference to the binary as shown in the command above.
The ENTRYPOINT
instruction can also be used in combination with a helper
script, allowing it to function in a similar way to the command above, even
when starting the tool may require more than one step.
For example, the Postgres Official Image
uses the following script as its ENTRYPOINT
:
#!/bin/bash
set -e
if [ "$1" = 'postgres' ]; then
chown -R postgres "$PGDATA"
if [ -z "$(ls -A "$PGDATA")" ]; then
gosu postgres initdb
fi
exec gosu postgres "$@"
fi
exec "$@"
Configure app as PID 1
This script uses the
exec
Bash command so that the final running application becomes the container’s PID 1. This allows the application to receive any Unix signals sent to the container. For more, see theENTRYPOINT
reference.
The helper script is copied into the container and run via ENTRYPOINT
on
container start:
COPY ./docker-entrypoint.sh /
ENTRYPOINT ["/docker-entrypoint.sh"]
CMD ["postgres"]
This script allows the user to interact with Postgres in several ways.
It can simply start Postgres:
$ docker run postgres
Or, it can be used to run Postgres and pass parameters to the server:
$ docker run postgres postgres --help
Lastly, it could also be used to start a totally different tool, such as Bash:
$ docker run --rm -it postgres bash
VOLUME
Dockerfile reference for the VOLUME instruction
The VOLUME
instruction should be used to expose any database storage area,
configuration storage, or files/folders created by your docker container. You
are strongly encouraged to use VOLUME
for any mutable and/or user-serviceable
parts of your image.
USER
Dockerfile reference for the USER instruction
If a service can run without privileges, use USER
to change to a non-root
user. Start by creating the user and group in the Dockerfile
with something
like RUN groupadd -r postgres && useradd --no-log-init -r -g postgres postgres
.
Consider an explicit UID/GID
Users and groups in an image are assigned a non-deterministic UID/GID in that the “next” UID/GID is assigned regardless of image rebuilds. So, if it’s critical, you should assign an explicit UID/GID.
Due to an unresolved bug in the Go archive/tar package’s handling of sparse files, attempting to create a user with a significantly large UID inside a Docker container can lead to disk exhaustion because
/var/log/faillog
in the container layer is filled with NULL (\0) characters. A workaround is to pass the--no-log-init
flag to useradd. The Debian/Ubuntuadduser
wrapper does not support this flag.
Avoid installing or using sudo
as it has unpredictable TTY and
signal-forwarding behavior that can cause problems. If you absolutely need
functionality similar to sudo
, such as initializing the daemon as root
but
running it as non-root
, consider using “gosu”.
Lastly, to reduce layers and complexity, avoid switching USER
back and forth
frequently.
WORKDIR
Dockerfile reference for the WORKDIR instruction
For clarity and reliability, you should always use absolute paths for your
WORKDIR
. Also, you should use WORKDIR
instead of proliferating instructions
like RUN cd … && do-something
, which are hard to read, troubleshoot, and
maintain.
ONBUILD
Dockerfile reference for the ONBUILD instruction
An ONBUILD
command executes after the current Dockerfile
build completes.
ONBUILD
executes in any child image derived FROM
the current image. Think
of the ONBUILD
command as an instruction the parent Dockerfile
gives
to the child Dockerfile
.
A Docker build executes ONBUILD
commands before any command in a child
Dockerfile
.
ONBUILD
is useful for images that are going to be built FROM
a given
image. For example, you would use ONBUILD
for a language stack image that
builds arbitrary user software written in that language within the
Dockerfile
, as you can see in Ruby’s ONBUILD
variants.
Images built with ONBUILD
should get a separate tag, for example:
ruby:1.9-onbuild
or ruby:2.0-onbuild
.
Be careful when putting ADD
or COPY
in ONBUILD
. The “onbuild” image
fails catastrophically if the new build’s context is missing the resource being
added. Adding a separate tag, as recommended above, helps mitigate this by
allowing the Dockerfile
author to make a choice.
Examples for Official Images
These Official Images have exemplary Dockerfile
s:
Additional resources:
- Dockerfile Reference
- More about Base Images
- More about Automated Builds
- Guidelines for Creating Official Images


National Statistics
A level and other level 3 results for 16- to 18-year-olds at the end of their final year.
Ref: SFR05/2013 PDF , 432KB , 14 pages
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
MS Excel Spreadsheet , 652KB
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
MS Excel Spreadsheet , 2.04MB
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
MS Excel Spreadsheet , 860KB
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
MS Excel Spreadsheet , 215KB
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
MS Excel Spreadsheet , 113KB
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
MS Excel Spreadsheet , 170KB
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
Plain text , 3.53KB
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
Reference Id: SFR05/2013
Publication Type: Statistical First Release
Publication data: Local Authority data
Local Authority data: LA data
Region: England
Release Date: 24 January 2013
Coverage status: Final
Publication Status: Published
The number of students entered for at least one advanced level (A level) or equivalent level 3 qualification increased between the academic year 2010 to 2011 and the academic year 2011 to 2012, from 371,981 to 384,299.
The percentage of students who achieved passes equivalent in size to at least two A levels decreased slightly between the year 2010 to 2011 and the year year 2011 to 2012, from 94.1% to 93.6%, as did the percentage of students who achieved three or more A* or A passes at A level, down from 13.1% to 12.8% .
A higher percentage of male students achieved three or more A* or A grades at A level than female students, 13.1% of males compared with 12.6% of females.
The average point score per student and per entry for level 3 qualifications also decreased between the year 2010 to 2011 and the year 2011 to 2012, from 746.0 to 733.0 and from 216.2 to 212.8 respectively. Female students achieved higher average point scores per entry and per student than male students.
This statistical first release (SFR) provides revised information on the overall achievements of young people in A level examinations and other equivalent qualifications in the 2011 to 2012 academic year. Provisional figures for the year were published by the Department for Education in October 2012. This information has now been checked by schools and colleges and revised figures are shown in this SFR.
The coverage of this release is 16- to 18-year-old students at the end of their final year of post-16 study in schools and colleges in England. The information is based on data collated for the 2012 school and college performance tables and covers achievements in all level 3 qualifications approved under Section 96 of the Learning and Skills Act (2000). More information on the performance tables is available.
In addition to the tables published in October 2012, this SFR provides further information at regional and local authority level.
In order to improve data transparency, underlying data for the SFR is also available.
David Bartholomew
0370 000 2288
Published: 24 January 2013
From: Department for Education
Part of: Statistics: 16 to 19 attainment


--- title: fastlinkcheck API keywords: fastai sidebar: home_sidebar summary: "API for fast local and online link checking" description: "API for fast local and online link checking" nb_path: "linkcheck.ipynb" ---
We can use get_links
to parse an HTML file for different types of links. For example, this is the contents of ./example/broken_links/test.html
:
example = Path('_example/broken_links/test.html')
print(example.read_text())
Calling get_links
with the above file path will return a list of links:
links = get_links(example)
test_eq(set(links), {'test.js',
'//somecdn.com/doesntexist.html',
'http://www.bing.com','http://fastlinkcheck.com/test.html',
'/test'})
The keys of the dict
returned by local_urls
are links found in HTML files, and the values of this dict
are a list of paths that those links are found in.
Furthermore, local links are returned as Path
objects, whereas external URLs are strings. For example, notice how the link:
http://fastlinkcheck.com/test.html
is resolved to a local path, because the host
parameter supplied to local_urls
, fastlinkcheck.com
matches the url in the link:
path = Path('./_example/broken_links/')
links = local_urls(path, host='fastlinkcheck.com')
links
the path _example/broken_links/test
doesn't exist, but _example/broken_links/test.html
does:
p = Path("_example/broken_links/test")
assert not p.exists()
assert html_exists(p)
the path _example/broken_links/really_doesnt_exist
and neither does _example/broken_links/really_doesnt_exist.html
:
p = Path("_example/broken_links/really_doesnt_exist")
assert not p.exists()
assert not html_exists(p)
Since test.js
does not exist in the example/
directory, broken_local
returns this path:
broken_local(links)
assert not all([x.exists() for x in broken_local(links)])
Similarly the url http://somecdn.com/doesntexist.html
doesn't exist, which is why it is returned by broken_urls
assert broken_urls(links) == ['http://somecdn.com/doesntexist.html']
link_check(path='_example/broken_links/', host='fastlinkcheck.com')
Similarly if there are no broken links, link_check
will not return any data. In this case, there are no broken links in the directory _example/no_broken_links/
:
assert not link_check(path='_example/no_broken_links/')
You can choose to ignore files with a a plain-text file containing a list of urls to ignore. For example, the file linkcheck.rc
contains a list of urls I want to ignore:
print((path/'linkcheck.rc').read_text())
In this case example/test.js
will be filtered out from the list:
link_check(path='_example/broken_links/', host='fastlinkcheck.com', config_file='_example/broken_links/linkcheck.rc')
link_check
can also be called use from the command line like this:
{% include note.html content='the !
command in Jupyter allows you run shell commands' %}
The -h
or --help
flag will allow you to see the command line docs:
!link_check -h


{% extends "_base.html" %}
{% load static %}
{% block title %}Home{% endblock title %}
{% block content %}
Online Bookstore is fictional online store that specialises in selling books from a limited number of authors to readers who are passionate about the work of these authors. The idea is to build a strong bond between authors and their readers.
This site is personal project to practice various features of web development and Django framework. The author's whose names and books are on this site are purely for learning purposes. I have read these books and enjoyed them and only uploaded their covers to check the functionality of the code that I have written. There is no commercial cause behind this site.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. A deserunt neque tempore recusandae animi soluta quasi? Asperiores rem dolore eaque vel, porro, soluta unde debitis aliquam laboriosam. Repellat explicabo, maiores!
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Omnis optio neque consectetur consequatur magni in nisi, natus beatae quidem quam odit commodi ducimus totam eum, alias, adipisci nesciunt voluptate. Voluptatum.
See our books »Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Sapiente esse necessitatibus neque sequi doloribus.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Sapiente esse necessitatibus neque sequi doloribus totam ut praesentium aut.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Sapiente esse necessitatibus neque.


Breaking down Week 12 of the NFL season
by Andy Iskoe Special to the Review-JournalDolphins (2-8) at Browns (4-6)
Time: 10 a.m.
Line/total: Browns -10½, 46
Analysis: Cleveland has a huge edge running the ball, averaging 122 rushing yards to Miami’s 60. With Miami having the second-worst rushing defense (148 yards per game), Cleveland RBs Nick Chubb and Kareem Hunt should have success, enabling the Browns to control the clock and force Miami to play from behind. Cleveland’s pass defense ranks No. 6, allowing 217 yards per game.
By the numbers: Cleveland has won the first two games of this three-game homestand. … After allowing 163 points in the first four games, the Dolphins have allowed 142 in their last six.
Pick: Browns 29, Dolphins 14
— — —
Broncos (3-7) at Bills (7-3)
Time: 10 a.m.
Line/total: Bills -4, 37
Analysis: Both offenses are better at running than passing, and each excels at pass defense. Buffalo QB Josh Allen has performed better than his Broncos counterpart, Brandon Allen. Denver has faced the much tougher schedule — their foes are 49-44 against the rest of the league. Buffalo’s foes are 30-60. Four of Denver’s seven losses have been by four or fewer points.
By the numbers: The Bills and Broncos are two of six teams allowing fewer than 10.35 yards per pass completion.
Pick: Bills 19, Broncos 13
— — —
Steelers (5-5) at Bengals (0-10)
Time: 10 a.m.
Line/total: Steelers -6, 38
Analysis: This is a rematch from Week 4 when the Steelers won 27-3 and held the Bengals to a season-low 175 yards. Cincinnati has scored 17 or fewer points in eight of 10 games. Last week’s 17 points allowed to Oakland was the Bengals’ best defensive effort. QB Ryan Finley has been held to 150 and 73 net yards in his two starts.
By the numbers: The Bengals are last in yards per play differential, allowing 1.9 more per play than they gain. … Cincinnati allows a league-worst 13.4 yards per pass completion.
Pick: Steelers 23, Bengals 13
— — —
Giants (2-8) at Bears (4-6)
Time: 10 a.m.
Line/total: Bears -6, 40
Analysis: Only Tampa Bay (25) has turned the ball over more than the Giants (24). New York has the better offense and the Bears the better defense, and those edges offset as both have been outgained by 60 yards per game. The Bears have lost only 10 turnovers this season.
By the numbers: Three of the Bears’ four wins have been by seven or more points. … Of the Giants’ eight losses, six have been by seven or more points, including five by 14 or more.
Pick: Bears 27, Giants 13
— — —
Raiders (6-4) at Jets (3-7)
Time: 10 a.m.
Line/total: Raiders -3, 46½
Analysis: The Raiders travel to the East Coast after three consecutive home wins. The Jets have won two straight as underdogs, scoring a season-high 34 points in each game. The Jets’ ability to run and defend the run could be decisive. Their offense is tied for the second-weakest ground game, gaining 3.3 yards per rush, while the defense leads the league, allowing 3.0. The Jets have gotten solid QB play since Sam Darnold returned from his bout with mono.
By the numbers: In 11 meetings since 2002’s divisional realignment the Jets are 3-1 ATS against the Raiders at home.
Pick: Jets 24, Raiders 20
— — —
Panthers (5-5) at Saints (8-2)
Time: 10 a.m.
Line/total: Saints -10, 46
Analysis: Both teams lost home games to Atlanta in the past two weeks. The overall stats were quite similar with the major difference being Carolina was minus-4 in turnovers in its 29-3 loss to the Falcons and the Saints were plus-1 in their 26-9 loss. Though mostly held in check in five career games against New Orleans, RB Christian McCaffrey’s versatility gives the Panthers a legitimate threat.
By the numbers: Seven of each team’s 10 games have been against common foes, and the stats are close. The Saints are 5-2 straight up and the Panthers 4-3. … Both are 4-3 ATS in those games.
Pick: Saints 27, Panthers 20
— — —
Buccaneers (3-7) at Falcons (3-7)
Time: 10 a.m.
Line/total: Falcons -3½, 52
Analysis: After allowing 20 or more points in each of its first eight games — and at least 24 in seven of them — Atlanta allowed nine and three points in divisional road wins at New Orleans and Carolina. Tampa Bay is 1-6 straight up and 0-7 ATS in its last seven games. The Buccaneers have allowed 27 or more points in all but one game.
By the numbers: The Falcons are 7-3 to the under, and Tampa Bay is 8-2 to the over. … Tampa Bay has lost a league-high 25 turnovers. … Atlanta ranks next-to-last in forcing eight turnovers, with four of them coming last week.
Pick: Falcons 34, Buccaneers 20
— — —
Lions (3-6-1) at Redskins (1-9)
Time: 10 a.m.
Line/total: Lions -3½, 41
Analysis: Washington would be winless but for a botched 2-point conversion attempt by Miami in the Redskins’ 17-16 win. All but one of Detroit’s losses have been by eight or fewer points. Washington has allowed an average of 115 more total yards than they gain. Both offenses struggle to run the football, and both defenses are in the bottom third of the NFL defending the run.
By the numbers: Detroit has held only one opponent to fewer than 20 points. … The Redskins held three straight foes to under 20 before losses at Buffalo and to the Jets.
Pick: Redskins 21, Lions 20
— — —
Seahawks (8-2) at Eagles (5-5)
Time: 10 a.m.
Line/total: Eagles -1, 47½
Analysis: Seattle is 5-0 straight up on the road (4-1 ATS). This is a matchup of strength vs. strength (Seattle offense vs. Philadelphia defense) and weakness vs. weakness (Eagles offense vs Seahawks defense). It’s hard to argue against Seattle QB Russell Wilson, and the early money came in on Seattle. The teams’ strength of schedules are almost identical.
By the numbers: Seattle’s eight wins have been by an average of 5.1 points, the lowest margin of any team with more than three wins. … Philadelphia’s five wins have been by an average margin of 12.6.
Pick: Eagles 27, Seahawks 17
— — —
Jaguars (4-6) at Titans (5-5)
Time: 1:05 p.m.
Line/total: Titans -3½, 41½
Analysis: Both teams have average rushing offenses, but the Titans have been much better defending the run. Jacksonville allows the most yards per rush attempt in the league (5.3) and the Titans are in the top 10, allowing 4.0. The last four meetings have been low scoring, producing 15 to 39 points.
By the numbers: The Jaguars have been inefficient, ranking No. 12 in total offense but No. 26 in average points scored. … Tennessee ranks No. 18 in total defense but No. 7 in average points allowed.
Pick: Tennessee 21-13
— — —
Cowboys (6-4) at Patriots (9-1)
Time: 1:25 p.m.
Line/total: Patriots -6, 44½
Analysis: The Patriots will be tested by a Cowboys offense ranking first in total yards per game, seventh in rushing yards and first in passing yards. New England has forced a league-high 28 turnovers. The Patriots struggle to run the football, averaging 91 yards. Still, the Patriots excel at home and will be a popular teaser play this week. Dallas is an underdog for the first time this season.
By the numbers: Dallas has the NFL’s best yards per play differential of plus 1.5, gaining a league-high 6.7 yards per play while allowing 5.2. … The Patriots are No. 3 in yards per play differential at plus 0.9. … The Cowboys have the only offense that ranks in the top 10 in rushing and passing.
Pick: Patriots 24, Cowboys 20
— — —
Packers (8-2) at 49ers (9-1)
Time: 5:20 p.m.
Line/total: 49ers -3½, 47½
Analysis: The 49ers have played the weaker schedule. Their foes are 37-53 in games against the rest of the league, while Green Bay’s opponents are 49-43. The 49ers have multiple key injuries, and the Packers are getting healthy. The Packers have lost seven turnovers, 10 fewer than San Francisco. The key might be how much success Packers QB Aaron Rodgers has with his No. 11 passing offense against the NFL’s leading pass defense that has allowed 142 passing yards per game.
By the numbers: Green Bay is 2-0 straight up and ATS as an underdog.
Pick: Packers 27, 49ers 24
— — —
Monday
Ravens (8-2) at Rams (6-4)
Time: 5:15 p.m.
Line/total: Ravens -3, 46½
Analysis: After scoring 30 or more points 13 times in 19 games last season, the Rams’ offense has been inept. They haven’t relied on the running game as much this season, and QB Jared Goff has struggled. The defense remains stout, allowing 4.8 yards per play, third best in the league. Baltimore is a legitimate Super Bowl contender, as QB Lamar Jackson continues to improve and impress with his legs and arm.
By the numbers: Baltimore leads the NFL averaging 34.1 points. … The Ravens also lead the NFL in averaging 204 rushing yards.
Pick: Ravens 28, Rams 23
More Betting: Follow at reviewjournal.com/betting
— Andy Iskoe, thelogicalapproach.com


This is just a demo of how the plug-in can be configured in its own screen. This screen is only accessed by the LabManager administrator to configure the screen. It's not even needed in most scenarios, but sometimes the plug-in could have more than one user (e.g., different LabManagers), and different setups for different LabManager.
This case is simpler, though. You only need to put a password, which by default is password, so the HTTP plug-in can interact with the final laboratory.
You can test if the configuration is valid or not using the /test-config method here:


About
This is a sample application showing how you can use Java EE MVC 1.0 with Polymer Web Componets. It was built using the Polymer Starter Kit and some helpful guidance from Todo MVC sample app.
You can find the code or this project on Github.This is a sample application showing how you can use Java EE MVC 1.0 with Polymer Web Componets. It was built using the Polymer Starter Kit and some helpful guidance from Todo MVC sample app.
You can find the code or this project on Github.


News feeds can save lives.  Here are some stories in my news feed that I think are important that you have likely missed because they are hard to find.
Conspiracy
Who was the Easter Bunny behind Trump?
Parkland Obituaries show no deaths also read this
March for our lives permit irregularities
Congresswoman says US funds ISIS
Domestic
Johson and Johnson baby powder cuases cancer
CA won’t retain Eric Holder as Counsel
Pelosi and 9 Dems meet with Netanyahu while snipers kill in Gaza
Hiring Eric Holder, EH, to fight Trump violates state constitution
DHS to compile database of journalists
Elon Musk world will be run by immortal AI
Obama Biden made billions off trade deals
Hillary visits witches coven on Easter
Patholgist resigns after Sheriff orders hands cut off of corpses
Every user profile data scraped by Facebook
Media loses shit over Syria withdrawl
29 Million goes missing in Baltimore
US govt secret Nuclear Bunkers
Environment
Health
Pulsed Electromagnetic Healing
Crypto
Free youtube channels to learn coding
International
Syria chemical atack
Saudi Prince with Google
Russia tells US to get out of Syria
Israel, Saudi Arabia and US put together new anti-Iran coalition
Afghanistan Opium Production boom
If my plane explodes ask the CIA
Pedo/Traffic News
Lowering the age of consent to 10!!!