|
Synthesis
Arduino Library for the AD9835
|
Interface class for the AD9835. More...
#include <AD9835.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| AD9835 (const int pinFSYNC, const int pinSCLK, const int pinSDATA, const int pinFSEL, const int pinPSEL1, const int pinPSEL0, const unsigned long hzMasterClockFrequency) | |
| Constructor for the AD9835 class. | |
| void | begin () |
| Initialise the AD9835. | |
| void | end () |
| Disables the AD9835. | |
| void | enable () |
| Enables the output of the AD9835. | |
| void | disable () |
| Disables the output of the AD9835. | |
| void | setFrequencyCode (byte frequencyRegister, unsigned long fcodeFrequency) |
| Sets a frequency register of the AD9835 to some frequency code. | |
| void | setFrequencyHz (byte frequencyRegister, unsigned long hzFrequency) |
| Wrapper for setFrequencyCode. | |
| void | selectFrequencyRegister (byte frequencyRegister) |
| Select the frequency register to be used. | |
| unsigned long | calculateFrequencyCodeHz (unsigned long hzFrequency) |
| Converts a frequency in Hertz to a frequency code. | |
| void | setPhaseCode (byte phaseRegister, unsigned long pcodePhase) |
| Sets a phase register of the AD9835 to some phase code. | |
| void | setPhaseDeg (byte phaseRegister, int degPhase) |
| Wrapper for setPhaseCode. | |
| void | selectPhaseRegister (byte phaseRegister) |
| Select the phase register to be activated. | |
| unsigned long | calculatePhaseCodeDeg (unsigned long degPhase) |
| Converts a phase in degrees to a phase code. |
| AD9835::AD9835 | ( | const int | pinFSYNC, |
| const int | pinSCLK, | ||
| const int | pinSDATA, | ||
| const int | pinFSEL, | ||
| const int | pinPSEL1, | ||
| const int | pinPSEL0, | ||
| const unsigned long | hzMasterClockFrequency | ||
| ) |
Constructor for the AD9835 class.
This constructor records the pin assignments used in preparation for their setup in begin().
| pinFSYNC | The IO pin connected to the FSYNC pin of the AD9835. |
| pinSCLK | The IO pin connected to the SPI clock of the AD9835. |
| pinSDATA | The IO pin connected to the SPI data pin of the AD9835. |
| pinFSEL | The IO pin connected to the frequency select pin of the AD9835. |
| pinPSEL1 | The IO pin connected to phase select pin one of the AD9835. |
| pinPSEL0 | The IO pin connected to phase select pin zero of the AD9835. |
| hzMasterClockFrequency | The frequency of the AD9835 master clock in Hz. |
Definition at line 74 of file AD9835.cpp.
| void AD9835::begin | ( | ) |
Initialise the AD9835.
The AD9835::begin method sets pin modes and clears the state of the AD9835.
Definition at line 94 of file AD9835.cpp.
| unsigned long AD9835::calculateFrequencyCodeHz | ( | unsigned long | hzFrequency | ) |
Converts a frequency in Hertz to a frequency code.
| hzFrequency | The frequency to be converted. |
Definition at line 270 of file AD9835.cpp.
| unsigned long AD9835::calculatePhaseCodeDeg | ( | unsigned long | degPhase | ) |
Converts a phase in degrees to a phase code.
| degPhase | The phase angle (in degrees) to be converted. |
Definition at line 295 of file AD9835.cpp.
| void AD9835::selectFrequencyRegister | ( | byte | frequencyRegister | ) |
Select the frequency register to be used.
The selectFrequencyRegister sets the FSEL pin to the desired value, thereby setting the output frequency to that set via setFrequencyCode.
Definition at line 208 of file AD9835.cpp.
| void AD9835::selectPhaseRegister | ( | byte | phaseRegister | ) |
Select the phase register to be activated.
The selectPhaseRegister drives the PSEL0 and PSEL1 pins of the AD9835, thereby setting the output phase to that set via setPhaseCode.
Definition at line 254 of file AD9835.cpp.
| void AD9835::setFrequencyCode | ( | byte | frequencyRegister, |
| unsigned long | fcodeFrequency | ||
| ) |
Sets a frequency register of the AD9835 to some frequency code.
| frequencyRegister | The register to be set (can be zero or one). |
| fcodeFrequency | The frequency code to be placed in the register. |
Definition at line 168 of file AD9835.cpp.
| void AD9835::setFrequencyHz | ( | byte | frequencyRegister, |
| unsigned long | hzFrequency | ||
| ) |
Wrapper for setFrequencyCode.
The setFrequencyHz calculates the frequency code corresponding to the frequency given (in Hertz) before calling setFrequencyCode.
Calculating the code is relatively slow, and so it is better to call calculateFrequencyCodeHz directly and cache the result where possible.
| frequencyRegister | The register to be set (can be zero or one). |
| HzFrequency | The frequency (in Hertz) to be placed in the register. |
Definition at line 195 of file AD9835.cpp.
| void AD9835::setPhaseCode | ( | byte | phaseRegister, |
| unsigned long | pcodePhase | ||
| ) |
Sets a phase register of the AD9835 to some phase code.
| phaseRegister | The register to be set (can be 0,1,2,3). |
| pcodePhase | The phase code to be placed in the register. |
Definition at line 219 of file AD9835.cpp.
| void AD9835::setPhaseDeg | ( | byte | phaseRegister, |
| int | degPhase | ||
| ) |
Wrapper for setPhaseCode.
setPhaseDeg sets a phase register of the AD9835 to an angle given in degrees. This is slower than setPhaseCode, so using calculatePhaseCodeDeg directly and caching the result is desirable.
| phaseRegister | The register to be set (can be 0,1,2,3). |
| pcodePhase | The phase (in degrees) to be placed in the register. |
Definition at line 241 of file AD9835.cpp.


My name is Aoife Mulligan and I'm a 21 year old upcoming software developer from Seattle, Washington.
- I have a high school diploma.
- I attended California Polytechnechic for chemistry but after two semesters I realized I don't want to go into chemistry professionally and left to pursue coding.
- I worked as a summer camp councellor at a beach camp for several summers.
My top ten favorite animals:
- Squid
- Cuttlefish
- Mantis Shrimp
- Octopus
- Tortoise
- Snake
- Krill
- Nautillus
- Dog
- Otter
Study of Mask, Gourd, Bucket, Oil on Canvas, 2017.


They exist! Down below you will have the option to search safe spaces and the not-so-safe spaces. You will also be able to pinpoint a location if you want to submit an incident (you will need to create an account to do this).
In case of a life-threatening emergency, always call 911. If you are in a situation where calling 911 can endanger you or others, please reach out to our highly trained professionals for help at<PHONE_NUMBER>
There is ALWAYS someone willing to listen to you, no matter what! If you or anyone you know are feeling down and out, or if you just need someone to listen, please reach out to us at<PHONE_NUMBER>
Welcome to Heckle! Here, you'll have access to all kinds of resources that will help you live your life knowing that safety is in the palm of your hand. After witnessing cat-calling, bullying, harrassment, and many other types of heckling, our team made it a mission to provide the world with tools that can help keep all communities safer by providing awareness, information, and outsourced services.
We are Alyssa, Rachel, Mariam and James. A powerful team ready to take on the world and help YOU! We come from different backgrounds in our past careers and are now in the developer world, taking it head on! With our new skill set, we decided that the first thing we want to do is find a way to make people in our communities feel and be safer. So we built Heckle. A virtual and personal safe space for you to let your community know what's going on in the neighborhood and for you to see what others have to say.
Please visit our Incident and Safe Space sections to really see our product in action and don't hesitate to leave us feedback! The more we hear from you the more we can help!
Report a Heckle incident now! We want to help you and your community stay safe in your neighborhood. Simply enter your location or location where the incident took place, a heckle type and a brief description of what happened. Feel free to visit our "Find a Safe Space" section to find some refuge.
A safe space is an environment in which a person or category of people can feel confident that they will not be exposed to discrimination, criticism, harassment, or any other emotional or physical harm. With Heckle, you can find REFUGE(tm) certified businesses that welcome all people. You can find someone there to talk to, a place to hang out in, or even just use their gender neutral bathrooms! Everyone should feel safe in their communities and we are working our hardest to ensure just that!
Want to leave us feedback or have questions? Please reach out!
Phone: 1.800.Heckle!
Email: dont_heckle_me@heckle.com


ARP
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (7)
Updated: 2008-11-25
Index
Return to Main Contents
NAME
arp - Linux ARP kernel module.
DESCRIPTION
This kernel protocol module implements the Address Resolution
Protocol defined in RFC 826.
It is used to convert between Layer2 hardware addresses
and IPv4 protocol addresses on directly connected networks.
The user normally doesn't interact directly with this module except to
configure it;
instead it provides a service for other protocols in the kernel.
A user process can receive ARP packets by using
packet(7)
sockets.
There is also a mechanism for managing the ARP cache
in user-space by using
netlink(7)
sockets.
The ARP table can also be controlled via
ioctl(2)
on any
AF_INET
socket.
The ARP module maintains a cache of mappings between hardware addresses
and protocol addresses.
The cache has a limited size so old and less
frequently used entries are garbage-collected.
Entries which are marked
as permanent are never deleted by the garbage-collector.
The cache can
be directly manipulated by the use of ioctls and its behavior can be
tuned by the
/proc
interfaces described below.
When there is no positive feedback for an existing mapping after some
time (see the
/proc
interfaces below), a neighbor cache entry is considered stale.
Positive feedback can be gotten from a higher layer; for example from
a successful TCP ACK.
Other protocols can signal forward progress
using the
MSG_CONFIRM
flag to
sendmsg(2).
When there is no forward progress, ARP tries to reprobe.
It first tries to ask a local arp daemon
app_solicit
times for an updated MAC address.
If that fails and an old MAC address is known, a unicast probe is sent
ucast_solicit
times.
If that fails too, it will broadcast a new ARP
request to the network.
Requests are sent only when there is data queued
for sending.
Linux will automatically add a nonpermanent proxy arp entry when it
receives a request for an address it forwards to and proxy arp is
enabled on the receiving interface.
When there is a reject route for the target, no proxy arp entry is added.
Ioctls
Three ioctls are available on all
AF_INET
sockets.
They take a pointer to a
struct arpreq
as their argument.
struct arpreq {
struct sockaddr arp_pa; /* protocol address */
struct sockaddr arp_ha; /* hardware address */
int arp_flags; /* flags */
struct sockaddr arp_netmask; /* netmask of protocol address */
char arp_dev[16];
};
SIOCSARP, SIOCDARP and SIOCGARP
respectively set, delete and get an ARP mapping.
Setting and deleting ARP maps are privileged operations and may
be performed only by a process with the
CAP_NET_ADMIN
capability or an effective UID of 0.
arp_pa
must be an
AF_INET
address and
arp_ha
must have the same type as the device which is specified in
arp_dev.
arp_dev
is a zero-terminated string which names a device.
-
arp_flags
|
| flag | meaning
|
| ATF_COM | Lookup complete
|
| ATF_PERM | Permanent entry
|
| ATF_PUBL | Publish entry
|
| ATF_USETRAILERS | Trailers requested
|
| ATF_NETMASK | Use a netmask
|
| ATF_DONTPUB | Don't answer
|
If the
ATF_NETMASK
flag is set, then
arp_netmask
should be valid.
Linux 2.2 does not support proxy network ARP entries, so this
should be set to 0xffffffff, or 0 to remove an existing proxy arp entry.
ATF_USETRAILERS
is obsolete and should not be used.
/proc interfaces
ARP supports a range of
/proc
interfaces to configure parameters on a global or per-interface basis.
The interfaces can be accessed by reading or writing the
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/neigh/*/*
files.
Each interface in the system has its own directory in
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/neigh/.
The setting in the "default" directory is used for all newly created
devices.
Unless otherwise specified, time-related interfaces are specified
in seconds.
- anycast_delay (since Linux 2.2)
-
The maximum number of jiffies to delay before replying to a
IPv6 neighbor solicitation message.
Anycast support is not yet implemented.
Defaults to 1 second.
- app_solicit (since Linux 2.2)
-
The maximum number of probes to send to the user space ARP daemon via
netlink before dropping back to multicast probes (see
mcast_solicit).
Defaults to 0.
- base_reachable_time (since Linux 2.2)
-
Once a neighbor has been found, the entry is considered to be valid
for at least a random value between
base_reachable_time/2 and 3*base_reachable_time/2.
An entry's validity will be extended if it receives positive feedback
from higher level protocols.
Defaults to 30 seconds.
This file is now obsolete in favor of
base_reachable_time_ms.
- base_reachable_time_ms (since Linux 2.6.12)
-
As for
base_reachable_time,
but measures time in milliseconds.
Defaults to 30000 milliseconds.
- delay_first_probe_time (since Linux 2.2)
-
Delay before first probe after it has been decided that a neighbor
is stale.
Defaults to 5 seconds.
- gc_interval (since Linux 2.2)
-
How frequently the garbage collector for neighbor entries
should attempt to run.
Defaults to 30 seconds.
- gc_stale_time (since Linux 2.2)
-
Determines how often to check for stale neighbor entries.
When a neighbor entry is considered stale, it is resolved again before
sending data to it.
Defaults to 60 seconds.
- gc_thresh1 (since Linux 2.2)
-
The minimum number of entries to keep in the ARP cache.
The garbage collector will not run if there are fewer than
this number of entries in the cache.
Defaults to 128.
- gc_thresh2 (since Linux 2.2)
-
The soft maximum number of entries to keep in the ARP cache.
The garbage collector will allow the number of entries to exceed
this for 5 seconds before collection will be performed.
Defaults to 512.
- gc_thresh3 (since Linux 2.2)
-
The hard maximum number of entries to keep in the ARP cache.
The garbage collector will always run if there are more than
this number of entries in the cache.
Defaults to 1024.
- locktime (since Linux 2.2)
-
The minimum number of jiffies to keep an ARP entry in the cache.
This prevents ARP cache thrashing if there is more than one potential
mapping (generally due to network misconfiguration).
Defaults to 1 second.
- mcast_solicit (since Linux 2.2)
-
The maximum number of attempts to resolve an address by
multicast/broadcast before marking the entry as unreachable.
Defaults to 3.
- proxy_delay (since Linux 2.2)
-
When an ARP request for a known proxy-ARP address is received, delay up to
proxy_delay
jiffies before replying.
This is used to prevent network flooding in some cases.
Defaults to 0.8 seconds.
- proxy_qlen (since Linux 2.2)
-
The maximum number of packets which may be queued to proxy-ARP addresses.
Defaults to 64.
- retrans_time (since Linux 2.2)
-
The number of jiffies to delay before retransmitting a request.
Defaults to 1 second.
This file is now obsolete in favor of
retrans_time_ms.
- retrans_time_ms (since Linux 2.6.12)
-
The number of milliseconds to delay before retransmitting a request.
Defaults to 1000 milliseconds.
- ucast_solicit (since Linux 2.2)
-
The maximum number of attempts to send unicast probes before asking
the ARP daemon (see
app_solicit).
Defaults to 3.
- unres_qlen (since Linux 2.2)
-
The maximum number of packets which may be queued for each unresolved
address by other network layers.
Defaults to 3.
VERSIONS
The
struct arpreq
changed in Linux 2.0 to include the
arp_dev
member and the ioctl numbers changed at the same time.
Support for the old ioctls was dropped in Linux 2.2.
Support for proxy arp entries for networks (netmask not equal 0xffffffff)
was dropped in Linux 2.2.
It is replaced by automatic proxy arp setup by
the kernel for all reachable hosts on other interfaces (when
forwarding and proxy arp is enabled for the interface).
The
neigh/*
interfaces did not exist before Linux 2.2.
BUGS
Some timer settings are specified in jiffies, which is architecture-
and kernel version-dependent; see
time(7).
There is no way to signal positive feedback from user space.
This means connection-oriented protocols implemented in user space
will generate excessive ARP traffic, because ndisc will regularly
reprobe the MAC address.
The same problem applies for some kernel protocols (e.g., NFS over UDP).
This man page mashes together functionality that is IPv4-specific
with functionality that is shared between IPv4 and IPv6.
SEE ALSO
capabilities(7),
ip(7)
RFC 826 for a description of ARP.
RFC 2461 for a description of IPv6 neighbor discovery and the base
algorithms used.
Linux 2.2+ IPv4 ARP uses the IPv6 algorithms when applicable.
Index
- NAME
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- Ioctls
-
- /proc interfaces
-
- VERSIONS
-
- BUGS
-
- SEE ALSO
-
This document was created by
man2html,
using the manual pages.
Time: 02:55:20 GMT, September 18, 2014


KindleCo's mission
To enable the champions of children, young people and their supporting adults, to master their external landscape, and thrive
Established by Jo Broad, KindleCo has been a specialist business partner, coach & mentor to champions of Children, Young People and their supporting adults, since 2004
I bring 25+ years experience to the table of navigating the systems, strategies and public policy surrounding Children & Young People and their care-givers.
I use my skills to help others build exciting projects, develop organisational strategy and support individuals, who are striving for the best outcomes for Children & Families.
I am an experienced multi-agency projects manager, fluent in leading strategic & 'change-maker' projects.
Highly experienced in developing strong stakeholder relationships, including work which brings together trained & lived expereince, I deploy first-hand experience of working with Children, Young People and Adults, to help inform my work.
If you are in the business of developing evidence-based projects, programmes or strategic partnerships, against a backdrop of public policy, I can partner you with expert, empathetic Consultancy & Project Management support.
My four professional values are to work with:
Compassion, Collaboration, Courage, Creativity
You may be the CEO of a charity
striving to reconcile the internal needs of your organisation with the bigger picture outside....
or a Project Manager
with multi-agency stakeholder relationships to align....
a small enterprise
seeking to enter a sector driven by public policy
a parent, carer or family advocate
bamboozled by the Government's systems
organisational consultancy programme management
project inception & development
advice coaching mentoring
This site is an online portfolio but not a sales site. Please browse my case studies . I welcome informal chats and offer a free, no- obligation 30 minute phone or video call, to explore how we might work together. Get in touch!


Everything Jenkins does happens in the context of the jenkins user by default. While that sounds obvious, it has some interesting implications if you aren't careful.
In my homelab, I've installed 14.04 onto a 16gb usb key. This is a hold over from the days when it was an ESXi lab, but, it works for the most part. However, for things like downloading vagrant boxes and the like, one needs to mount external storage. Enter the problem: Jenkins sets itself up in /var/lib/jenkins by default, which lives on my very limited usb stick.
This in turn means anytime Jenkins tried to 'vagrant up' a thing, it would fill my root partition trying to store all the temporary files vagrant used. Whoops.
There are a number of posts out there on how to do this. None of them, however, addressed the vagrant issue in particular. To do that, one has to hit it with a larger bat.
The first thing to do, is change how Jenkins thinks of itself. The most straight forward way I found was to change that in /etc/defaults/jenkins. This will be around line 23 or 25:
# jenkins home location
JENKINS_HOME=/new/location
This is the step that was needed to fix the problem of Jenkins running vagrant and vagrant subsequently filling /:
Change:
jenkins:x:105:114:Jenkins,,,:/var/lib/jenkins:/bin/bash
To this:
jenkins:x:105:114:Jenkins,,,:/new/location:/bin/bash
Now to make sure all the things stick:
sudo /etc/init.d/jenkins restart
In this post we showed you how to change the Jenkins home directory, and why it's also important to change it in /etc/passwd.


Note: I DO NOT KNOW THE BASED GOD BUT LIL B IS MY FRIEND 2048. #TYBG #SHARE
How to play: Use your arrow keys to move the tiles. When two of the same Lil B touch, they merge into one! Make sure your sound is turned on and get larger numbers to unlock more #rare music art!!
204b8sed created by Mason Lynaugh [@512mace] contact me with bugs or suggestions!
"2048" Created by Gabriele Cirulli. Based on 1024 by Veewo Studio and conceptually similar to Threes by Asher Vollmer.


I have no special talent. I am only passionately curious.
For my freshman and sophomore years of high school, I went to Chelmsford High School. Chelmsford High has about 1,500 to 2,000 students, so it was pretty packed due to the aging infrastructure. Lunch time was especially bad. I did well in my classes, earning high honor roll each semester. However, I wanted to learn more and have more opportunities, so I decided to go to Mass Academy.
The Massachusetts Academy of Math and Science is a free, co-educational, public school of excellence that enrolls approximately 100 academically accelerated 11th and 12th grade students from Massachusetts. Math and science are emphasized within a comprehensive, interactive academic program.
Senior year is a chance for students to take all their courses at WPI, essentially as a freshman in college. This year, I'm taking courses in Mechanics, Robotics, Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms, and Calculus I-IV. We are also required to take a number of Humanities courses, for which I'm taking Macroeconomics, Psychology, Science Literature, and British Literature. Another important part of senior year is the Senior Independent Study Project (SISP). You can see mine on the Projects and Research page. Below you will find some interesting projects from different classes.
Introduction to Robotics is a course that covers the mechanical, electrical, and computational aspects of robotics. This course featured long lab projects and lots of homework covering torque calculations, solving circuits, and programming. Our final project was to create a robot that could compete in a competition for placing tennis and ping-pong balls in small tubes. We had to complete calculations and justifications for our design and write-up a final paper, which you can read here.
In Introduction to Psychology, we covered behaviors, emotions, happiness, and much more. As a part of the class, we were required to make a survey and have 10 people fill it out. Despite having a very small dataset, I decided to do some interesting data analysis in my paper, here, which covers the influence of weather on anxiety. Some of the results I found to be surprising, and the I think the analysis provides solid insight into the data.
In Macroeconomics, we learned about demand, supply, market equilibrium, opportunity cost, etc. Our final project required us to create a poster exploring the economic status of a country. My group did our study on Sweden. You can see our poster here.


I'll be discussing security best practices at the Renaissance conference, January 29-31, 2014 in San Francisco.


[ graphic? ]
Who is this Sarah person?
Design?
I want it to "just work"
interface ButtonProperties {
label?: text;
iconType?: string;
iconAltText?: string;
}
w(Button, {
iconType: 'search'
});
Yes, this looks right. I am done here.
interface ButtonProperties {
label?: string;
icon?: {
type: string;
altText: string;
};
}
Fine, I will smash my keys until this error goes away
w(Button, {
icon: {
type: 'search',
altText: 'search'
}
});
Docs? What are docs?
Email Subject: Where do I find icon types?
Body:
For some reasonisn't working. What do I do?icon.type: 'magnifying-glass'
interface ButtonProperties {
label?: string;
icon?: {
type: string;
altText: string;
};
}
w(Button, {
label: 'Search',
icon: {
type: 'magnifying-glass',
altText: 'search'
}
});
enum IconType {
plus,
arrow,
search
};
interface PresentationIcon {
type: IconType;
presentation: true;
}
interface ContentIcon {
type: IconType;
altText: string;
}
interface ButtonProperties {
icon?: PresentationIcon | ContentIcon;
}
Oh hey, search looks right
I also want it to do
[insert 10 extra features, and a pony]
<input>
element<input>
and
Let's talk about aria
...
<button>
?type
aria-expanded
aria-haspopup
aria-pressed
interface ButtonProperties {
aria?: { [key: string]: string; };
popup?: boolean;
pressed?: boolean;
type?: 'submit' | 'reset' | 'button' | 'menu';
}
Create an interface for a (optionally) hidden label on a text input
*
aria-label
is ignored by translation services


#include <BC4S2.hpp>
|
| | BC4S2 (int j) |
| | Constructs BC4S2(j) as a cellular equivariant space. More...
|
| |
| const auto & | getChains () |
| | Returns const reference to the equivariant cellular chain complex of the space. More...
|
| |
| const auto & | getCoChains () |
| | Returns const reference to the equivariant cellular cochain complex of the space. More...
|
| |
| auto | ROHomology (int level, const std::vector< int > &homologysphere) |
| | Returns \(H_{*+V}^{C_{2^n}}(X)\) where \(l\)=level and \(V\)=homologysphere are provided. More...
|
| |
| auto | ROHomology (const std::vector< int > &homologysphere) |
| | Returns \(H_{*+V}(X)\) where \(V\)=homologysphere is provided. More...
|
| |
| auto | ROCohomology (int level, const std::vector< int > &cohomologysphere) |
| | Returns \(H^{*+V}_{C_{2^n}}(X)\) where \(n\)=level and \(V\)=cohomologysphere are provided. More...
|
| |
| auto | ROCohomology (const std::vector< int > &cohomologysphere) |
| | Returns \(H^{*+V}(X)\) where \(V\)=cohomologysphere is provided. More...
|
| |
|
| auto | boundary (int dimension_domain, int cell) |
| | The boundary map of a cell. Must be overriden in any child class! More...
|
| |
| long | estimate_nonzero_entries (int dimension_domain) |
| | An estimate of the nonzero entries of the differential matrix at the given dimension. Must be overriden in any child class! More...
|
| |
| std::vector< rank_t > | cells |
| | The equivariant cells in each dimension. Needs to be constructed in any child class! More...
|
| |
◆ BC4S2()
Constructs BC4S2(j) as a cellular equivariant space.
◆ Space< BC4S2< group_t >, group_t >
| friend class Space< BC4S2< group_t >, group_t > |
|
friend |
Befriending parent class.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


---
layout: page
title:
description: The world needs individuals willing to lead the conversation about the untapped power of global collaboration.
Your voice matters. Become a Co-Lab collaboration champion and be the change you desire to see in the world.
background: '/img/bg-about.jpg'
---
We want to hear what you have to say.
By making your voice heard we’re starting a conversation that will break through the communicational barriers that prevent academic collaborative problem solving on global issues. Sculpting the tool kit and culture that incubates ideas and results in collective actionable outputs.
We need you to fight for Collaboration. Whether you invite a colleague to join the conversation, write a post for the community, or arrange a workshop or talk within your institute. We want to make it count by aligning it with an SDG, team or project that can benefit from it.
Please take a moment to read our community principles, it’s important;
Here are some of the things you can do to help us make the Co-Lab conversation global.


The Dalvik VM supports a variety of command-line arguments
(use adb shell dalvikvm -help
to get a summary), but
it's not possible to pass arbitrary arguments through the
Android application runtime. It is, however, possible to affect the
VM behavior through certain system properties.
For all of the features described below, you would set the system property
with setprop
,
issuing a shell command on the device like this:
adb shell setprop <name> <value>
The Android runtime must be restarted before the changes will take
effect (adb shell stop; adb shell start
). This is because the
settings are processed in the "zygote" process, which starts early and stays
around "forever".
You may not be able to set dalvik.*
properties or restart
the system as an unprivileged user. You can use
adb root
or run the su
command from the device
shell on "userdebug" builds to become root first. When in doubt,
adb shell getprop <name>will tell you if the
setprop
took.
If you don't want the property to evaporate when the device reboots,
add a line to /data/local.prop
that looks like:
<name> = <value>
Such changes will survive reboots, but will be lost if the data
partition is wiped. (Hint: create a local.prop
on your workstation, then adb push local.prop /data
. Or,
use one-liners like
adb shell "echo name = value >> /data/local.prop"
-- note
the quotes are important.)
JNI, the Java Native Interface, provides a way for code written in the Java programming language interact with native (C/C++) code. The extended JNI checks will cause the system to run more slowly, but they can spot a variety of nasty bugs before they have a chance to cause problems.
There are two system properties that affect this feature, which is
enabled with the -Xcheck:jni
command-line argument. The
first is ro.kernel.android.checkjni
. This is set by the
Android build system for development builds. (It may also be set by
the Android emulator unless the -nojni
flag is provided on the
emulator command line.) Because this is an "ro." property, the value cannot
be changed once the device has started.
To allow toggling of the CheckJNI flag, a second
property, dalvik.vm.checkjni
, is also checked. The value
of this overrides the value from ro.kernel.android.checkjni
.
If neither property is defined, or dalvik.vm.checkjni
is set to false
, the -Xcheck:jni
flag is
not passed in, and JNI checks will be disabled.
To enable JNI checking:
adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.checkjni true
You can also pass JNI-checking options into the VM through a system
property. The value set for dalvik.vm.jniopts
will
be passed in as the -Xjniopts
argument. For example:
adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.jniopts forcecopy
For more information about JNI checks, see JNI Tips.
Dalvik VM supports the Java programming language "assert" statement.
By default they are off, but the dalvik.vm.enableassertions
property provides a way to set the value for a -ea
argument.
The argument behaves the same as it does in other desktop VMs. You can provide a class name, a package name (followed by "..."), or the special value "all".
For example, this:
adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.enableassertions allenables assertions in all non-system classes.
The system property is much more limited than the full command line.
It is not possible to specify more than one -ea
entry, and there
is no way to specify a -da
entry. There is presently no
equivalent for -esa
/-dsa
.
The system tries to pre-verify all classes in a DEX file to reduce
class load overhead, and performs a series of optimizations to improve
runtime performance. Both of these are done by the dexopt
command, either in the build system or by the installer. On a development
device, dexopt
may be run the first time a DEX file is used
and whenever it or one of its dependencies is updated ("just-in-time"
optimization and verification).
There are two command-line flags that control the just-in-time
verification and optimization,
-Xverify
and -Xdexopt
. The Android framework
configures these based on the dalvik.vm.dexopt-flags
property.
If you set:
adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.dexopt-flags v=a,o=vthen the framework will pass
-Xverify:all -Xdexopt:verified
to the VM. This enables verification, and only optimizes classes that
successfully verified. This is the safest setting, and is the default.
You could also set dalvik.vm.dexopt-flags
to v=n
to have the framework pass -Xverify:none -Xdexopt:verified
to disable verification. (We could pass in -Xdexopt:all
to
allow optimization, but that wouldn't necessarily optimize more of the
code, since classes that fail verification may well be skipped by the
optimizer for the same reasons.) Classes will not be verified by
dexopt
, and unverified code will be loaded and executed.
Enabling verification will make the dexopt
command
take significantly longer, because the verification process is fairly slow.
Once the verified and optimized DEX files have been prepared, verification
incurs no additional overhead except when loading classes that failed
to pre-verify.
If your DEX files are processed with verification disabled, and you later turn the verifier on, application loading will be noticeably slower (perhaps 40% or more) as classes are verified on first use.
For best results you should force a re-dexopt of all DEX files when this property changes. You can do this with:
adb shell "rm /data/dalvik-cache/*"This removes the cached versions of the DEX files. Remember to stop and restart the runtime (
adb shell stop; adb shell start
).
(Previous version of the runtime supported the boolean
dalvik.vm.verify-bytecode
property, but that has been
superceded by dalvik.vm.dexopt-flags
.)
The current implementation of the Dalvik VM includes three distinct interpreter cores. These are referred to as "fast", "portable", and "debug". The "fast" interpreter is optimized for the current platform, and might consist of hand-optimized assembly routines. In constrast, the "portable" interpreter is written in C and expected to run on a broad range of platforms. The "debug" interpreter is a variant of "portable" that includes support for profiling and single-stepping.
The VM may also support just-in-time compilation. While not strictly
a different interpreter, the JIT compiler may be enabled or disabled
with the same flag. (Check the output of dalvikvm -help
to
see if JIT compilation is enabled in your VM.)
The VM allows you to choose between "fast", "portable", and "jit" with an
extended form of the -Xint
argument. The value of this
argument can be set through the dalvik.vm.execution-mode
system property.
To select the "portable" interpreter, you would use:
adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.execution-mode int:portableIf the property is not specified, the most appropriate interpreter will be selected automatically. At some point this mechanism may allow selection of other modes, such as JIT compilation.
Not all platforms have an optimized implementation. In such cases, the "fast" interpreter is generated as a series of C stubs, and the result will be slower than the "portable" version. (When we have optimized versions for all popular architectures the naming convention will be more accurate.)
If profiling is enabled or a debugger is attached, the VM switches to the "debug" interpreter. When profiling ends or the debugger disconnects, the original interpreter is resumed. (The "debug" interpreter is substantially slower, something to keep in mind when evaluating profiling data.)
The JIT compiler can be disabled on a per-application basis by adding
android:vmSafeMode="true"
in the application
tag in AndroidManifest.xml
. This can be useful if you
suspect that JIT compilation is causing your application to behave
incorrectly.
If the VM is built with WITH_DEADLOCK_PREDICTION
, the deadlock
predictor can be enabled with the -Xdeadlockpredict
argument.
(The output from dalvikvm -help
will tell you if the VM was
built appropriately -- look for deadlock_prediction
on the
Configured with:
line.)
This feature tells the VM to keep track of the order in which object
monitor locks are acquired. If the program attempts to acquire a set
of locks in a different order from what was seen earlier, the VM logs
a warning and optionally throws an exception.
The command-line argument is set based on the
dalvik.vm.deadlock-predict
property. Valid values are
off
to disable it (default), warn
to log the
problem but continue executing, err
to cause a
dalvik.system.PotentialDeadlockError
to be thrown from the
monitor-enter
instruction, and abort
to have
the entire VM abort.
You will usually want to use:
adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.deadlock-predict errunless you are keeping an eye on the logs as they scroll by.
Please note that this feature is deadlock prediction, not deadlock
detection -- in the current implementation, the computations are performed
after the lock is acquired (this simplifies the code, reducing the
overhead added to every mutex operation). You can spot a deadlock in a
hung process by sending a kill -3
and examining the stack
trace written to the log.
This only takes monitors into account. Native mutexes and other resources can also be the cause of deadlocks, but will not be detected by this.
Like other desktop VMs, when the Dalvik VM receives a SIGQUIT
(Ctrl-\ or kill -3
), it dumps stack traces for all threads.
By default this goes to the Android log, but it can also be written to a file.
The dalvik.vm.stack-trace-file
property allows you to
specify the name of the file where the thread stack traces will be written.
The file will be created (world writable) if it doesn't exist, and the
new information will be appended to the end of the file. The filename
is passed into the VM via the -Xstacktracefile
argument.
For example:
adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.stack-trace-file /tmp/stack-traces.txt
If the property is not defined, the VM will write the stack traces to the Android log when the signal arrives.
For performance reasons, the checksum on "optimized" DEX files is ignored. This is usually safe, because the files are generated on the device, and have access permissions that prevent modification.
If the storage on a device becomes unreliable, however, data corruption
can occur. This usually manifests itself as a repeatable virtual machine
crash. To speed diagnosis of such failures, the VM provides the
-Xcheckdexsum
argument. When set, the checksums on all DEX
files are verified before the contents are used.
The application framework will provide this argument during VM
creation if the dalvik.vm.check-dex-sum
property is enabled.
To enable extended DEX checksum verification:
adb shell setprop dalvik.vm.check-dex-sum true
Incorrect checksums will prevent the DEX data from being used, and will
cause errors to be written to the log file. If a device has a history of
problems it may be useful to add the property to
/data/local.prop
.
Note also that the
dexdump
tool always verifies DEX checksums, and can be used
to check for corruption in a large set of files.


Given an integer columnNumber
, return its corresponding column title as it appears in an Excel sheet.
For example:
A -> 1 B -> 2 C -> 3 ... Z -> 26 AA -> 27 AB -> 28 ...
Example 1:
Input: columnNumber = 1 Output: "A"
Example 2:
Input: columnNumber = 28 Output: "AB"
Example 3:
Input: columnNumber = 701 Output: "ZY"
Example 4:
Input: columnNumber =<PHONE_NUMBER> Output: "FXSHRXW"
Constraints:
1 <= columnNumber <= 231 - 1


Executive Team
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{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block title %} | About{% endblock title %} {% block content %} {% load static %}
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has
electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod


Work Day Scheduler
A simple calendar app for scheduling your work day
Clear Planner
9AM
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[gecode-users] Graph matching
Gregoire Dooms
gregoire.dooms at gmail.com
Sun Jun 28 09:39:30 CEST 2009
Hello Hamza,
That cpgraph code has not been updated for a long time. You'd be
better off not bothering with it.
If you want to check out newer code you can have a chat with David
Przybilla.
For the topic of graph matching you could have a look at Stephane
Zampelli's thesis from Louvain.
Best,
--
Greg
Sent from my iPhone
On 27 Jun 2009, at 21:45, hamza bouchaour <hammallozy at hotmail.com>
wrote:
> hi every one,
>
> i tring to implement a simple algorithme of matching graph, i've
> done the data structure (i represent the graphes by an adjacency
> list: i've an array of nodes). my algorithme consist de verify for
> each node of G1 if there are any nodes in G2 such these two nodes
> have the same degree.
>
> i've two questions:
> 1-how can i represent this by a constraint in gecode.
> 2-also i ask if someone had some details about cp graph, i saw this http://cpgraph.info.ucl.ac.be/cpgraph/doc/group__Examples.html
> but it's not very claer. thank you
>
> Tous vos amis discutent sur Messenger, et vous ? Téléchargez Messeng
> er, c'est gratuit !
> _______________________________________________
> Gecode users mailing list
> users at gecode.org
> https://www.gecode.org/mailman/listinfo/gecode-users
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| BillyHawk Caye Resort |
| Designed for a cultural experience, this website is a fully Responsive and mobile-friendly fresh new site driven by their social media content. |
|
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| Powerhouse Fitness |
| This gym was launched last year and decided to go with a landing page as their website. Fully responsive and will adapt to any handheld device. |
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Is this Headline
fake or not?
DISCLAIMER
Half of the headlines are from the Huffington Post, the other half is machine generated.
We do not claim authenticity for any of these headlines.
The headlines are posted for comedic purposes and not meant to attack anyone.
If you find a headline offensive please get in touch via GitHub.
Why
We made this to show two things:
- Neural networks have become incredibly good at producing grammatically correct but completely nonsensical text
- There are so many nonsensical headlines nowadays, it's hard to distinguish fake from real
How
Content
The fake headlines were generated by a neural network.
We trained the network on 200'000 real headlines from the Huffington Post
using OpenAI's GPT-2.
If you want to experiment yourself, you can find the dataset here.
Website
Hosted on Github Pages using Cloudflare Workers & Key-Value store. Using native CSS.
License
This project is released under the MIT License.
Copyright (c) 2020 Tristan Menzinger
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


--- layout: post title: 'PICNIC07: Future Technology Trends, Nikolaj Nyholm' date: 2007-09-27 00:00:00 categories: digital-media interfaces-&-interaction social ---
PICNIC07: Future Technology Trends, Nikolaj Nyholm
This is an introduction to work at Polar Rose, inspired by growth of photo sharing sites online. Flickr doubles in size every 8 months - how do we manage this data?
Polar Rose does facial recognition. Traditionally this needed a very controlled environment. Extracts 3D data from 2D image and computes lighting sources (much like the PhotoSynth guys yesterday, I'm guessing). There's a lot of data in faces: we can work out whether a face is male or female quite accurately.
It's a plugin for Firefox, highlighting faces and asking them to be recognised. During the beta phase they're gathering face data. Getting into indexing video too.


| Top |
| #define | CAIRO_HAS_MIME_SURFACE |
| #define | CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2 |
| #define | CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL |
| #define | CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL_ID |
| #define | CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JP2 |
| #define | CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JPEG |
| #define | CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_PNG |
| #define | CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_URI |
| #define | CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_UNIQUE_ID |
| typedef | cairo_surface_t |
| enum | cairo_content_t |
| enum | cairo_surface_type_t |
cairo_surface_t is the abstract type representing all different drawing targets that cairo can render to. The actual drawings are performed using a cairo context.
A cairo surface is created by using backend-specific
constructors, typically of the form
cairo_backend_surface_create()
.
Most surface types allow accessing the surface without using Cairo
functions. If you do this, keep in mind that it is mandatory that you call
cairo_surface_flush()
before reading from or writing to the surface and that
you must use cairo_surface_mark_dirty()
after modifying it.
Example 1. Directly modifying an image surface
void modify_image_surface (cairo_surface_t *surface) { unsigned char *data; int width, height, stride; // flush to ensure all writing to the image was done cairo_surface_flush (surface); // modify the image data = cairo_image_surface_get_data (surface); width = cairo_image_surface_get_width (surface); height = cairo_image_surface_get_height (surface); stride = cairo_image_surface_get_stride (surface); modify_image_data (data, width, height, stride); // mark the image dirty so Cairo clears its caches. cairo_surface_mark_dirty (surface); }
Note that for other surface types it might be necessary to acquire the
surface's device first. See cairo_device_acquire()
for a discussion of
devices.
cairo_surface_t * cairo_surface_create_similar (cairo_surface_t *other
,cairo_content_t content
,int width
,int height
);
Create a new surface that is as compatible as possible with an
existing surface. For example the new surface will have the same
fallback resolution and font options as other
. Generally, the new
surface will also use the same backend as other
, unless that is
not possible for some reason. The type of the returned surface may
be examined with cairo_surface_get_type()
.

Use cairo_surface_create_similar_image()
if you need an image surface
which can be painted quickly to the target surface.
other |
an existing surface used to select the backend of the new surface |
|
content |
the content for the new surface |
|
width |
width of the new surface, (in device-space units) |
|
height |
height of the new surface (in device-space units) |
a pointer to the newly allocated surface. The caller
owns the surface and should call cairo_surface_destroy()
when done
with it.
This function always returns a valid pointer, but it will return a
pointer to a "nil" surface if other
is already in an error state
or any other error occurs.
Since 1.0
cairo_surface_t * cairo_surface_create_similar_image (cairo_surface_t *other
,cairo_format_t format
,int width
,int height
);
Create a new image surface that is as compatible as possible for uploading to and the use in conjunction with an existing surface. However, this surface can still be used like any normal image surface.

Use cairo_surface_create_similar()
if you don't need an image surface.
other |
an existing surface used to select the preference of the new surface |
|
format |
the format for the new surface |
|
width |
width of the new surface, (in device-space units) |
|
height |
height of the new surface (in device-space units) |
a pointer to the newly allocated image surface. The caller
owns the surface and should call cairo_surface_destroy()
when done
with it.
This function always returns a valid pointer, but it will return a
pointer to a "nil" surface if other
is already in an error state
or any other error occurs.
Since 1.12
cairo_surface_t * cairo_surface_create_for_rectangle (cairo_surface_t *target
,double x
,double y
,double width
,double height
);
Create a new surface that is a rectangle within the target surface. All operations drawn to this surface are then clipped and translated onto the target surface. Nothing drawn via this sub-surface outside of its bounds is drawn onto the target surface, making this a useful method for passing constrained child surfaces to library routines that draw directly onto the parent surface, i.e. with no further backend allocations, double buffering or copies.
The semantics of subsurfaces have not been finalized yet unless the rectangle is in full device units, is contained within the extents of the target surface, and the target or subsurface's device transforms are not changed.
target |
an existing surface for which the sub-surface will point to |
|
x |
the x-origin of the sub-surface from the top-left of the target surface (in device-space units) |
|
y |
the y-origin of the sub-surface from the top-left of the target surface (in device-space units) |
|
width |
width of the sub-surface (in device-space units) |
|
height |
height of the sub-surface (in device-space units) |
a pointer to the newly allocated surface. The caller
owns the surface and should call cairo_surface_destroy()
when done
with it.
This function always returns a valid pointer, but it will return a
pointer to a "nil" surface if other
is already in an error state
or any other error occurs.
Since 1.10
cairo_surface_t *
cairo_surface_reference (cairo_surface_t *surface
);
Increases the reference count on surface
by one. This prevents
surface
from being destroyed until a matching call to
cairo_surface_destroy()
is made.
The number of references to a cairo_surface_t can be get using
cairo_surface_get_reference_count()
.
Since 1.0
void
cairo_surface_destroy (cairo_surface_t *surface
);
Decreases the reference count on surface
by one. If the result is
zero, then surface
and all associated resources are freed. See
cairo_surface_reference()
.
Since 1.0
cairo_status_t
cairo_surface_status (cairo_surface_t *surface
);
Checks whether an error has previously occurred for this surface.
CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS
, CAIRO_STATUS_NULL_POINTER
,
CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY
, CAIRO_STATUS_READ_ERROR
,
CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_CONTENT
, CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_FORMAT
, or
CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_VISUAL
.
Since 1.0
void
cairo_surface_finish (cairo_surface_t *surface
);
This function finishes the surface and drops all references to
external resources. For example, for the Xlib backend it means
that cairo will no longer access the drawable, which can be freed.
After calling cairo_surface_finish()
the only valid operations on a
surface are getting and setting user, referencing and
destroying, and flushing and finishing it.
Further drawing to the surface will not affect the
surface but will instead trigger a CAIRO_STATUS_SURFACE_FINISHED
error.
When the last call to cairo_surface_destroy()
decreases the
reference count to zero, cairo will call cairo_surface_finish()
if
it hasn't been called already, before freeing the resources
associated with the surface.
Since 1.0
void
cairo_surface_flush (cairo_surface_t *surface
);
Do any pending drawing for the surface and also restore any temporary modifications cairo has made to the surface's state. This function must be called before switching from drawing on the surface with cairo to drawing on it directly with native APIs, or accessing its memory outside of Cairo. If the surface doesn't support direct access, then this function does nothing.
Since 1.0
cairo_device_t *
cairo_surface_get_device (cairo_surface_t *surface
);
This function returns the device for a surface
.
See cairo_device_t.
Since 1.10
void cairo_surface_get_font_options (cairo_surface_t *surface
,cairo_font_options_t *options
);
Retrieves the default font rendering options for the surface.
This allows display surfaces to report the correct subpixel order
for rendering on them, print surfaces to disable hinting of
metrics and so forth. The result can then be used with
cairo_scaled_font_create()
.
surface |
||
options |
a cairo_font_options_t object into which to store the retrieved options. All existing values are overwritten |
Since 1.0
cairo_content_t
cairo_surface_get_content (cairo_surface_t *surface
);
This function returns the content type of surface
which indicates
whether the surface contains color and/or alpha information. See
cairo_content_t.
Since 1.2
void
cairo_surface_mark_dirty (cairo_surface_t *surface
);
Tells cairo that drawing has been done to surface using means other
than cairo, and that cairo should reread any cached areas. Note
that you must call cairo_surface_flush()
before doing such drawing.
Since 1.0
void cairo_surface_mark_dirty_rectangle (cairo_surface_t *surface
,int x
,int y
,int width
,int height
);
Like cairo_surface_mark_dirty()
, but drawing has been done only to
the specified rectangle, so that cairo can retain cached contents
for other parts of the surface.
Any cached clip set on the surface will be reset by this function, to make sure that future cairo calls have the clip set that they expect.
surface |
||
x |
X coordinate of dirty rectangle |
|
y |
Y coordinate of dirty rectangle |
|
width |
width of dirty rectangle |
|
height |
height of dirty rectangle |
Since 1.0
void cairo_surface_set_device_offset (cairo_surface_t *surface
,double x_offset
,double y_offset
);
Sets an offset that is added to the device coordinates determined
by the CTM when drawing to surface
. One use case for this function
is when we want to create a cairo_surface_t that redirects drawing
for a portion of an onscreen surface to an offscreen surface in a
way that is completely invisible to the user of the cairo
API. Setting a transformation via cairo_translate()
isn't
sufficient to do this, since functions like
cairo_device_to_user()
will expose the hidden offset.
Note that the offset affects drawing to the surface as well as using the surface in a source pattern.
surface |
||
x_offset |
the offset in the X direction, in device units |
|
y_offset |
the offset in the Y direction, in device units |
Since 1.0
void cairo_surface_get_device_offset (cairo_surface_t *surface
,double *x_offset
,double *y_offset
);
This function returns the previous device offset set by
cairo_surface_set_device_offset()
.
surface |
||
x_offset |
the offset in the X direction, in device units |
|
y_offset |
the offset in the Y direction, in device units |
Since 1.2
void cairo_surface_get_device_scale (cairo_surface_t *surface
,double *x_scale
,double *y_scale
);
This function returns the previous device offset set by
cairo_surface_set_device_scale()
.
surface |
||
x_scale |
the scale in the X direction, in device units |
|
y_scale |
the scale in the Y direction, in device units |
Since 1.14
void cairo_surface_set_device_scale (cairo_surface_t *surface
,double x_scale
,double y_scale
);
Sets a scale that is multiplied to the device coordinates determined
by the CTM when drawing to surface
. One common use for this is to
render to very high resolution display devices at a scale factor, so
that code that assumes 1 pixel will be a certain size will still work.
Setting a transformation via cairo_translate()
isn't
sufficient to do this, since functions like
cairo_device_to_user()
will expose the hidden scale.
Note that the scale affects drawing to the surface as well as using the surface in a source pattern.
surface |
||
x_scale |
a scale factor in the X direction |
|
y_scale |
a scale factor in the Y direction |
Since 1.14
void cairo_surface_set_fallback_resolution (cairo_surface_t *surface
,double x_pixels_per_inch
,double y_pixels_per_inch
);
Set the horizontal and vertical resolution for image fallbacks.
When certain operations aren't supported natively by a backend, cairo will fallback by rendering operations to an image and then overlaying that image onto the output. For backends that are natively vector-oriented, this function can be used to set the resolution used for these image fallbacks, (larger values will result in more detailed images, but also larger file sizes).
Some examples of natively vector-oriented backends are the ps, pdf, and svg backends.
For backends that are natively raster-oriented, image fallbacks are still possible, but they are always performed at the native device resolution. So this function has no effect on those backends.
Note: The fallback resolution only takes effect at the time of
completing a page (with cairo_show_page()
or cairo_copy_page()
) so
there is currently no way to have more than one fallback resolution
in effect on a single page.
The default fallback resoultion is 300 pixels per inch in both dimensions.
surface |
||
x_pixels_per_inch |
horizontal setting for pixels per inch |
|
y_pixels_per_inch |
vertical setting for pixels per inch |
Since 1.2
void cairo_surface_get_fallback_resolution (cairo_surface_t *surface
,double *x_pixels_per_inch
,double *y_pixels_per_inch
);
This function returns the previous fallback resolution set by
cairo_surface_set_fallback_resolution()
, or default fallback
resolution if never set.
surface |
||
x_pixels_per_inch |
horizontal pixels per inch |
|
y_pixels_per_inch |
vertical pixels per inch |
Since 1.8
cairo_surface_type_t
cairo_surface_get_type (cairo_surface_t *surface
);
This function returns the type of the backend used to create a surface. See cairo_surface_type_t for available types.
Since 1.2
unsigned int
cairo_surface_get_reference_count (cairo_surface_t *surface
);
Returns the current reference count of surface
.
Since 1.4
cairo_status_t cairo_surface_set_user_data (cairo_surface_t *surface
,const cairo_user_data_key_t *key
,void *user_data
,cairo_destroy_func_t destroy
);
Attach user data to surface
. To remove user data from a surface,
call this function with the key that was used to set it and NULL
for data
.
surface |
||
key |
the address of a cairo_user_data_key_t to attach the user data to |
|
user_data |
the user data to attach to the surface |
|
destroy |
a cairo_destroy_func_t which will be called when the surface is destroyed or when new user data is attached using the same key. |
CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS
or CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY
if a
slot could not be allocated for the user data.
Since 1.0
void * cairo_surface_get_user_data (cairo_surface_t *surface
,const cairo_user_data_key_t *key
);
Return user data previously attached to surface
using the specified
key. If no user data has been attached with the given key this
function returns NULL
.
Since 1.0
void
cairo_surface_copy_page (cairo_surface_t *surface
);
Emits the current page for backends that support multiple pages,
but doesn't clear it, so that the contents of the current page will
be retained for the next page. Use cairo_surface_show_page()
if you
want to get an empty page after the emission.
There is a convenience function for this that takes a cairo_t,
namely cairo_copy_page()
.
Since 1.6
void
cairo_surface_show_page (cairo_surface_t *surface
);
Emits and clears the current page for backends that support multiple
pages. Use cairo_surface_copy_page()
if you don't want to clear the page.
There is a convenience function for this that takes a cairo_t,
namely cairo_show_page()
.
Since 1.6
cairo_bool_t
cairo_surface_has_show_text_glyphs (cairo_surface_t *surface
);
Returns whether the surface supports
sophisticated cairo_show_text_glyphs()
operations. That is,
whether it actually uses the provided text and cluster data
to a cairo_show_text_glyphs()
call.
Note: Even if this function returns FALSE
, a
cairo_show_text_glyphs()
operation targeted at surface
will
still succeed. It just will
act like a cairo_show_glyphs()
operation. Users can use this
function to avoid computing UTF-8 text and cluster mapping if the
target surface does not use it.
Since 1.8
cairo_status_t cairo_surface_set_mime_data (cairo_surface_t *surface
,const char *mime_type
,const unsigned char *data
,unsigned long length
,cairo_destroy_func_t destroy
,void *closure
);
Attach an image in the format mime_type
to surface
. To remove
the data from a surface, call this function with same mime type
and NULL
for data
.
The attached image (or filename) data can later be used by backends
which support it (currently: PDF, PS, SVG and Win32 Printing
surfaces) to emit this data instead of making a snapshot of the
surface
. This approach tends to be faster and requires less
memory and disk space.
The recognized MIME types are the following: CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JPEG
,
CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_PNG
, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JP2
, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_URI
,
CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_UNIQUE_ID
, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2
,
CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL
, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL_ID
.
See corresponding backend surface docs for details about which MIME types it can handle. Caution: the associated MIME data will be discarded if you draw on the surface afterwards. Use this function with care.
Even if a backend supports a MIME type, that does not mean cairo will always be able to use the attached MIME data. For example, if the backend does not natively support the compositing operation used to apply the MIME data to the backend. In that case, the MIME data will be ignored. Therefore, to apply an image in all cases, it is best to create an image surface which contains the decoded image data and then attach the MIME data to that. This ensures the image will always be used while still allowing the MIME data to be used whenever possible.
surface |
||
mime_type |
the MIME type of the image data |
|
data |
the image data to attach to the surface |
|
length |
the length of the image data |
|
destroy |
a cairo_destroy_func_t which will be called when the surface is destroyed or when new image data is attached using the same mime type. |
|
closure |
the data to be passed to the |
CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS
or CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY
if a
slot could not be allocated for the user data.
Since 1.10
void cairo_surface_get_mime_data (cairo_surface_t *surface
,const char *mime_type
,const unsigned char **data
,unsigned long *length
);
Return mime data previously attached to surface
using the
specified mime type. If no data has been attached with the given
mime type, data
is set NULL
.
surface |
||
mime_type |
the mime type of the image data |
|
data |
the image data to attached to the surface |
|
length |
the length of the image data |
Since 1.10
cairo_bool_t cairo_surface_supports_mime_type (cairo_surface_t *surface
,const char *mime_type
);
Return whether surface
supports mime_type
.
Since 1.12
cairo_surface_t * cairo_surface_map_to_image (cairo_surface_t *surface
,const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents
);
Returns an image surface that is the most efficient mechanism for
modifying the backing store of the target surface. The region retrieved
may be limited to the extents
or NULL
for the whole surface
Note, the use of the original surface as a target or source whilst
it is mapped is undefined. The result of mapping the surface
multiple times is undefined. Calling cairo_surface_destroy()
or
cairo_surface_finish()
on the resulting image surface results in
undefined behavior. Changing the device transform of the image
surface or of surface
before the image surface is unmapped results
in undefined behavior.
surface |
an existing surface used to extract the image from |
|
extents |
limit the extraction to an rectangular region |
a pointer to the newly allocated image surface. The caller
must use cairo_surface_unmap_image()
to destroy this image surface.
This function always returns a valid pointer, but it will return a
pointer to a "nil" surface if other
is already in an error state
or any other error occurs. If the returned pointer does not have an
error status, it is guaranteed to be an image surface whose format
is not CAIRO_FORMAT_INVALID
.
Since 1.12
void cairo_surface_unmap_image (cairo_surface_t *surface
,cairo_surface_t *image
);
Unmaps the image surface as returned from cairo_surface_map_to_image()
.
The content of the image will be uploaded to the target surface. Afterwards, the image is destroyed.
Using an image surface which wasn't returned by cairo_surface_map_to_image()
results in undefined behavior.
surface |
the surface passed to |
|
image |
the currently mapped image |
Since 1.12
#define CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2 "application/x-cairo.jbig2"
Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group image coding standard (ISO/IEC 11544).
Since 1.14
#define CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL "application/x-cairo.jbig2-global"
Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group image coding standard (ISO/IEC 11544) global segment.
Since 1.14
#define CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL_ID "application/x-cairo.jbig2-global-id"
An unique identifier shared by a JBIG2 global segment and all JBIG2 images that depend on the global segment.
Since 1.14
#define CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JP2 "image/jp2"
The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) 2000 image coding standard (ISO/IEC 15444-1).
Since 1.10
#define CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JPEG "image/jpeg"
The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) image coding standard (ISO/IEC 10918-1).
Since 1.10
#define CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_PNG "image/png"
The Portable Network Graphics image file format (ISO/IEC 15948).
Since 1.10
#define CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_URI "text/x-uri"
URI for an image file (unofficial MIME type).
Since 1.10
#define CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_UNIQUE_ID "application/x-cairo.uuid"
Unique identifier for a surface (cairo specific MIME type). All surfaces with the same unique identifier will only be embedded once.
Since 1.12
typedef struct _cairo_surface cairo_surface_t;
A cairo_surface_t represents an image, either as the destination
of a drawing operation or as source when drawing onto another
surface. To draw to a cairo_surface_t, create a cairo context
with the surface as the target, using cairo_create()
.
There are different subtypes of cairo_surface_t for
different drawing backends; for example, cairo_image_surface_create()
creates a bitmap image in memory.
The type of a surface can be queried with cairo_surface_get_type()
.
The initial contents of a surface after creation depend upon the manner
of its creation. If cairo creates the surface and backing storage for
the user, it will be initially cleared; for example,
cairo_image_surface_create()
and cairo_surface_create_similar()
.
Alternatively, if the user passes in a reference to some backing storage
and asks cairo to wrap that in a cairo_surface_t, then the contents are
not modified; for example, cairo_image_surface_create_for_data()
and
cairo_xlib_surface_create()
.
Memory management of cairo_surface_t is done with
cairo_surface_reference()
and cairo_surface_destroy()
.
Since 1.0
cairo_content_t is used to describe the content that a surface will contain, whether color information, alpha information (translucence vs. opacity), or both.
Note: The large values here are designed to keep cairo_content_t values distinct from cairo_format_t values so that the implementation can detect the error if users confuse the two types.
Since 1.0
cairo_surface_type_t is used to describe the type of a given surface. The surface types are also known as "backends" or "surface backends" within cairo.
The type of a surface is determined by the function used to create
it, which will generally be of the form
cairo_type_surface_create()
,
(though see cairo_surface_create_similar()
as well).
The surface type can be queried with cairo_surface_get_type()
The various cairo_surface_t functions can be used with surfaces of
any type, but some backends also provide type-specific functions
that must only be called with a surface of the appropriate
type. These functions have names that begin with
cairo_type_surface
such as cairo_image_surface_get_width()
.
The behavior of calling a type-specific function with a surface of the wrong type is undefined.
New entries may be added in future versions.
|
The surface is of type image, since 1.2 |
||
|
The surface is of type pdf, since 1.2 |
||
|
The surface is of type ps, since 1.2 |
||
|
The surface is of type xlib, since 1.2 |
||
|
The surface is of type xcb, since 1.2 |
||
|
The surface is of type glitz, since 1.2 |
||
|
The surface is of type quartz, since 1.2 |
||
|
The surface is of type win32, since 1.2 |
||
|
The surface is of type beos, since 1.2 |
||
|
The surface is of type directfb, since 1.2 |
||
|
The surface is of type svg, since 1.2 |
||
|
The surface is of type os2, since 1.4 |
||
|
The surface is a win32 printing surface, since 1.6 |
||
|
The surface is of type quartz_image, since 1.6 |
||
|
The surface is of type script, since 1.10 |
||
|
The surface is of type Qt, since 1.10 |
||
|
The surface is of type recording, since 1.10 |
||
|
The surface is a OpenVG surface, since 1.10 |
||
|
The surface is of type OpenGL, since 1.10 |
||
|
The surface is of type Direct Render Manager, since 1.10 |
||
|
The surface is of type 'tee' (a multiplexing surface), since 1.10 |
||
|
The surface is of type XML (for debugging), since 1.10 |
||
|
The surface is of type Skia, since 1.10 |
||
|
The surface is a subsurface created with
|
||
|
This surface is of type Cogl, since 1.12 |
Since 1.2


IRAS (The Infrared Astronomical Satellite)
The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) is the first observatory which operated all sky
survey at infrared wavelengths. IRAS was a joint project of the US, UK and the Netherlands. The IRAS
mission performed an unbiased, sensitive all sky survey at 12, 25, 60 and 100 µm.
IRAS increased the number of cataloged astronomical sources by about 70%, detecting about 350,000
infrared sources. IRAS discoveries included a disk of dust grains around the star Vega, six new comets,
and very strong infrared emission from interacting galaxies as well as wisps of warm dust called
infrared cirrus which could be found in almost every direction of space. IRAS also revealed for the
first time the core of our galaxy, the Milky Way.
It has three main science instrument
- Survey array
- Low Resolution Spectrometer (LRS)
- Chopped Photometric Channel (CPC)
IRAS’s improved image processing IRIS
The latest version of the images delivered by the IRAS team (the ISSA plates) suffers from
calibration, zero level and striping problems that can preclude its use, especially at 12 and 25 micron.
The team of IRAS developed a new way to enhance significantly the general quality of the ISSA plates in
the four bands (12, 25, 60 and 100 microns). This new generation of IRAS images, called IRIS, benefits
from a better zodiacal light subtraction, from a calibration and zero level compatible with DIRBE, and
from a better destriping. At 100 micron the IRIS product is also a significant improvement from the
Schlegel et al. (1998) maps. IRIS keeps the full ISSA resolution, it includes well calibrated point
sources and the diffuse emission calibration at scales smaller than 1 degree was corrected for the
variation of the IRAS detector responsivity with scale and brightness.
*The DIRBE is an absolute radiometer, which measures sky brightness by chopping between the sky and a
zero-flux internal reference at 32 Hz.
What is Infrared?
Infrared radiation is an electromagnetic radiation which was discovered in 1800 by astronomer
Sir William Herschel, who discovered a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than
red light, by means of its effect on a thermometer.IR wavelengths extend from the nominal red edge of
the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers (frequency 430 THz), to 1 millimeter (300 GHz). Most of the
thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared. As with all EMR, IR carries
radiant energy and behaves both like a wave and like its quantum particle, the photon.


---
layout: default
---
I’ve started down the path of learning the skills I need to sail around the world. This list is nowhere near complete or comprehensive. I’ve taken a couple of steps and I have many more to go, but I will do it!
- Take basic sailing
- Join the manhattan sailing club
- Spend some time out sailing
- Become a skipper at the manhattan sailing club
- Coastal Cruising
- …
- Become a competent navigator
- Buy a boat
- Live on the boat, and refurbish it
- …
- Sail around the world
- Profit???


Given the values of sampled units and selection probabilities the desraj function in the package computes the estimated value of the total as well as estimated variance.
| Version: | 0.1.1 |
| Published: | 2017-04-13 |
| Author: | S.Sampath |
| Maintainer: | S.Sampath <sampath1959 at gmail.com> |
| License: | GPL-3 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | fpest results |
| Reference manual: | fpest.pdf |
| Package source: | fpest_0.1.1.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: fpest_0.1.1.zip, r-release: fpest_0.1.1.zip, r-oldrel: fpest_0.1.1.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: fpest_0.1.1.tgz, r-oldrel: fpest_0.1.1.tgz |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=fpest to link to this page.


HTML supports various multimedia resources such as images, audio, and video.
The html <audio> is used to embed sound content in documents. It may contain one or more audio sources, represented using the src attribute.
<audio controls src="misc/audio.mp3"> Your browser does not support the <audio> element. </audio >
The above example shows simple usage of the <audio> element. we can include other attributes to specify information such as whether we want it to autoplay and loop, whether we want to show the browser's default audio controls, etc.
The html <video> a media player which supports video playback into the document. <source> element specifies media resources.
<video controls width="250"> <source src="misc/flower.webm" type="video/webm" > Your browser does not support the <audio> element. </audio >
The above example shows simple usage of the <video> element. we can include other attributes to specify information such as whether we want it to autoplay and loop, whether we want to show the browser's default audio controls, etc.
The html <map> tag defines an image map. An image map is an image with clickable areas. The areas are defined with one or more <area> tags.
 <map name="map> <area shape="rect" coords="40,30,110,150" alt="mobile" href="url" > </map>
The html
 represents self-contained content, potentially with an optional caption, which is specified using the
 element. The figure, its caption, and its contents are referenced as a single unit.

Fig 1. Light House


You should begin by installing Jekyll if you don’t already have it. You can then download Trio or clone Trio. Try running Jekyll using these commands
jekyll serve --watch
and see how Trio looks on your local machine.
_config.yml
Take a look at _config.yml
which contains the basic configuration for Trio. You will probably need to change title
, description
, url
, owner
and disqus_shortname
fields.
You can disable a link to one of the social networks in the website footer by leaving owner.<sharing-platform>
blank.
You can disable or enable post sharing buttons at the end of a post by modifying the sharing
fields.
Redcarpet has been tested to work nicely with tables, footnotes and fenced code blocks. Kramdown works as well but triple backticks are not supported yet for fenced code blocks. You can switch between redcarpet
and kramdown
in _config.yml
.
The permalink
field in _config.yml
decides how the URL to posts are formed.
You can override the global permalink
value in _config.yml
by adding a permalink
field in the .md
file.
Trio is setup so that the URL to a post depends on the YAML front-matter field date
in the Markdown file. Once you publish a post, the search engines link to that URL. You do not want to change the date
field after you publish a post. If you make changes and want to notify readers of the changes, use the YAML field update_date
instead in the .md
file.


Deep transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) provides massive and valuable information about functional elements in the genome. Ideally, transcriptome sequencing should be able to directly identify and quantify all RNA species, small or large, low or high abundance. However, RNA-seq is a complicated, multistep process involving sample preparation, amplification, fragmentation, purification and sequencing. A single improper operation would result in biased or even unusable data. Therefore, it is always a good practice to check the quality of your RNA-seq data before analyses.
The sample is sequenced as non-stranded RNA-seq
#================================================== #All numbers are READ count #================================================== Total records: 27426238 QC failed: 0 Optical/PCR duplicate: 0 Non primary hits 7078954 Unmapped reads: 0 mapq < mapq_cut (non-unique): 5034222 mapq >= mapq_cut (unique): 15313062 Read-1: 7656531 Read-2: 7656531 Reads map to '+': 7656531 Reads map to '-': 7656531 Non-splice reads: 11509393 Splice reads: 3803669 Reads mapped in proper pairs: 15313062 Proper-paired reads map to different chrom:0
Provided a BAM/SAM file and reference gene model, this module will calculate how mapped reads were distributed over genome feature (like CDS exon, 5’UTR exon, 3’ UTR exon, Intron, Intergenic regions). When genome features are overlapped (e.g. a region could be annotated as both exon and intron by two different transcripts) , they are prioritize as: CDS exons > UTR exons > Introns > Intergenic regions, for example, if a read was mapped to both CDS exon and intron, it will be assigned to CDS exons.
RSeQC cannot assign those reads that:
processing /home/statonse/db/Ha412v1r1_genes_v1.0.bed ... Done Total Reads 20347284 Total Tags 25516352 Total Assigned Tags 20522748 ===================================================================== Group Total_bases Tag_count Tags/Kb CDS_Exons 50673964 16815215 331.83 5'UTR_Exons 0 0 0.00 3'UTR_Exons 0 0 0.00 Introns 83648462 571071 6.83 TSS_up_1kb 42018537 188704 4.49 TSS_up_5kb 195923394 644933 3.29 TSS_up_10kb 370551414 998924 2.70 TES_down_1kb 40257870 849882 21.11 TES_down_5kb 183624376 1667483 9.08 TES_down_10kb 353055864 2137538 6.05 =====================================================================
Two strategies were used to determine reads duplication rate: * Sequence based: reads with exactly the same sequence content are regarded as duplicated reads. * Mapping based: reads mapped to the same genomic location are regarded as duplicated reads. For splice reads, reads mapped to the same starting position and splice the same way are regarded as duplicated reads.
This module is used to check the nucleotide composition bias. In ideal condition (genome is random and RNA-seq reads is randomly sampled from genome), we expect A%=C%=G%=T%=25% at each position of reads. It is perfectly normal to observe both a slight GC bias and a distinctly non-random base composition over the first 12 bases of the data. This is observed when looking, for instance, at the IVC (intensity versus cycle number) plots which are part of the output of the Pipeline. In genomic DNA sequencing, the base composition is usually quite uniform across all bases; but in mRNA-Seq, the base composition is noticeably uneven across the first 10 to 12 bases. Illumina believes this effect is caused by the "not so random" nature of the random priming process used in the protocol. This may explain why there is a slight overall G/C bias in the starting positions of each read. The first 12 bases probably represent the sites that were being primed by the hexamers used in the random priming process. The first twelve bases in the random priming full-length cDNA sequencing protocol (mRNA-seq) always have IVC plots that look like what has been described. This is because the random priming is not truly random and the first twelve bases (the length of two hexamers) are biased towards sequences that prime more efficiently.This is entirely normal and expected. This bias could be easily examined by NVC (Nucleotide versus cycle) plot. NVC plot is generated by overlaying all reads together, then calculating nucleotide composition for each position of read (or each sequencing cycle).
NOTE: this program expect a fixed read length
According to SAM specification, if Q is the character to represent “base calling quality” in SAM file, then Phred Quality Score = ord(Q) - 33. Here ord() is python function that returns an integer representing the Unicode code point of the character when the argument is a unicode object, for example, ord(‘a’) returns 97. Phred quality score is widely used to measure “reliability” of base-calling, for example, phred quality score of 20 means there is 1/100 chance that the base-calling is wrong, phred quality score of 30 means there is 1/1000 chance that the base-calling is wrong. In general: Phred quality score = -10xlog(10)P, here P is probability that base-calling is wrong.
Heatmap: use different color to represent nucleotide density (“blue”=low density,”orange”=median density,”red”=high density”)
Read coverage over gene body. This module is used to check if reads coverage is uniform and if there is any 5’/3’ bias. This module scales all transcripts to 100 nt and calculates the number of reads covering each nucleotide position. Finally, it generates a plot illustrating the coverage profile along the gene body.
This module is used to calculate the inner distance (or insert size) between two paired RNA reads. The distance is the mRNA length between two paired fragments. We first determine the genomic (DNA) size between two paired reads: D_size = read2_start - read1_end, then
NOTE: Not all read pairs were used to estimate the inner distance distribution. Those low quality, PCR duplication, multiple mapped reads were skipped.
This program will compare detected splice junctions to reference gene model. splicing annotation is performed in two levels: splice event level and splice junction level.
All detected junctions can be grouped to 3 exclusive categories:
It’s very important to check if current sequencing depth is deep enough to perform alternative splicing analyses. For a well annotated organism, the number of expressed genes in particular tissue is almost fixed so the number of splice junctions is also fixed. The fixed splice junctions can be predetermined from reference gene model. All (annotated) splice junctions should be rediscovered from a saturated RNA-seq data, otherwise, downstream alternative splicing analysis is problematic because low abundance splice junctions are missing. This module checks for saturation by resampling 5%, 10%, 15%, ..., 95% of total alignments from BAM or SAM file, and then detects splice junctions from each subset and compares them to reference gene model.
Wang L, Wang S, Li W* RSeQC: quality control of RNA-seq experiments Bioinformatics (2012) 28 (16): 2184-2185. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts356 pubmed


TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS1 Related B. GS2 Related POLITY 1. More seats for Sikkim Assembly 2. BC panel Bill to return to House 3. Union Ministers hold meeting on ‘triple talaq’ INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS/BILATERAL RELATIONS 1. Right to access Internet non-negotiable: India 2. India to help Mauritius on digital locker 3. Rohingya repatriation deal signed 4. The new bipolarity in Asia C. GS3 Related ECONOMY 1. President signs bankruptcy ordinance SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1. Particle accelerator for art revs up CYBER SECURITY 1. Unite to fight dark forces in digital space: PM ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOLOGY 1. Bamboo ceases to be a tree, freed of Forest Act INTERNAL SECURITY AND DEFENSE RELATED DEVELOPMENTS 1. ‘BrahMos increases strike range’ D. GS4 Related E. Prelims Fact F. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions G. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
Nothing here for Today!!!
1. More seats for Sikkim Assembly
In news:
- The Home Ministry has proposed an increase in the number of seats in the Sikkim Assembly from 32 to 40. The expansion will be the first since the State merged with India in 1975.
- The seats are being increased to accommodate people from the Limboo and Tamang communities , notified as the Scheduled Tribes in Sikkim in January 2003.
Various provisons:
- As per constitutional provisions, the total number of seats for STs should be in proportion to the population.
- As per the Delimitation Act, 2002, the number of seats in an Assembly of any State can only be readjusted on the basis of the first census conducted after 2026.
- The final order made by the Delimitation Commission could not have been challenged by any court but the special constitutional provision to Sikkim allows them to make the changes.
2. BC panel Bill to return to House
In news:
- The Union government will reintroduce the Constitution (123rd) Amendment Bill, 2017 , in the winter session of Parliament, which seeks to accord constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).
- The decision comes after Opposition members in the Rajya Sabha managed to clear amendments to the Bill, making that version different from the one cleared by the Lok Sabha in the monsoon session.
- The President may specify the socially and educationally backward classes in the various States and Union Territories, in consultation with the Governors, and a law of Parliament will be required for amending the list of backward classes.
- Key Fact: The NCBC, a statutory body created in 1993, was given limited powers: to recommend inclusion in or exclusion of a community from the Central list.
Grievance redressal
- The power to hear complaints of the OBCs and protect their interests remained with the National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
- Since the National Commission for Scheduled Castes deals with the grievances and safeguards of the SCs as well as the OBCs, it has limited capacity to address the needs of the OBCs.
3. Union Ministers hold meeting on ‘triple talaq’
In news:
- A group of Union Ministers including Home Minister discussed at length a draft law to put an end to instantaneous ‘triple talaq’, a Muslim way of divorce, which is said to be still in practice despite the Supreme Court striking it down.
- The Centre is planning to bring the legislation in the winter session.
- The Ministers also discussed whether a new legislation should be brought or the existing penal provisions be suitably amended to make it an offence.
- According to the law, a victim of ‘talaq-e-biddat or instant triple talaq, would have no option but to approach the police for redressal of her grievances, as a Muslim clergy would be of no assistance to her.
- Even the police were helpless as no action could be taken against the husband in the absence of punitive provisions.
Category: INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS/BILATERAL RELATIONS
1. Right to access Internet non-negotiable: India
- Union Minister for Electronics and IT Ravi Shankar Prasad said that the right to access the Internet is non-negotiable and no single entity can have a monopoly over this.
- Prasad’s comments follow the U.S. proposal to roll back earlier rules related to open internet, clearing the way for service providers to charge users differently based on content or restrict access to some content.
2. India to help Mauritius on digital locker
- The Government of India will assist Mauritius to develop and set up digital locker services.
- The government will offer technical support and advisory services to Mauritius. The decision was taken during a bilateral meeting during the conference.
- Besides, in similar separate meetings with Iran and Denmark, it had been decided to collaborate on issues related to IT.
3. Rohingya repatriation deal signed
Memorandum of Understanding:
- Bangladesh and Myanmar have signed a memorandum of understanding on the return of Rohingya people who fled the Rakhine state in the wake of a military crackdown.
- At least 600,000 Rohingya people have fled Myanmar to the neighbouring Bangladesh since the army started an operation in August following an attack by Rohingya militants.
Rohingya crisis:
- The stateless Rohingya have been the target of communal violence and vicious anti-Muslim sentiment in mainly Buddhist Myanmar for years.
- They have also been systematically oppressed by the government, which stripped the minority of citizenship and severely restricts their movement, as well as their access to basic services.
New bipolarity in Asia:
- S. President Donald Trump makes no secret of the fact that he believes in a world governed by self-interest, with little room for shared responsibility
- In contrast, Chinese President Xi Jinping is projecting himself as a firm believer in globalisation and free trade
- It is against this backdrop that there are signs of a new bipolarity taking shape in Asia
- It possibly seeks to replace similar attempts by the U.S. previously — such as the pivot to Asia — to counter China and its aggressive designs in the region
- Implicitly, though not as yet explicitly, it seeks to create a coalition of all those willing to align with the U.S. against China’s expanding ambitions and its inexorable march towards dominance in Asia
Anti-China:
- Talks held recently at the level of officials between the U.S., Japan, Australia and India (the Quadrilateral) are seen as an indication of this
- As China’s expansionist attitudes intensify, more countries in East and Southeast Asia are expected to align with the Quadrilateral group of countries
- Vietnam could be one such country, but quite a few other countries in the region could follow suit
Attitudinal changes
- The recent Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meetings provided a further glimpse of attitudinal changes that are in the making
- Trump and PM Modi made use of this occasion to announce that the two countries were prepared to work together for the future of Asia
- It is a euphemism for what many see as keeping a check on China’s aggressive designs in the region
- It is, perhaps, for the first time that India has indicated a resolve to align openly with the U.S. to tackle broader issues in the Indo-Pacific region
China’s acceptance:
- The recent 19th Chinese Communist Party Congress placed special emphasis on a strong military “capable of winning wars”
- The deliberations left little room for any adjustment or compromise to accommodate the concerns of other countries of Asia, or for that matter the U.S.
- The deliberations of the Party Congress have further emboldened China to pursue its preferred course of action
Advantage that China possesses
- Apart from its massive military build-up, China is positioned most advantageously as far as economic aspects are concerned
- It is today the most important trading partner for over 90 countries
- Its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has caught the imagination of the world, including that of Europe
- Most countries of Asia and Europe, including many of India’s neighbours, do not seem to have a problem with the BRI
Sustaining bipolarity not going to be easy
- Latent concerns about Chinese expansionism have not prevented several Asian nations from endorsing and backing the BRI
- Most Asian nations also show no inclination or desire to blame China for siding with Pakistan, which continues to shelter high-ranking global terrorists, including Jaish-e-Mohammed chief Masood Azhar
- Even Mr. Trump, during his recent visit to China, seemed to have softened his criticism of China, after China produced some attractive mega deals
- All this only exposes the vulnerabilities of bipolarity in the extant situation today
India emerging as a leader
- In Asia, India, Japan and, to an extent, Vietnam appear willing to endorse the U.S. initiative to build up opposition to China’s designs
- India has lately taken up issues well beyond South Asia, such as North Korea and China’s actions in the South China Sea
- Currently, India is emerging as one of the countries in the region firmly committed to freedom of navigation and over-flight
- Also, for unimpeded commerce based on the principles of international law, particularly the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
- This puts it in direct confrontation with China, as also in opposing China’s ambitions in the Indian Ocean and the Indo-Pacific
Way Forward
- As the outlines of a new bipolarity in Asia become clearer, and with the formal setting up of the Quadrilateral, China is certain to regard all this as an attempt to encircle it
- This will pave the way for a new round of turmoil as China might use both force and inducements to win more and more Asian countries to its side
- The consequences of this could be quite significant for peace and stability in the Asian region
1. President signs bankruptcy ordinance
In news:
- President Ram Nath Kovind gave his assent to the ordinance approved by the Union Cabinet to amend the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) to strengthen the regime.
- The ordinance aims at putting in place safeguards by prohibiting wilful defaulters, those associated with non-performing assets (NPAs), and the habitually non-compliant, from regaining control of the defaulting company or stressed assets through the back door in the garb of being a ‘resolution applicant’.
- The amendments also provide for fine ranging from Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 2 crore for those violating these norms.
- The ordinance aims at putting in place safeguards to prevent unscrupulous, undesirable persons from misusing the IBC.
- The amendment also provides such check by specifying that the Committee of Creditors (CoC) should ensure the viability and feasibility of the resolution plan before approving it.
Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1. Particle accelerator for art revs up
In news:
- The world’s only particle accelerator dedicated to art was switched on at the Louvre in Paris
- It will help experts analyse ancient and precious works
Key Fact:
- The 37-metre AGLAE accelerator housed underneath the huge Paris museum will be now be used for the first time to routinely study and help authenticate paintings and other items made from organic materials
- It can determine the chemical make-up of objects without the need to take samples
- The AGLAE works by speeding up helium and hydrogen nuclei to speeds of between 20,000 to 30,000 km per second and then bombarding the object, which emits radiation that can be captured and analysed
Objects being tested
- Among the first objects to be tested by the newly configured accelerator were Roman votive statues of the household gods
- They were uncovered from the ancient forum of Bavay close to the border with Belgium
1. Unite to fight dark forces in digital space: PM
In news:
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for sharing of information and coordination among nations to ensure that “digital space does not become a playground for the dark forces of terrorism and radicalisation ”.
- Speaking at the Global Conference on Cyber Space (GCCS), attended by delegates from 131 countries, Mr. Modi pitched for creating “cyberwarriors” to keep the digital space safe.
- Modi said: “Cyberwarriors who will remain on the alert against cyberattacks. We need to ensure that cyberprotection becomes an attractive and viable career option for the youth.”
- Modi launched the Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance (UMANG) mobile app.
Category: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOLOGY
1. Bamboo ceases to be a tree, freed of Forest Act
In news:
- After 90 years, the bamboo has legally ceased to be a tree with the government, amending the Indian Forest Act and axing the bamboo — taxonomically a grass — from a list of plants that also included palms, skumps, brush-wood and canes.
-
Importance:
- In doing so, the government hoped to promote cultivation of bamboo in non-forest areas to achieve the “twin objectives” of increasing the income of farmers and also increasing the green cover of the country.
- This will now create a viable option for cultivation in 12.6 million hectares of cultivable waste land.
- It will encourage farmers and other individuals to take up plantation/block plantation of suitable bamboo species on degraded land, in addition to plantation on agricultural land and other private lands under the agro-forestry mission
- Bamboo grown in the forest areas would continue to be governed by the provisions of the Indian Forest Act.
- For several years now, the classification of the bamboo — with its multifarious uses as an edible item, furniture and construction — as a tree meant that it couldn’t be easily ferried across State borders. It also required permits from village councils and couldn’t be cultivated in non-forest areas.
Key Fact:
- The current demand of bamboo in India is estimated at 28 million tonnes.
- Country has 19% share of the world’s area under bamboo cultivation, its market share in the sector is only 6%.
- At present, it imports timber and allied products, such as pulp, paper, and furniture.
- In 2015, it imported about 18.01 million cubic metres of timber and allied products worth Rs.43,000 crore.
Category: INTERNAL SECURITY AND DEFENSE RELATED DEVELOPMENTS
1. ‘BrahMos increases strike range’
In news:
- The successful test of the air-launched BrahMos cruise missile greatly enhances India’s strike range not just on the borders but across the Indian Ocean.
Effectiveness:
- China is increasing its presence in the Indian Ocean to safeguard its critical energy lanes.
- If fired [BrahMos] from Andaman and Nicobar islands, the whole of Malacca Straits gets within striking range.
- With BrahMos now on Su-30MKIs even Gwadar gets compromised. It gives striking range.
Nothing here for Today!!!
Nothing here for Today!!!
F. Practice Questions for UPSC Prelims Exam
Which of the statement/s given above is/are CORRECT?
- 1 only
- 2 and 4 only
- 3 and 2 only
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
Which of the statement/s given above is/are INCORRECT?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- None of the above
Which of the statement/s given above is/are INCORRECT?
G. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
GS Paper III
GS Paper IV