Social vulnerability
after Hurricane Katrina
Walkability Project
What is the overall objective of the project?
The purpose of the project is to assess the walkability of a section of downtown Dayton.
This project will require that students complete a project using the GIS workflow.
The project will be divided into these phases and each phase will focus on key deliverables.
The deliverables will be completed by either an individual student, team, or the class.
Wright Dunbar Service
Learning Project
Service Learning project done at Sinclair Community College.
The concept was to map unique characteristics in the
Historical Wright Dunbar Neighborhod, Fall of 2015
3D rendering fly thru of OSU
Using Arc Scene to create a 3D landscape and fly through


NOTE: this library is in maintenance mode and should not be used in new code.
The py lib is a Python development support library featuring the following tools and modules:
py.path
: uniform local and svn path objectspy.apipkg
: explicit API control and lazy-importingpy.iniconfig
: easy parsing of .ini filespy.code
: dynamic code generation and introspection (deprecated, moved topytest
).
NOTE: prior to the 1.4 release this distribution used to contain py.test which is now its own package, see http://pytest.org
For questions and more information please visit http://py.readthedocs.org
Bugs and issues: https://github.com/pytest-dev/py
Authors: Holger Krekel and others, 2004-2017


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class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # 3.4 — Breach Remedies ## ECON 315 • Economics of the Law • Spring 2021 ### Ryan Safner
Assistant Professor of Economics
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>ryansafner/lawS21
lawS21.classes.ryansafner.com
--- class: inverse # Outline ### [Comparing Different Damages](#) ### [Specific Performance](#) ### [Comparing the Effect of Different Remedies](#) ### [Repeated Interactions](#) ### [Summing up Contract Law](#) --- # Remedies for Breach of Contract .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Three broad types of remedies: 1. Party-designed remedies - Specified in the contract 2. Court-imposed damages - Court may decide promisee entitled to some level of damages - Many ways to calculate these (expectation, reliance, etc.) 3. .hi[Specific performance] - Forces breaching party to honor contract ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/remedy.jpg) ] ] --- class: inverse, center, middle # Comparing Different Damages --- # Expectation Damages .pull-left[ .smallest[ - .hi[Expectation damages]: amount .blue[Promisee] expected to benefit from performance - `\(D=V-P\)` - Civil law tradition calls these “positive damages” - Make .blue[Promisee] indifferent between performance and breach (i.e. **as if** the contract had been **performed**) - .red[Promisor] internalizes all costs of breach, makes the efficient decision whether to breach or perform - Perform if `\(V>C\)`, breach if `\(V<C\)` ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/idontknowwhatiexpectedmeme.gif) ] ] --- # Reliance Damages .pull-left[ .smallest[ - .hi[Reliance damages]: compensate .blue[Promisee] for cost of any .hi[reliance investments] made, but **not** for additional surplus she expected to gain - `\(D=R\)` - Civil law tradition calls these “negative damages” (undo the negative harm that occured) - Return .blue[Promisee] to level of well-being **before** she signed the contract - .red[Promisor] internalizes all costs of breach, makes the efficient decision whether to breach or perform - Perform if `\(V>C\)`, breach if `\(V<C\)` ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/harland-miller-you-can-rely-on-me-small.jpg) ] ] --- # Opportunity Cost Damages .pull-left[ - .hi[Opportunity cost damages]: give .blue[Promisee] benefit she would have gotten from her **next-best option** - Make .blue[Promisee] indifferent between breach of signed contract and performance of **next best contract** - `\(D=V-P'\)` (where `\(P'\)` is the price of the next-best contract) - In highly competitive markets, `\(P \approx P'\)`, so expectation damages are nearly the same ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/disappear.jpg) ] ] --- # Example .pull-left[ - You agree to sell me ticket to football game for $50 - .hi-purple[Expectation damages]: you owe me value of game minus $50 `\((D=V-P)\)` - Hard to determine my subjective value, easy if there are useful market prices - Suppose if I showed up (after you bailed), I had to pay a scalper $150 - Then damages should be `\(D=100\)` ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/stadium.png) ] ] --- # Example .pull-left[ - You agree to sell me ticket to football game for $50 - .hi-purple[Reliance damages]: cost of whatever pre-game investments I made (and nothing more), relying on your ticket for entry - Maybe $0...maybe I bought some foam fingers, beer coolers, etc. - Doen’t compensate me for the expected benefit I lost `\((V-P)\)` ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/stadium.png) ] ] --- # Example .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Suppose lots of people were offering tickets on Craigslist for $60 - Our contract would have made me $100 better off `\(V-P\)` (again, using the scalped $150 ticket to guess the value) - The Craigslist ticket would have made me $90 better off - .hi-purple[Opportunity cost damages]: $D=$90$, value lost from my next best option ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/stadium.png) ] ] --- # Ranking Damages | Contract Signed | `\(\geq\)` | Best Alternative | `\(\geq\)` | Do Nothing | |--------:|----|---:|----|---:| | Breach + Expectation damages | `\(\geq\)` | Breach + opportunity cost damages | `\(\geq\)` | Breach + reliance damages | | $100 | `\(\geq\)` | $90 | `\(\geq\)` | $15 | .smaller[ - In general, expectation damages `\(\geq\)` opportunity cost damanges `\(\geq\)` reliance damages - If I am rational, will sign a contract at least as good as next best alternative, and doing nothing is an alternative (usually least valuable) - Expectation damages restore me to value of performance of *this* contract - Opportunity cost damages restore me to value of performance of next best contract - Reliance damages restore to me the value of having done nothing ] --- # Example .pull-left[ .smaller[ - In this example, a pretty thick market for tickets - Expectation damages ($100) `\(\approx\)` opportunity cost damages ($90) - Again, using the market price of scalped tickets at game time as a good proxy for `\(V\)` (replacement ticket) - Much more difficult when goods are unique, very thin markets - What if promisee subjectively values performance differently from market? ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/stadium.png) ] ] --- # Problem of Subjective Value: The Hairy Hand Case .pull-left[ .smallest[ - *Hawkins v. McGee*, 84 N.H. 114, 146 A. 641 (N.H. 1929) - Hawkins’ hand was scarred from an electrical accident as a child - Dr. McGee approached Hawkins and guaranteed an operation that would result in a “one hundred percent good hand” - McGee was unfamiliar with skin grafting and botched the procedure, resulting in a hand full of thick hair - Hawkins sued for breach of contract - .hi-turquoise[What is the appropriate amount of damages?] ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/hairyhand.jpg) ] ] --- # Problem of Subjective Value: The Hairy Hand Case .center[ ![](../images/hawkinsmcgeegraph.png) ] --- # Other Court-Ordered Remedies .pull-left[ - Other types of court-ordered remedies - Types of damages (not interesting but worth knowing) - .hi[Restitution]: return money already received - .hi[Disgorgement]: give up wrongfully-gained profits ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 100%](../images/court1.jpg) ] ] --- class: inverse, center, middle # Specific Performance --- # Other Court-Ordered Remedies .pull-left[ .smallest[ - .hi[Specific performance]: court mandates .red[Promisor] to honor promise - Civil law: often ordered instead of money damages - Common law: money damages more common - Sometimes used when seller breaches contract to sell a unique good (when money is not a good substitute for performance) - Like injunctive relief in property law - .red[Promisor] is forbidden from getting out of their promise unless .blue[Promisee] chooses to release them ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 100%](../images/court1.jpg) ] ] --- # When is Specific Performance Efficient? .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Can specific performance be efficient? - Concern about excessive performance that is inefficient - We’ve generally seen that expectation damages will always result in efficient breach - However, there is a case that demonstrates this can sometimes go wrong - Expectation damages sometimes calculated incorrectly ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 100%](../images/court1.jpg) ] ] --- # Peevyhouse v. Garland Coal .pull-left[ - *Peevyhouse v Garland Coal and Mining Co*, 382 P.2d 109 (Okla. 1962) - Garland contracted to strip-mine coal on Peevyhouses’ farm - Contract specified Garland would restore property to original condition - Once Garland mined the coal, they made no attempt to restore the property - Peevyhouses sued for breach of contract ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/peevyhouses.jpg) ] ] --- # Peevyhouse v. Garland Coal .pull-left[ .quitesmall[ - *Peevyhouse v Garland Coal and Mining Co*, 382 P.2d 109 (Okla. 1962) - Full restoration estimated to cost $29,000 - Peevyhouse sued for approximately this value - Both parties agreed everything else in the contract was successfully performed - Garland introduced evidence that despite the $29,000 cost to restore, the “diminution of value” of farm from mining was only $300 - Original jury awarded $5,000 in damages to Peevyhouse - Both parties unhappy, both parties appealed - OK Supreme Court reduced damages to $300 ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/peevyhouses.jpg) ] ] --- # Peevyhouse v. Garland Coal .pull-left[ - *Peevyhouse v Garland Coal and Mining Co*, 382 P.2d 109 (Okla. 1962) - At first glance, seems like perfect example of efficient breach - .red[Promisor’s] performance cost `\(C\)`: $29,000 - .blue[Promisee’s] net benefit, `\(V-P\)`: $300 - Since `\(V<C\)`, efficient to breach and pay expectation damages (what happened) ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/peevyhouses.jpg) ] ] --- # Peevyhouse v. Garland Coal .left-column[ .center[ ![](../images/court1.jpg) ] ] .right-column[ .quitesmall[ > “We therefore hold that where, in a coal mining lease, lessee agrees to perform certain remedial work on the premises concerned at the end of the lease period, and thereafter the contract is fully performed by both parties except that the remedial work is not done, the measure of damages in an action by lessor against lessee for damages for breach of contact is ordinarily the reasonable cost of performance of the work; however, where the contract provision breached was merely incidental to the main purpose in view, and where the economic benefit which would result to lessor by full performance of the work is grossly disproportionate to the cost of performance, the damages which lessor may recover are limited to the diminution in value resulting to the premises because of the non-performance. > “Under the most liberal view of the evidence herein, the diminution in value resulting to the premises because of non-performance of the remedial work was $300.00… It thus appears that the judgment was clearly excessive, and that the amount for which judgment should have been rendered is definitely and satisfactorily shown by the record.” ] ] --- # Peevyhouse v. Garland Coal .pull-left[ .quitesmall[ - But the dissent argued the coal company was well aware of what they were getting into when they signed the contract - Most mining contracts at the time contained a standard per-acre diminution payment to cover damage (instead of working to achieve full restoration) - Peevyhouses specifically rejected this clause during negotiations, refused to sign unless contract specifically promised full restorative work - Apparently cared more about property condition than its market value - Dissent argued Peevyhouses therefore entitled to specific performance of the contract, the $29,000 worth of restoration - Even though objectively, the damage as measured in market value was only $300, Peevyhouses’ subjective value appears to have suffered much more - Expectation damages meant to make promisee as well off as if contract had been performed - Here, this was not the case! ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/peevyhouses.jpg) ] ] --- # Peevyhouse v. Garland Coal .left-column[ .center[ ![](../images/court1.jpg) ] ] .right-column[ .quitesmall[ “Defendant admitted in the trial of the action, that plaintiffs insisted the [remedial work provisions] be included in the contract and that they would not agree to the coal mining lease unless [those] provisions were included. “The cost for performing the contract in question could have been reasonably approximated when the contract was negotiated and executed, and there are no conditions now existing which could not have been reasonably anticipated by the parties. Therefore, defendant had knowledge, when it prevailed upon the plaintiffs to execute the lease, that the cost of performance might be disproportionate to the value or benefits received by plaintiff for the performance... “[D]efendant has made no attempt to even substantially perform. The contract in question is not immoral, is not tainted with fraud, and was not entered into through mistake or accident and is not contrary to public policy. It is clear and unambiguous and the parties understood the terms thereof...The defendant could have performed the contract if it desired. It has accepted and reaped the benefits of its contract...Therefore, in my opinion, the plaintiffs were entitled to specific performance of the contract and since defendant has failed to perform, the proper measure of damages should be the cost of performance.” ] ] --- # Peevyhouse v. Garland Coal .pull-left[ .smaller[ - Appears the ruling attempted to turn an efficient **default** rule (expectation damages) into a **mandatory** rule, which would be enforced even when it was not what the parties intended in their contract - Think about it in terms of penalty defaults (Ayres and Gertner): contract promised restoration work, but did not specify the remedy if it was performed ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/peevyhouses.jpg) ] ] --- # Peevyhouse v. Garland Coal .pull-left[ - Garland regularly signed contracts with standard diminution fees, had no reason to bring up restoration work - If default rule is specific performance, Garland has a reason to bring up the fact it will cost too much, forces parties to address the issue in original contract ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/peevyhouses.jpg) ] ] --- # Party-Designed Remedies .pull-left[ .smaller[ - Remedy for breach could be written directly into contract - Might stipulate an amount of money party has to pay to “buy out” of the contract to breach - Alternatively, a “performance bond” paid to third party, given to Promisee in event of breach - Or specify different process for resolving disputes, such as binding arbitration ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/contract1.jpg) ] ] --- # Party-Designed Remedies .pull-left[ .smallest[ - For some reason, courts often hesitant to enforce remedy terms in contracts - Sometimes they set aside remedy clauses and impose their own remedies - Courts often refuse to enforce .hi-purple[penalty damages]: damages greater than actual harm that occurred (i.e. higher than expectation damages) - Courts will enforce .hi-purple[liquidated damages]: party-specified damages that are a reasonable estimate of the harm done by breach ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/contract1.jpg) ] ] --- class: inverse, center, middle # Comparing the Effects of Different Remedies --- # Comparing the Effects of Different Remedies .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Effects of different remedies on: - decision to perform or breach - decision to sign or not sign - investment in performance - investment in reliance - Once all the decisions are made, and decision is in front of a jury, remedy is purely a question of redistribution - So to think about effect of chosen remedy on efficiency, think of the incentives created by the rule for similar situations ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/contract1.jpg) ] ] --- # Comparing the Effects of Remedies .pull-left[ .smallest[ .bg-washed-green.b--dark-green.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt5[ - .hi-green[Example]: I am an aircraft manufacturer, you and I sign a contract - You agree to pay me $350,000 - I agree to deliver an airplane to you - You value the airplane at $500,000 - I expect it will cost me $300,000 to produce, but it’s possible my costs might rise to $1,000,000 ] - Compare if contract were enforced by specific performance, vs. by expectation damages ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/cessna.jpg) ] .smallest[ - V: $500,000 - P: $350,000 - C (low): $300,000 - C' (high): $1,000,000 ] ] --- # Comparing the Effects of Remedies .smallest[ Under .hi[expectation damages] | | Low Costs (Perform) | High Costs (Perform) | High Costs (Breach) | |-----|--------:|-----:|---:| | .blue[You] | V-P = .blue[$150,000] | V-P = .blue[$150,000] | D = .blue[$150,000] | | Me | P-C = .red[$50,000] | P-C' = .red[-$650,000] | -D = .red[-$150,000] | | **Joint** | V-C = **$200,000** | V-C' = **$-500,000** | **$0** | - Will breach (efficiently) if `\(C>V\)` ] --- # Comparing the Effects of Remedies .smallest[ Under .hi[specific performance] | | Low Costs (Perform) | High Costs (Perform) | High Costs (Renegotiate) | |-----|--------:|-----:|---:| | .blue[You] | V-P = .blue[$150,000] | V-P = .blue[$150,000] | 150,000+(0.5*500,000) = .blue[$400,000] | | .red[Me] | P-C = .red[$50,000] | P-C' = .red[-$650,000] | -650,000+(0.5*500,000) = .red[-$400,000] | | **Joint** | V-C = **$200,000** | V-C' = **$-500,000** | **$0** | - Will want to **renegotiate** the contract, $500,000 worth of cooperative surplus (S) to bargain over - Assume split evenly - So I will pay you $400,000 to buy my way out of the contract ] --- # Comparing the Effects of Remedies .pull-left[ - So long as transaction costs are low, either remedy leads to same (efficient) outcome (when `\(C>V)\)` - But if transaction costs (of renegotiating) are high: - Expectation damages allow me to breach - Specific performance would lead to *inefficient* performance - I would still have to build you the plane, even though `\(C>V\)` ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/cessna.jpg) ] .smallest[ - V: $500,000 - P: $350,000 - C (low): $300,000 - C' (high): $1,000,000 ] ] --- # Efficient Breach vs. Efficient Signing .pull-left[ .smallest[ - We haven’t talked much about .hi[efficient signing] - With contract protected by specific performance, we saw: - If my costs stay low, I get a $50,000 profit - If my costs rise and I need to renegotiate to buy my way out of the contract, I take a $400,000 loss - So, .hi-purple[would I be willing to sign this contract in the first place?] - Only for `\(p(50,000)+(1-p)(-400,000)>0\)`, i.e. `\(p>0.89\)` ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/cessna.jpg) ] .smallest[ - V: $500,000 - P: $350,000 - C (low): $300,000 - C' (high): $1,000,000 ] ] --- # Efficient Breach vs. Efficient Signing .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Even expectation damages face this problem! - If my costs stay low, I get a $50,000 profit - If my costs rise and I breach, I lose $150,000 in damages paid - So, .hi-purple[would I be willing to sign this contract in the first place?] - Only for `\(p(50,000)+(1-p)(-150,000)>0\)`, i.e. `\(p>0.75\)` - So expectation damages might create efficient breach, but might lead to inefficient signing - Too often I *don’t* want to sign the contract (despite positive joint value) ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/cessna.jpg) ] .smallest[ - V: $500,000 - P: $350,000 - C (low): $300,000 - C' (high): $1,000,000 ] ] --- # Efficient Breach vs. Efficient Signing .pull-left[ - Suggests that, even if expectation damages are a sensible **default** rule, still efficient for parties to specify their own different damage rule in contract - Expectation damages are *often* efficient, but not *always*, so no reason to make them mandatory ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/idontknowwhatiexpectedmeme.gif) ] ] --- class: inverse, center, middle # Repeated Interactions --- # One-Shot Interactions .pull-left[ .smaller[ - Recall the .hi-purple[agency] or .hi-purple[trust] game - .red[Principal] decides to .red[invest] money ($100) with .blue[Agent] - Investment grows to $200 - .blue[Agent] can then .blue[keep] or .blue[share] the returns with .red[Principal] - As a .hi[one-shot] interaction, we saw .hi-purple[SPNE]: (.red[Don't], .blue[Keep]) ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/agencygameNE.png) ] ] --- # One-Shot Interactions .pull-left[ .smaller[ - Suppose they play this game again - If .blue[Agent] .blue[kept] in previous round, .red[Principal] can **punish** their defection by playing .red[Don’t] - This could lead to more cooperation, but all finite-games have a problem... ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/agencygameNE.png) ] ] --- # One-Shot Interactions .pull-left[ .smaller[ - Suppose they both know there will be 10 rounds of this game - Using backwards induction, what will the outcome be in round 10? ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/agencygameNE.png) ] ] --- # One-Shot Interactions .pull-left[ .smaller[ - Suppose they both know there will be 10 rounds of this game - Using backwards induction, what will the outcome be in round 10? - Given this, what will the players do in round 9? - Knowing what will happen in round 10, punishment to defection in round 9 is worthless - So round 9 will have the same typical result ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/agencygameNE.png) ] ] --- # One-Shot Interactions .pull-left[ .smaller[ - Given this, what will the players do in round 8? ... ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/agencygameNE.png) ] ] --- # One-Shot Interactions .pull-left[ .smaller[ - The logical conclusion is that it is .hi-purple[not rational to cooperate] over time - We get the same SPNE in every round as in the one-shot game - .hi[“The Endgame problem”], Selten’s “chain store paradox” - The problem is the endgame is clearly defined ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/agencygameNE.png) ] ] --- # Repeated Interactions .pull-left[ .smallest[ - One-shot or finitely-repeated games are interesting, but rare - How often do we know for certain when a game/relationship will end? - Some predictions for finitely-repeated games don’t hold up well in experiments or reality - Prisoners’ dilemma, ultimatum game - We often play games or are in relationships that are .hi-purple[indefinitely repeated] (have no *known* end), we call them .hi[infinitely-repeated games] ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/infinitelyrepeated.JPG) ] ] --- # Repeated Interactions .pull-left[ - Two nearly identical interpretations of infinitely-repeated games: 1. Agents play forever, but discount (payoffs in) the future by a constant rate 2. Game continues with some constant probability each round ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/infinitelyrepeated.JPG) ] ] --- # Infinitely-Repeated Games .pull-left[ .smaller[ - Suppose the players play this game indefinitely, with the following constant probabilities each round: - 0.90 the game will continue another round - 0.10 the game will end this round - Suppose .red[Principal] plays a strategy known as the .hi[grim trigger strategy]: start by playing .red[Trust], and then if .blue[Agent] plays .blue[Keep] even just once, then play .red[Don’t] *forever* (infinite punishment) ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/agencygame1.png) ] ] --- # Infinitely-Repeated Games - With .red[Principal] playing grim trigger, consider .blue[Agent’s] incentives each round: - If they .blue[Keep]: get $200 this round, nothing ever again - If they .blue[Share]: get $50 this round, $50 next round, $50 indefinitely... -- - Value of relationship: `$$50+50(0.90)+50(0.90)^2+50(0.90)^3+\cdots=\frac{50}{1-0.90}=500$$` -- - Since `\(500>200\)`, we can sustain cooperation! - Payoff to cooperation `\(>\)` payoff to one-time defection (with infinite punishment) - Can determine what probability (or discount rate) is sufficient to sustain cooperation --- class: inverse # Summing up Contract Law --- # One Last Fun Contract Example .pull-left[ - Suppose you propose (marriage) to your sweetheart, they accept - Then you get cold feet - Should your fiancee be able to sue you for breach of contract? - And if so, what are the damages? ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/weddingcoldfeet.jpg) ] ] --- # One Last Fun Contract Example .pull-left[ .smaller[ - In the old (and problematic) days, grooms had strong interest in preserving “purity” of bride - Problem for women: reluctant to “date” for fear of reduced ability to find a husband - Problem for men: hard to find women to “date” but not marry - Traditional solution: if woman gets pregnant, man will marry her - Still problem of opportunistic breach by the man ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/Shotgun-wedding.jpg) ] ] --- # One Last Fun Contract Example .pull-left[ - Under common law, a spurned bride could sue for breach of promise to marry - Damages were value of reduction in future marital prospects ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/Shotgun-wedding.jpg) ] ] --- # One Last Fun Contract Example .pull-left[ - Under common law, a spurned bride could sue for breach of promise to marry - Damages were value of reduction in future marital prospects - ...Until about the 1930s, when courts became unwilling to enforce this ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/Shotgun-wedding.jpg) ] ] --- # One Last Fun Contract Example .pull-left[ .smallest[ - A clever new solution: the engagement ring - Contrary to what DeBeers will tell you, the “tradition” of engagement rings is not ancient custom - Margaret Brining, “Rings and Promises”: - Engagement ring serves as a performance bond for promise to marry - Instead of suing (no longer option), abandoned fiancee could simply keep the ring - Ring must be valuable enough (2 months salary) to commit the promisor to perform ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/engagementring.png) ] ] --- # One Last Fun Contract Example .pull-left[ .smallest[ - A clever new solution: the engagement ring - Contrary to what DeBeers will tell you, the “tradition” of engagement rings is not ancient custom - Margaret Brining, “Rings and Promises”: - Engagement ring serves as a performance bond for promise to marry - Instead of suing (no longer option), abandoned fiancee could simply keep the ring - Ring must be valuable enough (2 months salary) to commit the promisor to perform ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/agencygamebondNE.png) ] ] --- # One Last Fun Contract Example .pull-left[ - Social changes: permissiveness of pre-marital sex, contraceptives, less stigma - Today this performance bond is less necessary in marriage market ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/engagementring.png) ] ] --- # Economic Functions of Contract Law .pull-left[ .quitesmall[ 1. .hi[Encourage cooperation] & make .hi[promises credible] - Contracts should generally be enforceable when both parties want them to be (in advance) 2. Encourage .hi[efficient disclosure of information] - Penalty defaults penalize better-informed party that withholds information 3. Secure .hi[optimal commitment to performance] - Use expectation damages 4. Secure .hi[efficient level of reliance] - Not including full benefits of (over)reliance in expectation damages 5. Provide .hi[efficient default rules and regulations] - Allocate risk to low-cost bearer; situations where contracts should be invalidated 6. Foster .hi[enduring relationships] ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/contract1.jpg) ] ]


World Cup Simulator
Home
Custom Simulation
All Country Data
Other Fun Modules
Country Depth Chart
Select Country:
Argentina
Australia
Belgium
Brazil
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Denmark
Egypt
England
France
Germany
Iceland
Iran
Japan
Mexico
Morocco
Nigeria
Panama
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tunisia
Uruguay
Submit
{{country}} Depth Chart
{{key}}
Name
Rtg
Wage
{{x.name}}
{{x.overall}}
${{x.wage}}
{{key}}
Name
Rtg
Wage
{{x.name}}
{{x.overall}}
${{x.wage}}
{{key}}
Name
Rtg
Wage
{{x.name}}
{{x.overall}}
${{x.wage}}
{{key}}
Name
Rtg
Wage
{{x.name}}
{{x.overall}}
${{x.wage}}
Correlations
Select First Criterion:
Elo
GDP
GDP per Capita
Interest Rate
Unemployment
World Cup Appearances
World Cup Wins
Star Player Rating
Select Second Criterion:
Elo
GDP
GDP per Capita
Interest Rate
Unemployment
World Cup Appearances
World Cup Wins
Star Player Rating
Submit
  Correlation: {{correlation | number:4}}


|
||||||||||
| PREV PACKAGE NEXT PACKAGE | FRAMES NO FRAMES |
See:
Description
| Class Summary | |
|---|---|
| Null<T> | Toy factory to create proxies acting as Null Objects. |
| Null.NullBuild<T> | |
| NullInvoker | A Invoker implementation that returns always new Null objects. |
A toy to create dummy null objects with intelligent behavior.
The package provides a proxy factory creating proxies, that work as a
dummy replacement. Main component is the Null toy, a utility class
creating these proxies. Such a proxy contains an instance of a NullInvoker
that handles the
calls.
A null object instantiated by this toy has deterministically boring behavior as follows:
List
, Collections.EMPTY_LIST
is returned.
Set
, Collections.EMPTY_SET
is returned.
Map
, Collections.EMPTY_MAP
is returned.
SortedSet
, Null.NULL_SORTED_SET
is
returned.
SortedMap
, Null.NULL_SORTED_MAP
is
returned.
Object
, an Object is
returned.
ProxyFactory
can create a proxy for the type, a
new null object for that type is returned (so you can recurse or step
through object graphs without surprises). For the standard proxy
factory this requires the return type to be an interface.
In the following example the behavior is demonstrated by an Null
object of the type File
:
ProxyFactory factory = new CglibProxyFactory(); File file = Null.proxy(File.class).build(factory); System.out.println("Length is: " + file.length()); System.out.println("Exists: " + file.exists()); System.out.println("Array is empty: " + file.list().length); System.out.println("toURI returns null, since URI is final: " + (file.toURI() == null)); System.out.println("Parent file is Null proxy: " + Null.isNullObject(file.getParentFile(), factory));
|
||||||||||
| PREV PACKAGE NEXT PACKAGE | FRAMES NO FRAMES |


Overview & Projects
The LPC-DM group is based at the Fermilab LHC Physics Center. Most of its member are current or previous LPC Fellows, funded through one of the multiple LPC programs (LPC Distingushed Researcher, LPC Graduate Scholars, LPC Guest & Visitor)
The group is currently focusing on two different sub-group activities:
- LPC Dark Matter & Substructure
- LPC Dark Matter & Lepton-Jets
Searches involving dark matter particles produced in associacion with jets or a resonance, with special interest in the hadronic decays of the latter.
In this kind of searces tipically dark matter manifests itself as a large imbalance in the transverse momentum, making this physics observable the kinematic quantity used to perform the measurement.
Searches involving the production of long-lived particles
This kind of searches are particularly challenging since they look at unorthodox final states populated by non-standard physics objects, like the ones generated by the production of exotic particles with long lifetimes.
Displaced lepton-jets are a possible manifestation of such particles, and their production can be directly or indirectly theoretically connected to the existence of dark matter.
All these activities are performed in the frame of the CMS Exotica Group.


{{ event.date|date:"l, N j, Y" }} - {{ event.time|time:"H:i" }}
{% if event.venue or event.address or event.maps_url %}
|
{% if event.venue and event.address and event.maps_url %}
{{ event.venue }} -
{{ event.address }}
{% elif event.venue and event.address %}
{{ event.venue }} - {{ event.address }}
{% elif event.venue and event.maps_url %}
{{ event.venue }}
{% elif event.address and event.maps_url %}
{{ event.address }}
{% elif event.venue %}
{{ event.venue }}
{% elif event.address %}
{{ event.address }}
{% elif event.maps_url %}
Maps
{% endif %}
{% endif %}
|
{{ event.attendees_count }} attendee{{ event.attendees_count|pluralize }}


KS-Disc is a Python library for the discrete version of the Kolmogrov-Smirnov test. For reasons hidden from us lowly mortals it is not included in SciPy. So I coded together a simple version of it.
It runs on Python 3, and is installed using pip:
pip install ksdisc
It can perform a 1-sample test, in which a sample is compared against an analytical function. It can also perform a 2-sample test, in which two samples are compared against each other using a permutation test.
The 1-sample test takes an observed sample and a CDF. It then returns the p-value of the sample being from the given distribution.
ks_disc(y, cdf)
y is an n-length array, where each element is a sampled number drawn from a distribution.
cdf is a function that takes a number as an input. Note that it must be an increasing function in the span zero to one.
from ksdisc import ks_disc
from random import randint
# 1-sample test
y = [randint(1, 3) for _ in range(20)] # Uniform in [1, 3]
_cdf = lambda x: 0.0 if x < 0 else min(0.25*x, 1.0) # Uniform in [1, 4]
out = ks_disc(y, _cdf)
The 2-sample test takes two observed samples. It then returns the p-value of the samples being from the same distribution.
ks_disc_2sample(samples1, samples2)
samples1 is an n-length array, where each element is a sampled number drawn from a distribution.
samples2 is an m-length array, where each element is a sampled number drawn from a distribution.
from ksdisc import ks_disc_2sample
from random import randint, random
# 2-sample test
samples1 = [randint(1, 15) for _ in range(1000)]
samples2 = [randint(1, 15) if random()<0.95 else 3 for _ in range(1000)]
out = ks_disc_2sample(samples1, samples2)


{% extends "wiki/_wrapper.html" %} {% block main %}
Article at revision: {{article.article/rev}}
Comment for this edit: {{comment}}
This is the original version of this article, therefore there is no diff shown


Client send this snac as reply to SNAC(04,07)/CH2.
See also common description for SNAC(04,0B).
| 00 04 |
|
word |
|
SNAC family |
| 00 0B |
|
word |
|
SNAC subtype |
| 00 00 |
|
word |
|
SNAC flags |
| xx xx xx xx |
|
dword |
|
SNAC request-id |
|
xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx |
|
qword |
|
msg-id cookie |
| |
| 00 02 |
|
word |
|
message channel |
| xx |
|
byte |
|
screenname string length |
| xx .. |
|
string |
|
screenname string |
| 00 03 |
|
word |
|
reason code (2 - busted payload, 3 - channel specific) |
|
|
| Following contents is specific for capability,
which was used in message with the same msg-id cookie |
|
|
|
Data format description for capability
{09461349-4C7F-11D1-8222-444553540000}
|
| xx xx |
|
word (LE) |
|
length of following data |
| xx xx |
|
word (LE) |
|
protocol version |
| xx .. xx |
|
guid (LE) |
|
plugin or zero bytes |
| xx xx |
|
word |
|
unknown |
| xx xx xx xx |
|
dword (LE) |
|
client capabilities flags |
| xx |
|
byte |
|
unknown |
| xx xx |
|
word (LE) |
|
seems to be a downcounter |
|
| xx xx |
|
word (LE) |
|
length of following data |
| xx xx |
|
word (LE) |
|
seems to be a downcounter as in first chunk above |
| xx .. |
|
|
|
unknown, usually zeros |
|
| if plugin field in first chunk above is zero, here is
message, overwise here is
plugin-specific data.
|
|
|
| |
|
|
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|


wavemon(1) User Manuals wavemon(1) NAME wavemon - a wireless network monitor SYNOPSIS wavemon [-h] [-i ifname ] [-l] [-r] [-v] DESCRIPTION wavemon is a ncurses-based monitoring application for wireless network devices. It plots levels in real-time as well as showing wireless and network related device information. Currently, wavemon is still based on the wireless extensions by Jean Tourrilhes<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The wavemon interface splits into different "screens". Each screen presents information in a specific manner. For example, the "info" screen shows current levels as bargraphs, whereas the "level" screen represents the same levels as a moving histogram. On startup, you'll see (depending on configuration) one of the different monitor screens. At the bottom, you'll find a menu-bar listing the screens and their activating keys. Each screen is activated by either the corresponding function key or the key corresponding to the first charac‐ ter of the screen name. The following screens can be selected: Info (F1 or 'i') This is the most comprehensive screen. It displays a condensed overview of wireless-specific parameters and network statistics, as well as bar graphs. The layout is arranged into several sub- sections. The Interface section at the top shows information about the moni‐ toring interface, including interface name, type, ESSID, and available encryption formats. Below, in the Levels section, you can see up to four bargraphs showing (1) relative signal quality and (2) signal level in dBm. If the wireless driver also supports noise level information, additionally (3) noise level in dBm and (4) Signal-Noise-Ratio (SNR) in dB are shown. The colour of the signal level bargraph changes from red to yellow and green at fixed levels. If thresh‐ olds have been set, two arrows on the signal level graph will show the positions of the current thresholds. The Statistics section displays packet and byte counters and a few other packet-related statistics. The subsequent Info subsection lists the current operational mode and configuration of the wireless interface. What parameters are actually shown depends on the capabilities and selected mode of your network device. Lastly, the Network section shows network-level parameters. The MAC-address is resolved from ethers(5). The IPv4 address is shown in CIDR notation (RFC 4632 address/prefix_len format). Since often those two values also determine the broadcast address (last 32 - prefix_len bits set to 1), that address is shown only if it does not derive from the interface address and prefix length. Likewise, the interface MTU is shown only if it differs from the default Ethernet MTU of 1500 bytes. Level histogram (F2 or 'l') This is a full-screen histogram plot showing the evolution of lev‐ els with time. The screen is partitioned into a grid, with dBm levels shown in green at the right hand side (depending on config‐ uration). At the very minimum, the evolution of the signal-level is shown. If the wireless driver also supports noise-level infor‐ mation, additionally a noise graph and associated SNR graph appear. Scan window (F3 or 's') A periodically updated network scan, showing access points and other wireless clients, ordered by frequency and then descending order of signal quality. Each entry starts with the ESSID, fol‐ lowed by the colour-coded MAC address and the signal/channel information. A green/red MAC address indicates an (un-)encrypted access point, the colour changes to yellow for non-access points (in this case the mode is shown at the end of the line). The uncoloured information following the MAC address lists relative and absolute signal strengths, channel, frequency, and the mode if the node is not an access point. A status line at the bottom informs about the most (least) crowded channels, depending on how sort_order is set (reverse channel or other); see wavemonrc(5). Please note that gathering meaningful scan data can take several seconds. Partly for this reason, the Scan window is the only screen that can not be suspended (CTRL-Z). Preferences (F7 or 'p') This screen allows you to change all program options such as interface and level scale parameters, and to save the new settings to the configuration file. Select a parameter with <up> and <down>, then change the value with <left> and <right>. Please refer to wavemonrc(5) for an in-depth description of applicable settings. Help (F8 or 'h') This page might show an online-help. About (F9 or 'a') Release information and contact URLs. Quit (F10 or 'q') Exit wavemon. Note: some operations, such as displaying encryption information or per‐ forming scans, require CAP_NET_ADMIN privileges (see capabilities(7)). For non-root users, these can be enabled by installing wavemon setuid- root. OPTIONS -i interface override autodetection and use the specified interface. -d dump interface parameters to stdout and exit. -g check screen geometry: a minimum size is required for proper dis‐ play; this flag adds a check to ensure it is sufficiently large. Enable this if window does not display properly. -r generate random levels (for testing purposes). -h print help and exit. -v print version information and exit. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES LC_NUMERIC Influences the grouping of numbers if set. See also locale(1). FILES $HOME/.wavemonrc The local per-user configuration file. AUTHOR Written by Jan Morgenstern<EMAIL_ADDRESS>REPORTING BUGS Send bug reports and/or suggestions to Gerrit Renker <ger‐<EMAIL_ADDRESS>COPYRIGHT This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. See file COPYING for details. SEE ALSO wavemonrc(5), wireless(7), ethers(5), locale(1), capabilities(7) Linux March 2012 wavemon(1)


Find out how old you are on other planets!
 We can convert this dark knowledge to the years left you'd have on other planets.
Life Expectancy: Earth years
You have Earth years left
You have Mercurian years left
You have Venusian years left
You have Martian years left
You have Jupiterian years left
Aren't you glad you thought about your inevitable end. Anyways, have a good day.


Short Summary
I'm a full stack software developer, team lead and software architect working mostly in .NET, with more than 15 years of software development experience. I have arhitected and developed complex software solutions in different
fields like health care, ecommerce, social media, ddigital transaction management etc. I have experience in managing dev teams and working on the full development cycle from requirements analysis to development and operations.
Work History
2013 - current, Senior developer / Team lead at Namirial
I'm leading a small team of developers working on
eSignAnywhere, a electronic signature SAAS/on premise solution. My responsibilities include software arhitecture, development and managing the
development team in Bucharest.
Technologies used : C#, TypeScript/JavaScript, asp.net mvc, soap/wcf/webapi, EF, SQLServer.
2010 - 2013, Senior developer / Team lead at Seesmic
At Seesmic i've worked mostly on mobile apps in the social media sector. I've implemented and shipped one of the first apps for the Windows Phone platform (Seesmic Social) . I've also worked on
Salesforce CRM (a Salesforce CRM client for Windows Phone).
Other notable projects include
Seesmic Ping for Windows which was a WPF client for the Seesmic Ping service. After Seesmic closed, i've worked for
World Economic Forum on their Windows 8 modern UI application (the app is available
here)
My responsibilities for these projects included software architecture, development, project planning and managing the development team.
Technologies used : C#, Silverlight, WPF, Windows Phone SDK, WinRT, sqlite.
2009 - 2010, Senior Developer / Team lead at Collabrian
I've lead a small team working on projects in the mortgage industry for
SupremeLending :
- Loan Distribution : Windows application for Supremelending which integrated with
Encompass 360 and did automatic underwriter distribution. I worked alone on this project doing everything from the initial business analysis to development and
deployment.
- A1 : internal web application for managing appraisals and client/seller collaboration for the mortgage industry. I did the initial business analysis, built a functional prototype for the client and then did project management
and development for the implementation.
- Barnett Shale: Windows application for managing clients and trials. I worked alone on this project doing everything from the initial business analysis to development and deployment.
- ProgramFinder : Web application which integrates the leading application in the mortgage industry :
Encompass and
DataTrac. For this i did project management and development.
Technologies used : C#, ASP.NET, Windows Forms, EF, SQLServer.
At Formula Solutions, i worked on
TotalView , a workforce management software. I've designed a plugin
system for TotalView and wrote plugins which allowed TotalView to interoperate with a host of 3rd party communication/telephony/email servers providers like Microsoft Exchange, IBM Lotus, Novell GroupWise, TDC, TeliaSonera.
Technologies used : C#, Windows Forms, ASP.NET, WCF, SOAP, sockets.
2007 - 2008, Senior developer at SteveMadden
At SteveMadden, i worked on the ecommerce platform which powered
SteveMadden.com , one of the largest USA clothes retailers. I have design and implemented software which supported most of the company
operations (e-commerce, warehouse, stock management, integration with partners etc).
Technologies used : C#, ASP.NET, NHiberante, LinqToSql, JavaScript.
2006 - 2007 senior Developer at ScriptServer
At ScriptServer , i worked on
Tradepoint.NET , a large enterprise e-commerce solution which was interoperable with many ERP
systems (Microsoft Navision, SAGE, QuickBooks etc).
My contribution to the project were the overall arhitecture, implementation of the plugin system which allowed interoperability with multiple ERP systems, designing a public API for integration and implementing the generic e-commerce
solution functionality.
Technologies used : C#, MSMQ, ASP.NET, JavaScript.
2005 - 2006 Senior Developer, TechTeam Akela
At TechTeam Akela, i worked on a outsourced application for
Meter2Cash . It was a enterprise application which provided meter reading management and invoice calculation, production and distribution.
Technologies used : ASP.NET, JavaScript, C#.
At Normand Informatique, i worked on InstrumentConsole, a Windows application for the healthcare industry. My contribution to the project was writing the inter-operation layer for a medical analysis device, business logic and helped with the implementation
of a internal O/RM.
Technologies used : C#, Windows Forms.
2003 - 2005 Senior Developer, WestRapidSoft
At WestRapidSoft i was the development team lead on
WestTaxe , a Windows business application for tax management used by city halls. My contribution to the project was business requirements
analysis, implementation and data migration.
Technologies used : C#, Windows Forms, SQLServer.
2001 - 2003 Developer, ACIGrup
At ACIGrup, i worked on ACIHotel a leader in the hotel management software market. Also i have helped migrate from VB6 to the .NET platform and designed and developed 3 successful business applications: ACITPV, ACICast and ACIPerito.
Techologies used : C#, VB.NET, VB6, SQLServer, Access.
1999 - 2000 Developer, CIMEC (part time)
I gathered the requirements and built a internal application for CIMEC, which allow the management of the cultural patrimony.
Techologies used : VB6, ADO, SqlServer.
Tech profile
Programming Languages :
C# (my "default" language, i've started writing C# code in 2000 when the Beta 1 version of the .NET Framework was released)
F# , JavaScript / TypeScript
I'm proficient with multiple IDEs (Visual Studio, Rider, #Develop), SCM systems (Git, Mercurial, SVN, TFS) and multiple programming paradigms : functional, OOP, procedural. distributed systems(SOAP/REST/WCF).
Platforms :
Windows
I worked on desktop applications using Win32 API, Windows Forms, WPF and WinRT. I'm very familiar with Windows "lower level" details like window message pump, GDI+, threading etc.
Linux
Mostly background services running on .net core
Web
I do both client and server side. On client side i worked with multiple frameworks like LessCSS, JavaScript, React, TypeScript, jquery, vue.js etc.
On the server i did development using ASP.NET WebForms/MVC, Silverlight , WebAPI, NancyFX and some node.js.
Mobile
I have experience developing for Windows Phone 7/8 (i shipped one of the first Windows Phone apps) and with WinRT/ UWP. For cross platform mobile development i've used Xamarin.
Databases:
- RDBMS: SQL Server, MySQL, PostgreSQL.
- NoSQL : RavenDB.
- Object Relational Mapping tools: Entity Framework, DataBlock, NHibernate.
- database design, query optimizations.
Certifications
Microsoft Certified Professional for Developing Microsoft Windows Based Application with Microsoft .NET Framework.
Microsoft Certified Professional for Developing Web services and Server Components with C#
Microsoft Certified Professional for Developing Web Applications with C#
Management Expericence
I have experience managing development teams using agile (SCRUM/Kanban) methodologies and waterfall. I like working in small teams and i am a product oriented kind of person.
Personal Strengths
- +15 years of experience in the software industry, researching , designing and implementing large projects.
- a C# / .NET Framework expert.
- responsible and quality conscious.
- hard working and dedicated in meeting the business objectives.


Exercises (documentation lesson)¶
Before you start¶
Discuss the exercise idea with the classroom.
Distribute exercises among groups of 2-3 persons.
Open a GitHub issue and inform the community about the problem and how you plan to solve it. Discuss why we do this.
Fork this project.
Commit to your fork. In your commit message auto-close the issue you have addressed.
Submit a pull request.
We then review the pull requests.
After the pull requests are merged we verify that documentation updates itself.
Basic¶
Document the purpose of this example code.
Document how to clone the code.
Describe the project tree structure.
Write a sentence or two about Zipf’s law and link to Wikipedia (coordinate with the group working on the previous exercise).
Document how to check the code style with
pycodestyle
.Give other developers hints on how they can contribute to the documentation.
Document how to build the documentation locally (coordinate with the group working on the previous exercise).
Add an example output.
Add an example plot (coordinate with the group working on the previous exercise).
Document where/how to ask for help.
Add a math equation somewhere.
Advanced¶
Add a test and document how to run it.
Add the possibility to auto-document Python code.
Meta¶
Add new exercises ideas for future workshops (edit this file).


Basar or Basara is situated on the banks of River Godavari. It is a popular tourist and pilgrimage site because of the famous Saraswathi temple. The Basara temple in is a unique temple of Goddess Saraswati, the Hindu Goddess of Knowledge and Learning.
According to mytholpgy, Maharishi Vyas, his disciples and sage Viswamitra decided to settle down in a cool and serene atmosphere after the Kurukshetra War. In the quest for a peaceful abode, he came to Dandaka forest and pleased with serenity of the region, selected this place.
Since Maharishi Vyasa spent considerable time in prayers, the place was then called Vasara and turned into Basara due to the influence of the Marathi language in the region.It is also considered to be one among the three temples created near the holy confluence of the Manjira and Godavari Rivers by the Rashtrakutas. A Karnataka king by the name Bijialudu reportedly constructed this ancient temple at Basar.It is 32.7km from Nizamabad
Visiting Timings:-2PM TO 8:30PM
It is believed that the deity gives immense mental and physical strength to the devotees. According to the history, the foundation stone of this shrine is believed to be laid by saint Samartha Ramadas, who was the guru of the great Indian leader Chatrapati Shivaji.
The temple is located on the top of a hill with large open area. A garden is also being developed in the temple premises. Lord Hanuman Jayanti and Ramanavami festivals are celebrated here in grand scale. Large number of devotees visit this temple on these days. It is 5.4km from Nizamabad
Visiting Timings:-2PM TO 8:30PM
Domakonda Fort is a tourist hotspot that was constructed around 400 years ago, and there is a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva outside the fort Domakonda was a princely region under Qutb Shahis and Asaf Jahis.
The Reddy rulers of Domakonda built the fort in the 18 century at a sight where a fort existed earlier.The fort posses wonderful architecture to be explored and stands a testimony to the grandeur of Telangana heritage. There are two palaces and a temple complex inside the fort along with a lotus pond.
The ground floor of the palace consists of arched pillars with intricate artwork influenced by Mughal architecture. The first floor has round pillars with a flat ceiling, which depicts Western architecture. The tainted paintings in the windows and the wooden architecture are very attractive.
Domakonda Fort was primarily used as a fortified defensive structure. There are many temples in the vicinity, such as the Mahakali Temple and the Lord Shiva Temple which was constructed by Kakatiya rulers. The temple stands on an elevated platform with a beautifully carved Nandi outside the temple. The Shiva temple has 18 pillars which are made of carved stone.It is 74.3km from from Nizamabad
Visiting Timings:-8AM TO 6PM
Kentu Masjid is an important place of worship for the Muslims of Nizamabad and is also an important landmark of the town since it is located right in the heart of the region.
The Masjid is an excellent example of Persian style and architecture since it borrows heavily from Persian architecture. However, it also has glimpses of Indian architecture keeping in mind the taste of the Nizams who got the masjid constructed as a gift for the Muslims in the area.
This place of worship has been built using fine Italian marble and has many artifacts on display that are from Persia. On the walls of the Masjid, one can read the teachings of the Prophet that have been inscribed in Persian language.It is 75km from Nizamabad
Visiting Timings:-8AM TO 6PM


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By phone:<PHONE_NUMBER>
By Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Our Faucility: 999 Morgantown Rd Bowling Green, KY 42101