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Prepositions define the relations of a substantival notion to the predicate.
a. All prepositions seem to have been adverbs originally and mostly adverbs of place; as adverbs they are case-forms. Several are locatives, as περί.
The prepositions express primarily notions of space, then notions of time, and finally are used in figurative relations to denote cause, agency, means, manner, etc. Attic often differs from the Epic in using the prepositions to denote metaphorical relations. The prepositions define the character of the verbal action and set forth the relations of an oblique case to the predicate with greater precision than is possible for the cases without a preposition. Thus,
he spake among the suitorsμετὰ δὲ μνηστῆρσιν ἔειπε
Development of the Use of Prepositions.—
a. Originally the preposition was a free adverb limiting the meaning of the verb but not directly connected with it: κατ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἕζετο down he sate him A 101. In this use the preposition may be called a ‘preposition-adverb.’
b. The preposition-adverb was also often used in sentences in which an oblique case depended directly on the verb without regard to the prepositionadverb. Here the case is independent of the preposition-adverb, as in βλεφάρων ἄπο δάκρυα πί̄πτει from her eyelids, away, tears fall ξ 129. Here βλεφάρων is ablatival genitive and is not governed by ἀπό, which serves merely to define the relation between verb and noun.
c. Gradually the preposition-adverb was brought into closer connection either (1) with the verb, whence arose compounds such as ἀποπί̄πτειν, or (2) with the noun, the preposition-adverb having freed itself from its adverbial relation to the verb. In this stage, which is that of Attic prose, the noun was felt to depend on the preposition. Hence arose many syntactical changes, e.g. the accusative of the limit of motion (1588) was abandoned in prose for the preposition with the accusative.
Prepositions have three uses.
(I) Prepositions appear as adverbs defining the action of verbs.
The preposition-adverb usually precedes the verb, from which it is often separated in Homer by nouns and other words: ἡμῖν ἀπὸ λοιγὸν ἀμῦναι to ward off destruction from (for) us A 67, πρὸ γὰρ ἧκε θεά̄ the goddess sent her forth A 195, ἔχεν κάτα γαῖα the earth held him fast B 699.
So, as links connecting sentences, πρὸς δὲ καί and καὶ πρός and besides, ἐπὶ δέ and besides, μετὰ δέ and next, thereupon (both in Hdt.), ἐν δέ and among the number (Hdt.).
The verb (usually ἐστί or εἰσί, rarely εἰμί) may be omitted:
for no such man is among themοὐ γάρ τις μέτα τοῖος ἀνήρ
The preposition-adverb may do duty for the verb in parallel clauses: ἄνδρες ἀνέσταν, ἂν μὲν ἄρ᾽ Ἀτρεΐδης . . . ἂν δ᾽ ἄρα Μηριόνης the men rose up, rose up Atreides, rose up Meriones Ψ 886. So in Hdt.
(II) Prepositions connect verbs and other words with the oblique cases of nouns and pronouns.
It is often impossible to decide whether the preposition belongs to the verb or to the noun. Thus, ἐκ δὲ Χρῡσηὶς νηὸς βῆ A 439 may be Chryseïs went out of the ship or Chryseïs went-out-from (ἐξέβη) the ship. When important words separate the prep.-adv. from the noun, the prep.-adv. is more properly regarded as belonging with the verb, which, together with the prep.-adv., governs the noun: ἀμφὶ δὲ χαῖται ὤμοις ἀ̄ΐσσονται and his mane floats-about his shoulders Z 509. The Mss. often vary: τοῖσιν ἐγὼ μεθ᾽ ὁμί̄λεον (or μεθομί̄λεον) with these I was wont to associate A 269.
(III) Prepositions unite with verbs (less frequently with nouns and other prepositions) to form compounds. Cp. 886 ff.
a. From this use as a prefix the name ‘preposition’ (πρόθεσις praepositio) is derived. The original meaning of some prepositions is best seen in compounds.
Improper prepositions (1699) are adverbs used like prepositions, but incapable of forming compounds. The case (usually the genitive) following an improper preposition depends on the preposition alone without regard to the verb; whereas a true preposition was attached originally, as an adverb, to a case depending directly on the verb.
The addition of a preposition (especially διά, κατά, σύν) to a verbal form may mark the completion of the action of the verbal idea (perfective action). The local force of the preposition is here often lost. So διαφεύγειν succeed in escaping, καταδιώκειν succeed in pursuing, συντελεῖν accomplish, carry into effect (τελεῖν do, perform).
Two or more prepositions may be used with one verb, either sepa rately, as adverbs, or in composition with the verb. Thus, στῆ δὲ παρέξ (or παρ᾽ ἐξ) he stood forth beside him Λ 486. When two prepositions of like meaning are used in composition, that preposition precedes which has the narrower range: συμμετέχειν take part in with, ἀμφιπεριστέφεσθαι to be put round about as a crown. When two prepositions are used with one noun, the noun usually depends on the second, while the first defines the second adverbially; as ἀμφὶ περὶ κρήνην round about a spring B 305. It is often uncertain whether or not two prepositions should be written together.
a. Such compound prepositions are ἀμφιπερί, παρέξ, ὑπέκ, ἀπέκ, διέκ, ἀποπρό, διαπρό, περιπρό. Improper prepositions may be used with true prepositions, as μέχρι εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδον as far as (into) the camp X. A. 6.4.26.
Tmesis (τμῆσις cutting) denotes the separation of a preposition from its verb, and is a term of late origin, properly descriptive only of the post-epic language, in which preposition and verb normally formed an indissoluble compound. The term ‘tmesis’ is incorrectly applied to the language of Homer, since in the Epic the prep.-adv. was still in process of joining with the verb.
In Attic poetry tmesis occurs chiefly when the preposition is separated from the verb by unimportant words (particles, enclitics), and is employed for the sake of emphasis or (in Euripides) as a mere ornament. Aristophanes uses tmesis only to parody the style of tragic choruses.
Hdt. uses tmesis frequently in imitation of the Epic; the intervening words are ὦν ( = οὖν), enclitics, δέ, μὲν . . . δέ, etc.
In Attic prose tmesis occurs only in special cases: ἀντ᾽ εὖ ποιεῖν (πάσχειν) and σὺν εὖ (κακῶς) ποιεῖν (πάσχειν). Thus,
all whom the city has requited with benefits for the service they rendered itὅσους εὖ ποιήσαντας ἡ πόλις ἀντ᾽ εὖ πεποίηκεν
The addition of a preposition to a verb may have no effect on the construction, as in ἐκβῆναι τῆς νεώς, whereas βῆναι τῆς νεώς originally, and still in poetry, can mean go from-the-ship; or it may determine the construction, as in
to surpass meπεριγενέσθαι ἐμοῦ
A preposition usually assumes the force of an adjective when compounded with substantives which do not change their forms on entering into composition, as σύνοδος a national meeting (ὁδός). Otherwise the compound usually gets a new termination, generally -ον, -ιον neuter, or -ίς feminine, as ἐνύπνιον dream (ὕπνος), ἐπιγουνίς thigh-muscle (γόνυ).
The use of prepositions is, in general, more common in prose than in poetry, which retained the more primitive form of expression.
A noun joined by a preposition to its case without the help of a verb has a verbal meaning:
freedom from all ruleἀπὸ πᾱσῶν ἀρχῶν ἐλευθερίᾱ
In general, when depending on prepositions expressing relations of place, the accusative denotes the place (or person) toward which or the place over which, along which motion takes place, the dative denotes rest in or at, the genitive (ablative) passing from. Thus,
I have come to youἥκω παρὰ σέ
the barbarians in his own serviceοἱ παρ᾽ ἑαυτῷ βάρβαροι
Constructio Praegnans.—a. A verb of motion is often used with a preposition with the dative to anticipate the rest that follows the action of the verb: ἐν τῷ ποταμῷ ἔπεσον they fell (into and were) in the river X. Ages. 1.32. This use is common with τιθέναι, ἱδρύ̄ειν, καθιστάναι, etc., and with tenses of completed action which imply rest; as οἱ ἐν τῇ νήσῳ ἄνδρες διαβεβηκότες the men who had crossed to (and were in) the island T. 7.71.
b. A verb of rest is often followed by a preposition with the accusative to denote motion previous to or following upon the action of the verb: παρῆσαν εἰς Σάρδεις (they came to Sardis and were in the city) they arrived at Sardis X. A. 1.2.2,
they were saved by reaching Cyreneἐς Κῠ̄ρήνην ἐσώθησαν
Stress is often laid on (a) the starting-point or (b) the goal of an action.
a. καταδήσᾱς ἀπὸ δένδρων τοὺς ἵππους tying his horses to (from) trees X. H. 4.4.10. By anticipation of the verbal action (attraction of the prep. with the article):
he deserted his post in the armyτὴν ἀπὸ στρατοπέδου τάξιν ἔλιπεν
b. With verbs of collecting (ἀθροίζειν, συλλέγειν) and enrolling (ἐγγράφειν): εἰς πεδίον ἀθροίζονται they are mustered in(to) the plain X. A. 1.1.2, εἰς ἄνδρας ἐγγράψαι to enrol in(to) the list of men D. 19.230.
So with adverbs: ὅπον ἐληλύθαμεν where ( = whither, ὅποι) we have gone X. C. 6.1.14, ὅθεν ἀπελίπομεν, ἐπανέλθωμεν let us return to the point whence ( = where, ὅπου) we left off P. Ph. 78b, ἀγνοεῖ τὸν ἐκεῖθεν πόλεμον δεῦρο ἥξοντα he does not know that the war in that region will come hither ( = τὸν ἐκεῖ πόλεμον ἐκεῖθεν) D. 1.15.
Some adverbs and adverbial phrases meaning from are used with reference to the point of view of the observer: ἑκατέρωθεν on either side, ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν on this side and that, ἐκ δεξιᾶς on the right (a dextra), οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς σκηνῆς the actors, τὸ ἐκ τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ τεῖχος, τὸ ἐς τὴν Παλλήνην τεῖχος the wall (seen) from the isthmus, the wall toward (looking to) Pallene T. 1.64 (of the same wall).
Position.—The preposition usually precedes its noun. It may be separated from it
a. By particles (μέν, δέ, γέ, τέ, γάρ, οὖν) and by οἶμαι I think: ἐν οὖν τῇ πόλει P. R. 456d, εἰς δέ γε οἶμαι τὰ̄ς ἄλλᾱς πόλεις to the other cities I think 568 c.
Note that the order τὴν μὲν χώρᾱν (1155) usually becomes, e.g. πρὸς μὲν τὴν χώρᾱν or πρὸς τὴν χώρᾱν μέν. Demonstrative ὁ μέν and ὁ δέ, when dependent on a preposition, regularly follow the preposition, and usually with order reversed (1109): ἐν μὲν ἄρα τοῖς συμφωνοῦμεν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς οὔ in some things then we agree, but not in others P. Phae. 263b.
b. By attributives:
to the plain of the Caysterεἰς Καΰστρου πεδίον
c. By the accusative in oaths and entreaties (with πρός): πρός σε τῆσδε μητρός by my mother here I implore thee E. Phoen. 1665; cp. per te deos oro and see 1599.
N.—A preposition is usually placed before a superlative and after ὡς or ὅτι qualifying the superlative:
over the very greatest part of the throngὡς ἐπὶ πλεῖστον τοῦ ὁμί̄λου
with far better reasonπολὺ ἐν πλείονι αἰτίᾳ
In poetry a preposition is often placed between an adjective and its substantive; very rarely in prose (
in the following mannerτοιᾷδε ἐν τάξει
περί is the only true preposition that may be placed after its case in Attic prose:
about wisdomσοφίᾱς πέρι
about which I understand nothing either much or littleὧν ἐγὼ οὐδὲν οὔτε μέγα οὔτε μῑκρὸν πέρι ἐπαΐω
concerning both that which is holy and that which is unholyτοῦ ὁσίου τε πέρι καὶ τοῦ ἀνοσίου
a. ἕνεκα and χάριν (usually) and ἄνευ (sometimes) are postpositive. The retention of the postpositive use of περί may be due to the influence of ἕνεκα. In poetry many prepositions are postpositive.
The preposition in the second of two closely connected clauses may be different from that used in the first clause either (1) when the relation is essentially the same or (2) when it is different. Thus (1)
from Corcyra and the mainlandἔκ τε τῆς Κερκύ̄ρᾱς καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἠπείρου
a. For the sake of emphasis or to mark opposition and difference, a preposition is repeated with each noun dependent on the preposition:
in the pursuit of war and in the other occupations of lifeκατά τε πόλεμον καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἄλλην δίαιταν
b. A preposition is used with the first noun and omitted with the second when the two nouns (whether similar or dissimilar in meaning) unite to form a complex: περὶ τοῦ δικαίου καὶ ἀρετῆς ‘concerning the justice of our cause and the honesty of our intentions’ T. 3.10.
c. In poetry a preposition may be used only with the second of two nouns dependent on it:
from Delphi and DauliaΔελφῶν κἀ̄πὸ Δαυλίᾱς
In contrasts or alternatives expressed by ἤ, ἢ . . . ἤ, καὶ . . . καί, etc., the preposition may be repeated or omitted with the second noun:
both by land and by seaκαὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν
to foe or friendπρὸς ἐχθρὸν ἢ φίλον
When prepositions of different meaning are used with the same noun, the noun is repeated; thus neither upon (the earth) nor under the earth is οὔτ᾽ ἐπὶ γῆς οὔθ᾽ ὑπὸ γῆς P. Menex. 246d.
In explanatory appositional clauses (988) the preposition may be repeated for the sake of clearness or emphasis; as
the men of mark come from those who have practised each artἐκ τούτων οἱ ὀνομαστοὶ γίγνονται, ἐκ τῶν ἐπιτηδευσάντων ἕκαστα
Before a relative in the same case as a noun or pronoun dependent on a preposition, the preposition is usually omitted:
he was at that age at which I now amκατὰ ταύτην τὴν ἡλικίᾱν ἦν ἣν ἐγὼ νῦν
is loved by whom it is lovedφιλεῖται
it is necessary to set each individual to some one work to which he is adapted by natureπρὸς ὅ τις πέφῡκε, πρὸς τοῦτο ἕνα πρὸς ἓν ἕκαστον ἔργον δεῖ κομίζειν
In Plato a preposition is often omitted in replies: ἡττώμενοσ—ὑπὸ τίνος; φήσει. τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ, φήσομεν overcome—by what? he will say. By the good, we shall say Pr. 355 c.
The preposition is usually omitted with the main noun or pronoun when it is used in a clause of comparison with ὡς (rarely ὥσπερ) as:
they ought to take thought for their country as their mother and nurseδεῖ ὡς περὶ μητρὸς καὶ τροφοῦ τῆς χώρᾱς βουλεύεσθαι
speak the truth to me as to one who knowsὡς πρὸς εἰδότ᾽ ἐμὲ σὺ τἀ̄ληθῆ λέγε
who owe their ruin to nothing so much as to such a course of actionοἳ παρ᾽ οὐδὲν οὕτως ὡς τὸ τοιαῦτα ποιεῖν ἀπολώλᾱσιν
to deliberate about the future rather than the presentπερὶ τοῦ μέλλοντος μᾶλλον βουλεύεσθαι ἢ τοῦ παρόντος
A preposition with its case may have the function of the subject, or the object, of a sentence; or it may represent the protasis of a condition.
Subject:
about eight hundred took to flightἔφυγον περὶ ὀκτακοσίους
they killed about eight hundredδιέφθειραν ἐς ὀκτακοσίους
for had it depended on your selves you would have perished long agoἐπεὶ διά γ᾽ ὑ̄μᾶς αὐτοὺς πάλαι ἂν ἀπωλώλειτε
Use of the Prepositions in Attic Prose.—
With the accusative only: ἀνά, εἰς.
With the dative only: ἐν, σύν.
With the genitive only: ἀντί, ἀπό, ἐξ, πρό.
With the accusative and genitive: ἀμφί, διά, κατά, μετά, ὑπέρ.
With accusative, genitive, and dative: ἐπί, παρά, περί, πρός, ὑπό.
a. With the dative are also used in poetry: ἀνά, ἀμφί (also in Hdt.), μετά. ἀπό (ἀπύ), ἐξ (ἐς) take the dative in Arcadian and Cyprian.
b. The genitive is either the genitive proper (of the goal, 1349, 1350, etc.) or the ablatival genitive.
c. The dative is usually the locative or the instrumental, rarely the dative proper (as with ἐπί and πρός of the goal).
Ordinary Differences in Meaning.—
| GENITIVE | ACCUSATIVE | |
| ἀμφί, περί | concerning | round about, near |
| διά | through | owing to |
| κατά | against | along, over, according to |
| μετά | with | after |
| ὑπέρ | above, in behalf of | over, beyond |
| GENITIVE | DATIVE | ACCUSATIVE | |
| ἐπί | on | on | to, toward, for |
| παρά | from | with, near | to, contrary to |
| πρός | on the side of | at, besides | to, toward |
| ὑπό | by, under | under | under |
Certain prepositions are parallel in many uses; e.g. ἀνά and κατά, ἀντί and πρό, ἀπό and ἐκ, ἀμφί and περί, ὑπέρ and περί, ἐπί and πρός, σύν and μετά.
The agent is expressed by different prepositions with the genitive:
ὑπό of persons and things personified (1698. 1. N. 1): the normal usage in Attic prose.
παρά: here the agent is viewed as the source. The action is viewed as starting near a person, or on the part of a person.
διά through: the intermediate agent.
ἀπό: indirect agent and source (rare) to mark the point of departure of the action. Chiefly in Thuc.
ἐξ: chiefly in poetry and Hdt. In Attic prose of emanation from a source.
πρός: to mark the result as due to the presence (before) of a person; chiefly in poetry and Hdt.
Means is expressed by διά with the genitive (the normal usage in Attic prose), ἀπό, ἐξ, ἐν, σύν. Motive is expressed by ὑπό (gen.), διά (accus.), ἕνεκα.
ἀμφί (cp. ἄμφω, ἀμφότερος, Lat. ambi-, amb-, am-) originally on both sides (either externally only, or inside and outside), hence about. Cp. the use of περί (1693) throughout. Chiefly poetic, Ionic, and Xenophontic. In Attic prose chiefly with the accusative.
Local (very rare and doubtful):
dwellers round about this cityοἱ ἀμφὶ ταύτης οἰκέοντες τῆς πόλιος
I speak about thy childἀμφὶ σῆς λέγω παιδός
quarrelling about what they hadἀμφὶ ὧν εἶχον διαφερόμενοι
Local:
he has a shield about his shouldersἀμφ᾽ ὤμοισιν ἔχει σάκος
afraid on account of his wifeφοβηθεὶς ἀμφὶ τῇ γυναικί
Local:
about Miletusἀμφὶ Μί̄λητον
they ran around Achillesἔδραμον ἀμφ᾽ Ἀχιλῆα
towards eveningἀμφὶ δείλην
he was busy about dinnerἀμφὶ δεῖπνον εἶχεν
a. οἱ ἀμφί τινα the attendants, followers of a person, or the person himself with his attendants, etc.:
one of the trusty adherents of Cyrusἀνὴρ τῶν ἀμφὶ Κῦρον πιστῶν
the school of Protagorasοἱ ἀμφὶ Πρωταγόρᾱν
Around, about' ἀμφιβάλλειν throw around (on both sides), ἀμφιλέγειν dispute (speak on both sides).
ἀνά (Lesb. ὀν, Lat. an- in anhelare, Eng. on): originally up to, up (opposed to κατά). Cp. ἄνω.
Local only (Epic, Lyric, and in tragic choruses): ἀνὰ σκήπτρῳ upon a staff A 15.
Up along; over, through, among (of horizontal motion). Usually avoided by Attic prose writers except Xenophon (three times in the orators).
a. Local: To a higher point:
up streamἀνὰ τὸν ποταμόν
b. Extension in Time:
through the nightἀνὰ νύκτα
c. Other relations: Distributively:
by hundredsἀνὰ ἑκατὸν ἄνδρας
dailyἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέρᾱν
proportionatelyἀνὰ λόγον
Up (ἀνίστασθαι stand up, ἀναστρέφειν turn upside down), back (ἀναχωρεῖν go back, ἀναμιμνῄσκειν remind), again (ἀναπνεῖν breathe again, ἀναπειρᾶσθαι practise constantly), often with a reversing force force (ἀναλύ̄ειν unlcose).
ἀντί : originally in the face of, opposite to; cp. ἄντα, ἐναντίος, Lat. ante (with meaning influenced by post), Germ. Antwort, ‘reply.’
Local: ἀνθ᾽ ὧν ἑστηκότες standing opposite to (from the point of view of the speaker, i.e. behind) which (pine-trees) X. A. 4.7.6. In other meanings: Instead of, for, as an equivalent to:
peace instead of warἀντὶ πολέμου εἰρήνη
to prefer what I have to offer you here instead of what you have left at homeτὰ παρ᾽ ἐμοὶ ἑλέσθαι ἀντὶ τῶν οἴκοι
they exchanged death for the safety of the livingτὴν τελευτὴν ἀντὶ τῆς τῶν ζώντων σωτηρίᾱς ἠλλάξαντο
whereforeἀνθ᾽ ὅτου
we entreat thee by these children hereσ᾽ ἀντὶ παίδων τῶνδε ἱκετεύομεν
Instead, in return (ἀντιδιδόναι give in return), against, in opposition to (ἀντιλέγειν speak against).
ἀπό (Lesb. etc. ἀπύ) from, off, away from; originally of separation and departure. Cp. Lat. ab, Eng. off, of.
a. Local:
leaping down from his horseκαταπηδήσᾱς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἵππου
at a distance from the seaἀπὸ θαλάσσης
beginning with the godsἀπὸ θεῶν ἀρχόμενοι
b. Temporal: ἀφ᾽ ἑσπέρᾱς after evening began (after sundown) X. A. 6.3.23, ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ σημείου on the same signal 2. 5. 32, ἀπὸ τῶν σί̄των after meals X. R. L. 5.8, ἀφ᾽ οὗ since.
c. Other relations: (1) Origin, Source: in prose of more remote ancestry: τοὺς μὲν ἀπὸ θεῶν, τοὺς δ᾽ ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν θεῶν γεγονότας some descended (remotely) from gods, others begotten (directly) of the gods themselves I. 12.81. (This distinction is not always observed.) Various other relations may be explained as source.
(2) Author: as agent with passives and intransitives, when an action is done indirectly, through the influence of the agent (ὑπό of the direct action of the agent himself). Not common, except in Thuc. (chiefly with πρἀ̄ττεσθαι, λέγεσθαι, and verbs of like meaning):
nothing was done under their ruleἐπρά̄χθη ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐδὲν ἔργον
speeches made by many and to manyἀπὸ πολλῶν καὶ πρὸς πολλοὺς λόγοι γιγνόμενοι
(3) Cause (remote):
he was praised in consequence of this bold deedἀπὸ τούτου τοῦ τολμήματος ἐπῃνέθη
this happened not from chance but by reason of the preparations I madeταῦτα οὐκ ἀπὸ τύχης ἐγίγνετο, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπὸ παρασκευῆς τῆς ἐμῆς
(4) Means, Instrument:
he raised an army by means of moneyστράτευμα συνέλεξεν ἀπὸ χρημάτων
to do injury by means of themἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν βλάψαι
(5) Manner:
openlyἀπὸ τοῦ προφανοῦς
(6) Conformity:
on a basis of equalityἀπὸ τοῦ ἴσου
N.—ἀπό with gen. is sometimes preferred to the simple gen., often for emphasis:
the words that proceed from youοἱ λόγοι ἀφ᾽ ὑ̄μῶν
From, away, off (ἀπιέναι go away, ἀποτειχίζειν wall off), in return, back (ἀποδιδόναι give back what is due, ἀπαιτεῖν demand what is one's right).  Often almost equivalent to an intensive (ἀποφάναι speak out, ἀποδεικνύναι point out, ἀποτολμᾶν dare without reserve).
διά (Lesb. ζά) through, originally through and out of, and apart (separation by cleavage), a force seen in comp. (cp. Lat. dis-, Germ. zwi-schen).
a. Local: through and out of (cp. Hom. διέκ, διαπρό), as
the spear went clear through his shoulderδι᾽ ὤμου ἔγχος ἦλθεν
to march through the enemy's countryπορεύεσθαι
to controlδιὰ χειρὸς ἔχειν
b. Temporal: of uninterrupted duration, as
through the nightδιὰ νυκτός
constantlyδιὰ παντός
c. Intervals of Space or Time:
at intervals of ten battlementsδιὰ δέκα ἐπάλξεων
after an intervalδιὰ χρόνου
at a long distanceδιὰ πολλοῦ
d. Other relations: Means, Mediation (per):
ipse per seαὐτὸς δι᾽ ἑαυτοῦ
sending a letter by this manδιὰ τούτου γράμματα πέμψᾱς
they are afraidδιὰ φόβου εἰσί
to enter into friendship with themαὐτοῖς διὰ φιλίᾱς ἰέναι
quicklyδιὰ ταχέων
a. Local: of space traversed, through, over (Epic, Lyric, tragic choruses): διὰ δώματα through the halls A 600; διὰ νύκτα Θ 510 is quasi-temporal.
b. Cause: owing to, thanks to, on account of, in consequence of (cp. propter, ob):
I was saved thanks to the godsδιὰ τοὺς θεοὺς ἐσῳζόμην
it seems they would have got the better of the power of the king, had it not been for Cyrusφαίνονται κρατήσαντες ἂν τῶν βασιλέως πρᾱγμάτων, εἰ μὴ διὰ Κῦρον
c. διά is rarely used (in place of ἕνεκα) to denote a purpose or object:
for the sake of their honourδιὰ τὴν σφετέρᾱν δόξαν
for spiteδι᾽ ἐπήρειαν
on account of disease in order to gain healthδιὰ νόσον ἕνεκα ὑγιείᾱς
d. διά with gen. is used of direct, διά with accus. of indirect, agency (fault, merit, of a person, thing, or situation). διά with gen. is used of an agent employed to bring about an intended result; διά with accus. is used of a person, thing, or state beyond our control (accidental agency). (1) Persons:
they effected this by the mediation of Eurymachusἔπρᾱξαν ταῦτα δι᾽ Εὐρυμάχου
N.—διά with gen. ( = through) is distinguished from the simple dative ( = by): δι᾽ οὗ ὁρῶμεν καὶ ᾧ ἀκούομεν P. Th. 184c.
e. For διά with accus. to express the reason for an action, the dative is sometimes used (1517):
fearing the Athenians by reason of what had happenedτοῖς πεπρᾱγμένοις φοβούμενος τοὺς Ἀθηναίους
f. When used in the same sentence, the dative may express the immediate, διά with the accus. the remoter, cause:
they gave ground from the fact that they were weak through lack of foodἀσθενείᾳ σωμάτων διὰ τὴν σῑτοδείᾱν ὑπεχώρουν
g. διά with accus. contrasted with ὑπό with gen.: φήσομεν αὐτὸ δι᾽ ἐκεῖνα ὑπὸ τῆς αὑτοῦ κακίᾱς ἀπολωλέναι we shall say that it (the body) is destroyed on account of those (remoter) causes (as badness of food) by its own evil (immediately) P. R. 609e.
Through, across, over (διαβαίνειν cross), apart, asunder (διακόπτειν cut in two, διακρί̄νειν discernere, διαφέρειν differ, διαζυγνύναι disjoin), severally (διαδιδόναι distribute).
δια- often denotes intensity, continuance, or fulfilment (διαμένειν remain to the end, διαφθείρειν destroy completely). δια- is common in the reciprocal middle (1726), as in διαλέγεσθαι converse; often of rivalry (οἱ διαπολῑτευόμενοι rival statesmen, διακοντίζεσθαι contend in throwing the javelin).
εἰς, ἐς into, to, opposed to ἐξ; from ἐν ¨ ς (cp. Lat. abs from ab + s). See on ἐν. On εἰς with the genitive by ellipsis, see 1302.
In the Old Attic alphabet (2 a), generally used in Attica in the fifth century, ΕΣ was written, and this may be either εἰς or ἐς. In the fourth century ΕΙΣ was generally written. In Thuc. ἐς is printed, but its correctness may be doubted; other Attic prose writers use εἰς, the poets εἰς or (less frequently) ἐς. It is not true that in poetry ἐς is used only before consonants, εἰς only before vowels.
a. Local: of the goal:
the Sicels crossed over out of Italy into SicilyΣικελοὶ ἐξ Ἰταλίᾱς διέβησαν ἐς Σικελίᾱν
they invaded Atticaἐστράτευσαν ἐς τὴν Ἀττικήν
to end inτελευτᾶν εἴς τι
to raise a prejudice against the Peloponnesians among the GreeksΠελοποννησίους διαβαλεῖν ἐς τοὺς Ἕλληνας
b. Temporal: of the goal: up to, until:
up to my timeἐς ἐμέ
arriving at such a timeεἰς τοιοῦτον καιρὸν ἀφῑγμένοι
in all future timeεἰς τὸν λοιπὸν χρόνον
c. Measure and Limit with numerals: εἰς χῑλίους to the number of (up to) a thousand X. A. 1.8.5, εἰς δύο two abreast 2. 4. 26,
to the amount of a drachmaἐς δραχμήν
d. Other relations: Goal, Purpose, Intention:
your country looks for help to youἡ σὴ πατρὶς εἰς σὲ ἀποβλέπει
to use for the slingsχρῆσθαι εἰς τὰ̄ς σφενδόνᾱς
to train with a view to virtueπαιδεύειν εἰς ἀρετήν
excellent for the armyκαλὸν εἰς στρατιά̄ν
in seasonεἰς καιρόν
Into, in, to (εἰσβαίνειν enter, εἰσπρά̄ττειν get in, exact a debt).
ἐν in (poetic ἐνί, εἰν, εἰνί), Lat. in with the abl., en-; opposed to εἰς into, ἐξ out of. On ἐν with the genitive by ellipsis, see 1302.
a. Local: in, at, near, by, on, among:
in Spartaἐν Σπάρτῃ
the battle at Corinthἡ ἐν Κορίνθῳ μάχη
a city built on the Euxineπόλις οἰκουμένη ἐν τῷ Εὐξείνῳ πόντῳ
laws famous among all the Greeksνόμοι ἐν πᾶσιν εὐδόκιμοι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν
the men at the head of affairsοἱ ἐν τοῖς πρά̄γμασιν
he came to himselfἐν ἑαυτῷ ἐγένετο
b. Temporal: in, within, during (cp. 1542):
in five yearsἐν πέντε ἔτεσιν
during a truceἐν σπονδαῖς
c. Instrument, Means, Cause, Manner (originally local): ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ἴδωμαι see with the eyes A 587, ἐν ἑνὶ κινδῡνεύεσθαι to be endangered by (i.e. to depend on) a single person T. 2.35,
either grieving or rejoicing at thisἐν τούτοις ἢ λῡπούμενοι ἢ χαίροντες
openlyἐν τῷ φανερῷ
deciding according to equal lawsἐν τοῖς ὁμοίοις νόμοις ποιήσαντες τὰ̄ς κρίσεις
in my opinionἐν ἐμοί
N.—In many dialects, e.g. those north of the Corinthian Gulf (rarely in Pindar), ἐν retains its original meaning of in (with dat.) and into (with accus.). The latter use appears in ἐνδέξια towards the right.
In, at, on, among (ἐμπί̄πτειν fall in or on, ἐντυγχάνειν fall in with, ἐγγελᾶν laugh at, ἐνάπτειν bind on).
ἐξ, ἐκ out, out of, from, from within, opposed to ἐν, εἰς; cp. Lat. ex, e. As contrasted with ἀπό away from, ἐξ denotes from within.
In Arcadian and Cyprian ἐς ( = ἐξ) takes the dative.
a. Local:
marching out of Phoeniciaἐκ Φοινί̄κης ἐλαύνων
b. Temporal:
after breakfastἐκ τοῦ ἀ̄ρίστου
c. Other relations: immediate succession or transition:
exchanging one city for anotherἄλλην ἐξ ἄλλης πόλεως ἀμειβόμενος
noble and of noble breedἀγαθοὶ καὶ ἐξ ἀγαθῶν
it was agreed by allὡμολογεῖτο ἐκ πάντων
in consequence of the fact itselfἐξ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἔργου
for which reason he accused himἐξ οὗ διέβαλλεν αὐτόν
the hook of adamantτὸ ἄγκιστρον ἐξ ἀδάμαντος
to acquire by labour the fruits of virtueἐκ τῶν πόνων τὰ̄ς ἀρετὰ̄ς κτᾶσθαι
in accordance with the lawsἐκ τῶν νόμων
on equal termsἐκ τοῦ ἴσου
they belong to the class that has powerἐκ τῶν δυναμένων εἰσί
Out, from, off, away (cp. ἐξελαύνειν drive out and away); often with an implication of fulfilment, completion, thoroughness, resolution (ἐκπέρθειν sack utterly, ἐκδιδάσκειν teach thoroughly). Cp. 1648.
ἐπί (cp. Lat. ob) upon, on, on the surface of; opposed to ὑπό under, and to ὑπέρ when ὑπέρ means above the surface of.
a. Local: upon:
neither upon the earth nor under the earthοὔτ᾽ ἐπὶ γῆς οὔθ᾽ ὑπὸ γῆς
he seated himself on a throneἐπὶ θρόνου ἐκαθέζετο
on my shipἐπὶ τῆς ἐμῆς νεώς
he fled toward Sardisἐπὶ Σάρδεων ἔφευγε
N.—In expressions of simple superposition ἐπί with the gen. denotes familiar relations and natural position; whereas ἐπί with the dat. gives clear and emphatic outlines to statements of the definite place of an object or action, is used in detailed pictures, and marks the object in the dative as distinct from the subject of the verbal action. ἐπί with the gen. is colourless and phraseological, and often makes, with the verb or the subject, a compound picture. Even in contrasting two objects ἐπί with gen. is used since no special point is made of position. With (unemphatic) pronouns of reference (αὐτοῦ) ἐπί with gen. is much more frequent than ἐπί with dat. The distinction between the two cases is often the result of feeling; and certain phrases become stereotyped, now with the gen., now with the dat.
b. Temporal, usually with personal gen.: in the time of:
in the time of our ancestorsἐπὶ τῶν προγόνων
in my timeἐπ᾽ ἐμοῦ
in the Decelean warἐπὶ τοῦ Δεκελεικου᾽ πολέμου
c. Other relations:
to persist in the same follyμενεῖν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνοίᾱς τῆς αὐτῆς
what you see in the case of others, that you ignore in your own caseἃ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὁρᾶτε, ταῦτ᾽ ἐφ᾽ ὑ̄μῶν αὐτῶν ἀγνοεῖτε
they proceeded by themselvesἐφ᾽ ἑαυτῶν ἐχώρουν
the men in powerοἱ ἐπὶ τῶν πρᾱγμάτων
a. Local: on, by:
they dwell on the isthmusοἰκοῦσιν ἐπὶ τῷ ἰσθμῷ
b. Temporal (rare in prose):
the sun was near settingἦν ἥλιος ἐπὶ δυσμαῖς
c. Other relations: Succession, Addition:
answer the next questionτὸ ἐπὶ τούτῳ γ᾽ ἀπόκρῑναι
he rose up after himἀνέστη ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ
relish with breadἐπὶ τῷ σί̄τῳ ὄψον
there was a commander over themἄρχων ἐπὶ τούτοις ἦν
as far as is in my powerκαθ᾽ ὅσον ἐστὶν ἐπ᾽ ἐμοί
on what terms we made the peaceἐφ᾽ οἷς τὴν εἰρήνην ἐποιησάμεθα
the alliance against the Medesἡ ἐπὶ τῷ Μήδῳ ξυμμαχίᾱ
a. Local: of the goal:
he marches to the riverἐξελαύνει ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμόν
he mounted his horseἀνέβαινεν ἐπὶ τὸν ἵππον
famous over all Asiaἐπὶ πᾶσαν Ἀσίᾱν ἐλλόγιμοι
b. Temporal: extension:
for many daysἐπὶ πολλὰ̄ς ἡμέρᾱς
c. Quantity, measure: ἐπὶ μῑκρόν a little, ἐπὶ πλέον still more, ἐπὶ πᾶν in general, πλάτος ἔχων πλεῖον η῍ ἐπὶ δύο στάδια wider than (up to) two stades X. C. 7.5.8.
d. Other relations: Purpose, object in view:
to send for the purpose of reconnoiteringπέμπειν ἐπὶ κατασκοπήν
they sent for moneyἀπέστειλαν ἐπὶ χρήματα
N.—To express purpose ἐπί with accus. is generally used when the purpose involves actual or implied motion to an object; ἐπί with dat. is used when the purpose may be attained by mental activity.
Upon (ἐπιγράφειν write upon), over (ἐπιπλεῖν sail over), at, of cause (ἐπιχαίρειν rejoice over or at), to, toward (ἐπιβοηθεῖν send assistance to), in addition (ἐπιδιδόναι give in addition), against (ἐπιβουλεύειν plot against), after (ἐπιγίγνεσθαι be born after, ἐπισκευάζειν repair); causative (ἐπαληθεύειν verify); intensity (ἐπικρύπτειν hide; ἐπιβουλεύεσθαι further deliberate = reflect); reciprocity (ἐπιμείγνυσθαι ἀλλήλοις exchange friendly dealings).
κατά down (cp. κάτω), opposed to ἀνά. With the genitive (the genitive proper (of the goal) and the ablatival genitive) and the accusative. With the genitive, the motion is perpendicular; with the accusative, horizontal.
a. Local: down from, down toward, under:
having leapt down from the rockἁλάμενοι κατὰ τῆς πέτρᾱς
his soul went down under the earthψῡχὴ κατὰ χθονὸς ᾤχετο
the man under the earthὁ κατὰ γῆς
b. Temporal (very rare): κατὰ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος for all eternity Lyc. 7.
c. Other relations: against, as
to speak against myselfκατ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ ἐρεῖν
the eulogies on Demosthenesοἱ κατὰ Δημοσθένους ἔπαινοι
to speak with regard to allκατὰ πάντων λέγειν
a. Local:
they sailed down-streamἔπλεον κατὰ ποταμόν
following to the entrancesκατὰ τὰ̄ς εἰσόδους ἐφεπόμενοι
by landκατὰ γῆν
pursuing those stationed opposite themselvesδιώκοντες τοὺς καθ᾽ αὑτούς
b. Temporal (post-Homeric):
during the voyageκατὰ πλοῦν
his contemporariesοἱ καθ᾽ ἑαυτόν
c. Other relations: Purpose:
came for the purpose of seeingκατὰ θέᾱν ἧκεν
an orator after their styleκατὰ τούτους ῥήτωρ
according to the lawsκατὰ τοὺς νόμους
owing to friendshipκατὰ φιλίᾱν
quietlyκαθ᾽ ἡσυχίᾱν
nation by nationκατ᾽ ἔθνη
ten drachmae the manδέκα δραχμαὶ κατ᾽ ἄνδρα
per seκατὰ σφᾶς αὐτούς
about fiftyκατὰ πεντήκοντα
Down from above (καταπί̄πτειν fall down), back (καταλείπειν leave behind), against, adversely (καταγιγνώσκειν condemn, decide against, καταφρονεῖν despise), completely (καταπετροῦν stone to death, κατεσθίειν eat up), often with an intensive force that cannot be translated. An intransitive verb when compounded with κατά may become transitive (1559).
μετά : original meaning amid, among (cp. Germ. mit, Eng. mid in midwife). Hence properly only with plurals or collectives (so in Hom. with gen. and dat.). μετά denotes participation, community of action. πεδά (Lesb. and other dialects) agrees in meaning with μετά , but is of different origin.
Usually of persons and abstract nouns.
Local: among, together with, as
sitting among the restκαθήμενος μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων
to sacrifice in company with themθῦσαι μετ᾽ ἐκείνων
the barbarians in the army of Cyrusοἱ μετὰ Κύ̄ρου βάρβαροι
to wage war on the side of the wrongedμετὰ τῶν ἠδικημένων πολεμεῖν
without the consent of the peopleοὐ μετὰ τοῦ πλήθους
showing himself powerful as well as sagaciousγενόμενος μετὰ τοῦ ξυνετοῦ καὶ δυνατός
grief and terrorλύ̄πη μετὰ φόβου
Chiefly Epic (usually with the plural or with the collective singular of persons or things personified, or of the parts of living objects):
he spake amid the suitorsμετὰ μνηστῆρσιν ἔειπεν
in their heartsμετὰ φρεσί
Local: into the midst of: νεκροὺς ἔρυσαν μετὰ λᾱὸν Ἀχαιῶν they dragged the dead into the midst of the host of the Achaeans E 573; with an idea of purpose: ἰέναι μετὰ Νέστορα to go after (in quest of) Nestor K 73. Extension over the midst of: μετὰ πληθύ̄ν throughout the multitude B 143. Phrase:
to have in handμετὰ χεῖρας ἔχειν
N.—From the use in
he went after the steps of the goddessμετ᾽ ἴχνια βαῖνε θεοῖο
after the Trojan warμετὰ τὰ Τρωϊκά
Among (μεταδιδόναι give a share), after, in quest of (μεταπέμπεσθαι send for). When one thing is among other things, it may be said to come after another, to succeed or alternate with it; hence of succession (μεθημερινός diurnus; cp. μεθ᾽ ἡμέρᾱν after daybreak), alteration or change (μεταγράφειν rewrite, μεταμέλειν repent i.e. care for something else).
When contrasted with σύν, μετά often denotes participation: ὁ μέτοχος the partner, ὁ συνών the companion. σύν often denotes something added. But μετά is usually the prose preposition for σύν, though it does not mean inclusive of.
παρά (Hom. παραί, Lat. por- in porrigere) alongside, by, near. Except with the accusative παρά is commonly used of persons and personified things.
Usually coming or proceeding from a person, in Hom. also of things; cp. de chez.
a. Local:
the deserters from the kingοἱ αὐτομολοῦντες παρὰ βασιλέως
b. Author, Source (cp. 1410): with verbs of receiving, taking, asking, learning, sending, etc.:
the Persians wrested the empire from the Medesπαρὰ Μήδων τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐλάμβανον Πέρσαι
we learned from youπαρὰ σοῦ ἐμάθομεν
the good-will on the part of the godsἡ παρὰ τῶν θεῶν εὔνοια
the gifts of Fortuneτὰ παρὰ τῆς τύχης δωρηθέντα
Almost always of persons in standard Attic prose; cp. chez.
a. Local:
the boys do not eat with their mothers, but with their teachersοὐ παρὰ μητρὶ σῑτοῦνται οι᾽ παῖδες, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τῷ διδασκάλῳ
the places along the seaτὰ παρὰ θαλάττη χωρία
b. Other relations: Possessor:
this man has the gold, you the dangersτὸ μὲν χρῡσίον παρὰ τούτῳ, οἱ δὲ κίνδῡνοι παρ᾽ ὑ̄μῖν
those under the kingοἱ παρὰ βασιλεῖ ὄντες
blameless in the opinion of the troopsἀναίτιος παρὰ τοῖς στρατιώταις
a. Local: of motion to, in prose only of persons:
come to meἧκε παρ᾽ ἐμέ
sail along shoreπαρὰ γῆν πλεῖν
the ship they captured they set up alongside of the trophyἥνπερ ἔλαβον ναῦν, ἀνέθεσαν παρὰ τὸ τροπαῖον
he told him to remain close by himεἶπεν αὐτῷ μένειν παρ᾽ ἑαυτόν
the plain extending along the riverτὸ πεδίον τὸ παρὰ τὸν ποταμόν
besides this I have to say something elseἔχω παρὰ ταῦτα ἄλλο τι λέγειν
b. Temporal: (duration)
throughout the whole timeπαρὰ πάντα τὸν χρόνον
in the hour of dangerπαρὰ τὰ δεινά
c. Other relations: Cause = διά:
in consequence of our negligenceπαρὰ τὴν ἡμετέρᾱν ἀμέλειαν
the fortunes of the Greeks depend on thisτῶν Ἑλλήνων
by farπαρὰ πολύ
contrast with each otherἐξέτασον παρ᾽ ἄλληλα
Alongside, by, beside (παριέναι go alongside), beyond, past (παρελαύνειν drive past), over (παρορᾶν overlook), aside, amiss (παρακούειν misunderstand).
περί around (on all sides), about; cp. πέριξ round about. Lat. per in permagnus. περί is wider than ἀμφί: cp. X. Vect. 1.7 οὐ πεοίρρυτος οὖσα ὥσπερ νῆσος . . . ἀμφιθάλαττος γάρ ἐστι it (Attica) is not, like an island, surrounded by the sea . . . for it has the sea on two sides. On περί post-positive, see 1665.
a. Local (poetic): περὶ τρόπιος βεβαώς riding on (astride) the keel ε 130.
b. Other relations: about, concerning (Lat. de), the subject about which an act or thought centres:
fighting for their countryπερὶ πατρίδος μαχούμενοι
fearing for his sonδείσᾱς περὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ
to speak about peaceλέγειν περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης
the relations of virtueτὰ περὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς
thou dost surpass women in beautyπερίεσσι γυναικῶν εἶδος
a. Local: about: of arms, dress, etc., in prose:
collars about their necksστρεπτοὶ περὶ τοῖς τραχήλοις
b. Other relations (usually poetic): External cause:
afraid for their shipsδείσαντες περὶ ταῖς ναυσίν
from fearπερὶ τάρβει
a. Local: of position:
they despatched ships round about Peloponneseἀπέστειλαν ναῦς περὶ Πελοπόννησον
the followers of Heraclitusοἱ περὶ Ἡρἁ̄κλειτον
b. Indefinite statement of time and number:
about dawnπερὶ ὄρθρον
c. Other relations: Occupation:
those who are engaged in liberal pursuitsοἱ περὶ τὴν μουσικὴν ὄντες
the laws about marriageοἱ νόμοι οἱ περὶ τοὺς γάμους
most impious in regard to the godsπερὶ θεοὺς ἀσεβέστατοι
naval affairsτὰ περὶ τὰ̄ς ναῦς
Around, about (περιέχειν surround), beyond, over (περιεῖναι excel; and περιορᾶ<*> look beyond, overlook, suffer), (remaining) over (περιγίγνεσθαι remain over, result, and excel), exceedingly (περιχαρής very glad).
πρό (Lat. pro, for) before. Cp. ἀντί, which is narrower in meaning.
a.  Temporal:
before the battleπρὸ τῆς μάχης
c. Other relations: Defence or care (cp. ὑπέρ): διακινδῡνευειν πρὸ βασιλέως to incur danger in defence of (prop. in front of) the king X. C. 8.8.4. Preference (cp. ἀντί): οἱ ἐπαινοῦντες πρὸ δικαιοσύνης ἀδικίᾱν th<*>se who laud injustice in preference to justice P. R. 361e, πρὸ πολλοῦ ποιεῖσθαι to esteem highly (in preference to much) I. 5.138, φωνεῖν πρὸ τῶνδε to speak for them (as their spokesman) S. O. T. 10 (ἀντὶ τῶνδε = as their deputy, ὑπὲρ τῶνδε as their champion).
Before, forward, forth (προβάλλειν put forward), for, in behalf of, in defence of, in public (προαγορεύειν give public notice), beforehand (πρόδηλος manifest beforehand), in preference (προαιρεῖσθαι choose in preference).
πρός (Hom. also προτί), at, by (fronting). Of like meaning, but of different origin, is Hom. ποτί.
a. Local (not common in prose):
the wall facing the westτὸ πρὸς ἑσπέρᾱς τεῖχος
having the pack-animals on the side toward the riverτὰ ὑποζύγια ἔχοντες πρὸς τοῦ ποταμοῦ
b. Other relations: Descent:
on the father's sideπρὸς πατρός
for it was not the way of Cyrusοὐ γὰρ ἦν πρὸς τοῦ Κύ̄ρου τρόπου
making a truce more to the advantage of the Thebans than of his own partyσπονδὰ̄ς ποιησάμενος πρὸς Θηβαίων μᾶλλον ἢ πρὸς ἑαυτ ῶν
by the godsπρὸς θεῶν
In a local sense, denoting proximity (generally, in prose, of towns or buildings, not of persons):
to fight near the cityπρὸς τῇ πόλει τὴν μάχην ποιεῖσθαι
to be dedicated in the common shrinesπρὸς ἱεροῖς τοῖς κοινοῖς ἀνατεθῆναι
he was wholly intent upon his gainἦν ὅλος πρὸς τῷ λήμματι
besides theseπρὸς αὐτοῖς
to speak before the arbitratorπρὸς τῷ διαιτητῆ λέγειν
a. Local (direction toward or to, strictly fronting, facing):
we will lead you to themὑ̄μᾶς ἄξομεν πρὸς αὐτούς
to go against the enemyἰέναι πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους
b. Temporal (rare):
toward daybreakπρὸς ἡμέρᾱν
c. Other relations: friendly or hostile relation:
speak to meπρὸς ἐμὲ λέγετε
friendship with youφιλίᾱ πρὸς ὑ̄μᾶς
enmity to the Argivesἔχθρᾱ πρὸς τοὺς Ἀργείους
a sea-fight between the Corinthians and the Corcyreansναυμαχίᾱ Κορινθίων πρὸς Κερκῡραίους
he has nothing to do with the cityοὐδὲν αὐτῷ πρὸς τὴν πόλιν ἐστίν
to speak in order to court favourπρὸς χάριν λέγειν
wherefore be well advisedπρὸς ταῦτα βουλεύεσθε εὖ
according to meritπρὸς τὴν ἀξίᾱν
nor did they estimate happiness by the money-standardοὐδὲ πρὸς ἀργύριον τὴν εὐδαιμονίᾱν ἔκρῑνον
the simpler class of men, in comparison with the more astute, manage their public affairs betterοί φαυλότεροι τῶν ἀνθρώπων πρὸς τοὺς ξυνετωτέρους . . . ἄμεινον οἰκοῦσι τὰ̄ς πόλεις
to exchange pleasures for pleasuresἡδονὰ̄ς πρὸς ἡδονὰ̄ς καταλλάττεσθαι
To, toward (προσελαύνειν drive to, προστρέπειν turn toward), in addition (προσλαμβάνειν take in addition), against (προσκρούειν strike against, be angry with). Often in the general sense of additionally, qualifying the whole sentence rather than the verb.
σύν (Older Attic ξύν; cp. Ion. ξῡνός from κονιος ῀ κοινός, Lat. cum) with.
a. In standard (i.e. not Xenophontic) prose σύν has been almost driven out of use by μετά. It is used (1) in old formulas, as σὺν (τοῖς) θεοῖς with the help of the gods, σὺν (τοῖς) ὅπλοις in arms, etc. (of things attached to a person), σὺν νῷ intelligently; (2) of sum totals (along with, including), as
he has more than ten talents interest includedσὺν τοῖς ἔργοις πλέον ἢ δέκα τάλαντα ἔχει
b. σύν is usually poetic (rare in comedy) and Xenophontic; it is often used in the formulas of a (1) and of persons and things personified. Its older and poetic meaning is along with (of something secondary or added to the action) and with the help of. So in Xen.: together with, along with:
to sup with your wifeσὺν τῆ γυναικὶ δειπνεῖν
to fight with his helpσὺν ἐκείνῳ μάχεσθαι
c. Means and Instrument (regarded as accompaniments of an action: the comitative instrumental): ἡ κτῆσις αὐτῶν ἔστιν οὐδαμῶς σὺν τῇ βίᾳ, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον σὺν τῇ εὐεργεσίᾳ they (friends) are acquired, not by forcible means, but by kindness X. C. 8.7.13.
d. Manner:
they went laughingσὺν γέλωτι ἦλθον
Together with (συμβιοῦν live with, συμπορεύεσθαι march in company with), together (συμβάλλειν conicere), completely (συμπληροῦν fill up), contraction in size (συντέμνειν cut short), and generally of union or connection. Standard prose uses συν- freely.
ὑπέρ (Hom. also ὑπείρ) over, Lat. super. For the contrast with ἐπί, see 1689.
a. Local: from over:
they came down over the heightsὑπὲρ τῶν ἄκρων κατέβαινον
above the village was a hillὑπὲρ τῆς κώμης γήλοφος ἦν
b. Other relations: in defence of, on behalf of: μαχόμενος ὑπὲρ ὑ̄μῶν fighting for you (standing over to protect) P. L. 642c; in place of, in the name of:
I will speak both for you and for ourselvesἐγὼ λέξω καὶ ὑπὲρ σοῦ καὶ ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν
in order to get thisὑπὲρ τοῦ ταῦτα λαβεῖν
fear for the futureφόβος ὑπὲρ τοῦ μέλλοντος
not about your just claims nor about your foreign interestsμὴ περὶ τῶν δικαίων μηδ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἔξω πρᾱγμάτων
a. Local:
he passed over the thresholdὑπὲρ οὐδὸν ἐβήσετο
those who dwell beyond the Hellespontοἱ ὑπὲρ Ἑλλήσποντον οἰκοῦντες
b. Temporal ( = πρό) rare:
before the Persian warsὑπὲρ τὰ Μηδικά
c. Measure:
more than halfὑπὲρ ἥμισυ
beyond the power of manὑπὲρ ἄνθρωπον
Over, above (ὑπερβάλλειν cross over, ὑπερέχειν trans. hold over, intr. be above), in behalf of, for (ὑπερμαχεῖν poet. fight for), exceedingly (ὑπερφρονεῖν be over-proud).
ὑπό (Hom. also ὑπαί, Lesbian ὐπα-), under, by, Lat. sub.
a. Local (rare in Attic prose): out from under (poet., cp. ὑπέκ):
a spring flows out from a caveῥέει κρήνη ὑπὸ σπείους
taking an ox from a wagonλαβὼν βοῦν ὑπὸ ἁμάξης
all things under the earthἅπαντα
b. Other relations (metaphorically under the agency of): Direct agent (with passives and with verbs having a passive force); contrast διά, 1685. 2. d:
saved by youσωθέντες ὑπὸ σοῦ
informed by desertersαἰσθόμενος ὑπ᾽ αὐτομόλων
to be well spoken of by menεὖ ἀκούειν ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων
the indictment brought by Meletusἡ ὑπὸ Μελήτου γραφή
invitation by the Senateκλῆσις ὑπὸ τῆς βουλῆς
perished of hungerἀπώλετο ὑπὸ λῑμοῦ
not going out far because of the cavalryοὐκ ἐπὶ πολὺ ὑπὸ τῶν ἰππέων ἐξιόντες
constrained by the strongest motives, honour and fear and profitὑπὸ τῶν μεγίστων νῑκηθέντες, τῑμῆς καὶ δέους καὶ ὠφελίᾱς
they shot under the lashἐτόξευον ὑπὸ μαστί̄γων
to the accompaniment of flute-playersὑπὸ αὐλητῶν
hastilyὑπὸ σπουδῆς
N. 1.—ὑπό with the genitive of a thing personifies the thing. The things so personified are (1) words implying a person, as λόγοι, (2) external circumstances, as συμφορά̄, κίνδῡνος, νόμος, (3) natural phenomena, as χειμών, (4) emotions, as φθόνος. The dative may also be employed. See 1493, 1494.
N. 2.—On ὑπό to express the personal agent with the perf. pass. see 1493.
a. Local: under (of rest):
to stand under a treeἑστάναι ὑπό τινι δένδρῳ
b. Other relations: Agent (poetic, except with verbs signifying to educate): ὑπὸ παιδοτρίβῃ ἀγαθῷ πεπαιδευμένος educated under (the guidance of) a good master P. Lach. 184e. Coöperative cause (poet.): βῆ ὑπ᾽ ἀμύ̄μονι πομπῇ he went under a blameless convoy Z 171. Subjection: οί ὑπὸ βασιλεῖ ὄντες the subjects of (i.e. those under) the king X. C. 8.1.6,
to bring under his own powerὑφ᾽ αὑτῷ ποιήσασθαι
a. Local: Motion under: ὑπ᾽ αὐτὸν (τὸν λόφον)
halting the army under the hillστήσᾱς τὸ στράτευμα
I shall go down under the earthεἶμ᾽ ὑπὸ γαῖαν
the villages at the foot of the mountainὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος κῶμαι
b. Temporal (of time impending or in progress): ὑπὸ νύκτα at the approach of night (sub noctem) T. 2.92,
during the nightὑπὸ νύκτα
at the time of the peaceὑπὸ τὴν εἰρήνην
c. Other relations. Subjection:
to bring under their own swayὑπὸ σφᾶς ποιεῖσθαι
Under (ὑποτιθέναι place under), behind (ὑπολείπειν leave behind), secretly (cp. underhand; ὑποπέμπειν send as a spy), gradually (ὑποκαταβαίνειν descend by degrees), slightly (ὑποφαίνειν shine a little); of accompaniment (ὑπᾴδειν accompany with the voice); of an action performed by another (ὑποκηρύ̄ττεσθαι have oneself proclaimed by the herald).
Improper prepositions do not form compounds (1647).
With the Genitive.
The list below contains some of the adverbial words used as prepositions.
 An asterisk denotes words used only in poetry.]
ἀγχοῦ near, poet. and Ionic (also with dat.). ἄνευ without, except, besides, away from, rarely after its case. ἀντία, ἀντίον facing, against, poet. and Ionic (also with dat.). ἄτερ without, apart from, away from. ἄχρι and μέχρι as far as, until (of place, time, and number). δίκην after the manner of (accus. of δίκη). δίχα* apart from, unlike, except. ἐγγύς near (with dat. poetical). εἴσω (ἔσω) within. ἑκάς far from, poetic and Ionic. ἑκατέρωθεν on both sides of. ἐκτός without. ἔμπροσθεν before. ἐναντίον in the presence of (poet. against, gen. or dat.). ἕνεκα, ἕνεκεν (Ion. εἵνεκα, εἵνεκεν) on account of, for the sake of, with regard to, usually postpositive. From such combinations as τούτου ἕνεκα arose, by fusion, the illegitimate preposition οὕνεκα (found chiefly in the texts of the dramatists). ἔνερθε* beneath. ἐντός within. ἔξω out of, beyond (of time), except. εὐθύ straight to. καταντικρύ over against. κρύφα, λάθρᾳ unbeknown to. μεταξύ between. μέχρι as far as. νόσφι* apart from. ὄπισθεν behind. πάρος* before. πέλας* near (also with dat.). πέρᾱ beyond (ultra). πέρᾱν across (trans). πλήν except, as
except slavesπλὴν ἀνδραπόδων
it is clear to everybody except meπαντὶ δῆλον πλὴν ἐμοί
With the Dative.
ἅμα together with, at the same time with. ὁμοῦ together with, close to.
With the Accusative.
ὡς to, of persons only, used after verbs expressing or implying motion. Probably used especially in the language of the people.


A directive that allows you to pick a value from a list. It allows you to programatically fill the list with options, and it allows the user to add a new option if the one they want isn't included (this is configurable). We extracted some code from the Angular UI project to do this and use the Select2 library.
Your controller will need to supply a query() and selection() function (see our examples).
The directive will handle editing the list value for a non-input element.
Pick one:The directive will broadcast a message when the edit starts and when it finishes so that your controllers and models can handle the edit properly.
Last Message : {{ lastMessage }}


Tycho/Ptolemy Editors
These editors are for use with the Ptolemy System.
If the file $PTOLEMY/copyright
can be found, then
Ptolemy is assumed to be installed, and the Ptolemy editors will
appear in the Windows
menu.
Copyright © 1996-1998, The Regents of the University of California.
All rights reserved.
Last updated: 05/07/98,
comments to: tycho@eecs.berkeley.edu


--- layout: post current: post cover: assets/images/swordphish_opening.jpg navigation: True title: The Security Rabbit Hole - A Blog for Noobs date: 2021-02-06 06:00:00 tags: [Getting started] class: post-template subclass: 'post' author: tomato ---
The section will cover a high overview of Information Technology (IT) split into 3 different categories and where Security fits best.
Although a lot of future blog post will cover things in the Software and User Domain, it’s good to know how all these categories fit together.
The Hardware Domain consist of physical components that make up items for use within IT. An example if a physical component is something that can be physically touched, held, moved. A mobile phone, computer chip, computer resistors or similar motherboard components, keyboard & mouse, routers, and printers are all examples of physical components that can be physically touched.
Typical easy jobs to obtain with little experience in IT relate to Helpdesk Support, but help desk is not limited to one domain. Some Helpdesk support encompasses all three domains.
Helpdesk Support: Fixing hardware related issues like when a computer won’t turn on.
IT Support: ...
IT Support Specialist: ...
Technology Technician: ...
FixingThere was a time when an LED light stopped working. The issue was a wire connection from the LED light to the battery power source, the wire had been snapped off. Fixing it was as simple as connecting the wire and power box together, but it required some soldering. So, working my magic I was able to solder the wire to the power source and voila, the LED light works again.
The software domain usually involves developing code or making changes to a device (system or software).
An extreme example would be developing an application for a mobile phone or Operating System.
A less extreme example is making a change to a firewall (local system or network firewall) where the firewall has a change in the behavior. Let’s say, something as easy as blocking a website or allowing an application to communicate on a port not previously allowed.
This space is where code is created or changed. Some other examples of code development/change listed below.
Programmer – Codes all day; and nights, and weekends, and holidays, also coding in dreams.
Web Developer – Makes websites
Analyst – Analyzes data
From experience the Cyber Security umbrella best fits into the system administrations, and that fits in the Software domain.
I was able to configure my printer to work correctly without fail; let me tell you that’s an achievement of its own. I could finally print from home, no longer driving to school for a simple print job.
This is where all the fun is, the usage of software; applications, website, streaming, twitter, and Instagram. In general, it’s the usage of an application without changing the behavior of a device or system.
An extreme example, using software to calculate coordinates to launch a space ship to the moon.
A less extreme, using software to design a spaceship.
Ok, a lesser example, using the recording software on a mobile phone to record the space ship launch and edit video for Instagram posting. Give me those like!!!
Any: Any Jobs that require the use a computer. For example, a desk job that requires the use of any Software such as Microsoft Word to preform work to something like a Computer forensics investigator
Graphic Designer: Using apps to create/design content suitable for other users to digest.
 When out and about I would take scenery pictures. Before posting pictures online I would touch them up using Adobe Photoshop Software. Although I didn’t have a professional camera, I would Photoshop the heck out of the pictures to make them Magazine ready.
Hardware is the laptop with no operating system installed; and no apps installed.
Software is the operating system and any apps installed on the laptop. This can include software to enable use of wi-fi, sound, graphics.
User space is usage of an applications(app), web-browser, Instagram, Netflix, email, etc.


i don't have any experience yet cause i'm new to all off this, i'm a first year student in Oran university (Ahmed Ben Bella), i'm a biginner in programing but i'm planning to become a PROFESSIONAL in this area (after 8 or 10 years )
inchalaah
Inchaalah
not a while has passed since i started to use HTML & CSS,I'm stepping baby steps in the path that i chose.
HTML
CSS
C++


Free Python Games |
Free Python Games is an Apache2 licensed collection of free Python games intended for education and fun. The games are written in simple Python code and designed for experimentation and changes. Simplified versions of several classic arcade games are included.


Wynonna_Earp
Based on the IDW Comic, Wynonna Earp follows Wyatt Earp's great granddaughter as she battles demons and other creatures. With her unique abilities, and a posse of dysfunctional allies, she's the only thing that can bring the paranormal to justice.After years away, Wynonna Earp has traveled back to her home town of Purgatory to reluctantly take on the role destined for Wyatt Earp's heir: Demon protector. Her enemy: Revenants, the resurrected (and twisted) souls of the criminals Wyatt Earp once took down. Using only her wits and her wit, Wynonna, along with sister Waverely, associate Agent Dolls and Wyatt's cursed-with-immortality-best-friend Doc Holliday, must try to stop the Revenants from taking over the town - and escaping into the world.


Project: VMware vSphere
Description: Client QuickCalls and response maps
Category: library
Class: Community
1 QuickCall Library in project://di_vsphere
getSnapShotList
query a specified virtual machine for a list of all snapshots related to that VM. This functionality does not exist in the VMWare module for iTest as of 4.4, so we use the pysphere module.
| Argument |
Description |
| serverName |
hostname of the vcenter instance. This shouldn't be required, but since we're calling out to a python script, we have to do it. |
| username |
login username |
| password |
password. Duh. |
| vmName |
name of VM to query for snapshots |
| threadSession |
the session name must be a variable so that the procedure is threadsafe. If there is more than one open step with the same session ID, an error will be thrown.
This argument only needs to be passed in when it is called in a thread |
revertToNamedSnapshot
| Argument |
Description |
| serverName |
hostname of the vcenter instance. This shouldn't be required, but since we're calling out to a python script, we have to do it. |
| username |
login username |
| password |
password. Duh. |
| vmName |
name of VM to query for snapshots |
| targetSnapshotName |
|
| threadSession |
the session name must be a variable so that the procedure is threadsafe. If there is more than one open step with the same session ID, an error will be thrown.
This argument only needs to be passed in when it is called in a thread |
deleteNamedSnapshot
| Argument |
Description |
| serverName |
hostname of the vcenter instance. This shouldn't be required, but since we're calling out to a python script, we have to do it. |
| username |
login username |
| password |
password. Duh. |
| vmName |
name of VM to query for snapshots |
| targetSnapshotName |
|
revertVm
revertVm powers down a target VM, and reverts its state to the specfied snapshot. By default, this is the snapshot named "baseline"
| Argument |
Description |
| vmName |
Name of the VM to manipulate; the parent of the snapshot |
| targetSnapshotName |
name of the snapshot to revert to. By default, we revert to the snapshot named "baseline" |
| threadSession |
the session name must be a variable so that the procedure is threadsafe. If there is more than one open step with the same session ID, an error will be thrown.
This argument only needs to be passed in when it is called in a thread |
snapshotVm
Create a new snapshot of the target VM. Also, delete any snapshots with the same name.
| Argument |
Description |
| vmName |
VM to snapshot |
| snapshotName |
name of new snapshot |
waitForVM
| Argument |
Description |
| vmName |
Name of VM to manipulate |
revertAndStartVm
| Argument |
Description |
| vmName |
|
| threadSession |
the session name must be a variable so that the procedure is threadsafe. If there is more than one open step with the same session ID, an error will be thrown.
This argument only needs to be passed in when it is called in a thread |


This page was created by the IDL library routine
mk_html_help
. For more information on
this routine, refer to the IDL Online Help Navigator
or type:
? mk_html_help
at the IDL command line prompt.
Last modified: Tue Dec 20 11:48:25 2005.
NAME: INDX2DIM PURPOSE: Converts one-dimensional indices into multidimensional indices. CALLING SEQUENCE: Result = INDX2DIM(Array, Index_Array, [, N_DIMENSIONS=variable][, DIMENSIONS=variable] ) INPUTS: ARRAY: a multidimensional array INDEX_ARRAY: array of one-dimensional indices in ARRAY OUTPUTS: Returns an N_DIMENSIONS by N_elements(index_array) array with the multidimensional array indices corresponding to each one-dimensional array index stored in index_array. If any of the input one-dimensional indices are greater than the number of total elements in the input array (or less than zero) then the multidimensional index returned for each such out-of-range index will be a row of -1L. OPTIONAL OUTPUTS: N_DIMENSIONS = the number of dimensions of ARRAY DIMENSIONS = the dimensions of ARRAY; a vector of length N_DIMENSIONS COMMON BLOCKS: None. SIDE EFFECTS: None. EXAMPLE: Make a 4-D array... IDL> x = indgen(2,3,4,5) Use WHERE to get the 1-D indices for where array is multiple of 25... IDL> indx = where(x mod 25 eq 0, nindx) Return the multidimensional array indices IDL> dim = indx2dim(x,indx,N_DIMENSIONS=ndim,DIMENSIONS=dims) Check the dimensions of the array x... IDL> print, dims 2 3 4 5 Check the size of the returned multidimensional array; it should be N_DIMENSIONS by N_elements(indx)... IDL> help, ndim, nindx, dim NDIM LONG = 4 NINDX LONG = 5 DIM LONG = Array[4, 5] Finally, what are the multidimensional indices... IDL> print, dim 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 3 0 2 0 4 NOTES: This routine now exists in IDL 6.0 and is named ARRAY_INDICES(). However, if you pass in an index that is out of bounds, ARRAY_INDICES() crashes and gives a warning. The returned array has size N_DIMENSIONS by N_elements(index_array). This is because the user will most likely be using a loop to access each of the returned multidimensional indices: it is faster to loop over the second dimension of the returned 2-D array. E.g., in the above example, you would access each of the multidimensional indices like this... IDL> for i = 0, nindx-1 do print, dim[*,i] We are accessing each row, which is faster than accessing each column, hence my choice for the orientation of the returned array. MODIFICATION HISTORY: 15 Feb 2004 Written by Tim Robishaw, Berkeley
(See /dzd2/heiles/idl/gen/array/indx2dim.pro)


About Contenticious
Contenticious is a small and clean Mojolicious web app with additional tools to provide a smooth Markdown publishing workflow for you. It's developed as open source with one of the most free licenses (MIT License) to make it really easy for you to get your stuff done.
Contenticious lives on github. There you'll find
- a wiki with useful things
Feel free to contribute and help other users. - the latest Contenticious distribution as zip- or tarball
- an issue tracker
If you found something that might be a bug or you want to talk about a new feature you wish to see in the next release, this would be the best place to discuss it. - the source code
Maybe you want to follow this repository to keep in touch if something changes.


Throughout the 5 years of programming, I've found coding to be fun, challenging, and the one thing I’m passionate about. I have 2 years of experience as a Fullstack developer and completed an immersive web development program at DevMountain, learning full-stack web technologies and refining my skills in React, Angular, JavaScript, Express, Node, and SQL.
I worked as a team supervisor for a landscaping company in Hawaii specializing in government contracts. I am currently furthering my education as a software developer at Seattle Central College through Year Up, Leaning Business Communication, Business Application, Software Development, and Testing. I’ve recently moved to Seattle, WA and I'm excited about what the future holds and ready to begin my new journey.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}
Medieval catalogues > SCOTLAND > Glasgow university
{% endif %}
All data was derived from the List of Identifications by Professor Richard Sharpe.
{% if not printing %}
A key to codes used in the List is available (opens in new tab).{% endif %}


{% extends 'the_platform/base.html' %} {% block title %} Signup | {{ block.super }} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Agree to general terms and conditions
Agree to privacy policy


Please enter your name and a link to a photo of you.
Your best match!


Create regular pivot tables with just a few lines of R. More complex pivot tables can also be created, e.g. pivot tables with irregular layouts, multiple calculations and/or derived calculations based on multiple data frames. Pivot tables are constructed using R only and can be written to a range of output formats (plain text, 'HTML', 'Latex' and 'Excel'), including with styling/formatting.
| Version: | 1.0.0 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.3.0) |
| Imports: | R6 (≥ 2.2.0), dplyr (≥ 0.5.0), data.table (≥ 1.10.0), jsonlite (≥ 1.1), htmltools (≥ 0.3.5), htmlwidgets (≥ 0.8) |
| Suggests: | ggplot2 (≥ 2.2.0), lubridate (≥ 1.5.0), listviewer (≥ 1.4.0), openxlsx (≥ 4.0.17), shiny, knitr, rmarkdown, testthat |
| Published: | 2018-10-17 |
| Author: | Christopher Bailiss [aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: | Christopher Bailiss <cbailiss at gmail.com> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/cbailiss/pivottabler/issues |
| License: | GPL-3 |
| URL: | https://github.com/cbailiss/pivottabler |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | README NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | pivottabler results |
| Reference manual: | pivottabler.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
01. Introduction 02. Data Groups 03. Calculations 04. Outputs 05. Latex Output 06. Styling 07. Finding and Formatting 08. Cell Context 09. Irregular Layout 10. Performance 11. Shiny 12. Excel Export A1. Appendix: Details A2. Appendix: Calculations A3. Appendix: Class Overview |
| Package source: | pivottabler_1.0.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: pivottabler_1.0.0.zip, r-release: pivottabler_1.0.0.zip, r-oldrel: pivottabler_1.0.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: pivottabler_1.0.0.tgz, r-oldrel: pivottabler_1.0.0.tgz |
| Old sources: | pivottabler archive |
| Reverse suggests: | vaersvax |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pivottabler to link to this page.


@@include("@@webRoot/partials/docs/header.html", {
"title": "Breadcrumb",
"isCustom": false,
"description": "Indicate the current page’s location within a navigational hierarchy that automatically adds separators via CSS.",
"bootstrapDocs": "https://getbootstrap.com/docs/4.0/components/breadcrumb/",
"pluginDocs": ""
})
@@include("@@webRoot/partials/docs/subheader.html", {
"title": "",
"id": "id",
"isCustom": false,
"description": ""
})
@@include("@@webRoot/partials/docs/subheader.html", {
"title": "Dark",
"id": "dark",
"isCustom": true,
"description": "The breadcrumb component variation to use against dark backgrounds."
})
@@include("@@webRoot/partials/docs/subnav.html", {
"items": [{"title": "Dark", "url": "#dark"}]
})


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There is no "cancel", if you don't save the changes will stay in your browser until you reload the page.
Why? because deep-cloning an object with circular references is too much work.


Back
A Message from the Coder
jjdemtiriuk @ relutionDev - 15/02/2015
Welcome to foundationUltra here is our demo to show off some of the elements that foundationUltra has to offer from not only foundationApps such as the new flexbox grid but also foundationSites and angular-foundation aswell as increasing the range of icons by using font-awesome
If you are viewing this on a desktop then you should see 3 columns of data, a sidebar the messages and then this panel. If you make the screen smaller or view this on your phone or tablet then you will see the magic happen, the topbar will turn into its famous mobile format aswell as the new elements such as the side bar turning in offcanvas panel that slide on. Go on give it a try
Heres What included: (So Far)
- The new flexbox grid
- foundationApps Touch gestures
- foundationApps MotionUI
- foundationApps Panels
- foundationApps actionSheets
- foundationApps menuBar
- foundationApps Upgraded Offcanvas
- foundationApps Titlebar
- foundationApps Modals
- foundationApps Notifications
- foundationApps Buttons
- foundationApps Forms
- foundationApps Accordion
- foundationApps BlockList
- foundationApps Card
- foundationApps Interchange
- foundationApps labels & badges
- foundationApps popup
- foundationApps Tabs
- foundationApps Updated Typography
- foundationApps Iconic
- foundationSites (Angular) top-bar
- foundationSites (Angular) accordion - More Options
- foundationSites (Angular) buttons will merge
- foundationSites (Angular) dropdown toggle
- foundationSites (Angular) pagination
- foundationSites (Angular) popover (Like tooltip)
- foundationSites (Angular) rating
- foundationSites (Angular) tooltip
- foundationSites (Angular) tour (Like joyride)
- foundationSites (Angular) typeahead
- foundationSites Iconbar
- foundationSites Sidenav
- foundationSites Subnav
- foundationSites breadcrumbs
- foundationSites Thumbnails
- foundationSites FlexVideo
- foundationSites ButtonGroups
- foundationSites Inline Lists
- foundationSites Keystrokes
- foundationSites Panels (Going to rename contentPane)
- foundationSites Tables
Ut in nulla enim. Phasellus molestie magna non est bibendum non venenatis nisl tempor. Suspendisse dictum feugiat nisl ut dapibus. Mauris iaculis porttitor posuere. Praesent id metus massa, ut blandit odio. Proin quis tortor orci. Etiam at risus et justo dignissim congue. Donec congue lacinia dui, a porttitor lectus condimentum laoreet. Nunc eu.


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Update Condition. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| (id) | - init |
| Default constructor for a new UpdateCondition object. | |
| (id) | - initWithName:andValue:andExists: |
| Constructs a new UpdateCondition object. | |
| (NSString *) | - description |
| Returns a string representation of this object; useful for testing and debugging. | |
Properties | |
| NSString * | name |
| The name of the attribute involved in the condition. | |
| NSString * | value |
| The value of an attribute. | |
| bool | exists |
| A value specifying whether or not the specified attribute must exist with the specified value in order for the update condition to be satisfied. | |
| bool | existsIsSet |
Update Condition.
| - (NSString * SimpleDBUpdateCondition.)description |
Returns a string representation of this object; useful for testing and debugging.
| - (id SimpleDBUpdateCondition.)init |
Default constructor for a new UpdateCondition object.
Callers should use the property methods to initialize this object after creating it.
| - (id SimpleDBUpdateCondition.)initWithName: | (NSString *) | theName | ||
| andValue: | (NSString *) | theValue | ||
| andExists: | (bool) | theExists | ||
Constructs a new UpdateCondition object.
Callers should use properties to initialize any additional object members.
| theName | The name of the attribute involved in the condition. | |
| theValue | The value of an attribute. This value can only be specified when the Exists parameter is equal to true . | |
| theExists | A value specifying whether or not the specified attribute must exist with the specified value in order for the update condition to be satisfied. Specify true if the attribute must exist for the update condition to be satisfied. Specify false if the attribute should not exist in order for the update condition to be satisfied. |
- (bool) exists [read, write, assign] |
A value specifying whether or not the specified attribute must exist with the specified value in order for the update condition to be satisfied.
Specify true
if the attribute must exist for the update condition to be satisfied. Specify false
if the attribute should not exist in order for the update condition to be satisfied.
- (NSString *) value [read, write, retain] |
The value of an attribute.
This value can only be specified when the Exists
parameter is equal to true
.


Before Change
docs_added = 0
xs_generator = xs.generate()
for _ in range(min(parallelism, total_count)):
in_queue.put(next(xs_generator))
docs_added += 1
while any([udf.is_alive() for udf in self.udfs]) and count_parsed < total_count:
if docs_added < total_count:
After Change
// Create a Queue to feed documents to parsers
manager = Manager()
in_queue = manager.Queue()
// Use an output queue to track multiprocess progress
out_queue = JoinableQueue()
total_count = len(xs)
// Start UDF Processes
for i in range(parallelism):
udf = self.udf_class(
in_queue=in_queue,
out_queue=out_queue,
worker_id=i,
**self.udf_init_kwargs
)
udf.apply_kwargs = kwargs
self.udfs.append(udf)
// Start the UDF processes, and then join on their completion
for udf in self.udfs:
udf.start()
// Fill input queue with documents
pool = Pool(parallelism)
in_tuples = ((in_queue, x) for x in xs)
pool.map_async(func=async_fill_input_queue, iterable=in_tuples)
count_parsed = 0
while count_parsed < total_count:


SUNDRY CHARMS.
THE vicar of a large parish church informs me that a woman came to him some time since for water from the font after a christening; she required it to undo some spell. The vicar states, that all the fonts in. the country were formerly locked, to prevent people from stealing the "holy water," as they called it.
CURE FOR COLIC IN TOWEDNACK.
To stand on one's head for a quarter of an hour.
FOR A SCALD OR BURN.
"There came three angels out of the east,
One brought fire and two brought frost;
Out fire and in frost,
In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.
Amen !"
Bramble-leaves, or sometimes the leaves of the common dock, wetted with spring water, are employed in this charm, as also in the following one.
CHARMS FOR INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.
A similar incantation to that practised for a burn is used. Three angels are invoked to come from the east, and this form of words is repeated three times to each one of nine bramble-leaves immersed in spring water, making passes with the leaves from the diseased part.
CHARMS FOR THE PRICK OF A THORN.
I.
"Christ was of a virgin born,
And he was prick'd by a thorn,
And it did never bell [a] nor swell,
As I trust in Jesus this never will."
II.
"Christ was crown'd with thorns:
The thorns did bleed, but did not rot,
No more thall thy finger.
In the name," [b] &c.
CHARMS FOR STANCHING OF BLOOD.
"Sanguis mane in te,
Sicut Christus fuit in se;
Sanguis mane in tuâ venâ,
Sicut Christus in suâ penâ;
Sanguis mane fixus,
Sicut Christus quando crucifixus."
 The following is more common:
"Christ was born in Bethlehem,
Baptized in the river Jordan;
There he digg'd a well,
And turn'd the water against the hill,
So shall thy blood stand still. In the
name," &c.
CHARM FOR A TETTER.
"Tetter, tetter, thou hast nine brothers.
God bless the flesh and preserve the bone
Perish, thou tetter, and be thou gone.
In the name, &c.
"Tetter, tetter, thou hast eight brothers.
God bless the flesh and preserve the bone;
Perish, thou tetter, and be thou gone.
In the name, &c.
"Tetter, tetter, thou hast seven brothers.
&c. &c.
Thus the verses are continued until tetter, having " no brother," is imperatively ordered to begone.
CHARM FOR THE STING OF A NETTLE.
Many a time do I remember, when a child playing in the fields, having suffered from the stings of the nettle, and constantly seeking for the advantages of the charm of the dock-leaf. The cold leaf was placed on the inflamed spot, and the well-known rhyme three times repeated:
Out nettle,
In dock;
Dock shall have
A new smock."
Cl-fARM FOR TOOTHACHE.
"Christ pass'd by His brother's door,
Saw His brother lying on the floor.
'What aileth thee, brother ?
Pain in the teeth ?--
Thy teeth shall pain thee no more.
In the name," &c.
CHARM FOR SERPENTS.
The body of a dead serpent bruised on the wound it has occasioned, is
said to be an infallible remedy for its bite. Common report is sufficient
to warrant a poetical allusion
"The beauteous adder hath a sting,
Yet bears a balsam too." --
Polwhele's Sketches.
THE CURE OF BOILS.
The sufferer is to pass nine times against the sun, under a bramble-bush growing at both ends. This is the same as the cure prescribed for rheumatism.
RICKETS, OR A CRICK IN THE BACK.
The holed stone--Men-an-tol--in Lanyon, is commonly called by the peasantry the crick-stone. Through this the sufferer was drawn nine times against the sun--or, if a man, he was to crawl through the hole nine times.
Strumous children were not unfrequently treated after another fashion.
A young ash-tree was cleft vertically, and the parts being drawn forcibly asunder, the child was passed "three times three times" against the sun through the tree. This ceremony having been performed, the tree was carefully bound together; if the bark grew together and the tree survived, the child would grow healthy and strong; if the tree died, the death of the child, it was believed, would surely follow.
[a] Throb.
[b] The invocation of the "Father, Son, and Holy Ghost," invariably accompanies every form of charm.


Free Energy Minimization¶
Quick Start¶
Interactive notebook¶
Launch an interactive Jupyter notebook using Binder to run and edit the examples in the documentation:
Installation¶
To install
fem
on your computer usingpip
, executepip install fem
Dependencies:
- Fortran compiler such as gfortran
- LAPACK development files
- OpenMP development files (for parallel computing support)
Load
fem
in your Python script:import fem
Links¶
- Online documentation:
- http://nihcompmed.github.io/fem
- Source code repository:
- https://github.com/nihcompmed/fem
- Python package index:
- https://pypi.python.org/pypi/fem
Introduction¶
Free energy minimization (FEM) is a method for learning from data the probability distribution \(p\), with a form inspired by statistical physics, of an output variable \(y\) given input variables \(x_i\). We use \(p\) to both 1) understand the relations among the data variables \(x_i,y\), for example, to identify pairs or groups of variables that vary together and 2) to predict the output given new inputs. We are actively developing variations of the method that are conducive to modeling different types of data.


Delete Book Information
{% for row in result %} Book Key
Book Name
Book Author
Book Publisher
Book Description
{% endfor %}
Go back to home page


Configure > Using h2olog for Tracing
h2olog is an experimental BPF (kernel doc) backed tracing tool for the H2O server. It can be used for tracing quicly and h2o USDT probes.
Since h2olog is an experimental program, its command-line interface might change without notice.
Installing from Source
See requirements for build prerequisites.
If dependencies are satisfied, h2olog is built automatically. It is possible to manually turn on / off the build of h2olog by using the -DWITH_H2OLOG
option. This option takes either ON
> or OFF
as the argument.
If you have BCC
installed to a non-standard path, use pkg-config
for cmake
.
$ PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/path/to/bcc/lib/pkgconfig cmake [options]
Requirements
For building h2olog
- C++11 compiler
- CMake for generating the build files
- pkg-config for detecting dependencies
- Python 3 for the code generator
- BCC (BPF compiler collection, a.k.a. bpfcc; >= 0.11.0) installed on your system
For Ubuntu 20.04 or later, you can install dependencies with:
$ sudo apt install clang cmake python3 libbpfcc-dev linux-headers-$(uname -r)
For running h2olog
- Root privilege to execute h2olog
- Linux kernel (>= 4.10)
Quickstart
h2olog -H -p $H2O_PID
shows varnishlog-like tracing.
$ sudo h2olog -H -p $(pgrep -o h2o)
11 0 RxProtocol HTTP/3.0
11 0 RxHeader :authority torumk.com
11 0 RxHeader :method GET
11 0 RxHeader :path /
11 0 RxHeader :scheme https
11 0 TxStatus 200
11 0 TxHeader content-length 123
11 0 TxHeader content-type text/html
... and more ...
Tracing USDT events
Server-side QUIC events can be traced using the quic
subcommand.
Events are rendered in JSON Lines format.
$ sudo h2olog -p $(pgrep -o h2o)
Here’s an example trace.
{"time":1584380825832,"type":"accept","conn":1,"dcid":"f8aa2066e9c3b3cf"}
{"time":1584380825835,"type":"crypto-decrypt","conn":1,"pn":0,"len":1236}
{"time":1584380825832,"type":"quictrace-recv","conn":1,"pn":0}
{"time":1584380825836,"type":"crypto-handshake","conn":1,"ret":0}
... and more ...


{% from "govuk-jinja-components/components/input/macro.jinja" import govukInput %}
{% from "govuk-jinja-components/components/fieldset/macro.jinja" import govukFieldset %}
{% call govukFieldset({
"legend": {
"text": "What is your address?",
"classes": "govuk-fieldset__legend--xl",
"isPageHeading": true
}
}) %}
{{ govukInput({
"label": {
"html": 'Building and street line 1 of 2'
},
"id": "address-line-1",
"name": "address-line-1"
}) }}
{{ govukInput({
"label": {
"html": 'Building and street line 2 of 2'
},
"id": "address-line-2",
"name": "address-line-2"
}) }}
{{ govukInput({
"label": {
"text": "Town or city"
},
"classes": "govuk-!-width-two-thirds",
"id": "address-town",
"name": "address-town"
}) }}
{{ govukInput({
"label": {
"text": "County"
},
"classes": "govuk-!-width-two-thirds",
"id": "address-county",
"name": "address-county"
}) }}
{{ govukInput({
"label": {
"text": "Postcode"
},
"classes": "govuk-input--width-10",
"id": "address-postcode",
"name": "address-postcode"
}) }}
{% endcall %}


Alligator Lipsync Demo
Images © 2005-2016 Cartoon Solutions
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STOP
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Oppo ColorOS now has more than 300 million users worldwide -
by Efe UdinOppo ColorOS now has more than 300 million users worldwide
5 (100%) 2 votes
Chinese manufacturer, Oppo, held a conference in Beijing yesterday where it released the ColorOS 7 system. In addition, the company announced that Oppo Reno 3 series will be the first ColorOS 7 device. At the press conference, Oppo also announced that ColorOS now has more than 300 million users worldwide. Its users cover more than 40 countries/regions. In addition, Oppo ColorOS has been translated into more than 80 languages.
Oppo ColorOS 7 improvements
The internal code of ColorOS 7 is “killer whale”. This system evolves with a borderless concept and is lightweight. It comes with a softer color scheme, redrawn icons, and Art + wallpapers. This in association with the new quantum animation engine provides more visual interaction. It also has an all-weather dark mode, global theme, rich personalization.
The UI can fully optimize the system while also improving the application startup speed. It also improves the system resource utilization efficiency. The official said that the overall startup performance increased by 25%; RAM utilization increased by 40%; system fluency increased by 30%; game frame rate increased by 19%; touch response speed increased by 15%. This is what this system will offer the Oppo Reno 3 series.
ColorOS image algorithm comes with Soloop recording video editor. This ensures that from shooting to editing to sharing gives users a convenient experience beyond imagination. In addition, there is also the Breeno sleep mode for a relaxing sleep. It also comes with the flashback button for scene switching and the automatic filling of the input codebook.


Click any one of the contacts below to view more details about them.
Try queries like these: created > 2012-1-1 total_donated > 500
number_donations > 5 state:nc
sandra
Here's everything you can use: name
| email
| total_donated
| number_donations
| phone
| city
| state
| created
| Key | Name |
|---|


Welcome to GEOS development. This document guides you through the CD-ROM installation procedure; it also describes your environment configuration, shows how to set up multiple NT machines, and lists the most common setup difficulties in a short troubleshooting guide.
If you are familiar with GEOS development, please review the SDK changes described in Compiling GEOS Applications , and Directory Structure , before you begin compiling and debugging geodes.
You can find complete information on the tools mentioned here (Swat, pmake, etc.) in the Tools book.
1 System Requirements
2 Installation and Setup
2.1 Installation Details
2.2 NT Configuration
2.3 Environment Configuration
2.4 Registry Configuration
3 Launching NT GEOS and Swat
4 Compiling GEOS Applications
5 Directory Structure
5.1 Branches
5.2 Main Directories
5.3 Target Directories
5.4 Developing In Your Working Branch
5.5 Multi-Developer Projects
6 Troubleshooting
The GEOS SDK runs on a Windows NT workstation (version 3.51 or later). The SDK also requires a perl interpreter (a shareware copy is provided on the CD-ROM) and the Borland C/C++ compiler, version 4.0 or later. (We recommend versions 4.X over 5.0; see Compiling GEOS Applications .)
You can install the GEOS NT SDK as either a standalone SDK for just one computer or as a server/client SDK on a network drive. The former is suited for single developers while the latter allows multiple developers to work on different aspects of the same project simultaneously. In either case, the steps for installation are similar. In summary,
setup
from the GEOS NT SDK CD-ROM.Some additional steps are required for server-client installations.
Steps for installing the GEOS NT SDK:
setup
from the GEOS NT SDK CD-ROM.
setup.exe
, found in the CD-ROM's topmost directory. The installer will prompt you to choose from one of three installation options: Server,
Client, or
Standalone.
A server installation installs the shared components of the SDK on a network server so that it accessed from multiple client workstations.
A client installation:
A standalone installation:
Note that the root for the client and server portions must be the same. For example, if the server SDK is in f:/prog/sdks/pcgeos, then the local working directory must look like c:/pcgeos/jdoe, where the two italicized components match. This applies to both standalone and client/server development. Typically, this root directory is "pcgeos", e.g. S:\PCGEOS. (For more information, see Directory Structure.)
install.bat
after unzipping; reply "y" (the default) to the install options.GeosSetup.exe
, as described in Registry Configuration.The installer completes the following for you automatically; they are included here for reference only.
System
module of the NT Control Panel.
The compiling and linking tools use the following environment variables to find executables and include files. These variables are set from the
system
module of the control panel, not an autoexec file.
setup
sets these environment variables for you; they are included here for reference only.
pmake
. This must be set to
@dosfront bcc
for versions of the Borland compiler prior to 5.0.
To check your registry settings, run GeosSetup.exe
from the GEOS SDK Program Group. (Note: do not confuse GeosSetup.exe
for setup.exe
, which is the installer program.)
Swat (here and on its command line) prefers forward slashes in directory paths; backslashes are sometimes inadvertently interpreted as special characters (\tools as <TAB> ools, for instance).
pmake
to run properly the penultimate element of
Local Root
must have the same name as the last element of
SDK Root
. (It need not be the actual
SDK Root
directory, however.) The last element may be named anything, but user names are typically used.
The GEOS
Setup
window also includes a selector for the communication mode. Choose
Local (NT native)
to instruct Swat to attach to your NT GEOS window, or choose
Remote (Serial)
to instruct Swat to attach to an external device, with appropriate
Speed
and
Port
settings.
You may store and recall a number of different setups by using the Current Setup selector. The Setup names have no intrinsic meaning.
You will find example shortcuts for launching the NT GEOS demo in the GEOS SDK Program Group. You can define additional shortcuts to launch NT GEOS by right-clicking on the root window (NT 4.0) or selecting the menu item File -> New on the Program Manager (NT 3.51). Specify a command such as
c:\pcgeos\target\n9000.nc\swat.exe /s loader.exe
(modified as desired); you must also specify a working directory (under
target\
) corresponding to the simulation you wish this icon to run. For command examples, refer to the batch files described below.
To launch a target device window from the command line, change-directory to your target area (for example,
\pcgeos\target\n9000.ec\
) and type
start s
at the prompt. (
s.bat
is supplied in the target directory templates, and
start
tells NT to run the command in a new window.)
s.bat
is a batch file which executes the Swat stub;
ss.bat
forces the demo to wait for a host Swat debugger to attach. Execute
start s
(or
ss
) in your non-EC directory to run the non-EC version of the Swat stub. To run the non-Swat demo, use
start geos
, which executes
loader{ec}.exe
without the Swat stub.
In summary, each of these demos is available in both the EC and non-EC target directories:
ss.bat Demo with Swat stub, wait for host Swat s.bat Demo with Swat stub, do not wait geos.bat Demo without Swat
Launch the host Swat debugger from an icon in the GEOS SDK Program Group or from the command line with
swat
(or
start swat
). (Be careful not to run a Swat stub if your current directory is a target directory; you want to run
swat.exe
from
pcgeos\bin\
.) Debugging with Swat in the NT environment is the same as that in the old DOS one; use
^
C and
c
to interrupt and continue execution,
att
and
det
to attach and detach, and so forth.
The Swat window size may be increased by modifying the window-size property of your command windows in general or your Swat shortcut in particular. Any change made to a window after Swat is launched will not be recognized.
You can instruct Swat to attach to an external Communicator device or PC emulator by running GEOS
Setup
prior to launching Swat and selecting the serial
Communication Mode
and an appropriate
Comm port
.
You can stop NT GEOS by entering
detach
or
quit
when Swat is attached. Otherwise, you can stop the demo by clicking the kill (X) button on the right of the titlebar, double-clicking the top-left titlebar menu, or using NT's task manager.
If you have a file called . swat in the root of your private directory and run the GEOS Setup program to change the "Swat Init File" field to point to that file, Swat will execute Swat commands in that directory when it starts up. Below is a short example of a .swat file:
srcwin 15 sd hello
The
srcwin
command sets up a source-code window at the bottom of the screen. The
sd
command changes the symbolic default to be the "hello" thread. Any time Swat does not recognize a name in the current thread, it will see if the name has meaning in the hello thread.
To compile GEOS C code, you need the following third-party software installed on your system:
Your PATH variable must include the Borland compiler's bin directory and the directory containing the perl interpreter. If you installed Borland C++ after the NT SDK or if you set up a network environment, you may need to set the environment variable GOC_COMPILER_DIR to reflect the compiler's location. Refer to Environment Configuration .
Borland C++ is a separate product on its own CD-ROM. We strongly recommend that you install version 4.5 of the compiler, included with most distributions of version 5.0. A change in the compiler's handling of #pragma options creates errors (not reported at compile time) in geodes compiled with version 5.0. You must install the 32-bit Windows compiler, a part of the "typical" installation.
A shareware version of the perl installer has been included with the SDK; refer to Installation and Setup for installation instructions.
All of the tools needed to compile geodes (goc, glue, etc.) have been included in the
\pcgeos\bin
directory. Use
mkmf
and
pmake
to compile, as described in the chapter "Using Tools" of the Tools book. (
pmake depend
is not needed in the NT environment.)
After compiling, copy resulting geodes directly to your target tree from the command line or use Swat's
send
command after attaching.
world\extrapps
is the appropriate demo directory for extras on the Nokia 9000i Communicator.
If you are familiar with GEOS development in the DOS environment, note the following changes:
pmake depend
after
mkmf
; use it only to re-make dependencies when you change your include-file statements.
copy
to put compiled geodes in your target tree, although Swat's
send
command works as before.
detach
or
quit
command.The directory structure in the NT SDK differs significantly from that of the DOS SDK. The change reflects standardization across platforms and facilitates multi-engineer development in a network environment.
Developing In Your Working Branch
Every device that runs GEOS contains a specific version of the kernel, applications, and various ancillary libraries and drivers. The directory path that contains the specific version of the device software is called a Branch. (The "Trunk" is a collection of all the files from all the different branches. As a developer, you will never need to utilize any files on the Trunk.)
Branch directories are located directly under the PCGEOS directory ( i.e. , the main SDK directory) and were developed as a way to "lock in" a device-specific image of the development system. For example, the N9000V20 branch contains all the header and symbol files for Version 2.0 of the Nokia 9000 SDK. When you install an SDK for another GEOS device, you will find a new branch directory specific to that device under the PCGEOS directory.
The figure below shows the directory layout of the Nokia 9000i SDK (Version 1.1). This may appear slightly different on newer SDKs. This directory tree contains two Branch directories: N9000V11 and {Working_Branch} . ({ Working_Branch } is your personal development area; see Developing In Your Working Branch for a complete explanation of Working Branches)
If multiple developers are working on a project, then the branches should be separated into the local branches which reside on each engineer's machine and the shared network branch which all the project developers will access each time they compile. When performing a server install, the above directories marked "shared/network" are installed onto the network machine, and the client install places the directories marked "local" on each developer's machine. (See 5.5 Multi-Developer Projects.)
Each Branch contains the following directories:
Also contains the following subdirectories:
In addition to those directories listed above, your Working Branch contains a Target directory. This directory contains the executable and data files comprising an emulation (or "demo") of the actual GEOS device. The Target subtree mirrors the file system layout of the actual device.
Be sure to update the working directories of your GEOS SDK demo shortcuts so that they point to the Target directory in your Working Branch; for example, the shortcut to the error-checking demo for the Nokia 9000i Communicator should be \pcgeos\username\target\n9000.ec .
Network installations can make use of shared geode libraries if desired. When geodes are invoked during emulation, the current working (target) directory tree will be searched first, followed by trees specified by the top keyword under [paths] in your .ini file. For example, all of the geodes under the system subdirectory could be stored in a central, shared location in order to save disk space or allow easy updates. You can supersede shared geodes in your demo by putting custom versions (of the same name) in your private system subdirectory.
Each target directory has a
geos{ec}.ini
file. It can refer to files of standard
.ini
settings under its
[paths]
category; it also contains superseding information necessary for running NT GEOS. When editing
.ini
files, take care to end each line with a
CR-LF
pair or use an editor (such as DOS
edit
) that does so transparently. More information on
.ini
files in general is found in the Tools book.
The Working Branch is your private development area. By doing all your work in your Working Branch (also called your Local Root ), the Branch files can remain untouched.
You specify the directory for your Working Branch during the Local SDK Install program. The default is your login name. For example, if your login is jdoe, then your Working Branch directory is c:\pcgeos\jdoe\ . (You should also make sure that the demo shortcuts point to the Target directory in your Working Branch.)
Within your Working directory is a file called BRANCH. This file specifies which Branch directory the tools will use when compiling and linking your source code. The tools will first look for files in your Working Branch. Whatever files it does not find in your Working Branch, it will look for in the Branch specified by the BRANCH file. You need only keep the file or files that you are working on in your Working Branch and system files (such as header files) can remain on the device Branch. So, for example, a typical development sequence might look like this:
To specify which Branch the compiler and linker should use, place the name of the Branch directory in the BRANCH file. (Currently, setting the Branch field in GEOS Setup only affects which branch Swat uses; you must edit the actual BRANCH file yourself.) Initially, your BRANCH file contains N9000V20.
The system of Branch files is most helpful when there are multiple developers working on the same project. Each developer would maintain her personal working files in her own Working Branch while shared files would remain on the device Branch. As development progresses, each developer can "install" files to the Branch directory as she reaches stable milestones thereby allowing her co-workers to use the "installed" versions of her files. (Note: "installing" can be as simple as copying the files by hand or can be handled by a version control system.)
If you are having trouble starting the simulation or attaching Swat, consult the table below. The most common known difficulties are listed.
Does Swat report FSHOF_SET_FILE_NAME_PASSED_TO_SKELETON_DRIVER, ATTEMPTED_TO_PERFORM_UNSUPPORTED_FUNCTION_
BEFORE_APPROPRIATE_IFS_DRIVER_WAS_LOADED, or TOO_MANY_PRIMARY_FSDs?
There is a problem with the file system driver. Check
.ini
file settings and
setver
listing, referring to NT Configuration
.
gdikbd
keyboard driver.
srcwin
command fails, reporting:
Window too small
System
module of the Control Panel.
edit
to restore
CR-LF
's.
pmake
fails, reporting:
Couldn't find geos.mk.
pmake
fails, reporting:
Couldn't find stddef.h


Masterclass 2
22 Dec 2014I'm an Double bass player. Now I remembered that I couldn't decide on which instrument to practice the exercises. He says that they should be on your live own instrument but on the other hand that people with no musical experience can both learn perfect pitch. I'm a python
programming hobbyist and I will try to write all the practices.
Keywords
Relative and perfect pitch are both important. Relative pitch help us to say that the chord is dominant:9 and perfect pitch is helping us to hear that it is on tone d. Absolute means non changing. A has always the same sound. It is absolute.
Different levels:
- color awareness
- color discrimination (12 chromatic pitch colors) - quality of sound
Exercise
Go to your own instrument and have a listen, here for yourself that this color sounds do exist.


| Property on | Bangalore | Facing | East |
| Furnishing Status | Furnished | Balconies | 2 |
| Flooring | Granite | Posted on | 5-10-2016 |
| Carpet Area | Sq feet 1200 | Location | T.Dasarahalli |
| No. of Bathrooms | 2 | Project Name | Heaven Lea |
| Parking | Outside | Listed By | Builder |
| Property on | Bangalore | Facing | East |
| Furnishing Status | Furnished | Balconies | 2 |
| Flooring | Granite | Posted on | 5-10-2016 |
| Carpet Area | Sq feet 1200 | Location | T.Dasarahalli |
| No. of Bathrooms | 2 | Project Name | Heaven Lea |
| Parking | Outside | Listed By | Builder |


Face scan and the pedestal
The face scan might be the most interesting project we would do. Scanning the relief of a face using a gaming software getting it to look right without any holes seemed hard. There were times when the software would not recognise parts of ur face and thus create holes.
To fill these holes we had to learn how to use a mesh oriented software that is meshmixer.
The project was fun, but I lost my copy of my face in the 3d version and hence could not print it.
But below is there is an attached copy of the pedestal 1 made for my face.
The drip irrigation project
The project was to create a small scale drip irrigator that could drip the optimum amout of water from a water bottle.
The real life interaction with objects was required.We were supposed to find out the diameter of the head of the bottle.
so that we make the drip irrigator top of the right size.
The irrigator was supposed to be snug with the water bottle.. With the holes small in diameter so that the water does not easily seep through them.The project worked and were able to add this wonderful expercience to this class
The 3D object
This was the longest project for me because I had a lot of ideas and was not always able to make them.
I tried making a Pikachu but I was not able to finish form to print it.I tried making a unicorn again an unsuccesful event.
Then I ended up making a cupcake, not the best attemp but I learn sometimes you need to be thoughful about the time limitations also
as designing without any special specifications and can be time consuming.