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--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/116395-maths/topic/How.20to.20handle.20transfer.20to.20bundled.20homs.html ---
It's seems to have been decided that using bundled ring homs and group homs is going to be the mathlib style. Currently the library is not set up to make it easy for people to write new code using bundled homs, and it is quite a major refactor to update the library to do this. I think perhaps the bulk of the refactor has to be done in one go, as soon as the ideal
file is updated, a bunch more stuff will have to be updated as well. Because of this I'm a little bit cautious about merging stuff that will make this refactor harder.
What's the best way of handling this? Should we refuse to merge anything that uses unbundled homs, or will a more gradual approach work?
Thanks for starting this discussion. I think people said that the refactor could be done slowly and gradually, even though the total effort would be more than when everything's done in one go.
I realize that the amount of unbundled stuff being added to the library might grow faster than the amount of parts in the library being refactored... so the process might never converge.
Giving bundled versions of the lemmas in the most used parts of the library might help the process converge faster. I'm thinking of ideals, subgroups, and maybe polynomial.eval
and map
Does anyone else have 2 cents to contribute? @Kevin Buzzard @Mario Carneiro
I don't have a clue. I think I might have been at least partially to blame for the fact that we have both bundled and unbundled versions of some things, but I was just annoyed that everyone seemed to think that bundled was the way to go and yet unbundled was what we had.
I think it would be good to expand the library as needed when writing new bundled hom code is difficult. That should require a lot less up front work than a full conversion
Let’s just make sure there are lots of big “deprecated” warnings everywhere old stuff is being used, and hope that people don’t PR too much stuff extending the use of deprecated code...
That's exactly what this thread is about. For an example, see my PR on order
of power series: #1292
(1) It sets up a bunch of maps and proves that they are is_add_group_hom
s and occasionally, under suitable conditions they are actually is_ring_hom
s... (In particular, coeff 0
is a ring hom, whereas in general coeff n
is only additive.)
(2) Moreover, a bunch of these maps are already defined before the algebraic structure on their source is there. They are used in setting up this structure.
Both of these points are awkard to pull of in the bundled setting. What do we do with this PR? Because it doubles down on unbundled homs instead of easing the transition to bundled homs.
I don't really understand what could be awkward. Of course you can define the maps-merely-as-functions before the algebraic structure is there, but surely you can define an is_ring_hom
neither earlier nor later than you can define a ring_hom
. Is the point that you need then to restate some earlier results, so they are about the coercion of the ring_hom
, rather than about the bare function?
 I agree that this is not a big problem, only annoying. But (1) is more of an issue. Suppose we have addressed (2), so that for n : ℕ
we have a coeff n : power_series R →+ R
. Then there is not a very nice way to magically have coeff 0
become a →*+
.
Ah, I see, that indeed is horrible, and I've been encountering exactly the same issue with functors and monoidal functors while working on enriched categories recently.
Sometimes life just gives you a functor, and your job is to add the structure of a monoidal functor. At the moment I have a horrible hack.
I've defined functorial
and monoidal
as typeclasses on functions, as unbundled versions of functor
and monoidal_functor
. But then at some point I find myself with F : Functor C D
, and writing monoidal (F.obj)
--- that is, I unbundle a bundled functor, and use a typeclass to express that I know a monoidal structure on it. Yuck!
We need non-linear typechecking. :-)
Does that help?
"I promise that eventually I'll show that this is a ->*+
, and in the meantime only use the coercion to ->
, and after a little while the coercion to ->+
"
I mean, once you bundle coeff
into an add_hom... you kind of promise that you don't suddenly want to treat it as a ring hom
So you want the type of coeff n
to depend on n
?
We could do that (-;
Sounds like a pretty ugly hack
Sorry, I don't undestand what you're saying about depending on n
.
For n > 0
you will not get a ring hom. But for n = 0
you do get a ring hom.
oh, duh
So what is the type of coeff n
?
I see, sorry, I wasn't paying attention.
well, don't we jsut define constant_term : power_series R ->*+ R
?
that doesn't seem so bad
and a lemma that coeff 0 = (constant_term : power_series R ->+ R)
?
(oof, do you separately need (coeff 0 : power_series R -> R) = (constant_term : power_series R -> R)
?)
But I think the general answer here is that you make a "first pass" development, that mostly stays private, and then restate it all as public API at the end.
Rather than pretend it's possible to make the sausage in front of everyone.
Yeah, but in this case you need even a "third pass" defining constant_term
...
and maybe the lesson we're learning is that unbundled morphisms are good for the private development, and bundled morphisms are good for the API
But maybe that's what it takes...
Anyway, I need to run to supervise an LA exam
Wish me luck... we'll have to grade them afterwards :face_palm:
Why is that? In the private development we prove is_add_group_hom (internals.coeff n)
and is_ring_hom (internals.coeff 0)
, and then in the public API we provide
coeff (n : nat) : power_series R ->+ R := add_group_hom.of (internals.coeff n)
, and constant_term : power_series R ->+* R := ring_hom.of (internals.coeff 0)
.
Back in the day the whole concept of constant_term
wasn't necessary
good luck!
Yeah, I agree it's worrying.
My point is... the file will probably become 2 times as long
coeff 0
is eval 0
so we could just make eval 0
our canonical way of talking about the constant term.
Oh but this is power series not polynomials.
It's still true, but it needs more work
Why not have coeff_0
? Then there is no problem with it having a different type
That's Scott's constant_term
Do we want two versions of everything like is_ring_hom.ker
in the meantime whilst the gradual refactor is happening?
That's a good question. I want to say no -- we should just develop the bundled theory and stop supporting unbundled ring homs completely, moving them to bundled ring homs whenever we can be bothered. Is this a very naive viewpoint?
Looking at something like direct_limit
, transferring to bundled homs is quite a hard refactor at the moment. Currently a directed system
is just a set of functions, and then there's a hypothesis that they're all ring homs. It will have to become a set of morphisms in a category.
This approach means the refactor has to be done in one go. Who's going to do that?
Are we talking about direct limits in arbitrary categories or direct limits in the category of rings?
Rings and abelian groups and modules
The file Kenny wrote on direct limit.
I'm not sure we can get away with only one of the two. Category theory has bundled homs and bundled funtors all over the place. Yet Scott confessed that he introduced functorial
and monoidal
.
I intuitively tend to agree with his "slogan" that unbundled stuff is good for setting things up, but that bundled stuff is good for API's that users should see.
I thought there was some sort of philosophical objection to having both? Having both doesn't bother me...
I mean, having both long term.
And the general rule can be to not develop any new API for the unbundled stuff unless you're doing foundational things like direct_limit
.
I think we want mainly bundled homs and occasionally unbundled.
But I think direct_limit
should use bundled.
Well... it's there already, if you don't bind bundling some objects along the way...
If we wait a couple of days, the new concrete category infrastructure due to @Yury G. Kudryashov seems very promising.
Algebraic closures would be a marvellous place to test it out
I'm actually coming around to the idea that we want both bundled and unbundled versions of everything, even though we have to pay in the form of writing extra glue code. The glue code seems to work very well; that is, it only needs to be written once when setting up a new bundled/unbundled pair, and then it's pretty straightforward for the user.
Regarding direct_limit
--- there's actually some duplication now between the direct_limits
file, and the algebra/category/CommRing/(co)limits.lean
files.
I would really like to address that soon.
This is what I don't like about bundled homs: I write
∀ n, coeff n φ = coeff n ψ
and I get red squiggles under coeff
saying:
function expected at coeff n term has type mv_power_series ?m_1 ?m_2 →+ ?m_2
It can figure out those metavariables from φ
But it won't do that. So we need to hand hold it. And that means we have to explicitly provide a bunch of types all the time...
I think unfortunately both unbundled and bundled have major downsides.
Would this be an example of type class search failure that Leo wants to see?
Johan, can you get a minimized version of this that we could give to Leo and Daniel for Lean 4 miraculous resolution?
Specifically: a coercion is not kicking in. And it's well-understood why it doesn't.
Ok, you thought about this already...
Voila, a minimal example:
section variables {α : Type} [monoid α] def my_id : α →* α := { to_fun := id, map_one' := rfl, map_mul' := λ _ _, rfl } example (a : α) : my_id a = a := rfl end
Lean doesn't like the example
It's not minimal since →*
is not in core, right?
Aha... are there examples of bundled functions in core?
Probably not, but you can include (a minimized version of) the definition.
Just define monoid_hom in your minimal example, it's only about three lines.
There's a mysterious (to me) failure of has_coe_to_fun
in #1404. Is this also well understood? It's not at all obvious to me why removing some decidable_eq
assumptions should break this lemma.
I think Leo mentioned this issue in his request (coercions are not fired unless all metavariables are instantiated), but let's make a minimal example to show this off
This can be fixed in lean 4 but we have to make the problem clear
The one in #1404 doesn't fire even with type annotations.
could you summarize the problem? I don't see it in the commit
line 176 of field_theory/mv_polynomial
.
Not in the diff.
But the coe_to_fun
in that statement is broken even with type annotations.
maximum class-instance resolution depth has been reached (the limit can be increased by setting option 'class.instance_max_depth') (the class-instance resolution trace can be visualized by setting option 'trace.class_instances')
Next issue... bundled homs were supposed to make map_add
easier for simp
.
Never mind, I should shut up
I've bundled the homs in the order
PR: #1292
In the end, I think it wasn't even too painful.
I think, the problem is that currently the type of coe_fn f
can depend on f
, not only its type. On the one hand, this way we can coerce to function something like
structure bundled_fun := (dom : Type) (codom : Type) (to_fun : dom → codom)
On the other hand, if we have coe_fn f x
, then Lean can't start looking at x
before it knows f
. I see two possible solutions:
Define something like
lean
structure has_simple_coe_to_fun (α : Type*) (β : out_param Type*) := (coe : α → β)
and try it before has_coe_to_fun
Introduce convention (similar to, e.g., Python) that coe_fn f
is a notation for f.to_fun
.
Sure, each approach has its pros and cons. Hope, someone will come with a better idea.
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


imagingbook-calibrate 1.7-SNAPSHOT API
This Java library implements Zhang's camera calibration algorithm:
Reference: Z. Zhang, "A flexible new technique for camera calibration", IEEE Transactions on Pacodeern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22(11), pp. 1330-1334 (2000).
Note that this implementation performs the geometric part of camera calculation but does not provide interest point detection and point correspondence calculations. See this extensive report for details.
Author: Wilhelm Burger
Dependencies: Requires ImageJ, the ImagingBook Common library and Apache Commons Math.
Installation:
- Place
imagingbook-common.jar
andimagingbook-calibrate.jar
inImageJ/jars/
. - Place the sample plugins in
ImageJ/plugins/
. - Restart ImageJ.
Copyright and license terms: Permission to use and distribute this software is granted under the BSD 2-Clause "Simplified" License (see hcodep://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause). Copyright © 2016 Wilhelm Burger. All rights reserved.
| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| calibration_demos | |
| calibration_demos_more | |
| imagingbook.calibration.zhang |
Core classes of the camera calibration library.
|
| imagingbook.calibration.zhang.testdata |
Published test data for Zhang's camera calibration
method, provided as Java resources.
|
| imagingbook.calibration.zhang.util |
Various utility classes used by the calibration library.
|


JavaScript Basics
How does JavaScript compare to HTML and CSS?
HTML and CSS make up the content and style of a webpage, but they are not 'programming' languages. JavaScript on the other end is a high level programming language which means that it has a lot more powerful capablility. We can tell it to ask the user for something, and then react based on what the user says. It is fully dynamic in a way that HTML and CSS are not. The possiblities with javascript are endless!
Control Flow and Loops
Imagine you are deciding what to eat.  If you are hungry, you might have a light meal. If you are very hungry, you might have some chips, a steak, some potato salad and some dessert.
This is how javascript works in terms of flow, we have a variable 'hunger', and we choose an outcome depending on what that variable is.
A loop might work like heating up soup. We stir the pot on the stove, and then test to see if it is hot enough. We will continue to do this until the soup is hot, and then we can stop the loop, turn the stove off, and eat our soup!
Accessing data from arrays and object literals
An array is a collection of things, that aren't necessarily related. They can be a bunch of different types. Think of it like a toolbox, there's a whole bunch of tools in the tool box, but they aren't all the same tool. There are hammers, nails, screwdrivers and a lot of other tools! But even though they are different, they can all fit nicely in the tool box.
An object literal is one thing that has a bunch of properties. Like for example, a person. They are a person, that we identify by their name, but they also have a gender, weight, height and a phonenumber.
Functions
Functions are a way in which we can write a little bit of code and wrap it up to reuse again. This allows us to code more efficiently. We can use functions to perform 'functions' which make are lives coding much much easier.


8-year-old cancer survivor collects thousands for child cancer patients
David Lauritzen is an 8-year-old kid who wants to help kids with cancer by giving them toys and help ease their difficult journey.
"I had cancer and I knew that they wouldn't feel good," said David.
David and his parents are behind the non-profit David's Toy Project Inc., which buys toys for pediatric cancer patients. It all started a couple of years ago, when David's mother asked him if he would like to do anything to commemorate Childhood Cancer Awareness Month.


submission
Please see Call for Participation for details about submission types and criteria.
Please prepare your submissions (paper and/or poster abstract) according to the instructions for IEEE Visualization & Graphics Technical Committee (VGTC) conferences. LaTeX and Microsoft Word templates are provided. Please note that the instructions for InfoVis and Vis papers are not relevant for submissions to BioVis.
Guidelines for the preparation of camera-ready papers (after acceptance) are also located on the website of the IEEE Visualization & Graphics Technical Committee.
paper upload
BioVis 2012 is using the PCS submission system for paper submissions.
-
To submit a paper go to https://precisionconference.com/~vgtc, log in, and select "Submit to BioVis 2012 Papers". Remember that all materials have to be submitted by April 30, 5 PM PDT. Authors will be notified about the decision of the Program Committee by June 20.
poster upload
BioVis 2012 is using the PCS submission system for poster submissions.
- To submit an poster abstract go to https://precisionconference.com/~vgtc, log in, and select "Submit to BioVis 2012 Posters". Remember that all materials have to be submitted by June 27, 5 PM PDT. Authors will be notified about the decision of the Program Committee by July 27.
- Poster submissions consist of an extended abstract (up to 2 pages), which may include figures. This should be formatted according to the IEEE VGTC guidelines described above under "submission". Do NOT submit the actual large format poster document.
contest upload
All materials have to be submitted by July 11, 5 PM PDT. Authors will be notified about the decision of the Program Committee by July 27. Detailed information can be found on the contest page.
BioVis 2012 is sponsored by the IEEE VGTC. To contact the organizers please send an email to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>© 2012. BioVis. All Rights Reserved.


The purpose of this styleguide is to help developers to apply our best practices in a quick and easy way, minimizing ramp up and learning curve.
This syleguide has been divided into 3 main sections:
Within each of them you´ll find several definitions and, whenever needed, you´ll also find a way in which to copy the markup and paste it right into your code
with no aditional changes to be done. You can see the markup by clicking on the "Show markup" link beneath each component.
In those rare cases in which you need to execute javascript for the component to work in the expected way, you will also find the necessary code
documented.
This styleguide works directly with the sass
files of your distro. Therefore, whenever you make changes yo the local sass
files, you will be making changes to the styleguide.
The styleguide will help you preview all the components affected by your changes without the need of reviewing the whole site.
Note: For the changes to be rendered you will need to run:
gulp local styleguide
on your terminal command line.


Update: Many peoplea argue that messaging is flawed because your software breaks if you don't get a response. I wrote a new article, begging to differ.
I'm not going to link to the thread which set me off on this topic because there's no need to embarrass the people who say things like ...
Programming existed. Objects existed. Then [Alan] Kay contributed "-oriented" to the term "object-oriented programming" and the world went wild, but why?
Or another person, objecting to Kay's criticism of "modern" OO programming:
"It's different than what I already know so it's wrong." This kind of thinking is why I quit CS major, chose to not pursue a career in programming, and haven't looked back.
This was largely in response to Alan Kay's famous 1997 OOPSLA keynote which is worth watching in its entirety.
There's much more in that thread, and while some understood what Kay was trying to say, many others seemed unaware of Kay's background and acted as if he was some grumpy old dude who just graduated from a Rails Bootcamp.
This is Dr. Alan Kay we're talking about! He doesn't have random opinions about "objects", he invented the word back in the 60s . He saw what was happening in the programming world and was helping to craft many of these ideas, so he created a word to make these ideas easier to talk about.
And he's still bitter about choosing that word. It made people focus on the implementation rather than the behavior and it's all been downhill from there. Or as Dr. Kay put it "I invented the term Object-Oriented, and I can tell you I did not have C++ in mind."
Today, most developers think OOP is about classes and inheritance. Some of
the bright ones pipe up about encapsulation and polymorphism, but that's about
it. class Dog isa Mammal {...}
has won.
But for Dr. Kay, he states that OOP to me means only messaging, local retention and protection and hiding of state-process, and extreme late-binding of all things. Why? Well, part of his background was cell biology and when he did the math on their computational power, he realized that while software routinely has trouble scaling, cells can easily coordinate and scale by a factor of over a trillion, creating some of the most fantastically complex things in existence, capable of correcting their own errors. By comparison, the most sophisticated computer software programs are slow, tiny, bugfests. Kay's conception of OOP starts with a single question: how can we get our software to match this scalability?
First, let's discuss isolation. This is a shorter term than "local retention and protection and hiding of state-process".
The interior of a cell is messy and confusing, but the cell membrance wraps this up in a tidy package, hiding the internal details.  But you don't. Could your software keep running if you had millions of exceptions being thrown every minute? I doubt it.
 Consider the following (awful) example:
class MyExample:
def reciprocal(self, num):
return 1.0/num
example = MyExample()
print example.reciprocal(4);
print example.reciprocal(0);
In the above code, we've encapsulated the reciprocal equation in the class, but then ...
0.25
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "class.py", line 7, in <module>
print example.reciprocal(0);
File "class.py", line 3, in reciprocal
return 1.0/num
ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero
The object dies, as does the code which contained it. This is the antithesis of what Dr. Kay is trying to get us to understand.
If you think of Web browsers and servers as objects, however, we see something closer to his vision. If your browser crashed every time a web server crashed or was otherwise unavailable, Microsoft IIS would never have reached 2.0.
Now that we sort of understand a core idea of Kay's, Lets take it further. Kay points out that from the early days of Arpanet in the 60s, to the time of his OOPSLA keynote in 1997, Arpanet had grown roughly 100 million times the size of what it was. And it didn't have to be repeatedly taken down for maintenance every time we wanted to extend it. The internet, today, is sometimes cited by Kay as the only working example of his OO model.
Another key point is his arguing for extreme late-binding. What does that mean? Well, consider this code:
my $order = OrderFactory->fetch(%order_args);
my $invoice = $order->invoice;
If you have multiple "order" classes, you may not know which class you are
dealing with, so you can't know, at compile time which invoice
method you're calling. OOP languages generally don't select (bind) the method
(invoice
) for the invocant ($order
) until run time.
Otherwise, polymorphism can't work.
But what's extreme late binding? Does the invoice
method exist? In a language like Java, that code won't even compile if the
method doesn't exist. It might even be dead code that is never called, but you
can't compile it if that method isn't there. That's because Java at least
checks to ensure that the method exists and can be called.
For many dynamic languages, such as Perl (I ♥ Perl), there's no compilation problem at all because we don't bind the method to the invocant until that code is executed, but you might get a panicked 2AM call that your batch process has failed ... because you might have encapsulation, but not isolation. Oops. . This is "extreme" late binding with virtually no checks (other than syntax) performed until runtime.
Binding can also refer to binding a variable type to data. . While this is a grotesque oversimplification of a complex argument, one way of looking at the difference between static and dynamic languages is that static languages such as Java often bind the data type to the variable (in other words, the named container of the data), meaning that you can never assign a different type to that variable, while dynamic languages such as Perl bind the data type to the data itself, meaning that the data knows about its type, but the variable often does not. The latter is late binding because you often cannot infer, from static analysis, the data types at compile time.
Extreme late-binding is important because Kay argues that it permits you to not commit too early to the "one true way" of solving an issue (and thus makes it easier to change those decisions), but can also allow you to build systems that you can change while they are still running! When was the last time you changed the behavior of a program and didn't have to stop it and restart it, often waiting hours for a complex recompilation?
We can kind of see the isolation and late-binding, but it's messaging where Kay's message seems to fall down for most, even though he's quite insistent that it's the most important thing there is in OOP. In essence, objects should be able to announce that they did things and other objects can ignore them or say "hey, that's cool. Here's what I did in response."
But that doesn't really get to the core concept of messaging and frankly, this is the one area where I think Kay has been a touch vague, largely because many developers think that ideas are nice, but they want to see an implementation or proof of concept. In Kay's world. every object is almost like an entire computer, not just a unique area of responsibility, and each object can receive messages and figure out whether or not it knows how to deal with them.
In other words, you don't execute code by calling it by name: you send some data (a message) to an object and it figures out which code, if any, to execute in response. In fact, this can improve your isolation because the receiver is free to ignore any messages it doesn't understand. It's a paradigm most are not familiar with, but it's powerful.
There's a lot more to be said about this, but I'll stop and instead direct you to this article, written by Alan Kay, about The Early History of Smalltalk . I actually found myself giddy reading that, getting a glimpse into the Cambrian explosion of computing ideas which happened during the 60s and 70s. Sadly, computing, as with evolution, left that explosive era with powerful tools, but fewer ideas. Functional programming is slowly gaining more converts, logic programming is largely ignored , but most programming today is procedural or class-based OOP. But Kay's ideas of what he intended for OOP are still with us. You can check out Erlang and discover a marvelous programming language where code is isolated, late-binding, and passes messages around. And what do you get for that?
That last point is a killer feature for many companies. The Erlang syntax and behavior is strange for many developers (it looks a lot like Prolog with the solver removed), if you have millions of customers counting on your service to always be there, Erlang is a powerful option.
Kay argues (correctly, IMHO), that the computer revolution hasn't happened
yet because while our bodies are massively scalable meat computers, our
silicon computers generally don't scale in the slightest. This isn't just
because silicon is slow; it's because of things like print
customers.fetch(customer_id).last_name
not actually having a
last_name
method, throwing an exception (assuming it compiled in
the first place) and programmers getting frantic late-night calls to bring the
batch system back up. The only real upside is that it offers job security.
Sadly, this is where most of us are today. And would-be programmers get
silly lectures telling them that class Motorcycle extends
Vehicle
, the instructor (isa Person
) gets flustered
explaining for the nth time the difference between a class and an
instance, while a student (isa Person
) in the back is noticing
that a bicycle looks an awful lot like a motorcycle and the code she's looking
at doesn't seem to account for this.
So class-based OO has won, even with its limitations, arguments over inheritance versus composition, static versus dynamic typing, and programmers arguing whether "objects" are data with behaviors attached or vice versa. So this sometimes puts me in an awkward situation when someone asks me what objects are since the myriad disagreements are strong, and valid.
I sort of punt on this, taking a "meta view" of what we're trying to accomplish when we write software. So I'll finish up by offering my view on objects, with an extended quote from my book Beginning Perl .
ÆVAR THE PERSONAL SHOPPER
Many books have been written about OOP and even among experts, there is often disagreement about what OOP is. Many programmers have tried to explain OOP and leave the programmer confused. A case in point is the classic “An object is a data structure with behaviors attached to it.” Although that’s correct, that’s also an awful description and tells you almost nothing you need to know, so instead of giving you a textbook definition, we’re going to tell you a story.
You’re an awfully busy person and have little free time but plenty of disposable income, so you’ve decided to hire a personal shopper. His name is Ævar (any resemblance to reviewers of this book, living or dead, is purely coincidental) and he’s friendly, flamboyant, and most of all, cheap.
Because Ævar is new to both your city and the job, you have to tell him carefully how much money he can spend, exactly what quality of products you want, and where to buy them. You may even have to tell him which route to drive to pick up the goods and how to invoice you.
That, in essence, is procedural code and that’s what you’ve been doing up to now. You’ve been carefully telling the computer every step of the way what to do.
 And he does. He knows what you like and where to get it. He’s become an expert. In OO terms, you might now be doing this:
my $aevar = Shopper::Personal->new({ name => 'Ævar', budget => 100 }); $aevar->buy(@list_of_things_to_buy); my $invoice = $aevar->get_invoice;
You’re no longer telling Ævar every little step he needs to take to get your shopping done. He’s an expert, and he has all the knowledge needed to do your shopping for you and present you with the bill.
And that's it. Objects are simply experts. You tell them what you need and they get it done. Forget all of the handwaving about blueprints or "data with behaviors." Those are implementation details. And once you start thinking about objects as simply experts about a particular problem domain, OOP becomes much easier.
Please leave a comment below!
If you'd like top-notch consulting or training, email me and let's discuss how I can help you. Read my hire me page to learn more about my background.
Copyright © 2018-2023 by Curtis “Ovid” Poe.
Note number 1
Note number 2
Note number 3
Note number 4
AUTOLOAD
magic can handle this case, but that is an article for
another dayNote number 5
Note number 6
bless
a
reference in Perl, so that the variable is aware of its type. This is how OO
is done in Perl.Note number 7
Note number 8
Note number 9
Note number 10


Contact Us
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Source code for pvl_globalinplane
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import pvl_tools
def pvl_globalinplane(SurfTilt,SurfAz,AOI,DNI,In_Plane_SkyDiffuse, GR):
[docs] '''
Determine the three components on in-plane irradiance
Combines in-plane irradaince compoents from the chosen diffuse translation, ground
reflection and beam irradiance algorithms into the total in-plane irradiance.
Parameters
----------
SurfTilt : float or DataFrame
surface tilt angles in decimal degrees.
SurfTilt must be >=0 and <=180. The tilt angle is defined as
degrees from horizontal (e.g. surface facing up = 0, surface facing
horizon = 90)
SurfAz : float or DataFrame
Surface azimuth angles in decimal degrees.
SurfAz must be >=0 and <=360. The Azimuth convention is defined
as degrees east of north (e.g. North = 0, south=180, East = 90, West = 270).
AOI : float or DataFrame
Angle of incedence of solar rays with respect
to the module surface, from :py:mod:`pvl_getaoi`. AOI must be >=0 and <=180.
DNI : float or DataFrame
Direct normal irradiance (W/m^2), as measured
from a TMY file or calculated with a clearsky model.
In_Plane_SkyDiffuse : float or DataFrame
Diffuse irradiance (W/m^2) in the plane of the modules, as
calculated by a diffuse irradiance translation function
GR : float or DataFrame
a scalar or DataFrame of ground reflected irradiance (W/m^2), as calculated
by a albedo model (eg. :py:mod:`pvl_grounddiffuse`)
Returns
-------
E : float or DataFrame
Total in-plane irradiance (W/m^2)
Eb : float or DataFrame
Total in-plane beam irradiance (W/m^2)
Ediff : float or DataFrame
Total in-plane diffuse irradiance (W/m^2)
See also
--------
pvl_grounddiffuse
pvl_getaoi
pvl_perez
pvl_reindl1990
pvl_klucher1979
pvl_haydavies1980
pvl_isotropicsky
pvl_kingdiffuse
'''
Vars=locals()
Expect={'SurfTilt':('num','x>=0'),
'SurfAz':('num','x>=-180','x<=180'),
'AOI':('x>=0'),
'DNI':('x>=0'),
'In_Plane_SkyDiffuse':('x>=0'),
'GR':('x>=0'),
}
var=pvl_tools.Parse(Vars,Expect)
Eb = var.DNI*np.cos(np.radians(var.AOI)) #Implies that AOI is relative to normal CHECK
E = Eb + var.In_Plane_SkyDiffuse + var.GR
Ediff = var.In_Plane_SkyDiffuse + var.GR
return E, Eb, Ediff


| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| org.apache.olingo.odata2.api.processor |
Data Processor
|
| org.apache.olingo.odata2.api.processor.part |
Processor Parts
|
| org.apache.olingo.odata2.api.uri |
URI Parser Facade
|
| org.apache.olingo.odata2.jpa.processor.api |
OData JPA Processor API Library
|
| org.apache.olingo.odata2.jpa.processor.api.access |
OData JPA Processor API Library - Java Persistence Access
|
| org.apache.olingo.odata2.jpa.processor.ref.listeners | |
| org.apache.olingo.odata2.jpa.processor.ref.util | |
| org.apache.olingo.odata2.ref.processor |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| DeleteUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for DELETE requests.
|
| GetComplexPropertyUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of complex properties.
|
| GetEntityCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the count of a single entity (also known as existence check).
|
| GetEntityLinkCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the number of links to a single entity (also known as existence check).
|
| GetEntityLinkUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the URI of a single entity.
|
| GetEntitySetCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the number of entities.
|
| GetEntitySetLinksCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the number of links to entities.
|
| GetEntitySetLinksUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the URIs of entities.
|
| GetEntitySetUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of entities.
|
| GetEntityUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of a single entity.
|
| GetFunctionImportUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for requests
of function imports.
|
| GetMediaResourceUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the media resource of a single entity.
|
| GetMetadataUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the metadata document.
|
| GetServiceDocumentUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the service document.
|
| GetSimplePropertyUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of simple properties.
|
| PostUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for POST requests.
|
| PutMergePatchUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for PUT, PATCH, or MERGE requests.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| DeleteUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for DELETE requests.
|
| GetComplexPropertyUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of complex properties.
|
| GetEntityCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the count of a single entity (also known as existence check).
|
| GetEntityLinkCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the number of links to a single entity (also known as existence check).
|
| GetEntityLinkUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the URI of a single entity.
|
| GetEntitySetCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the number of entities.
|
| GetEntitySetLinksCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the number of links to entities.
|
| GetEntitySetLinksUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the URIs of entities.
|
| GetEntitySetUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of entities.
|
| GetEntityUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of a single entity.
|
| GetFunctionImportUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for requests
of function imports.
|
| GetMediaResourceUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the media resource of a single entity.
|
| GetMetadataUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the metadata document.
|
| GetServiceDocumentUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the service document.
|
| GetSimplePropertyUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of simple properties.
|
| PostUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for POST requests.
|
| PutMergePatchUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for PUT, PATCH, or MERGE requests.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| DeleteUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for DELETE requests.
|
| GetComplexPropertyUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of complex properties.
|
| GetEntityCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the count of a single entity (also known as existence check).
|
| GetEntityLinkCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the number of links to a single entity (also known as existence check).
|
| GetEntityLinkUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the URI of a single entity.
|
| GetEntitySetCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the number of entities.
|
| GetEntitySetLinksCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the number of links to entities.
|
| GetEntitySetLinksUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the URIs of entities.
|
| GetEntitySetUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of entities.
|
| GetEntityUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of a single entity.
|
| GetFunctionImportUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for requests
of function imports.
|
| GetMediaResourceUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the media resource of a single entity.
|
| GetMetadataUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the metadata document.
|
| GetServiceDocumentUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the service document.
|
| GetSimplePropertyUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of simple properties.
|
| PostUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for POST requests.
|
| PutMergePatchUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for PUT, PATCH, or MERGE requests.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| DeleteUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for DELETE requests.
|
| GetEntityCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the count of a single entity (also known as existence check).
|
| GetEntityLinkUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the URI of a single entity.
|
| GetEntitySetCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the number of entities.
|
| GetEntitySetLinksUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the URIs of entities.
|
| GetEntitySetUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of entities.
|
| GetEntityUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of a single entity.
|
| GetFunctionImportUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for requests
of function imports.
|
| PostUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for POST requests.
|
| PutMergePatchUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for PUT, PATCH, or MERGE requests.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| DeleteUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for DELETE requests.
|
| GetEntityCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the count of a single entity (also known as existence check).
|
| GetEntityLinkUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the URI of a single entity.
|
| GetEntitySetCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the number of entities.
|
| GetEntitySetLinksUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the URIs of entities.
|
| GetEntitySetUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of entities.
|
| GetEntityUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of a single entity.
|
| GetFunctionImportUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for requests
of function imports.
|
| PostUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for POST requests.
|
| PutMergePatchUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for PUT, PATCH, or MERGE requests.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| GetEntitySetUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of entities.
|
| GetEntityUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of a single entity.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| GetEntitySetUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of entities.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| DeleteUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for DELETE requests.
|
| GetComplexPropertyUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of complex properties.
|
| GetEntityCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the count of a single entity (also known as existence check).
|
| GetEntityLinkCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the number of links to a single entity (also known as existence check).
|
| GetEntityLinkUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the URI of a single entity.
|
| GetEntitySetCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the number of entities.
|
| GetEntitySetLinksCountUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the number of links to entities.
|
| GetEntitySetLinksUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the URIs of entities.
|
| GetEntitySetUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of entities.
|
| GetEntityUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of a single entity.
|
| GetFunctionImportUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for requests
of function imports.
|
| GetMediaResourceUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of the media resource of a single entity.
|
| GetSimplePropertyUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for GET requests
of simple properties.
|
| PostUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for POST requests.
|
| PutMergePatchUriInfo
Access to the parts of the request URI that are relevant for PUT, PATCH, or MERGE requests.
|
Copyright © 2013-2017 The Apache Software Foundation. All Rights Reserved.


- getAcumulativeValueByAlocateAll(int) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
Get the correct acumulativeValue in relation of
the quantity of subjects was alocated in the plan.
- getAcumulativeValueByDificulty(char, float, ArrayList<SubjectWorkload>) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
Return the acumulativeValue from the period using the
table classification below.
- getAcumulativeValueByDistinctPlans(int, int) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
The cumulative value is then given by subtracting 100 by the percentage of
similarity between the quantity of equal periods and total of the periods
not empty.
- getAcumulativeValueByLeisure(float, float, float) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
Get a acumulativeValue from a individual respecting
the hours to leisure from user.
- getAcumulativeValueByMaxHour(ArrayList<SubjectWorkload>) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
Return the acumulative value in relation of
the classification below:
if the difference between max and the second max is:
0 then: 100 - (0*25) is equals 100.
- getAcumulativeValueByNothingPeriod(ArrayList<SubjectWorkload>) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
Generate a value for nearest empty period.
- getAcumulativeValueByQttSubjects(int, char) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
- getAcumulativeValueByWasteHours(float, float) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
Get the percent of the real hours of the subject in relation
of the ideal hours that this subject should be.
- getAcumulativeValueByWorkload(int, char) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
Get the correct acumulativeValue from a list of subjectWorkloads
and the period of the day available.
- getAcumulativeValueFillPeriods(ArrayList<SubjectWorkload>, char) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
The ideal is fill all time period avaible
with a more subjects quantity.
- getAfternoon() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.DayPlanGene
-
- getAfternoon() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.Period
-
- getDificulty() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.Subject
-
- getDificultyPercent(int, int) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
Get dificulty percent in relation of the sum of
all others dificulties.
- getHoursToLeisure() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.Student
-
- getId() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.Subject
-
- getMorning() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.DayPlanGene
-
- getMorning() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.Period
-
- getName() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.Student
-
- getName() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.Subject
-
- getNewSubjectInstance(Subject) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.DayPlanGene
-
Get a new instance from a subject passed by param.
- getNewSubjectWorkloadInstance(EvolutionState, int) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.DayPlanGene
-
Get a new instance from a arbitrary subjectWorkload.
- getNight() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.DayPlanGene
-
- getNight() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.Period
-
- getPeriodAcumulativeValue(char, ArrayList<SubjectWorkload>) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
Get the acumulativeValue of the period passed by param.
- getQttHoursAvailable(DayPlanGeneVectorIndividual) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
get the quantity of hours available in all study plan.
- getQttIdealOfHours(int, int) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
Get the total of ideal hours to study a subject
with its dificulty percent.
- getQttRealOfHours(DayPlanGeneVectorIndividual, Subject) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
Get the sum of the all workload of the subject in the
all study plan.
- getStudyCycle() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.PeriodAvailable
-
- getSubject() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SubjectWorkload
-
- getSubjectDifferentOf(Subject, EvolutionState, int) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.DayPlanGene
-
Get a Subject different of the subject passed by param.
- getSumAllDificulty() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
Get the sum of all dificulty of the subjects.
- getWorkload() - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SubjectWorkload
-
- getWorkloadDifferentOf(int, EvolutionState, int) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.DayPlanGene
-
Get a workload different of the workload passed by param.
- getWorkloadOfTheSubject(ArrayList<SubjectWorkload>, int) - Method in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-
Get the workload of the subject passed by param.
- GOOD - Static variable in class ec.app.aspga.SchedulingStudyPlanProblem
-


The bizarre reason why a seventh tier rugby match in England is making national headlines
by Online EditorsA club match in the seventh tier of the English rugby pyramid wouldn’t normally attract nationwide headlines, but an encounter between Pinley Rugby Club and Sutton Coldfield side Spartans has done just that.
The two Midlands 2 West (South) sides played out a 0-0 draw at Wyken Croft in Coventry last week, an occurrence which is so rare that it has only happened seven times at international level since the end of the Second World War.
The last time a test match ended scoreless was in 2004, where African minnows Togo and Nigeria played out a 0-0 tie in an African Championship D2 fixture in Lome.
Prior to that, the next most recent scoreless stalemate came 47 years ago, when Italy and Portugal couldn’t register on the scoreboard in their 1972 meeting in Padova.
The Season: Hamilton Boys High School – Episode 2
Given how uncommon 0-0 draws are in rugby, questions are being asked of how neither Pinley nor Spartans couldn’t score any points last Saturday.
Nevertheless, Pinley president Gary Marks maintained to the BBC that the match – which featured six missed penalties, including one from right out in front, a yellow card and a dropped ball five metres from an open tryline – was a lot more entertaining than the scoreline suggests.
“The game had everything except points,” he said.
“We had a yellow card, all those missed penalties and one hit the post.
“The conditions weren’t actually that bad. It was cold but the rain held off and our pitch held up well. It was just that the two defences won the day.
“The people on social media saying it was dull obviously weren’t there.”
It isn’t the first time lower level English club rugby has made headlines this year, with Worcestershire club Bromsgrove capitalising on a two-man advantage to score 36 tries against South Leicester in a 240-0 thrashing in their fifth-tier Midlands Premier clash last month.
However, Pinley’s bizarre stalemate with Spartans sits at the complete opposite end of the spectrum.
“It wasn’t a bad game at all,” Marks said. “But, if they’d played on for another 30 minutes, nobody would have scored. It was that kind of day.
“Spartans had three penalties in the last 15 minutes and missed them all. The last one hit the post and bounced back.
“It has to be said though, there was a lot of laughing at the final whistle among both sets of players and a good spirit.”
Marks said the result lifted Pinley out of the relegation zone, as they now sit in 10th place in the 12-team league with seven points from as many games.
Spartans lie one place above them on 11 points.
Both sides will be in action again this weekend, as Spartans host sixth-placed Silhillians, while Pinley will travel to Bob Coward Memorial Ground to take on fourth-placed Barkers Butt.
In other news:


Reports any use of the
StringTokenizer
class. Many uses of
StringTokenizer
are incorrect in an internationalized environment.
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OSGi JMX Permission Admin Package Admin Package Version 1.2.
Bundles wishing to use this package must list the package in the Import-Package header of the bundle's manifest. For example:
Import-Package: org.osgi.jmx.service.permission; version="[1.2,2.0)"


Coach Mike G sits down with his JH, his longtime client and friend. Tune in to this podcast as they discuss daily routines, nutrition, challenges and triumphs.
 There’s no reason not to be! Enjoy hours of music to keep you motivated during your workouts.
Coach Mike G sets the record straight about false food tips and then replaces those myths with things you should really be doing.
Coach Mike P shares his process when working with GOATS that include Anthony Davis, Lebron James, and Jrue Holiday to name a few.
 There’s no reason not to be! Enjoy hours of music to keep you motivated during your workouts.
Coach Mike G sets the record straight about false food tips and then replaces those myths with things you should really be doing.
Coach Mike P shares his process when working with GOATS that include Anthony Davis, Lebron James, and Jrue Holiday to name a few.
 There’s no reason not to be! Enjoy hours of music to keep you motivated during your workouts.
Coach Mike G sets the record straight about false food tips and then replaces those myths with things you should really be doing.
Coach Mike P shares his process when working with GOATS that include Anthony Davis, Lebron James, and Jrue Holiday to name a few.


Kantabilon:
How sad! It reminds me of the feeling I get when I'm drinking alone on a rainy night... My, oh my, am I blue!
Here is your crystal. Enjoy it!


Ocala events
-
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OhioStateBuckeyes.com - The Official Athletic site of The Ohio State ...
2 days ago . The most comprehensive coverage of Ohio State Buckeyes Athletics on the . W Tennis, vs Boise State, 1:30 PM, Live Scoring . M Track, vs Vanderbilt Black and Gold Invitational, TBA . W Rowing, vs vs Michigan State, TBA .
http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/MHSAA Home | Michigan High School Athletic Association
The Michigan High School Athletic Association, Inc., is a private, voluntary association for public, . Corporate Partners · State Associations · Coaches Associations · Leagues & Conferences · FAQs . Registered users will be able to submit scores, follow schools, receive alerts and much more. . Cross Country, Track & Field .
http://www.mhsaa.com/
vik construction eugene oregon Upcoming events in Ocala
a chorus lins song Hottest Tickets
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Apr 11song lyrics billy joel my life
Amway Center -
Apr 28summer of fun bed linen
Amway Center -
Jun 25rear seat covers 2008 cadillac cts
Bob Carr Performing Arts Center -
Mar 30euston rail station left luggage
Amway Center -
Aug 27i will survive stefanie
Amway Center -
Jun 21sparknotes the human abstract
Amway Center -
Sep 13yahoo user group power king
Francis Field -
Mar 17bold fresh movie tour
St Augustine Amphitheatre -
Oct 8civil war reconstruction and abraham lincoln
Amway Center -
May 4concentra concentra portland me
Bob Carr Performing Arts Center
Ocala's best venues
-
Lake Superior State University Athletics
3/9/13 | Track & Field Balczak finishes second in NCAA Indoor heptathlon. 3/9/13 . 2/26/13 | Ice Hockey Lakers face U.P. rival Northern Michigan at the Berry Events Center. 2/26/13 . 2/16/13 | Ice Hockey Bruneteau scores game-winner .
http://www.lssulakers.com/ -
Michigan (album) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Greetings from Michigan, the Great Lake State on the cover) is a concept album . 1 Album art; 2 Track listing; 3 Recording and production; 4 Critical reception .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_(album) -
Michigan State 62, Michigan 46 - BIG TEN CONFERENCE Official ...
Officials: Barb Smith, Frank Steratore, Kevin Pethtel Technical fouls: Michigan- None. Michigan State-None. Attendance: Score by Periods 1st 2nd Total Michigan .
http://www.bigten.org/sports/w-baskbl/stats/030813aad.htmlc bickham dickson park
98 people's favorite
-
Indiana edges Michigan in final seconds - NCAA.com
4 days ago . Michigan State handles Northwestern. (1:40). Four Michigan State registered double-digit scoring as the No. 10 Spartans held off Nothwestern .
http://www.ncaa.com/video/basketball-men/2013-03-10/indiana-edges-michigan-final-seconds -
Blog recap: Michigan State, Keith Appling, back on track with ...
Mar 7, 2013 . The Badgers scored the first basket of the second half to pull to 25-20, but Michigan State answered with a 16-0 run and Wisconsin failed to .
http://www.mlive.com/spartans/index.ssf/2013/03/live_blog_michigan_state_baske_16.html


Grimes shares new track from Miss Anthropocene, ‘My Name Is Dark’
by Henry Bruce-JonesImage by: Popovy Sisters
Written, produced, performed and engineered by Grimes.
Fresh from introducing Elon Musk’s latest attempt at making everyone’s nerd dreams a reality, Grimes has shared a third track from her forthcoming album, Miss Anthropocene.
‘My Name Is Dark’ sees Grimes in dramatic indie rock earworm territory, writing, producing, performing and engineering what is arguably the catchiest track to be released from the new record to date.
The track follows ‘Violence’, her collaboration with EDM producer i_o, and ‘So Heavy I Fell Through The Earth’, which was released earlier this month.
Grimes has also revealed the album artwork for Miss Anthropocene, which she describes as depicting “the program the new gods use to edit and design the simulation.” Check that, and the tracklist, out below.
‘My Name Is Dark’ is out now. Miss Anthropocene arrives on February 21, 2020, via 4AD.
Tracklist:
01. ‘So Heavy I Fell Through the Earth (Art Mix)’
02. ‘Darkseid’ (Grimes & 潘PAN)
03. ‘Delete Forever’
04. ‘Violence’ (Grimes & i_o)
05. ‘4ÆM’
06. ‘New Gods’
07. ‘My Name is Dark’
08. ‘You’ll miss me when I’m not around’
09. ‘Before the fever’
10. ‘IDORU’
Read next: Sonic Futures – How Technology is Guiding Electronic Music
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$ua = $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']; $da_cache_provider = new Mobi_Mtld_DA_CacheProvider_FileCacheProvider(); $da_api_cached = new Mobi_Mtld_DA_ApiCached("json/sample.json", $da_cache_provider); $properties = $da_api_cached->getProperties($ua);Client side properties Client side properties can be collected and merged into the results by using the DeviceAtlas Javascript detection file. The results from the client side are sent to the server inside a cookie. The contents of this cookie can be passed to the DeviceAtlas getProperty and getProperties methods. The client side properties over-ride any data file properties and also serve as an input into additional logic to determine other properties such as the iPhone models that are otherwise not detectable. The following code shows how this can be done:
$ua = $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']; // Get the cookie containing the client side properties $cookie_contents = null; if (isset($_COOKIE['DAPROPS'])){ $cookie_contents = $_COOKIE['DAPROPS']; } $da_cache_provider = new Mobi_Mtld_DA_CacheProvider_FileCacheProvider(); $da_api_cached = new Mobi_Mtld_DA_ApiCached("json/sample.json", $da_cache_provider); $properties = $da_api_cached->getProperties($ua, $cookie_contents);Note: It is not recommended to use ApiCached extension for batch processing (i.e. multiple User-Agent detections during a single request). In these situations use standard API interface. See Api.php for more information
Mobi_Mtld_DA_ApiCached $obj = new Mobi_Mtld_DA_ApiCached( string $pathToJson, Mobi_Mtld_DA_CacheProvider_CacheProviderInterface $cacheProvider, boolean $useTreeOptimizer, string $treeOptimizerCacheDir, boolean $includeChangeableUserAgentProperties )
Creates new instance of Mobi_Mtld_DA_ApiCached object
void $obj->clearTreeOptimizerCache()
Deletes all TreeOptimizer cache files
array $obj->getProperties(string $userAgent, string | null $cookie)
Returns an array of known properties (as strings) for the user agent
string $obj->getProperty(string $userAgent, string $property, string | null $cookie)
Returns a value for the named property for this user agent
void $obj->populateTreeOptimizerCache()
Automatically populate full TreeOptimizer cache
void $obj->setUseSysTempDir(boolean $useSysTempDir)
DEPRECATED, not functional


---
layout: post
title: Can You Match The Youtube Video To The Gender That Watched It Most?
thumbnail: /img/youtubegenderquizthumb.jpg/
imagelink: http://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2013/10/Fifi-DuBois.jpg
---
Here are the 18 most popular videos on Youtube this week. Can you figure out which gender watched each video more?
Videos obtained from Youtube's Trends dashboard three days prior to this post


Readers of SIAM News may remember that on June 4, less than a minute into its first flight, the French rocket Ariane 5 self-destructed. As it happened, the board appointed by CNES (Centre national des études spatiales) and ESA (the European Space Agency) to investigate the failure was chaired by applied mathematician Jacques-Louis Lions of the Collège de France. The story of the uncovering of the software error that led to the crash is summarized here, based on an English translation of parts of the board’s report, which was completed within six weeks of the explosion.
On the basis of the documentation and information available to the board, the weather at the launch site in Kourou, French Guiana, on the morning of June 4, 1996, was acceptable for a launch. In particular, there was no risk of lightning since the strength of the electric field measured at the launch site was negligible. The only uncertainty was whether visibility criteria would be fulfilled.
The countdown went smoothly until 7 minutes before the scheduled liftoff time, when the launch was put on hold because the visibility criteria were not met. Visibility conditions improved as forecast, however, and the launch was initiated. Ignition of the Vulcain engine and the two solid boosters was nominal, as was liftoff. The flight of the vehicle was nominal until approximately 37 seconds after liftoff. Shortly after that time, the vehicle suddenly veered off its flight path, broke up, and exploded. A preliminary investigation of flight data showed:
The self-destruction of the launcher occurred near the launch pad, at an altitude of approximately 4000 meters. Recovery of the debris, which was scattered over an area of approximately 12 square kilometers east of the launch pad, proved difficult since this area is nearly all mangrove swamp or savanna.
Nevertheless, it was possible to retrieve the two SRIs from the debris. Of particular interest was the one that had worked in active mode and stopped functioning last, and for which certain information was therefore not available in the telemetry data (provision for transmission of this information to the ground was confined to whichever of the two units might fail first). The results of the examination of this unit were very helpful in the analysis of the failure sequence.
For improved reliability, there is considerable redundancy at the equipment level. Two SRIs operate in parallel, with identical hardware and software. One SRI is active, and one is in “hot” stand-by; if the OBC detects that the active SRI has failed, it immediately switches to the other one, provided that this unit is functioning properly. Likewise, there are two OBCs, and a number of other units in the flight control system are duplicated as well.
The design of the SRI used in Ariane 5 is almost identical to that of Ariane 4, particularly with regard to the software. Based on the extensive documentation and data made available to the board, the following chain of events was established, starting with the destruction of the launcher and tracing back in time toward the primary cause:
The launcher began to disintegrate at about 39 seconds because of high aerodynamic loads resulting from an angle of attack of more than 20 degrees, which led to separation of the boosters from the main stage, which in turn triggered the self-destruct system of the launcher.
This angle of attack was caused by full nozzle deflections of the solid boosters and the main Vulcain engine.
The nozzle deflections were commanded by the OBC software on the basis of data transmitted by the active SRI (SRI 2). Part of the data for that time did not consist of proper flight data, but rather showed a diagnostic bit pattern of the computer of SRI 2, which was interpreted as flight data.
SRI 2 did not send correct attitude data because the unit had declared a failure due to a software exception.
The OBC could not switch to the back-up SRI (SRI 1) because that unit had already ceased to function during the previous data cycle (72-millisecond period) for the same reason as the SRI 2.
The internal SRI software exception was caused during execution of a data conversion from a 64-bit floating-point number to a 16-bit signed integer value. The value of the floating-point number was greater than what could be represented by a 16-bit signed integer. The result was an operand error. The data conversion instructions (in Ada code) were not protected from causing operand errors, although other conversions of comparable variables in the same place in the code were protected.
The error occurred in a part of the software that controls only the alignment of the strap-down inertial platform. The results computed by this software module are meaningful only before liftoff. After liftoff, this function serves no purpose. The alignment function is operative for 50 seconds after initiation of the flight mode of the SRIs (3 seconds before liftoff for Ariane 5). Consequently, when liftoff occurs, the function continues for approximately 40 seconds of flight. This time sequence is based on a requirement of Ariane 4 that is not shared by Ariane 5.
The operand error occurred because of an unexpected high value of an internal alignment function result, called BH (horizontal bias), which is related to the horizontal velocity sensed by the platform. This value is calculated as an indicator for alignment precision over time. The value of BH was much higher than expected because the early part of the trajectory of Ariane 5 differs from that of Ariane 4 and results in considerably higher horizontal velocity values.
The internal SRI events that led to the failure have been reproduced by simulation calculations. Furthermore, both SRIs were recovered during the board’s investigation, and the failure context was determined precisely from memory readouts. In addition, the board examined the software code, which was shown to be consistent with the failure scenario.
The board feels, therefore, that it is established beyond reasonable doubt that the chain of events set out above reflects the technical causes of the failure.
The board was told that not all the conversions were protected because a maximum workload target of 80% had been set for the SRI computer. To determine the vulnerability of unprotected code, an analysis was performed on every operation that could give rise to an exception, including an operand error. In particular, the conversion of floating-point values to integers was analyzed; operations involving seven variables were at risk of leading to operand errors. This led to protection being added to four of the variables, evidence of which appears in the Ada code. However, three of the variables were left unprotected. No direct reference to justification for this decision was found in the source code. Given the large amount of documentation associated with any industrial application, the assumption, although agreed upon, was essentially obscured, although not deliberately, from any external review.
The three remaining variables, including the one denoting horizontal bias, were unprotected because further reasoning indicated either that they were physically limited or that there was a large margin of safety---reasoning that in the case of the variable BH turned out to be faulty.
There is no evidence that any trajectory data were used to analyze the behavior of the unprotected variables, and it is even more important to note that it was jointly agreed not to include the Ariane 5 trajectory data in the SRI requirements and specifications. Although the source of the operand error has been identified, this in itself did not cause the mission to fail. The specification of the exception-handling mechanism also contributed to the failure. In the event of any kind of exception, according to the system specification, the failure should be indicated on the databus, the failure context should be stored in an EEPROM memory (which was recovered and read out for Ariane 5), and, finally, the SRI processor should be shut down.
It was the decision to cease the processor operation that finally proved fatal. Restart is not feasible since attitude is too difficult to recalculate after a processor shutdown; therefore, the SRI becomes useless. The reason behind this drastic action lies in the custom within the Ariane program of addressing only random hardware failures. From this point of view, exception- or error-handling mechanisms are designed for random hardware failures, which can quite rationally be handled by a backup system.
Although the failure resulted from a systematic software design error, mechanisms can be introduced to mitigate this type of problem. For example, the computers within the SRIs could have continued to provide their best estimates of the required attitude information. There is reason for concern that a software exception should be allowed, or even required, to cause a processor to halt while handling mission-critical equipment. Indeed, the loss of a proper software function is hazardous because the same software runs in both SRI units. In the case of Ariane 5, this resulted in the switching off of two still healthy critical units of equipment.
The original requirement acccounting for the continued operation of the alignment software after liftoff was brought forward more than 10 years ago for the earlier models of Ariane, in order to cope with the rather unlikely event of a hold in the countdown, e.g., between –9 seconds, when flight mode starts in the SRI of Ariane 4, and –5 seconds, when the resetting of certain events initiated in the launcher would take several hours. The period selected for this continued alignment operation, 50 seconds after the start of flight mode, was based on the time needed for the ground equipment to resume full control of the launcher in the event of a hold. This special feature made it possible with the earlier versions of Ariane to restart the countdown without waiting for normal alignment, which takes 45 minutes or more, so that a short launch window could still be used. In fact, this feature was used once, in 1989. The same requirement does not apply to Ariane 5, which has a different preparation sequence, and it was maintained for commonality reasons, presumably based on the view that, unless proven necessary, it was not wise to make changes in software that worked well on Ariane 4.
Even in the cases in which the requirement is still found to be valid, it is questionable for the alignment function to be operating after liftoff. Alignment of mechanical and laser strap-down platforms involves the use of complex mathematical filter functions to properly align the x-axis to the gravity axis and to find north from sensing of the earth’s rotation. The assumption of preflight alignment is that the launcher is positioned at a known and fixed position. Therefore, the alignment function is totally disrupted when performed during flight: The measured movements of the launcher are interpreted as sensor offsets and other coefficients characterizing sensor behavior.
Returning to the software error, software is an expression of a highly detailed design and does not fail in the same sense as a mechanical system. Furthermore, software is flexible and expressive and thus encourages highly demanding requirements, which in turn lead to complex implementations that are difficult to assess.
An underlying theme in the development of Ariane 5 is a bias toward the mitigation of random failure. The supplier of the SRI followed the specifications given to it, which stipulated that in the event of any detected exception the processor was to be stopped. The exception that occurred was due not to random failure but to a design error. The exception was detected but was handled inappropriately because the view had been taken that software should be considered correct until it is shown to be at fault. The board has reason to believe that this view is also accepted in other areas of Ariane 5 software design. The board favors the opposite view---that software should be assumed to be faulty until application of the currently accepted best practice methods can demonstrate that it is correct.
This means that critical software---in the sense that failure of the software puts the mission at risk---must be identified at a very detailed level, that exceptional behavior must be confined, and that a reasonable back-up policy must take software failures into account.


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| Jump to DART Documentation Main Index |
If you found your way to this file without reading more basic DART help files, please read those first. $DART/README is a good place to find pointers to those files. This document gives specific help in setting up a CESM+DART assimilation for the first time. Unless you just came from there, also see the ../{your_model(s)}/model_mod.html documentation about the code-level interfaces and namelist values.
Most other models are either called by DART (low order models), or are run by DART via a shell script command (e.g. WRF). In contrast, CESM runs its forecast, and then calls DART to do the assimilation. The result is that assimilation set-up scripts for CESM components focus on modifying the set-up and build of CESM to accommodate DART's needs, such as multi-instance forecasts, stopping at the assimilation times to run filter, and restarting with the updated model state. The amount of modification of CESM depends on which version of CESM is being used. Later versions require fewer changes because CESM has accommodated more of DART's needs with each CESM release. This release of DART focuses on selected CESM versions from 1_2_1 onward, through CESM2 (June, 2017) and versions to be added later. Using this DART with other CESM versions will quite possibly fail.
Since the ability to use DART has not been completely integrated into CESM testing, it is necessary to use some CESM fortran subroutines which have been modified for use with DART. These must be provided to CESM through the SourceMods mechanism. SourceMods for selected versions of CESM are available from the DART website. They can often be used as a template for making a SourceMods for a different CESM version. If you have other CESM modifications, they must be merged with the DART modifications.
These have been exploited most fully in the CAM interfaces to DART, since the other components' interfaces still use older CESMs. The cam-fv/shell_scripts can be used as a template for updating other models' scripting. The multi-cycling capability, with the short- and long-term archivers running as separate jobs at the end, results in assimilation jobs which rapidly fill the scratch space. Cam-fv's and pop's assimilate.csh scripts have code to remove older and unneeded CESM restart file sets during the run. All of DART's output and user selected, restart file sets are preserved.
DART's manhattan release includes the change to hard-wired input and output
filenames in filter. Cam-fv's assimilate.csh renames these files into
the CESM file format:
$case.$component{_$instance}.$filetype.$date.nc.
DART's hard-wired names are used as new filetypes, just like CESM's existing
"r", "h0", etc.
For example, preassim_mean.nc from a CAM assimilation named Test0 will be renamed
Test0.cam.preassim_mean.2013-03-14-21600.nc
The obs_seq files remain an exception to this renaming,
since they are not in NetCDF format (yet).
CESM can be configured with many combinations of its components (CAM, CLM, POP, CICE, ...) some of which may be 'data' components, which merely read in data from some external source and pass it to the other, active, components to use. The components influence each other only through the coupler. There are several modes of assimilating observations in this context.
The first, and simplest, consists of assimilating relevant observations into one active component. Most/all of the rest of the components are 'data'. For example, observations of the oceans can be assimilated into the POP model state, while the atmospheric forcing of the ocean comes from CAM re-analysis files, and is not changed by the observations. A variation of this is used by CAM assimilations. A CAM forecast usually uses an active land component (CLM) as well as an active atmospheric component. Atmospheric observations are assimilated only into the CAM state, while the land state is modified only through its interactions with CAM through the coupler. Each of these assimilations is handled by one of $DART/models/{cam-fv, pop, clm, ...} If you want to use an unusual combination of active and data components, you may need to (work with us to) modify the setup scripts.
|
It's also possible to assimilate observations into multiple active components, but restricting the impact of observations to only "their own" component. So in a "coupled" CESM with active CAM and POP, atmospheric observations change only the CAM model state while oceanic observations change only the POP model state. This mode uses multiple DART models; cam-fv and pop in this example to make a filter for each model. |
|
Work is underway to enable the assimilation of all observations into multiple active CESM components. So observations of the atmosphere would directly change the POP state variables and vice versa. Some unresolved issues include defining the "distance" between an observation in the atmosphere and a grid point in the ocean (for localization), and how frequently to assimilate in CAM versus POP. This mode will use code in this models/CESM directory. |
| SCRIPT | NOTES |
|---|---|
| $DART/models/cam-fv/ | A 'model' for each CAM dynamical core (see note below this outline) |
| model_mod.* | The fortran interface between CAM-FV and DART |
| shell_scripts/ | |
| no_assimilate.csh,... | Independent_of_cesm_version |
| cesm1_5/ | |
| setup_hybrid,... | Dependent on CESM version |
| cesm2_0/ | |
| setup_hybrid,... | Dependent on CESM version |
| $DART/models/pop/ | A 'model' for each ocean model (MOM may be interfaced next) |
| model_mod.* | The fortran interface between CAM-FV and DART |
| shell_scripts/ | |
| no_assimilate.csh,... | Independent_of_cesm_version |
| cesm1_5/ | |
| setup_hybrid,... | Dependent on CESM version |
| cesm2_0/ | |
| setup_hybrid,... | Dependent on CESM version |
| ... |
For each CAM dynamical core "model", e.g. "cam-fv", the scripts in cesm#_# will handle: all CAM variants + vertical resolutions (*dy-core is NOT part of this.*): CAM5.5, CAM6, ... WACCM4, WACCM6, WACCM-X... CAM-Chem, ... all horizontal resolutions of its dy-core: 1.9x2.5, 0.9x1.25, ..., for cam-fv ne30np4, ne0_CONUS,..., for cam-se
Here is a list of steps to set up an assimilation from scratch, except that it assumes you have downloaded DART and learned how to use it with low order models. Some of the steps can be skipped if you have a suitable replacement, as noted.
CESM's short term archiver (st_archive) is controlled by its env_archive.xml. DART's setup scripts modify that file to archive DART output along with CESM's. (See the list of RMA changes for a description of DART's output). DART's output is archived in $arch_dir/dart/{hist,rest,logs,...}, where arch_dir is defined in setup_{hybrid,advanced}, hist contains all of the state space and observation space output, and rest contains the inflation restart files.
Central directory
The cam-XX assimilate.csh scripts also make a copy of the obs_seq.final files in a scratch space ($scratch/$case/Obs_seqs) which won't be removed by CESM's long term archiver, if that is run.
Space requirements (Gb per ensemble member) for several CAM resolutions.
There are, no doubt, things missing from these lists, so don't struggle too long before contacting dart'at'ucar.edu.
Useful terms found in this web page.
DART software - Copyright UCAR. This open source software is provided by UCAR, "as is", without charge, subject to all terms of use at http://www.image.ucar.edu/DAReS/DART/DART_download


Universal Resource Loading in Java
Loading images and files in Java is relatively simple. Maybe not through one-liners like in Python, but the trade-off is flexibility. There are a number of ways to load resources within a Java program. On searching the internet, you’ll probably find something like this.
try{ File file = new File("file.txt"); FileInputStream fs = new FileInputStream(file); DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(fs); BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in)); String line; while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) System.out.println(line); in.close(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
Alternatively, we could have simply passed in the file name as a String directly into the FileInputStream constructor.
DataInputStreams are useful especially for reading binary files and calling methods such as “in.readInt()” amongst others for custom file formats. However, if we simply wanted to load a plain text file , there is an easier method.
try{ File file = new File("file.txt"); BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file)); String line; while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) System.out.println(line); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
You might notice the fact that nobody ever bothers to cloes FileReaders, BufferedReaders, FileInputStreams and DataInputStreams by calling “close();” on their instances. This would be the primary reason to assign them to variables, not legibility, instead of cramming everything into one line. But that’s another story.
Anyway, there are many different ways to load files and manage errors and eventually things get messy and you’ll find yourself having to catch exceptions left and right.
The same goes for loading images; the most common way to load an image is as follows.
BufferedImage img = null; try { img = ImageIO.read(new File("image.png")); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
If all of this is so widely accepted, why am I complaining you ask? The number one biggest issue with loading files by far, is getting the paths right and there is a simple solution that few people know that I’ll share with you today.
Assuming you’re creating an application that you plan to release, you’ll probably be packing your resources in the jar itself and want a relative path that you can get using “MyClass.class.getResource(“image.png”);” for example. However, if your project is reasonably complex, you might have organised your resources in folders such as “images/image.png” and you load it using that relative path thinking you’ve solved the problem.
Problem #1: Cross-platform compatibility
If you choose your file separator to be “\” you’re in for a world of hurt once you realise that this only works on Windows. You might think “Oh well I’ll solve this inconsistency by typing it as “images”+File.separator+”image.png” ” and generally, that would be fine only there’s one problem: applets. But we’ll get to that later. For now, trust me when I say always use forward slashes (/).
Problem #2: Applets
If you want to load an image in an applet, the standard way to go about it would be as follows.
BufferedImage img = null; try { img = ImageIO.read(new URL("http://www.example.com/image.png")); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
So far it may seem fine. You can already imagine creating methods to store the root URL where the images are stored but it would only work for images outside of the jar and, depending on the server your jar is on, might be limited to getting images only off of that server.
Then the much, much bigger problem appears. You can’t load files using the above methods. At all. If you try to convert your path names to URIs using the “toURI();” method, you’ll notice the path starts with “file://” or something similar depending on your OS. You simply cannot load resources that exist on a web server using the traditional techniques.
Even worse, “File.separator” only applies to files! It will ruin the URL if you try it on a Windows PC so you must use “/” and I guarantee you it will work most anywhere.
There are several solutions that I wont bother boring you with for now. We want a universal, elegant and safe solution that will work on anything. Scroll down and skip the next part to read it if you want to skip my reasoning.
Now if you’re like me, you’ll like to comply with intelligent standards and best practices but rage at things that have become “the standard way” out of tradition. This isn’t just a problem in programming; if you look at the field of economics for instance, you’ll find that when plotting supply and demand curves, price is put on the vertical axis simply because that’s the way it has always been done. Any mildly scientific person will tell you that it doesn’t make sense and that price should be on the horizontal axis and economists know this too but it doesn’t change because it’s too late! I digress.
So the only thing we can do is put in the extra mile to make sure our code works on all major OSs, browsers, and modes which I fundamentally believe is our duty as programmers. It doesn’t matter if I think Mac is crap, or if Windows 8 will ruin everything, people will use it and it is our job to fulfil these people’s needs to the best of our abilities.
Solution
Now to the final solution. I prefer to keep my resources in the jar themselves which (if you sign your jars) will guarantee that they are always there and you don’t have to rely on external resources. It’s also faster and safer than loading things from an arbitrary URL. The superior, little known way to load resources universally is as follows. Ready?
For images:
BufferedImage img = null; try { img = ImageIO.read(MyClass.class.getResource("images/"+fileName)); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
Where MyClass is a class in the same directory as the package/folder “images” and fileName is something like “image.png”.
For other files:
try { InputStream in = MyClass.class.getResource("folder/"+fileName).openStream(); InputStreamReader ir = new InputStreamReader(in); BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(ir); String line; while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) System.out.println(line); br.close(); ir.close(); in.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
Now of course there are a bunch of types of files you can load, but the key points here are getResource(…), forward slashes, openStream() and having clean code. This will always work no matter what and spare you the headaches especially if you’re coding an application that can run as an applet or standalone. The rest is up for experimentation.


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Consumer Council receives 1,847 complaints through Alternative Dispute Resolution division
by Violet MatakibauThe Consumer Council of Fiji from the 1st of January to June this year, through its Alternative Dispute Resolution division, received 1,847 complaints with a monetary value of close to $2.6 million.
Some of the complaints lodged at the Consumer Council were landlord and tenancy matters, putrid or rotten food products, electronic faulty goods and mobile product complaints.
Council Chief Executive Officer Seema Shandil says, they resolved 1,670 complaints through successful mediation and these resolved complaints had a monetary value of $2,011,053.30.
She adds that the other complaints have been referred to Small Claims Tribunal and to other authorities.
The council also recorded 72 cases during this period where complainants failed to provide adequate documentation to substantiate their complaints.
Shandil has advised the public if they ever need to lodge a complain they can always call the National consumer helpline toll on 155.


komodo-cli help is where I started with, the template of a createrawtransaction looks like this, you pick thetxid & vout from listunspent
komodo-cli -ac_name=NAME createrawtransaction "[{\"txid\":\"xxx\",\"vout\":1},{\"txid\":\"yyy\",\"vout\":4}]" "{\"RReceiver1\":0.4991,\"RReceiver2\":1.3195}"
(edited)