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Boipelo Wolff
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Education:
Boipelo Wolff holds:
-
An Undergraduate degree:
Bachelor of Science Majoring in Psychology and Statistics
-
A Postgraduate degree:
Bachelor of Science Honours Majoring in Applied Statisitcs


Flames and fireworks as Myanmar fire balloon fest opens
NAYPYITAW, Nov 5 — The gigantic hot air balloon folded into itself and fell in a ball of flames, scattering onlookers below at the beginning of Myanmar’s stunning yet treacherous fire balloon festival.
Nobody was hurt this time but every year several are injured at the event in Shan State’s capital Taunggyi, a highlight of the annual Tazaungdaing festival of light that marks the end of the rainy season.
The celebration is rooted in Buddhism and draws tens of thousands each day.
It has become a “festival for the whole of Burma”, competition judge Thein Zaw, 54, told AFP in between balloon inspections.
After months spent working on their designs, competing teams launch — or try to launch — some 200 homemade devices over the course of the 10-day festival.
They are weighed down with frames carrying hundreds of fireworks or candles, and a miscalculation on when to light the rockets can result in a fiery catastrophe.
Points are scored for aesthetics, teamwork, height reached, and the duration of time spent in the air explained Thein Zaw, who has been on the judges panel for 13 years.
Yesterday evening, the competition began after a dancing display by many of Shan’s ethnic groups and the release into the night sky of hundreds of traditional lanterns — albeit many with the modern twist of a company sponsor name emblazoned on their sides.
“I’ve been coming to this event every year since I was a kid,” enthused Thuzar Lin, 26, after a kaleidoscopic shower of fireworks from her group’s creation rained on admiring onlookers.
Most teams boast a mixture of men — who normally handle the gunpowder and wield the huge flaming torches used to set light to the burners — and women.
This year, for the first time, a launch field had been fenced off — much to the disappointment of many thrill-seeking regulars, who in previous years had enjoyed front-row seats to the action.
“It’s really changed the atmosphere. You can’t get involved like before,” said 31-year-old Zu Zue ruefully.
The last fatalities were in 2014 when three were killed as a balloon crashed onto the crowds below. — AFP-Relaxnews


Default values are given for the motor of joint 1. The input of the motor is the desired current (the actual current is proportional to the torque produced by the motor).


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Functionality
TF2BD is a standalone application that identifies and calls vote-kicks against known bots and cheaters on your team.
If they are on the other team, it will send a chat message telling the other team to kick their cheater.
This is an ongoing project that will continue to be improved with new features, more powerful detection, and better customization.
This program is completely VAC compliant
It does not modify the game or OS memory in any way. It is only using built-in functionality in the engine, exactly the way it was intended.
More info about how it works can be found in the docs.
Extended functionality
Customizable rules, Steam Web API integration and Discord Rich Presence.
There are several community driven rule-lists and playerlists to help make sure no bots is able to circumvent detection (Found here).
And With Steam Web API enabled you can see extended player-info, such as account age, game & vac bans.


Your browser does not support the video tag.
Note:
The video tag is not supported in Internet Explorer 8 and earlier versions.


Armyknife can be installed using Chocolatey, a package manager for Windows.
PS C:\Users\Duco\Desktop> choco install armyknife -y
There is an install script for Ubuntu. You can call it directly from a Bash terminal like this (make sure you are super user):
wget -qO- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dukeofharen/armyknife/master/scripts/install.sh | bash
Armyknife is a nice little tool which contains many handy little command line tools. It contains tools like base64 encoder / decoder, URL shortener, SHA512 hasher and more.
Use this program like this: - armyknife <toolname> <arguments> Use this command to show the help page of a specific tool: - armyknife help <toolname> For debugging purposes, add the "--debug" flag: - armyknife help <toolname> --debug
Make use of "piping"
PS C:\Users\Duco\Desktop> Get-Content .\test.txt | armyknife base64encode
VGhpcyBpcyBhIHRlc3QgZmlsZSENCg==
Pass clipboard data to Armyknife through piping
PS C:\Users\Duco\Desktop> Get-Clipboard | armyknife sha1 69776a1e2e0bfa8505342952cc6978d56342cc14
Decodes a piece of Base64 encoded text.
Usage: - base64decode ZGVjb2RlIHRoaXM= - base64decode --input ZGVjb2RlIHRoaXM=
Encodes a piece of text or a file to a Base64 string.
Usage: - base64encode encode this - base64encode --input encode this
A simple to to HTML encode a given string.
Usage: You can't use characters like '<' or '>' as input, so you need to provide the input via piping.
Lets you fill in a file extension and looks up the corresponding information of that file extension.
Usage: - filext xlsx
Checks a given MIME type and finds all corresponding file extensions.
Usage: - frommime text/plain
Converts a given file extension or file name to the corresponding MIME type.
Usage: - tomime txt - tomime filename.txt
A handy tool to convert UNIX timestamps to readable date-time strings. Supportx UNIX timestamps in seconds and milliseconds.
Usage: - fromunixtimestamp<PHONE_NUMBER>332 - fromunixtimestamp<PHONE_NUMBER>
A handy tool to convert an ISO 8601 date time string to a UNIX timestamp. The result is a UNIX timestamp including milliseconds. If you want to use it as a regular timestamp, remove the last 3 numbers.
Usage: - tounixtimestamp - tounixtimestamp 2017-08-20T15:00:00+02:00
A handy tool to prettify a JSON string.
Usage: - jsonprettify {"key": "value"} - jsonprettify --input {"key": "value"} --character space --tabsize 3 Optional parameters: - character: whether the indentation character should be either "tab" or "space" (default space) - tabsize: the indentation size (default 3)
This handy tool allows you to format a multiline JSON string to a single line.
Usage: You can't provide multiline strings directly from the command line, but you can, for example, pipe the contents of a file or the clipboard to Armyknife.
A handy tool to lengthen URLs from several (not all) URL shortening services.
Usage: - longurl http://tinyurl.com/123 Works with (at least): - bit.ly - goo.gl - is.gd - tinyurl.com - t.co - fb.me
Generates a number of Lorem Ipsum paragraphs.
Usage: - lipsum - lipsum --paragraphs 20 Optional properties: - paragraphs: the number of Lorem Ipsum paragrahps (5 default).
A tool to remove newlines from pieces of text.
Usage: - removenewline this\r\ntext\ncontains newlines
A handy tool to calculate the number of characters of a string.
Usage: - stringlength calculate length of this string
This tool lets you reverse a string.
Usage: - stringreverse Reverse this string my man.
Handy tool to convert a string to title case.
Usage: - stringtotitlecase convert this to title case
Handy tool to convert a string to upper case.
Usage: - stringtoupper convert this to upper case
A handy tool to count the number of words in a string.
Usage: - wordcount count the number of words
Encodes a piece of text to an MD5 hash.
Usage: - md5 hash this - md5 --input hash thi - md5 --input hash this --hmac secret-key Optional properties: - hmac: the signature key for the MD5 hash - outputType: how the string should be generated (should be 'hex' or 'base64')
A handy tool to generate secure passwords.
Usage: - securepwd - securepwd --length 20 --capitals false Optional properties: - length: the length of the password (default 20) - capitals: if capital letters should be included (default true) - lowercase: if lowercase letters should be included (default true) - numbers: if numbers should be included (default true) - specialchars: if special characters should be included (default true)
Encodes a piece of text to a SHA1 hash.
Usage: - sha1 hash this - sha1 --input hash this - sha1 --input hash this --hmac secret-key Optional properties: - hmac: the signature key for the MD5 hash - outputType: how the string should be generated (should be 'hex' or 'base64')
Encodes a piece of text to a SHA256 hash.
Usage: - sha256 hash this - sha256 --input hash this - sha256 --input hash this --hmac secret-key Optional properties: - hmac: the signature key for the SHA256 hash - outputType: how the string should be generated (should be 'hex' or 'base64')
Encodes a piece of text to a SHA384 hash.
Usage: - sha384 hash this - sha384 --input hash this - sha384 --input hash this --hmac secret-key Optional properties: - hmac: the signature key for the SHA384 hash - outputType: how the string should be generated (should be 'hex' or 'base64')
Encodes a piece of text to a SHA512 hash.
Usage: - sha512 hash this - sha512 --input hash this - sha512 --input hash this --hmac secret-key Optional properties: - hmac: the signature key for the SHA512 hash - outputType: how the string should be generated (should be 'hex' or 'base64')
A handy tool to generate a (or many) UUIDs.
Usage: - uuid - uuid --brackets true --uppercase true --hyphens true --howmany 1 Optional properties: - brackets: whether the GUIDs should be surrounded by brackets (true or false, default false) - uppercase: whether the GUIDs should be uppercase (true or false, default false) - hyphens: whether the GUID parts should be separated by hyphens (true or false, default true) - howmany: how many GUIDs should be generated (default 1)
A handy tool to generate QR codes.
Usage: - writeqr --input this is the QR content --outputFile C:\temp\qr.png --width 250 --height 250 - writeqr --input this is the QR content --extension png The output type is determined by the file extension of "outputType" (or "extension"). Supported file types: png, svg. "extension" or "outputType" should be set. They can't be set both. If "extension" is set, the file contents are Base64 encoded when written to the console window. Optional properties: - width: the PNG file width in pixels (default 250) - height: the PNG height in pixels (default 250) - openFile: whether the file should be opened after saving (true or false, default false)


Bizbo is an intelligent system which helps businesses.
Its all about helping individuals analyze their business,
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46
God Is Our Fortress
TO THE CHOIRMASTER. OF THE SONS OF KORAH. ACCORDING TO ALAMOTH. A SONG.
1 God is our refuge and strength,
a very present help in trouble.
2 Therefore we will not fear though the earth gives way,
though the mountains be moved into the heart of the sea,
3 though its waters roar and foam,
though the mountains tremble at its swelling.
Selah
4 There is a river whose streams make glad the city of God,
the holy habitation of the Most High.
5 God is in the midst of her; she shall not be moved;
God will help her when morning dawns.
6 The nations rage, the kingdoms totter;
he utters his voice, the earth melts.
7 The LORD of hosts is with us;
the God of Jacob is our fortress.
Selah
8 Come, behold the works of the LORD,
how he has brought desolations on the earth.
9 He makes wars cease to the end of the earth;
he breaks the bow and shatters the spear;
he burns the chariots with fire.
10 “Be still, and know that I am God.
I will be exalted among the nations,
I will be exalted in the earth!”
11 The LORD of hosts is with us;
the God of Jacob is our fortress.
Selah


@Multipart @POST("resources/pipelines") abstract fun createPipeline(@Part("options") options: RequestBody): Call<ResponseBody>
Create new pipeline.
options
- Companion.OPTIONS wrapped into RequestBody.
See Also
RetrofitHelper.stringToFormData
Return
PipelineView
of the newly created pipeline.


CrimPapers
Articles published on 29 August 2017
On 29 August 2017, 8 new articles were published in 6 journals.
A Three-Year Recidivism Analysis of State Correctional Releases by Kristen M. Zgoba, Laura M. Salerno
Research Note: Career Stage and Job Satisfaction Among Southern Correctional Officers by Nancy L. Hogan, Eric G. Lambert, Bitna Kim, Michael Mendenhall, Kelly Cheeseman, Marie Griffin
Emotion Dysregulation Mediates the Relationship Between Child Maltreatment and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury by Elise N. Titelius, Emily Cook, Jayson Spas, Lindsay Orchowski, Katie Kivisto, Kimberly O’brien, Elisabeth Frazier, Jennifer C. Wolff, Daniel P. Dickstein, Kerri L. Kim, Karen E. Seymour
Probation and Parole Case Management As Opportunity-Reduction Supervision by Lacey Schaefer, Harley Williamson
Early Attempts At Desistance From Crime: Prisoners’ Prerelease Expectations and Their Postrelease Criminal Behavior by Jennifer Doekhie, Anja Dirkzwager, Paul Nieuwbeerta
The Devil's Advocate Approach: An Interview Technique For Assessing Consistency Among Deceptive and Truth-Telling Pairs of Suspects by Haneen Deeb, Aldert Vrij, Lorraine Hope, Samantha Mann, Sharon Leal, Pär Anders Granhag, Leif A. Strömwall
‘it’s Mental Health, Not Mental Police’: A Human Rights Approach to Mental Health Triage and Section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983
Psychological Assessment of Intimate Partner Violence by Robyn Yaxley, Kimberley Norris, Janet Haines


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Simple analog to digital converter with a variable resolution of
n bits. It converts the input voltage ppin.v-npin.v
to
an n-vector of type Logic (9-valued logic according to IEEE 1164
STD_ULOGIC). The input resistance between positive and negative pin
is determined by Rin
. Further effects (like input
capacities) have to be modeled outside the converter, since this
should be a general model.
The input signal range (VRefLo,VRefHi) is divided into 2^n-1
equally spaced stages of length Vlsb:=(VRefHi-VRefLo)/(2^n-1). The
output signal is the binary code of k
as long as the
input voltage takes values in the k-th stage, namely in the range
from Vlsb*(k-0.5)
to m*(k+0.5)
. This is
called mid-tread operation. Additionally the output can only change
its value if the trigger signal trig
of type Logic
changes to '1' (forced or weak).
The output vector is a 'little-endian'. i.e., that the first bit y[1] is the least significant one (LSB).
This is an abstract model of an ADC. Therefore, it can not cover the dynamic behaviour of the converter. Hence the output will change instantaneously when the trigger signal rises.


| HD(4) | Linux Programmer's Manual | HD(4) |
General IDE block device names have the form hdX, or hdXP, where X is a letter denoting the physical drive, and P is a number denoting the partition on that physical drive. The first form, hdX, is used to address the whole drive. Partition numbers are assigned in the order the partitions are discovered, and only nonempty, nonextended partitions get a number. However, partition numbers 1–4 are given to the four partitions described in the MBR (the "primary" partitions), regardless of whether they are unused or extended. Thus, the first logical partition will be hdX5 . Both DOS-type partitioning and BSD-disklabel partitioning are supported. You can have at most 63 partitions on an IDE disk.
For example, /dev/hda refers to all of the first IDE drive in the system; and /dev/hdb3 refers to the third DOS "primary" partition on the second one.
They are typically created by:
mknod -m 660 /dev/hda b 3 0 mknod -m 660 /dev/hda1 b 3 1 mknod -m 660 /dev/hda2 b 3 2 ... mknod -m 660 /dev/hda8 b 3 8 mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb b 3 64 mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb1 b 3 65 mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb2 b 3 66 ... mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb8 b 3 72 chown root:disk /dev/hd*
| 2017-09-15 | Linux |


A town known for its rubber plantations, lakes, churches and its flourishing publishing industry, Kottayam is one of the most prosperous towns in Kerala. The alluring backwaters of Kumarakom have made it an ideal tourist destination.
Panoramic backwaters, lush paddy fields, highlands, hummocks and hillocks, extensive rubber plantations, places associated with many legends and a literate people have given Kottayam district the sobriquet: The land of letters, legends, latex and lakes. Kottayam Town is the first town in India to have achieved 100% literacy (a remarkable feat achieved as early as in 1989).
The first printing press in Kerala was established (CMS Press) here in 1821 by Rev.Benjamin Baily. The first college in the State (CMS College) was also started here in 1840. Maiden printed Malayalam-English and English-Malayalam Dictionaries were published from Kottayam in 1846 and 1847 respectively. The first and only Cooperative Society of writers, authors and publishers (SPCS), for publishing books and periodicals was set up here in 1945. Kottayam is the first town in India selected by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, to be transformed as an Eco City.
Valiyapalli, meaning ‘big church’ was built in 1550. The church built entirely in wood was demolished in the year 1577. The church built later was done fully in stone. The church is known for its Persian crosses, woodcarvings, Syrian inscriptions and mural paintings
This temple is famous for its low roofed stage or Koothambalam which is decorated with carved windows. The festivals held in the months of October-November, June-July and March-April see the performance of folk arts such as Mayilattom (Peacock dance) and Velakali. The all-night Kathakali performance is an added attraction.
The town known for its churches is also known for its huge rubber and cashew plantations. Pala has several pilgrimage centres such as St Mary’s Church located at Bharananganam where the remains of Saint Alphonsa are buried; the Shrine of our lady of Immaculate Conception which is a landmark structure also called the ‘Jubilee Kappela’, was constructed out of 14,444 granite stones; the Kayyoor temple set atop a hill where only ghee is used to light the lamps; the St Mary’s Forane Church built in 345 AD; and the St George Church in Erattupetta which is a 120 feet high structure. The Poonjar Palace surrounded by the Meenachil River on three sides and the Ayyampara Hills where one can see 30 acres of land covered with flat granite stones are other places worth a visit.
Also referred to as the gateway to the High ranges, Kanjirapally is a town that is a planter’s paradise. Rubber Plantations, banana, tapioca, pepper, vanilla and ginger are the important crops that sustain the town’s economy. Places worth a visit are: the St Mary’s Church which was established in 1449, the St Dominic Cathedral built in 1826, the Ganapathiyar Kovil which is a 900 year old structure that has inscriptions on its granite pillars and the St Thomas Benedictine Abbey which has a unique style of architecture.
The bird sanctuary here, which is sprawled over 14 acres, is a favorite haunt for migratory birds and an ornithologist's paradise. Egrets, darters, herons, teal, waterfowl, cuckoo, wild duck and migratory birds like the Siberian stork that arrive in flocks are a fascination for visitors. The best way to watch the birds of the Kumarakom sanctuary is a boat trip round the islands.
A region for its communal harmony, Erumely is a town that has Hindu and Muslim shrines built close to each other. The Vavar mosque dedicated to Vavar, Lord Ayyappa’s Muslim friend, is visited by pilgrims going to Sabarimala. The Kochambalam opposite the Vavar Mosque is known for the Petta Thullal performed by the pilgrims visiting Sabarimala. The Valiyambalam and Puthenveedu are just a kilometer away from the kochambalam. The Puthenveedu is believed to be the place where Lord Ayyappa was given food and shelter to, by a good old lady. The small old, thatched mud house displays the sword that Lord Ayyapa gifted to the lady to repay for her kindness.
Located at a distance of 55 kms from Kottayam and 20 kms from Thodapuzha, this is another picnic spot located in the midst of the beautiful hillocks near Kanjar. ‘Elaveezhapoonchira’ means ‘the valley where leaves do not fall' and is so named because the place has no trees. This is also one of the best places in Kerala to witness the sunrise and sunset. It is easily accessible from Palai in Kottayam district. The place is surrounded by three enchanting hillocks: Mankunnu, Kodayathoormal and Thonippara, making the place ideal for trekking.
The village of Kumarakom is a cluster of little islands on the Vembanad Lake, and this small water world is part of the Kuttanad region. An enchanting backwater destination, Kumarakom offers visitors many other leisure options. Boating and fishing facilities are available at Kumarakom. Holiday packages on the houseboats, traditional Kettuvalloms, are an out-of-this-world experience at Kumarakom.
Kumaranelloor is famous for the Karthyayani (Devi) temple. Here "Trikarthika" day is important which is celebrated in the month of Vrischikam (November-December). The display of lights in the evening (Karthika Vilakku) is the highlight of this celebration.


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title: "11+ Logo Lo Ve
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{% load static %}
This is a list of all jobs associated with this OnRamp server instance.
Field
Current Value
New Value
Run Name
User
Workspace
PCE
Module
Output File


“Don’t tell me the moon is shining; show me the glint of light on broken glass.” – Anton Chekhov
psst... try clicking on a figure you like!


Ciao (the goodbye one) from Milano!
Hello!
First off, sorry for the 10-week hiatus. I’m leaving Milan in a few days, so I figure I should send one last update before I go.
Since my last update, I’ve done a lot of traveling: Athens, Vienna, Budapest, Madrd, Norway (Oslo, Bergen, Tromsø), Paris, Venice, Rome, Florence, Cairo, Marrakech, Lisbon, and the Amalfi Coast. To not bore you, I’ll focus on the highlights.
Budapest: I went with Ron to Budapest, and it’s a beautiful city. We walked to the top of the Citadella, which has a great view of Budapest. Also at the top, there were some guys playing the shell game - that game where someone hides a bead under one of three bottlecaps and moves them around, and then you have to guess which cup has the bottlecaps. (See below picture of the guy as he is saying “no pictures.”) They’re total scams since the guys usually cheat, it’s borderline impossible to win. Only a fool would be so falsely confident to gamble at that game, you’d might as well just burn your money.
Madrid: Madrid was great because a lot of my friends were in Madrid that weekend.  We spent a day in Retiro Park, ate some churros, and like a true Madridian, didn’t get to bed until seven in the morning.
Norway: I spent a week, traveling solo, in Norway for my spring break. It was weird being by myself for so long, but I enjoyed the short break from the fast pace of study abroad. I started in Oslo - on my first night, I went to the Operahuset (opera house) and ended up sneaking in during intermission to see the second half of the opera Carmen.
I took an overnight train to Bergen (do not recommend), where I was able to see Norway’s famous fjords. They’re basically small rivers with steep cliffs on the sides, formed slowly by glacial erosion. Fun fact, because of all the fjord inlets in Norway, its coastline is longer than the US’s.
After Bergen, I went to Tromsø, which is still in Norway but over a thousand miles north of Oslo. That far north, the major attraction is seeing the Northern Lights (see below). They spectacularly light up the sky, and they seem so choreographed it’s weird to think it’s just random collisions of gas molecules that produce them.
 A little after Venice, we met up in Milan, where we got a fantastic dinner that was more like eating in an Italian grandma’s kitchen than at a restaurant (Hostaria della Lanterna, if you find yourself in the neighborhood).
Cairo: I went with (brother) Noah to Cairo on Easter weekend. There was a little bit of nervousness surrounding the safety of the trip, but we were careful and everything was okay. We used a lot of Marriott points and lived like kings (pharaohs?) for a few days. And, of course, we saw as much of Ancient Egypt as we could. There wasn’t as many other tourists as I expected, and Noah and I got to be in the Great Pyramid of Giza by ourselves. We were warned many times not to lie in the tomb, and as tempting as it was, we resisted.
Marrakech & Lisbon: I met with with Noah and my dad in Morocco, where we spent a few days touring around, going to souks, and spent a whole day visiting the Atlas Mountains near Marrakech. It was an awesome trip, and different than any of the other trips I’ve taken. After Morocco, we went to Lisbon. I was only there for a day, so we walked around a lot and of course, got some very fresh fish and seafood.
Amalfi Coast: The last trip of abroad was down on the southern Coast of Italy.  We stayed in Cetara, where Andrea has a house that we stayed at. (To jog your memory, Andrea is the awesome Italian guy that we live with here in Milan.) We went to a bunch of neighboring towns, pretty much switching off between bus and boat as our mode of transportation. It was one of the most beautiful places I’ve ever been - I constantly felt that I could be stuck in a post card. And it was also really great to spend my last trip just hanging out with all the friends I’ve made here.
Now that my time here is ending, I’m definitely sad to leave since it’s been such a great experience for me. But I’m also excited to get back home to the States, see all my family and friends, go to restaurants I’ve been craving for months, and even to start work (if I can remember what it’s like to have real responsibilities after this four month vacation). I’ll be in Cleveland next week, then in Boston the week after, then in New Jersey after that, and then in San Francisco 6/4-6/10, so if you’re in those any of those cities during those times, let me know!
Arrivederci! Zach


Introduction¶
Welcome to Backtester, a tool to help you back test your time series forecasting models. This testing framework is broken out semantically, so you can analyze different parts of your time series forecast.
The framework comes in two general flavors, metrics to test accuracy of forecast like:
from backtester import metrics as bt_metrics
import pandas as pd
import statsmodels.api as sm
df = sm.datasets.sunspots.load_pandas().data
df.index = pd.Index(
sm.tsa.datetools.dates_from_range(
'1700', '2008'
)
)
train = df.iloc[:'2000']
y_true = df.iloc['2000':]
arma = sm.tsa.ARMA(train, (2, 0))
arma.fit(disp=False)
y_pred = arma.forecast(steps=8)
print(bt_metrics.umbrae(y_true, y_pred))


Goals
This week we arrive at the most famous and foundational open problem in Computer Science (and, arguably, in all of Mathematics, and more questionably, perhaps of all human creative endeavor): is it substantially easier to verify the solution to a (certain very broad and common type of) problem, than it is to find that solution? (stated more formally in computer science as “P = NP?".
The main goals for Week 12 are to:
- Understand how to talk about the hardness (“difficulty”) of computing functions.
- Learn about a few examples of problems that appear to have surprisingly different difficulties.
- Be able to talk about the tractability of problems, and understand what computer scientists categorize problems as tractable and intractable the way we do.
- Understand precisely the definition of the complexity class NP, and two different ways of defining it.
- Be able to prove a problem is in class NP.
- Understand the P=NP question and its significance.
- See how we might be able to make progress on determining if P=NP, and understand the Cook-Levin Theorem and the main idea behind its proof.
Schedule
| Day | “Monday” Cohort | “Tuesday” Cohort | “Wednesday” Cohort | “Thursday” Cohort | “Friday” Cohort |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wed 10 Nov | Preparation | (Week 11) | (Week 11) | (Week 11) | (Week 11) |
| Thurs 11 Nov | Preparation | Preparation | (Week 11) | (Week 11) | (Week 11) |
| Fri 12 Nov | Preparation | Preparation | Preparation | (Week 11) | (Week 11) |
| Sat 13 Nov | Prep Cohort Meeting | Preparation | Preparation | Preparation | (Week 11) |
| Sun 14 Nov | Revision | Prep Cohort Meeting | Preparation | Preparation | Preparation |
| Mon 15 Nov | Assessed Meeting | Revision | Prep Cohort Meeting | Preparation | Preparation |
| Tues 16 Nov | Work on Writeup | Assessed Meeting | Revision | Prep Cohort Meeting | Preparation |
| Wed 17 Nov | Writeup Due | Work on Writeup | Assessed Meeting | Revision | Prep Cohort Meeting |
| Thurs 18 Nov | (Week 13) | Writeup Due | Work on Writeup | Assessed Meeting | Revision |
| Fri 19 Nov | (Week 13) | (Week 13) | Writeup Due | Work on Writeup | Assessed Meeting |
| Sat 20 Nov | (Week 13) | (Week 13) | (Week 13) | Writeup Due | Work on Writeup |
| Sun 21 Nov | (Week 13) | (Week 13) | (Week 13) | (Week 13) | Writeup Due |
Cohort Problems
These are the problems you should discuss in your Cohort Meeting, and everyone in your cohort should be prepared to present and discuss solutions to at the Assessed Cohort Meeting:
The problems are posted here and we think its a good idea to look at them early, but you’re not expected to be able to solve them until after doing the readings and watching the videos below.
Similarly to Week 5, for this week you will be assigned a new problem to solve for your write-up problem which you will need to solve on your own without any collaboration. This will be due 48 hours after your cohort meeting (instead of the usual 24 hours). This problem will expect you to do a reduction proof, similar to the ones in the cohort problems (but different enough to be new).
Reading
This week’s content is covered in several chapters in the TCS book. This is a lot of reading material, but you should consider it all “optional” this week - you are not expected to read these in detail, but should find the textbook a useful complement to the lecture content to have an alternate presenation of the materials and a refernce for some of the technical details that we do not cover in depth in the lectures.
Chapter 12: Efficient computation: An informal introduction [PDF]
Chapter 13: Modeling running time [PDF]
Chapter 14: Polynomial-time reductions [PDF]
Chapter 15: NP, NP completeness, and the Cook-Levin Theorem [PDF]
Chapter 16: What if P equals NP? [PDF]
Videos
You can play all the videos using this playlist, but don’t forget to take breaks: Week 12 Playlist (Note that in previous semesters this content was covered in Week 11.)
You can find recordings of the past cs3102 classes with most similar content here:
-
(Fall 2019) Class 19: Turing Machine running time: Full Video, Slides
-
(Fall 2019) Class 20: Polynomial-Time Reductions (: Full Video, Slides
-
(Fall 2019) Class 21: Is Omniscience Helpful?: Full Video, Slides
-
(Fall 2019) Class 22: NP Completeness: Fall Video, Slides
"Difficulty" of Functions (9:13)
RAM Model (7:00)
Shortest and Longest Path (11:16)
Satisfiability (14:45)
Tractable and Intractable Problems (6:38)
Polynomial Time Reductions (13:25)
Reducing 3SAT to LongestPath (16:54 total, with 9:30 of that optional [you may skip the proof from 3:35-13:05])
Longest Path Decision Problem (4:11)
Nondeterministic TMs and the class NP (23:25)
Optional Extra Videos. These videos are optional (and will duplicate some of the material in the other videos), but should increase your understanding of the meaning of class NP (and they also contain a song!).
(Optional) Introducing NP (14:02)
(Optional) Complexity Class NP (13:08)


Chronic w/ Severe Exacerbation/progression/side effects
1+
Acute or Chronic Illness/injury threat to life/bodily function
1+
Risk Level
2
3
4
5
Minimal risk of recurrences morbidity from additional
diagnostic
testing or
treatment
Low risk of mordbidity from additional diagnostic testing or
treatment
Over-the-counter drugs
Minor
surgery w/o riskfactors
Low
recurrences
Physical/Occupational Therapy
IV
fluids
without additives
Other
Moderate risk of morbidity from additional diagnostic testing
or
treatment
RX Minor surgery w/o risk
factors
Elective major surgery w/o risk
factors
Diagnosis/treatment
significantly
limited by social determinants of
health
Moderate risk of
recurrence
IV with additives (Fe infusion)
Other
High risk of mordbidity from additional diagnostic testing or
treatment
Drug
Therapy intensive monitoring for toxicity
Major surgery w/ risk factors
Hospitalization
De-escalate care/poor prognosis
(example hospice)
High risk of recurrence
Other
DataLevel
2
3
4
5
Category
1:
Tests,
documents, or
independent historian(s)
Review of
prior
external note(s) from each
unique source (not your
own
notes)
Review of the result(s) of each
unique test (Not
previously
used
in
prior
visit(s))
Ordering
of each
unique test
Assesment
requiring an independent historian(s)
Category
2:
Independent
interpretation of tests
Independent interpretation of a test performed by
another
physician/other qualified healthcare proffessional (not
separately
reported)
Category
3:
Disscussion of
management or test interpretation
Disscussion of management or test interpretation with
external
physician/other qualified health care
professional/appropriate source
(not seperately reported)


|
Release Date: December 13, 2005 For immediate release The Federal Open Market Committee decided today to raise its target for the federal funds rate by 25 basis points to 4-1/4 percent. Despite elevated energy prices and hurricane-related disruptions, the expansion in economic activity appears solid. Core inflation has stayed relatively low in recent months and longer-term inflation expectations remain contained. Nevertheless, possible increases in resource utilization as well as elevated energy prices have the potential to add to inflation pressures. The Committee judges that some further measured policy firming is likely to be needed to keep the risks to the attainment of both sustainable economic growth and price stability roughly in balance. In any event, the Committee will respond to changes in economic prospects as needed to foster these objectives. Voting for the FOMC monetary policy action were: Alan Greenspan, Chairman; Timothy F. Geithner, Vice Chairman; Susan S. Bies; Roger W. Ferguson, Jr.; Richard W. Fisher; Donald L. Kohn; Michael H. Moskow; Mark W. Olson; Anthony M. Santomero; and Gary H. Stern. In a related action, the Board of Governors unanimously approved a 25-basis point increase in the discount rate to 5-1/4 percent. In taking this action, the Board approved the requests submitted by the Boards of Directors of the Federal Reserve Banks of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas, and San Francisco. 2005 Monetary policyHome | News and events Accessibility Last update: December 13, 2005 |


Chris W Gooley
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Everyone else also has this choice and information, and may think similar to what you're thinking -- and your choice likely influences theirs. In this simulation, they think the exact same way you do. So if you think there's a small risk and have a 10% chance of staying at home, everyone else is also thinking as such.
What are the long-term consequences of this thinking as the virus spreads?
Note: This is not a scientific simulation to be trusted for any reason! It is purely for illustrative purposes.
What is the chance you will stay at home today?
%


THE ROAD TO WELLVILLE A film review by Scott Renshaw Copyright 1994 Scott Renshaw
Starring: Anthony Hopkins, Matthew Broderick, Bridget Fonda, John Cusack, Michael Lerner, Dana Carvey. Screenplay/Director: Alan Parker.
Sir Anthony Hopkins doing a scene with Dana Carvey. If you can capture that image in your mind, you will know everything you really need to know about why THE ROAD TO WELLVILLE just doesn't quite work. On the one hand, the sumptuous production is filled with delightful period detail; on the other hand, there isn't all that much going on that one couldn't find in your typical bad, overlong "Saturday Night Live" sketch. Somewhere in THE ROAD TO WELLVILLE is a satire of health fads, but it's buried beneath costumes and scatological humor. The result is basically a Merchant Ivory production of a "Benny Hill" episode.
THE ROAD TO WELLVILLE is set in turn-of-the-century Battle Creek, Michigan, where corn flake entrepreneur and health guru John Harvey Kellogg (Anthony Hopkins) has established a high-class sanitarium for wealthy patrons. Among those who journey to Battle Creek to avail themselves of the "san's" regimen of meatless diet and frequent enemas are Will (Matthew Broderick) and Eleanor Lightbody (Bridget Fonda), a couple whose problems are more personal than medical. While separated due to the strict anti-sex rules, both Will and Eleanor find their desires piqued elsewhere. Meanwhile, a young fortune seeker (John Cusack) and his shady parnter (Michael Lerner) attempt to cash in on the health craze with their own corn flake.
THE ROAD TO WELLVILLE opens promisingly enough, with a funny scene of a group of women undergoing "laugh therapy." It's delightfully silly, but it isn't long before it becomes clear that such silliness is about all there is to THE ROAD TO WELLVILLE. It's a classic one-joke film, all based on the outrageous Rube Goldberg health contraptions to which the guests at the sanitarium are subjected.
Actually, it may be more accurate to think of THE ROAD TO WELLVILLE's one joke in broader terms, as the tittering variations on an R-rated farce. At one time or another, all of the following are used as punch lines: vomit, flatulence, sex, bare breasts, masturbation, erections, enemas, urine and feces. I'm hard pressed to come up with anything they might have missed. It's not that none of the gags are amusing; some of them are. But over two hours of such material truly tests one's patience.
That running time seems particularly long because screenwriter and director Alan Parker lets his narrative wander all over the place. The sub-plot featuring Cusack and Lerner as a couple of hucksters attempting to hitch their wagon to Kellogg's estranged son George (Carvey) seems intended as a counterpoint to the sanitarium, simply taking advantage of health obsession on a different scale. But there isn't anything interesting going on in that sub-plot, except watching Cusack take a lot longer than it takes us to figure out that his partner is a fraud. Then there is a bizarre series of flashbacks showing Kellogg dealing with the extremely odd behavior of a 10-year-old George. While they may be meant to humanize Kellogg, they're really just one more case of where judicious editing might have benefited the film.
As with almost everything in THE ROAD TO WELLVILLE, the acting is almost universally too broad, probably as an attempt to disguise the fact that there may not be a single genuinely interesting character in the bunch. Hopkins' Kellogg is a buck-toothed cartoon, a health evangelist selling salvation via the bowels, but he's never a real person. Matthew Broderick is good in a rare adult role, but he's stuck with every actor's bugaboo, the drunk scene, as is Cusack. And Carvey, naturally, mugs shamelessly. Only John Neville and Camryn Manheim, as a pair of older patrons who befriend Will and Eleanor respectively, bring any kind of human warmth to their roles. They are all surrounded by marvelous sets, and are well-photographed by Peter Biziou, but Parker hasn't given them any clear sense of exactly why they are making this movie. For a story that's supposed to be a satire, THE ROAD TO WELLVILLE ends up mostly as a parody of itself.
On the Renshaw scale of 0 to 10 enemas: 4.
-- Scott Renshaw Stanford University Office of the General Counsel
.
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rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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DES is secure. After forty years of cryptanalysis, no feasible attack has been demonstrated; if anybody has cracked it, they've kept it a secret. 笔记：这里要明确区分三个概念，输入数据（input）、key和DES算法。这段的重点是说，DES算法本身是安全的，不安全的地方在key的长度比较短，只有56-bit数据。
Unfortunately, the 56-bit key length is built into the algorithm. Increasing the key length requires redesigning the algorithm completely because the s-boxes and the permutations are specific to a 64-bit input. 56 bits is not very many, these days. 256 possible keys means that the most naive brute-force attack would need to try, on the average, 255 (256 / 2), or 36,028,797,018,963,968 (about 36,000 trillion operations) before it hit the right combination. This is not infeasible. 笔记：56-bit的key数据，在当代硬件运行速度的基础上，已经不够安全了。
In fact, optimized, parallelized hardware has been shown to be capable of cracking a DES key by brute force in just a few days. The hardware is not cheap, but if the value of the data is greater than the cost of the specialized hardware, alternative encryption should be considered. 笔记：如果数据的价值很大，就有破解的必要。
The proposed solution to increase the keyspace beyond what can feasibly be brute-forced is called triple DES or 3DES. 笔记：这里介绍了一种增加keyspace的方法就是使用Triple DES。
3DES has a 168-bit (56 * 3) key. It's called triple-DES because it splits the 168-bit key into three 56-bit keys and repeats the DES rounds three times, once with each key. 笔记：3DES使用168-bit的key数据，需要调用DES算法3次。
The clearest and most secure way to generate the three keys that 3DES requires is to just generate 168 bits,笔记：第一种方式 split them cleanly into three 56-bit chunks, and use each independently. The 3DES specification actually allows the same 56-bit key to be used three times,笔记：第二种方式 or to use a 112-bit key,笔记：第三种方式 split it into two, and reuse one of the two keys for one of the three rounds. Presumably this is allowed for backward-compatibility reasons (for example, if you have an existing DES key that you would like to or need to reuse as is), but you can just assume the simplest case where you have 168 bits to play with. 笔记：这里讲述了168-bit的key的3种生成方式。
One important wrinkle小问题 a small problem in the 3DES implementation is that you don't encrypt three times with the three keys. Instead you encrypt with one key, decrypt that with a different key — remember that decrypting with a mismatched key produces garbage, but reversible garbage, which is exactly what you want when doing cryptographic work — and finally encrypt that with yet a third key. Decryption, of course, is the opposite — decrypt with the third key, encrypt that with the second, and finally decrypt that with the first. Notice that you reverse the order of the keys when decrypting; this is important! The Encrypt/Decrypt/Encrypt procedure makes cryptanalysis more difficult. 笔记：这里讲述了168-bit的key，在加密和解密的过程中，到底要如何使用它。
Padding and cipher-block-chaining do not change at all. 3DES works with eight-byte blocks, and you need to take care with initialization vectors to ensure that the same eight-byte block encrypted twice with the same key appears different in the output.


#! /usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
@author: R. Patrick Xian
"""
# ========================= #
# Operations on point sets #
# ========================= #
from __future__ import print_function, division
import numpy as np
from numpy.linalg import norm
from skimage.feature import peak_local_max
import astropy.stats as astat
import photutils as pho
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
[docs]def cart2homo(points, dtyp='float32'):
"""
Transform points from Cartesian to homogeneous coordinates.
:Parameter:
points : tuple/list/array
Pixel coordinates of the points in Cartesian coordinates, (x, y).
:Return:
pts_homo : 2D array
Pixel coordinates of the points (pts) in homogeneous coordinates, (x, y, 1).
"""
pts = np.array(points, dtype=dtyp, ndmin=2)
ones = np.ones((len(pts), 1))
pts_homo = np.squeeze(np.concatenate((pts, ones), axis=1))
return pts_homo
[docs]def homo2cart(points):
"""
Transform points from homogeneous to Cartesian coordinates.
:Parameter:
points : tuple/list/array
Pixel coordinates of the points in homogeneous coordinates, (x, y, 1).
:Return:
pts_cart : array
Pixel coordinates of the points (pts) in Cartesian coordinates, (x, y).
"""
try:
pts_cart = np.squeeze(points)[:,:2]
except:
pts_cart = np.squeeze(points)[:2]
return pts_cart
[docs]def peakdetect2d(img, method='daofind', **kwds):
"""
Peak detection in 2D image.
:Parameters:
img : 2D array
Image matrix.
method : str | 'daofind'
Detection method ('daofind' or 'maxlist').
``**kwds`` : keyword arguments
Additional arguments passed to the specific methods chosen.\n
``'daofind'`` See ``astropy.stats.sigma_clipped_stats()``
and ``photutils.detection.DAOStarFinder()``.\n
``'maxlist'`` See ``skimage.feature.peak_local_max()``.
:Return:
pks : 2D array
Pixel coordinates of detected peaks, in (column, row) ordering.
"""
if method == 'daofind': # DAOFind algorithm
sg = kwds.pop('sigma', 5.0)
fwhm = kwds.pop('fwhm', 3.0)
threshfactor = kwds.pop('threshfactor', 8)
mean, median, std = astat.sigma_clipped_stats(img, sigma=sg)
daofind = pho.DAOStarFinder(fwhm=fwhm, threshold=threshfactor*std, **kwds)
sources = daofind(img)
pks = np.stack((sources['ycentroid'], sources['xcentroid']), axis=1)
elif method == 'maxlist': # MaxList algorithm
mindist = kwds.pop('mindist', 10)
numpeaks = kwds.pop('numpeaks', 7)
pks = peak_local_max(img, min_distance=mindist, num_peaks=numpeaks, **kwds)
return pks
[docs]def pointset_center(pset, method='centroidnn', ret='cnc'):
"""
Determine the center position of a point set and separate it from the rest.
:Parameters:
pset : 2D array
Pixel coordinates of the point set.
method : str | 'centroidnn' (the nearest neighbor of centroid)
Method to determine the point set center.\n
``'centroidnn'`` Use the point with the minimal distance to the centroid as the center.\n
``'centroid'`` Use the centroid as the center.
ret : str | 'cnc'
Condition to extract the center position.\n
``'cnc'`` Return the pixel positions of the center (c) and the non-center (nc) points.\n
``'all'`` Return the pixel positions of the center, the non-center points and the centroid.
"""
# Centroid position of point set
pmean = np.mean(pset, axis=0)
# Separate the center and the non-center points using specified algorithm
# Compare the coordinates with the mean position
if method == 'centroidnn':
dist = norm(pset - pmean, axis=1)
minid = np.argmin(dist) # The point nearest to the centroid
pscenter = pset[minid, :] # Center coordinate
prest = np.delete(pset, minid, axis=0) # Vertex coordinates
elif method == 'centroid':
pscenter = pmean
prest = pset
else:
raise NotImplementedError
if ret == 'cnc': # cnc = center + non-center
return pscenter, prest
elif ret == 'all':
return pscenter, prest, pmean
[docs]def pointset_order(pset, center=None, direction='ccw'):
"""
Order a point set around a center in a clockwise or counterclockwise way.
:Parameters:
pset : 2D array
Pixel coordinates of the point set.
center : list/tuple/1D array | None
Pixel coordinates of the putative shape center.
direction : str | 'ccw'
Direction of the ordering ('cw' or 'ccw').
:Return:
pset_ordered : 2D array
Sorted pixel coordinates of the point set.
"""
dirdict = {'cw':1, 'ccw':-1}
# Calculate the coordinates of the
if center is None:
pmean = np.mean(pset, axis=0)
pshifted = pset - pmean
else:
pshifted = pset - center
pangle = np.arctan2(pshifted[:, 1], pshifted[:, 0]) * 180/np.pi
# Sorting order
order = np.argsort(pangle)[::dirdict[direction]]
pset_ordered = pset[order]
return pset_ordered
[docs]def vvdist(verts, neighbor=1):
"""
Calculate the neighboring vertex-vertex distance.
:Parameters:
verts : tuple/list
Pixel coordinates of the vertices.
neighbor : int | 1
Neighbor index (1 = nearest).
"""
if neighbor == 1:
vvd = norm(verts - np.roll(verts, shift=-1, axis=0), axis=1)
return vvd
[docs]def cvdist(verts, center):
"""
Calculate the center-vertex distance.
:Parameters:
verts : tuple/list
Pixel coordinates of the vertices.
center : tuple/list
Pixel coordinates of the center.
"""
return norm(verts - center, axis=1)
[docs]def reorder(points, itemid, axis=0):
"""
Reorder a point set along an axis.
:Parameters:
points : tuple/list
Collection of the pixel coordinates of points.
itemid : int
Index of the entry to be placed at the start.
axis : int | 1
The axis to apply the shift.
:Return:
pts_rolled : tuple/list
The points' pixel coordinates after position shift.
"""
pts_rolled = np.roll(points, shift=itemid-1, axis=axis)
return pts_rolled
[docs]def rotmat(theta, to_rad=True, coordsys='cartesian'):
""" Rotation matrix in 2D in different coordinate systems.
:Parameters:
theta : numeric
Rotation angle.
to_rad : bool | True
Specify the option to convert the angle to radians.
coordsys : str | 'cartesian'
Coordinate system specification ('cartesian' or 'homogen').
"""
if to_rad:
theta = np.radians(theta)
c, s = np.cos(theta), np.sin(theta)
if coordsys == 'cartesian':
R = np.array([[c, -s], [s, c]])
elif coordsys == 'homogen':
R = np.array([[c, -s, 0], [s, c, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
return R
[docs]def csm(pcent, pvert, rotsym=None, type='rotation'):
"""
Computation of the continuous (a)symmetry measure (CSM) for a set of polygon
vertices exhibiting a degree of rotational symmetry. The value is bounded within [0, 1].\n
When csm = 0, the point set is completely symmetric.\n
When csm = 1, the point set is completely asymmetric.
:Parameters:
pcent : tuple/list
Pixel coordinates of the center position.
pvert : numpy array
Pixel coordinates of the vertices.
rotsym : int | None
Order of rotational symmetry.
type : str | 'rotation'
The type of the symmetry operation.
Return:
s : float
Calculated continuous (a)symmetry measure.
"""
if type == 'rotation':
npts = len(pvert)
cvd = cvdist(pvert, pcent) # Center-vertex distance
# Select the longest vector
maxind = np.argmax(cvd)
maxlen = cvd[maxind]
# Calculate the normalized vector length
cvdnorm = cvd / maxlen
# Reorder other vectors to start with the longest
pts_reord = reorder(pvert, maxind, axis=0)
# Calculate the average vector length
mcv = cvdnorm.mean()
# Generate the rotation angles
rotangles = 360 * (np.linspace(1, rotsym, rotsym) - 1) / rotsym
# Calculate the unit vector along the new x axis
xvec = pts_reord[0, :] - pcent
xvec /= norm(xvec)
# Rotate vector by integer multiples of symmetry angles
devangles = [0.]
for p, rota in zip(pts_reord[1:,], rotangles[1:]):
R = rotmat(rota, to_rad=True)
rotv = np.dot(R , (p - pcent).T)
devangles.append(np.arccos(np.sum(rotv*xvec) / norm(rotv)))
devangles = np.array(devangles)
# Calculate the average angle
mang = devangles.mean()
# Calculate the distances d(Pi, Qi)
dpq = mcv**2 + cvdnorm**2 - 2*mcv*cvdnorm*np.cos(devangles - mang)
# Calculate the continuous asymmetry measure s
s = dpq.sum() / npts
return s
[docs]def polyarea(x=[], y=[], coords=[], coord_order='rc'):
"""
Calculate the area of a convex polygon area from its vertex coordinates, using
the surveyor's formula (also called the shoelace formula).
The vertices are ordered in a clockwise or counterclockwise fashions.
:Parameters:
x, y : tuple/list/1D array | [], []
Collection of vertex coordinates along the x and y coordinates.
coords : list/2D array | []
Vertex coordinates.
coord_order : str | 'rc'
The ordering of coordinates in the `coords` array, choose from 'rc' or 'yx', 'cr' or 'xy'.
Here r = row (y), c = column (x).
:Return:
A : numeric
The area of the convex polygon bounded by the given vertices.
"""
# If coords is specified, x and y arguments are ignored.
if len(coords) > 0:
if (coord_order == 'rc') or (coord_order == 'yx'):
y, x = zip(*coords)
elif (coord_order == 'cr') or (coord_order == 'xy'):
x, y = zip(*coords)
A = abs(sum(i * j for i, j in zip(x, y[1:] + y[:1]))
- sum(i * j for i, j in zip(x[1:] + x[:1], y))) / 2
return A
[docs]def arm(Aold, Anew):
"""
Calculate the area retainment measure (ARM).
:Parameters:
Aold, Anew : numeric/numeric
The area before (old) and after (new) symmetrization.
:Return:
s : numeric
The value of the ARM.
"""
rel = abs(1 - Anew/Aold)
s = np.tanh(rel)
return s
[docs]def gridplot(xgrid, ygrid, ax=None, subsamp=5, **kwds):
"""
Plotting transform grid with downsampling. Adapted from the StackOverflow post,
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47295473/how-to-plot-using-matplotlib-python-colahs-deformed-grid
:Parameters:
xgrid, ygrid : 2D array, 2D array
Coordinate grids along the x and y directions.
ax : AxesObject
Axes object to anchor the plot.
subsamp : int | 5
Subsampling portion.
``**kwds`` : keyword arguments
Plotting keywords.
"""
ny, nx = xgrid.shape
# Subsampling the input grid coordinate matrices
ss = int(subsamp)
if ss != 1:
xgrid = xgrid[::ss, ::ss]
ygrid = ygrid[::ss, ::ss]
nx, ny = nx // ss, ny // ss
if ax is None:
f, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(4, 4))
# Plot the y grid
for i in range(ny):
ax.plot(xgrid[i,:], ygrid[i,:], **kwds)
# Plot the x grid
for i in range(nx):
ax.plot(xgrid[:,i], ygrid[:,i], **kwds)


Examples¶
DNS case¶
DNS simulation of an Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence (HIT) case.
Using default input file test_caseHIT.nc, default scheme second order and default detection swirling strength we test here two cases:
- Case 1: Threshold on swirling strength = 0.0
- Case 2: Threshold on swirling strength = 0.1
- Case 3: Threshold on swirling strength = 0.2
- Case 4: Threshold on swirling strength = 0.4
if you set self.norm = True on the classes.py module, the value of swirling strength will be normalized. The values of the threshold must be set to avoid unnecessary noise.
Case 4¶
$ python3 vortexfitting.py -t 0.4
9 vortices detected with 8 accepted.
Below two vortices are displayed, where in the left we have the normal field and to the right we have the convection velocity subtracted.
| Case | Threshold | Detected | Accepted |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.0 | 361 | 88 |
| 2 | 0.1 | 162 | 75 |
| 3 | 0.2 | 58 | 42 |
| 4 | 0.4 | 9 | 8 |
PIV case¶
For PIV data we need to change the classes.py to match the NetCDF file:
self.u = np.array(grp1.variables['velocity_n'][time,:,:])
self.v = np.array(grp1.variables['velocity_s'][time,:,:])
self.w = np.array(grp1.variables['velocity_z'][time,:,:])
self.dx = np.array(grp1.variables['grid_n'])
self.dy = np.array(grp1.variables['grid_z'])
self.dy = self.dy - self.dy[0] #it does not start at 0
self.u = self.u - np.mean(self.u,1)[:,None]
self.v = self.v - np.mean(self.v,1)[:,None]
self.w = self.w - np.mean(self.w,1)[:,None]
self.norm = True
self.normdir = 0
self.samples = self.u.shape[1]
Here since we have a convection velocity, we have to set the self.norm = True and the self.normdir = 0 (for the y direction)
$ python3 vortexfitting.py -i ../data/test_dataPIV -t 1.5
203 vortices detected with 29 accepted.
Below two vortices are displayed, where in the left we have the normal field and to the right we have the convection velocity subtracted.
PIV case - Tecplot file¶
For PIV data we need to change the classes.py to match Tecplot file.
$ python3 vortexfitting.py -i ../data/adim_vel_000010.dat -t 300
A mean file can be subtracted, using -mf argument.
If you want to analyze a set of images, use arguments -first, -last and -step.
(please modify data input to format the image number: dim_vel_{:06d}.dat with -first 10 will be formatted as dim_vel_000010.dat).
$ python3 vortexfitting.py -i ../data/dim_vel_{:06d}.dat -mf ../data/mean.dat -t 50 -first 10 -last 10


I work at Dopravo and love working with Linux!
Here is what I am good at.
Connect or drop me a message on: LinkedIn


Espin gene (ESPN) mutations associated with autosomal dominant hearing loss cause defects in microvillar elongation or organisation.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Espins are actin bundling proteins present in hair cell stereocilia. A recessive mutation in the espin gene (Espn) has been detected in the jerker mouse and causes deafness, vestibular dysfunction, and hair cell degeneration. More recently mutations in the human espin gene (ESPN) have been described in two families affected by autosomal recessive hearing loss and vestibular areflexia.
OBJECTIVE
To report the identification of four additional ESPN mutations (S719R, D744N, R774Q, and delK848) in patients affected by autosomal dominant hearing loss without vestibular involvement.
RESULTS
To determine whether the mutated ESPN alleles affected the biological activity of the corresponding espin proteins in vivo, their ability to target and elongate the parallel actin bundles of brush border microvilli was investigated in transfected LLC-PK1-CL4 epithelial cells. For three mutated alleles clear abnormalities in microvillar length or distribution were obtained.
CONCLUSIONS
The results further strengthen the causative role of the espin gene in non-syndromic hearing loss and add new insights into espin structure and function.


About
Twitter
Rachid Belaid
Blogging about programming,
computer sciences, databases and others stuffs
Introducing Pome
Pome is a PostgreSQL Metrics Dashboard to keep track of the health of your db.
Introducing Suma
Suma is microservice to manage, control, preview links to external urls within your project.
Introduction to PostgreSQL physical storage
Let's dive in how PostgreSQL store your data. This post try make the subject more easy to understand.
Embedding static assets in a Go project
If you want to ship a Go webapp as a binary, this post shows how to embed static assets (images, html, ...)
Recursive Regular Expression
It's not really well known that regex support recursive pattern, this post introduces this feature.
Capturing screenshots of website with Python
There are solutions depending on PyQt, this post describes an easier one depending of PhantomJS.
Prefetch ID with SQLAlchemy and PosgreSQL
If you need to know the value of the row id before INSERT, this post shows you how.
Handling concurrent INSERT with SQLAlchemy
If you've some unique constraints on a table then you may hit some race condition problem in some cases.
Postgres full-text search is Good Enough!
Postgres full-text search is Good Enough!
Virtualenvwrapper plugins for gems and npms
Plugins to make it easy and transparent to keep gems and npms inside your virtualenv
Keep your gems and npms inside your virtualenv
Nobody want having their gems or npms wondering around. Keep them tidy inside your virtualenv.


| Assertions |
Provides methods for asserting the truth of expressions and properties.
|
| AtomicFile |
A helper class for performing atomic operations on a file by creating a backup file until a write
has successfully completed.
|
| BundleableUtil |
|
| BundleUtil |
|
| CodecSpecificDataUtil |
Provides utilities for handling various types of codec-specific data.
|
| ColorParser |
Parser for color expressions found in styling formats, e.g.
|
| ConditionVariable |
An interruptible condition variable.
|
| CopyOnWriteMultiset<E> |
An unordered collection of elements that allows duplicates, but also allows access to a set of
unique elements.
|
| DebugTextViewHelper |
A helper class for periodically updating a TextView with debug information obtained from
an ExoPlayer .
|
| EGLSurfaceTexture |
|
| EventLogger |
Logs events from Player and other core components using Log .
|
| FileTypes |
Defines common file type constants and helper methods.
|
| FlagSet |
A set of integer flags.
|
| FlagSet.Builder |
|
| GlProgram |
Represents a GLSL shader program.
|
| GlUtil |
OpenGL ES utilities.
|
| LibraryLoader |
Configurable loader for native libraries.
|
| ListenerSet<T extends @NonNull Object> |
A set of listeners.
|
| Log |
Wrapper around Log which allows to set the log level and to specify a custom
log output.
|
| LongArray |
An append-only, auto-growing long[] .
|
| MediaFormatUtil |
Helper class containing utility methods for managing MediaFormat instances.
|
| MimeTypes |
Defines common MIME types and helper methods.
|
| NalUnitUtil |
Utility methods for handling H.264/AVC and H.265/HEVC NAL units.
|
| NalUnitUtil.H265SpsData |
Holds data parsed from a H.265 sequence parameter set NAL unit.
|
| NalUnitUtil.PpsData |
Holds data parsed from a picture parameter set NAL unit.
|
| NalUnitUtil.SpsData |
Holds data parsed from a H.264 sequence parameter set NAL unit.
|
| NetworkTypeObserver |
Observer for network type changes.
|
| NotificationUtil |
|
| ParsableBitArray |
Wraps a byte array, providing methods that allow it to be read as a bitstream.
|
| ParsableByteArray |
Wraps a byte array, providing a set of methods for parsing data from it.
|
| ParsableNalUnitBitArray |
Wraps a byte array, providing methods that allow it to be read as a NAL unit bitstream.
|
| PriorityTaskManager |
Allows tasks with associated priorities to control how they proceed relative to one another.
|
| RepeatModeUtil |
Util class for repeat mode handling.
|
| RunnableFutureTask<R,E extends Exception> |
A RunnableFuture that supports additional uninterruptible operations to query whether
execution has started and finished.
|
| SntpClient |
Static utility to retrieve the device time offset using SNTP.
|
| StandaloneMediaClock |
A MediaClock whose position advances with real time based on the playback parameters when
started.
|
| SystemClock |
The standard implementation of Clock , an instance of which is available via Clock.DEFAULT .
|
| TimedValueQueue<V> |
A utility class to keep a queue of values with timestamps.
|
| TimestampAdjuster |
Adjusts and offsets sample timestamps.
|
| TraceUtil |
Calls through to Trace methods on supported API levels.
|
| UriUtil |
Utility methods for manipulating URIs.
|
| Util |
Miscellaneous utility methods.
|
| XmlPullParserUtil |
|


--- layout: campusnews title: 'Career Symposium 2015 at Homecoming – Thank you!' date: 'September 29th, 2015' author: 'Stephan Ziegler' permalink: '/campus-news/05-career-symposium-2015' titleImage: 'campus-news/05/title.png' preview: 'Dear Jacobs Alumni, on behalf of the organization team, the Career Services Center and Alumni Office, as well as on behalf of the Alumni Association and Board, I would like to thank you for making our second' ---
Dear Jacobs Alumni,
on behalf of the organization team, the Career Services Center and Alumni Office, as well as on behalf of the Alumni Association and Board, I would like to thank you for making our second Jacobs Career Symposium a full success last Friday evening! It was a wonderful starting point for an amazing alumni homecoming weekend.
With more than 250 attendees at the Symposium, the Campus Center was full of students, alumni, company representatives, faculty, staff and external guests with an open networking atmosphere J. We hope that you could make some new and refresh your old contacts.
We are looking forward to our next Jacobs Career Fair (www.jacobscareerfair.de) which will take place on February 24th 2016 from 14-18 h in the Campus Center – we’ll keep you updated ;-)
Best regards from the CSC and Alumni Office
Predrag Tapavicki


A program designed to generate bulleted shorthand notes from paragraphs of text.
Enter the text into the first field and then process the inputted text via the button below.


oci_fetch_assoc (PHP 5, PHP 7, PECL OCI8 >= 1.1.0) oci_fetch_assoc — Returns the next row from a query as an associative array 说明 array oci_fetch_assoc ( resource $statement ) Returns an associative array containing the next result-set row of a query. Each array entry corresponds to a column of the row. This function is typically called in a loop until it returns FALSE, indicating no more rows exist. Calling oci_fetch_assoc() is identical to calling oci_fetch_array() with OCI_ASSOC + OCI_RETURN_NULLS. 参数 statement 有效的 OCI8 报表标识符由 oci_parse() 创建，被 oci_execute() 或 REF CURSOR statement 标识执行。 返回值 Returns an associative array. If there are no more rows in the statement then FALSE is returned. 范例 Example #1 oci_fetch_assoc() Example \n"; } oci_free_statement($stid); oci_close($conn); ?> 注释 Note: See oci_fetch_array() for more examples of fetching rows. 参见 • oci_fetch() - Fetches the next row into result-buffer • oci_fetch_all() - 获取结果数据的所有行到一个数组 • oci_fetch_array() - Returns the next row from a query as an associative or numeric array • oci_fetch_object() - Returns the next row from a query as an object • oci_fetch_row() - Returns the next row from a query as a numeric array User Contributed Notes 2 notes =============================================================================== Here's a simple example of using the oci_fetch_assoc function for anyone who would like to see it. \n"; while ($row = oci_fetch_assoc($stid)) { echo "


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %}
The waiver file for member {{ member.first_name }} {{ member.last_name }} (ID {{ member.id }}) has been successfully recorded.


#include <image_ops.h>
Greedily selects a subset of bounding boxes in descending order of score,.
pruning away boxes that have high overlaps with previously selected boxes. Bounding boxes with score less than score_threshold
are removed. N-by-n overlap values are supplied as square matrix, which allows for defining a custom overlap criterium (eg. intersection over union, intersection over area, etc.).
The output of this operation is a set of integers indexing into the input collection of bounding boxes representing the selected boxes. The bounding box coordinates corresponding to the selected indices can then be obtained using the tf.gather operation
. For example:
selected_indices = tf.image.non_max_suppression_with_overlaps( overlaps, scores, max_output_size, overlap_threshold, score_threshold) selected_boxes = tf.gather(boxes, selected_indices)
Arguments:
[num_boxes, num_boxes]
representing the n-by-n box overlap values.[num_boxes]
representing a single score corresponding to each box (each row of boxes).Returns:
Output
: A 1-D integer tensor of shape [M]
representing the selected indices from the boxes tensor, where M <= max_output_size
.
Constructors and Destructors |
|
|---|---|
NonMaxSuppressionWithOverlaps(const ::tensorflow::Scope & scope, ::tensorflow::Input overlaps, ::tensorflow::Input scores, ::tensorflow::Input max_output_size, ::tensorflow::Input overlap_threshold, ::tensorflow::Input score_threshold)
|
Public attributes |
|
|---|---|
operation
|
|
selected_indices
|
Public functions |
|
|---|---|
node() const
|
::tensorflow::Node *
|
operator::tensorflow::Input() const
|
|
operator::tensorflow::Output() const
|
|
Operation operation
::tensorflow::Output selected_indices
NonMaxSuppressionWithOverlaps( const ::tensorflow::Scope & scope, ::tensorflow::Input overlaps, ::tensorflow::Input scores, ::tensorflow::Input max_output_size, ::tensorflow::Input overlap_threshold, ::tensorflow::Input score_threshold )
::tensorflow::Node * node() const
operator::tensorflow::Input() const
operator::tensorflow::Output() const


Hello,
Welcome to my webpage/portfolio
Looking for something specific?
Thomas Van den Steen
Java, Javascript, html, css, sql, hibernate,..
About me,
I'm a patient individual who's passionate about programming and the challenges it tends to throw at me. I would like to see myself as a good person who wants to do everything to be a good teammate and friend, although it takes me a while to warm up to people at first.
My hobbies include:- Walking at random for large distances
- Chatting with friends
- Playing games with friends
- Origami
- Writing (poorly)
- Watching films/series
- Programming (Ofcourse)
- Trying new things like youtube, music editing, photoshop and other software..
- Listening to music
- Patience
- Rational and creative thinking
- Being able to handle criticism
- Focused on improving myself
- Wanting to be a useful addition to the group of people around me
- Always wanting to know more
- Taking a while to warm up to people i just met
- Feeling not good enough sometimes
- Worked one year for a woodworking factory which was declared for bankruptcy, so i went on to do something with my new found passion for programming. This led me to the course i'm in now, which will enable me to get a graduate in IT, the course is still ongoing for about another 6 months.
- I hope to be able to add your company's name to this list!
- Getting a graduate in IT
- Getting a job (of course)
- Consulting a Dietitian (i'm underweight)
- Saving to buy or build a house
- Being able to get back into skiing


TreeView / Move Items
This sample shows how to change the order of tree items dynamically from code, by using built-in method.
Using control panel on the right, you can move items to a specific position, place them above or below specific item, or move item at the beginning or the end of tree hierarchy. The following method is used:
- moveItem(name, item, targetItem, direction, position) - specifies direction at which item or set of items will be moved.
In order to see how this works, select one or more items and then choose the direction and position at which they will be moved. To select multiple items, press and hold the CTRL or SHIFT key and click on items.


B.S. Pure Mathematics from University of California Santa Barbara
As a web developer at milestone graphics, I made websites for rental properties using PHP, MySQL, AJAX, jQuery, and CSS. I also analyzed the traffic using Google Analytics. By deploying websites for Milestone, I increased their revenue and improved their web presence.
All of the projects I have been pursuing lately are written in Javascript and Ruby using Ruby On Rails and Backbone. I am growing increasingly familiar with Angular.js as I am building an application written purely in Angular.js and Ruby. See my portfolio below for more information
Below you will find some examples of recent projects I have been working on
TrakMyRun is a social network I built with Backbone.js and Rails. I also used the google maps api and chart.js as well to build tools for the users to draw routes, calculate relevant metrics, and view them on their dashboard.
I built asteroids using plain javascript and the HTML5 canvas API. The game keeps track of levels, score, and lives.
The traditional game with a twist. The snake has lasers. They anything but useful. But maybe you will find it amusing.
I built an object relational mapper using Ruby that provides a way to query for data via objects and methods.
A clone of reddit using just Ruby with the Ruby on Rails framework.


Pro-Bashir protesters against Sudan's 'ICC surrender' plans
Supporters of ousted Sudanese leader Omar Al-Bashir held a protest Saturday vowing to oppose any move by the country’s new authorities to hand him over to the International Criminal Court, ICC.
The former president is wanted for his alleged role in the Darfur war that erupted in 2003 as ethnic African rebels took up arms against Bashir’s then Arab-dominated government.
The protesters were rejecting the proposed use of foreign tribunals to handle Sudanese matters.
Diaa al-dine Mohammed, an official of Bashir’s National Congress Party told the media: “We call on the Sudanese government to refrain from handing him to ICC since it questions the integrity of the Sudanese judiciary. We have trust in our own judicial system and it has proven its professionalism throughout our political history.”
About 300,000 people were killed and 2.5 million displaced in the 2003 conflict, according to the United Nations.
The ICC has accused Bashir of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.. He denies the charges.
Bashir, who ruled Sudan for three decades after seizing power in an Islamist-backed coup in 1989, is being held in a Khartoum prison and facing trial on corruption charges.


Brandon Little - A veteran living in Marysville. I grew up in a number of locations throughout the Pacific Northwest, but I was born in Arizona. I spent 6 years working as a Linguist and Intelligence Analyst in the Navy before doing data entry in the civilian world. I have always been attracted to programming as a career, and I am very excited to be on that path.
Stephanie Sterling - I'm originally from rural Illinois and moved to Seattle 6 years ago. I spent the last 6 years working in Quality Assurance before deciding to change my career path. I came to the conclusion that a programming career would be a great fit for me and I haven't looked back.
Luay Younus - An optimistic guy living in Seattle. I am passionate about Technology and am studying to become an iOS/JavaScript developer. This project interested me because I am a very social person, and I want people to be comfortable being social like me.


AppInfo
public struct AppInfo : Codable
Undocumented
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var price: Int
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var kind: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var trackID: Int
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var artistID: Int
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var version: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var genres: [String]
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var bundleID: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var currency: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var trackName: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var sellerName: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var features: [String]
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var artistName: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var genreIDs: [String]
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var description: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var wrapperType: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var primaryGenreID: Int
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var releaseDate: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var trackViewURL: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var artworkURL60: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var advisories: [String]
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var releaseNotes: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var userRatingCount: Int
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var fileSizeBytes: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var artistViewURL: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var artworkURL100: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var artworkURL512: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var formattedPrice: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var minimumOsVersion: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var screenshotURLs: [String]
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var primaryGenreName: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var averageUserRating: Float
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var trackCensoredName: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var isGameCenterEnabled: Bool
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var supportedDevices: [String]
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var trackContentRating: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var ipadScreenshotURLs: [String]
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var languageCodesISO2A: [String]
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var contentAdvisoryRating: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var appletvScreenshotURLs: [String]
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var currentVersionReleaseDate: String
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var userRatingCountForCurrentVersion: Int
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var isVppDeviceBasedLicensingEnabled: Bool
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var averageUserRatingForCurrentVersion: Float


1his is a sample of some color css
2This is a sample of some color css
3This is a sample of some color css
4This is a sample of some color css
5This is a sample of some color css
- Number 1
- NUmber 2
this will take you to
Youtube
Table for something
| Name |
Age |
Sex |
| John |
45 |
female |
| Marisha |
63 |
Male |
| Songs |
album |
artish |
Genre |
| Secrets |
dont know |
one republic |
soft rock |
Learning attributes and colors
- 3This is a sample of some color css
- 3This is a sample of some color css
- this item will be purple
- because this is dpecifically targeting the list item this will be green
- this will be purple
-


Data Access Request
Researcher Information
Name: {{researcher_name}}
Email: {{researcher_email}}
Phone: {{researcher_phone}}
Organization Information
Organization Name: {{org_name}}
Department: {{org_dept}}
Address 1: {{org_address_1}}
Address 2: {{org_address_2}}
City/Town: {{org_city}}
State/Province: {{org_state}}
Country: {{org_country}}
Zip/Postal Code: {{org_zip}}
Research Project Overview
Descriptive Title of Project:
{{project_description}}
Names and Institutions of Collaborators:
{{collaborators}}
Research Use Statement:
{{research_use}}
Type of Research
{{#if disease_study}}Disease study
{{/if}}
{{#if methods_development_study}}Methods development and validation studies
{{/if}}
{{#if controls_study}}Controls
{{/if}}
{{#if variation_study}}Population structure or normal variation studies
{{/if}}
{{#if other_study}}Other:
{{other_study_text}}
{{/if}}
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Mudslides strand hundreds of tourists in New Zealand town
Nearly 1,000 tourists are stranded in a small New Zealand town after stormy weekend weather triggered landslides and flooding along its main road.
Authorities said road access to Franz Josef is not likely to be restored until Friday.
Some of the tourists were choosing to leave by helicopter or small plane while others were waiting until the road reopened.
Westland mayor Bruce Smith said many of the 970 tourists in Franz Josef were taking the news in their stride but some were frustrated their travel plans had been disrupted.
Mr Smith said there were about 20 planes and helicopters flying in and out of the town to help people leave.
He said some tourists wanted to stay with their vehicles while others were trying to get confirmation their travel insurance would cover the extra costs of flying out.
“They all have the option of taking fixed wing planes or helicopters,” Mr Smith said.
“It’s just a question of who writes the cheque. I understand that.”
The mayor said there would have been many more people stuck if the slips had occurred a few weeks later.
He said the summer tourist season peaks in February, when the town gets about 6,000 tourists travelling through each day.
Dan Burt, a spokesman for aviation tourist operator Inflite, said it had flown about 60 tourists from the town on Monday on two planes and two helicopters it had diverted to the area.
He said it was charging them its normal rate of about NZ$600 (€355) for the trip out.
Mr Burt said many tour operators and rental car companies had been good about allowing people to leave their cars behind.
“They’ve said, ‘Look, you get out of there and we’ll worry about the vehicle later’,” he said.
“We’re trying to make sure people have a really good experience when they fly with us.
Tourists typically visit the area to view the Franz Josef Glacier.
Stormy weather across New Zealand over the weekend caused disruption and road closures in many parts of the country, and at least one person has died after a volcano erupted on White Island.


pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects module¶
Low-level objects providing an abstraction for the objects involved in the calculation.
-
class
AbivarAble
[source]¶ Bases:
object
An AbivarAble object provides a method to_abivars that returns a dictionary with the abinit variables.
-
class
Constraints
[source]¶ Bases:
pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects.AbivarAble
This object defines the constraints for structural relaxation
-
class
Electrons
(spin_mode='polarized', smearing='fermi_dirac:0.1 eV', algorithm=None, nband=None, fband=None, charge=0.0, comment=None)[source]¶ Bases:
pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects.AbivarAble
,monty.json.MSONable
The electronic degrees of freedom
Constructor for Electrons object.
Parameters: - comment – String comment for Electrons
- charge – Total charge of the system. Default is 0.
-
nspden
¶
-
nspinor
¶
-
nsppol
¶
-
class
ElectronsAlgorithm
(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
dict
,pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects.AbivarAble
,monty.json.MSONable
Variables controlling the SCF/NSCF algorithm.
-
class
ExcHamiltonian
(bs_loband, nband, mbpt_sciss, coulomb_mode, ecuteps, spin_mode='polarized', mdf_epsinf=None, exc_type='TDA', algo='haydock', with_lf=True, bs_freq_mesh=None, zcut=None, **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects.AbivarAble
This object contains the parameters for the solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation.
Parameters: - bs_loband – Lowest band index (Fortran convention) used in the e-h basis set. Can be scalar or array of shape (nsppol,). Must be >= 1 and <= nband
- nband – Max band index used in the e-h basis set.
- mbpt_sciss – Scissors energy in Hartree.
- coulomb_mode – Treatment of the Coulomb term.
- ecuteps – Cutoff energy for W in Hartree.
- mdf_epsinf – Macroscopic dielectric function \(\epsilon_\inf\) used in the model dielectric function.
- exc_type – Approximation used for the BSE Hamiltonian
- with_lf – True if local field effects are included <==> exchange term is included
- bs_freq_mesh – Frequency mesh for the macroscopic dielectric function (start, stop, step) in Ha.
- zcut – Broadening parameter in Ha.
- **kwargs – Extra keywords
-
inclvkb
¶ Treatment of the dipole matrix element (NC pseudos, default is 2)
-
use_cg
¶ True if we are using the conjugate gradient method.
-
use_direct_diago
¶ True if we are performing the direct diagonalization of the BSE Hamiltonian.
-
use_haydock
¶ True if we are using the Haydock iterative technique.
-
class
HilbertTransform
(nomegasf, domegasf=None, spmeth=1, nfreqre=None, freqremax=None, nfreqim=None, freqremin=None)[source]¶ Bases:
pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects.AbivarAble
Parameters for the Hilbert-transform method (Screening code) i.e. the parameters defining the frequency mesh used for the spectral function and the frequency mesh used for the polarizability
Parameters: - nomegasf – Number of points for sampling the spectral function along the real axis.
- domegasf – Step in Ha for the linear mesh used for the spectral function.
- spmeth – Algorith for the representation of the delta function.
- nfreqre – Number of points along the real axis (linear mesh).
- freqremax – Maximum frequency for W along the real axis (in hartree).
- nfreqim – Number of point along the imaginary axis (Gauss-Legendre mesh).
- freqremin – Minimum frequency for W along the real axis (in hartree).
-
class
KSampling
(mode=<KSamplingModes.monkhorst: 1>, num_kpts=0, kpts=((1, 1, 1), ), kpt_shifts=(0.5, 0.5, 0.5), kpts_weights=None, use_symmetries=True, use_time_reversal=True, chksymbreak=None, comment=None)[source]¶ Bases:
pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects.AbivarAble
,monty.json.MSONable
Input variables defining the K-point sampling.
Highly flexible constructor for KSampling objects. The flexibility comes at the cost of usability and in general, it is recommended that you use the default constructor only if you know exactly what you are doing and requires the flexibility. For most usage cases, the object be constructed far more easily using the convenience static constructors:
- gamma_only
- gamma_centered
- monkhorst
- monkhorst_automatic
- path
and it is recommended that you use those.
Parameters: - mode – Mode for generating k-poits. Use one of the KSamplingModes enum types.
- num_kpts – Number of kpoints if mode is “automatic” Number of division for the sampling of the smallest segment if mode is “path”. Not used for the other modes
- kpts – Number of divisions. Even when only a single specification is required, e.g. in the automatic scheme, the kpts should still be specified as a 2D array. e.g., [[20]] or [[2,2,2]].
- kpt_shifts – Shifts for Kpoints.
- use_symmetries – False if spatial symmetries should not be used to reduce the number of independent k-points.
- use_time_reversal – False if time-reversal symmetry should not be used to reduce the number of independent k-points.
- kpts_weights – Optional weights for kpoints. For explicit kpoints.
- chksymbreak – Abinit input variable: check whether the BZ sampling preserves the symmetry of the crystal.
- comment – String comment for Kpoints
Note
The default behavior of the constructor is monkhorst.
-
classmethod
automatic_density
(structure, kppa, chksymbreak=None, use_symmetries=True, use_time_reversal=True, shifts=(0.5, 0.5, 0.5))[source]¶ Returns an automatic Kpoint object based on a structure and a kpoint density. Uses Gamma centered meshes for hexagonal cells and Monkhorst-Pack grids otherwise.
- Algorithm:
- Uses a simple approach scaling the number of divisions along each reciprocal lattice vector proportional to its length.
Parameters: - structure – Input structure
- kppa – Grid density
-
classmethod
gamma_centered
(kpts=(1, 1, 1), use_symmetries=True, use_time_reversal=True)[source]¶ Convenient static constructor for an automatic Gamma centered Kpoint grid.
Parameters: - kpts – Subdivisions N_1, N_2 and N_3 along reciprocal lattice vectors.
- use_symmetries – False if spatial symmetries should not be used to reduce the number of independent k-points.
- use_time_reversal – False if time-reversal symmetry should not be used to reduce the number of independent k-points.
Returns: KSampling
object.
-
is_homogeneous
¶
-
classmethod
monkhorst
(ngkpt, shiftk=(0.5, 0.5, 0.5), chksymbreak=None, use_symmetries=True, use_time_reversal=True, comment=None)[source]¶ Convenient static constructor for a Monkhorst-Pack mesh.
Parameters: - ngkpt – Subdivisions N_1, N_2 and N_3 along reciprocal lattice vectors.
- shiftk – Shift to be applied to the kpoints.
- use_symmetries – Use spatial symmetries to reduce the number of k-points.
- use_time_reversal – Use time-reversal symmetry to reduce the number of k-points.
Returns: KSampling
object.
-
classmethod
monkhorst_automatic
(structure, ngkpt, use_symmetries=True, use_time_reversal=True, chksymbreak=None, comment=None)[source]¶ Convenient static constructor for an automatic Monkhorst-Pack mesh.
Parameters: - structure –
Structure
object. - ngkpt – Subdivisions N_1, N_2 and N_3 along reciprocal lattice vectors.
- use_symmetries – Use spatial symmetries to reduce the number of k-points.
- use_time_reversal – Use time-reversal symmetry to reduce the number of k-points.
Returns: KSampling
object.- structure –
-
class
KSamplingModes
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
An enumeration.
-
automatic
= 3¶
-
monkhorst
= 1¶
-
path
= 2¶
-
-
class
ModelDielectricFunction
(mdf_epsinf)[source]¶ Bases:
pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects.AbivarAble
Model dielectric function used for BSE calculation
-
class
PPModel
(mode='godby', plasmon_freq=None)[source]¶ Bases:
pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects.AbivarAble
,monty.json.MSONable
Parameters defining the plasmon-pole technique. The common way to instanciate a PPModel object is via the class method PPModel.as_ppmodel(string)
-
class
PPModelModes
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
An enumeration.
-
farid
= 4¶
-
godby
= 1¶
-
hybersten
= 2¶
-
linden
= 3¶
-
noppmodel
= 0¶
-
-
class
RelaxationMethod
(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects.AbivarAble
,monty.json.MSONable
This object stores the variables for the (constrained) structural optimization ionmov and optcell specify the type of relaxation. The other variables are optional and their use depend on ionmov and optcell. A None value indicates that we use abinit default. Default values can be modified by passing them to the constructor. The set of variables are constructed in to_abivars depending on ionmov and optcell.
-
IONMOV_DEFAULT
= 3¶
-
OPTCELL_DEFAULT
= 2¶
-
move_atoms
¶ True if atoms must be moved.
-
move_cell
¶ True if lattice parameters must be optimized.
-
-
class
Screening
(ecuteps, nband, w_type='RPA', sc_mode='one_shot', hilbert=None, ecutwfn=None, inclvkb=2)[source]¶ Bases:
pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects.AbivarAble
This object defines the parameters used for the computation of the screening function.
Parameters: - ecuteps – Cutoff energy for the screening (Ha units).
- Number of bands for the Green's function (nband) –
- w_type – Screening type
- sc_mode – Self-consistency mode.
- hilbert – Instance of
HilbertTransform
defining the parameters for the Hilber transform method. - ecutwfn – Cutoff energy for the wavefunctions (Default: ecutwfn == ecut).
- inclvkb – Option for the treatment of the dipole matrix elements (NC pseudos).
-
use_hilbert
¶
-
class
SelfEnergy
(se_type, sc_mode, nband, ecutsigx, screening, gw_qprange=1, ppmodel=None, ecuteps=None, ecutwfn=None, gwpara=2)[source]¶ Bases:
pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects.AbivarAble
This object defines the parameters used for the computation of the self-energy.
Parameters: - se_type – Type of self-energy (str)
- sc_mode – Self-consistency mode.
- nband – Number of bands for the Green’s function
- ecutsigx – Cutoff energy for the exchange part of the self-energy (Ha units).
- screening –
Screening
instance. - gw_qprange – Option for the automatic selection of k-points and bands for GW corrections. See Abinit docs for more detail. The default value makes the code computie the QP energies for all the point in the IBZ and one band above and one band below the Fermi level.
- ppmodel –
PPModel
instance with the parameters used for the plasmon-pole technique. - ecuteps – Cutoff energy for the screening (Ha units).
- ecutwfn – Cutoff energy for the wavefunctions (Default: ecutwfn == ecut).
-
gwcalctyp
¶ Returns the value of the gwcalctyp input variable.
-
symsigma
¶ 1 if symmetries can be used to reduce the number of q-points.
-
use_ppmodel
¶ True if we are using the plasmon-pole approximation.
-
class
Smearing
(occopt, tsmear)[source]¶ Bases:
pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects.AbivarAble
,monty.json.MSONable
Variables defining the smearing technique. The preferred way to instanciate a Smearing object is via the class method Smearing.as_smearing(string)
-
classmethod
as_smearing
(obj)[source]¶ Constructs an instance of Smearing from obj. Accepts obj in the form:
- Smearing instance
- “name:tsmear” e.g. “gaussian:0.004” (Hartree units)
- “name:tsmear units” e.g. “gaussian:0.1 eV”
- None –> no smearing
-
mode
¶
-
classmethod
-
class
SpinMode
[source]¶ Bases:
pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects.SpinMode
,pymatgen.io.abinit.abiobjects.AbivarAble
,monty.json.MSONable
Different configurations of the electron density as implemented in abinit: One can use as_spinmode to construct the object via SpinMode.as_spinmode (string) where string can assume the values:
- polarized
- unpolarized
- afm (anti-ferromagnetic)
- spinor (non-collinear magnetism)
- spinor_nomag (non-collinear, no magnetism)
Create new instance of SpinMode(mode, nsppol, nspinor, nspden)
-
contract
(s)[source]¶ >>> assert contract("1 1 1 2 2 3") == "3*1 2*2 1*3" >>> assert contract("1 1 3 2 3") == "2*1 1*3 1*2 1*3"
-
lattice_from_abivars
(cls=None, *args, **kwargs)[source]¶ Returns a Lattice object from a dictionary with the Abinit variables acell and either rprim in Bohr or angdeg If acell is not given, the Abinit default is used i.e. [1,1,1] Bohr
Parameters: cls – Lattice class to be instantiated. pymatgen.core.lattice.Lattice if cls is None Example
lattice_from_abivars(acell=3*[10], rprim=np.eye(3))
-
structure_from_abivars
(cls=None, *args, **kwargs)[source]¶ Build a
Structure
object from a dictionary with ABINIT variables.Parameters: cls – Structure class to be instantiated. pymatgen.core.structure.Structure if cls is None Example
- al_structure = structure_from_abivars(
acell=3*[7.5], rprim=[0.0, 0.5, 0.5,
0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.0],typat=1, xred=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], ntypat=1, znucl=13,
)
xred can be replaced with xcart or xangst.


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