{% load static i18n %}
{% get_current_language as LANGUAGE_CODE %}
{% trans "Open the app. At the bottom of the screen, tap “Menu”." %}
{% trans "Tap “Enter your one-time key”." %}
{% trans "On “Notify people they’ve been exposed”, read the instructions. Then tap “Next”." %}
{% trans "People can use capital or small letters to enter the one-time key. Tap “Submit key”." %}
{% trans "Then several screens ask questions. The app uses the answers to calculate when the person was most likely contagious, so it only notifies people they were near at that time." %} {% trans "If a person decides not to answer, then the app notifies everyone they were near over the past 14 days." %}
{% trans "After people have either answered questions or decided not to answer, they need to give COVID Alert permission to upload random codes. Tap “Share exposures” to give permission." %}
{% trans "The next screen asks permission to share information to notify others. Depending on the phone’s operating system, the screen may describe this in different ways, such as sharing random IDs with COVID Alert. Tap “Share”." %}
{% trans "COVID Alert will ask permission to upload random codes daily for the next 13 days." %}


The OptionalFormatSegment allows for any resource route to have an optional :format, which decreases the amount of routes created by 50%.
Methods
Public Class methods
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/segments.rb, line 312 312: def initialize(key = nil, options = {}) 313: super(:format, {:optional => true}.merge(options)) 314: end
Public Instance methods
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/segments.rb, line 328 328: def extract_value 329: "#{local_name} = options[:#{key}] && options[:#{key}].to_s.downcase" 330: end
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/segments.rb, line 316 316: def interpolation_chunk 317: "." + super 318: end
the value should not include the period (.)
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/segments.rb, line 333 333: def match_extraction(next_capture) 334: %[ 335: if (m = match[#{next_capture}]) 336: params[:#{key}] = URI.unescape(m.from(1)) 337: end 338: ] 339: end
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/segments.rb, line 320 320: def regexp_chunk 321: '/|(\.[^/?\.]+)?' 322: end
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/routing/segments.rb, line 324 324: def to_s 325: '(.:format)?' 326: end


Iron ores such as haematite (see Section 9.1) are rich in iron oxide and are extracted using the carbon heating method, in a blast furnace. This iron is about 96 percent pure.
Its 4 percent impurities make it brittle: it only has limited uses, e.g. to make moulded cast iron objects like engine parts (e.g. cylinder block) and arched supports on short bridges.
Further purification of this cast iron could result in pure iron, which is highly malleable – soft and easily shaped. In fact, it is too malleable. To strengthen it for our use it is mainly mixed with varying percentages of carbon, and sometimes metals like tungsten, nickel, and chromium.
These mixes make alloys of iron called steels. The most common is carbon steel, which is iron mixed with carbon at roughly 0.1–1.5%, to make different grades of steel. These steels are all around us: car bodies, washing machines, steel-framed buildings.
Other steels include:
chromium/nickel steels, which are resistant to corrosion (e.g. stainless steel cutlery);
low-carbon steels, which are easily shaped and used to make e.g. car body panels;
high-carbon steels, which are harder and used to make e.g. steel-framed buildings and suspension bridges. To stop these steels rusting, they are painted, often repeatedly.
Extraction and uses of aluminium
Aluminium (Al) is a common and versatile metal with many positive properties:
it is especially light for a metal – it has a low density;
it does not corrode (recall the thin layer of aluminium oxide mentioned in Section 11.1);
it is highly malleable in its purest form, yet its alloys can be very strong.
For example, one alloy of aluminium is very malleable yet strong enough for short-term everyday use: in soft drink cans. These cans can easily be crushed and recycled after use; aluminium is highly recycleable.
The lightness and strength of other aluminium alloys gives them advantages over iron/steel for making things that must be both light and strong, such as cooking utensils, bicycles, power lines, cars.
Perhaps the most obvious everyday use of aluminium alloys is in aircraft. Aircraft bodies need to be as light as possible so that the plane can take off, but strong enough to resist very force winds while in the air:
Aluminium extraction: Aluminium is more reactive than carbon: so carbon cannot extract it. Electrolysis is used instead, but first the aluminium oxide needs to be melted. Aluminium extraction is a multi-stage process. The molten aluminium oxide is then electrolysed at high temperatures.
The process is expensive: melting requires a lot of energy, then the electricity used in electrolysis adds to the cost. And the aluminium ore needs to be mined in the first place. However, aluminium is so useful that the expense is worthwhile.
Extraction and uses of titanium
The properties of titanium are similar to those of aluminium: it is strong, light (though aluminium is lighter) and resists corrosion because of its slight outer oxide layer. It is commonly used in hip replacement joints because of these properties.
Titanium extraction: Titanium oxide can be heated with carbon, but the resulting titanium carbide is brittle. Titanium is produced using a complex and expensive process of electrolysis, involving multiple steps and lots of energy. Titanium is therefore even more expensive than aluminium.
Extraction and uses of copper
Copper (Cu) is a transition metal (see Appendix 1: The Periodic Table), as are iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti). These metals are typically very good conductors of heat and electricity, and are malleable yet strong.
Copper is malleable, but is strengthened when alloyed with tin (for example) to make bronze. It is very unreactive: just above silver and gold in the reactivity series. Water – which like oxygen can oxidise metals – does not react with copper, hence copper’s use in piping.
Copper extraction (AQA): Copper is extracted from its ores, such as malachite and chalcocite. Typically it comes from open-cast mines. There are several ways of extracting copper, all of which use plenty of energy.
For example, a copper ore such as malachite or chalcocite is first concentrated as much as possible: separated from other rocks that have been mined with it.
It may then be smelted(heated) in a furnace. The copper compound reacts with oxygen in the air. Smelting requires plenty of heat energy:


Wordpress 2.5 / New Theme
I just finished updating this blog to use the new Wordpress 2.5 engine. It’s
really quite nice – everything on the admin side is much more refined that
before. The upgrade process is amazingly simple – you just upload the new
files, run upgrade.php, and in a minute or two (or longer if you have lots of
posts) you’re ready to go. While I was doing the upgrade, I decide I would go
ahead and update the theme as well. I liked the last theme, but I saw a new
theme that looked a little better to me – so I just popped it in since I was
already messing around with the site anyway. It is a bit more streamlined than
the last one and more my style.
New Blogs
Over the last week or so, I’ve been planning out some topics that I want to
blog about. I realize I haven’t been actively blogging for a while now, but
part of that is because I can’t decide what I want to include on this blog.
I’m always torn between putting all of my thoughts on this one blog or trying
to keep them on different blogs so that each blog has a particular topic. The
problem is that I would end up not posting at all. So, I have finally decided
I’m going to dedicate time each week (and perhaps more often) to blogging in
general and I have also decided I am creating more focused blogs going
forward. At this point in time, I’m going to start maintaining three different
blogs:
AdamByram.com
This blog will continue to be blog that is purely personal – more to
communicate with friends and such than anything else. If I have a topic that I
want to talk about that doesn’t fit into either of the two new blogs, it’ll
end up here.
New Personal Finance Site
I’ll announce the name later once I finish getting things setup and get the
initial content loaded, but I’m creating a new site focused on providing
personal finance advice / observations for Generation Y. My generation has the
opportunity to do great things, but I keep hearing (and seeing) how so many in
this generation can’t (or don’t want) to manage money. To me, this is one of
the most important things someone can learn. Money isn’t the key to happiness,
but it’s one of those things what you need to understand and learn to use to
help you achieve your dreams. So I’m hoping my new site will prove useful to
people that want to start learning about personal finance, but don’t want to
get bogged down in the technical details of it.
New Software Development Site
I’ll announce the URL for this once it’s up and running as well, but this will
be the place that all of my software development related ideas will go. At the
end of 2007, I started a new job at a software startup and I’ve had many
experiences there that I’d like to blog about (as far as what works, what
doesn’t, and things I’m learning about). I’ve wanted to do a blog like this
for a long time, so we’ll see how it goes, but I think it’ll be fun.
I Tweet
I have also started using Twitter. I seems like a nice way to stay on top of
the latest happenings, particularly in the software world. I don’t tweet non-
stop or anything, but I try to tweet every now and then. I have my latest
tweets in the sidebar of this blog and you’re welcome to follow me on Twitter
if you’ve like –
http://www.twitter.com/adambyram/.
That’s all for now – more updates to come.


Command T 0.9, gVim 7.3 & Ruby 1.9.1
-
crocked
Hi, I tried to install gVim 7.3 (official windows final build win32 on 32bit XP SP3 machine) which is built against Ruby 1.9.1 with the latest version of Command T. However when I attempt to open a file with Command T I get an error an unhandled win32 exception occurred in gvim.exe 8236.
I used the devkit 3.4.5 and the install seemed to go through without issue.
I had originally tried using Ruby 1.8.7 but with this I got the message that I needed to take a version of vim that is compiled against Ruby (probably as it now uses a higher version). 1.9.1 would be better as this is what we are using at work anyway but if I had to use 1.8.7 I guess I'd need to revert to gvim 7.2
Do you have any idea what could be causing this? Kind Regards, Crocked
-
Greg Hurrell
I've tried various combinations of Vim and Ruby on Windows (Windows XP to be precise), and the only one which I could get working reliably was the one mentioned in the readme (Vim 7.2 from www.vim.org, Ruby 1.8.7, and the 3.4.5 devkit).
I'm not a Windows expert (my desktop runs Mac OS X) so I don't really know what would need to be done to get Vim 7.3 and/or Ruby 1.9.x playing nicely with Command-T.
-
anonymous
I downloaded a recent build of the Windows VIM 7.3 from http://wyw.dcweb.cn/ and used that in combination with Ruby 1.9.2 (which has a 191 dll) to fix my crash issues in combination with CommandT. The VIM binary from vim.org has Ruby-related bugs that have been fixed in later versions for which no new binary exists on the vim.org site, unfortunately.
-
anonymous
Solution provided in the comment above worked for me. Only had to move Ruby SDK files from C:\Ruby192\mingw into C:\Ruby192.
-- Yaroslav Bunyak
-
anonymous
FYI,
Standard Vim 73_46 exes for Windows (from http://www.vim.org/download.php#pc) have the crashing issue with Ruby 1.9.x, but require 1.9.x.
Instead, you can use Wu Yongwei's build of Vim for Windows (currently 7.3.393) which include the fixes to the Ruby crash. Go here and grab the vim73.zip from http://wyw.dcweb.cn/#download and copy it to your standard vim install. His zip doesn't include the runtime so you should install the standard vim first.
-
anonymous
Wincent,
I want to thank you for creating this awesome plugin. It has been a tremendous productivity boon. I was able to get Command-T to work based on the instructions in the documentation. Though I could not find a way to make it work with 7.3
Today, I finally cracked the nut.
Here's the step by step guide:
https://github.com/SolutionYogi/VimSetup/blob/master/software/README.txt
[I have stored all associated installation packages in https://github.com/SolutionYogi/VimSetup/tree/master/software ]
I am now a super happy user of Vim 7.3 (Persistent Undo FTW!) and Command-T.
Reply
This topic is now closed.


Utilities to help add simple reusable animations and reduce boilerplate code. For custom and complex animations look into the Angular animations doc.
Import individual animation utilities as needed into the component that will contain the elements you want to animate.

Every utility function has default animation properties that can be modified. One of which is a default anchor name that can be used implicitly or overridden with your own custom name. The anchor name is used to attach the animation to an arbitrary element in the template.
Use TdRotateAnimation
to rotate any element based on a boolean state.
Typescript:
HTML:
Typescript:
HTML:
The anchor name is used to attach the animation to an arbitrary element in the template. Defaults to 'tdRotate'.
Duration the animation will run in milliseconds. Defaults to 250 ms.
Delay before the animation will run in milliseconds. Defaults to 0 ms.
Degrees of rotation the dom object will animation. A negative value will cause the animation to initially rotate counter-clockwise. Defaults to 180 degrees.
Animation accelerates and decelerates when rotation. Defaults to ease-in.
Use TdCollapseAnimation
to collapse any element based on a boolean state.
Typescript:
HTML:
The anchor name is used to attach the animation to an arbitrary element in the template. Defaults to 'tdCollapse'.
Duration the animation will run in milliseconds. Defaults to 150 ms.
Delay before the animation will run in milliseconds. Defaults to 0 ms.
Animation accelerates and decelerates when closing. Defaults to ease-in.
Animation accelerates and decelerates when opening. Defaults to ease-out.
Use TdFadeInOutAnimation
to fade in/out any element based on a boolean state.
Typescript:
HTML:
The anchor name is used to attach the animation to an arbitrary element in the template. Defaults to 'tdFadeInOut'.
Duration the animation will run in milliseconds. Defaults to 150 ms.
Delay before the animation will run in milliseconds. Defaults to 0 ms.
Animation accelerates and decelerates when fading in. Defaults to ease-in.
Animation accelerates and decelerates when fading out. Defaults to ease-out.
Typescript:
HTML:
The anchor name is used to attach the animation to an arbitrary element in the template.
Duration the animation will run in milliseconds. Defaults to 500 ms.
Delay before the animation will run in milliseconds. Defaults to 0 ms.


If the secondary device fails to see a preconfigured number of 'hello' messages, it believes the primary has failed and takes on the primary role.
HSRP uses an 8-bit priority field with highest priority being 255.
Default Password
By default, HSRP uses the default password "cisco"
md5-based auth using a shared secret is supported
Plaintext Authentication
Multicast 'hello' messages include plaintext credentials
HSRP traffic is sent via multicast <IP_ADDRESS>. If HSRP traffic isn't segregated (VLAN/management or otherwise), all nodes will be able to see this traffic even without MitM.
Becoming MitM (aka Becoming the Primary Router)
With the auth, attacker can send HSRP hello messages with highest priority
1. Send "hello" messages to <IP_ADDRESS> with higher priority
2. Former routers yield priority
3. Change MAC to 00:00:0c:07:ac:XX and change IP to default gateway IP
4. Attacker becomes MitM
Note: Periodically send 'hello' messages to maintain. Otherwise other HSRP routers will assume you died and retake their position.
See [yersinia] in Tools section for HSRP automated attack


--- layout: post title: Let go of me SSH Session date: 2013-12-13 13:06:18.000000000 -06:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: - Ruby on Rails tags: [] meta: _edit_last: '15714693' _publicize_pending: '1' author: login: broberts65 email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Bob Roberts first_name: '' last_name: '' ---
Have you ever been in a SSH session that times out on you?

Enter, Tilde, Period


We are so happy you are interested in joining the Discussions and Debates Team! Being on the team is a fun and rewarding experience, and you will use the skills you learn on the team for the rest of your academic and professional career.
Join the Action!


Tell your tutor, human resources team or line manager if you have a complaint - your organisation may be able to solve your problem informally.
There’s a different procedure for appealing exam results .
You can make a formal complaint if you aren’t able to solve your issue informally, or don’t want to.
You must follow your organisation’s published complaints procedure.
If you don’t have the complaints procedure ask the human resources team or people manager at your organisation for a copy.
The complaints procedure should tell you:
You can complain to the Skills Funding Agency ( SFA ) about how your complaint was handled as long as your organisation is one of the following:
There’s a different procedure if your complaint was with a sixth form college .
You must contact the SFA within 3 months of getting a decision from your organisation.
Email or post your complaint to the SFA complaints team.
SFA complaints team<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Complaints team
Skills Funding Agency
Cheylesmore House
Quinton Road
Coventry
CV1 2WT
SFA will acknowledge your complaint within 5 days and will let you know what will happen next.
You can write to the complaints adjudicator to decide on your case if you’re unhappy with how the SFA has dealt with your complaint.
Complaints adjudicator
Legal and information compliance
Skills Funding Agency
Cheylesmore House
Quinton Road
Coventry
CV1 2WT


{% comment %}
Usage and details:
`og:description`: Uses page's excerpt. Falls back to `description` site meta field.
A detailed description of the piece of content, usually between 2 and 4 sentences. This tag is technically optional, but can improve the rate at which links are read and shared.
`og:image`: Uses the page's `image` meta field. Falls back to the first asset if the meta field isn't set.
This is an image URL associated with your media. We suggest that you use an image of at least 1200x630 pixels.
`fb:app_id`: Add a `fb_app_id` meta field to your site
The unique ID that lets Facebook know the identity of your site.
Further reading: https://developers.facebook.com/docs/sharing/best-practices#tags
{% endcomment %}
{% if current.assets.size > 0 or current.meta.image %}
{% assign og_image = current.meta.image | fallback: current.assets.first.permalink %}
{% endif %}
{% if site.meta.fb_app_id %}
{% endif %}


The purpose of this paragraph is to see where the text ends up when there is a significant amount of text to wrap around a given section
Objectives ContinuedThe purpose of this paragraph is to see where the text ends up when there is a significant amount of text to wrap around a given section
Projects ContinuedThe purpose of this paragraph is to see where the text ends up when there is a significant amount of text to wrap around a given section
History Continued


Front-End Ninja
https://github.com/udacity/Appify/
https://github.com/udacity/Sunflower/
https://github.com/udacity/Bokeh/


|
| BLACKBONE_API | MemBlock (class ProcessMemory *mem, ptr_t ptr, bool own=true) |
| | MemBlock ctor More...
|
| |
| BLACKBONE_API | MemBlock (class ProcessMemory *mem, ptr_t ptr, size_t size, DWORD prot, bool own=true, bool physical=false) |
| | MemBlock ctor More...
|
| |
| BLACKBONE_API ptr_t | Realloc (size_t size, ptr_t desired=0, DWORD protection=PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE) |
| | Reallocate existing block for new size More...
|
| |
| BLACKBONE_API NTSTATUS | Protect (DWORD protection, size_t offset=0, size_t size=0, DWORD *pOld=nullptr) |
| | Change memory protection More...
|
| |
| BLACKBONE_API NTSTATUS | Free (size_t size=0) |
| | Free memory More...
|
| |
| BLACKBONE_API NTSTATUS | Read (size_t offset, size_t size, PVOID pResult, bool handleHoles=false) |
| | Read data More...
|
| |
| BLACKBONE_API NTSTATUS | Write (size_t offset, size_t size, const void *pData) |
| | Write data More...
|
| |
| template<class T > |
| T | Read (size_t offset, const T &def_val) |
| | Read data More...
|
| |
| template<class T > |
| NTSTATUS | Read (size_t offset, T &val) |
| | Read data More...
|
| |
| template<class T > |
| NTSTATUS | Write (size_t offset, const T &data) |
| | Write data More...
|
| |
| BLACKBONE_API void | Reset () |
| | Try to free memory and reset pointers More...
|
| |
| BLACKBONE_API void | Release () |
| | Memory will not be deallocated upon object destruction More...
|
| |
| template<typename T = ptr_t> |
| T | ptr () const |
| | Get memory pointer More...
|
| |
| BLACKBONE_API size_t | size () const |
| | Get block size More...
|
| |
| BLACKBONE_API DWORD | protection () const |
| | Get block memory protection More...
|
| |
|
BLACKBONE_API bool | valid () const |
| | Validate memory block - Returns
- true if memory pointer isn't 0
|
| |
| BLACKBONE_API | operator ptr_t () const |
| | Get memory pointer More...
|
| |
|
BLACKBONE_API MemBlock & | operator= (const MemBlock &other) |
| |
| blackbone::MemBlock::MemBlock |
( |
class ProcessMemory * |
mem, |
|
|
ptr_t |
ptr, |
|
|
bool |
own = true |
|
) |
| |
MemBlock ctor
- Parameters
-
| mem | Process memory routines |
| ptr | Memory address |
| own | true if caller will be responsible for block deallocation |
| blackbone::MemBlock::MemBlock |
( |
class ProcessMemory * |
mem, |
|
|
ptr_t |
ptr, |
|
|
size_t |
size, |
|
|
DWORD |
prot, |
|
|
bool |
own = true , |
|
|
bool |
physical = false |
|
) |
| |
MemBlock ctor
- Parameters
-
| mem | Process memory routines |
| ptr | Memory address |
| size | Block size |
| prot | Memory protection |
| own | true if caller will be responsible for block deallocation |
| MemBlock blackbone::MemBlock::Allocate |
( |
class ProcessMemory & |
process, |
|
|
size_t |
size, |
|
|
ptr_t |
desired = 0 , |
|
|
DWORD |
protection = PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE |
|
) |
| |
|
static |
Allocate new memory block
- Parameters
-
| process | Process memory routines |
| size | Block size |
| desired | Desired base address of new block |
| protection | Win32 Memory protection flags |
- Returns
- Memory block. If failed - returned block will be invalid
- Parameters
-
| process | Process memory routines |
| size | Block size |
| desired | Desired base address of new block |
| protection | Memory protection |
- Returns
- Memory block. If failed - returned block will be invalid
| NTSTATUS blackbone::MemBlock::Free |
( |
size_t |
size = 0 | ) |
|
Free memory
- Parameters
-
| size | Size of memory chunk to free. If 0 - whole block is freed |
| BLACKBONE_API blackbone::MemBlock::operator ptr_t |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
inline |
Get memory pointer
- Returns
- Memory pointer
| NTSTATUS blackbone::MemBlock::Protect |
( |
DWORD |
protection, |
|
|
size_t |
offset = 0 , |
|
|
size_t |
size = 0 , |
|
|
DWORD * |
pOld = nullptr |
|
) |
| |
Change memory protection
- Parameters
-
| protection | New protection flags |
| offset | Memory offset in block |
| size | Block size |
| pOld | Old protection flags |
- Returns
- Status
| BLACKBONE_API DWORD blackbone::MemBlock::protection |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
inline |
Get block memory protection
- Returns
- Memory protection flags
template<typename T = ptr_t>
| T blackbone::MemBlock::ptr |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
inline |
Get memory pointer
- Returns
- Memory pointer
| NTSTATUS blackbone::MemBlock::Read |
( |
size_t |
offset, |
|
|
size_t |
size, |
|
|
PVOID |
pResult, |
|
|
bool |
handleHoles = false |
|
) |
| |
Read data
- Parameters
-
| offset | Data offset in block |
| size | Size of data to read |
| pResult | Output buffer |
| handleHoles | If true, function will try to read all committed pages in range ignoring uncommitted. Otherwise function will fail if there is at least one non-committed page in region. |
- Returns
- Status
template<class T >
| T blackbone::MemBlock::Read |
( |
size_t |
offset, |
|
|
const T & |
def_val |
|
) |
| |
|
inline |
Read data
- Parameters
-
| offset | Data offset in block |
| def_val | Defult return value if read has failed |
- Returns
- Read data
template<class T >
| NTSTATUS blackbone::MemBlock::Read |
( |
size_t |
offset, |
|
|
T & |
val |
|
) |
| |
|
inline |
Read data
- Parameters
-
| offset | Data offset in block |
| def_val | Read data |
- Returns
- Status code
| ptr_t blackbone::MemBlock::Realloc |
( |
size_t |
size, |
|
|
ptr_t |
desired = 0 , |
|
|
DWORD |
protection = PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE |
|
) |
| |
Reallocate existing block for new size
- Parameters
-
| size | New block size |
| desired | Desired base address of new block |
| protection | Memory protection |
- Returns
- New block address
| BLACKBONE_API void blackbone::MemBlock::Release |
( |
| ) |
|
|
inline |
Memory will not be deallocated upon object destruction
| void blackbone::MemBlock::Reset |
( |
| ) |
|
Try to free memory and reset pointers
| BLACKBONE_API size_t blackbone::MemBlock::size |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
inline |
Get block size
- Returns
- Block size
| NTSTATUS blackbone::MemBlock::Write |
( |
size_t |
offset, |
|
|
size_t |
size, |
|
|
const void * |
pData |
|
) |
| |
Write data
- Parameters
-
| offset | Data offset in block |
| size | Size of data to write |
| pData | Buffer to write |
- Returns
- Status
template<class T >
| NTSTATUS blackbone::MemBlock::Write |
( |
size_t |
offset, |
|
|
const T & |
data |
|
) |
| |
|
inline |
Write data
- Parameters
-
| offset | Offset in block |
| data | Data to write |
- Returns
- Status
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:
- C:/Users/Ton/Documents/visual studio 2013/projects/blackbone/src/BlackBone/Process/MemBlock.h
- C:/Users/Ton/Documents/visual studio 2013/projects/blackbone/src/BlackBone/Process/MemBlock.cpp


#include "_doctype.html"
libcurl - curl_easy_option_by_id()
#include "css.t"
#include "manpage.t"
#define RAW_FILE curl_easy_option_by_id.3
#define BUG_TITLE curl_easy_option_by_id%20man%20page:
#define MENU_URL
#define LIBCURL_DOCS
#define DOCS_URL
#define CURL_EASY_OPTION_BY_ID libcurl/c/curl_easy_option_by_id.html
#include "_menu.html"
#include "setup.t"
WHERE3(libcurl, "/libcurl/", API, "/libcurl/c/", curl_easy_option_by_id)
TITLE(curl_easy_option_by_id - lookup an easy option by id)
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Previously we discussed the negative number systems and the potential they contain. My goal is to explore this field and see how far I can go by expanding the possibilites of this basis. However to go any further we must first go over the basics, adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, negation, etc. Basically we need to learn how to perform arithmetic natively in this number system. This entry we will talk about the easiest ones, negation, addition and subtraction.
Neegation:
Negation is a fun case when it comes to negative bases. Unlike the our natural number systems, the negation is implicit in the actual numbers rather then explicitly as a symbol ( - ) or digit. So how do we negate a number in this number system? After some pondering I decided to use a very simple and useful approach.
We know that −2x + x = −x
. This seems simple and useless and first until you realize that -2 is the same as a left shift, a simple operation that multiples the number by the base. Now all we have left to do is add the two numbers. However instead of using the usual add function (mostly because I hadn’t written it yet) I decided to figure how to do it in the same function. There are 4 possible casses: 0 + 0 = 0
, 1 + 0 = 1
, 0 + 1 = 1
and 1 + 1 = tricky
. Why is 1+1
tricky; because −2^n + −2^n = −2^(n+2) + −2^(n+1)
, with respect to the nth digit.
We would have to implement this anyways for the addition function but I discovered an interesting observation. We know that if that x at n is 1 then -2x at n+1 is 1 as well since they are the same bit (a bit shift left by 1 essentially). This is useful because 2^(n+2) + −2^(n+1) = −(−2^(n+1)) which means that essential we can add -1 to the n+1 digit which we know is 1, thus automatically turning it to a 0. Using this cheat we construct the following function which turns a number negative in
O(n)` time where n is the number of digits in the answer.
Addition:
We can reuse most of the code from negation in addition since we essentially add in it. But now we have to consider the case when we perform 1 + 1
at bit n but we dont have a 1 in either number at digit n+1n+1. We find that then 1 + 1 = 110
which allows us to add those to the carry value naturally. By acting on this special case where we check for a 1 in the n+1n+1 digit allows us to make sure the carry digit never goes above 1 so the highest single addition operation we have to worry about is 1 + 1 + 1 = 111
which we deal the same we deal with the previous case.
Subtraction:
Instead of having subtraction be addition of negation I decided to write the function by hand. This one is actually easier because unlike the usual subtraction process there is no carrying of digits. Instead I still add carries similar to the process in addition and negation. The only special case is 0 - 1
because every other case is intuitive. Previously we have discused how −1 = 11
thus 0 − 1 = −1 = 11
. So we make the current digit 1 and add 1 to the carry.
And so conclude the BNT journey … for now.


Mary Bousted, leader of one of the teachers' unions, was on the radio the other day giving her views on the planned new national curriculum. Obviously she disapproved of it, because the teachers' unions automatically disapprove of any and all revisions suggested by the government, whichever government is in power. What was striking, however, was one of her principal objections. The new curriculum, she warned darkly, is “riddled with knowledge”.
Heaven forfend that the teachers in our schools self-esteem ‘n’ diversity awareness hubs should be expected to impart knowledge to the tinies!
I am left speechless, but will merely note that Mary Bousted attended a grammar school and bears the title of “Doctor”. I think she must have been taught some “knowledge” somewhere along the line.


We optimize interfaces!
- facilitate frictionless action-items
- enhance one-to-one e-services
- recontextualize plug-and-play portals
- grow leading-edge relationships
- engage revolutionary ROI
- enhance integrated action-items
- leverage killer e-services
- incentivize end-to-end synergies


System Architect Symbol details for ".Types of Agent"
AA/nature (Generalization Node)
- Base Class:
"Authorised Agent"
- Definitions Used:
-
Authorised Agent (Class)
AA/origin (Generalization Node)
- Number:
0
- Base Class:
"Authorised Agent"
- Definitions Used:
-
Authorised Agent (Class)
ABD/party (Generalization Node)
- Base Class:
"Agent By Devolvement"
- Definitions Used:
-
Agent By Devolvement (Class)
Agent (Class)
- Description:
-
Role of a subject enabling it to act purposefully.
- Comment:
-
CBS V2: - A role of a "Subject" which indicates that it has power to act
This is a role which may be played by a "Subject". Sometimes, an "Agent" may be created in order to
assemble a set of responsibilities and authorities prior to a specific "Subject" being identified
and allocated to it.
For purposes of creating an "Authorising Act", an "Agent" may actually be a group of individuals -
for example when joint responsibility is being taken for some decision, as in a clinical case
conference. In such a case the details of the group are taken care of by "Subject" and "Inter
Subject Relationship".
Examples of "Agent":
Dr Smithers within NHS XYZ Trust,
Ms J.Doe in the HXT Pathology laboratory.
A better understanding of the types of "Agent" can be gained from examination of its subtypes.
Agent By Devolvement (Class)
- Description:
"Agent" whose authority derives from the devolvement of the authority of another.
- Comment:
A hospital registrar acts through the devolved authority of the consultant.
Agent By Licence (Class)
- Description:
"Agent" who has permission to perform some activity or activities.
- Comment:
Example: driving licence.
Agent For First Party (Class)
- Description:
"Authorised Agent" not representing a third party "Agent".
- Comment:
This represents all situations where there is a direct relationship between the parties to the
agreement and the agreement itself.
Agent For Third Party (Class)
- Description:
-
"Authorised Agent" appointed or authorised to represent or act for another "Agent" .
- Comment:
-
This covers the use of Proxy, an "Agent" acting for another "Agent".
The authority for the proxy may or may not be the same as the represented "Agent". For example, the
parent or guardian of a juvenile is a proxy by law, not by the authority of the child.
Agent/authorisation (Generalization Node)
- Description:
-
Identifies whether the "Agent" is authorised to undertake specific activities or whether they are
acting under their own volition.
Problem: In practical terms, it is likely that an implementation will not know whether an "Agent" is
authorised or not. Similarly, because "Agent" is a join between a "Person" and another authorising
"Agent", then in order to establish the appropriate "Agent" it is necessary to know both the
"Person" and the authorising "Agent". What if only the "Person" is known?
- Base Class:
Agent
- Definitions Used:
-
Agent (Class)
at some specified (Association)
- From Class:
Location
- To Class:
"Authorised Agent"
- From Class:
Location
- To Class:
"Authorised Agent"
Authorised Agent (Class)
- Description:
"Agent" whose actions are subject to another's authority and control.
- Comment:
-
The type of control would include permissions (may do), obligations (must do) and interdictions
(must not do).
An "Agent" who invests authority in another shares some liability for the actions of those to whom
it gives authority.
An example of an "Authorised Agent " would be Dr. Smithers given the authority by the NHS XYZ Trust
to run the Medical Clinical Directorate.
authority (Association)
- From Class:
Agent
- To Class:
"Authorised Agent"
- From Class:
Agent
- To Class:
"Authorised Agent"
DA/volition (Generalization Node)
- Base Class:
"Derived Agent"
- Definitions Used:
-
Derived Agent (Class)
Derived Agent (Class)
- Description:
"Authorised Agent" derived from another (the origin).
- Comment:
A professional person ("Authorised Agent" through professional licence) becomes an employee of a
hospital, a "Derived Agent".
Derived Agent By Agreement (Class)
- Description:
A "Derived Agent" who is empowered by some agreement or act.
- Comment:
This covers most employment and contractual arrangements.
Derived Agent By Decree (Class)
- Description:
A "Derived Agent" created by some authority without the necessary agreement of the source "Agent".
- Comment:
This may imply some degree of coercion.
for some (Association)
- From Class:
"Subject Characteristic Type"
- To Class:
"Authorised Agent"
- From Class:
"Subject Characteristic Type"
- To Class:
"Authorised Agent"
Free Agent (Class)
- Description:
"Agent" whose actions are not subject to another's control.
- Comment:
-
"Authorised Agents" operate within the bounds of their authority. However, the model needs to
account for the possibility of actions being undertaken outside these limits. Patients, for example,
where they perform activities, would normally do so as Free Agents.
An example of acting outside the bounds set would be where a person working for an NHS Trust
operates an illicit sideline selling confectionery. In this case the person is operating as a "Free
Agent" relative to the NHS Trust.
See "Authorised Agent" to gain an overall view.
from (Association)
- From Class:
Timepoint
- To Class:
"Authorised Agent"
- From Class:
Timepoint
- To Class:
"Authorised Agent"
has role as (Association)
- From Class:
Subject
- To Class:
"Free Agent"
- From Class:
Subject
- To Class:
"Free Agent"
has role as (Association)
- From Class:
Subject
- To Class:
"Principal Agent"
- From Class:
Subject
- To Class:
"Principal Agent"
Location (Class)
- Description:
"Reference Point" being a point or set of contiguous points in space.
- Comment:
-
Previous documented definitions providing the source for the above are:
Point or set of contiguous points in space.
origin (Association)
- From Class:
Agent
- To Class:
"Derived Agent"
- From Class:
Agent
- To Class:
"Derived Agent"
Principal Agent (Class)
- Description:
-
"Authorised Agent" derived directly from a "Subject" not from another "Agent".
- Comment:
-
Typically these will be organisations created by others (the authority) with specific powers. For
example, an NHS Trust is not a change/extension in the authority of another organisation.
All "Principal Agents" are the result of decree as agreements cannot be made by Subjects.
represented (Association)
- From Class:
Agent
- To Class:
"Agent For Third Party"
- From Class:
Agent
- To Class:
"Agent For Third Party"
Subject (Class)
- Description:
"Percept" consisting of one or more persistent physical objects.
- Comment:
-
The definition above, as for others, has been distilled from what has been suggested in the past,
including:
The "Object" of interest to an "Agent" (CBS v2).
One or a collection of physical objects.
"Percept" which is a physical object and / or a collection of physical objects.
Persistent perceivable object.
Extension of one or more "Concepts" which is perceived or inferred to exist in the universe.
Subject Characteristic Type (Class)
- Description:
"Descriptive Category" capable of classifying a "Subject Characteristic".
- Comment:
Note that Subject Characteristic is the only type of Subject Property which is descriptive, ie not
associative.
Timepoint (Class)
- Description:
"Reference Point" being a point or period in time.
to (Association)
- From Class:
Timepoint
- To Class:
"Authorised Agent"
- From Class:
Timepoint
- To Class:
"Authorised Agent"


--- layout: default title: MAYDAY.US - Make your voice heard. Get involved in your district. permalink: /local-action/ meta_content: |
There is a big opportunity to put us within striking distance of a majority for reform before our 2016 electoral work. We need you to stand up and get involved. Get in touch with other MAYDAY volunteers in the district, and get the support you need tp help drive fundamental campaign finance reform forward.
Can we count on you to do your part?


--- title: "Main" ---
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Play online pictionary with your friends! Each person will take turns drawing a word which everyone else tries to guess in the time limit. The person with the most points wins.
You can choose your own game settings and enter your own custom word lists!
Be drawn together by the fun!


Freida Pinto Gets Engaged To Photographer Cory Tran; Leaps With Joy To Announce On Instagram
by Nikita DalviFreida Pinto's marriage seems round the corner. The actress has got engaged. All said and done, she's on cloud nine- and why not?
We were the FIRST to break the news to you that the Slumdog Millionaire actress Freida Pinto has met the man of her dreams and is all set to marry in 2019. And as it stands today, it looks as if it is happening!
So yeah, Freida Pinto had started dating an adventure photographer Cory Tran. Well, the couple has got engaged and Freida has gone public about it on Instagram, flaunting her ring and calling Cory as her fiance.
Oh, we feel happy when love stories head towards a happy ending and feel happier when they head to the altar. For now, three cheers to Pinto's latest Insta post (as below)
FYI, the credit of Cory and Freida coming close goes to Cory Tran’s bestie and Freida's co-star of Hulu Series The Path, Aaron Paul.
Pinto has been a fine actress. She was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance, and Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Drama, and won the Palm Springs International Film Festival Award for Breakthrough Performance. Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) shot her into the commercial bracket. The rest, as they say, is history.
As for her personal life, Freida has always been open about her relationships. Be it her affinity for Dev Patel (whom she dated for nearly 6 years) or sharing a passionate kiss with professional polo player Ronnie Barcardi during a romantic evening out in Los Angeles, she has never shied from indulging in PDA.
This time, however, Freida has finally hit the ball over the ropes. Congratulations, Frieda and Cory. Shaadi kab hai? Exact date batah doh! That will be hitting the ball out of the ground.
Image Source:-instagram/freidapinto


You know, you could get the Perl Weekly right in your mailbox. Every Week.
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The first exposure people get of New Jersey from Newark are billowing pillars of smoke from refineries. This would lead people to believe all of New Jersey is polluted, when this is simply not the case. This got me thinking, what if in the future this became the case all over the world? People would lose sight of what nature really is and instead smog would become the new aesthetic of the world. However the reality is that nature is both beautiful and kind.
Even in New Jersey, though there are times where it may not seem like it, beauty can be found. The thundering roar of the Delaware River can be heard from miles away in stark contrast to the placid waves gently pulsing back and forth on the Jersey Shore. Historically New Jersey has been known for farming, and the farmlands are immense in size. Spanning thousands of square feet these farms host a variety of crops, all essential to life.
Large tractors carefully roll through the fields, sowing the rewards of a hard year’s work. All around New Jersey are trees, a rare sight in highly populated areas. These trees, ranging from the lumbering oak to the resilient evergreen, create an atmosphere where nature feels omnipresence. In this sense nature’s beauty permeates into day to day life in New Jersey, yet in some parts of the state, such as where the refineries are located, such beauty is lost.
The Grand Canyon is one of the most impressive displays of nature’s sheer power. As one of the Seven Wonders of the World, the Grand Canyon lives up to its reputation. The Grand Canyon was formed millions of years ago when the now defunct Colorado River was active. Over time erosion took over the path of the Colorado River and slowly decayed the base of the river until a canyon was formed and the river was immensely reduced in size. The Grand Canyon has been described as awe-inspiring due its sheer scale, from its base it measures 6000 feet deep and 18 miles wide. Standing on the edge of such a large canyon invokes feelings of admiration at the beauty of nature as well as feelings of sheer wonder at the power of nature in all people who visit the site. The Grand Canyon exemplifies both the artistry as well as the power of the strokes of nature.
The vast oceans that span most of Planet Earth are filled to the brim with thousands of species of animals due to the fact that water holds a stable temperature. Nature is kind to these animals because it provides them with a stable habitat where there are no external forces to interfere. Green algae and other vegetation freely burgeon underwater while plankton meander through the water, both of which provide sustenance to the fish below. The ocean provides an ample amount of food and shelter to its inhabitants and as such contains the largest variety of animals. This leads to strange species forming, such as the angler fish who stalks its preys in the deepest depths of the ocean. The angler fish has a rod on its head that glows to attract its prey in a layer of the ocean where there is no light, then snaps up its pretty with its razor sharp teeth. Such a species is a rare phenomenon that is fascinating to observe.


| DOSE: |
25 mg |
insufflated |
2C-B |
(powder / crystals) |
Leave the rotten towns of your father
Leave the poisoned wells & bloodstained streets
Enter now the sweet forest
-- J.D. Morrison, The Crossroads
Deep music and a friendly talk are well-known, trustworhy helpers of the psychonaut. However, after the Nth trip, you might feel that taking psychedelics at someone's home, when accompanied by your pals, by music, and by soft furniture, becomes just as habitual for you as visiting pubs on weekends is for the silent majority. You might feel that you need a change.
When I got that feeling, I decided to take a solitary trip in the forest. No music, no friends, no civilization. Summer came, and one day I found myself in my parents' country house with a dose of 2C-B in a pocket of my bag. In the evening I told my mom and dad that I was going for a walk, and set out. The good old forest that I had known since my early childhood met me with the quiet whisper of the wind in the leaves, and with absolutely no gnats.
[T+0:00] I sit down on a soft pile of needles under a pine, take two plastic cards, a business card and the precious packet out of my pocket, and snort the substance using the above items. (Imagine you are playing a quest game: How would you do that?)
[T+0:05] I feel the very first effects. The sounds of a rather distant highway become clearly audible.  (Actually, I wasn't upset by the traffic roar at all, just decided it would add a touch of 'industralness' to my trip.) Still sitting under the pine smoking a cigarette.
[T+0:15] Wow, I'm pretty high!  It appears to be local folks gathering edible (not magic) mushrooms. Have to relocate.
[T+0:30] The forest begins to show its magic to me. I would never have thought that watching a small bug running along a blade of grass can be such a great source of pure psychedelia. The bug runs, changing its colour like a chameleon, and the wave of new colours washes over the entire blade. What a wonderful creature! Each plant becomes a personality. Rind morphs into strange but friendly faces. The forest is a kind place.
[T+1:15] The day is wearing off. It's getting cool in the forest, so I decide to go. The road leads me out of the forest right into a meadow. I become instantly overhelmed by its bright yellow colour and the chirr of myriads of grasshoppers and other unseen insects. I see a lilac thicket forming a sort of a grotto over the road, and I get a strong feeling that it's a mysterious cave with someting extremely amazing expecting for me in it. The feeling transforms into pure euphoria, which rises higher and higher with each my step, literally tearing me apart from inside (in the good sense).
[T+1:30] I reach a rise in the road due to a slope of a ravine. To prevent the ravine growth, people terraced its slopes with trees long ago. The terraces remind me of an amphitheatre, so I decide to take a seat and watch the performance. The distant trees of the forest become the scenery, the meadow turns into the scene itself, the grasshoppers form the orchestra, and the lonely bushes and small trees are actors. Everything shifts and twirls. It's very impressive. The theatre's only spectator is nearly clapping his hands.
[T+1:50] The performance is approaching the end. I leave the theatre and go up the road. While ascending, I can distinctly feel the air getting warmer with each my step from the bottom of the ravine to the top of its slope.
[T+2:00] I feel I'd like to visit a small spring purling nearby. On the way to the spring I meet a countryman who resembles a green-faced goblin, and then I see a human figure far off accompanied by something looking like a horse or a big dog. I'd in no way like to get bitten, or kicked with a hoof, so I leave the road and take a side trail across the field.
[T+2:10] While I'm approaching the spring, I see a family that came by a car for fresh water. They've already filled their jerrycans and are bustling around trying to embus into the car. I feel that I don't want them there right now. It seems they feel my feeling and begin to fuss about quicker and quicker. Finally, they slam the car doors and start trying to do a U-turn on the clearing. I can hear their talk.  Do you see you're driving right into a ditch?' - 'Nope. Haven't you ever noticed the 'Blind man at the wheel' sign on the windscreen?' Ugh, they manage to turn around and vanish into thin air. I spend some time watching the water running and preparing myself for
returning home.
[T+3:00] I return home. I'm nearly at the baseline. I have a talk with my parents, then go to my room, light an Indian incense stick, meditate for a while on how amazing the trip appeared to be, and fall asleep until the morning.
[T+12:00] I wake up in the morning very joyful and full of positive energy. I stay in the extremely good mood for a week or two. Thank the forest.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


"Working with Colab was a true pleasure. Our project was truly experimental, and the CoLab team brought a willingness to explore and adapt, as well as cheerful and attentive responsiveness, while producing quality work. Their success was our success — it would be hard to ask for more."
"We are thrilled with our new website, and the care Colab put in both on design and implementation to build us a content platform that doesn’t get in our way, and that is designed to scale intelligently as our work accelerates. WE CAN get our content up, looking good and featured where we want it."
"I found the experience with CoLab to be smooth, professional, detail oriented, and technologically excellent."
...
"CoLab is unique because they are aligned with my social justice values."
...
"I would definitely recommend CoLab Co-op to other professionals in the creative sector."
"As a global worker-owned cooperative and certified B Corp, CoLab stands out from the extractive business norms, especially in its industry. Distinctive in its culture and structure, CoLab is committed to supporting organizations and projects creating beneficial social and environmental impacts. Its communal and impact-based principles attract talent with a rare blend of experience and empathy well beyond some simple infatuation for technology and its intoxicating potential. CoLab is authentically committed to serving those who would use technology to change the world."
"Colab Cooperative was the only qualified choice for this work given the unique intersection of skillsets required, and they did great work that will benefit low-income workers and support our mission to fight poverty through the development of a more equitable cooperative economy."
"CoLab delivered 150% on the collaborative approach. That made a huge difference to the success of the project. They weren't just looking at the short-term goal, but also the long-term strategy for storytelling, user experience, performance and scalability. It was invaluable and they completely delivered in that regard."
"CoLab allowed me to transition from selling Excel-based products to small and medium size businesses to selling a web-based service to the enterprise. They are a talented, conscientious, passionate, professional group. I am very lucky to have found them."


Operation()
A primitive that encapsulates the action of executing a function on a set of arguments.
An operation is the composition of an Arity and some function that it can perform on Arguments given to it.
Operations are specified as Modules, meaning that custom operations can be implemented and use when generating instructions for an individual in the population.
It is generally expected that operations will be loaded using an OperationLoader, but they could also be resolved using a ModuleFactory, like other modules.
Operations should have some representation associated with them, so that the action that they convey can be expressed in a textual form.


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You are reading the textbook Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs by Harold Abelson and Gerald Sussman—with a twist. The textbook emphasizes the importance of abstraction for managing complexity, and introduces the reader to a host of concepts that lie at the heart of the field of computer science. Most of these ideas are independent of the programming language used to express them to employ actual computers for solving computational problems. They are programming-language independent. The twist then consists of replacing the programming language that is used in the examples. While the authors had used the programming language Scheme, this adaptation uses the language JavaScript.
More precisely, this adaptation uses five tiny, carefully designed, sublanguages of JavaScript. The languages are called Source §1, Source §2, Source §3, Source §4 and Source §5, corresponding to the respective chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the textbook. The Source §1 language contains only constructs that are needed in the programs contained in chapter 1: constructs required to build abstractions with functions. Source §2 is a superset of Source §1; adding features required to build abstractions with data, on top of the features of Source §1. Similarly, Source §3, 4 and 5 extend the previous language features required to address the subject of the respective textbook chapter. All these languages are sub-languages of JavaScript; any Source program is also a JavaScript program. The reverse is not true. The JavaScript language has many features that are not covered in this textbook. Indeed, the Source languages are so small that they can be quite adequately described in a few pages of text. The online folder \href{https://sicp.comp.nus.edu.sg/source}{source} contains the specifications of the Source languages, as reference for the reader.
This textbook is interactive. Most programs are links. Clicking on them takes the reader to a web-based programming environment called the \href{https://sourceacademy.nus.edu.sg}{Source Academy}. In the Source Academy, the reader can run the programs, modify them and experiment with them, without the need to install any software, and without any requirements on the computer that they use, as long as it comes with an internet browser.
The language Scheme has been designed as a sublanguage of Lisp with its use in education as a central design objective. The language JavaScript, on the other hand, was not designed with the needs of learners in mind. This makes it difficult to use JavaScript in a course, even if one imposes constraints on the language features to be covered. The reason is that students with prior knowledge of the language are bound to make use of other features in their programs. Fellow students will legitimately ask the instructors about those features, and any answer will either frustrate the student or lead to a tangent that is most likely not conducive to the learning objectives. This problem is especially severe for JavaScript, which is not known for its systematic design. Our solution to this challenge is radical: The Source Academy enforces the use of the respective Source language when the student clicks on a program of a particular chapter. Programs that use constructs beyond that language are rejected by the Source Academy. This allows instructors of a SICP-based course to adopt JavaScript—one of the most widely used programming languages today—without getting bogged down in JavaScript's plethora of idiosyncratic features.
The original textbook was introduced to the National University of Singapore
by Jacob Katzenelson in 1997, as a more advanced alternative to the regular
Programming Methodology
course offered to computer science
students. The course, known as CS1101S
since 1998,
switched to JavaScript in 2012, and became the required freshmen programming
methodology course for Computer Science undergraduate majors in 2018.
Martin Henz
Preface to the Second Edition
Is it possible that software is not like anything else, that it is meant to be discarded: that the whole point is to always see it as a soap bubble?Alan J. Perlis
The material in this book has been the basis of MIT's entry-level computer science subject since 1980. We had been teaching this material for four years when the first edition was published, and twelve more years have elapsed until the appearance of this second edition. We are pleased that our work has been widely adopted and incorporated into other texts. We have seen our students take the ideas and programs in this book and build them in as the core of new computer systems and languages. In literal realization of an ancient Talmudic pun, our students have become our builders. We are lucky to have such capable students and such accomplished builders.
In preparing this edition, we have incorporated hundreds of clarifications suggested by our own teaching experience and the comments of colleagues at MIT and elsewhere. We have redesigned most of the major programming systems in the book, including the generic-arithmetic system, the interpreters, the register-machine simulator, and the compiler; and we have rewritten all the program examples to ensure that any Scheme implementation conforming to the IEEE Scheme standard (IEEE 1990) will be able to run the code.
This edition emphasizes several new themes. The most important of these is the central role played by different approaches to dealing with time in computational models: objects with state, concurrent programming, functional programming, lazy evaluation, and nondeterministic programming. We have included new sections on concurrency and nondeterminism, and we have tried to integrate this theme throughout the book.
The first edition of the book closely followed the syllabus of our MIT one-semester subject. With all the new material in the second edition, it will not be possible to cover everything in a single semester, so the instructor will have to pick and choose. In our own teaching, we sometimes skip the section on logic programming , we have students use the register-machine simulator but we do not cover its implementation , and we give only a cursory overview of the compiler . Even so, this is still an intense course. Some instructors may wish to cover only the first three or four chapters, leaving the other material for subsequent courses.
The World-Wide-Web site \href{http://www-mitpress.mit.edu/sicp}{of MIT Press} provides support for users of this book. This includes programs from the book, sample programming assignments, supplementary materials, and downloadable implementations of the Scheme dialect of Lisp.
Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman
Preface to the First Edition
A computer is like a violin. You can imagine a novice trying first a phonograph and then a violin. The latter, he says, sounds terrible. That is the argument we have heard from our humanists and most of our computer scientists. Computer programs are good, they say, for particular purposes, but they aren't flexible. Neither is a violin, or a typewriter, until you learn how to use it.Marvin MinskyWhy Programming Is a Good Medium for Expressing Poorly-Understood and Sloppily-Formulated Ideas
The Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
is the
entry-level subject in computer science at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. It is required of all students at MIT who major
in electrical engineering or in computer science, as one-fourth of the
common core curriculum,
which also includes two subjects on
circuits and linear systems and a subject on the design of digital
systems. We have been involved in the development of this subject
since 1978, and we have taught this material in its present form since
the fall of 1980 to between 600 and 700 students each year. Most of
these students have had little or no prior formal training in
computation, although many have played with computers a bit and a few
have had extensive programming or hardware-design experience.
Our design of this introductory computer-science subject reflects two major concerns. First, we want to establish the idea that a computer language is not just a way of getting a computer to perform operations but rather that it is a novel formal medium for expressing ideas about methodology. Thus, programs must be written for people to read, and only incidentally for machines to execute. Second, we believe that the essential material to be addressed by a subject at this level is not the syntax of particular programming-language constructs, nor clever algorithms for computing particular functions efficiently, nor even the mathematical analysis of algorithms and the foundations of computing, but rather the techniques used to control the intellectual complexity of large software systems.
Our goal is that students who complete this subject should have a good feel for the elements of style and the aesthetics of programming. They should have command of the major techniques for controlling complexity in a large system. They should be capable of reading a 50-page-long program, if it is written in an exemplary style. They should know what not to read, and what they need not understand at any moment. They should feel secure about modifying a program, retaining the spirit and style of the original author.
These skills are by no means unique to computer programming. The
techniques we teach and draw upon are common to all of engineering
design. We control complexity by building abstractions that hide
details when appropriate. We control complexity by establishing
conventional interfaces that enable us to construct systems by
combining standard, well-understood pieces in a mix and match
way.
We control complexity by establishing new languages for describing a
design, each of which emphasizes particular aspects of the design and
deemphasizes others.
Underlying our approach to this subject is our conviction that
computer science
is not a science and that its significance has
little to do with computers. The computer revolution is a revolution
in the way we think and in the way we express what we think. The
essence of this change is the emergence of what might best be called
procedural epistemology—the study of the structure of
knowledge from an imperative point of view, as opposed to the more
declarative point of view taken by classical mathematical subjects.
Mathematics provides a framework for dealing precisely with notions of
what is.
Computation provides a framework for dealing precisely
with notions of how to.
In teaching our material we use a dialect of the programming language Lisp. We never formally teach the language, because we don't have to. We just use it, and students pick it up in a few days. This is one great advantage of Lisp-like languages: They have very few ways of forming compound expressions, and almost no syntactic structure. All of the formal properties can be covered in an hour, like the rules of chess. After a short time we forget about syntactic details of the language (because there are none) and get on with the real issues—figuring out what we want to compute, how we will decompose problems into manageable parts, and how we will work on the parts. Another advantage of Lisp is that it supports (but does not enforce) more of the large-scale strategies for modular decomposition of programs than any other language we know. We can make procedural and data abstractions, we can use higher-order functions to capture common patterns of usage, we can model local state using assignment and data mutation, we can link parts of a program with streams and delayed evaluation, and we can easily implement embedded languages. All of this is embedded in an interactive environment with excellent support for incremental program design, construction, testing, and debugging. We thank all the generations of Lisp wizards, starting with John McCarthy, who have fashioned a fine tool of unprecedented power and elegance.
Scheme, the dialect of Lisp that we use, is an attempt to bring together the power and elegance of Lisp and Algol. From Lisp we take the metalinguistic power that derives from the simple syntax, the uniform representation of programs as data objects, and the garbage-collected heap-allocated data. From Algol we take lexical scoping and block structure, which are gifts from the pioneers of programming-language design who were on the Algol committee. We wish to cite John Reynolds and Peter Landin for their insights into the relationship of Church's lambda calculus to the structure of programming languages. We also recognize our debt to the mathematicians who scouted out this territory decades before computers appeared on the scene. These pioneers include Alonzo Church, Barkley Rosser, Stephen Kleene, and Haskell Curry.
Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman


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A Brief Introduction
I am a soon to be graduate based in Milton Keynes. I am coming toward the end of my BEng in Engineering from Bournemouth University. I completed a year-long industry placement as part of my degree at Keysight Technologies. My roles at Keysight were: Repair and Calibration Engineer, Sales Engineer and Technical Support Engineer. I also completed tasks to assist with intern recruitment and some small projects to assist with the overall running of the company.
I am interested in moving into Technical Project Management where I can oversee technical projects.


[1]
we have been loyal regulars for years but wake up balaia , and sort yourselves out .
[2]
rude , the `/`` security staff who have become more and more and guests and owners .


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3 Why and when using vulnerability scoring?
3.1 from the identification of vulnerables to the scoring of household vulnerability
In a humanitarian environment, vulnerability may be defined differently, depending on the mandates of the humanitarian agencies, the intended impact and the definition of the population to be assisted. For instance, WFP measures food security through the Food Security Index (FSI), a composite indicator defined in the widely used Consolidated Approach for Reporting Indicators of Food Security.
For the UNHCR, refugees’ vulnerability is identified in the frame of the protection risk analysis by looking at the concept of international protection, which put into context risk, threat, vulnerabilities, and capacities. This accounts for a case-specific condition related to household capacity, dependency level within the household and occurrence of specific needs, such as the occurrence of pressing medical needs, disabilities or individuals with particular constraints.
Though, as pointed by ECHO, in 2016 in the document Humanitarian Protection: Improving protection outcomes to reduce risks for people in humanitarian crises, the protection risk is not a measurement model as it is:
“…not a mathematical equation [but] merely a tool that serves to illustrate that the protection risk faced by a given population is directly proportional to threats and to vulnerabilities, and inversely proportional to capacities”
The panorama of options for targeting approach has been already well documented (cf Review of Needs Assessment Tools, Response Analysis Frameworks, and Targeting Guidance for Urban Humanitarian Response). Simple targeting approaches (like categoric, administrative or geographic targeting) appears as easy options. Indeed there’s a real debate arguing for a better global efficiency of categoric targeting in the context of national protection system. Though those approaches comes with two important limitations:
They do not offer the capacity to prioritize objectively individuals in case of limited budget.
While they can be definitely ones during an initial emergency phase, likely only sovereign authority can sustain their funding in the long term. Agencies and organisation working in the context of time bounded programmes or projects that would use such approaches take the risk of creating cobra effects
In this context, a significant challenge is to account for the combination and articulation of the various dimensions of vulnerability through scores. Vulnerability scores offers not only a way to prioritize household based on budget constraints but also to define population segment with a similar profile and for which distinct theories of change can be built. Each population segment shall be then targeted and prioritized with a combination of coordinated assistance and intervention types, coming from multiple agencies and varying from emergency support, unconditional assistance, training, livelihoods graduation or even micro-credit.
3.2 Different models of vulnerability: from food insecurity & poverty to a “protection vulnerability framework”
Higher expenditure = higher resilience?
But where does this money come from?
Children begging? Illegal work?
UNHCR is not a poverty alleviation agency. Poverty alone cannot be our measurement.
A framework to measure household ability to address different level of vulnerability.
This framework aims at informing household targeting needs by articulating a series of potential assistance varying from In-kind distribution, Cash allowance, Livelihood support and Community building activities.
Relevant to humanitarian settings: Multi-sectoral, applicable and adapted for joint, collaborative or multi stakeholder’s settings
Providing analytical value: Leads to conclusions commonly required in needs analysis, targeting & prioritization
Reproducible: Documentation, expertise, tools and templates available to implement the framework in a systematic and rigorous way
Authoritative: Approach reviewed by external peers
Indeed not all type of interventions are linked to the need to target as some are linked to a systematic intervention (for instance SGBV) or look at a broader scale (like advocacy around legal environment).
This already suggest that using a protection lens, vulnerability is multidimensional.


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| Package | flare.vis.operator.layout |
| Class | public class ForceDirectedLayout |
| Inheritance | ForceDirectedLayout Layout Operator |
Visualization.continuousUpdates = true
).
The running time of this layout algorithm is the greater of O(N log N) and O(E), where N is the number of nodes and E the number of edges. The addition of custom forces to the simulation may affect this.
The force directed layout is implemented using the physics simulator
provided by the flare.physics
package. The
Simulation
used to drive this layout can be set explicitly,
allowing any number of custom force directed layouts to be created
through the selection of IForce
modules. Each node in the
layout is mapped to a Particle
instance and each edge
to a Spring
in the simulation. Once the simulation has been
initialized, you can retrieve these instances through the
node.props.particle
and edge.props.spring
properties, respectively.
See also
| Property | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| damping : Function
Function for assigning damping constant values to springs.
| ForceDirectedLayout | ||
| defaultParticleMass : Number The default mass value for node/particles.
| ForceDirectedLayout | ||
| defaultSpringLength : Number The default spring rest length for edge/springs.
| ForceDirectedLayout | ||
| defaultSpringTension : Number The default spring tension for edge/springs.
| ForceDirectedLayout | ||
| enabled : Boolean Indicates if the operator is enabled or disabled.
| Operator | ||
| enforceBounds : Boolean Flag indicating if the layout bounds should be enforced.
| ForceDirectedLayout | ||
| iterations : int The number of iterations to run the simulation per invocation
(default is 1, expecting continuous updates).
| ForceDirectedLayout | ||
| layoutAnchor : Point The layout anchor, used by some layout instances to place an
initial item or determine a focal point.
| Layout | ||
| layoutBounds : Rectangle The layout bounds for the layout.
| Layout | ||
| layoutRoot : DataSprite
The layout root, the root node for tree layouts.
| Layout | ||
| layoutType : String = "null" The type of layout and axes.
| Layout | ||
| mass : Function
Function for assigning mass values to particles.
| ForceDirectedLayout | ||
| parameters : Object
Sets parameter values for this operator.
| Operator | ||
| restLength : Function
Function for assigning rest length values to springs.
| ForceDirectedLayout | ||
| simulation : Simulation
[read-only] The physics simulation driving this layout.
| ForceDirectedLayout | ||
| tension : Function
Function for assigning tension values to springs.
| ForceDirectedLayout | ||
| ticksPerIteration : int The number of time ticks to advance the simulation on each
iteration (default is 1).
| ForceDirectedLayout | ||
| visualization : Visualization
The visualization processed by this operator.
| Operator |
| Method | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
ForceDirectedLayout(enforceBounds:Boolean = false, iterations:int = 1, sim:Simulation = null)
Creates a new ForceDirectedLayout.
| ForceDirectedLayout | ||
|
applyParameters(op:IOperator, params:Object):void
[static]
Static method that applies parameter settings to an operator.
| Operator | ||
|
clearEdgePoints():void
Strips all EdgeSprites in a visualization of any control points.
| Layout | ||
|
Hides the axes.
| Layout | ||
|
operate(t:Transitioner = null):void
Performs an operation over the contents of a visualization.
| Layout | ||
|
setup():void
Setup method invoked whenever this operator's visualization
property is set.
| Operator | ||
|
Reveals the axes.
| Layout | ||
|
[static]
Updates all edges to be straight lines.
| Layout |
| Method | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
autoAnchor():void
Automatically-generate an anchor point.
| Layout | ||
|
init():void
Initializes the Simulation for this ForceDirectedLayout
| ForceDirectedLayout | ||
|
layout():void
Calculates the spatial layout of visualized items.
| ForceDirectedLayout | ||
|
minAngle(a1:Number, a2:Number):Number
Returns an angle value that minimizes the angular distance
between a reference angle and a target angle.
| Layout | ||
|
update(d:DataSprite):void
Transfer the physics simulation results to an item's layout.
| ForceDirectedLayout |
| damping | property |
public var damping:Function
Function for assigning damping constant values to springs. By default, this simply uses the spring's computed tension value divided by 10. This function can be replaced to perform custom damping assignment.
| defaultParticleMass | property |
defaultParticleMass:Number
[read-write]The default mass value for node/particles.
Implementation public function get defaultParticleMass():Number
public function set defaultParticleMass(value:Number):void
| defaultSpringLength | property |
defaultSpringLength:Number
[read-write]The default spring rest length for edge/springs.
Implementation public function get defaultSpringLength():Number
public function set defaultSpringLength(value:Number):void
| defaultSpringTension | property |
defaultSpringTension:Number
[read-write]The default spring tension for edge/springs.
Implementation public function get defaultSpringTension():Number
public function set defaultSpringTension(value:Number):void
| enforceBounds | property |
enforceBounds:Boolean
[read-write]Flag indicating if the layout bounds should be enforced. If true, the layoutBounds will limit node placement.
Implementation public function get enforceBounds():Boolean
public function set enforceBounds(value:Boolean):void
| iterations | property |
iterations:int
[read-write]The number of iterations to run the simulation per invocation (default is 1, expecting continuous updates).
Implementation public function get iterations():int
public function set iterations(value:int):void
| mass | property |
public var mass:Function
Function for assigning mass values to particles. By default, this simply returns the default mass value. This function can be replaced to perform custom mass assignment.
| restLength | property |
public var restLength:Function
Function for assigning rest length values to springs. By default, this simply returns the default rest length value. This function can be replaced to perform custom rest length assignment.
| simulation | property |
simulation:Simulation
[read-only]The physics simulation driving this layout.
Implementation public function get simulation():Simulation
| tension | property |
public var tension:Function
Function for assigning tension values to springs. By default, this method computes spring tension adaptively, based on the connectivity of the attached particles, to create more stable layouts. More specifically, the tension is computed as the default tension value divided by the square root of the maximum degree of the attached particles. This function can be replaced to perform custom tension assignment.
| ticksPerIteration | property |
ticksPerIteration:int
[read-write]The number of time ticks to advance the simulation on each iteration (default is 1).
Implementation public function get ticksPerIteration():int
public function set ticksPerIteration(value:int):void
| ForceDirectedLayout | () | constructor |
public function ForceDirectedLayout(enforceBounds:Boolean = false, iterations:int = 1, sim:Simulation = null)
Creates a new ForceDirectedLayout.
ParametersenforceBounds:Boolean (default = false ) — the number of iterations to run the simulation
per invocation
|
|
iterations:int (default = 1 ) — the physics simulation to use for the layout. If null
(the default), default simulation settings will be used
|
|
sim:Simulation (default = null )
|
| init | () | method |
protected function init():void
Initializes the Simulation for this ForceDirectedLayout
| layout | () | method |
protected override function layout():void
Calculates the spatial layout of visualized items. Layout operators override this method with their layout implementations.
| update | () | method |
protected function update(d:DataSprite):void
Transfer the physics simulation results to an item's layout.
Parametersd:DataSprite — a DataSprite
|


public class GroupAction
extends java.lang.Object
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
private java.util.List<GroupableAction> |
actions |
private int |
currentGroupSize |
private int |
maxGroupSize |
private java.util.List<javaGOAP.IGoapUnit> |
members |
private java.lang.Class<?> |
type |
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
GroupAction(java.lang.Class<? extends GroupableAction> type,
GroupableAction action) |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
boolean |
addMember(javaGOAP.IGoapUnit goapUnit,
GroupableAction action)
Function for adding a new member to the group.
|
javaGOAP.IGoapUnit |
getLeader() |
java.util.List<javaGOAP.IGoapUnit> |
getMembers() |
java.lang.Class<?> |
getType() |
boolean |
isEmtpy()
Function for testing if the group is empty.
|
boolean |
isSpaceAvailable()
Function for checking if the group has not reached it's maximum available
capacity.
|
boolean |
mirrorLeaderAction()
Function for actually performing the leader's stored action.
|
boolean |
removeMember(javaGOAP.IGoapUnit goapUnit)
Function for removing a member of the group from it.
|
private java.lang.Class<?> type
private java.util.List<javaGOAP.IGoapUnit> members
private java.util.List<GroupableAction> actions
private int maxGroupSize
private int currentGroupSize
public GroupAction(java.lang.Class<? extends GroupableAction> type, GroupableAction action)
public boolean mirrorLeaderAction()
public boolean isSpaceAvailable()
public boolean isEmtpy()
public boolean addMember(javaGOAP.IGoapUnit goapUnit, GroupableAction action)
goapUnit
- the Unit that is going to be added towards the group.action
- the action reference of the action of the Unit. Needed for
execution if the Unit becomes leader of the group and
therefore mirrors it's action to other members.public boolean removeMember(javaGOAP.IGoapUnit goapUnit)
goapUnit
- the Unit that is going to be removed from the group.public java.lang.Class<?> getType()
public java.util.List<javaGOAP.IGoapUnit> getMembers()
public javaGOAP.IGoapUnit getLeader()


@(vo: valueobjects.order_api.OrderCount)
@vo.getAll()
My Order
@vo.getPending()
Payment Pending
@vo.getDispatched()
Dispatched
@vo.getRefunded()
Refunded


Credit Risk Analytics
Loan Amount
Aadhaar
Did the applicant submit their Aadhaar proof?
Submitted
Not Submitted
L.T.V
Employement Type
Select
Self-Employed
Salaried
CIBIL Category
Select
High Risk
Low Risk
Medium Risk
No bureau History available
Not Scored
Very High Risk
No. of Overdue Accounts
Principle outstanding amount
Sanctioned amount
Disbursed amount
Installment amount
No. of new accounts
Defaulted Accounts
No. Of Enquiries made
Time since first loan
SUBMIT


organisational hierarchy
This is a fake staff app to manage organisational hierarchy.
OrgNode with name
created successfully.
×
[[${err}]]
×
Select organisational entity to edit
create new
Choose if you want to edit an organsational entity or create a new one.
name
The name of the organisational node you want to create.
reports to
none
The new organisational entity is reporting to this unit.
manager
none
The manager of the selected entitiy.
team members
The employees working for this entity.
subordinate orgnodes
The child entities of this entity
version
The version of the orgNode.
Create


Averaging Rainfall
Averaging Annual Rainfall
Network Common Data Form (netCDF)
NetCDF is a set of software libraryies and machine-independent data formats that support the creation, access, and sharing of array-oriented scientific data. NetCDF data is self-describing, multi-dimensional and multivariate.
NetCDF is a set of software libraries and describing, machine-independent data formats that support the creation, access, and sharing of array-oriented scientific data. NetCDF was developed at Unidata. Unidata provides data and software tools for use in geoscience education and research. Unidata is part of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research(UCAR) Community Programs(UCP).1
NetCDF data is accessible via a series of language APIs: C, C++, Fortran77/90, Java, NCL, Objective-C, Perl, Python, R, Tcl/Tk, and Visual Basic
NetCDF data is also accessible via a series of applications including: Panoply, nco, IDV, GrADS, FERRET and various others. For the full listing of applications, look here..
With the help of a THREDDS Data Server, large netCDF datasets are easily accessible and discoverable through a client application or through HTTP.
The multidimensional nature of netCDF data makes storage of complex data such as temperature and humidity simple. Also, since netCDF allows for multivariate storage, several variables can be subsets, ensembled and explored simultaneously. An issue can be the process of creating a usable dataset from netCDF data. This can be due to the sensor-based nature of netCDF, which is a primary dataset (i.e. daily precipitation sums). In order to get the proper dataset, it often requires researchers to subset, and ensemble values over a dimension. Ensembled data sets could be seasonal datasets, climatologies, or long-term averages.
Overview
Procedure
For our case study, we created an annual average for precipitation between 2007-2014.
We had to first locate the datasets from http://esrl.noaa.gov/psd/thredds/dodsC/Datasets/cpc_us_precip/RT
This brought us 9 years of datasets.
Subsetting data
These datasets were then subsetted to our bounding box with the following command:
netCDF Kitchen Sink
The nickname ‘kitchen sink’ is a catchal-all because ncks combines most features of ncdump and nccopy with extra features to extract, hyperslab,multi-slab, and translate into one versatile utility. ncks extracts hayperslabs from specified variables using the option ‘-d’2. This hyperslab feature allows us to specify the subsets for the latitude and longitude dimensions.
ncks -O -d lon,234.0,244.0 -d lat,44.0,50.0 ${URL}.${year}.nc subset.${year}.nc
In the above command, we set the longitude and latitude dimensions to reflect the extent of Washington state. The ‘-O’ option specifies that the command will overwrite the output file if it already exists, which is helpful for script testing.
Removing bad values
If you look at the metadata for the subsetted file, you can see that the ‘precip’ variable is a float data type. Instead of using null values in their datasets, netCDF uses designated fill values based on the variable data type. The fill value for floats comes in as 9.9692e+36 or ~(15 * 2^119). This value is important since all bad values will be assigned this values. This includes raster cells above the ocean since the data set only covers land-based precipitation data. Since our dataset has a large resolution at .25° x .25°(approximately 27.83km x 27.83km), we need to resample our grid to match the other outputs at 1kmx1km. Interpolating between Null values can cause more values to become than necessary, so we will convert the null values to 0 prior to interpolating the data. Setting null values to zero has the benefit of keeping interpolated values as actual numbers rather than nulls. We will be using the netCDF Arithmetic Processor from the NCO utility library.
netCDF Arithmetic Processor
The netCDF Arithmetic Processor(ncap2) was written to perform arbitrary algebraic transformation of data and archive the results as easily as possible3. Instructions for ncap2 can be contained in an MCP script file or delivered inline with the ‘-s’ flag. One of ncap2’s most powerful features is its ability to define new variables in terms of existing variables.
Overview
Panoply The ncap2 command we will be using is:
ncap2 -O -s 'where(precip < 0.0 || precip > 10000) precip=0;' subset.${year}.nc narm.${year}.nc
In the above command, we use the inline script flag ‘-s’ to specify that the cell value should be set to 0 if it is less than 0 or greater than 10,000. Once again, we include the overwrite flag ‘-O’ for scripting purposes.
Summing yearly precipitation
Since our analysis is looking at patterns of precipitation over time, rather than the amount of rain accumulated during a particular day, we will have create an ensemble dataset with the sum of precipitation for a given year. We will be using the NetCDF Record Averager to sum our precipitation values over the time dimension.
netCDF Record Averager
The netCDF Record Averager averages record variables across an abitrary number of input-files. ncra will apply a given operation to the all the cell values across a given dimension.2
The ncra command we will be using is:
ncra -O --op-typ=ttl -d time,,,1 -v precip narm.${year}.nc annual.${year}.nc
In the above command, the ‘-v precip’ flag defines the variable ncra will operate on. The ‘–op-type=ttl’ flag indicates that we want ncra to calculate the sum of records while the ‘-d’ flag indicates that we are summing the values across the time dimension. Once again we include the overwrite flag ‘-O’ for scripting purposes.
Regridding netCDF files
The next step we will take is to scale our precipitation raster to match the resolution and extent of the other inputs. There is no turn-key solution for regridding netCDF datasets, so we had to create a script from some existing NCL examples.
NCAR Command Language
The NCAR Command Language (NCL), a product of the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCAR) and sponsored by the National Science Foundation, is a free interpreted language designed specifically for data analysis and visualization. NCL supports netCDF 3/4, GRIB 1/2, HDF 4/5, HDF-EOS 2/5, shapefile, ASCII and binary formats4. NCL gives users fine-grained access to netCDF datasets, their dimensions, variable and attributes. Another benefit of NCL is the amount of working examples available online and the quality of language documentation. The NCL variable model is based on the netCDF variable model which makes handling netCDF data naturally.
The script we used for the regridding can be found in the Resources page.
Averaging annual values
Once we have regridded the data, we have to create an average of the annual precipitation totals. We will use the netCDF Ensemble Statistics(nces)Utility to create the average annual dataset.
netCDF Ensemble Statistics
netCDF Ensemble Statistics performs gridpoint statistics on variables across an arbitray number(an ensemble) of input files and/or input groups within each file. nces is distinct from ncra which performs statistics only over the record dimension(s)(e.g. time) and weights each record in each record dimension evenly2
The nces command we will be using is:
nces -O -n 8,2,1 ${OUTPUTDIR}/regrid.2007.nc avg_annual.nc
The above command uses the loop flag ‘-n 8,2,1’ which uses the following syntax -n file_number,digit_number,numeric_increment where file_number is the number of files, digit_number is the fixed number of numeric digits comprising the numeric_suffix and numeric_increment is the constant, integer-valued difference between the numeric_suffix of any two files5.
Converting to GeoTiff
In order for us to combine our new averaged annual precipitation layer with our other landslide susceptibility inputs, we will have to define the lat/lon extent of our data and project our data into EPSG:2927. This can be done using a simple R script. Our R Script will require a few libraries
library(raster)
library(ncdf4)
library(rgdal)
Once our libraries have loaded we can set the input directory to the folder holding our precipitation layer and load it as a raster.
setwd('path/to/files')
r <- raster('avg_annual.nc')
#get netCDF extent
oldExt <- extent(r)
# set new netCDF extent by subtracting 360 from X coordinates
xMin <- oldExt[1] - 360
xMax <- oldExt[2] - 360
yMin <- oldExt[3]
yMax <- oldExt[4]
# create extent object
geoExt <- extent(xMin, xMax, yMin, yMax)
r <- setExtent(r, geoExt, keepres=TRUE)
Now that the extent is properly set, we will set the new projection and projected extent information
newProj <- '+proj=lcc +lat_1=47.33333333333334 +lat_2=45.83333333333334 +lat_0=45.33333333333334 +lon_0=-120.5 +x_0=500000.0001016001 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +to_meter=0.3048006096012192 +no_defs'
xMinPrj <- 548554.658
xMaxPrj <- 2558498.351
yMinPrj <- 77271.774
yMaxPrj <- 1366159.434
xRes <- 1000
yRes <- 1000
newRaster <- raster(xmn=xMinPrj, xmx=xMaxPrj, ymn=yMinPrj, ymx=yMaxPrj, crs=newProj, res=1000)
newR <- projectRaster(r, newRaster)
print("Finished projecting raster")
summary(newR)
fileout <- "testRout.tif"
print(paste0("Writing new Raster to ", fileout))
writeRaster(newR, filename=fileout, format="GTiff", options=c("COMPRESS=ZIP"), overwrite=TRUE)
print("Finished outputting raster. Exiting...")
-
https://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/docs ↩
-
http://stderr.org/doc/nco/html/ncap2-netCDF-Arithmetic-Processor.html ↩
-
In the following command, we set the longitude and latitude dimensions to reflect the extent of Washington state. The ‘-O’ option specifies that the command will overwrite the output file if it already exists, which is helpful for script testingo5]: The NCAR Command Language (Version 6.In the following command, we set the longitude and latitude dimensions to reflect the extent of Washington state. The ‘-O’ option specifies that the command will overwrite the output file if it already exists, which is helpful for script testingo2.1) [Software]. (2014). Boulder, Colorado: UCAR/NCAR/CISL/VETS. http://dx.doi.org/10.5065/D6WD3XH5 ↩
-
http://nco.sourceforge.net/nco.html#Specifying-Input-Files ↩


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ESLN 2018-2019: Programs and Opportunities
slides are available at metro.org/nyals
Digital Cultural Heritage Services
Knowledge Infrastructure
That's all great, right?
What about something else we could all do together?
A case for an Economic Equity Fund for Library Systems
So who here already offers programs that fit the bill?
share your contact info and your program ideas