Cloud Asset V1 API - Class Resource (2.9.0)
public sealed class Resource : IMessage<Resource>, IEquatable<Resource>, IDeepCloneable<Resource>, IBufferMessage, IMessage
Reference documentation and code samples for the Cloud Asset V1 API class Resource.
A representation of a Google Cloud resource.
Inheritance
System.Object > ResourceImplements
Google.Protobuf.IMessage<Resource>, System.IEquatable<Resource>, Google.Protobuf.IDeepCloneable<Resource>, Google.Protobuf.IBufferMessage, Google.Protobuf.IMessageNamespace
Google.Cloud.Asset.V1Assembly
Google.Cloud.Asset.V1.dll
Constructors
Resource()
public Resource()
Resource(Resource)
public Resource(Resource other)
| Name | Description |
| other | Resource |
Properties
Data
public Struct Data { get; set; }
The content of the resource, in which some sensitive fields are removed and may not be present.
| Type | Description |
| Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes.Struct |
DiscoveryDocumentUri
public string DiscoveryDocumentUri { get; set; }
The URL of the discovery document containing the resource's JSON schema.
Example:
https://www.googleapis.com/discovery/v1/apis/compute/v1/rest
This value is unspecified for resources that do not have an API based on a discovery document, such as Cloud Bigtable.
| Type | Description |
| System.String |
DiscoveryName
public string DiscoveryName { get; set; }
The JSON schema name listed in the discovery document. Example:
Project
This value is unspecified for resources that do not have an API based on a discovery document, such as Cloud Bigtable.
| Type | Description |
| System.String |
Location
public string Location { get; set; }
The location of the resource in Google Cloud, such as its zone and region. For more information, see https://cloud.google.com/about/locations/.
| Type | Description |
| System.String |
Parent
public string Parent { get; set; }
The full name of the immediate parent of this resource. See Resource Names for more information.
For Google Cloud assets, this value is the parent resource defined in the
Cloud IAM policy
hierarchy.
Example:
//cloudresourcemanager.googleapis.com/projects/my_project_123
For third-party assets, this field may be set differently.
| Type | Description |
| System.String |
ResourceUrl
public string ResourceUrl { get; set; }
The REST URL for accessing the resource. An HTTP GET
request using this
URL returns the resource itself. Example:
https://cloudresourcemanager.googleapis.com/v1/projects/my-project-123
This value is unspecified for resources without a REST API.
| Type | Description |
| System.String |
Version
public string Version { get; set; }
The API version. Example: v1
| Type | Description |
| System.String |


To calculate Height when Angle of Elevation and Distance is
given
To calculate Height when Angle of Depression and Distance is
given
To calculate Distance when Angle of Elevation and Height is
given
To calculate Distance when Angle of Depression and Height is
given
To calculate Angle of Elevation
To calculate Angle of Depression


SEE THE SEA A film review by David N. Butterworth Copyright 1998 David N. Butterworth
*** (out of ****)
What could be more idyllic a vision than a mother and her ten-month-old daughter vacationing together amid the sun, the sand, and the sea? And what could be more threatening to the beauty and innocence of that natural harmony than a creepy, malevolent loner insinuating herself into their tranquil lives?
That's what François Ozon's brief yet chilling "See the Sea" ("Regarde la mer") is all about, and it's generally effective in its sometimes subtle depiction of escalating malice.
Sasha Hails is convincing as Sasha, the lonely mother on holiday with her infant daughter. Into their lives comes a nomad-like traveler called Tatiana, who happens upon their ocean-front property and asks to pitch her tent on their land. Sasha is reluctant at first but, stimulated by the prospect of someone to offer her temporary companionship since her husband has been waylaid in Paris, she finally agrees.
As effective as Hails is Marina de Van as the stranger who preys on Sasha's vulnerability. With her bloodshot eyes, ripped clothing, and dirt-ingrained fingernails, Tatiana is not the kind of person one would normally invite over for dinner. Sasha, with the best of intentions, does and Tatiana becomes a guest in her home.
This is where the film, unfortunately, defies a certain logic.  Perhaps it's because Tatiana claims to have once been a nanny, but her scatological dinnertime repartee--focusing on epidurals and episiotomies--should have tipped off the most accepting of xenophiles.
Nevertheless, Ozon's film succeeds as any good horror film should by making the threat of violence more prominent than the violence itself. The mood is heightened by including a toddler as one focus of the danger: the little girl (credited as Samantha) is extremely natural in front of the camera, blithe and innocent to the advancing disquiet.
She cries incessantly for her mother throughout the film and it doubles the existing tension--her plaintive wailing is enough to push even the most well-meaning of psychopaths over the edge.
Many films can be accused of being overly long but that isn't the case here. At just fifty-two minutes, "See the Sea" is, if anything, not quite long enough to completely establish the tension required for its heart-stopping finale. Ozon is guilty of adding some distracting scenes, such as the surreal one in which Sasha leaves the calm and serenity of the brick-red beach to join the libidinous men who walk the shaded woods like zombies.
It's a rare observation that a film needs to be 15-20 minutes longer in order to be more effective.
Showing with "See the Sea" is Ozon's 1996 short "Summer Dress" ("Une robe d'été"). This fifteen-minute film is an appropriate precursor to the main feature with its similar beachside setting and portentous homoerotic subtexts. Not only that, but it makes embarrassingly full use of the Sonny Bono-penned ditty "Bang Bang," fervently delivered on the soundtrack by a French chanteuse called Sheila.
Now *that's* scary stuff!
-- David N. Butterworth<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Clicking on this button will launch a .png file with the default handler installed on the system.
Clicking on this button marks the file as untrusted, which results in a warning prompt being shown prior to launching the file.
Clicking on this button will launch the 'Open With' dialog that lets the user chose the handler for the .png file.
Clicking on this button will launch the file picker that lets the user pick the file to launch. The picked file is then launched.
Clicking on this button shows the file picker and sets Windows.System.LauncherOptions.DesiredRemainingView to the value selected below. Each of these values expresses a preference for how this app should be sized on screen after the file launch. It may not be possible to share the screen, in which case the launched app will replace this one.
All variations use Windows.System.Launcher.launchFileAsync.


Convert Windows backslash paths to slash paths:
foo\\bar
➔foo/bar
Forward-slash paths can be used in Windows as long as they’re not extended-length paths and don’t contain any non-ascii characters.
This was created since the path
methods in Node outputs \\
paths on Windows.
sh
$ npm install --save slash
```js var path = require(‘path’); var slash = require(‘slash’);
var str = path.join(‘foo’, ‘bar’); // Unix => foo/bar // Windows => foo\bar
slash(str); // Unix => foo/bar // Windows => foo/bar ```
Type: string
Accepts a Windows backslash path and returns a slash path.
MIT © Sindre Sorhus


{% comment %} Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. {% endcomment %}
{{ message|escape }}
Click here to return to the homepage >


Sneak peek at wine event
by Chelsea PowrieThe annual 'Light Up the Vines' event is back in Summerland next weekend, and they held a sneak peek Saturday to show off what people can expect.
"It's our ninth annual event, it's a great way for us to kick off the holiday season and invite everybody to Summerland to take in all the festivities," explained Donita Dyer, coordinator for the Bottleneck Drive Association.
"We've got lights in the orchards on the vines, we've got people doing special discounts, seasonal tastings, we've got bonfires, we've got a little bit of everything."
In the Bottleneck Drive area of Summerland, 18 wineries, three cideries, a brewery and a distillery all open and decorated for the event, which takes place Nov. 30 and Dec. 1 from 3 p.m. to 8 p.m.
Participants are encouraged to book a tour or drive responsibly around the area themselves, stopping in at the various locations.
Dyer says they are expecting thousands of visitors around their various locations.
"Last year our numbers were higher than all our years before," she said. "We love to invite people to Summerland."
For more information on Light Up the Vines and to download a map of participating locations, click here.


Scoreboard - Nov. 21, 2019 | Honolulu Star-Advertiser
TODAY
BASKETBALL
>> High schools girls: Sacred Hearts Invitational, first round: Radford vs. Kalani, 5:30 p.m.; Seabury Hall vs. Hawaii Baptist, 7 p.m. Games at Sacred Hearts.
SURFING
>> World Surf League: Hawaiian Pro, 8 a.m., at Sunset Beach.
VOLLEYBALL
>> Big West women: Cal State Northridge at Hawaii, 7 p.m., at Stan Sheriff Center.
>> PacWest women: Academy of Art vs. Chaminade, 7 p.m., at McCabe gym.
FRIDAY
BASKETBALL
>> College women: Bank of Hawaii Classic—Utah vs. Texas Southern, noon; Texas-San Antonio at Hawaii, 2:30 p.m.; games at Stan Sheriff Center. Multnomah vs. Hawaii Hilo, 6 p.m. at Afook-Chinen Civic Auditorium.
>> High schools girls: Sacred Hearts Invitational.
FOOTBALL
>> First Hawaiian Bank/HHSAA Open Division—Semifinals: Campbell vs. Kahuku, 4 p.m.; Mililani vs. Saint Louis, 7 p.m.; games at Aloha Stadium.
SURFING
>> World Surf League: Hawaiian Pro, 8 a.m., at Sunset Beach.
VOLLEYBALL
>> Big West women: Long Beach State at Hawaii, 7 p.m., at Stan Sheriff Center.
>> PacWest women: Holy Names vs. Hawaii Pacific, 7 p.m., at St. Francis gym.
ILH SOCCER
Junior Varsity Girls
>> Punahou-Gold 3, Kamehameha-White 0
>> ‘Iolani 3, Punahou-Blue 0
Junior Varsity Boys
>> Punahou-Blue 2, Punahou-Gold 0
HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS BASKETBALL
>> Sacred Hearts Invitational
>> Sacred Hearts 50, McKinley 33
>> Punahou 47, Mililani 21
>> Junior Varsity Girls
>> ‘Iolani 34, Mid-Pacific 27


There is a request from "{{ platform }}" with IP {{ ip }} to register the platform for executing a Distributed Expermient.


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Match Play. Red leads 3-2 to 5. How should Red play 51?
pips Red=166 White=153
(CorrectAnswer= 0/0, ErrorScore= 0)
I had this position against Raj Jansari in a London League match. After long thought I played 22/16 to make sure I didn’t crash my position.
Sadly for me that was the wrong play. I should have obeyed Falafel’s Law and made my 5-pt with 10/5, 6/5, trapping three of his checkers behind a five-point prime. I was overly pessimistic about my chances. The cube is effectively out of play and I must win with my checker play.
22/16 is an error but not a blunder.
Sadly for me that was the wrong play. I should have obeyed Falafel’s Law and made my 5-pt with 10/5, 6/5, trapping three of his checkers behind a five-point prime. I was overly pessimistic about my chances. The cube is effectively out of play and I must win with my checker play.
22/16 is an error but not a blunder.
1. Cubeful 2-ply 10/5 6/5 Eq.: -0.076 0.537 0.158 0.007 - 0.463 0.156 0.007 2. Cubeful 2-ply 22/16 Eq.: -0.156 (-0.080) 0.497 0.143 0.007 - 0.503 0.158 0.007 3. Cubeful 0-ply 10/9*/4 Eq.: -0.315 (-0.239) 0.431 0.133 0.006 - 0.569 0.185 0.009 4. Cubeful 0-ply 10/9* 6/1* Eq.: -0.316 (-0.240) 0.443 0.141 0.004 - 0.557 0.213 0.015 5. Cubeful 0-ply 10/9* 10/5 Eq.: -0.351 (-0.275) 0.437 0.134 0.006 - 0.563 0.236 0.017


CPMobileSDK
public class CPMobileSDK : NSObject
The main mobile SDK class. Use this class’ methods to start the mobile SDK, pass URLs to the SDK and obtain the application encryption key.
-
Call this method to initialize the SDK. Usually, you should call this method in
UIApplicationDelegate.application(_:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:)
.Declaration
Swift
public class func startSDKWithOptions(options: CPMobileSDKOptions?)
Parameters
options
An options object, defining the behavior of the mobile SDK.
-
Call this in
UIApplicationDelegate.application(_:openURL:options:)
method to handle SDK-related URLs.Declaration
Swift
public class func handleSDKOpenURL(url: NSURL, options: [String : AnyObject]) -> Bool
Parameters
url
The URL resource to handle.
options
A dictionary of launch options.
Return Value
Returns
true
if handled by SDK,false
if URL is unrelated to SDK and should be handled by the application. -
Call this in
UIApplicationDelegate.application(_:sourceApplication:annotation:)
method to handle SDK-related URLs.Deprecated
Declaration
Swift
public class func handleSDKOpenURL(url: NSURL, sourceApplication: String, annotation: AnyObject) -> Bool
Parameters
url
The URL resource to handle.
sourceApplication
The bundle ID of the app that is requesting your app to open the URL (url).
annotation
A property list object supplied by the source app to communicate information to the receiving app.
Return Value
Returns
true
if handled by SDK,false
if URL is unrelated to SDK and should be handled by the application.
-
The encryption key for the application. To listen when this key becomes available and unavailable, register to
CPMobileSDKEncryptionKeyAvailableNotification
andCPMobileSDKEncryptionKeyUnavailableNotification
notifications.Declaration
Swift
public class func encryptionKey() -> NSData?
Return Value
The application encryption key, if available, otherwise returns
nil
.
-
The default tint color, for style similar to Capsule Workspace.
Declaration
Swift
public class func defaultAppTintColor() -> UIColor
Return Value
The default tint color.
-
The default accent color, for style similar to Capsule Workspace.
Declaration
Swift
public class func defaultAccentTintColor() -> UIColor
Return Value
The default accent color.


A base class for any sensor or piece of code that outputs a value for consumption elsewhere.
More...
#include <sensesp/system/valueproducer.h>
template<typename T>
class sensesp::ValueProducer< T >
A base class for any sensor or piece of code that outputs a value for consumption elsewhere.
They are Observable, allowing code to be notified whenever a new value is available. They can be connected directly to ValueConsumer
s of the same type using the connect_to()
method.
- See also
- ValueConsumer
Definition at line 24 of file valueproducer.h.
◆ ValueProducer()
◆ connect_to() [1/4]
template<typename T >
template<typename T2 >
If the consumer this producer is connecting to is ALSO a producer of values of the same type, connect_to() calls can be chained together, as this specialized version returns the producer/consumer being conencted to so connect_to() can be called on THAT object.
- Parameters
-
| input_channel | Consumers can have one or more inputs feeding them This parameter allows you to specify which input number this producer is connecting to. For single input consumers, leave the index at zero. |
- See also
- ValueConsumer::set_input()
Definition at line 77 of file valueproducer.h.
◆ connect_to() [2/4]
template<typename T >
template<typename TT , typename T2 >
Connect a producer to a transform with a different input type.
This allows you to connect a producer to a transform with a different input type. Automatic type conversion is performed.
- Template Parameters
-
- Parameters
-
| consumer_producer | Transform object to connect to |
| input_channel | |
- Returns
- Transform<TT, T2>*
Definition at line 98 of file valueproducer.h.
◆ connect_to() [3/4]
template<typename T >
template<typename CT >
Connect a producer to a consumer of a different type.
This allows you to connect a producer to a consumer of a different type. Automatic type conversion is performed.
- Template Parameters
-
- Parameters
-
| consumer | Consumer object to connect to |
| input_channel | |
Definition at line 59 of file valueproducer.h.
◆ connect_to() [4/4]
Connects this producer to the specified consumer, registering that consumer for notifications to when this producer's value changes
- Parameters
-
| input_channel | Consumers can have one or more inputs feeding them This parameter allows you to specify which input number this producer is connecting to. For single input consumers, leave the index at zero. |
- See also
- ValueConsumer::set_input()
Definition at line 42 of file valueproducer.h.
◆ emit()
◆ get()
Returns the current value of this producer
Definition at line 31 of file valueproducer.h.
◆ output
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:


--- layout: tagpage title: "Eat" description: "the only thing better than talking about food is eating" header-img: "img/noodle.jpg" tag: eat ---
Hi I'm Erica!


Authn module¶
Module asab.web.authn
provides middlewares and classes to allow only authorized users access specified web server endpoints.
It also allows to forward requests to the authorization server via instance of OAuthForwarder.
Currently available authorization technologies include OAuth 2.0, public/private key and HTTP basic auth.
Middleware¶
- authn_middleware_factory(app, implementation, *args, **kwargs):
First step is to define the authorization implementation, which can be the OAuth 2.0, public/private key or HTTP basic auth. Depending on the implementation, there are arguments which further specify the authorization servers that are going to be used.
When it comes to OAuth 2.0, there are methods
for every OAuth 2.0 server, that is going to be used for authorization
and obtainment of the user identity. The relevant method is selected based on access token prefix, that is received
from the client in the HTTP request (Authorization
header):
Authorization: Bearer <OAUTH-SERVER-ID>-<ACCESS_TOKEN>
The following example illustrates how to register a middleware inside the web server container with OAuth 2.0 implementation and GitHub method.
container.WebApp.middlewares.append(
asab.web.authn.authn_middleware_factory(self,
"oauth2client", # other implementations include: "basicauth" and "pubkeyauth"
methods=[
# Use GitHub OAuth provider
asab.web.authn.oauth.GitHubOAuthMethod(),
],
)
)
Decorators¶
In order to require authorization for a specific endpoint and thus utilize the output of the registered middleware,
it is necessary to decorate its handler method with authn_required_handler
decorator.
The decorator provide the handler method with an identity
argument, which contains the user identity received
from the authorization server. Thus the user information can be further evaluated or included as part of the response.
To receive just the identity information but not force the authorization for the endpoint, the authn_optional_handler
can be used instead.
The following example illustrates how to use the authn_required_handler
decorator in order to enforce the
authorization and receive user identity in the identity
argument:
@asab.web.authn.authn_required_handler
async def user(self, request, *, identity):
return asab.web.rest.json_response(request=request, data={
'message': '"{}", you have accessed our secured "user" endpoint.'.format(identity),
})
Example¶
To see & try the full example which utilizes OAuth 2.0 middleware and decorators, please see the code in the following link:
https://github.com/TeskaLabs/asab/blob/master/examples/web-authn-oauth.py
Another example serves to demonstrate the public/private key authorization via ASAB web client ssl cert authorization:
https://github.com/TeskaLabs/asab/blob/master/examples/web-authn-pubkey.py


KolmoLD is a network protocol that rethinks the tech stack behind the modern internet.
The tech stack that powers the internet (IP, TCP, BGP) relies on the model where a internet resource runs on its own machine (Fig. 1).
Within that model, the Internet resource, and the network identity of the computer it runs on, is interchangable.
As the Internet evolved, limitations of that approach became apparent. The industry moved towards distributed systems, where an Internet resource is run on multiple machines (Fig. 2).
Such an approach is dictated by the following requirements:
The art of distributed web system is building a distributed system that behaves as if it was fitting the single computer - single Internet resource pattern [1]. Multiple challenges and limitations in the domain stem from this limitation.
At the core of KolmoLD is the concept of separation of concerns: separating the logic of internet resource and the network computers that execute it.
References:
Image Credit: CN Tower Icon and Forbidden City Icon:


1. When a new hub is created for a city or town, the elmcity engine searches Facebook, Eventful, Upcoming, Meetup, or EventBrite, and makes a list of candidate feeds. The list has two representations. One is a web page for the curator to review. Here is that page for the new hub FloydVA.
URL: http://elmcity.blob.core.windows.net/floydva/taggable_sources.html
(For any hub, the pattern is http://elmcity.blob.core.windows.net/ + the lowercase name of the hub + /taggable_sources.html)
2. The second representation is as JSON data in the format that controls the hub.
URL: http://elmcity.blob.core.windows.net/floydva/taggable_sources.html
(For any hub, the pattern is http://elmcity.blob.core.windows.net/ + the lowercase name of the hub + /taggable_sources.json
3. To process these files I load the HTML file into a browser, and the JSON file into a text editor.
4. Then I open each candidate into a tab in the browser, and focus on the corresponding JSON entry in the text editor. Here's the Calvary Baptist Church as found on Facebook.
5. Here's the automatically-produced JSON record for the Calvary Baptist Church:
{ "url" : "http://www.facebook.com/pages/Calvary-Baptist-Church-Floyd-VA/294948989066?sk=events", "feedurl" : "http://elmcity.cloudapp.net/ics_from_fb_page?fb_id=294948989066&elmcity_id=FloydVA", "source" : "Calvary Baptist Church Floyd VA (facebook)", "category" : "facebook" }
The url points to the church's Facebook Events page. It's the default link for all events in the feed. In this case, since the source is Facebook and the events in the feed have their own individual URLs, it won't actually be used. But it doesn't hurt to leave it in.
The feedurl points to an elmcity services that synthesizes an iCal feed for the church's Facebook Events page.
The source names the Calvaray Baptist Church in Floyd VA. It adds (facebook) to indicate that this feed came from Facebook, and (we hope) to differentiate it from a more authorative feed provided by the church's own site.
The category likewise indicates that this feed is from Facebook. We can add other tags. In this case, I'll just change it to:
"category" : "facebook,church"
Note: The method shown here requires the curator to accumulate changes to the JSON file in a text editor, and then upload all the changes to the hub at once. This method is much more efficient than adding entries one at a time using the hub's feed editor, but provides no hand-holding. It's possible to make an editing mistake that invalidates the JSON file; you might not be comfortable using a JSON validator to find and correct such a mistake. So if you'd rather use a less efficient but safer method, you can always the hub's feed editor to add entries to the hub one at a time.
5. Now let's look for a more authoritive version of the feed. We'll start by checking the About page in Facebook.
6. The Facebook About page leads us to the church's site:
In this case, it's a fairly primitive site. There's no calendar of any kind, never mind one providing an iCal feed. So we're done with the Calvary Baptist Church for now. The Facebook feed will be part of the FloydVA hub, and will show up in the church category.
7. If you're using the one-record-at-a-time method to update the hub's feed registry, you can add the Calvary Church like so:
8. But let's demonstrate the all-at-once method by continuing with the process. Here's the Floyd Country Store as found on Eventful.
9. Here is its JSON record.
{ "url" : "http://eventful.com/floyd/venues/floyd-country-store-/V0-001-000435716-3", "feedurl" : "http://eventful.com/ical/floyd/venues/floyd-country-store-/V0-001-000435716-3", "source" : "Floyd Country Store (eventful)", "category" : "eventful" }
10. It appears that everything at this Eventful is a musical event, so we'll make this change.
"category" : "eventful,music"
11. Unlike Facebook, Eventful doesn't provide us with the venue's home page. So we search for the Floyd Country Store, find it, and navigate to its calendar page.
Again, as with the Calvary Church, there is no iCal feed here. It's too bad, because the Country Store's calendar page has much more info than the Eventful page. The Eventful page is machine-readable, and better than nothing, so we'll add it to the hub. But we would like the Country Store to know that:
And we add<EMAIL_ADDRESS>to a list of contacts to whom we'll send notices to that effect.
12. Not every auto-discovered feed is worth including. Here's one that might not be.
A venue like Postal code 24091 is something only the Eventful robot could love. We could include it, using the tag community, but I prefer to reject things this vague. So I'll delete the JSON record.
Before:
{
"url" : "http://eventful.com/floyd/venues/floyd-fest-2012-/V0-001-001335826-1",
"feedurl" : "http://eventful.com/ical/floyd/venues/floyd-fest-2012-/V0-001-001335826-1",
"source" : "Floyd Fest 2012 (eventful)",
"category" : "eventful"
},
{
"url" : "http://eventful.com/floyd/venues/postal-code-24091-united-states-/V0-001-001516644-2",
"feedurl" : "http://eventful.com/ical/floyd/venues/postal-code-24091-united-states-/V0-001-001516644-2",
"source" : "Postal code 24091, United States (eventful)",
"category" : "eventful"
},
{
"url" : "http://eventful.com/floyd/venues/floydfest-hill-holler-stage-/V0-001-005806486-8",
"feedurl" : "http://eventful.com/ical/floyd/venues/floydfest-hill-holler-stage-/V0-001-005806486-8",
"source" : "FLOYDFEST - HILL HOLLER STAGE (eventful)",
"category" : "eventful"
},
After:
{ "url" : "http://eventful.com/floyd/venues/floyd-fest-2012-/V0-001-001335826-1", "feedurl" : "http://eventful.com/ical/floyd/venues/floyd-fest-2012-/V0-001-001335826-1", "source" : "Floyd Fest 2012 (eventful)", "category" : "eventful" }, { "url" : "http://eventful.com/floyd/venues/floydfest-hill-holler-stage-/V0-001-005806486-8", "feedurl" : "http://eventful.com/ical/floyd/venues/floydfest-hill-holler-stage-/V0-001-005806486-8", "source" : "FLOYDFEST - HILL HOLLER STAGE (eventful)", "category" : "eventful" },


27 September 2014
...There is no secret recipe. We focus in understanding the process...
Any design for a website, should be able to convey information. Colors selection, white space precision, typography is an important aspect of UX and UI. It makes us want to explore more. However, if you are seeking for a good loyal user base, I feel website should be designed around the content.
Following principles guide us in our venture for a good design.
A well-established theory that drives the design of structures for websites.
First step is to identify content of website, common structures and get overall idea of the flow of website.
Tools we use for this step:
McDonald's Theory derives its inspiration from an article on McDonald's Theory by Jon Bell in medium.
McDonald’s Theory: People are inspired to come up with good ideas to ward off bad ones.
Therefore, we start with a minimal bad design. After following Information Architecture, we get an overview of content structures. So, first of all we start adding the content to the layout(based on priority). Then designing it and iterating this process until we are convinced with the first draft.
Once we have our first draft, it is better to see how it is implemented in some other website. In this manner, we not only validate our reasoning as why a particular content is presented in such a manner, but also are able to find our own mistakes.
This step is more focused on where the design is mostly applicable and for whom. We discuss questions like, Should we go with icons, text, labels? Is the message clear for our target user?. Actually, we do follow this step in the beginning and also towards the end of each design iterations.
Nevertheless, what I understand is, there are no hard and fast rules for a good design. It is an interactive process. We are in love with the first design draft. Gradually, we end up with altogether different design which conveys most of the information.
References:


{% extends "myroot/layout_auth.html" %} {% load static %} {% block extra_styles_head %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
The confirmation link was invalid, possibly because it has already been used. You can probably sign up once again now.


Remember what they are?
Insert
Visual
Command Line
Normal
Remember any commands?
w W
e E
b B
gg G
“Good developers copy, Great developers paste“ - Kelsey Hightower
'y'
yank
Yanking
who remembers how to move around?
what about getting into visual mode?
so just like normal copying, what ever you have highlighted you yank
You can also yank without highlighting
yy
yw
yt
yT
T
to ~
I have not mentioned this one before
This a movement/modifier key
'p'
paste/put
put
there is not much to this one
lowercase 'p' will paste in front of your cursor
uppercase 'P' will paste in behind of your cursor
side note:
One more thing
vim has its own buffer
but there is way to use your own computers buffer
go into insert mode
ctrl-v (cmd-v)
:r !pbpaste
set clipboard=unnamed "lets you use the os clipboard when yanking or putting


OHHHHHHH how I miss the early days!  Our furniture: found, donated, inherited - all haphazardly thrown together to make that space our space. Jaythan and I playing house, feeling as if we had indeed accomplished “the dream” - GHAH! Flash forward 15 years and we ain’t playin no more! Now,we have the whole kit-and-caboodle! The mortgage, the dog and the 2.5 kids (ok we doubled down on the kiddos :):) We have this wonderful house and thankfully the space for all of us, but it comes with a big UGLY blight that has pretty much become the bain of my existence! It’s the family room! DUN DUN DAAAAUUUUNNNNN!
The oblonged L-shaped room NEVER fits with the “how-to set your living room” guides. The 8x10s never reach our couch and all four feet on the rug FORGETTABOUTIT! We’ve tried a 9x12 but it hits the corners where the walls randomly jut out! Hence my search and finally the end-all-be-all solution to kids+crazy room = FLOR TILE! 3x3 tiles that fit together seamlessly in ANY configuration you want and ANY design you could want them!
1. Spill - what spill!?! Just take out a square and move on!
2. Funky? Stade? Elegant? All can be accomplished with this Flor tile!
3. Dog scoots across the rug - pop out the square and clean it!
4. Wanna make it more funky! Cut a bold color in half and line it throughout.
5. Style and restyle the room to mold different shapes!
6. Creat a rug walkway to attach one space to the next.
LOVE IT!
Stamp of approval from mommyknowsbest!
xoxo, Jen


Qiuchen Yan PhD Student Department of Computer Science and Engineering 4-225A 200 Union St. SE. University of Minnesota (Twin Cities) Minneapolis, MN, 55455<EMAIL_ADDRESS>CV


A new exhibit by the Medieval Insitute.
October - January 2019.
Learn moreThe Middle Ages were a period of European history from the fall of the Roman Empire in the West (5th century) to the fall of Constantinople (1453), or, more narrowly, from c. 1100 to 1453.
| Early | High | Late | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time Period | 400-1000 | 1000-1300 | 1300-1500 |
To start out this discussion, attention will be given to a aristocrat woman of the middle ages. This will give context to the topic of the lives of medivel women, but since its of a wealthy woman it is balently and insightfully limited. Adelaide of Leuven died
"The Romans had been able to post their laws on boards in public places, confidant that enough literate people existed to read them; far into the Middle Ages, even kings remained illiterate." Uberto Echo
Population decline, counterurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, which had begun in Late Antiquity, continued in the Early Middle Ages. The large-scale movements of the Migration Period, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—once part of the Byzantine Empire—came under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate, an Islamic empire, after conquest by Muhammad's successors. To Learn More About The Middle Ages Click Here
From the 12th and 13th centuries on, France was at the center (and often originator) of a vibrant cultural production that extended across much of western Europe, including the transition from Romanesque architecture to Gothic architecture and Gothic art; the foundation of medieval universities (such as the universities of Paris (recognized in 1150), Montpellier (1220), Toulouse (1229), and Orleans (1235)) and the so-called "Renaissance of the 12th century"; a growing body of secular vernacular literature (including the chanson de geste, chivalric romance, troubadour and trouvère poetry, etc.)
Throughout the Middle Ages, the place of women in society was often dictated by biblical texts. The writings of the apostle Paul, in particular, emphasised men's authority over women, forbidding women from teaching, and instructing them to remain silent. However, the Virgin Mary was a contrast to this negative image: as the mother of Christ, she was the channel through which Christians might be saved. She was sometimes described as the 'second Eve', as she was seen to have made up for Eve's sins. Throughout the Middle Ages, Mary was seen as the most powerful of all saints, as well as a strong (if paradoxical) model of chastity and motherhood.
“The medievalist has the capacity, and the desire, to harmonize. He believes the planets sing in harmony; why cannot technology also sing?”
After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, there emerged no single powerful secular government in the West. There was however a central ecclesiastical power in Rome, the Catholic Church. In this power vacuum, the Church rose to become the dominant power in the West. The Church started expanded in the beginning 10th century, and as secular kingdoms gained power at the same time, there naturally arose the conditions for a power struggle between Church and Kingdom over ultimate authority.
Throughout the Middle Ages, the place of women in society was often dictated by biblical texts. The writings of the apostle Paul, in particular, emphasised men's authority over women, forbidding women from teaching, and instructing them to remain silent. However, the Virgin Mary was a contrast to this negative image: as the mother of Christ, she was the channel through which Christians might be saved. She was sometimes described as the 'second Eve', as she was seen to have made up for Eve's sins. Throughout the Middle Ages, Mary was seen as the most powerful of all saints, as well as a strong (if paradoxical) model of chastity and motherhood.
Accroding to an schloar historian in the work Middle Ages Antonia Frasier ,
life was hard, but especially for women.
Howard Dean it was the
worst best era in history to study; because it is so different than mordern day.
According to the The Middle Ages Most people in medieval Europe lived in small rural communities, making their living from the land. Peasant women had many domestic responsibilities, including caring for children, preparing food, and tending livestock. During the busiest times of the year, such as the harvest, women often joined their husbands in the field to bring in the crops. Women often participated in vital cottage industries, such as brewing, baking and manufacturing textiles.Throughout the Middle Ages, the place of women in society was often dictated by biblical texts. The writings of the apostle Paul, in particular, emphasised men's authority over women, forbidding women from teaching, and instructing them to remain silent. However, the Virgin Mary was a contrast to this negative image: as the mother of Christ, she was the channel through which Christians might be saved.
To learn more about women in the Middle Ages Click Here
Our upcoming Conference January 08, 2019, will discuss our new exhibit.
We have joined forces with many other Insitutes to help create this exhibit. Our biggest support is Harard
Harvard University is devoted to excellence in teaching, learning, and research, and to developing leaders in many disciplines who make a difference globally.
Go somewhereCelebrating more than 150 years of excellence in education in the Commonwealth of Kentucky, the University of Kentucky is currently ranked nationally
Go somewhere We are offering print posters of medieval paintings and images to help support our muesum. Here are a few of of our items. Everything is on sale; our posters were $7.99 now are $5.99. Click on a button to see the finer detail of our artisen posters and prints.


Examples¶
Reset User with ID 1¶
The command app/console fom:user:resetroot
resets the user with ID 1. This user owns generally all rights.
$ app/console fom:user:resetroot
Welcome to the Mapbender3 root account management command
Enter the username to use for the root account.
Username [root]: root
Enter the e-mail adress to use for the root account.
E-Mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>Enter the password to use for the root account.
Password: secret
Do you confirm reset [yes]? yes
The root is now usable. Have fun!
Create new user¶
The root user (ID 1) can create new users. A user itself can create a new user if he owns the Owner role in the ACL “users”. We chose this exception of the rules to avoid other users changing their user-name.
Create new applications¶
A user who should create new applications has to have the Create right in the ACL “Applications”. Once he has this right he can also import and export applications.
To create Layerset Instances, he has to have the right Edit in ACL “Service Source”.
Copy applications¶
A user can copy applications if:
- he has the right Edit in ACL “Applications”
- or he has the right Edit in the application itself. The right of the application overwrites the global ACL right.
Thereby the user is automatically owner of his copied application.
Delete applications¶
A user can delete applications if:
- he has the right Delete in the ACL “Applications”
- or he has the right Delete in the application itself. The right of the applications overwriters the global ACL right.


MD
Section: Devices and Network Interfaces (4)Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
md - Multiple Device driver aka Linux Software RAIDSYNOPSIS
/dev/mdn/dev/md/n
/dev/md/name
DESCRIPTION
The md driver provides virtual devices that are created from one or more independent underlying devices. This array of devices often contains redundancy and the devices are often disk drives, hence the acronym RAID which stands for a Redundant Array of Independent Disks.md supports RAID levels 1 (mirroring), 4 (striped array with parity device), 5 (striped array with distributed parity information), 6 (striped array with distributed dual redundancy information), and 10 (striped and mirrored). If some number of underlying devices fails while using one of these levels, the array will continue to function; this number is one for RAID levels 4 and 5, two for RAID level 6, and all but one (N-1) for RAID level 1, and dependent on configuration for level 10.
md also supports a number of pseudo RAID (non-redundant) configurations including RAID0 (striped array), LINEAR (catenated array), MULTIPATH (a set of different interfaces to the same device), and FAULTY (a layer over a single device into which errors can be injected).
MD METADATA
Each device in an array may have some metadata stored in the device. This metadata is sometimes called a superblock. The metadata records information about the structure and state of the array. This allows the array to be reliably re-assembled after a shutdown.From Linux kernel version 2.6.10, md provides support for two different formats of metadata, and other formats can be added. Prior to this release, only one format is supported.
The common format --- known as version 0.90 --- has a superblock that is 4K long and is written into a 64K aligned block that starts at least 64K and less than 128K from the end of the device (i.e. to get the address of the superblock round the size of the device down to a multiple of 64K and then subtract 64K). The available size of each device is the amount of space before the super block, so between 64K and 128K is lost when a device in incorporated into an MD array. This superblock stores multi-byte fields in a processor-dependent manner, so arrays cannot easily be moved between computers with different processors.
The new format --- known as version 1 --- has a superblock that is normally 1K long, but can be longer. It is normally stored between 8K and 12K from the end of the device, on a 4K boundary, though variations can be stored at the start of the device (version 1.1) or 4K from the start of the device (version 1.2). This metadata format stores multibyte data in a processor-independent format and supports up to hundreds of component devices (version 0.90 only supports 28).
The metadata contains, among other things:
- LEVEL
- The manner in which the devices are arranged into the array (linear, raid0, raid1, raid4, raid5, raid10, multipath).
- UUID
-
a 128 bit Universally Unique Identifier that identifies the array that
contains this device.
When a version 0.90 array is being reshaped (e.g. adding extra devices to a RAID5), the version number is temporarily set to 0.91. This ensures that if the reshape process is stopped in the middle (e.g. by a system crash) and the machine boots into an older kernel that does not support reshaping, then the array will not be assembled (which would cause data corruption) but will be left untouched until a kernel that can complete the reshape processes is used.
ARRAYS WITHOUT METADATA
While it is usually best to create arrays with superblocks so that they can be assembled reliably, there are some circumstances when an array without superblocks is preferred. These include:- LEGACY ARRAYS
- Early versions of the md driver only supported Linear and Raid0 configurations and did not use a superblock (which is less critical with these configurations). While such arrays should be rebuilt with superblocks if possible, md continues to support them.
- FAULTY
- Being a largely transparent layer over a different device, the FAULTY personality doesn't gain anything from having a superblock.
- MULTIPATH
- It is often possible to detect devices which are different paths to the same storage directly rather than having a distinctive superblock written to the device and searched for on all paths. In this case, a MULTIPATH array with no superblock makes sense.
- RAID1
-
In some configurations it might be desired to create a raid1
configuration that does not use a superblock, and to maintain the state of
the array elsewhere. While not encouraged for general use, it does
have special-purpose uses and is supported.
ARRAYS WITH EXTERNAL METADATA
From release 2.6.28, the md driver supports arrays with externally managed metadata. That is, the metadata is not managed by the kernel but rather by a user-space program which is external to the kernel. This allows support for a variety of metadata formats without cluttering the kernel with lots of details.
md is able to communicate with the user-space program through various sysfs attributes so that it can make appropriate changes to the metadata - for example to mark a device as faulty. When necessary, md will wait for the program to acknowledge the event by writing to a sysfs attribute. The manual page for mdmon(8) contains more detail about this interaction.
CONTAINERS
Many metadata formats use a single block of metadata to describe a number of different arrays which all use the same set of devices. In this case it is helpful for the kernel to know about the full set of devices as a whole. This set is known to md as a container. A container is an md array with externally managed metadata and with device offset and size so that it just covers the metadata part of the devices. The remainder of each device is available to be incorporated into various arrays.LINEAR
A linear array simply catenates the available space on each drive to form one large virtual drive.
One advantage of this arrangement over the more common RAID0 arrangement is that the array may be reconfigured at a later time with an extra drive, so the array is made bigger without disturbing the data that is on the array. This can even be done on a live array.
If a chunksize is given with a LINEAR array, the usable space on each device is rounded down to a multiple of this chunksize.
RAID0
A RAID0 array (which has zero redundancy) is also known as a striped array. A RAID0 array is configured at creation with a Chunk Size which must be a power of two (prior to Linux 2.6.31), and at least 4 kibibytes.
The RAID0 driver assigns the first chunk of the array to the first device, the second chunk to the second device, and so on until all drives have been assigned one chunk. This collection of chunks forms a stripe. Further chunks are gathered into stripes in the same way, and are assigned to the remaining space in the drives.
If devices in the array are not all the same size, then once the smallest device has been exhausted, the RAID0 driver starts collecting chunks into smaller stripes that only span the drives which still have remaining space.
RAID1
A RAID1 array is also known as a mirrored set (though mirrors tend to provide reflected images, which RAID1 does not) or a plex.
Once initialised, each device in a RAID1 array contains exactly the same data. Changes are written to all devices in parallel. Data is read from any one device. The driver attempts to distribute read requests across all devices to maximise performance.
All devices in a RAID1 array should be the same size. If they are not, then only the amount of space available on the smallest device is used (any extra space on other devices is wasted).
Note that the read balancing done by the driver does not make the RAID1 performance profile be the same as for RAID0; a single stream of sequential input will not be accelerated (e.g. a single dd), but multiple sequential streams or a random workload will use more than one spindle. In theory, having an N-disk RAID1 will allow N sequential threads to read from all disks.
Individual devices in a RAID1 can be marked as "write-mostly". These drives are excluded from the normal read balancing and will only be read from when there is no other option. This can be useful for devices connected over a slow link.
RAID4
A RAID4 array is like a RAID0 array with an extra device for storing parity. This device is the last of the active devices in the array. Unlike RAID0, RAID4 also requires that all stripes span all drives, so extra space on devices that are larger than the smallest is wasted.
When any block in a RAID4 array is modified, the parity block for that stripe (i.e. the block in the parity device at the same device offset as the stripe) is also modified so that the parity block always contains the "parity" for the whole stripe. I.e. its content is equivalent to the result of performing an exclusive-or operation between all the data blocks in the stripe.
This allows the array to continue to function if one device fails. The data that was on that device can be calculated as needed from the parity block and the other data blocks.
RAID5
RAID5 is very similar to RAID4. The difference is that the parity blocks for each stripe, instead of being on a single device, are distributed across all devices. This allows more parallelism when writing, as two different block updates will quite possibly affect parity blocks on different devices so there is less contention.
This also allows more parallelism when reading, as read requests are distributed over all the devices in the array instead of all but one.
RAID6
RAID6 is similar to RAID5, but can handle the loss of any two devices without data loss. Accordingly, it requires N+2 drives to store N drives worth of data.
The performance for RAID6 is slightly lower but comparable to RAID5 in normal mode and single disk failure mode. It is very slow in dual disk failure mode, however.
RAID10
RAID10 provides a combination of RAID1 and RAID0, and is sometimes known as RAID1+0. Every datablock is duplicated some number of times, and the resulting collection of datablocks are distributed over multiple drives.
When configuring a RAID10 array, it is necessary to specify the number of replicas of each data block that are required (this will normally be 2) and whether the replicas should be 'near', 'offset' or 'far'. (Note that the 'offset' layout is only available from 2.6.18).
When 'near' replicas are chosen, the multiple copies of a given chunk are laid out consecutively across the stripes of the array, so the two copies of a datablock will likely be at the same offset on two adjacent devices.
When 'far' replicas are chosen, the multiple copies of a given chunk are laid out quite distant from each other. The first copy of all data blocks will be striped across the early part of all drives in RAID0 fashion, and then the next copy of all blocks will be striped across a later section of all drives, always ensuring that all copies of any given block are on different drives.
The 'far' arrangement can give sequential read performance equal to that of a RAID0 array, but at the cost of reduced write performance.
When 'offset' replicas are chosen, the multiple copies of a given chunk are laid out on consecutive drives and at consecutive offsets. Effectively each stripe is duplicated and the copies are offset by one device. This should give similar read characteristics to 'far' if a suitably large chunk size is used, but without as much seeking for writes.
It should be noted that the number of devices in a RAID10 array need not be a multiple of the number of replica of each data block; however, there must be at least as many devices as replicas.
If, for example, an array is created with 5 devices and 2 replicas, then space equivalent to 2.5 of the devices will be available, and every block will be stored on two different devices.
Finally, it is possible to have an array with both 'near' and 'far' copies. If an array is configured with 2 near copies and 2 far copies, then there will be a total of 4 copies of each block, each on a different drive. This is an artifact of the implementation and is unlikely to be of real value.
MULTIPATH
MULTIPATH is not really a RAID at all as there is only one real device in a MULTIPATH md array. However there are multiple access points (paths) to this device, and one of these paths might fail, so there are some similarities.
A MULTIPATH array is composed of a number of logically different devices, often fibre channel interfaces, that all refer the the same real device. If one of these interfaces fails (e.g. due to cable problems), the multipath driver will attempt to redirect requests to another interface.
The MULTIPATH drive is not receiving any ongoing development and should be considered a legacy driver. The device-mapper based multipath drivers should be preferred for new installations.
FAULTY
The FAULTY md module is provided for testing purposes. A faulty array has exactly one component device and is normally assembled without a superblock, so the md array created provides direct access to all of the data in the component device.The FAULTY module may be requested to simulate faults to allow testing of other md levels or of filesystems. Faults can be chosen to trigger on read requests or write requests, and can be transient (a subsequent read/write at the address will probably succeed) or persistent (subsequent read/write of the same address will fail). Further, read faults can be "fixable" meaning that they persist until a write request at the same address.
Fault types can be requested with a period. In this case, the fault will recur repeatedly after the given number of requests of the relevant type. For example if persistent read faults have a period of 100, then every 100th read request would generate a fault, and the faulty sector would be recorded so that subsequent reads on that sector would also fail.
There is a limit to the number of faulty sectors that are remembered. Faults generated after this limit is exhausted are treated as transient.
The list of faulty sectors can be flushed, and the active list of failure modes can be cleared.
UNCLEAN SHUTDOWN
When changes are made to a RAID1, RAID4, RAID5, RAID6, or RAID10 array there is a possibility of inconsistency for short periods of time as each update requires at least two block to be written to different devices, and these writes probably won't happen at exactly the same time. Thus if a system with one of these arrays is shutdown in the middle of a write operation (e.g. due to power failure), the array may not be consistent.
To handle this situation, the md driver marks an array as "dirty" before writing any data to it, and marks it as "clean" when the array is being disabled, e.g. at shutdown. If the md driver finds an array to be dirty at startup, it proceeds to correct any possibly inconsistency. For RAID1, this involves copying the contents of the first drive onto all other drives. For RAID4, RAID5 and RAID6 this involves recalculating the parity for each stripe and making sure that the parity block has the correct data. For RAID10 it involves copying one of the replicas of each block onto all the others. This process, known as "resynchronising" or "resync" is performed in the background. The array can still be used, though possibly with reduced performance.
If a RAID4, RAID5 or RAID6 array is degraded (missing at least one drive, two for RAID6) when it is restarted after an unclean shutdown, it cannot recalculate parity, and so it is possible that data might be undetectably corrupted. The 2.4 md driver does not alert the operator to this condition. The 2.6 md driver will fail to start an array in this condition without manual intervention, though this behaviour can be overridden by a kernel parameter.
RECOVERY
If the md driver detects a write error on a device in a RAID1, RAID4, RAID5, RAID6, or RAID10 array, it immediately disables that device (marking it as faulty) and continues operation on the remaining devices. If there are spare drives, the driver will start recreating on one of the spare drives the data which was on that failed drive, either by copying a working drive in a RAID1 configuration, or by doing calculations with the parity block on RAID4, RAID5 or RAID6, or by finding and copying originals for RAID10.
In kernels prior to about 2.6.15, a read error would cause the same effect as a write error. In later kernels, a read-error will instead cause md to attempt a recovery by overwriting the bad block. i.e. it will find the correct data from elsewhere, write it over the block that failed, and then try to read it back again. If either the write or the re-read fail, md will treat the error the same way that a write error is treated, and will fail the whole device.
While this recovery process is happening, the md driver will monitor accesses to the array and will slow down the rate of recovery if other activity is happening, so that normal access to the array will not be unduly affected. When no other activity is happening, the recovery process proceeds at full speed. The actual speed targets for the two different situations can be controlled by the speed_limit_min and speed_limit_max control files mentioned below.
SCRUBBING AND MISMATCHES
As storage devices can develop bad blocks at any time it is valuable to regularly read all blocks on all devices in an array so as to catch such bad blocks early. This process is called scrubbing.
md arrays can be scrubbed by writing either check or repair to the file md/sync_action in the sysfs directory for the device.
Requesting a scrub will cause md to read every block on every device in the array, and check that the data is consistent. For RAID1 and RAID10, this means checking that the copies are identical. For RAID4, RAID5, RAID6 this means checking that the parity block is (or blocks are) correct.
If a read error is detected during this process, the normal read-error handling causes correct data to be found from other devices and to be written back to the faulty device. In many case this will effectively fix the bad block.
If all blocks read successfully but are found to not be consistent, then this is regarded as a mismatch.
If check was used, then no action is taken to handle the mismatch, it is simply recorded. If repair was used, then a mismatch will be repaired in the same way that resync repairs arrays. For RAID5/RAID6 new parity blocks are written. For RAID1/RAID10, all but one block are overwritten with the content of that one block.
A count of mismatches is recorded in the sysfs file md/mismatch_cnt. This is set to zero when a scrub starts and is incremented whenever a sector is found that is a mismatch. md normally works in units much larger than a single sector and when it finds a mismatch, it does not determine exactly how many actual sectors were affected but simply adds the number of sectors in the IO unit that was used. So a value of 128 could simply mean that a single 64KB check found an error (128 x 512bytes = 64KB).
If an array is created by mdadm with --assume-clean then a subsequent check could be expected to find some mismatches.
On a truly clean RAID5 or RAID6 array, any mismatches should indicate a hardware problem at some level - software issues should never cause such a mismatch.
However on RAID1 and RAID10 it is possible for software issues to cause a mismatch to be reported. This does not necessarily mean that the data on the array is corrupted. It could simply be that the system does not care what is stored on that part of the array - it is unused space.
The most likely cause for an unexpected mismatch on RAID1 or RAID10 occurs if a swap partition or swap file is stored on the array.
When the swap subsystem wants to write a page of memory out, it flags the page as 'clean' in the memory manager and requests the swap device to write it out. It is quite possible that the memory will be changed while the write-out is happening. In that case the 'clean' flag will be found to be clear when the write completes and so the swap subsystem will simply forget that the swapout had been attempted, and will possibly choose a different page to write out.
If the swap device was on RAID1 (or RAID10), then the data is sent from memory to a device twice (or more depending on the number of devices in the array). Thus it is possible that the memory gets changed between the times it is sent, so different data can be written to the different devices in the array. This will be detected by check as a mismatch. However it does not reflect any corruption as the block where this mismatch occurs is being treated by the swap system as being empty, and the data will never be read from that block.
It is conceivable for a similar situation to occur on non-swap files, though it is less likely.
Thus the mismatch_cnt value can not be interpreted very reliably on RAID1 or RAID10, especially when the device is used for swap.
BITMAP WRITE-INTENT LOGGING
From Linux 2.6.13, md supports a bitmap based write-intent log. If configured, the bitmap is used to record which blocks of the array may be out of sync. Before any write request is honoured, md will make sure that the corresponding bit in the log is set. After a period of time with no writes to an area of the array, the corresponding bit will be cleared.
This bitmap is used for two optimisations.
Firstly, after an unclean shutdown, the resync process will consult the bitmap and only resync those blocks that correspond to bits in the bitmap that are set. This can dramatically reduce resync time.
Secondly, when a drive fails and is removed from the array, md stops clearing bits in the intent log. If that same drive is re-added to the array, md will notice and will only recover the sections of the drive that are covered by bits in the intent log that are set. This can allow a device to be temporarily removed and reinserted without causing an enormous recovery cost.
The intent log can be stored in a file on a separate device, or it can be stored near the superblocks of an array which has superblocks.
It is possible to add an intent log to an active array, or remove an intent log if one is present.
In 2.6.13, intent bitmaps are only supported with RAID1. Other levels with redundancy are supported from 2.6.15.
WRITE-BEHIND
From Linux 2.6.14, md supports WRITE-BEHIND on RAID1 arrays.
This allows certain devices in the array to be flagged as write-mostly. MD will only read from such devices if there is no other option.
If a write-intent bitmap is also provided, write requests to write-mostly devices will be treated as write-behind requests and md will not wait for writes to those requests to complete before reporting the write as complete to the filesystem.
This allows for a RAID1 with WRITE-BEHIND to be used to mirror data over a slow link to a remote computer (providing the link isn't too slow). The extra latency of the remote link will not slow down normal operations, but the remote system will still have a reasonably up-to-date copy of all data.
RESTRIPING
Restriping, also known as Reshaping, is the processes of re-arranging the data stored in each stripe into a new layout. This might involve changing the number of devices in the array (so the stripes are wider), changing the chunk size (so stripes are deeper or shallower), or changing the arrangement of data and parity (possibly changing the raid level, e.g. 1 to 5 or 5 to 6).
As of Linux 2.6.35, md can reshape a RAID4, RAID5, or RAID6 array to have a different number of devices (more or fewer) and to have a different layout or chunk size. It can also convert between these different RAID levels. It can also convert between RAID0 and RAID10, and between RAID0 and RAID4 or RAID5. Other possibilities may follow in future kernels.
During any stripe process there is a 'critical section' during which live data is being overwritten on disk. For the operation of increasing the number of drives in a raid5, this critical section covers the first few stripes (the number being the product of the old and new number of devices). After this critical section is passed, data is only written to areas of the array which no longer hold live data --- the live data has already been located away.
For a reshape which reduces the number of devices, the 'critical section' is at the end of the reshape process.
md is not able to ensure data preservation if there is a crash (e.g. power failure) during the critical section. If md is asked to start an array which failed during a critical section of restriping, it will fail to start the array.
To deal with this possibility, a user-space program must
- *
- Disable writes to that section of the array (using the sysfs interface),
- *
- take a copy of the data somewhere (i.e. make a backup),
- *
- allow the process to continue and invalidate the backup and restore write access once the critical section is passed, and
- *
- provide for restoring the critical data before restarting the array after a system crash.
mdadm versions from 2.4 do this for growing a RAID5 array.
For operations that do not change the size of the array, like simply increasing chunk size, or converting RAID5 to RAID6 with one extra device, the entire process is the critical section. In this case, the restripe will need to progress in stages, as a section is suspended, backed up, restriped, and released.
SYSFS INTERFACE
Each block device appears as a directory in sysfs (which is usually mounted at /sys). For MD devices, this directory will contain a subdirectory called md which contains various files for providing access to information about the array.This interface is documented more fully in the file Documentation/md.txt which is distributed with the kernel sources. That file should be consulted for full documentation. The following are just a selection of attribute files that are available.
- md/sync_speed_min
-
This value, if set, overrides the system-wide setting in
/proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_min
for this array only.
Writing the value
system
to this file will cause the system-wide setting to have effect.
- md/sync_speed_max
-
This is the partner of
md/sync_speed_min
and overrides
/proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_max
described below.
- md/sync_action
-
This can be used to monitor and control the resync/recovery process of
MD.
In particular, writing "check" here will cause the array to read all
data block and check that they are consistent (e.g. parity is correct,
or all mirror replicas are the same). Any discrepancies found are
NOT
corrected.
A count of problems found will be stored in md/mismatch_count.
Alternately, "repair" can be written which will cause the same check to be performed, but any errors will be corrected.
Finally, "idle" can be written to stop the check/repair process.
- md/stripe_cache_size
-
This is only available on RAID5 and RAID6. It records the size (in
pages per device) of the stripe cache which is used for synchronising
all write operations to the array and all read operations if the array
is degraded. The default is 256. Valid values are 17 to 32768.
Increasing this number can increase performance in some situations, at
some cost in system memory. Note, setting this value too high can
result in an "out of memory" condition for the system.
memory_consumed = system_page_size * nr_disks * stripe_cache_size
- md/preread_bypass_threshold
-
This is only available on RAID5 and RAID6. This variable sets the
number of times MD will service a full-stripe-write before servicing a
stripe that requires some "prereading". For fairness this defaults to
1. Valid values are 0 to stripe_cache_size. Setting this to 0
maximizes sequential-write throughput at the cost of fairness to threads
doing small or random writes.
KERNEL PARAMETERS
The md driver recognised several different kernel parameters.
- raid=noautodetect
-
This will disable the normal detection of md arrays that happens at
boot time. If a drive is partitioned with MS-DOS style partitions,
then if any of the 4 main partitions has a partition type of 0xFD,
then that partition will normally be inspected to see if it is part of
an MD array, and if any full arrays are found, they are started. This
kernel parameter disables this behaviour.
- raid=partitionable
- raid=part
-
These are available in 2.6 and later kernels only. They indicate that
autodetected MD arrays should be created as partitionable arrays, with
a different major device number to the original non-partitionable md
arrays. The device number is listed as
mdp
in
/proc/devices.
- md_mod.start_ro=1
- /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/start_ro
-
This tells md to start all arrays in read-only mode. This is a soft
read-only that will automatically switch to read-write on the first
write request. However until that write request, nothing is written
to any device by md, and in particular, no resync or recovery
operation is started.
- md_mod.start_dirty_degraded=1
- /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/start_dirty_degraded
-
As mentioned above, md will not normally start a RAID4, RAID5, or
RAID6 that is both dirty and degraded as this situation can imply
hidden data loss. This can be awkward if the root filesystem is
affected. Using this module parameter allows such arrays to be started
at boot time. It should be understood that there is a real (though
small) risk of data corruption in this situation.
- md=n,dev,dev,...
- md=dn,dev,dev,...
-
This tells the md driver to assemble
/dev/md n
from the listed devices. It is only necessary to start the device
holding the root filesystem this way. Other arrays are best started
once the system is booted.
In 2.6 kernels, the d immediately after the = indicates that a partitionable device (e.g. /dev/md/d0) should be created rather than the original non-partitionable device.
- md=n,l,c,i,dev...
-
This tells the md driver to assemble a legacy RAID0 or LINEAR array
without a superblock.
n
gives the md device number,
l
gives the level, 0 for RAID0 or -1 for LINEAR,
c
gives the chunk size as a base-2 logarithm offset by twelve, so 0
means 4K, 1 means 8K.
i
is ignored (legacy support).
FILES
- /proc/mdstat
- Contains information about the status of currently running array.
- /proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_min
-
A readable and writable file that reflects the current "goal" rebuild
speed for times when non-rebuild activity is current on an array.
The speed is in Kibibytes per second, and is a per-device rate, not a
per-array rate (which means that an array with more disks will shuffle
more data for a given speed). The default is 1000.
- /proc/sys/dev/raid/speed_limit_max
-
A readable and writable file that reflects the current "goal" rebuild
speed for times when no non-rebuild activity is current on an array.
The default is 200,000.
SEE ALSO
mdadm(8), mkraid(8).
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:33:53 GMT, December 24, 2015


--- layout: page title: NSNLI subtitle: Is Neuro-Symbolic SOTA still a myth for Natural Language Inference? ---
The Workshop dates are up: Aug 21 (2PM – 8PM) UTC Montreal Morning, Aug 22 (6AM – 10AM) UTC Montreal Evening
The ability to understand natural language has been a long-standing dream of the AI community. In the past decade, using representative tasks such as Natural Language Inference (NLI) and large publicly available datasets, the community has made impressive progress towards that goal using machine learning (especially deep learning) tecnhiques. Recently, various researchers showed how the state-of-the-art (SOTA) data-driven deep learning models are brittle, often generalize poorly, and rely on hidden patterns in the data than actually reason to derive the conclusion. While many analyses have traced the root cause of such behavior to shortcomings in public datasets, recent work (TaxiNLI, and CheckList) also showed that the models generalize poorly even in presence of adequate amounts of data. A recent ACL 2020 theme paper (by Bender and Koller 2020) trace these shortcomings back to the core idea behind data-driven (supervised and un-supervised) training paradigm. Through proposing an Octopus-test, the authors suggest that a model of Natural Language “trained purely on form will never learn meaning".
Such lack of grounding to the real world and lack of interpretability, begs the question, whether the vast literature of Symbolic Logic may come to the rescue. Advances of statistical learning based on the concepts from Logic, has been (re)coined under the umbrella of Neuro-symbolic methods. The recent famed AI Debates have seen participation from top researchers in Deep Learning, Symbolic Logic, Psychology, and Cognitive Science. Researchers together have cast doubt about whether pure data-driven methods based on Neural Architectures would be sufficient to achieve understanding and whether current popular benchmarks reflect relevant aspects of understanding. Parallelly, neuro-symbolic methods have proliferated from rule-based auxiliary objective formulation, simple pipelined execution of sequential data-driven learning followed by probabilistic logical methods; to neural architectures defined by declarative logic, and more end-to-end learnable systems. But a closer look at the current Neuro-symbolic systems (NLProlog, DeepProbLog) tells us that extensions of such methods to a practical in-the-wild task such as NLI is still non-trivial.Slightly independently, the ML community has also seen rapid improvements in new architectures employed for multi-hop reasoning for Automated Theorem Proving, and ML procedure integration efforts with programming languages (PL+ML). Hence, it is legitimate to revisit the potential and practicality of Neuro-Symbolic methods in natural language reasoning.


FIRE DOWN BELOW
A Film Review by James Berardinelli
RATING (0 TO 10): 3.5 Alternative Scale: *1/2 out of ****
United States, 1997 U.S. Release Date: 9/5/97 (wide) Running Length: 1:40 MPAA Classification: R (Violence, profanity) Theatrical Aspect Ratio: 1.85:1
Cast: Steven Seagal, Marg Helgenberger, Harry Dean Stanton, Kris Kristofferson, Stephen Lang, Levon Helm, Brad Hunt Director: Felix Enriquez Alcala Producers: Steven Seagal and Julius R. Nasso Screenplay: Jeb Stuart and Philip Morton Cinematography: Tom Houghton Music: Nick Glennie-Smith U.S. Distributor: Warner Brothers
About the nicest thing I can say about a Steven Seagal film is that the average offering from the man who personifies wooden acting is more entertaining than sitting in traffic. FIRE DOWN BELOW, Seagal's latest (which seems just like his next-to-latest), is just about average. It offers what Seagal fans have come to expect from their icon: a healthy dose of ego and a lot of fights in which no one ever lays a finger on the star. It's a known fact that the more violent a Seagal movie is, the more enjoyable it is. To that end, FIRE DOWN BELOW could have used a few more fight scenes to cut down on such unimportant irritants as the laughable attempts at plot and character development.
To his usual arsenal of kicks, punches, and chops, Seagal adds a new weapon: the politically correct, pro-environment message (actually, he pulled this one out of his bag of tricks for 1994's ON DEADLY GROUND, which he directed). The intent of this is apparently to bore his enemies to death. Let me say up front that I believe Seagal to be totally sincere in his concern for the environment, but it strikes me that preaching about it in an action film is not the best arena. It's not only a distraction, but it comes across as both sanctimonious and hypocritical.
Seagal plays Federal Agent Jack Taggart (Seagal by any other name=85), an undercover operative who works for the EPA. His guise -- a pious itinerant carpenter (everyone laugh at the same time) who comes to a small Kentucky town to repair roofs, porches, and steps free of charge. His mission -- to find the secret toxic waste dump in the nearby coal mines and bring back a witness to testify about what's going on. His means -- any and all necessary, and the more violent, the better.
Within a few days of his arrival, Taggart's cover has effectively been blown (it might have something to do with his treatment of local law enforcement officials or the fact that he announced very loudly in the middle of a crowded street that he's a Federal Agent), but that doesn't stop him from relentlessly trying to shut down the operation of the nasty, local bigwig (Kris Kristofferson, shifting his LONE STAR personality into the corporate world). Everyone with muscles appears to want to beat Taggart's head in, but he dispatches them four or five at a time (a few with single-digit IQs even come back for seconds). There's also an obligatory love interest, played with a distinct lack of enthusiasm by Marg Helgenberger, and a dull sidekick who is listlessly essayed by the normally-reliable Harry Dean Stanton. Seagal must demand that actors in his films discard any inherent talent so there's no threat of stealing scenes from him.
One curious thing about FIRE DOWN BELOW is that it initially seems to want to refute the "dumb, hillbilly" stereotype that people often associate with residents of the rural communities of West Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. However, by including an incest subplot and creating so many idiotic, cartoonish villains for Seagal to beat up, it actually reinforces the unflattering image. At one point, Taggart makes a comment about possibly coming to live in the area. I think we're supposed to infer that he's in awe of the beauty of the Appalachians, but it seems more likely that he has been seduced by the thought of so many readily-available punching bags.
Seagal fans will find that their hero is still in his usual form (his form, like his expression, hasn't wavered since he debuted in ABOVE THE LAW). The action scenes are adequately directed (by Felix Enriquez Alcala, a TV director making the crossover to feature films), and there's a genuinely tense truck-and-car chase that is worth about 90 seconds of moderate excitement. The rest of the film is all by-the-book stuff, but that's what's expected whenever the name "Steven Seagal" tops the marquee.
Copyright 1997 James Berardinelli
- James Berardinelli e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The website has moved!! The new address is: http://movie-reviews.colossus.net/
"The cinema is not an art which films life: the cinema is something between art and life. Unlike painting and literature, the cinema both gives to life and takes from it..."
- Jean-Luc Godard
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


This is not a topic that was on the INE v5 blueprint. I am including it here as NAT64 is the replacement for NAT-PT. NAT64 is not to be confused with IPv6 6in4 Tunneling.
NAT64 is a service that is used by IPv6 hosts to communicate with IPv4 servers. Like NAT-PT, NAT64 also calls for a router to have interfaces on both IPv4 and IPv6 networks, and for that router to do translations between addresses on each network. In reality, it is used for IPv6 client to IPv4 server communication only. The reverse path is pretty much useless (NAT46), as it is for NAT44 PAT.
An IPv6 prefix is dedicated to mapped IPv4 addresses.
DNS64 converts A records into AAAA records using the NAT64 prefix above and serves A and AAAA records to the client.
The NAT64 router then advertises the NAT64 prefix into the IPv6 network to attract traffic towards the IPv4 servers. If you are a host running on the IPv6-only network, there is an easy way to detect the IPv6 prefix used for NAT64 - do a AAAA DNS lookup for ip4only.arpa, and extract the NAT64 prefix from the response.
There is both a stateful and stateless version of NAT64. The stateful version is very similar to PAT (stateful NAT44). Individual TCP and UDP sessions are translated. In stateless NAT64, each IPv6 address is translated into one IPv4 address, so in reality this has very limited use, perhaps only for IPv6 servers.
First things first, R2 will need to have IPv6 routing enabled, or nothing will work.
`R2(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
`The next step is to enable NAT64 on the respective interfaces.
`R2(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0
R2(config-if)#nat64 enable
`R2(config)#interface FastEthernet 1/0
R2(config-if)#nat64 enable
```
`IANA has allocated prefix 64:FF9B::/96 for NAT64 translations. When R2 receives anything that starts with this prefix, then it will be processed by NAT64. You can also use your own prefix.
```
`R2(config)#nat64 prefix stateful 64:FF9B::/96
```
`We can then configure the actual translation rule:
```
`R2(config)#nat64 v6v4 static 2001:DB8:2323:2323::3 <IP_ADDRESS>
```
`Some show commands are available for us to verify operation.
```
`R2\#**show nat64 mappings static **
Static mappings configured: 1
Direction Protocol Address (Port, if any)
Non-key Address (Port, if any)
RG ID Mapping ID Is Valid
v6v4 --- 2001:DB8:2323:2323::3
<IP_ADDRESS>
0 0 FALSE
```
`
```
`R2\#**show nat64 statistics**
NAT64 Statistics
Total active translations: 1 (1 static, 0 dynamic; 0 extended)
Sessions found: 90
Sessions created: 13
Expired translations: 13
Global Stats:
Packets translated (IPv4 -\> IPv6)
Stateless: 0
Stateful: 63
MAP-T: 0
Packets translated (IPv6 -\> IPv4)
Stateless: 0
Stateful: 40
MAP-T: 0
Interface Statistics
FastEthernet0/0 (IPv4 configured, IPv6 not configured):
Packets translated (IPv4 -\> IPv6)
Stateless: 0
Stateful: 63
MAP-T: 0
Packets translated (IPv6 -\> IPv4)
Stateless: 0
Stateful: 0
MAP-T: 0
Packets dropped: 0
FastEthernet1/0 (IPv4 not configured, IPv6 configured):
Packets translated (IPv4 -\> IPv6)
Stateless: 0
Stateful: 0
MAP-T: 0
Packets translated (IPv6 -\> IPv4)
Stateless: 0
Stateful: 40
MAP-T: 0
Packets dropped: 10
Dynamic Mapping Statistics
v6v4
Limit Statistics
```
`
```
`R2\#**show nat64 translations **
Proto Original IPv4 Translated IPv4
Translated IPv6 Original IPv6
---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- --- ---
<IP_ADDRESS> 2001:db8:2323:2323::3
icmp <IP_ADDRESS>:15 [3001::c0a8:c01]():15
<IP_ADDRESS>:15 [2001:db8:2323:2323::3]():15
Total number of translations: 2
Apple has a great article here.
ipspace.net also has some wonderful articles on IPv6 transitioning.


To create an Index subscription, in the Initialize
method, call the AddIndex
method. The AddIndex
method returns an Index
object, which contains a Symbol
. Save a reference to the Symbol
so you can use it in OnData
to access the Index data in the Slice
.
_symbol = AddIndex("VIX").Symbol;
self.symbol = self.AddIndex("VIX").Symbol
To view the supported assets in the US Cash Indices dataset, see the Supported Indices.


Class: Aws::QuickSight::Types::User
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
Struct
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
::Aws::Structure ,
Struct
|
|
| Inherits: |
Struct
|
| Defined in: | gems/aws-sdk-quicksight/lib/aws-sdk-quicksight/types.rb |
Overview
A registered user of Amazon QuickSight.
Constant Summary
Instance Attribute Summary
-
#active ⇒ Boolean
rw
The active status of user.
-
#arn ⇒ String
rw
The Amazon
::Aws::QuickSight::Resource
Name (ARN) for the user. -
#custom_permissions_name ⇒ String
rw
The custom permissions profile associated with this user.
-
#email ⇒ String
rw
The user's email address.
-
#external_login_federation_provider_type ⇒ String
rw
The type of supported external login provider that provides identity to let the user federate into Amazon QuickSight with an associated
::Aws::IAM
role. -
#external_login_federation_provider_url ⇒ String
rw
The URL of the external login provider.
-
#external_login_id ⇒ String
rw
The identity ID for the user in the external login provider.
-
#identity_type ⇒ String
rw
The type of identity authentication used by the user.
-
#principal_id ⇒ String
rw
The principal ID of the user.
-
#role ⇒ String
rw
The Amazon
::Aws::QuickSight
role for the user. -
#user_name ⇒ String
rw
The user's user name.
Instance Method Summary
::Aws::Structure
- Included
| #to_hash | Alias for Structure#to_h. |
Instance Attribute Details
#active ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
The active status of user. When you create an Amazon QuickSight user
that's not an ::Aws::IAM
user or an Active Directory user, that user is
inactive until they sign in and provide a password.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-quicksight/lib/aws-sdk-quicksight/types.rb', line 30495
class User < Struct.new( :arn, :user_name, :email, :role, :identity_type, :active, :principal_id, :, :external_login_federation_provider_type, :external_login_federation_provider_url, :external_login_id) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#arn ⇒ String
(rw)
The Amazon ::Aws::QuickSight::Resource
Name (ARN) for the user.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-quicksight/lib/aws-sdk-quicksight/types.rb', line 30495
class User < Struct.new( :arn, :user_name, :email, :role, :identity_type, :active, :principal_id, :, :external_login_federation_provider_type, :external_login_federation_provider_url, :external_login_id) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#custom_permissions_name ⇒ String
(rw)
The custom permissions profile associated with this user.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-quicksight/lib/aws-sdk-quicksight/types.rb', line 30495
class User < Struct.new( :arn, :user_name, :email, :role, :identity_type, :active, :principal_id, :, :external_login_federation_provider_type, :external_login_federation_provider_url, :external_login_id) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#email ⇒ String
(rw)
The user's email address.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-quicksight/lib/aws-sdk-quicksight/types.rb', line 30495
class User < Struct.new( :arn, :user_name, :email, :role, :identity_type, :active, :principal_id, :, :external_login_federation_provider_type, :external_login_federation_provider_url, :external_login_id) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#external_login_federation_provider_type ⇒ String
(rw)
The type of supported external login provider that provides identity
to let the user federate into Amazon QuickSight with an associated
::Aws::IAM
role. The type can be one of the following.
COGNITO
: Amazon Cognito. The provider URL is cognito-identity.amazonaws.com.CUSTOM_OIDC
: Custom OpenID::Aws::Connect
(OIDC) provider.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-quicksight/lib/aws-sdk-quicksight/types.rb', line 30495
class User < Struct.new( :arn, :user_name, :email, :role, :identity_type, :active, :principal_id, :, :external_login_federation_provider_type, :external_login_federation_provider_url, :external_login_id) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#external_login_federation_provider_url ⇒ String
(rw)
The URL of the external login provider.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-quicksight/lib/aws-sdk-quicksight/types.rb', line 30495
class User < Struct.new( :arn, :user_name, :email, :role, :identity_type, :active, :principal_id, :, :external_login_federation_provider_type, :external_login_federation_provider_url, :external_login_id) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#external_login_id ⇒ String
(rw)
The identity ID for the user in the external login provider.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-quicksight/lib/aws-sdk-quicksight/types.rb', line 30495
class User < Struct.new( :arn, :user_name, :email, :role, :identity_type, :active, :principal_id, :, :external_login_federation_provider_type, :external_login_federation_provider_url, :external_login_id) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#identity_type ⇒ String
(rw)
The type of identity authentication used by the user.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-quicksight/lib/aws-sdk-quicksight/types.rb', line 30495
class User < Struct.new( :arn, :user_name, :email, :role, :identity_type, :active, :principal_id, :, :external_login_federation_provider_type, :external_login_federation_provider_url, :external_login_id) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#principal_id ⇒ String
(rw)
The principal ID of the user.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-quicksight/lib/aws-sdk-quicksight/types.rb', line 30495
class User < Struct.new( :arn, :user_name, :email, :role, :identity_type, :active, :principal_id, :, :external_login_federation_provider_type, :external_login_federation_provider_url, :external_login_id) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#role ⇒ String
(rw)
The Amazon ::Aws::QuickSight
role for the user. The user role can be one of
the following:.
READER
: A user who has read-only access to dashboards.AUTHOR
: A user who can create data sources, datasets, analyses, and dashboards.ADMIN
: A user who is an author, who can also manage Amazon Amazon QuickSight settings.RESTRICTED_READER
: This role isn't currently available for use.RESTRICTED_AUTHOR
: This role isn't currently available for use.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-quicksight/lib/aws-sdk-quicksight/types.rb', line 30495
class User < Struct.new( :arn, :user_name, :email, :role, :identity_type, :active, :principal_id, :, :external_login_federation_provider_type, :external_login_federation_provider_url, :external_login_id) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#user_name ⇒ String
(rw)
The user's user name. This value is required if you are registering
a user that will be managed in Amazon QuickSight. In the output, the
value for UserName
is N/A
when the value for IdentityType
is
IAM
and the corresponding ::Aws::IAM
user is deleted.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-quicksight/lib/aws-sdk-quicksight/types.rb', line 30495
class User < Struct.new( :arn, :user_name, :email, :role, :identity_type, :active, :principal_id, :, :external_login_federation_provider_type, :external_login_federation_provider_url, :external_login_id) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end


Dataset Formats¶
Introduction¶
In the L5Kit codebase, we make use of a data format that consists of a set of numpy structured arrays. Conceptually, it is similar to a set of CSV files with records and different columns, only that they are stored as binary files instead of text. Structured arrays can be directly memory mapped from disk.
Interleaved data in structured arrays¶
Structured arrays are stored in memory in an interleaved format, this means that one “row” or “sample” is grouped together in memory. For example, if we are storing colors and whether we like them (as a boolean l
), it would be [r,g,b,l,r,g,b,l,r,g,b,l]
and not [r,r,r,g,g,g,b,b,b,l,l,l]
). Most ML applications require row-based access - column-based operations are much less common - making this a good fit.
Here is how this example translates into code:
import numpy as np
my_arr = np.zeros(3, dtype=[("color", (np.uint8, 3)), ("label", np.bool)])
print(my_arr[0])
# ([0, 0, 0], False)
Let’s add some data and see what the array looks like:
my_arr[0]["color"] = [0, 218, 130]
my_arr[0]["label"] = True
my_arr[1]["color"] = [245, 59, 255]
my_arr[1]["label"] = True
print(my_arr["color"])
# array([([ 0, 218, 130], True), ([245, 59, 255], True),
# ([ 0, 0, 0], False)],
# dtype=[('color', 'u1', (3,)), ('label', '?')])
print(my_arr.tobytes())
# b'\x00\xda\x82\x01\xf5;\xff\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00')
As you can see, structured arrays allow us to mix different data types into a single array, and the byte representation lets us group samples together. Now imagine that we have such an array on disk with millions of values. Reading the first 100 values turns into a matter of reading the first 100*(3+1) bytes. If we had a separate array for each of the different fields we would have to read from 4 smaller files.
This becomes increasingly relevant with a larger number of fields and complexities of each field. In our dataset, an observation of another agent is described with its centroid (dtype=(float64, 3)
), its rotation matrix (dtype=(np.float64, (3,3))
), its extent or size (dtype=(np.float64, 3)
) to name a few properties. Structured arrays are a great fit to group this data together in memory and on disk.
Short introduction to zarr¶
We use the zarr data format to store and read these numpy structured arrays from disk. Zarr allows us to write very large (structured) arrays to disk in n-dimensional compressed chunks. See the zarr docs. Here is a short tutorial:
import zarr
import numpy as np
z = zarr.open("./path/to/dataset.zarr", mode="w", shape=(500,), dtype=np.float32, chunks=(100,))
# We can write to it by assigning to it. This gets persisted on disk.
z[0:150] = np.arange(150)
As we specified chunks to be of size 100, we just wrote to two separate chunks. On your filesystem in the dataset.zarr
folder you will now find these two chunks. As we didn’t completely fill the second chunk, those missing values will be set to the fill value (defaults to 0). The chunks are actually compressed on disk too! We can print some info:
print(z.info)
# Type : zarr.core.Array
# Data type : float32
# Shape : (500,)
# Chunk shape : (100,)
# Order : C
# Read-only : False
# Compressor : Blosc(cname='lz4', clevel=5, shuffle=SHUFFLE, blocksize=0)
# Store type : zarr.storage.DirectoryStore
# No. bytes : 2000 (2.0K)
# No. bytes stored : 577
# Storage ratio : 3.5
# Chunks initialized : 2/5
By not doing much work at all we saved almost 75% in disk space!
Reading from a zarr array is as easy as slicing from it like you would any numpy array. The return value is an ordinary numpy array. Zarr takes care of determining which chunks to read from.
print(z[:10])
# [0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.]
print(z[::20]) # Read every 20th value
# [ 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
# 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
Zarr supports StructuredArrays, the data format we use for our datasets are a set of structured arrays stored in zarr format.
Some other zarr benefits are:
Safe to use in a multithreading or multiprocessing setup. Reading is entirely safe, for writing there are lock mechanisms built-in.
If you have a dataset that is too large to fit in memory, loading a single sample becomes
my_sample = z[sample_index]
and you get compression out of the box.The blosc compressor is so fast that it is faster to read the compressed data and uncompress it than reading the uncompressed data from disk.
Zarr supports multiple backend stores, your data could also live in a zip file, or even a remote server or S3 bucket.
Other libraries such as xarray, Dask and TensorStore have good interoperability with Zarr.
The metadata (e.g. dtype, chunk size, compression type) is stored inside the zarr dataset too. If one day you decide to change your chunk size, you can still read the older datasets without changing any code.
2020 Lyft Competition Dataset format¶
The 2020 Lyft competition dataset is stored in three structured arrays: scenes
, frames
and agents
.
Scenes¶
A scene is identified by the host (i.e. which car was used to collect it) and a start and end time. It consists of multiple frames (= discretized measurements), in the scene datatype we store the start and end index in the frames
array described below that correspond to this scene.
SCENE_DTYPE = [
("frame_index_interval", np.int64, (2,)),
("host", "<U16"), # Unicode string up to 16 chars
("start_time", np.int64),
("end_time", np.int64),
]
Frames¶
A frame consists of information about the ego vehicle (e.g. where it was at that time), a timestamp, and a reference to the agents in that frame. Because there may be multiple agents observed we store the start and the end index.
FRAME_DTYPE = [
("timestamp", np.int64),
("agent_index_interval", np.int64, (2,)),
("ego_translation", np.float64, (3,)),
("ego_rotation", np.float64, (3, 3)),
]
Agents¶
An agent is an observation by the AV of some other detected object. They each have a probability for each defined class associated with them, the possible labels are defined here.
AGENT_DTYPE = [
("centroid", np.float64, (2,)),
("extent", np.float32, (3,)),
("yaw", np.float32),
("velocity", np.float32, (2,)),
("track_id", np.uint64),
("label_probabilities", np.float32, (len(LABELS),)),
]


Assignment - Functions
-
Create two new functions: One that takes no parameters and simply shows
an
alert()
with some text of your choice and one that
receives a name as a parameter and then uses alert()
to
output that name.
-
Call both functions directly from your code.
-
Add an event listener to
task3Element
and attach it to the
first function (the one without arguments). Click this task thereafter
to verify whether it works.
-
Add a brand-new function that takes three parameters (three strings,
give them any names you want) that returns one combined string (where the
three strings are concatenated).
-
Call that new function directly from your code and
alert()
the result of that function.


Hi,
If you are here, you have come to learn about who I am. Thanks! Drop me a line if you want to chat. I love learning. I love imagining. I love building. And I love teaching. I am a grateful husband and father.
On a daily basis you can find me exploring new technologies, practicing multidisciplinary methods, and working to become a better father, husband, developer, and all around doer.
I find candor to be at the heart of true success.
Sincerely,
David Patrick
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