"gd" is a C graphics library created by Thomas Boutell that allows your code to quickly draw complete images with lines, polygons, arcs, text, multiple colors, cut and paste from other images, flood fills, read in or write out images in the PNG, JPEG or GIF format. This is particularly useful in World Wide Web applications, where PNG and JPEG are two of the formats accepted for inline images by most browsers. gd does not provide for every possible desirable graphics operation. It is not necessary or desirable for gd to become a kitchen-sink graphics package, but it does include most frequently requested features, including both truecolor and palette images, resampling (smooth resizing of truecolor images) and so forth. You can get more information about gd from it's homepage.
Lua-GD is a "binding": a library that exports gd functions to the Lua Programming Language, allowing you to use gd from Lua. The API was NOT literally exported, but changed in a way that make it familiar to Lua users.
Lua-GD is a programming library, not a paint program. If you are looking for that or are not familiar to the Lua Programming Language, you are in the wrong place.
This document, which was heavly based on gd manual, describes the API and provides the information needed to use the library. Some experience with Lua is required.
A NOTE ON VERSION NUMBERS: Lua-GD version numbers is in the format "X.Y.ZrW", where X.Y.Z indicates the gd version and W the binding version. So, the 2.0.33r1 version is the first binding version for gd 2.0.33 and 2.0.33r2 has some improvements/bug fixes/etc. but uses the same gd version.
Lua-GD and gd have diferent licenses. In order to use Lua-GD in your application, you need to accept both them.
Lua-GD is copyrighted free software, distributed under the MIT license (the same used by Lua 5.1) and it can be used at no cost for both academic and commercial purpouses. Or, more precisely:
Lua-GD (c) 2004-2006 Alexandre Erwin Ittner Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. If you use this package in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be greatly appreciated (but it is not required).
Portions copyright 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Funded under Grant P41-RR02188 by the National Institutes of Health.
Portions copyright 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 by Boutell.Com, Inc.
Portions relating to GD2 format copyright 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Philip Warner.
Portions relating to PNG copyright 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Greg Roelofs.
Portions relating to gdttf.c copyright 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 John Ellson (ellson@graphviz.org).
Portions relating to gdft.c copyright 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 John Ellson (ellson@graphviz.org).
Portions relating to JPEG and to color quantization copyright 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, Doug Becker and copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Thomas G. Lane. This software is based in part on the work of the Independent JPEG Group. See the file README-JPEG.TXT for more information.
Portions relating to GIF compression copyright 1989 by Jef Poskanzer and David Rowley, with modifications for thread safety by Thomas Boutell.
Portions relating to GIF decompression copyright 1990, 1991, 1993 by David Koblas, with modifications for thread safety by Thomas Boutell.
Portions relating to WBMP copyright 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Maurice Szmurlo and Johan Van den Brande.
Portions relating to GIF animations copyright 2004 Jaakko Hyvätti<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Permission has been granted to copy, distribute and modify gd in any context without fee, including a commercial application, provided that this notice is present in user-accessible supporting documentation.
This does not affect your ownership of the derived work itself, and the intent is to assure proper credit for the authors of gd, not to interfere with your productive use of gd. If you have questions, ask. "Derived works" includes all programs that utilize the library. Credit must be given in user-accessible documentation.
This software is provided "AS IS." The copyright holders disclaim all warranties, either express or implied, including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to this code and accompanying documentation.
Although their code does not appear in the current release, the authors also wish to thank Hutchison Avenue Software Corporation for their prior contributions.
Lua-GD source code comes in a tar.gz package that can be downloaded from the Lua-GD project page on LuaForge or from its mirror on Sourceforge. There are also some pre-compiled binary packages available for Linux and some other Unix systems.
After downloading, you need to compile the library. This process
requires GNU Make, gd and its dependencies (libpng, libjpeg, FreeType2,
fontconfig, etc.) installed on your system. Some components that may
be disabled on your gd installation will be disabled in Lua-GD too. To
compile on Unix, just unpack the distribution package, enter the directory
and type make
in your favourite shell. If the compilation
was successful, you will see something like:
gcc -o gd.so `gdlib-config --features |sed -e "s/GD_/-DGD_/g"` `gdlib-config --cflags` `pkg-config lua5.1 --cflags` -O3 -Wall -shared `gdlib-config --ldflags` `gdlib-config --libs` `pkg-config lua5.1 --libs` -lgd luagd.c lua test_features.lua Lua-GD version: lua-gd 2.0.33r2 Lua-GD features: PNG support ..................... Enabled GIF support ..................... Enabled JPEG support .................... Enabled XPM/XBM support ................. Enabled FreeType support ................ Enabled Fontconfig support .............. Enabled
To install the library with Lua 5.1 and above just type
make install
, as root.
WARNING: This will work only in systems with pkg-config (which includes the major Linux distributions). In other systems, you will need to edit the Makefile and manually install the library, by copying the 'gd.so' file to your Lua binary modules directory.
Compiling Lua-GD on Windows systems is almost, but not quite, entirely unlike compiling it on Unix. You will need to edit the Makefile by yourself.
A NOTE TO DEBIAN/UBUNTU USERS: To enable the Fontconfig and XPM support, you will need the libgd2-xpm and libgd2-xpm-dev packages. The libgd2-noxpm does not have Fontconfig support.
Lua-GD uses the Lua 5.1 package system that allows you to simply do a
require "gd"
call to load up the library.
The Lua-GD API is not identical to the gd C API: it was changed in a way that make it more familiar to Lua users and use the extra power provided by Lua, at cost of some learning for those that already use gd.
All the functions and constants are stored on a single global
module called gd
. Images are objects and they can use the
common colon notation for its methods, but you can also use a C-style
syntax. So, the following two lines are equivalent:
local gray1 = im:colorResolve(128, 128, 128) -- Using the colon notation local gray2 = gd.colorResolve(im, 128, 128, 128) -- Using a C-style notation
Constants, functions and methods are described bellow.
A string with the version and some information about the library.
The constant 256. This is the maximum number of colors in a palette-based PNG file according to the PNG standard, and is also the maximum number of colors in a palette-based gd image. This of course does not apply to truecolor images.
Used when saving images to GD2 files with gd2
and
gd2Str
to indicate the image file format. This format is not
intended for general purpose use and should never be used to distribute
images. It is a file format allowing pseudo-random access to large
image files. Its purpose is solely to allow very fast loading of parts
of images. You should use GD2_FMT_RAW
for faster loading
(and bigger files) or GD2_FMT_COMPRESSED for smaller files (and slower
loading).
These constants are used with the method filledArc
and can be added together. gd.ARC
, gd.CHORD
,
gd.PIE
(synonym for gd.CHORD
),
gd.NO_FILL
and gd.EDGED
are mutually
exclusive; gd.CHORD
just connects the starting and
ending angles with a straight line, while gd.ARC
produces a rounded edge. gd.PIE
is a synonym for
gd.ARC
. gd.NO_FILL
indicates that the arc
or chord should be outlined, not filled. gd.EDGED
, used
together with gd.NO_FILL
, indicates that the beginning and
ending angles should be connected to the center; this is a good way to
outline (rather than fill) a 'pie slice'. See gd.filledArc
for details.
Used in place of a color when invoking a line-drawing method
such as gd.line
or gd.rectangle
. When
gd.ANTI_ALIASED
is used as the color, the foreground color
set with gd.setAntiAliased
is used, with antialiasing
mechanisms to minimize any "jagged" appearance. For more information,
see gd.setAntiAliased
.
Used in place of a color when invoking a line-drawing method
such as gd.line
or gd.rectangle
. When
gd.BRUSHED
is used as the color, the brush image set with
gd.setBrush
is drawn in place of each pixel of the line
(the brush is usually larger than one pixel, creating the effect of a
wide paintbrush). See also gd.STYLED_BRUSHED
for a way to
draw broken lines with a series of distinct copies of an image.
Used in place of a color when invoking a line-drawing method
such as gd.line
or gd.rectangle
. When
gd.STYLED
is used as the color, the colors of the
pixels are drawn successively from the style that has been set
with gd.setStyle
. If the color of a pixel is equal to
gd.TRANSPARENT
, that pixel is not altered. (This mechanism
is completely unrelated to the "transparent color" of the image itself;
see gd.colorTransparent
for that mechanism).
Used in place of a color when invoking a line-drawing method
such as gd.line
or gd.rectangle
. When
gd.STYLED_BRUSHED
is used as the color, the brush image
set with gd.setBrush
is drawn at each pixel of the line,
providing that the style set with gd.setStyle
contains
a nonzero value (OR gd.TRANSPARENT
, which does not equal
zero but is supported for consistency) for the current pixel. (Pixels
are drawn successively from the style as the line is drawn, returning to
the beginning when the available pixels in the style are exhausted). Note
that this differs from the behavior of gd.STYLED
, in which
the values in the style are used as actual pixel colors, except for
gd.TRANSPARENT
.
Used in place of a normal color in gd.filledRectangle
,
gd.filledPolygon
, gd.fill
, and
gd.fillToBorder
. gd.TILED
selects a pixel from the tile image set with gd.setTile
in such a way as to ensure that the filled area will be tiled with
copies of the tile image. See the discussions of gd.fill
and gd.fillToBorder
for special restrictions regarding
those methods.
Used in place of a normal color in a style to be set with
gd.setStyle
. gd.TRANSPARENT
is not
the transparent color index of the image; for that functionality please
see gd.colorTransparent
.
These are the standard gd fonts used by gd.string
and
gd.stringUp
. Sizes and styles are shown bellow:
If you need another fonts, you should use TrueType fonts with
gd.stringFT
.
These are the character maps used by gd.stringFTEx
. Explicit
specification of the desired character mapping is useful when a font offers
more than one of Unicode, Shift_JIS, and Big5.
These functions are used to create palette-based images, with
no more than 256 colors. Invoke gd.create
with the x
and y dimensions of the desired image to return the new image or
nil on error. gd.createPalette
is a synomym for
gd.create
.
Example:
-- creates a 20x20px palette-based image local im = gd.create(20, 20)
You don't need to destroy an image by yourself.
Used to create truecolor images, with an essentially unlimited
number of colors. Invoke gd.createTrueColor
with the x and
y dimensions of the desired image to return the new image or nil
on error.  There is no concept of a "background" color index.
Example:
-- creates a 20x20px true color image local im = gd.createTrueColor(20, 20)
You don't need to destroy an image by yourself.
This method creates a new palette-based image from a truecolor image using a high-quality two-pass quantization routine. If the dither flag is set to true, the image will be dithered to approximate colors better, at the expense of some obvious "speckling". colorsWanted, an integer value, can be anything up to 256. If the original source image includes photographic information or anything that came out of a JPEG, 256 is strongly recommended. 100% transparency of a single transparent color in the original truecolor image will be preserved. There is no other support for preservation of alpha channel or transparency in the destination image.
For best results, don't use this method -- write real truecolor PNGs and JPEGs. The disk space gain of conversion to palette is not great (for small images it can be negative) and the quality loss is ugly.
gd.createFromJpeg
is called to load truecolor images from
JPEG format files. Invoke gd.createFromJpeg
with a string
pointing to an existing file containing the desired image to return a new
truecolor image or nil if unable to load the image (most often
because the file is corrupt or does not contain a JPEG image). You can
determine the size of the image with gd.sizeXY
. The returned
image is always a truecolor image.
gd.createFromPng
is called to load images from PNG format
files. Invoke gd.createFromPng
with a string pointing to
an existing file containing the desired image to return a new image or
nil if unable to load the image (most often because the file is
corrupt or does not contain a PNG image). You can determine the size of
the image with gd.sizeXY
.
If the PNG image being loaded is a truecolor image, the resulting value will refer to a truecolor image. If the PNG image being loaded is a palette or grayscale image, the resulting data will refer to a palette image. gd retains only 8 bits of resolution for each of the red, green and blue channels, and only 7 bits of resolution for the alpha channel. The former restriction affects only a handful of very rare 48-bit color and 16-bit grayscale PNG images. The second restriction affects all semitransparent PNG images, but the difference is essentially invisible to the eye. 7 bits of alpha channel resolution is, in practice, quite a lot.
Example:
-- copies the content of picture.png to a new image local im = gd.createFromPng("picture.png")
gd.createFromGif
is called to load images from GIF format
files. Invoke gd.createFromGif
with a string pointing to
an existing file containing the desired image to return a new image or
nil if unable to load the image (most often because the file is
corrupt or does not contain a GIF image). You can determine the size of
the image with gd.sizeXY
.
gd.createFromGd
is called to load images from gd format
files. Invoke gd.createFromGd
with a string pointing to
an existing file containing the desired image to return a new image or
nil if unable to load the image (most often because the file is
corrupt or does not contain a gd image). You can determine the size of
the image with gd.sizeXY
. This format is not intended for
general purpose use and should never be used to distribute images. Its
purpose is solely to allow very fast loading of images.
gd.createFromGd2
is called to load images from gd2 format
files. Invoke gd.createFromGd2
with a string pointing to
an existing file containing the desired image to return a new image or
nil if unable to load the image (most often because the file is
corrupt or does not contain a gd2 image). You can determine the size of
the image with gd.sizeXY
. This format is not intended for
general purpose use and should never be used to distribute images. Its
purpose is solely to allow very fast loading of images.
gd.createFromGd2Part
is called to load parts
of images from gd2 format files. Invoked in the same way as
gd.createFromGd2
, but with extra parameters indicating the
source (x, y) and width/height of the desired image.
Example:
-- Being base.gd2 a 40x40px image, copies its upper-left part to a new image local im = gd.createFromGd2Part("base.gd2", 0, 0, 20, 20)
gd.createFromXbm
is called to load images from
monochromatic X bitmap format files. Invoke gd.createFromXbm
with a string pointing to an existing file containing the desired image
to return a new image or nil if unable to load the image (most
often because the file is corrupt or does not contain a XBM image). You
can determine the size of the image with gd.sizeXY
.
gd.createFromXpm
is called to load images from color X
bitmap format files. Invoke gd.createFromXpm
with a string
pointing to an existing file containing the desired image to return a
new image or nil if unable to load the image (most often because
the file is corrupt or does not contain a XPM image). You can determine
the size of the image with gd.sizeXY
.
gd.createFromJpegStr
is called to load
truecolor images from strings with JPEG format image data. Invoke
gd.createFromJpegStr
passing a string with the desired
image to return a new truecolor image or nil if unable to
load the image (most often because the data is corrupt or does not
contain a JPEG image). You can determine the size of the image with
gd.sizeXY
. The returned image is always a truecolor
image.
gd.createFromGifStr
is called to load
palette-based images from strings with GIF format image data. Invoke
gd.createFromGifStr
passing a string with the desired image
to return a new image or nil if unable to load the image (most
often because the data is corrupt or does not contain a GIF image). You
can determine the size of the image with gd.sizeXY
.
gd.createFromPngStr
is called to load images from strings
with PNG format image data. Invoke gd.createFromPngStr
passing a string with the desired image to return a new image or
nil if unable to load the image (most often because the data is
corrupt or does not contain a PNG image). You can determine the size of
the image with gd.sizeXY
.
If the PNG image being loaded is a truecolor image, the resulting value will refer to a truecolor image. If the PNG image being loaded is a palette or grayscale image, the resulting data will refer to a palette image. gd retains only 8 bits of resolution for each of the red, green and blue channels, and only 7 bits of resolution for the alpha channel. The former restriction affects only a handful of very rare 48-bit color and 16-bit grayscale PNG images. The second restriction affects all semitransparent PNG images, but the difference is essentially invisible to the eye. 7 bits of alpha channel resolution is, in practice, quite a lot.
Example:
-- reads the contents of the file to a string fp = io.open("picture.png") str = fp:read("*a") fp:close() -- creates an image from the string local im = gd.createFromPngStr(str)
gd.createFromGdStr
is called to load images from strings
with gd format image data. Invoke gd.createFromGdStr
passing
a string with the desired image to return a new image or nil
if unable to load the image (most often because the data is corrupt or
does not contain a gd image). You can determine the size of the image
with gd.sizeXY
. This format is not intended for general
purpose use and should never be used to distribute images. Its purpose
is solely to allow very fast loading of images.
gd.createFromGd2Str
is called to load images from strings
with gd2 format image data. Invoke gd.createFromGd2Str
passing a string with the desired image to return a new image or
nil if unable to load the image (most often because the data is
corrupt or does not contain a gd2 image). You can determine the size of
the image with gd.sizeXY
. This format is not intended for
general purpose use and should never be used to distribute images. Its
purpose is solely to allow very fast loading of images.
gd.createFromGd2PartStr
is called to load parts
of images from gd2 format strings. Invoked in the same way as
gd.createFromGd2Str
, but with extra parameters indicating
the source (x, y) and width/height of the desired image.
Outputs the image to a PNG file with the specified name (overwriting existing files). This method returns false on error (eg. permission denied to overwrite an existing file) and true on success.
Example:
-- creates a new image local im = gd.createTrueColor(20, 20) -- ** DO SOME ART HERE ** -- writes the image to a PNG file. im:png("picture.png")
If you want to check if the writting was succeful:
-- creates a new image local im = gd.createTrueColor(20, 20) -- ** DO SOME ART HERE ** if im:png("picture.png") then print("Image written to disk") else print("Oops, an error...") end
Similiar to gd.png
, but allows you to specify the
compression level of a PNG image, from 1 to 6 (or -1 for the default
compression level of libpng). This method returns false on error
(eg. permission denied to overwrite an existing file) and true
on success.
Outputs the image to a JPEG file with the specified name (overwriting existing files). You must specify the quality of the generated JPEG file from 1 (worst quality, small files) to 100 (best quality, large files). This method returns false on error (eg. permission denied to overwrite an existing file) and true on success.
Outputs the image to a GIF file with the specified name (overwriting existing files). This method returns false on error (eg. permission denied to overwrite an existing file) and true on success.
Outputs the image to a gd format file with the specified name (overwriting existing files). This method returns false on error (eg. permission denied to overwrite an existing file) and true on success. This format is not intended for general purpose use and should never be used to distribute images. Its purpose is solely to allow very fast loading of images.
Outputs the image to a gd2 format file with the specified name
(overwriting existing files). This method returns false on error
(eg. permission denied to overwrite an existing file) and true
on success. You must specify the chunk size (an integer, or 0 for the
default) and the file format, which can be gd.GD2_FMT_RAW
or gd.GD2_FMT_COMPRESSED
. This format is not intended for
general purpose use and should never be used to distribute images. Its
purpose is solely to allow very fast loading of images.
Outputs the image to a WBMP file with the specified name (overwriting existing files). WBMP file support is black and white only. The color index specified by the fg argument is the "foreground", and only pixels of this color will be set in the WBMP file. All other pixels will be considered "background". This method returns false on error (eg. permission denied to overwrite an existing file) and true on success.
This method returns the image in the PNG format as a Lua string or nil on error (eg. a corrupted image).
Similiar to gd.pngStr
, but allows you to specify the
compression level of a PNG image, from 1 to 6 (or -1 for the default
compression level of libpng). This method returns nil on
error.
This method returns the image in the JPEG format as a Lua string or nil on error (eg. a corrupted image). You must specify the quality of the generated JPEG data from 1 (worst quality, small string) to 100 (best quality, large string).
Example:
-- creates a new image local im = gd.createTrueColor(20, 20) -- ** DO SOME ART HERE ** -- writes the image to a PNG file. im:png("picture.png") -- writes the image to stdout in the JPEG format io.write(im:jpegStr(75))
This method returns the image in the GIF format as a Lua string or nil on error (eg. a corrupted image).
This method returns the image in the gd format as a Lua string or nil on error (eg. a corrupted image).
This method returns the image in the gd2 format as a Lua string or
nil on error (eg. a corrupted image). You must specify the chunk
size (an integer, or 0 for the default) and the data format, which can be
gd.GD2_FMT_RAW
or gd.GD2_FMT_COMPRESSED
. This
format is not intended for general purpose use and should never be used
to distribute images. Its purpose is solely to allow very fast loading
of images.
This method returns the image in the WBMP format as a Lua string or nil on error (eg. a corrupted image). WBMP format support is black and white only. The color index specified by the fg argument is the "foreground", and only pixels of this color will be set in the WBMP string. All other pixels will be considered "background".
colorAllocate()
finds the first available color
index in the image specified, sets its RGB values to those requested
(255 is the maximum for each), and returns the index of the new color
table entry, or an RGBA value in the case of a truecolor image; in
either case you can then use the returned value as a parameter to
drawing methods. When creating a new palette-based image, the first
time you invoke this method, you are setting the background color for
that image.
In the event that all gd.MAX_COLORS
colors (256)
have already been allocated, colorAllocate
will
return nil to indicate failure. (This is not uncommon when working
with existing PNG files that already use 256 colors). Note that
colorAllocate
does not check for existing colors that match
your request; see colorExact
, colorClosest
and colorClosestHWB
for ways to locate existing colors
that approximate the color desired in situations where a new color is
not available.
colorAllocateAlpha
finds the first available color index
in the image specified, sets its RGBA values to those requested (255 is
the maximum for red, green and blue, and 127 represents full transparency
for alpha), and returns the index of the new color table entry, or an RGBA
value in the case of a truecolor image; in either case you can then use
the returned value as a parameter to drawing methods. When creating
a new palette-based image, the first time you invoke this method,
you are setting the background color for that image.
In the event that all gd.MAX_COLORS
colors (256) have
already been allocated, colorAllocateAlpha
will return
nil to indicate failure. (This is not uncommon when working with
existing palette-based PNG files that already use 256 colors). Note
that colorAllocateAlpha
does not check for existing
colors that match your request; see colorExactAlpha
and
colorClosestAlpha
for ways to locate existing colors that
approximate the color desired in situations where a new color is not
available. Also see colorResolveAlpha
.
colorClosest
searches the colors which have been defined
thus far in the image specified and returns the index of the color with
RGB values closest to those of the request. (Closeness is determined
by Euclidian distance, which is used to determine the distance in
three-dimensional color space between colors).
If no colors have yet been allocated in the image,
colorClosest
returns nil.
When applied to a truecolor image, this method always succeeds in returning the desired color.
This method is most useful as a backup method for choosing a
drawing color when an image already contains gd.MAX_COLORS
(256) colors and no more can be allocated. (This is not uncommon when
working with existing PNG files that already use many colors). See
colorExact
for a method of locating exact matches only.
colorClosestAlpha
searches the colors which have been
defined thus far in the image specified and returns the index of the
color with RGBA values closest to those of the request. (Closeness is
determined by Euclidian distance, which is used to determine the distance
in four-dimensional color/alpha space between colors).
If no colors have yet been allocated in the image,
colorClosestAlpha
returns nil.
When applied to a truecolor image, this method always succeeds in returning the desired color.
This method is most useful as a backup method for
choosing a drawing color when a palette-based image already
contains gd.MAX_COLORS
(256) colors and no more can be
allocated. (This is not uncommon when working with existing palette-based
PNG files that already use many colors). See colorExactAlpha
for a method of locating exact matches only.
colorClosestHWB
searches the colors which have been
defined thus far in the image specified and returns the index of the color
with hue, whiteness and blackness closest to the requested color. This
scheme is typically superior to the Euclidian distance scheme used by
colorClosest
.
If no colors have yet been allocated in the image,
colorClosestHWB
returns nil.
When applied to a truecolor image, this method always succeeds in returning the desired color.
This method is most useful as a backup method for choosing a
drawing color when an image already contains gd.MAX_COLORS
(256) colors and no more can be allocated. (This is not uncommon when
working with existing PNG files that already use many colors). See
colorExact
for a method of locating exact matches only.
colorExact
searches the colors which have been defined
thus far in the image specified and returns the index of the first
color with RGB values which exactly match those of the request. If no
allocated color matches the request precisely, colorExact
returns nil. See colorClosest
for a way to find the
color closest to the color requested.
When applied to a truecolor image, this method always succeeds in returning the desired color.
colorExactAlpha
searches the colors which have
been defined thus far in the image specified and returns the
index of the first color with RGBA values which exactly match
those of the request. If no allocated color matches the request
precisely, colorExactAlpha
returns nil. See
colorClosestAlpha
for a way to find the color closest to
the color requested.
When applied to a truecolor image, this method always succeeds in returning the desired color.
colorResolve
searches the colors which have been defined
thus far in the image specified and returns the index of the first color
with RGB values which exactly match those of the request. If no allocated
color matches the request precisely, then colorResolve
tries to allocate the exact color. If there is no space left in
the color table then ColorResolve returns the closest color (as in
colorClosest
). This method always returns an index of a
color.
When applied to a truecolor image, this method always succeeds in returning the desired color.
colorResolveAlpha
searches the colors which have
been defined thus far in the image specified and returns the index
of the first color with RGBA values which exactly match those of the
request. If no allocated color matches the request precisely, then
colorResolveAlpha
tries to allocate the exact color. If there
is no space left in the color table then colorResolveAlpha
returns the closest color (as in colorClosestAlpha
). This
method always returns an index of a color.
When applied to a truecolor image, this method always succeeds in returning the desired color.
This method returns the number of colors currently allocated in a palette image. For truecolor images, the result of this call is undefined and should not be used.
This method returns the red portion of the specified color in the image. This method works for both palette and truecolor images.
This method returns the blue portion of the specified color in the image. This method works for both palette and truecolor images.
This method returns the green portion of the specified color in the image. This method works for both palette and truecolor images.
This method returns the alpha portion of the specified color in the image. This method works for both palette and truecolor images.
This method returns the current transparent color index in
the image. If there is no transparent color, getTransparent
returns nil.
colorTransparent
sets the transparent color index for
the specified image to the specified index. To indicate that there
should be no transparent color, invoke colorTransparent
with a color index of nil (or passing no color index). Note that
JPEG images do not support transparency, so this setting has no effect
when writing JPEG images.
The color index used should be an index allocated by
colorAllocate
, whether explicitly invoked by your code or
implicitly invoked by loading an image. In order to ensure that your
image has a reasonable appearance when viewed by users who do not
have transparent background capabilities (or when you are writing a
JPEG-format file, which does not support transparency), be sure to give
reasonable RGB values to the color you allocate for use as a transparent
color, even though it will be transparent on systems that support PNG
transparency.
colorDeallocate
marks the specified color as being
available for reuse. It does not attempt to determine whether the
color index is still in use in the image. After a call to this
method, the next call to colorAllocate
for the same
image will set new RGB values for that color index, changing the color
of any pixels which have that index as a result. If multiple calls to
colorDeallocate
are made consecutively, the lowest-numbered
index among them will be reused by the next colorAllocate
call.
boundsSafe
returns true if the specified point
is within the current clipping rectangle, false if not. The
clipping rectangle is set by setClip
and defaults to the
entire image. This method is intended primarily for use by those who
wish to add methods to Lua-GD. All of the drawing functions already
clip safely.
getPixel
returns the color index of a particular pixel.
sizeX
returns the width of the image in pixels.
sizeY
returns the height of the image in pixels.
sizeXY
returns the width and the height of the image
in pixels. This method has no C equivalent because, unlike Lua,
C functions cannot return multiple values.
Example:
local x, y = im:sizeXY()
Fetches the boundaries of the current clipping rectangle. This method returns four numbers.
Example:
local x1, y1, x2, y2 = im:getClip()
Establishes a clipping rectangle. Once setClip
has been
called, all future drawing operations will remain within the specified
clipping area, until a new setClip
call takes place. For
instance, if a clipping rectangle of 25, 25, 75, 75 has been set within
a 100x100 image, a diagonal line from 0,0 to 99,99 will appear only
between 25,25 and 75,75.
setPixel
sets a pixel to a particular color index.
line
is used to draw a line between two endpoints
(x1,y1 and x2, y2). The line is drawn using the color index
specified. Note that the color index can be an actual color returned
by colorAllocate
or one of gd.STYLED
,
gd.BRUSHED
or gd.STYLED_BRUSHED
.
rectangle
is used to draw a rectangle with the two
corners (upper left first, then lower right) specified, using the color
index specified.
filledRectangle
is used to draw a rectangle with the
two corners (upper left first, then lower right) specified, filled using
the color index specified.
polygon
is used to draw a polygon with the verticies
(at least 3) specified in the table, using the color index specified.
Example:
im = assert(gd.createTrueColor(80, 80)) black = im:colorAllocate(0, 0, 0) white = im:colorAllocate(255, 255, 255) im:polygon( { { 10, 10 }, { 10, 20 }, { 20, 20 }, { 20, 10 } }, white) im:png("out.png")
polygon
is used to fill a polygon with the verticies
(at least 3) specified in the table, using the color index specified.
Example:
im = assert(gd.createTrueColor(80, 80)) black = im:colorAllocate(0, 0, 0) white = im:colorAllocate(255, 255, 255) im:filledPolygon( { { 30, 30 }, { 30, 40 }, { 40, 40 }, { 40, 30 } }, white) im:png("out.png")
openPolygon
is used to draw a sequence of lines with the
verticies (at least 3) specified, using the color index specified. Unlike
polygon
, the enpoints of the line sequence are not connected to
a closed polygon.
Example:
im = assert(gd.createTrueColor(80, 80)) black = im:colorAllocate(0, 0, 0) white = im:colorAllocate(255, 255, 255) im:openPolygon( { { 50, 50 }, { 50, 60 }, { 60, 60 }, { 60, 50 } }, white) im:png("out.png")
arc
is used to draw a partial ellipse centered at the
given point, with the specified width and height in pixels. The arc
begins at the position in degrees specified by s and ends at the
position specified by e. The arc is drawn in the color specified
by the last argument. A circle can be drawn by beginning from 0 degrees
and ending at 360 degrees, with width and height being equal. e
must be greater than s. Values greater than 360 are interpreted
modulo 360.
filledArc
is used to draw a partial ellipse centered at
the given point, with the specified width and height in pixels. The arc
begins at the position in degrees specified by s and ends at the
position specified by e. The arc is filled in the color specified
by color. A circle can be drawn by beginning from 0 degrees
and ending at 360 degrees, with width and height being equal. e
must be greater than s. Values greater than 360 are interpreted
modulo 360. The last argument is a sum of the following possibilities:
gd.ARC
, gd.CHORD
, gd.PIE
(synonym for gd.CHORD
), gd.NO_FILL
and
gd.EDGED
. gd.ARC
and gd.CHORD
are
mutually exclusive; gd.CHORD
just connects the starting
and ending angles with a straight line, while gd.ARC
produces a rounded edge. gd.PIE
is a synonym for
gd.ARC
. gd.NO_FILL
indicates that the arc
or chord should be outlined, not filled. gd.EDGED
, used
together with gd.NO_FILL
, indicates that the beginning and
ending angles should be connected to the center; this is a good way to
outline (rather than fill) a 'pie slice'.
filledEllipse
is used to draw an ellipse centered at the
given point, with the specified width and height in pixels. The ellipse
is filled in the color specified by the last argument.
fill
floods a portion of the image with the specified
color, beginning at the specified point and flooding the surrounding
region of the same color as the starting point. For a way of flooding
a region defined by a specific border color rather than by its interior
color, see fillToBorder
.
The fill color can be gd.TILED
, resulting in a tile
fill using another image as the tile. However, the tile image cannot be
transparent. If the image you wish to fill with has a transparent color
index, call setTransparent
on the tile image and set the
transparent color index to nil to turn off its transparency.
fillToBorder
floods a portion of the image with the
specified color, beginning at the specified point and stopping at the
specified border color. For a way of flooding an area defined by the
color of the starting point, see fill
.
The border color cannot be a special color such as
gd.TILED
; it must be a proper solid color. The fill color
can be, however.
This method draws the string in the fourth argument on the image
using one of the standard gd fonts (gd.FONT_TINY
,
gd.FONT_SMALL
, gd.FONT_MEDIUM
,
gd.FONT_LARGE
or gd.FONT_GIANT
) from left
to right, starting from the (x, y) point and with the color specified
by the fifth argument. The string must have only ISO-8859-1 characters
(you should use gd.stringFT
and True Type fonts for drawing
Unicode strings.
Example:
im = gd.create(140, 80) white = im:colorAllocate(255, 255, 255) black = im:colorAllocate(0, 0, 0) im:string(gd.FONT_TINY, 10, 20, "TINY", black) im:string(gd.FONT_SMALL, 10, 30, "SMALL", black) im:string(gd.FONT_MEDIUM, 10, 45, "MEDIUM", black) im:string(gd.FONT_LARGE, 10, 58, "LARGE", black) im:string(gd.FONT_GIANT, 10, 75, "GIANT", black) im:png("out.png")
Similar to gd.string
but the string will be drawn
vertically (rotated 90 degrees), from bottom to up, starting from the
(x, y) point. The string must have only ISO-8859-1 characters. If you
want use Unicode characters or other rotations than 90°, you should
use gd.stringFT
and True Type fonts.
stringFT
draws a string of anti-aliased characters on the
image using the FreeType library to render user-supplied TrueType fonts.
The string is anti-aliased, meaning that there should be fewer "jaggies"
visible. The fontname is the full pathname to a TrueType font file,
or a font face name if the GDFONTPATH
environment variable
have been set intelligently. In the absence of a full path, the font face
name may be presented with or without extension. Font names can also be
fontconfig
patterns (see gd.useFontConfig
) so, the library will
automatically use fonts from your operating system.
The string argument is considered to be encoded via the UTF-8
standard; also, HTML entities are supported, including decimal,
hexadecimal, and named entities. Those who are passing ordinary
ASCII strings may have difficulty with the & character unless
encoded correctly as &
but should have no other
difficulties.
The string may be arbitrarily scaled (ptsize) and rotated (angle in
radians). The direction of rotation is counter-clockwise, with 0 radians
(0 degrees) at 3 o'clock and PI/2 radians (90 degrees) at 12 o'clock
(you should use math.rad
to convert degrees to radians).
The string is rendered in the color indicated by the color index. Use
the negative of the desired color index to disable anti-aliasing.
This method return eight values with the limits of the rendered text on sucess or nil on failure. The following code show how to use them to draw a bounding rectangle arround the text.
im = gd.createTrueColor(100, 100) black = im:colorAllocate(0, 0, 0) white = im:colorAllocate(255, 255, 255) blue = im:colorAllocate(0, 0, 240) im:filledRectangle(0, 0, 100, 100, black) llx, lly, lrx, lry, urx, ury, ulx, uly = im:stringFT(white, "Vera.ttf", 20, math.rad(45), 20, 90, "Lua-GD") im:polygon({ {llx, lly}, {lrx, lry}, {urx, ury}, {ulx, uly} }, blue)
Variables used above can be translated as follows. The points are relative to the text regardless of the angle, so "upper left" means in the top left-hand corner seeing the text horizontally.
| # | Name | Meaning |
| 1 | llx | lower left corner, X position |
| 2 | lly | lower left corner, Y position |
| 3 | lrx | lower right corner, X position |
| 4 | lry | lower right corner, Y position |
| 5 | urx | upper right corner, X position |
| 6 | ury | upper right corner, Y position |
| 7 | ulx | upper left corner, X position |
| 8 | uly | upper left corner, Y position |
Also, there is a way to get these values before drawing on the image
passing nil as the first argument of gd.stringFT
(note
the absence of the colon notation!), as follows. This is a relatively
cheap operation if followed by a rendering of the same string, because
of the caching of the partial rendering during bounding rectangle
calculation.
llx, lly, lrx, lry, urx, ury, ulx, uly = gd.stringFT(nil, white, "Vera.ttf", 20, math.rad(45), 20, 90, "Lua-GD")
This is an extended version of stringFT
that accepts
a table as an extra argument, which allows you to pass some
parameters to the rendering engine. The fields currently available are
show bellow:
| Field name | Type | Default | Usage |
| linespacing | float | 1.05 | Allows you to set the space between lines when rendering multiple lines. A line spacing of 1.0 is the minimum to guarantee that lines of text do not collide. |
| charmap | indexed | gd.FTEX_Unicode | Allows you to set a specific character encoding schema, which can
be any of gd.FTEX_Unicode ,
gd.FTEX_Shift_JIS , or gd.FTEX_Big5 . It is
useful when a font offers more than one of Unicode, Shift_JIS, and
Big5. If you do not specify one, Unicode will be tried first. If
the preferred character mapping is not found in the font, other
character mappings are attempted. |
| hdpi | integer | 96 | Sets the horizontal resolution passed to the FreeType engine. |
| vdpi | integer | 96 | Sets the vertical resolution passed to the FreeType engine. |
| disable_kerning | boolean | false | If fontconfig is available, gd will normally attempt to apply kerning tables to adjust the relative positions of consecutive characters more ideally for that pair of characters. This field allows you to turn this feature off. |
| xshow | boolean | false | Request gd to return a vector of individual character position advances, occasionally useful in applications that must know exactly where each character begins. This is returned as a string with values separated by spaces. |
| return_font_path_name | boolean | false | Returns the path to the font used to render the text. This is useful because gd are capable of selecting a font automatically based on a fontconfig font pattern when fontconfig is available. |
| fontconfig | boolean | false | gd can use fontconfig to resolve font names, including fontconfig
patterns, if this field is set to true. As a convenience,
this behavior can also be made the default by calling
gd.useFontConfig with a true value. |
This method also returns the same values than stringFT
,
more two aditional ones if the fields xshow or
return_font_path_name are set to true. See the following
example:
llX, llY, lrX, lrY, urX, urY, ulX, ulY = im:stringFTEx(blue, "Vera", 20, 0, 50, 50, "Lua-GD", { hdpi = 40, vdpi = 20 } ) llX, llY, lrX, lrY, urX, urY, ulX, ulY, pos = im:stringFTEx(blue, "Vera", 20, 0, 50, 150, "Lua-GD", { hdpi = 40, vdpi = 20, xshow = true } ) llX, llY, lrX, lrY, urX, urY, ulX, ulY, fontpath = im:stringFTEx(blue, "Vera", 20, 0, 50, 250, "Lua-GD", { hdpi = 40, vdpi = 20, return_font_path_name = true } ) llX, llY, lrX, lrY, urX, urY, ulX, ulY, pos, fontpath = im:stringFTEx(blue, "Vera", 20, 0, 50, 350, "Lua-GD", { hdpi = 40, vdpi = 20, xshow = true, return_font_path_name = true } )
Draws the text strings specified by top and bottom on
the image, curved along the edge of a circle of radius radius,
with its center at cx and cy. top is written
clockwise along the top; bottom is written counterclockwise along
the bottom. textRadius determines the "height" of each character;
if textRadius is 1/2 of radius, characters extend halfway
from the edge to the center. fillPortion varies from 0 to 1.0,
with useful values from about 0.4 to 0.9, and determines how much of the
180 degrees of arc assigned to each section of text is actually occupied
by text; 0.9 looks better than 1.0 which is rather crowded. fontname
is a freetype font; see gd.stringFT
. points is
passed to the freetype engine and has an effect on hinting; although
the size of the text is determined by radius, textRadius,
and fillPortion, you should pass a point size that "hints"
appropriately -- if you know the text will be large, pass a large point
size such as 24.0 to get the best results. color can be any color,
and may have an alpha component, do blending, etc.
gd has the ability to use
fontconfig
patterns rather than font file names as parameters to
gd.stringFT
and gd.stringFTCircle
. For
backwards compatibility reasons, the fontlist parameter to those
functions is still expected to be a full or partial font file path
name or list thereof by default. However, as a convenience, a single
call to gd.useFontConfig
with a true parameter
configures Lua-GD to expect the fontlist parameter to be a fontconfig
pattern. Otherwise, calling gd.useFontConfig
with a
false parameter will disable the fontconfig patters.
This function initializes the font cache for freetype text
output functions such as gd.stringFT
. If this function
is not called by the programmer, it is invoked automatically on the
first truetype text output call, which is perfectly safe unless the
application is multithreaded (either using LuaThreads or running Lua from
a different thread in your host program which also uses gd from the C API)
. Multithreaded applications should directly invoke this function before
allowing any thread to use freetype text output. You don't need to call
this functions if you are using Lua coroutines because any calls from
Lua to C API ara atomic. This function returns true on success
or false if the freetype library fails to initialize.
This function releases the memory used by the freetype font cache and the text output mutex. Applications that use Lua-GD for their entire lifetime, then exit, need not call this function. This function has no return value.
gd.copy
is used to copy a rectangular portion of one
image to another image (For a way of stretching or shrinking the image
in the process, see gd.copyResized
).
The dstImage argument is the destination image to which the region will be copied (you can use the colon notation for it). The srcImage argument is the source image from which the region is copied. The dstX and dstY arguments specify the point in the destination image to which the region will be copied. The srcX and srcY arguments specify the upper left corner of the region in the source image. The w and h arguments specify the width and height of the region.
When you copy a region from one location in an image to another
location in the same image, gd.copy
will perform as
expected unless the regions overlap, in which case the result is
unpredictable.
Important note on copying between images: since different
images do not necessarily have the same color tables, pixels are
not simply set to the same color index values to copy them. If the
destination image is a palette image, this method will use the
gd.colorResolve
method to determine the best color
available.
gd.copyResized
is used to copy a rectangular portion of
one image to another image. The X and Y dimensions of the original region
and the destination region can vary, resulting in stretching or shrinking
of the region as appropriate (For a simpler version of this method
which does not deal with resizing, see gd.copy
).
The dstImage argument is the destination image to which the
region will be copied. The srcImage
argument is the source
image from which the region is copied. The dstX and dstY
arguments specify the point in the destination image to which the region
will be copied. The srcX and srcY arguments specify the
upper left corner of the region in the source image. The dstW
and dstH arguments specify the width and height of the destination
region. The srcW and srcH arguments specify the width and
height of the source region and can differ from the destination size,
allowing a region to be scaled during the copying process.
When you copy a region from one location in an image to another
location in the same image, gd.copyResized
will perform
as expected unless the regions overlap, in which case the result is
unpredictable.
Important note on copying between images: since different
images do not necessarily have the same color tables, pixels are
not simply set to the same color index values to copy them. If the
destination image is a palette image, this method will use the
gd.colorResolve
method to determine the best color
available.
gd.copyResampled
is used to copy a rectangular portion
of one image to another image, smoothly interpolating pixel values so
that, in particular, reducing the size of an image still retains a great
deal of clarity. The X and Y dimensions of the original region and the
destination region can vary, resulting in stretching or shrinking of the
region as appropriate. (For a simpler version of this method which does
not deal with resizing, see gd.copy
. For a version which
does not interpolate pixel values, see gd.copyResized
).
Pixel values are only interpolated if the destination image is a
truecolor image. Otherwise, gd.copyResized
is automatically
invoked.
The dstImage argument is the destination image to which the region will be copied. The srcImage argument is the source image from which the region is copied. The dstX and dstY arguments specify the point in the destination image to which the region will be copied. The srcX and srcY arguments specify the upper left corner of the region in the source image. The dstW and dstH arguments specify the width and height of the destination region. The srcW and srcH arguments specify the width and height of the source region and can differ from the destination size, allowing a region to be scaled during the copying process.
When you copy a region from one location in an image to another
location in the same image, gd.copyResampled
will perform
as expected unless the regions overlap, in which case the result is
unpredictable. If this presents a problem, create a scratch image
in which to keep intermediate results.
Important note on copying between images: since different
images do not necessarily have the same color tables, pixels are
not simply set to the same color index values to copy them. If the
destination image is a palette image, this method will use the
gd.colorResolve
method to determine the best color
available.
gd.copyRotated
is used to copy a rectangular portion of
one image to another image, or to another region of the same image. The
srcX and srcY coordinates specify the upper left corner of
the source area; however, the dstX and dstY coordinates
specify the center of the destination area. This important
distinction is made because the rotated rectangle may may or may not be
parallel to the X and Y axes. The destination coordinates may be floating
point, as the center of the desired destination area may lie at the
center of a pixel (0.5 pixels) rather than its upper left corner. The
angle specified is an integer number of degrees, between 0 and 360,
with 0 degrees causing no change, and counterclockwise rotation as the
angle increases.
When you copy a region from one location in an image to another
location in the same image, gd.copyRotated
will perform
as expected unless the regions overlap, in which case the result is
unpredictable. If this presents a problem, create a scratch image
in which to keep intermediate results.
Important note on copying between images: since different
images do not necessarily have the same color tables, pixels are
not simply set to the same color index values to copy them. If the
destination image is a palette image, this method will use the
gd.colorRotated
method to determine the best color
available.
gd.copyMerge
is almost identical to gd.copy
,
except that it 'merges' the two images by an amount specified in the
last parameter. If the last parameter is 100, then it will method
identically to gd.copy
- the source image replaces the
pixels in the destination.
If, however, the pct parameter is less than 100, then the two images are merged. With pct = 0, no action is taken.
This feature is most useful to 'highlight' sections of an image by merging a solid color with pct = 50.
gd.copyMergeGray
is almost identical to
gd.copyMerge
, except that when merging images it preserves
the hue of the source by converting the destination pixels to grey scale
before the copy operation.
gd.paletteCopy
copies a palette from one image to another,
attempting to match the colors in the target image to the colors in the
source palette.
Returns a new image of width and height radius * 2, in which the X axis of the original has been remapped to theta (angle) and the Y axis of the original has been remapped to rho (distance from center). This is known as a "polar coordinate transform". The image MUST be square, but can have any size.
Sharpens the specified image. pct is a sharpening percentage, and can be greater than 100. Silently does nothing to non-truecolor images. Silently does nothing for pct < 0. Transparency/alpha channel are not altered.
This method converts a truecolor image to a palette-based image, using a high-quality two-pass quantization routine. If dither is set to true, the image will be dithered to approximate colors better, at the expense of some obvious "speckling". colorsWanted, an integer value, can be anything up to 256. If the original source image includes photographic information or anything that came out of a JPEG, 256 is strongly recommended. 100% transparency of a single transparent color in the original truecolor image will be preserved. There is no other support for preservation of alpha channel or transparency in the destination image.
For best results, don't use this method -- write real truecolor PNGs and JPEGs. The disk space gain of conversion to palette is not great (for small images it can be negative) and the quality loss is ugly.
This method must be called as the first method when creating a GIF
animation in a file on the disk. It writes the correct GIF file headers
to file name filename and prepares for frames to be added for
the animation. The image argument is not used to produce an image frame
to the file, it is only used to establish the GIF animation frame size,
interlacing options and the color palette. gd.gifAnimAdd
is used to add the first and subsequent frames to the animation, and
the animation must be terminated by calling gd.gifAnimEnd
,
passing the same file name.
The GlobalCM flag indicates if a global color map (or palette) is used in the GIF89A header. A true value specifies that a global color map should be used to reduce the size of the animation. Of course, if the color maps of individual frames differ greatly, a global color map may not be a good idea, so you should use globalCM = false.
If loops is 0 or greater, the Netscape 2.0 extension for animation loop count is written. 0 means infinite loop count. -1 means that the extension is not added which results in no looping. -1 is the default.
This method must be called as the first method when creating a GIF
animation in memory. It returns the correct GIF file headers as an Lua
string and prepares for frames to be added for the animation. The image
argument is not used to produce an image frame to the file, it is only
used to establish the GIF animation frame size, interlacing options
and the color palette. New frames must be created with the method
gd.gifAnimAddStr
and concatened to this one. Finally,
one last frame, generated with the method gd.gifAnimEndStr
,
must be concatened to finish the animation.
The GlobalCM flag indicates if a global color map (or palette) is used in the GIF89A header. A true value specifies that a global color map should be used to reduce the size of the animation. Of course, if the color maps of individual frames differ greatly, a global color map may not be a good idea, so you should use globalCM = false.
If loops is 0 or greater, the Netscape 2.0 extension for animation loop count is written. 0 means infinite loop count. -1 means that the extension is not added which results in no looping. -1 is the default.
This method writes GIF animation frames to the file specified by
filename, which was created with gd.gifAnimBegin
. With
leftOfs and topOfs you can place this frame in
different offset than (0, 0) inside the image screen as defined
in gd.gifAnimBegin
. Delay between the previous
frame and this frame is in 1/100s units. Disposal is usually
gd.DISPOSAL_NONE
, meaning that the pixels changed by this
frame should remain on the display when the next frame begins to render,
but can also be gd.DISPOSAL_UNKNOWN
(not recommended),
gd.DISPOSAL_RESTORE_BACKGROUND
(restores the first allocated
color of the global palette), or gd.DISPOSAL_RESTORE_PREVIOUS
(restores the appearance of the affected area before the frame was
rendered). Only gd.DISPOSAL_NONE
is a sensible choice for the
first frame. If previm is passed, the built-in GIF optimizer will
always use gd.DISPOSAL_NONE
regardless of the disposal
parameter.
Setting the localCM flag to true adds a local
palette for this image to the animation. Otherwise the global palette
is assumed and the user must make sure the palettes match. Use
gd.paletteCopy
to do that.
Automatic optimization is activated by giving the previous
image as a parameter. This method then compares the images and
only writes the changed pixels to the new frame in animation. The
disposal parameter for optimized animations must be set to
gd.DISPOSAL_NONE
, also for the first frame. leftOfs
and topOfs parameters are ignored for optimized frames. To achieve
good optimization, it is usually best to use a single global color map. To
allow gd.gifAnimAdd
to compress unchanged pixels via the use
of a transparent color, the image must include a transparent color.
This method returns GIF animation frames as Lua
strings to be concatenated to headers which was created with
gd.gifAnimBeginStr
. With leftOfs and topOfs
you can place this frame in different offset than (0, 0) inside the image
screen as defined in gd.gifAnimBegin
. Delay between the
previous frame and this frame is in 1/100s units. Disposal is usually
gd.DISPOSAL_NONE
, meaning that the pixels changed by this
frame should remain on the display when the next frame begins to render,
but can also be gd.DISPOSAL_UNKNOWN
(not recommended),
gd.DISPOSAL_RESTORE_BACKGROUND
(restores the first allocated
color of the global palette), or gd.DISPOSAL_RESTORE_PREVIOUS
(restores the appearance of the affected area before the frame was
rendered). Only gd.DISPOSAL_NONE
is a sensible choice for the
first frame. If previm is passed, the built-in GIF optimizer will
always use gd.DISPOSAL_NONE
regardless of the disposal
parameter.
Setting the localCM flag to true adds a local
palette for this image to the animation. Otherwise the global palette
is assumed and the user must make sure the palettes match. Use
gd.paletteCopy
to do that.
Automatic optimization is activated by giving the previous
image as a parameter. This method then compares the images and
only writes the changed pixels to the new frame in animation. The
disposal parameter for optimized animations must be set to
gd.DISPOSAL_NONE
, also for the first frame. leftOfs
and topOfs parameters are ignored for optimized frames. To achieve
good optimization, it is usually best to use a single global color map. To
allow gd.gifAnimAdd
to compress unchanged pixels via the use
of a transparent color, the image must include a transparent color.
Finishes a GIF animation properly by writing a semicolon character (;) to the output file. You must call this method (or write the semicolon by yourself) to create valid animations.
Returns a semicolon character (;) as a Lua string, which must
be concatened as the last element of an animation created with
gd.gifAnimBeginStr
and gd.gifAnimAddStr
. Of
course, you can concatenate a semicolon by yourself, but this is a more
explicit way to finish the animation.
#!/usr/bin/env lua -- counter.lua -- a web counter in Lua! -- (c) 2004 Alexandre Erwin Ittner require "gd" datafile = "counter.txt" fp = io.open(datafile, "r+") if fp then cnt = tonumber(fp:read("*l")) or 0 fp:seek("set", 0) else cnt = 0 fp = io.open(datafile, "w") assert(fp) end cnt = cnt + 1 fp:write(cnt .."\n") fp:close() sx = math.max(string.len(tostring(cnt)), 1) * 8 im = gd.create(sx, 15) -- first allocated color defines the background. white = im:colorAllocate(255, 255, 255) im:colorTransparent(white) black = im:colorAllocate(0, 0, 0) im:string(gd.FONT_MEDIUM, 1, 1, cnt, black) print("Content-type: image/png\n") io.write(im:pngStr())
#!/usr/bin/env lua -- a cgi script that draws an analog clock with lua and lua-gd -- (c) 2004 Alexandre Erwin Ittner require "gd" function createClock(size, hours, minutes) local im = gd.createTrueColor(size, size) local white = im:colorAllocate(255, 255, 255) local gray = im:colorAllocate(128, 128, 128) local black = im:colorAllocate(0, 0, 0) local blue = im:colorAllocate(0, 0, 128) local cxy = size/2 im:filledRectangle(0, 0, size, size, white) im:setThickness(math.max(1, size/100)) im:arc(cxy, cxy, size, size, 0, 360, black) local ang = 0 local rang, gsize while ang < 360 do rang = math.rad(ang) if math.mod(ang, 90) == 0 then gsize = 0.75 else gsize = 0.85 end im:line( cxy + gsize * cxy * math.sin(rang), size - (cxy + gsize * cxy * math.cos(rang)), cxy + cxy * 0.9 * math.sin(rang), size - (cxy + cxy * 0.9 * math.cos(rang)), gray) ang = ang + 30 end im:setThickness(math.max(1, size/50)) im:line(cxy, cxy, cxy + 0.45 * size * math.sin(math.rad(6*minutes)), size - (cxy + 0.45 * size * math.cos(math.rad(6*minutes))), blue) im:setThickness(math.max(1, size/25)) rang = math.rad(30*hours + minutes/2) im:line(cxy, cxy, cxy + 0.25 * size * math.sin(rang), size - (cxy + 0.25 * size * math.cos(rang)), blue) im:setThickness(1) local sp = math.max(1, size/20) im:filledArc(cxy, cxy, sp, sp, 0, 360, black, gd.ARC) return im end dh = os.date("*t") im = createClock(100, dh.hour, dh.min) print("Content-type: image/png") print("Refresh: 60") -- Ask browser to reload the image after 60s print("Pragma: no-cache") -- Can mozilla understand this? print("Expires: Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 UTC 1970") -- Marks as expired print("") io.write(im:pngStr())
#!/usr/bin/env lua -- Draws the famous Sierpinski triangle with lua-gd require "gd" size = 250 im = gd.createPalette(size, size) white = im:colorAllocate(255, 255, 255) black = im:colorAllocate(0, 0, 0) m = {} m[math.floor(size/2)] = true for i = 1, size do n = {} for j = 1, size do if m[j] then im:setPixel(j, i, black) n[j+1] = not n[j+1] n[j-1] = not n[j-1] end end m = n end im:png("sierpinski.png")
-- The fonts used in this example comes with Microsoft operating systems -- and can be downloaded from http://corefonts.sourceforge.net require "gd" im = gd.createTrueColor(220, 190) white = im:colorAllocate(255, 255, 255) black = im:colorAllocate(0, 0, 0) x, y = im:sizeXY() im:filledRectangle(0, 0, x, y, white) gd.useFontConfig(true) im:stringFT(black, "Arial", 20, 0, 10, 30, "Standard Arial") im:stringFT(black, "Arial:bold", 20, 0, 10, 60, "Bold Arial") im:stringFT(black, "Arial:italic", 20, 0, 10, 90, "Italic Arial") im:stringFT(black, "Arial:bold:italic", 20, 0, 10, 120, "Italic Bold Arial") im:stringFT(black, "Times New Roman", 20, 0, 10, 150, "Times New Roman") im:stringFT(black, "Comic Sans MS", 20, 0, 10, 180, "Comic Sans MS") im:png("out.png")
require "gd" im = gd.createPalette(120, 120) assert(im) black = im:colorAllocate(0, 0, 0) blue = {} for i = 1, 20 do blue[i] = im:colorAllocate(0, 0, 120+6*i) end fp = io.open("out.gif", "w") assert(fp, "Failed to open file for writting") fp:write(im:gifAnimBeginStr(true, 0)) for i = 1, 20 do tim = gd.createPalette(120, 120) tim:paletteCopy(im) tim:arc(60, 60, 6*i, 6*i, 0, 360, blue[21-i]) fp:write(tim:gifAnimAddStr(false, 0, 0, 5, gd.DISPOSAL_NONE)) end fp:write(gd.gifAnimEndStr()) fp:close()
| Original test image. | Image with a staganographic message (the message cause no visible changes). | Resulting image from "steg.lua diff"
showing, in color, the pixels changed to store the message. |
#/usr/bin/env lua --[[ Steganography with Lua-GD Steganography is the technique of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one apart from the intended recipient knows of the existence of the message; this is in contrast to cryptography, where the existence of the message is clear, but the meaning is obscured. Generally a steganographic message will appear to be something else, like a shopping list, an article, a picture, or some other "cover" message. In the digital age, steganography works by replacing bits of useless or unused data in regular computer files (such as graphics, sound, text, HTML, or even floppy disks) with bits of different, invisible information. This hidden information can be plain text, cipher text or even images. A Simple Example If Alice wants to send a secret message to Bob through an insecure channel, she can use some encryption software (like GnuPG) to encrypt the message with Bob's public key. It's a good solution because no one unless Bob will be able to read the message. She can also sign the message so Bob will know that the message really comes from her. BUT, a potential attacker will know that a ciphered message was sent. If the attacker has control over the communication channel, he might block the message in some way that Bob will never receive it. If Alice also HIDES the ciphertext in an unsuspected piece of information (like a photo of her cat) the attacker will not detect it and the message will arrive to Bob. This program will help Alice to hide some arbitrary text in a PNG image by replacing the least significant bits of each color channel of some pixels with bits from the encrypted message. PNG or other loseless compression algorithm are mandatory here, since compressing the image with a lossy algorithm will destroy the stored information. The maximum length of the message is limited by the image's size (each byte needs 8 color channels or 2 pixels and 2 channels from the next pixel). So, the image must have at least "ceil((length+1)*8/3)" pixels (the extra byte is the NUL marker for the end of the string). So, if Alice's message is "Meet me in the secret place at nine o'clock.", she will encrypt and sign it to something like "PyJYDpz5LCOSHPiXDvLHmVzxLV8qS7EFvZnoo1Mxk+BlT+7lMjpQKs" (imagine Alice's cat walking in you keyboard :). This is the ciphertext that will be sent to Bob through the image. The following table shows what happens to the first eight pixels from the image when mixed to the first three bytes from the encrypted message: +-----+---+----------+-----------------+----------+ | Pix | C | Orig img | Message | New img | | # | | bits | Chr | Dec | Bin | bits | +-----+---+----------+-----+-----+-----+----------+ | | R | 01010010 | | | 0 | 01010010 | | 1 | G | 00101010 | | | 1 | 00101011 | |_____| B | 00010101 | | | 0 | 00010100 | | | R | 11100100 | P | 080 | 1 | 11100101 | | 2 | G | 00100100 | | | 0 | 00100100 | |_____| B | 01001111 | | | 0 | 01001110 | | | R | 01010010 | | | 0 | 01010010 | | 3 | G | 00101110 |_____|_____|__0__| 00101110 | |_____| B | 00111001 | | | 0 | 00111000 | | | R | 10010110 | | | 1 | 10010111 | | 4 | G | 01011101 | | | 1 | 01011101 | |_____| B | 00100101 | y | 121 | 1 | 00100101 | | | R | 01001001 | | | 1 | 01001001 | | 5 | G | 10110110 | | | 0 | 10110110 | |_____| B | 00010101 | | | 0 | 00010100 | | | R | 00110100 |_____|_____|__1__| 00110101 | | 6 | G | 01000111 | | | 0 | 01000110 | |_____| B | 01001000 | | | 1 | 01001001 | | | R | 01010110 | | | 0 | 01010110 | | 7 | G | 00011001 | | | 0 | 00011000 | |_____| B | 10010100 | J | 074 | 1 | 10010101 | | | R | 00010101 | | | 0 | 00010100 | | 8 | G | 01011010 | | | 1 | 01011011 | | | B | 01010001 | | | 0 | 01010000 | +-----+---+----------+-----+-----+-----+----------+ When Bob wants to read the message he will extract the least significant bit (LSB) from each color channel from some pixels of the image and join them to get the original ciphertext. A NULL character (ASCII #0) will mark the end of the message within the image, so he will know when to stop. Of course, this program will also do this boring job for Bob. --]] require "gd" function getLSB(n) return math.mod(n, 2) ~= 0 end -- Bizarre way to do some bit-level operations without bitlib. function setLSB(n, b) if type(b) == "number" then if b == 0 then b = false else b = true end end if getLSB(n) then if b then return n elseif n > 0 then return n - 1 else return n + 1 end else if not b then return n elseif n > 0 then return n - 1 else return n + 1 end end end function intToBitArray(n) local ret = {} local i = 0 while n ~= 0 do ret[i] = getLSB(n) n = math.floor(n/2) ret.size = i i = i + 1 end return ret end function printBitArray(a) local i for i = a.size,0,-1 do if a[i] then io.write("1") else io.write("0") end end end function mergeMessage(im, msg) local w, h = im:sizeXY() msg = msg .. string.char(0) local len = string.len(msg) if h * w < len * 8 then return nil end local x, y = 0, 0 local oim = gd.createTrueColor(w, h) local i = 1 local a2, c, nc, chr local a = {} local s, e = 1, 1 local rgb = {} while y < h do c = im:getPixel(x, y) rgb.r = im:red(c) rgb.g = im:green(c) rgb.b = im:blue(c) if i <= len and e - s < 3 then a2 = intToBitArray(string.byte(string.sub(msg, i, i))) for cnt = 7,0,-1 do a[e+7-cnt] = a2[cnt] end i = i + 1 e = e + 8 end if e - s > 0 then rgb.r = setLSB(rgb.r, a[s]) a[s] = nil s = s + 1 end if e - s > 0 then rgb.g = setLSB(rgb.g, a[s]) a[s] = nil s = s + 1 end if e - s > 0 then rgb.b = setLSB(rgb.b, a[s]) a[s] = nil s = s + 1 end nc = oim:colorResolve(rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b) oim:setPixel(x, y, nc) x = x + 1 if x == w then x = 0 y = y + 1 end end return oim, len*8, w*h end function getMessage(im) local msg = {} local w, h = im:sizeXY() local x, y = 0, 0 local a = {} local s, e = 1, 1 local b = 0 local c while y <= h do c = im:getPixel(x, y) a[e] = getLSB(im:red(c)) a[e+1] = getLSB(im:green(c)) a[e+2] = getLSB(im:blue(c)) e = e + 2 if e - s >= 7 then b = 0 for p = s, s+7 do b = b * 2 if a[p] then b = b + 1 end a[p] = nil end s = s + 8 if b == 0 then return table.concat(msg) else msg[#msg+1] = string.char(b) end end e = e + 1 x = x + 1 if x == w then x = 0 y = y + 1 end end return table.concat(msg) end function compare(fimg1, fimg2) local im1 = gd.createFromPng(fimg1) if not im1 then print("ERROR: " .. fimg1 .. " bad PNG data.") os.exit(1) end local im2 = gd.createFromPng(fimg2) if not im2 then print("ERROR: " .. fimg2 .. " bad PNG data.") os.exit(1) end local w1, h1 = im1:sizeXY() local w2, h2 = im2:sizeXY() if w1 ~= w2 or h1 ~= h2 then print("ERROR: Images have different sizes.") os.exit(1) end local oim = gd.createTrueColor(w1, h1) local x, y = 0, 0 local c1, c2, oc, f, fc while y < h1 do c1 = im1:getPixel(x, y) c2 = im2:getPixel(x, y) if im1:red(c1) ~= im2:red(c2) or im1:green(c1) ~= im2:green(c2) or im1:blue(c1) ~= im2:blue(c2) then oc = oim:colorResolve(im2:red(c2), im2:green(c2), im2:blue(c2)) oim:setPixel(x, y, oc) else f = math.floor((im1:red(c1) + im1:green(c1) + im1:blue(c1))/6.0) fc = oim:colorResolve(f, f, f) oim:setPixel(x, y, fc) end x = x + 1 if x == w1 then x = 0 y = y + 1 end end return oim end function usage() print("Usage:") print(" lua steg.lua hide <input file> <output file>") print(" lua steg.lua show <input file>") print(" lua steg.lua diff <input file 1> <input file 2> <output file>") print("") print(" hide - Reads a message from stdin and saves into <output file>.") print(" show - Reads a message from <input file> and prints it to stdout.") print(" diff - Compares two images and writes the diff to <output file>.") print("") print(" WARNING: All files used here must be in the PNG format!") end if not arg[1] or not arg[2] then usage() os.exit(1) end if arg[1] == "show" then im = gd.createFromPng(arg[2]) if not im then print("ERROR: Bad image data.") os.exit(1) end io.write(getMessage(im)) os.exit(0) end if arg[1] == "hide" then if not arg[3] then usage() os.exit(1) end im = gd.createFromPng(arg[2]) if not im then print("ERROR: Bad image data.") os.exit(1) end print("Type your message and press CTRL+D to finish.") msg = io.read("*a") oim, l, t = mergeMessage(im, msg) if not oim then print("ERROR: Image is too small for the message.") os.exit(1) end if not oim:png(arg[3]) then print("ERROR: Failed to write output file.") os.exit(1) end print(string.format("DONE: %2.1f%% of the image used to store the message.", 100.0*l/t)) os.exit(0) end if arg[1] == "diff" then if not arg[3] and arg[4] then usage() os.exit(1) end oim = compare(arg[2], arg[3]) if not oim:png(arg[4]) then print("ERROR: Failed to write output file.") os.exit(1) end os.exit(0) end usage() os.exit(1)
There are some useful examples in the demos
directory
within the distribution package.
Author: Alexandre Erwin Ittner
E-mail: aittner#netuno.com.br
(e-mail obfuscated to avoid spam-bots. Please replace the "#" with an "@").
GnuPG/PGP Key: 0x0041A1FB
(key fingerprint: 9B49 FCE2 E6B9 D1AD 6101 29AD 4F6D F114 0041 A1FB
).
Homepage: http://users.netuno.com.br/aittner/.
Location: Jaraguá do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil.


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Task 2: Scrolling
Part 1: Three-finger scrolling
To scroll through a vertical list, find a list item, then flick three fingers up or down. To scroll through a horizontal list, find a list item, then flick two fingers left or right.
Part 2: Three-finger scrolling
To navigate through multiple pages (like on the home screen), flick three fingers left or right. To move to the next page, flick three fingers right. To move to the previous page, flick three fingers left. Give it a try here.
Part 3: Practice
Scroll by flicking three fingers up or down.
Item 1
Item 2
Item 3
Item 4
Item 5
Item 6
Item 7
Item 8
Item 9
Item 10
Item 11
Item 12
Item 13
Item 14
Item 15
Item 16
Item 17
Item 18
Item 19
Item 20


In the GS equation, g(Ψ) is one of the two free functions which can be prescribed by users. In some cases, we want to specify the safety factor proﬁle q(Ψ), instead of g(Ψ), in solving the GS equation. Next, we derive the form of the GS equation that contains q(Ψ), rather than g(Ψ), as a free function. The safety factor deﬁned in Eq. (160) can be written
Equation (442) gives the relation between the safety factor q and the toroidal ﬁeld function g. This relation can be used in the GS equation to eliminate g in favor of q, which gives|
| (443) |
|
| (444) |
Note that this expression involves the ﬂux surface average, which depends on the ﬂux surface shape and the shape is unknown before Ψ is determined.
Multiplying Eq. (566) by R−2 gives
|
| (445) |
Surface-averaging the above equation, we obtain
|
| (446) |
|
| (447) |
|
| (448) |
|
| (449) |
|
| (450) |
Substitute Eq. (444) into the above equation to eliminate gdg∕dΨ, we obtain
|
| (451) |
Eq. (451) agrees with Eq. (5.55) in Ref. [16].
|
| (452) |
|
| (453) |
where
|
| (454) |
The GS equation is
|
| (455) |
|
| (456) |
|
| (457) |
Using Eq. (453) to eliminate Ψ′′ in the above equation, the coeﬃcients before (−μ0dp∕dΨ) is written as
| A = − |
Deﬁne
| α = , |
| β = . |
| A = −(2π)4β |
|
| (460) |
|
| (461) |
Using
|
| (462) |
Eq. () is written as
|
| (463) |
|
| (464) |
|
| (465) |
|
| (466) |
|
| (467) |
|
| (468) |
|
| (469) |
|
| (470) |
|
| (471) |
|
| (472) |
But the expression of A is slightly diﬀerent from that given in Ref. [16] [Eq. (5.57)]. Using the above coeﬃcients, the GS equation with the q-proﬁle held ﬁxed is written as
|
| (473) |


Name: Letter: out in veggies? fruit? My name is . The letter is . I like to play side. I like veggies I like fruit------------------------------------------------
Name: Letter: out in veggies? fruit? My name is . The letter is . I like to play side. I like veggies I like fruit ==================