{% extends 'home/base.html' %} {% block content %}
A user-made bot helping link Reddit Public Access Network and Discord.
Watch RPAN Invite the Bot {% if user.is_real %}Your Guilds{% endif %}
RPANBot is the bot that connects the Reddit Public Access Network and Discord together.
The bot has a variety of features such as:
The ability to easily configure the bot for your Discord guild.
RPANBot has a web dashboard that allows you to quickly change certain settings in the bot with ease.
Access DashboardThe code behind RPANBot is open source under the Apache License.
You are free to help contribute to RPANBot, or otherwise just look through the code.
Please also feel free to request new features on the support guild or subreddit.
View on GitHub Support Guild Subreddit


Project Description
Team Neo Security Lab, in cooperation with the CERT Division of the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University, is creating a web-based game testing its players’ degree of trust for AI systems. The game will be designed to entertain the player, while also collecting their choices to help with AI decision-making interface research in the future.
The goal for our team is to produce a purposeful game that generates large amounts of data regarding decisions and interfaces, without collecting any personal information. This game is about players’ attitudes towards AI systems, while keeping players anonymized. Neo Security Lab uses an application programming interface for AI decision support provided by the CERT Division. The game centers around those choices. This work will help AI researchers improve strategies for displays of AI-based decision support.
Trailer Video
Teaser Video
Project Website
Full Build Link
Mini-Game Only Link


The
Multi-Replay Analyzer
can merge multiple accounts into one
main
account, and show the statistics of the merged accounts summarized under the
main
account.
The Merged Accounts specification is a multi-line text. Each line specifies the different accounts of one main account as a comma separated toon list. The first toon must be the toon
of the —arbitrarily chosen—main account: you will see the merged account appear as this everywhere in the Multi-Replay
Analyzer.
This is particularly useful if you have multiple accounts and / or you play on multiple regions, because by specifying all your accounts as
Merged Accounts
you can see your overall statistics.
Tip: You can also use the Merged Accounts feature for accounts other than yours, this is not restricted to one person (e.g. you
can also specify the multiple accounts of your friends, but of course place each of your friend on a different / new line).
Example: The following
Merged Accounts text defines 2
main accounts:
2-S2-1-206154-[SL]Dakota, 1-S2-1-2797613-[SL]Dakota
1-S2-1-1234-Bob, 1-S2-1-1235-Rob, 2-S2-1-1236-Alice
The first
main account will be
2-S2-1-206154-[SL]Dakota
merging
2-S2-1-206154-[SL]Dakota
and
1-S2-1-2797613-[SL]Dakota
.
The second
main account will be
1-S2-1-1234-Bob
merging
1-S2-1-1234-Bob
,
1-S2-1-1235-Rob
and
2-S2-1-1236-Alice
.


Sign In
NOTICE: Only the Young Men of the Allen Ranch Ward have the ability to claim these rewards. They are only shown to you to make you jealous!
Claimed by {{reward.claimedDisplayName}}
Donated by {{reward.donatedBy}}


Kim Jong Un watches air drills after US, South Korea delay theirs
State media showed photos of Kim with fighter pilots, after US and South Korea called off joint air force drills.
North Korea's state media reported on Monday that leader Kim Jong Un supervised air force drills for the second time in three days, even as the United States and South Korea decided to postpone their joint air drills in an attempt to push forward stalled denuclearisation talks with North Korea.
The US and South Korea said on Sunday they would postpone upcoming military drills, known as the Combined Flying Training Event, in an effort to bolster a stalled peace push with North Korea. Washington denied the move amounted to another concession to Pyongyang.
More:
The drills, already planned to be scaled back from previous years, would have simulated air combat scenarios and involved an undisclosed number of warplanes from the US and South Korea to test readiness.
On Monday, North Korean state news agency KCNA said Kim supervised an airborne landing training of sharpshooter sub-units of the Air and Anti-Aircraft Force of the North Korean army.
Kim "said that it is necessary to wage a drill without notice under the simulated conditions of real war" for "improving the preparedness" of North Korean military units, KCNA said.
On Saturday, KCNA had reported that Kim watched a "combat flight contest" of the flight commanding officers of the Air and Anti-Aircraft Force. A photo in state newspaper Rodong Sinmun showed him smiling amid pilots gathered around him.
It was unclear when Kim oversaw these events, or whether it was on the same day. There was no mention of either the US or South Korea in the KCNA reports.
US President Donald Trump on Sunday told Kim, "You should act quickly, get the deal done" with the United States, and signed off "See you soon!" on Twitter.


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AMARCORD A Film Review Copyright Dragan Antulov 2000
According to Hollywood movies made in last few decades, life in small town is one of the worst things that could happen to a human being. Even worse fate awaits those who were unfortunate to grow up in those dark, God-forsaken places and later forced to live forever traumatised by the experience. On the other hand, it seems that something more than Atlantic Ocean divides Europe from America, because one of the most popular and beloved European films takes exactly the opposite view. This film is AMARCORD, 1974 comedy by famous Italian director Federico Fellini, which later gave inspiration to numerous imitations and homages, and even led few American screen artists to adopt its heretical views about benefits of small town life.
The film is based on the screenplay by Fellini and Tonino Guerra and it lacks the plot in usual sense. Instead we follow one year in 1930s Italian summer resort town of Rimini through the series of short vignettes that depict various local events and customs, as well as series of local, often very colourful characters. Although many of those characters occasionally take the role of narrator, movie concentrates on its nominal protagonist, 14-year old boy Titta (played by Bruno Zanin) and chronicles his sexual frustrations, obsession with local beauty queen named Gradisca (played by Magali Noel), problems in his lovingly dysfunctional family, as well as troubles his father (played by Armando Brancia) have with Mussolini's fascist regime.
AMARCORD was often noted as the ultimate nostalgia film, and it probably explains why it is very popular, even among those people who actually don't like Federico Fellini's work very much. Every member of its potential audience would find part of himself or herself in this film, because Fellini in this film clearly illustrates natural human desire to paint past in the best way possible. Distortion between actual past and its subjective interpretation could be found even in the title of the film - word "Amarcord" is nothing more than badly pronounced phrase "I remember" in local Italian dialect. In the same way the word is distorted, so is the past in memories of those who remember it. After the premiere, Fellini rejected any claims about autobiographical character of this film, but it doesn't matter whether Rimini of AMARCORD actually resembles Rimini of Fellini's childhood or not; any place and any time could resemble characters and situations of this film.
Fellini's views on nostalgia are clearly illustrated with a way he mixes reality and fantasy in this film. Even the most naturalistic scenes are laced with dark humour and grotesque images.  Every now and then, scenes that depict 1930s reality gradually slide into fantasies of movie's characters and Rimini becomes almost indistinguishable from the magical place in characters' visions. Because of that, almost everything in this film looks different, and in most cases better, than it would have looked in the real life. Even the Fascism gets Fellinian make-over - Fellini views Mussolini's totalitarian regime as nothing more than visual spectacle (explaining why similar regimes enjoyed such popular support throughout history) and opportunity for comedy. When Fascists finally show their true colours and begin torturing their opponents, even this becomes opportunity for scenes of macabre humour.
Unlike many of his Italian colleagues in 1970s, who had used 1930s period setting to explicitly condemn Fascism and serve fashionable political agenda, Fellini doesn't care that much about politics. Lack of self-righteous moral perspective is compensated with Fellini's humanistic approach to his characters. Each of them, regardless of age, gender, social class or physical appearance, is given opportunity to express his or her views, dreams and fears. Fellini treats all those characters with warmth and affection, even when he paints them as grotesque caricatures of real people. Because of this warmth and democratic spirit, AMARCORD could be viewed as one of the most humane films of 20th Century, and it keeps its general feel good atmosphere despite depicting having many uncomfortable, melancholic and even tragic moments.
Fellini couldn't produce such effects without using his own directorial talent that gave a very personal touch to this movie. Vignettes aren't memorable because of the characters only; Fellini uses camera, painting film in bright colours, especially in the scenes that depict character's fantasies. Fellini also knows how to use locations, whether such location happens to be luxurious hotel, bright-coloured beach or rural countryside. Even the down-to-earth streets of Rimini, where everyone knows everyone, gets magical dimension during the snowfall. On the other hand, lack of credible special effects somewhat diminished the same effect during the ocean liner scene. This atmosphere is also provided by incredible talent of composer and Fellini's long-time associate Nino Rota. His Amarcord theme is probably one of the most recognisable, most popular and most relaxing and uplifting pieces of film music ever produced. That music alone should be the reason to view AMARCORD as one of the indisputable classics of seventh art.
RATING: 9/10 (++++)
Review written on June 21st 2000
Dragan Antulov a.k.a. Drax Fido: 2:381/100 E-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>E-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>E-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Filmske recenzije na hrvatskom/Movie Reviews in Croatian http://film.purger.com
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Alongside your taxonomy and category documentation, Voyageone requires additional information on your product fields in order to properly surface these to sellers in our platform.
A template is the seller-facing version of the fields on your taxonomy. Templates within the Voyageone platform show, to the seller, the field names, their requirement status as well as added context (called Help Text) in order to assist the seller in mapping their template.
We offer a standard template to our OpenAPI Voyageone partners which includes standard fields which are similar across channels. You can download a copy of our standard template here. Should our standard template not match your requirements, you must opt for a custom template.
In a custom template, you can provide all fields relevant to your specific channel. Please note that a custom template requires additional development work and, as such, may incur a cost.
In order to help you supply us with your custom template, we have provided a document which will give you an overview of the required data points with examples and suggestions to help you complete the file. You can download a copy of the file here.
Our engineering team cannot commence the Voyageone side of the development process without this information, so timing is critical. Please ensure your template definition file is either at same time as you are preparing for final verification or before.


You run until you hit a desk of sorts.  That thing turns out to be a plaque that says Branch Manager.
Before you can form the thought, Oh Crap! the Branch Manager aka Viking King aka The Boss is standing over you. He demands to know what exactly you are doing roaming around in the Staff Area.
You start studdering, very overwhelmed with your current situation, as well as trying to reason out this Viking library dynamic when you are grabbed by the scruff of your neck and lifted off the ground.
 The manager yells.
Terrified, you blurt out...
| Im a Friend of Salley! | ||
| Im a Friend of Jessica! | I was looking for the crossword puzzles! | |
| I Found this fob thing and wanted to look around! |


Built-in System Access Control#
A system access control plugin enforces authorization at a global level, before any connector level authorization. You can either use one of the built-in plugins in Presto or provide your own by following the guidelines in System Access Control. Presto offers three built-in plugins:
Plugin Name |
Description |
|---|---|
|
All operations are permitted. |
|
Operations that read data or metadata are permitted, but none of the operations that write data or metadata are allowed. See Read Only System Access Control for details. |
|
Authorization checks are enforced using a config file
specified by the configuration property |
Allow All System Access Control#
All operations are permitted under this plugin. This plugin is enabled by default.
Read Only System Access Control#
Under this plugin, you are allowed to execute any operation that reads data or
metadata, such as SELECT
or SHOW
. Setting system level or catalog level
session properties is also permitted. However, any operation that writes data or
metadata, such as CREATE
, INSERT
or DELETE
, is prohibited.
To use this plugin, add an etc/access-control.properties
file with the following contents:
access-control.name=read-only
File Based System Access Control#
This plugin allows you to specify access control rules in a file. To use this
plugin, add an etc/access-control.properties
file containing two required
properties: access-control.name
, which must be equal to file
, and
security.config-file
, which must be equal to the location of the config file.
For example, if a config file named rules.json
resides in etc
, add an etc/access-control.properties
with the following
contents:
access-control.name=file
security.config-file=etc/rules.json
The config file is specified in JSON format.
It contains the rules defining which catalog can be accessed by which user (see Catalog Rules below).
The schema access rules defining which schema can be accessed by which user (see Schema Rules below).
The principal rules specifying what principals can identify as what users (see Principal Rules below).
This plugin currently supports catalog access control rules, schema access control rules and principal rules. If you want to limit access on a system level in any other way, you must implement a custom SystemAccessControl plugin (see System Access Control).
Refresh#
By default, when a change is made to the security.config-file
, Presto must be restarted
to load the changes. There is an optional property to refresh the properties without requiring a
Presto restart. The refresh period is specified in the etc/access-control.properties
:
security.refresh-period=1s
Catalog Rules#
These rules govern the catalogs particular users can access. The user is granted access to a catalog based on the first matching rule read from top to bottom. If no rule matches, access is denied. Each rule is composed of the following fields:
user
(optional): regex to match against user name. Defaults to.*
.catalog
(optional): regex to match against catalog name. Defaults to.*
.allow
(required): string indicating whether a user has access to the catalog. This value can beall
,read-only
ornone
, and defaults tonone
. Setting this value toread-only
has the same behavior as theread-only
system access control plugin.
Note
By default, all users have access to the system
catalog. You can
override this behavior by adding a rule.
Boolean true
and false
are also supported as legacy values for allow
,
to support backwards compatibility. true
maps to all
, and false
maps to none
.
For example, if you want to allow only the user admin
to access the
mysql
and the system
catalog, allow all users to access the hive
catalog, allow the user alice
read-only access to the postgresql
catalog,
and deny all other access, you can use the following rules:
{
"catalogs": [
{
"user": "admin",
"catalog": "(mysql|system)",
"allow": "all"
},
{
"catalog": "hive",
"allow": "all"
},
{
"user": "alice",
"catalog": "postgresql",
"allow": "read-only"
},
{
"catalog": "system",
"allow": "none"
}
]
}
Schema Rules#
These rules allow you to grant ownership of a schema. Having ownership of an
schema allows users to execute DROP SCHEMA
, ALTER SCHEMA
and
CREATE SCHEMA
. The user is granted ownership of a schema, based on
the first matching rule read from top to bottom. If no rule matches, ownership
is not granted. Each rule is composed of the following fields:
user
(optional): regex to match against user name. Defaults to.*
.schema
(optional): regex to match against schema name. Defaults to.*
.owner
(required): boolean indicating whether the user is to be considered an owner of the schema. Defaults tofalse
.
For example, to provide ownership of all schemas to user admin
, treat all
users as owners of default
schema and prevent user guest
from ownership
of any schema, you can use the following rules:
Principal Rules#
These rules serve to enforce a specific matching between a principal and a specified user name. The principal is granted authorization as a user based on the first matching rule read from top to bottom. If no rules are specified, no checks will be performed. If no rule matches, user authorization is denied. Each rule is composed of the following fields:
principal
(required): regex to match and group against principal.user
(optional): regex to match against user name. If matched, it will grant or deny the authorization based on the value ofallow
.principal_to_user
(optional): replacement string to substitute against principal. If the result of the substitution is same as the user name, it will grant or deny the authorization based on the value ofallow
.allow
(required): boolean indicating whether a principal can be authorized as a user.
Note
You would at least specify one criterion in a principal rule. If you specify both criteria in a principal rule, it will return the desired conclusion when either of criteria is satisfied.
The following implements an exact matching of the full principal name for LDAP and Kerberos authentication:
{
"catalogs": [
{
"allow": true
}
],
"principals": [
{
"principal": "(.*)",
"principal_to_user": "$1",
"allow": true
},
{
"principal"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"principal_to_user": "$1",
"allow": true
}
]
}
If you want to allow users to use the extractly same name as their Kerberos principal
name, and allow alice
and bob
to use a group principal named as
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>, you can use the following rules.
{
"catalogs": [
{
"allow": true
}
],
"principals": [
{
"principal"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"principal_to_user": "$1",
"allow": true
},
{
"principal"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"user": "alice|bob",
"allow": true
}
]
}


GENERAL FORMULA I
Celebrant
To God the Father almighty,
dear brothers and sisters, may every prayer of our heart be directed, for his
will it is, that all humanity should be saved and come to the knowledge of the
truth.
Intentions
1 V. For the holy
R. Grant this, almighty God.
2 V. For the peoples of all the world, that the Lord may graciously preserve harmony
among them, let us pray to the Lord.
R. Grant this, almighty God.
3 V. For all who are oppressed by
any kind of need, that the Lord may graciously grant them relief, let us pray
to the Lord.
R. Grant this, almighty God.
4 V. For ourselves and our own
community, that the Lord may graciously receive us as a sacrifice acceptable to
himself, let us pray to the Lord.
R. Grant this, almighty God.
Celebrant
O God, our refuge and our
strength, hear the prayers of your Church, for you yourself are the source of
all devotion, and grant, we pray, that what we ask in faith we may truly
obtain. Through Christ our Lord.
R. Amen.


SENSELESS (1998)
Rating: 2.5 stars (out of 4.0) ******************************** Key to rating system: 2.0 stars - Debatable 2.5 stars - Some people may like it 3.0 stars - I liked it 3.5 stars - I am biased in favor of the movie 4.0 stars - I felt the movie's impact personally or it stood out ********************************* A Movie Review by David Sunga
Directed by: Penelope Spheeris
Written by: Greg Erb and Craig Mazin
Starring: Marlon Wayans, Matthew Lillard, David Spade, Tamara Taylor, Brad Dourif
Ingredients: College nerd, secret formula, girlfriend, upper crust frat boy rival
Synopsis: Darryl (Marlon Wayans) plays a down-and-out University economics student who will do anything to win a contest in which the winning student is awarded a junior analyst position at Smith-Bytes, a prestigious Wall Street firm. The problem is, the only people who ever win are rich kids with upper class connections and prestigious positions in fraternities and school sports. Meanwhile, poor Darryl is in debt and working himself broke trying to send money back home to support his destitute, fatherless family. He has no chance of becoming a contest finalist.
As yet another way to make money Darryl volunteers himself as a human guinea pig to take an experimental drug, and suddenly finds that his five senses are ten times as powerful as before. Thus empowered he joins a fraternity, romances the girl of his dreams Janice (Tamara Taylor), conquers the hockey team, works his way into the good graces of some Smith-Bytes execs, and becomes a contest finalist. But tragedy strikes when Darryl gets power hungry and double doses himself; his five sense start disappearing.
Can the newly humbled Darryl win the contest, save his family, and win back the favor of his girlfriend using his own power without the help of the wonder drug?
Opinion: In 1984 comedian Steve Martin did a comedy film called ALL OF ME (1984), in which the spirit of a woman took possession of one half of Martin's body. ALL OF ME was a great excuse to highlight Martin's physical comedy in the form of pratfalls and exaggerated clumsiness. Martin was different from Robin Williams - - another premier comedian of the 1980s - - in that Martin was mostly 'goofy physical' while Williams excelled in manic, mile-a-minute monologues.
In the 1990s we see a similar comedic dichotomy. On the one hand we have the fast talking Jim Carrey or Chris Rock while on the other hand there is Marlon Wayans, an expert trip and fall guy. Wayans' SENSELESS is similar to Martin's ALL OF ME in that SENSELESS is a very funny comedy about a guy losing control of his body - - and the film gives physical comedian Marlon Wayans a great vehicle for comedic falls, slobbery facial expressions, and general goofiness. If you can imagine Steve Martin or Jerry Lewis' ability to trip and fall, combined with zany facial expressions and Eddie Murphy-like enthusiasm, then you have a good idea of Wayans' comedic charm.
My only complaint is that one scene in SENSELESS - - the scene where Darryl tries to have sex with Janice's sorority sister - - doesn't match Darryl's ethical character or fit in with the rest of the movie. But there are also very good scenes. One of my favorites is where Darryl tests out his super senses playing ice hockey for the college team and becomes a 'kung fu' goalie.
SENSELESS is funny. Director Penelope Spheeris (who also directed WAYNE'S WORLD) hits the funny bone yet again with this one.
Reviewed by David Sunga February 20, 1998
Copyright © 1998 This review and others like it can be found at THE CRITIC ZOO: http://www.criticzoo.com email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


[1]
small portable; over heats disk read error....................
[2]
Extensive Game Library, Plays PS1 Games, DVD Capabilities; Low Detail Graphics, Load Times are Long
[3]
The de-facto console for this generation; Weak online


table-view
Some Button 1
Some Button 2
Some Button 3
{{row.feedable.title}}
{{ row.created_at | date('MM/DD/Y h:mm A')}}
Edit
Delete


Definition: Refers to the ranking of fixed-income investments by sectors, structures, issuers, and issues in terms of their expected performance during some future period of time
Top-down approach
Focuses on high-level allocations among broadly defined credit asset classes
Attempts to form views on macro economic and industry developments to drive asset allocation decisions
Bottom-up approach
Focuses on individual issuers and issues that will outperform their peer groups
Attempts to outperform benchmark via superior security selection
Relative Value Analysis
Definition: Dialectical process combining elements of both top-down and bottom-up approaches to portfolio management
Relative-Value Methodologies
Total return analysis
Primary market analysis
Liquidity and trading analysis
Secondary trading rationales and constraints analysis
Spread analysis
Structure analysis
Credit curve analysis
Credit analysis
Asset allocation/sector analysis
Total Return Analysis
Definition: A process involving the detailed dissection of past returns and a projection of expected returns
Primary Market Analysis
Definition: Analysis of supply and demand dynamics
Market-structure dynamics (i.e. composition of global credit bond market: MTNs, derivatives, HY instruments, etc.)
Product structure effects (e.g. bullet and intermediate-maturity structures
Liquidity and Trading Analysis
Definition: A process involving the examination of how short- and long-term liquidity needs influence portfolio management decisions
Secondary Trade Rationales
Common rationales:
Yield/spread pickup trades
Credit-upside trades
Credit-defense trades
New issue swaps
Sector-rotation trades
Curve-adjustment trades
Structure trades
Cash flow reinvestment
Constraints:
Portfolio constraints
"Story" disagreement
Buy-and-hold
Seasonality
Spread Analysis
Mean-reversion analysis - a relative value analysis based on the assumption that the spread between two sectors/issuers will revert to its historical average
Quality-spread analysis - examines the spread differentials between low- and high-quality credits
Percent yield analysis - the ratio of credit yields to government yields for similar duration securities
Structural Analysis
Definition: Analyzing the performance of different structures
Bullets
Front-end, intermediate, and back-end
Callables
Sinking funds
Allow issuers to execute a series of partial calls prior to maturity
Putables
Credit Curve Analysis
Credit curves typically positively sloped
Spread curve typically steepens when interest rate and general credit risk increases
Credit Analysis
Definition: Analysis involving the study of issuers' financial statements and accounting techniques, interviewing issuers' managements, evaluating industry issues, reading indentures and charters, and developing an awareness of the veiws of rating agencies regarding various industries and issures


Joshua CarnahanSoftware Developer I am a software developer with a focus on Java, Python, and JavaScript I also enjoy autumn walks and a good beer. Check out my GitHub |
| Dates | Work |
|---|---|
| 2018-Present | Word Processor II at Riva Solutions Inc. |
| 2019-2020 | Junior Software Engineer at Booz Allen Hamilton |
| 2015-2018 | Computer Tech/Sr. Sales Consultant at Office Depot |
| Web Development | ⭐ ⭐ ⭐ |
| Python | ⭐ ⭐ |
| Java | ⭐ ⭐ |
| JavaScript | ⭐ ⭐ |


This example shows how to bind a YText type to a DOM Textarea.
The content of this textarea is shared with every client who visits this domain.


|
OR-Tools
7.1
Google Optimization software suite
|
#include <constraint_solver.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| SearchLimit (Solver *const s) | |
| ~SearchLimit () override | |
| bool | crossed () const |
| virtual bool | Check ()=0 |
| virtual void | Init ()=0 |
| virtual void | Copy (const SearchLimit *const limit)=0 |
| virtual SearchLimit * | MakeClone () const =0 |
| void | EnterSearch () override |
| void | BeginNextDecision (DecisionBuilder *const b) override |
| void | PeriodicCheck () override |
| void | RefuteDecision (Decision *const d) override |
| std::string | DebugString () const override |
| Public Member Functions inherited from operations_research::SearchMonitor | |
| SearchMonitor (Solver *const s) | |
| ~SearchMonitor () override | |
| virtual void | RestartSearch () |
| virtual void | ExitSearch () |
| virtual void | EndNextDecision (DecisionBuilder *const b, Decision *const d) |
| virtual void | ApplyDecision (Decision *const d) |
| virtual void | AfterDecision (Decision *const d, bool apply) |
| virtual void | BeginFail () |
| virtual void | EndFail () |
| virtual void | BeginInitialPropagation () |
| virtual void | EndInitialPropagation () |
| virtual bool | AcceptSolution () |
| virtual bool | AtSolution () |
| virtual void | NoMoreSolutions () |
| virtual bool | LocalOptimum () |
| virtual bool | AcceptDelta (Assignment *delta, Assignment *deltadelta) |
| virtual void | AcceptNeighbor () |
| virtual void | AcceptUncheckedNeighbor () |
| virtual bool | IsUncheckedSolutionLimitReached () |
| Solver * | solver () const |
| virtual int | ProgressPercent () |
| virtual void | Accept (ModelVisitor *const visitor) const |
| virtual void | Install () |
| Public Member Functions inherited from operations_research::BaseObject | |
| BaseObject () | |
| virtual | ~BaseObject () |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Static Public Attributes inherited from operations_research::SearchMonitor | |
| static const int | kNoProgress = -1 |
Definition at line 4216 of file constraint_solver.h.
|
inlineexplicit |
Definition at line 4218 of file constraint_solver.h.
|
override |
|
inline |
Definition at line 4222 of file constraint_solver.h.
|
pure virtual |
Implemented in operations_research::RegularLimit, and operations_research::fz::Interrupt.
|
pure virtual |
Implemented in operations_research::RegularLimit, and operations_research::fz::Interrupt.
|
pure virtual |
Implemented in operations_research::RegularLimit, and operations_research::fz::Interrupt.
|
pure virtual |
Implemented in operations_research::RegularLimit, and operations_research::fz::Interrupt.
|
overridevirtual |
Reimplemented from operations_research::SearchMonitor.
|
overridevirtual |
Reimplemented from operations_research::SearchMonitor.
|
overridevirtual |
Reimplemented from operations_research::SearchMonitor.
|
overridevirtual |
Reimplemented from operations_research::SearchMonitor.
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
Reimplemented from operations_research::BaseObject.
Reimplemented in operations_research::RegularLimit.
Definition at line 4245 of file constraint_solver.h.


Much of the increasing complexity of ICT systems is being driven by the more distributed and heterogeneous nature of these systems, with Cyber-Physical Systems accounting for an increasing portion of Software Ecosystems. This basic premise underpins the research conducted by Dr. Panichella in the COSMOS H2020 and the ARIES Innosuisse projects, which focuses on blending best practices DevOps solutions with the development processes used in the CPS context: this will enable the CPS world to deliver software more rapidly and result in more secure and trustworthy systems. COSMOS brings together a balanced consortium of big industry, SMEs and academics which will develop enhanced DevOps pipelines which target development of CPS software. The COSMOS CPS pipelines will be validated against several use cases provided by industrial partners representing healthcare, avionics, automotive, micromobility, utility and railway sectors. These will act as reference use cases when promoting the technology amongst Open Source and standardization communities. More information about the COSMOS H2020 project can be found at: https://www.cosmos-devops.org/ More information about the ARIES Innosuisse project can be found at: https://aries-devops.ch/ Information on some of the papers accepted on the projects: [J31, J29, J28, J27, J24, J23, C57, C56, C55, ...].
Machine learning (ML) and Genetic Algorithms (GA) deals with the issue of how to build computer programs that improve their performance at some tasks through experience. ML and Genetic algorithms have proven to be of great practical value in a variety of application domains. Not surprisingly, the field of software engineering turns out to be a fertile ground where many software development and maintenance tasks could be formulated as learning problems and approached in terms of learning algorithms. Work in progress. Dr. Panichella investigated (see papers accepted) the potential of using ML and Genetic Algorithms for solving SE problems. He started to study them during the PhD studies. Examples of the successful application of ML and genetic algorithms to SE problems by Panichella are bug prediction, code (and code change) prediction [J5, J8, C30,C25, C22, C7, ...], prioritization or clustering of user reviews (in the context of mobile apps) [J15, J13, C45, C38, C37, C36, C34, C29, C28, GE2, GE1, ... ] , test case generation [J12, C48, C47, C46, C41, C35, C22, ...], etc.. More recent and ongoing research directions in this topic are toward experimenting customized solutions based on ML and Genetic Algorithms for enhancing traditional testing approaches and GUI testing processes [C35, C34], identifying class comment types in multi-language projects [J21] , supporting qualitative characterization and automated prediction of issue labels in Github [J28, J20, J17, C42, .. ], monitoring vulnerability-proneness of Google Play Apps [J19] . Finally, emerging research concerned solutions for autonomous systems [J31, J29, J28, J23, C57, C55, ...].
Continuous delivery (CD) is a software engineering approach in which teams produce software in short cycles, ensuring that the software can be reliably released at any time. It aims at building, testing, and releasing software faster and more frequently. The approach helps reduce the cost, time, and risk of delivering changes by allowing for more incremental updates to applications in production. A straightforward and repeatable deployment process is important for continuous delivery. Continuous Integration (CI) consists in a specific stage of CD process where team members integrate their work in an automatic manner, which allows a fast building, testing, and releasing of software, leading to multiple integrations per day. Researchers in this field have as main focus the development of recommender systems able to provide suggestions and automated support to developers and testers during Continuous Integration activities. Work in progress. Dr. Panichella is very interested (see papers accepted) in investigate and overcome contemporary limitations of DevOps (e.g., continuous delivery and continuous integration) practices and tools for complex systems (e.g., Cloud and Cyber-physical systems). In the context of CI Dr. Panichella is currently conducting empirical work to understand the problems that developers face when integrating new changes in the code base [C34, C31, ...] . The main focus is the development of recommender systems able to provide suggestions to developers and testers during Continuous Integration activities. In recent work he also investigated strategies to optimize test case generation in CI pipelines [J12, J7, ...], contemporary bad practices affecting CI adoption [J11, ...], technical debt analysis for Serverless [J16, ...] , the cloudification perspectives of search-based software testing [C41, C46, ...] , approaches to measure structural coupling for microservices [C50] , and how developers engage with static analysis tools in different development contexts (i.e., Code Review, CI, local development) [J14, ...]. On going research concerns branch coverage prediction in automated testing [J7, C35, ...], improving the readability of automatically generated Tests [C47, C21, ...], test smells in automatically generated tests [C48, J25, ...], and exploring the integration of user Feedback in Automated Testing of Android Applications [C34, C35, ...]. Finally, emerging research concerned Continuos Delivery and Continuos Integration practices in cyber-physical systems [J31, J29, J23, C57, C55, ...].
Empirical software engineering is a sub-domain of software engineering focusing on experiments on software systems (software products, processes, and resources). It is interested in devising experiments on software, in collecting data from these experiments, and in devising laws and theories from this data. Proponents of experimental software engineering advocate that the nature of software is such that we can advance the knowledge on software through experiments only. The scientific method suggests a cycle of observations, laws, and theories to advance science. Empirical software engineering applies this method to software. Work in progress. In past work Dr. Panichella performed empirical studies (see papers accepted) to understand (i) how OSS communities upgrades dependencies [C10, J4, ...]; (ii) to what extent static analysis tools help developers with code reviews [, ...]; (iii) how developers' collaborations identified from different sources vary when they are mined from different sources [, ...]; (iv) how the evolution of emerging collaborations relates to code changes [C14, C11, ...]; (v) comment evolution and practices in Pharo Smalltalk [J18, ...]; or (vi) to study the behaviour of developers during maintenance tasks or pull requests development (e.g., while they modify existing features or fix a bug) by analyzing their navigation patterns [C43, C9, ...]. Currently Dr. Panichella is focusing his attention in performing empirical work to understand possible ways to measure and foster developer productivity during testing [C21, ...], maintenance and code reviewing tasks [J22, J14, C9, ...] as well as investigating how developers discuss about code comments in social media [C54, ...] or how do communities in developer interaction networks align with Subsystem Developer Teams [C51, ...]. Finally, emerging empirical research concerned practices and safety in cyber-physical systems development [J31, J28, J27, J24 ...]
Software repositories such as source control systems, archived communications between project personnel, and defect tracking systems are used to help manage the progress of software projects. Software practitioners and researchers are recognizing the benefits of mining this information to support the maintenance of software systems, improve software design/reuse, and empirically validate novel ideas and techniques. Research is now proceeding to uncover the ways in which mining these repositories can help to understand software development and software evolution, to support predictions about software development, and to exploit this knowledge concretely in planning future development. The Mining Software Repositories (MSR) field analyzes the rich data available in software repositories to uncover interesting and actionable information about software systems and projects. Work in progress. In past work Panichella focused (see papers accepted) his attention in mining software repository to build recommender systems for supporting developers during maintenance and program comprehension tasks. For instance, he conceived tools for (i) enabling the automatic re-documentation of existing systems and (ii) summarization of software artifacts [J10, C38, C29, C23, C21, C12, C5 ...]; (iii) or profiling developers or experts in OSS projects [C51, C14 ...]. Recently Dr. Panichella focused his attention in designing and developing tools to help developers digest the huge amount of feedback they receive from users on a daily basis, transforming user reviews into maintenance tasks (fixing issues or building features) [J15, J13, C45, GE2, GE1, C38, C37, C36, C34, C32, C29, C28, C26, C24, C23, C17, ...]; tools for multi-source analysis based on unstructured data [C49, ...]. More in general, Dr. Panichella is interested to conceive tools to support developers in evolving modern software applications [J27, J24 ...].
Peer code review, a manual inspection of source code by developers other than the author, is recognized as a valuable tool for reducing software defects and improving the quality of software projects. In 1976, Fagan formalized a highly structured process for code reviewing, based on line-by-line group reviews, done in extended meetings--code inspections. Over the years, researchers provided evidence on code inspection benefits, especially in terms of defect finding, but the cumbersome, time-consuming, and synchronous nature of this approach hinders its universal adoption in practice. Nowadays, many organizations are adopting more lightweight code review practices to limit the inefficiencies of inspections. In particular, there is a clear trend toward the usage of tools specifically developed to support code review. Modern code reviews are (1) informal (in contrast to Fagan-style), (2) tool-based, and (3) occurs regularly in practice nowadays, for example at companies such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and in other companies and OSS projects. Work in progress. The research focus of Panichella is to develop recommender systems (see papers accepted) able to (better) support developers during the code review process. Hence recent effort was devoted in automatically configure static analysis tools during code review activities as well as investigation the relevant changes and automation needs of developers in modern code review.
Textual analysis can be described as the examination of a text in which an educated guess is formed as to the most likely interpretations that might be made of that text. It is where the researcher must decentre the text to reconstruct it, working back through the narrative mediations of form, appearance, rhetoric, and style to uncover the underlying social and historical processes, the metalanguage that guided the production. It is suggested that textual analysis can cover four main underlying constructs: language and meaning, ideology, ideology and myth, and historicity. In this sense, textual analysis is a methodology: a way of gathering and analysing information in academic research (Mckee, A 2001). Work in progress.Panichella studied text analysis approaches since his bachelor and master studies and was always fascinated by the great usability of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Information Retrieval (IR) tools and techniques for solving several practical problems. He adopted such techniques in several work during his PhD and also during the postdoctoral experience. He is currently learning new techniques and tools based on Textual Analysis (e.g. WORD2VEC) and neural networks techniques. He also proposed an NLP-based tools for software artifacts analysis to explore the natural language structures in software informal documentation or to detect inconsistencies between documentation and code.
Traceability has been defined as "the ability to describe and follow the life of an artefact (requirements, code, tests, models, reports, plans, etc.), in both a forwards and backwards direction". Thus, traceability links help software engineers to understand the relationships and dependencies among various software artefacts (requirements, code, tests, models, etc.) developed during the software lifecycle. The two main research topics related to the traceability management are event-based systems for traceability management and information retrieval based methods and tools supporting the software engineer in the traceability link recovery.
- Monolithic and Cloud Applications - Cyber-physical systems (drones, robots and self-driving cars)


American Beauty (R) **** Starring Kevin Spacey, Annette Bening Directed by Sam Mendes A Review by Frankie Paiva
NOTE: Throughout this review I will designate parts of the film that deserve Oscar nominations with a @.
I think that if any of us have learned a lesson from all of the movies that have come out during this past year it's that too much hype is a bad thing. Star Wars - Episode I: The Phantom Menace was hyped since last November for being one of the biggest motion picture events ever. The film turned out to be just a bad marketing scam designed to continue the cash flow to George Lucas's bank account. How about Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me? While the sequel to the hit original was funny, it was also packed full of bathroom humor that was gross and un-appealing. Or for an even better example, how about The Blair Witch Project, a little film that was supposed to be one of the scariest ever that barely even brought out a fright. The next heavily hyped film is American Beauty, being praised as the best film of the year with millions of Oscar nominations coming it's way. I was hesitant at first, but finally I'm here to review a film that lives up to it's hype.
Lester Burnham (Spacey @) is living in a middle class neighborhood with his control freak wife Carolyn, (Bening @) she's a real estate agent who is competing with Buddy Kane, (Peter Gallagher) the "King" of real estate.  That all changes when he sees Jane's friend Angela, (Mena Suvari @) he wants her and will do anything to get her.
So he begins working out in the garage to impress her. Lifting weights and smoking the drugs that are supplied by his next door neighbor Ricky (Wes Bently @) who Jane soon falls in love with. Ricky films every he sees with a digital camera he bought with his drug money. As Lester finds what he wants in life, his family begins to fall apart, Carolyn gets the "royal treatment" from Buddy Kane, and Jane hates him even more because he's in love with Angela.
But it's not only the excellent acting and witty screenplay (@) that make American Beauty what it is, it's the message that it contains. Here is a film so wonderful that it truly deserves to be seen by every American. If this isn't a Best Picture (@) winner, I don't know what is. Everything about American Beauty is interesting and I could easily see this film again and again. The film does however have one flaw, yes, I'm perfectly aware that this is an edgy, and experimental film, but it has a little too much sex and a little too much drug use. Both of these things prevents people like me from seeing the picture, but I'm sure it's good that they are there. So go and see this film now, whatever junk you were considering to go see, drop it. You must see this film now. What are you still reading this for? It's like your not even listening to me...you must stop reading now. Go to the theater and view American Beauty which gets **** stars.
The Young-Uns: Ouch, this great film features loads of objectionable content. Lots and lots of sex talk occurs along with a sex scene and two long views of two different character's breasts. Drug use also rates as a high, people smoke pot in at least six scenes. Violence also rates as an extreme because of a bloody shooting and a man beating up his son. Also, bad attitudes fill up the entire picture. Good Age: 17 & Up
A Review by Frankie Paiva The 12 Year-Old Movie Reviewer E-Mail me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Visit my website at http://expage.com/page/teenagemoviecritic
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| Bill Moran Network Engineer 5849 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15217 |
The jail system on FreeBSD allows convenient lightweight virtual machines within the FreeBSD operating system.
For our purposes, we have the jails tightly controlled and monitored. We'd like non-administrative (i.e. application developers) to be able to access the jails so that the systems team doesn't have to hand-hold application upgrades, etc. Unfortunatly, our network infrastructure prevents us from allowing ssh access directly to the jail systems without jumping through flaming hoops on the policy routers. The jexec program looks like a good solution execpt it requires root privilidges to run, thus causing us to allow too much access via sudo. Even with the fine-grained control that sudo gives us, the stock jexec causes the user to become root within the jail, and we don't want that either.
jailme is a modified version of jexec. It works by being setuid, so that it can execute the jail_attach() call as root. It then tests the user name and user ID of the calling user to ensure that they are identical inside the jail to the host system. This acts as a sanity check. If the sanity check is successful, the user is assigned the appropriate credentials within the jail.
Because of the UID mapping requirement, I doubt this program will be useful to all jail systems, but I expect that there will be a subset of system configurations that find this program useful for keeping security tight. In theory, there's no reason it couldn't be part of the base system of FreeBSD, as it should not present any security problems on systems not planned to use it.
For now, here's the code: jailme-0.1.tar.bz2
Untar the archive, and execute make install
as root. Usage is identical to jexec.
If your system is not designed to use jailme, you could be creating security issues by installing it.
For example, if you have unpriviledged users on the host operating system, and accidentally create a user within a jail that had the same username and UID as the host system user, you could create an unintentional security breach. A specific example is that jailme does not check to see if the user has the same group membership in both the jail and the host system, so jailme may allow the user more access than intended by giving them more group privilidges within the jail.
I don't believe the risk of such a thing happening is very high. Also, system administrators who are aware of these security concerns can easily audit their systems and ensure they have not created such a situation.
If you believe you know of any way in which jailme presents a security issue, please contact me.
All content copyright Collaborative Fusion, Inc. and Bill Moran. All rights reserved.


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The Name Implies A Collaborative Endeavor Between Two Countries Namely Bangladesh And Japan For Cooperating The People Of Bangladesh In Making A Skill Based Society Free From Repression,Unemployment,Want And Illiteracy. The Foundation Was Formed To Look After The Welfare Of The Community We Live In And Provide Basic Necessities Like Education, Medicare And Shelter To Those In Need, Empower Them To Build For Themselves A Better Life In Every Aspect. We Dream Of A Prosperous Bangladesh And A Society That Is Not Poor, Bangladesh Which Is Literate And Empowered. We Dream Of A Country Without Any Forms Of Vulnerability, Exploitation And Inefficiencies. We Dream Of Choices, Better Opportunities And Collaboration.
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--- title: 'The identical output of lm() and aov() and lm() and t.test() in R' author: '' date: '2022-11-21' slug: '' categories: [] tags: [] ---
This one hardly counts as a blog post; it is more a reference for myself.
For some time, I’ve known on a conceptual level that a linear regression model (one “fit” using lm()
in the statistical software and programming language R), ANOVA (aov()
), and t-test (t.test()
) can be conceptualized as being closely-related—though they’re often taught as separate techniques.
I’m going to add the code now, hoping to return to and expand on this later.
Let’s use a data set about penguins.
library(tidyverse)
library(palmerpenguins)
penguins %>%
glimpse()
## Rows: 344
## Columns: 8
## $ species <fct> Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adel…
## $ island <fct> Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgerse…
## $ bill_length_mm <dbl> 39.1, 39.5, 40.3, NA, 36.7, 39.3, 38.9, 39.2, 34.1, …
## $ bill_depth_mm <dbl> 18.7, 17.4, 18.0, NA, 19.3, 20.6, 17.8, 19.6, 18.1, …
## $ flipper_length_mm <int> 181, 186, 195, NA, 193, 190, 181, 195, 193, 190, 186…
## $ body_mass_g <int> 3750, 3800, 3250, NA, 3450, 3650, 3625, 4675, 3475, …
## $ sex <fct> male, female, female, NA, female, male, female, male…
## $ year <int> 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007…
lm()
and aov()
Note how the `F-value, df, and p-value are identical.
summary(lm(bill_length_mm ~ island, data = penguins))
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = bill_length_mm ~ island, data = penguins)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -12.0677 -3.8559 0.2958 3.8175 14.3425
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 45.2575 0.3897 116.127 < 2e-16 ***
## islandDream -1.0897 0.5970 -1.825 0.0688 .
## islandTorgersen -6.3065 0.8057 -7.827 6.44e-14 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 5.036 on 339 degrees of freedom
## (2 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.154, Adjusted R-squared: 0.149
## F-statistic: 30.86 on 2 and 339 DF, p-value: 4.86e-13
summary(aov(bill_length_mm ~ island, data = penguins))
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## island 2 1566 782.8 30.86 4.86e-13 ***
## Residuals 339 8599 25.4
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 2 observations deleted due to missingness
lm()
and t.test()
Note the t-value and its df and p-value are identical (for the sex variable).
summary(lm(bill_length_mm ~ sex, data = penguins))
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = bill_length_mm ~ sex, data = penguins)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -11.2548 -4.7548 0.8452 4.3030 15.9030
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 42.0970 0.4003 105.152 < 2e-16 ***
## sexmale 3.7578 0.5636 6.667 1.09e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 5.143 on 331 degrees of freedom
## (11 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1184, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1157
## F-statistic: 44.45 on 1 and 331 DF, p-value: 1.094e-10
t.test(bill_length_mm ~ sex, var.equal = TRUE,data = penguins)
##
## Two Sample t-test
##
## data: bill_length_mm by sex
## t = -6.667, df = 331, p-value = 1.094e-10
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group female and group male is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -4.866557 -2.649027
## sample estimates:
## mean in group female mean in group male
## 42.09697 45.85476
I may come back to this later to flesh this out more…


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You should familiarise yourself with the following statistical concepts and the implementation of these for simple analyses in R or Python (scikit-learn) using simulated data:
Next, you should consider the clinical risk prediction model papers listed below, identify a suitable example (with available data) and attempt to reproduce the results.
You should next learn how to implement the same models in an AutoML environment. Microsoft Azure Cloud is recommended as there are student accounts provided.
You will first learn to use the system using the tutorials. Make frequent notes. No supervisory guidance will be provided for this. This is because the purpose of the project is to understand how easy (or not) it is to use such platforms to develop prediction models given that you have the expertise to do so in standard environments. You should document the features of the environment as part of your dissertation and explain where it differs or is similar to existing development environments.
You will then undertake a systematic comparison between the same model implemented in standard R/Python versus using the AutoML platform.
If I construct a prediction algorithm in R/Python, how quickly can I replicate that design and results using an AutoML platform?
Things to consider:


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My primary research interest is microlocal analysis of PDE.
Abstract: We develop a semiclassical second microlocal calculus of pseudodifferential operators associated to linear coisotropic submanifolds \(\mathcal{C}\subset T^* \mathbb{T}^n\). First microlocalization is localization in phase space \(T^* \mathbb{T}^n\); second microlocalization is finer localization near a submanifold of \(T^* \mathbb{T}^n\). Our second microlocal operators test distributions on \(\mathbb{T}^n\) (e.g., Laplace eigenfunctions) for a coisotropic wavefront set, a second microlocal measure of absence of coisotropic regularity. This wavefront set tells us where, in the coisotropic, and in what directions, approaching the coisotropic, a distribution lacks coisotropic regularity. We prove propagation theorems for coisotropic wavefront that are analogous to Hörmander's theorem for pseudodifferential operators of real principal type. Furthermore, we study the propagation of coisotropic regularity for quasimodes of semiclassical pseudodifferential operators. We Taylor expand the relevant Hamiltonian vector field, partially in the characteristic variables, at the spherical normal bundle of the coisotropic. Provided the principal symbol is real valued and depends only on the fiber variables in the cotangent bundle, and the subprincipal symbol vanishes, we show that coisotropic wavefront is invariant under the first two terms of this expansion. (hide abstract)
Other original work:
Abstract: We consider linear coisotropics in \(T^* \mathbb{T}^n\), which are coisotropic submanifolds defined by linear relationships among the fiber variables. Let \(\mathcal{C}\) be any linear coisotropic. We show that, up to linear symplectic equivalence and after projection to \(\mathbb{T}^n\), \(\mathcal{C}\) may be foliated by standard subtori \(\mathbb{T}^k\times\mathtt{point}\). (hide abstract)
Abstract: Our first goal is to understand the relationship between second microlocal pseudodifferential calculi \(\Psi_{2,h}(\mathcal{C}_1)\), \(\Psi_{2,h}(\mathcal{C}_2)\) associated with nested coisotropic submanifolds \(\mathcal{C}_2\subset\mathcal{C}_1\). Then we consider the relationship between the corresponding second wavefront sets: \({}^2 \mathrm{WF}_{\mathcal{C}_1}\subset SN(\mathcal{C}_1)\), \({}^2 \mathrm{WF}_{\mathcal{C}_2}\subset SN(\mathcal{C}_2)\). (hide abstract)
© 2018–, Rohan Kadakia


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--- layout: post title: Text Mining the Bible with R, Pt. 2 comments: true ---
I LOVE looking at associations. Maybe I’m just naive and not particularly well-read on current updates in AI/machine learning, but I think the human brain is still more effective at reading between the lines right now. Or, at least my brain is more effective at drawing its own conclusions instead of writing algorithms…. But anyway, in this post I’ll be going over associations for the four most commons words in my corpus, which I found in the previous post. Here they are again:
{% highlight r %} library(tm) library(plyr) library(httr) library(stringr) library(tm) #The rest of these libraries are used for visualization library(ggplot2) library(graph) library(Rgraphviz) library(wordcloud) library(FactoMineR) library(cluster) library(topicmodels) library(SnowballC) cname <- ("C:/Users/Emeline/Documents/R_projects/bible/text") corpus <- Corpus(DirSource(cname)) #Cleaning corpus <- tm_map(corpus, tolower) corpus <- tm_map(corpus, removeNumbers) corpus <- tm_map(corpus, removePunctuation) corpus <- tm_map(corpus, removeWords, stopwords("english")) corpus <- tm_map(corpus, stemDocument) corpus <- tm_map(corpus, stripWhitespace) #Remove special characters removeSpecChar <- function(x) gsub("[^[:alnum:]///' ]", "", x) corpus <- tm_map(corpus, removeSpecChar) #convert to a plain text file corpus <- tm_map(corpus, PlainTextDocument) #Create a term document matrix, remove words with fewer than 3 characters tdm1 <- TermDocumentMatrix(corpus, control=list(wordLengths=c(3,Inf))) #Create document term matrix, remove words with fewer than 3 characters dtm1 <- DocumentTermMatrix(corpus, control=list(wordLengths=c(3,Inf))) #organize by frequency dtmsort <- sort(colSums(as.matrix(dtm1)), decreasing=TRUE) #most frequent dtmsort[1:4]{% endhighlight %}## will shall lord god
## 57072 52639 49610 33122
I was originally planning to look at the top six most common words, but I became overly excited and wrote too many things, so I cut it down to a more digestable three.
From what I can tell, the findAssocs function in R works by using correlations across the document term matrix. Therefore, a high correlation coefficient should mean that two words were found together in a larger number of documents. A good illustration of this concept can be found at this forum post here. Please note - I set the correleation coefficient arbitrarily to return around 5-15 words per each term of interest, so they do vary by each search word.
I’ll start with the most commonly found word.
{% highlight r %}findAssocs(dtm1, "will", corlimit=0.95){% endhighlight %}## will
## became 0.98
## room 0.98
## male 0.97
## used 0.97
## fishermen 0.96
## like 0.96
## outside 0.96
## examples 0.95
The highly correlated words here weren’t too inspiring for me to write about. I did a search on BibleHub and ran a findAssocs on “room” and “rooms.” From the BibleHub search, the occurences appear to typically be people asking for a room to stay in.
{% highlight r %}findAssocs(dtm1, "room", corlimit=0.95){% endhighlight %}## room
## became 0.98
## will 0.98
## answers 0.97
## outside 0.97
## badly 0.96
## examples 0.96
## fishermen 0.96
## floors 0.96
## rooms 0.96
## taxes 0.96
## used 0.96
## whitewash 0.96
## brothers 0.95
{% highlight r %}findAssocs(dtm1, "rooms", corlimit=0.95){% endhighlight %}
## rooms
## brothers 1.00
## adriatic 0.99
## chalk 0.99
## coated 0.99
## fortyfirst 0.99
## fortynine 0.99
## outside 0.99
## prior 0.99
## skinned 0.99
## thirtysixth 0.99
## twentysixth 0.99
## basin 0.98
## everyone 0.98
## unwashed 0.98
## whitewash 0.98
## mixed 0.97
## ninetynine 0.97
## taxes 0.97
## used 0.97
## fortyone 0.96
## overcomes 0.96
## room 0.96
## thirtyeight 0.96
## babies 0.95
## became 0.95
## male 0.95
## pigs 0.95
## ruby 0.95
These associations also didn’t shed much light for me. I think these numbers found for “rooms” is perhaps an issue with me not cleaning my corpus well enough… My only other note was that “male” appears to be occasonally used interchangeably with “man.” To compare their frequencies:
{% highlight r %}term.freqall <- rowSums(as.matrix(tdm1)) term.freqall["male"]{% endhighlight %}## male
## 1050
{% highlight r %}term.freqall["man"]{% endhighlight %}
## man
## 20219
Next up is “shall.”
{% highlight r %}findAssocs(dtm1, "shall", corlimit=0.97){% endhighlight %}## shall
## habitations 0.99
## lodge 0.99
## reprover 0.99
## travailing 0.99
## prevailed 0.98
## principality 0.98
## retained 0.98
## selfwilled 0.98
## springing 0.98
## testimonies 0.98
## untimely 0.98
## baldness 0.97
## bundle 0.97
## confounded 0.97
## constrained 0.97
## heed 0.97
## incline 0.97
## recompensed 0.97
## reproached 0.97
## thus 0.97
I was particularly intrigued by the appearance of the word “reprover,” which is defined as one who criticizes or corrects, disapproves or censures, disproves or refutes. In the bible, the original Hebrew word appears to be “yissor,” or “one who reproves, faultfinder.” source When I took my biblical literacy class, I found out that the name Satan comes from the Hebrew word satan, which translates to adversary or enemy. From my Roman Catholic upbringing, I always felt that those who intentional sought to find fault with God were doomed to Hell.  This “baldness” appears again though; BibleHub states that this is likely due to the ancient Egyptian habit of constantly shaving the head, only allowing hair growth when in mourning. In contrast, Jews would shave the head to mourn.
The associations for “lord” were by far the most surprising to see.  The animal would have been native to biblical lands, but I’m not sure why it’s commonly associated with “lord.”
Furthermore, I remain perplexed about the lips. I searched for those associations:
{% highlight r %}findAssocs(dtm1, "lips", corlimit=0.97){% endhighlight %}## lips
## valleys 0.98
## bones 0.97
## camels 0.97
## dove 0.97
## horses 0.97
## people 0.97
## simple 0.97
## spears 0.97
## streets 0.97
## yoke 0.97
but I’m not sure that is very insightful… I think lips is just commonly used as a rhetorical device.
But this does offer me a great opportunity for a quick aside!
The Song of Songs, also known as the Song of Solomon, the Canticles of Canticles, or just Canticles, is one of the scrolls in the Old Testament. I personally refer to it as a book of erotic love poetry, but that is somewhat melodramatic of me. However, it is a back-and-forth poem of two lovers and is unique in the bible for its celebration of sexual love. I immediately thought of this section when I saw “lips,” as I was sure there had to be some vivid imagery there.
 Your temples behind your veil are like the halves of a pomegranate.”
Next, Song of Solomon 4:11 - “Your lips drop sweetness as the honeycomb, my bride; milk and honey are under your tongue. The fragrance of your garments is like the fragrance of Lebanon.”
Pretty sensual if I say so….
## god
## damascus 0.99
## figs 0.99
## fourteen 0.99
## son 0.99
## blood 0.98
## lion 0.98
## rain 0.98
## sword 0.98
## tooth 0.98
Damascus is the capital of Syria and is one of the oldest continuousy inhabited cities in the world. The city was surrounded by the Aramaean state of Aram-Damascus from the late 12th century BCE to 732 BCE. The bible does chronicle a significant portion of the land’ history, mostly its interaction with Isarael. This would probably explain why it commonly appears with the word “God.” As another quick aside, there is a horrific prophecy about the destruction of Damascus in Isaiah 17, which starts off with “See, Damascus will no longer be a city but will become a heap of ruins.” There are people who are convinced that this prophecy is starting to come true currently, due to the modern conflict between Israel and Syria. I will refrain from commenting on that here….
As for the figs, there’s even a whole page on Wikipedia dedicated to the subject! Link here. The earliest reference to the fig tree is when Eve eats from the forbidden tree and feels such shame that she clothes herself and Adam in fig leaves. Otherwise, figs are commonly referenced in parables or as rheotical devices.
Associations are super fun! However, most of this blog post involved me having to look at other research to get any meaningful insight into why those terms would be correlated. In my opinion, associations are another great way to get a high-level grasp of the data, but are just a piece in the puzzle of getting the full story.


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{% extends "base.html" %} {% load th_extra crispy_forms_tags %} {% block title %}Player index{% endblock %} {% block active_player %}active{% endblock %} {% block over_content %}
We currently have {{ player_count }} players in our database. You can search by name or browse by country or playing position.


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| TreeHandler (Element *rt) |
| | Constructor given root Element.
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virtual void | setDocumentLocator (Locator locator) |
| | Set the Locator object for documents.
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virtual void | startDocument (void) |
| | Start processing a new XML document.
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virtual void | endDocument (void) |
| | End processing for the current XML document.
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virtual void | startPrefixMapping (const string &prefix, const string &uri) |
| | Start a new prefix to namespace URI mapping.
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virtual void | endPrefixMapping (const string &prefix) |
| | Finish the current prefix.
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| virtual void | startElement (const string &namespaceURI, const string &localName, const string &qualifiedName, const Attributes &atts) |
| | Callback indicating a new XML element has started. More...
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| virtual void | endElement (const string &namespaceURI, const string &localName, const string &qualifiedName) |
| | Callback indicating parsing of the current XML element is finished. More...
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| virtual void | characters (const char *text, int4 start, int4 length) |
| | Callback with raw characters to be inserted in the current XML element. More...
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| virtual void | ignorableWhitespace (const char *text, int4 start, int4 length) |
| | Callback with whitespace character data for the current XML element. More...
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| virtual void | processingInstruction (const string &target, const string &data) |
| | Callback for a formal processing instruction seen in the current document. More...
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| virtual void | setVersion (const string &val) |
| | Set the XML version as specified by the current document. More...
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| virtual void | setEncoding (const string &val) |
| | Set the character encoding as specified by the current document. More...
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| virtual void | skippedEntity (const string &name) |
| | Callback for an XML entity skipped by the parser. More...
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| virtual void | setError (const string &errmsg) |
| | Callback for handling an error condition during XML parsing. More...
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const string & | getError (void) const |
| | Get the current error message.
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| Public Member Functions inherited from ContentHandler |
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virtual | ~ContentHandler (void) |
| | Destructor.
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A SAX interface implementation for constructing an in-memory DOM model.
This implementation builds a DOM model of the XML stream being parsed, creating an Element object for each XML element tag in the stream. This handler is initialized with a root Element object, which after parsing is complete will own all parsed elements.


Black Box View
Overview
In this scenario a client application queries a remote Master Patient Index (MPI) asynchronously using an XML version of an ADT HL7v2 message. From a business perspective this is typically used by a departmental system to retrieve demographics from the hospital PAS
The following describes the logic required to invoke the ITK urn:nhs-itk:services:201005:getPatientDetailsByNHSNumber-v1-0 service.
From a black-box perspective this asynchronous interaction is still fairly straightforward, though obviously more complicated than the synchronous interactions. The service requestor sends the appropriate ITK request message and receives a synchronous acknowledgement. Any exceptions encountered in accepting the request will be returned as synchronous SOAP Faults.
Sometime later, the query response is returned by the service provider (PAS) asynchronously to a callback handler specified by the service requestor. Any exceptions encountered in processing the request will be returned as asynchronous SOAP Faults.
Sender View
The Sender builds a SimpleMessage using a String containing the p/h ADT message. Configuration of the service tells the R.I. that this messages requires base64 encoding so the RI performs the encoding and builds the DistributionEnvelope with the appropriate tagging.
Receiver View
The Receiver consumers the SOAP message. This validates the SOAP headers and then extracts the payload. The SOAP payload is then split further into Distribution Envelope and business payload. The Distribution Envelope is validated and extracted into MessageProperties. The R.I. then looks up the service properties from the configuration and - in this case - as the payload is in base64 form it is decoded before being packaged up as a SimpleMessage and passed onto the Application Message Handler.
Request Message (Get example)
<soap:Envelope xmlns:itk="urn:nhs-itk:ns:201005" ... > <soap:Header> ... </soap:Header> <soap:Body> <itk:DistributionEnvelope ... > <itk:header service="urn:nhs-itk:services:201005:admitPatientPH-v1-0" ...> ... </itk:header> <itk:payloads count="1"> <itk:payload id="...">TVNIfF5+X ... 4MTIzNHwNCg== </itk:payload> </itk:payloads> </itk:DistributionEnvelope> </soap:Body> </soap:Envelope>
Response Message (Get example)
<itk:manifest count="1"> <itk:manifestitem base64="true" id="uuid_6e9306ba-9a09-4479-a719-fcc23234b9ec" mimetype="text/plain" profileid="ITKv1.0"/> </itk:manifest> <itk:senderAddress uri="urn:nhs-uk:addressing:ods:TESTORGS:ORGA"/> </itk:header> <itk:payloads count="1"> <itk:payload id="uuid_6e9306ba-9a09-4479-a719-fcc23234b9ec">TVNIfF5+XCZ8... ....HwNCg==</itk:payload> </itk:payloads>
Step 1 (Sending Application)
The sending application builds a SimpleMessage and populates the business payload with the ADT message. The application then sets a number of message properties before creating a message sender and sending the message.
In this the application uses the sendAsync call of the ITK API because the call is to be asynchronous. Normally this will be known at design time, but as the example shows this decision can be made at run-time provided the application is sophisticated to handle the two paradigms.
The full source code for the sample ADT Servlet can be seen here.
// Create the message ITKMessage msg = new SimpleMessage(); msg.setBusinessPayload(docText); ... // Set the message properties mp.setServiceId("urn:nhs-itk:services:201005:queryPatientDemographics-v1-0"); ... // Create the sender ITKMessageSender sender = new ITKMessageSenderImpl(); ... // Send this message Asynchronously - return is void. sender.sendAsync(msg);
Step 2 (Sending R.I. - ITK Layer)
The first layer of the ITK Reference Implementation (R.I.) is the sendAsync method of the ITKMessageSenderImpl. This component is responsible for checking service properties, establishing the physical transport route and adding the ITK Distribution Envelope, as described in earlier scenarios.
For a simple asynchronous message the service configuration is of particular interest. ADT messages can be sent synchronously or asynchronously, but in the later case the return endpoint needs to be defined. The R.I. does this through the directory.properties configuration file, which manages all configurable aspects of message routing.
The config on the right is taken from the Samples Project and shows where callback calls are routed to.
The full source code for the ITKMessageSenderImpl can be seen here.
public void sendAsync(ITKMessage request) throws ITKMessagingException { String serviceId = request.getMessageProperties().getServiceId(); // Get the ITKService from the DirectoryOfService ITKService service = dos.getService(serviceId); // validate the service configuration is valid for an async call ... ITKTransportRoute route = getRoute(request); ITKSender sender = getSender(route); ITKMessage message = buildMessage(request, route, service); sender.sendAysnc(route, message);
urn\:nhs-itk\:services\:201005\:queryPatientDemographics-v1-0.urn\:nhs-uk\:addressing\:ods\:TESTORGS\:ADTLOCAL.channelid=ADTLOCAL # Configure callback for async calls ADTLOCAL.ReplyTo=http://localhost:8080/itk-samples/adt/callback ADTLOCAL.ExceptionTo=http://localhost:8080/itk-samples/adt/callback
Step 3 (Sending R.I. - WS Layer)
The next layer of the ITK Reference Implementation (R.I.) is the sendAsync method of the ITKSenderWSImpl.
This component is responsible for managing the WebServices layer - building the SOAP wrappers, physically sending the message, then interpreting the response.
The sendAsync code tells the SOAP handler (WSSOAPMessageImpl) that the message is an Async request which, together with the configuration properties, enables the R.I. to build the correct SOAP Headers.
The full source code for the ITKSenderWSImpl can be seen here.
public void sendAysnc(ITKTransportRoute dest, ITKMessage req) ... // Add the soap wrappers WSSOAPMessageImpl message = new WSSOAPMessageImpl(dest, req, WSSOAPMessageImpl.ASYNCREQ);
<soap:Header> <wsa:MessageID>D16AF8FB- ... -0A7858587D49</wsa:MessageID> <wsa:Action>urn:nhs ... :queryPatientDemographics-v1-0</wsa:Action> <wsa:To>http://localhost:8080/itk-samples/adt/emulator</wsa:To> <wsa:From> ... </wsa:From> <wsa:ReplyTo> <wsa:Address>http://localhost:8080/itk-samples/adt/callback </wsa:Address> </wsa:ReplyTo> <wsa:FaultTo> <wsa:Address>http://localhost:8080/itk-samples/adt/callback </wsa:Address> </wsa:FaultTo> ... </soap:Header>
Step 4 (Receiver R.I.)
The Reference Implementation provides the AbstractSimpleMessageServlet as an abstract implementation of an ITK receiving application. This is realised by an application provider producing an extension of this class providing concete implementations of the abstract methods.
This abstract class extracts the incoming transport properties from the SOAP headers and attaches them to the ITKMessage which is built to represent the inbound message, providing a mechanism for the reply to parameters to live with the message.
Importantly the replyTo parameter is used by the R.I. to determine whether to invoke the application handler synchronously or asynchronously.
The full source code for the AbstractSimpleMessageServlet can be seen here.
// 2) PROCESS THE SOAP HEADERS //Extract the transport properties itkTransportProperties = ITKTransportPropertiesImpl.buildFromSoap(doc); ... //Attach the associated transport properties so that they // are available for asynchronous invocations itkMessageProperties.setInboundTransportProperties(itkTransportProperties); ... //Determine which method to call on application if (StringUtils.hasValue(itkTransportProperties.getTransportReplyTo())) { //ReplyTo is present - must want asynchronous response this.messageConsumer.onMessage(requestMsg); } else { //ReplyTo is not present assume synchronous application response = this.messageConsumer.onSyncMessage(requestMsg); }
Step 5 (Receiver Application)
In the Async ADT Query in the Samples project the SimpleApplicationEmulator is used to illustrate this. This emulator creates the response message using the message properties from the request, thereby telling the R.I. that this is a response to that message.
In this scenario the onMessage method of the application handler wass called which provides no response. Once control is received from the handler the R.I. will simply return an HTTP 202 acknowledgement on the open channel.
The full source code for the SimpleApplicationEmulator can be seen here.
private ITKMessage turnaroundViaFile(String responseProfileId, ITKMessage request) throws ITKMessagingException { //Create a response using the message properties from the request SimpleMessage msg = new SimpleMessage(request.getMessageProperties(), this.auditIdentity, responseProfileId, true); ... // Read the response from a pre-defined file String responseString; try { responseString = readFile(fileName); } catch (IOException e) { ... } msg.setBusinessPayload(responseString); return msg;
Step 6 (Receiver R.I.)
The response message is sent through the normal send API. However. because the ITKMessage was built from the incoming message properties (including the ReplyTo), the message already knows the route back to the callback endpoint and therefore skips the routing lookup.
The ITKMessageSenderImpl allows for this pre-determination of route.
The full source code for the ITKMessageSenderImpl can be seen here.
private ITKTransportRoute getRoute(ITKMessage request) ... String serviceId = request.getMessageProperties().getServiceId(); // Has the transport route already been resolved? ITKTransportRoute route = request.getPreresolvedRoute(); ... // If the route has not been pre-resolved look it up if (route == null) { route = dos.resolveDestination(serviceId, toAddress); } else { Logger.debug("Pre-resolved transport route on object " ... }
Step 7 (Callback R.I.)
The Reference Implementation provides the AbstractCallbackListenerServlet as an abstract implementation of an ITK callback application. This is realised by an application provider producing an extension of this class which acts as a factory providing an instance of the callback handler ITKCallbackHandler.
The abstract class extracts the incoming transport properties from the SOAP headers and attaches them to the ITKMessage which is built to represent the inbound message. The message is passed to the processITKMessage layer which hands off processing to the appropriate application handler.
The full source code for the AbstractCallbackListenerServlet can be seen here.
public interface ITKCallbackHandler { public abstract void onMessage(ITKMessage response); public abstract void onAck(ITKAckDetails ack); public abstract void onNack(ITKAckDetails ack); }
Step 8 (Callback Application)
Finally, the application call handler processes the message as per the local requirements of the system
The sample callback hander simply prints a message.
public class SimpleMessageCallbackHandler extends AbstractCallbackListenerServlet implements ITKCallbackHandler { public void onMessage(ITKMessage request) { Logger.trace("This is my example callback handler:onMessage()"); }


Next: deftype, Previous: eql (Type Specifier), Up: Types and Classes Dictionary
coerce
object result-type ⇒ result
object—an object.
result-type—a type specifier.
result—an object, of type result-type except in situations described in Rule of Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals.
Coerces the object to type result-type.
If object is already of type result-type, the object itself is returned, regardless of whether it would have been possible in general to coerce an object of some other type to result-type.
Otherwise, the object is coerced to type result-type according to the following rules:
If the result-type is a recognizable subtype of list, and the object is a sequence, then the result is a list that has the same elements as object.
If the result-type is a recognizable subtype of vector, and the object is a sequence, then the result is a vector that has the same elements as object. If result-type is a specialized type, the result has an actual array element type that is the result of upgrading the element type part of that specialized type. If no element type is specified, the element type defaults to t. If the implementation cannot determine the element type, an error is signaled.
If the result-type is character and the object is a character designator, the result is the character it denotes.
If the result-type is complex and the object is a number, then the result is obtained by constructing a complex whose real part is the object and whose imaginary part is the result of coercing an integer zero to the type of the object (using coerce). (If the real part is a rational, however, then the result must be represented as a rational rather than a complex; see Rule of Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals. So, for example, (coerce 3 'complex) is permissible, but will return 3, which is not a complex.)
If the result-type is any of float, short-float, single-float, double-float, long-float, and the object is a
real,
then the result is a float of type result-type which is equal in sign and magnitude to the object to whatever degree of representational precision is permitted by that float representation. (If the result-type is float and object is not already a float, then the result is a single float.)
If the result-type is function, and object is any
function name
that is fbound but that is globally defined neither as a macro name nor as a special operator, then the result is the functional value of object.
If the result-type is function, and object is a lambda expression, then the result is a closure of object in the null lexical environment.
Any object can be coerced to an object of type t. In this case, the object is simply returned.
(coerce '(a b c) 'vector) ⇒ #(A B C) (coerce 'a 'character) ⇒ #\A (coerce 4.56 'complex) ⇒ #C(4.56 0.0) (coerce 4.5s0 'complex) ⇒ #C(4.5s0 0.0s0) (coerce 7/2 'complex) ⇒ 7/2 (coerce 0 'short-float) ⇒ 0.0s0 (coerce 3.5L0 'float) ⇒ 3.5L0 (coerce 7/2 'float) ⇒ 3.5 (coerce (cons 1 2) t) ⇒ (1 . 2)
All the following forms should signal an error:
(coerce '(a b c) '(vector * 4)) (coerce #(a b c) '(vector * 4)) (coerce '(a b c) '(vector * 2)) (coerce #(a b c) '(vector * 2)) (coerce "foo" '(string 2)) (coerce #(#\a #\b #\c) '(string 2)) (coerce '(0 1) '(simple-bit-vector 3))
If a coercion is not possible, an error of type type-error is signaled.
(coerce x 'nil) always signals an error of type type-error.
An error of type error is signaled if the result-type is function but object is a symbol that is not fbound or if the symbol names a macro or a special operator.
An error of type type-error should be signaled if result-type specifies the number of elements and object is of a different length.
rational, ‘floor; ffloor; ceiling; fceiling; truncate; ftruncate; round; fround’ , char-code, char-int
Coercions from floats to rationals and from ratios to integers are not provided because of rounding problems.
(coerce x 't) ≡ (identity x) ≡ x
Next: deftype, Previous: eql (Type Specifier), Up: Types and Classes Dictionary


Rebuild a package
npm.commands.rebuild([packages,] callback)
This command runs the npm build
command on each of the matched packages. This is useful
when you install a new version of node, and must recompile all your C++ addons with
the new binary. If no 'packages' parameter is specify, every package will be rebuilt.
See npm help build


PI A movie review by Joe Barlow (c) Copyright 1998
STARRING: Sean Gullette, Mark Margolis, Ben Shenkman, Pamela Hart DIRECTOR: Darren Aronofsky WRITERS: Darren Aronofsky, Sean Gullette, Eric Watson RATED/YEAR: R/1998
RATING: *** (out of a possible *****)
"Pi," the highly-touted debut film from writer/director Darren Aronofsky, is the second movie in as many months to draw me into its embrace, dazzle me with flashes of brilliance, then fumble the ball so badly in the final act that many of my positive vibes were squashed. ("Snake Eyes" was the other, for those of you keeping score.)
Max Cohen (Sean Gullette) is a mathematician driven almost to the point of madness by his passion for science. He firmly believes that the entire universe is governed by the laws of math, and that these laws leave traces of their presence in every aspect of reality; as such, if one can decipher the code, one would then be able to predict anything and everything: the way creamer will swirl around in your coffee cup, the shape of snowflakes, the price of stocks, the secrets of creation... even the true name of God.
With assistance from his friend and mentor Sol (Mark Margolis), Max is attempting to find and decipher this code. One afternoon, while processing Max's latest mathematical theory, his computer crashes and blinks a 216-digit number on the screen. Max is aghast at the loss of his data, but as he begins to examine the strange numerals generated by the crash, other possibilities occur to him. The fact that this number has exactly 216 digits is especially interesting, since his friend Lenny (Ben Shenkman), another mathematician, firmly believes that the true name of God is a 216-character string, numerically embedded in the Torah.
The first half of the film, dealing with the construction of the plot, is fascinating.  The details were JUST complicated enough that I had to concentrate, but never so difficult that I got left behind. A film that actually made me THINK! What a pleasant surprise!
Unfortunately, writer/director Aronofsky is unable to sustain the sparks of brilliance he shows in the first part of the story. After setting up such an intellectual premise, he unfortunately allows the second half of his film to generate into "Conspiracy Theory." Max gets chased a lot (See Max. Run, Max, run), and a lot of evil people slap him around for a bit inbetween the sprinting sessions. Then Max is confronted by Rabbi Cohen (Stephen Pearlman), who begs Max to give him the number, explaining that "his people" need it to find the sacred chest which was initially used to carry around the original Ten Commandments. Huh? Is this "Pi" or "Raiders of the Lost Ark?" Why not throw in the Holy Grail or Atlantis while we're at it?
In addition, the final quarter of the film is basically a re- telling of Arthur C. Clarke's famous short-story "The Nine Billion Names of God," in which (surprise!) a mathematician helps a religious organization decipher an ancient text to unearth the true name of the One Deity. The last scenes of "Pi" seem like such an obvious rip-off of Clarke's story that I can't believe (1) there has not been a lawsuit over it, and (2) no one else has noticed it, considering that the tale is one of Clarke's most famous short works.
But the first half of "Pi" is so intelligent and believeable that I'm willing to cut it some slack. Aronofsky has injected some excellent touches into the movie. First of all, the film is shot in black and white, which, although done for budgetary reasons, gives a certain dramatic flair to the production that color could not have generated. The acting is consistent and quite strong. Max is clearly a man obsessed: apart from a single chair, there are no pieces of furniture in his apartment. Every niche is filled with scribbled calculations and computer equipment; in fact, during one scene I noted that Max's home resembles nothing so much as the interior of H.A.L., as seen in "2001: A Space Odyssey" (another Clarke reference, incidentally). The music (primarily techno) fits the mood well, and Matthew Libatique's cinematography is truly groundbreaking.
The film also teases the entire sci-fi genre; whereas most directors would've filled Max's apartment with high-tech computer equipment that would be outdated six months after the film came out, Aronofsky has chosen a "retro" appearance for the production. Look closely: Max's Supercomputer Interface looks suspiciously like a Commodore PET, with parts from other equally obsolete systems tossed in for good measure. It's a nice jab at contemporary sci-fi.
Aronofsky has crafted a remarkable film for cinematic pocket change (the entire movie cost around $100,000... or 1/2000th the budget for "Titanic"). Had the tone remained cerebral, we may well have had one of the year's best films; as it stands, this slice of "Pi" is occasionally tasty, but not particularly filling.
E-Mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Joe Barlow on Film: http://www.ipass.net/~jbarlow/film.htm
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