Bitcoin trading algorithm using Twitter API data.
As part of the Maroon Capital Systematic Cohort, our team was tasked with designing and testing a data driven trading algorithm. We hypothesized that given Bitcoin large pop culture presence, its price may be sensitive to changes in public sentiment. To determine public sentiment, we used four years of Twitter API data from https://www.kaggle.com/alaix14/bitcoin-tweets-20160101-to-20190329. To generate a daily score, we applied VADER to each tweet, taking the difference of the positive and negative score, then multiplying by number of likes.
Price of Bitcoin (orange) vs public sentiment score (blue)
We traded on the ratio of our public sentiment score to the price of Bitcoin, assuming that the ratio would be mean-reverting. As such, our trading strategy was dependent on two parameters: lookback and width. When the present signal exceeds the mean of the signal over the lookback window plus the width times the standard deviation over the lookback window, we short Bitcoin and hold until this condition is no longer satisfied. We buy when the signal is less than the mean minus the width times the standard deviation, and sell when the condition is no longer satisfied. For example, here is how the algorithm did with lookback = 20 and width = 2.
Signal vs Upper and Lower Bands (lookback = 20, width = 2)
Positions held (lookback = 20, width = 2)
Profit and Loss (lookback = 20, width = 2)
To find optimal parameters, we then grid-searched over lookback and width using our training data. Other optimazation techniques (such as gradient descent) work best on continous and differentiable cost functions. However, the discrete nature of trading algorithm implies the cost function (sharpe ratio) should not be continuous nevertheless differentiable. Note that the surface below just linearly connects the points where the sharpe ratio was calculated and may not be a good approximation for other points.
The grid search seems to have ridges that correlate with the width chosen. A plausible explanation for this trend is that higher widths selects for the same extreme public sentiment/pricing events. Around 1.5 and 2.3, the trading strategy seems especially profitable. However, these standard deviations may be arbitrary and may just fit the profitable extreme events in the training data set. Nevertheless, we took the optimal parameters on the training data and applied them to the testing data.
Profit and loss for the optimal parameters on the training data applied to the testing data.
With a Sharpe Ratio of 1.28, the algorithm is successful, but given the small sample size of positions taken and the concern about overfitting extreme events, I would be hestitant to trust the predictive power of the model.


Buffalo Plains [at59], plain, in Imperia, peasants: 101
Last updated Turn #96
Buffalo Plains [at59], plain, in Imperia, peasants: 101
------------------------------------------------------------------------
25: Pleasure Sloop [v5n], ship, 30 hulls, 1 rowing port, 90 sails, arrived
25: from Ocean [as59], owner:
25: Dorothy [v1b], Pen, with 94 sailors
26: Pleasure Sloop [v5n], ship, 30 hulls, 1 rowing port, 90 sails,
26: departed for Ocean [at58].
27: Horde of rats [ez6i], rats, number: 11, arrived from the south.
29: Horde of rats [ez6i], rats, number: 11, went east.
30: Wild men [fo3e], savages, number: 14, arrived from the south.
Routes leaving Buffalo Plains:
North, to Ocean [as59], The Inner Sea, 2 days
East, plain, to Buffalo Plains [at60], 7 days
South, plain, to Buffalo Plains [au59], 7 days
West, to Ocean [at58], The Inner Sea, 2 days
Inner locations:
Poppy field [ae1w], poppy field, 1 day, owner:
Ratspider [al8m], ratspiders, number: 56
It is windy.
Seen here:
Stack of nazgul [iz2l], nazgul, number: 4
Wild men [di7o], savages, number: 17
Horde of rats [ez6i], rats, number: 10
Wild men [fo3e], savages, number: 13


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Timer library for AVR-GCC.
More...
#include <avr/io.h>
Go to the source code of this file.
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#define | TIM0_stop() TCCR0B &= ~((1<<CS02) | (1<<CS01) | (1<<CS00)); |
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#define | TIM0_overflow_16us() TCCR0B &= ~((1<<CS02) | (1<<CS01)); TCCR0B |= (1<<CS00); |
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#define | TIM0_overflow_128us() TCCR0B &= ~((1<<CS02) | (1<<CS00)); TCCR0B |= (1<<CS01); |
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#define | TIM0_overflow_1ms() TCCR0B &= ~(1<<CS02); TCCR0B |= ((1<<CS01) | (1<<CS00)); |
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#define | TIM0_overflow_4ms() TCCR0B &= ~((1<<CS01) | (1<<CS00)); TCCR0B |= (1<<CS02); |
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#define | TIM0_overflow_16ms() TCCR0B &= ~(1<<CS01); TCCR0B |= ((1<<CS02) | (1<<CS00)); |
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#define | TIM0_overflow_interrupt_enable() TIMSK0 |= (1<<TOIE0); |
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#define | TIM0_overflow_interrupt_disable() TIMSK0 &= ~(1<<TOIE0); |
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#define | TIM1_stop() TCCR1B &= ~((1<<CS12) | (1<<CS11) | (1<<CS10)); |
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#define | TIM1_overflow_4ms() TCCR1B &= ~((1<<CS12) | (1<<CS11)); TCCR1B |= (1<<CS10); |
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#define | TIM1_overflow_33ms() TCCR1B &= ~((1<<CS12) | (1<<CS10)); TCCR1B |= (1<<CS11); |
| |
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#define | TIM1_overflow_262ms() TCCR1B &= ~(1<<CS12); TCCR1B |= (1<<CS11) | (1<<CS10); |
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#define | TIM1_overflow_1s() TCCR1B &= ~((1<<CS11) | (1<<CS10)); TCCR1B |= (1<<CS12); |
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#define | TIM1_overflow_4s() TCCR1B &= ~(1<<CS11); TCCR1B |= (1<<CS12) | (1<<CS10); |
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#define | TIM1_overflow_interrupt_enable() TIMSK1 |= (1<<TOIE1); |
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#define | TIM1_overflow_interrupt_disable() TIMSK1 &= ~(1<<TOIE1); |
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#define | TIM2_stop() TCCR2B &= ~((1<<CS22) | (1<<CS21) | (1<<CS20)); |
| |
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#define | TIM2_overflow_16us() TCCR2B &= ~((1<<CS22) | (1<<CS21)); TCCR2B |= (1<<CS20); |
| |
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#define | TIM2_overflow_128us() TCCR2B &= ~((1<<CS22) | (1<<CS20)); TCCR2B |= (1<<CS21); |
| |
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#define | TIM2_overflow_512us() TCCR2B &= ~(1<<CS22); TCCR2B |= ((1<<CS21) | (1<<CS20)); |
| |
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#define | TIM2_overflow_1ms() TCCR2B &= ~((1<<CS21) | (1<<CS20)); TCCR2B |= (1<<CS22); |
| |
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#define | TIM2_overflow_2ms() TCCR2B &= ~(1<<CS21); TCCR2B |= ((1<<CS22) | (1<CS20)); |
| |
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#define | TIM2_overflow_4ms() TCCR2B &= ~(1<<CS20); TCCR2B |= ((1<<CS22) | (1<<CS21)); |
| |
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#define | TIM2_overflow_16ms() TCCR2B |= ((1<<CS22) | (1<<CS21) | (1<<CS20)); |
| |
|
#define | TIM2_overflow_interrupt_enable() TIMSK2 |= (1<<TOIE2); |
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#define | TIM2_overflow_interrupt_disable() TIMSK2 &= ~(1<<TOIE2); |
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Timer library for AVR-GCC.
The library contains macros for controlling the timer modules. Every timer has some possibility to set overflow time (it depends on pre-scalers). For interrupt from timer overflow vector is necessary to enable it.
- Note
- Based on Microchip Atmel ATmega328P manual and no source file is needed for the library.
- Copyright
- (c) 2019-2020 Tomas Fryza Dept. of Radio Electronics, Brno University of Technology, Czechia This work is licensed under the terms of the MIT license.


characters in
valid
regular expression metacharacters for
replacements
2nd [See also substitution commands]
confirming
in vi editor
global,
with vi editor
patterns,
matching for
sed editor
newlines
in
referencing
portions of search string in
referencing
the search string in
specifying
one match among many possible matches
repositories, CVS archives
modifications,
commiting and pushing into
setting
up
reprint character (CTRL-r)
requote shell script
fmt
width option
resize command
c
or u options to force use of C- or Bourne-shell syntax
xterm
windows
RESOURCE_MANAGER property
resources
overloaded
removing
definitions
setting
for X Window System
2nd
-name,
effect on resources
appres
(application resource) utility
event
translations, overview
querying
resource database
resource
database manager
setting for X Window system
resource
database manager
setting for X Window System
resources
file (example)
xrdb
utility, using
xrm
command-line option
restart command (lpc)
restoring files [See also backups; tar utility]
RCS,
using
from
remote tape drives
from
tape with tar
restricted command access (rsh) shell
restricted shell
RETURN characters (in .exrc file for vi editor)
return command
awk
utility
shell
function, use in
reverse order, command history listed in
reversing patch
reversing sort order
revision control [See CVS RCS]
revision control programs
file
versions and
Revision Control System [See RCS]
revnum shell variable
rftp script
Rich Site Summary files, collecting
right-side prompts
rlogin utility
disabling
for security reasons
enabling
on Mac OS X
logging
in to host again from same terminal
network
ports for
stalled
connection with
rm command
-f
option
2nd
3rd
-i
option
confirmation
of deletions
creating
-i file for
-r
option
excluding
files from deletion
filenames
beginning with - (dash)
filenames
beginning with . (dot)
linked
files, deleting
links,
removing
rf
option
safety
techniques for
rmdir (remove directory) command
rmstar variable (tcsh shell)
root access
enabling
in Darwin
logins
logins,
external
password,
forgetting
providing
with sudo application
root directory
subdirectories
located directly off
root of a filename (\:r string editing operator)
root servers (DNS)
rot program
route command
routers
DSL,
firewalls
functioning
as gateways
routing
diagnosing
routes with traceroute
packets,
preventing with firewalls
routing tables, displaying with netstart -r
RPM, finding and installing packaged software
rprnt key
rsh
2nd
disabling
for security reasons
display
option
enabling
on Mac OS X
n
option
remote
tape drive, accessing with GNU tar
restoring
files from remote tape drives
rsync
program
running
reading- or writing-tar on remote system
starting
remote X clients
stopping
sessions
rsync command
2nd
run-parts script
runaway processes
killing
by name
runsed script
rusers command
rxvt terminal program
fonts
and command-line options
login
shell, running
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
safe delete program
safer rm command, techniques for
Samba
connecting
to SMB shares from Unix
installing
and configuring
configuration
script for daemons (smb.conf)
NETBIOS
names (SMB peer names)
running
SMB daemons
mounting
SMB-shared filesystems
printing
over
from
Windows to Unix printers
to
Windows printer from Unix
project
web site
security
security
settings in smb.conf
swat
tool
sash shell
save lines (-sl option) for xterms
SAVEHIST environment variable
savehist shell variable
saveLines (xterm resource)
saving command lines to file
scalar variables in Perl
2nd
Boolean
operators used with
comparing
with relational operators
numerical
operators used with
string
operators used with
sched command
scheduler program
process
priority, lowering with nice
scheduling processes
at
command, running once with
regular,
periodic execution with cron
scientific notation
scp command
2nd
copying
archives
problems
and solutions on SSH
2nd
screen editors
screens
clearing
script program
2nd
cleaning
files
ending
script.tidy script
scripting languages
Perl
[See Perl]
Python
[See Python]
shell
scripts vs.
scripts
#!
notation on first line
turning
on verbose and echo settings
batch
editing
writing
bin
directory for
buildhash
CGI,
Python module for
cgrep
2nd
checksed
cleanup
converting
characters in files
count.it
dialback
editing
behead
script, removing mail/news headers
centering
lines
columns,
making automatically with column
cutting
columns or fields
encoding
binary files into ASCII
fmt.sh
indenting
text with offset script
joining
lines with join
pasting
data into columns
rotating
text with rot
splitting
files by context
straightening
text
conversion with dd
text
in columns with pr
translating
characters with tr
uniq
command
Expect
program
file
permissions, changing
cx
and cw scripts
file-deletion
file-time
comparisons in
hgrep
lensort
lookfor
shell script
munchlist
namesort
ndown
and nup
nom
opttest
paircheck
pausing
Perl
[See Perl]
ptbk
rcsegrep.fast
rcsrevs
run-parts
running
without the shell
runsed
sed editor
hold
space, using
order
of commands
shell
[See shell scripts]
shell
script wrappers for
shells
reading from standard input
showargs
showmatch
smbprint
sourceable
SUID
and SGID
unconnected
symbolic links, finding
updatedb
or locate.updatedb shell script
vgrep
writeway.pl
writing
in other scripting languages
ww.sh
xgrep
xwrist
SCROLL LOCK button
scrollbars (xterm)
2nd
scrolling error messages
scrolling in tty-type virtual consoles
SD (Send Data) light
sdiff command
-w
option
building
one file from two compared files
search access to directories
2nd
search and replace [See also replacement patterns; search patterns]
regular
expressions used in sed or ex
undoing
in vi editor
search operators with find command
search path
2nd
3rd
configuring
in shell setup files
in
.cshrc.$HOST file
FPATH
(for functions)
Korn
shell
zsh
shell
PATH
environment variable
setting
for shells
updating
with rehash
search patterns
csplit
program
for
ed, ex, and sed, regular expression metacharacters in
global
commands with
regular
expressions in (examples)
sed editor
delimiting
split
across lines
vi
editor
compund
searches
global
searches
search permission
2nd [See also execute permission]
search strings in sed, referencing portions of in replacement
search wraps, stopping in vi
search.el file
searching
for
doubled word typing errors
in
Emacs
PWD
variable and
grep
commands, using
look
program, using
manual
pages
secondary prompts
>
(greater than sign) as
?
(question mark) as
Bourne
shell quoting and
multiline
commands and
sections in documentation
secure keyboard mode (xterm)
Secure Shell (SSH) [See ssh]
Secure Sockets Layer [See SSL]
security
bin
directory, preventing unauthorized file operations
buffer
overflow
CERT
checklists
disallowing
rlogin and rsh
files
2nd [See also permissions]
making
them unwritable
managing
permissions
modifying
files without write access
sticky
bit permission
host
listings in .rhosts file or /etc/hosts.equiv file
inetd
daemon, disabling
intruder
detection
keeping
up with security alerts
Linux
/proc filesystem, viewing current state of system
login
program, checks performed by
MOTD,
importance of
NFS
and
performance
problems, checking
I/O
statistics
network
connections
processes
swap
space
virtual
memory statistics
Samba
security
settings in smb.conf
TCP
wrapper programs, checking logs
vulnerabilities
xterm
sed editor
2nd
3rd
-f
option
2nd
-n
option
2nd
3rd
addressing
command
line
commands,
operations of (deliberate scrivener analogy)
dedent
script
delete
commands
2nd
delimiting
regular expressions
edit
non-matching lines
extra
blank lines, squashing
files,
not changing by editing
fmt.sh
script
general-purpose
batch editing
global
commands
grep
program, multiline context
grep
programs
hold
(h or H) commands
hold
space
2nd
line-by-line
and search using
line-numbering
with
lq
command
makealias
and quote aliases
mkdir
command, inserting into find command output
multiple
matches on a line
newlines
in a replacement
newlines
quoting and backslashes, shell interpretation of
order
of commands in a script
parsing
strings
pattern
space
making
edits across line boundaries
print
(p) command
quit
(q) command
referencing
portions of a search string
referencing
the search string in a replacement
regular expressions used in
documentation
for
metacharacters
search
and replace commands
searching
for patterns split across lines
substitute
command
test
(t) command
testing
and using a script
checksed
script
runsed
script
transformation
on text
using
from command line
wrapping
sed scripts in shell scripts
writing
scripts
x
(exchange) command
y
(transform) command
e
option
SEGV (segmentation violation) signal
selecting text in xterms
word
selection, changing word definition for
xclipboard,
problems with large selections
selection of fonts, enabling for xterm
send command
sendmail program
2nd
Server Message Block File System (SMBFS)
server number (X Window System)
servers
access
control
anonymous
FTP
Apache,
running Python in
2nd
DHCP
DNS
IMAP
NAT
(Network Address Translation)
POP
SSH
empty
passwords, problems with
SSH,
problems with
VNC
(Virtual Network Computing)
services
/etc/services
file
inetd
file, managing Internet services
SMB,
verifying
Session Message Block (SMB) protocol
sessions, information about in window title or status line
set command
+H
option, disabling history substitution in bash
-x
option, turning on echo flag
-xv
option
listing
shell variables
listing
shell variables and functions
lockfiles,
creating
multiple
variables in for loop
with
no arguments
opttest
script (example)
parsing
single-line strings with
window
size
xv option
hung
terminals and
set directory command
set noglob command
set notify command
set path command
setgid bit, group permissions for directory
setprompt alias
setprompt function
setstatline alias
settitle alias
setup files (multiple) for vi and ex
setup files for shells [See configuration files]
SGID bit for directories
SGID scripts
SGML
sh (Bourne shell)
2nd
3rd
4th
#!,
seraching the PATH with
-c
option
.profile
file
aliases
2nd
arrays
at
command output, quieting
background
processing
2nd
case
statements
port
name, testing
testing
TERM variable
date
formats
debugging
scripts
for
loop
hangups
in
loading
changed PATH
logouts
accidental
running
commands at
multiline
commands
piping
output of shell loops to pagers
prompts
primary
prompt
quoting
in
2nd
multiline
rules
for
showing
with verbose and echo settings
special
characters
reading
.profile file
reading
arguments
redirecting
standard I/O [See redirecting input and output]
standard
error
repeating
commands
safe
delete program
script
file extension
2nd
scripts,
writing
2nd [See also shell scripts]3rd
simulated
shell functions and aliases
special
characters/operators in
string
editing operators
su
stucklogin command
TERM
variable, setting with tset command
trap
command
2nd
wildcards,
failing to match
sh command
-xv
options
starting
Bourne shell with
v
option
sharing
desktops
with VNC
directories
and printers with Windows network [See Samba]
sharing directories and printers with Windows network
printing
over Samba
shebang line in scripts, #! characters
SHELL environment variable
resize
command and
shell escapes
starting
a subshell
shell functions
2nd
3rd
C
shell, determining whether to use
c,
changing directories with
custom
commands in
functions
calling functions
listing
loops
in
ls
with options
propagating
exporting
bash functions
FPATH
search path
putting
arguments inside a Bourne-type alias
simulating
with . (dot) command
specific
shells, information on
using
in shell scripts
work,
setting current shell environment
ww
function, finding doubled words
shell metacharacters [See wildcards]
shell parameters, with simulated functions
shell prompts [See prompts]
shell scripts
2nd
3rd
4th
#!,
searching the PATH with
\:
(Bourne shell) operator
\:,
#, and #!
arguments
passed to
basename
and dirname, using
bin
directory for
bkedit
case
statements
pattern
matching in
testing
string values with
closing
window from
command
lines as scripts
command-line
arguments, handling
commenting
commenting
RCS files
conditional
expressions in if statements
dater
debugging
environment
variables
exec
command
exit
status of Unix processes
loops,
testing with
testing
with if statement
exit
status, setting
exits
caused by interrupts, trapping
expr
command
finding
last command-line argument
for
loop with multiple variables
with
GNU tar, archiving deleted files on tape
hardcoding
users’ home directory pathnames
interactive
use vs
last-access
times
limitations
of
lockfiles,
creating from
lookfor
making
executable
multiple
names for
naming
nested
command substitution
for
noninteractive shells
parameter
substitution
parent-child
relationships
Perl,
using [See Perl]
permissions
2nd
reading
from standard input
2nd
regular
expressions metacharacters in
requote
runaway,
killing by name
running
running
as a daemon
scripts
without the shell
scripts
written in other scripting languages vs
shell
functions vs.
shell
functions, using in
shell
reading script from standard input
shell
variables
showenv
simple,
examples of
sourceable
sourcing
2nd
standard
input to a for loop
strings,
working with
stripper
submitting
for execution at a later time
testing
character strings with expr
testing
for success
testing
two strings with a case statement
turning
off echo
variables
set by
while
loop with several loop control commands
wrappers
for awk, sed and other scripts
writing
simple
zap
shell variables
$
(dollar sign), preceding name with
cdable_vars
cdpath
in
.cshrc.$HOST file
current
directory, storing in
environment
variables vs.
2nd
eval
command and
histchars
history
IFS
(internal field separator)
iterating
over arguments
listing
with set command
2nd
multiline
quoting in Bourne shell and
names
noclobber
path
printexitvalue
printing
value of individual with echo
read-only
revnum
savehist
(C shell)
set
by shell scripts, debugging
setting
setting
with combined use of sed and eval
storing
control characters in
shell wrappers
invoking
sed scripts from
sed
script embedded in
shells
-v
(verbose) option
aliases
archives,
filename extension
arrays
expanding
ranges
built-in
commands
2nd
command
argument lists, providing
command-line
editing
2nd
calculating
prompt string width
commands
for working with functions
as
controlling process
curly
braces ({ }) in
2nd
debugging
[See debugging]
defined
determining
which is running
disowning
jobs
Emacs,
running in
2nd
exiting
to close a window
filename-matching
patterns
history
mechanism [See history of commands]
interactive
interpretation
of commands [See commands]
interpreting
the command line
job
control [See job control]
kill
command, built-in
killing
limiting
file sizes
metacharacters
in
passing
command history to
priority,
setting with nice
as
processes
programming
2nd [See also shell scripts]
pushd
and popd commands
quoting
in [See quoting]
reading
scripts from standard input
2nd
redirecting
standard I/O [See redirecting input and output]
relationship
with kernel, utilities, and applications
remote
login sessions, stopping
remote,
running
replacing
one with another, using exec
replacing
with exec command
running
scripts without
setting
up
.cshrc.$HOST
file for per host setup
account
setup, changing
contents
of setup files
interactive
shells
login
shells
2nd
logins
Mac
OS X Terminal application
reading
setup files at different times
setup
files, understanding
terminals,
automatic setups for
setup
files
PATH
environemt variable
special
characters and their meanings
specialized,
based on languages such as Python, TCL, Perl
stopping
jobs on
subshells
suspending
with suspend command
terminal
windows without
types
of
2nd
understanding
# as comment
Unix
programs working independently of
wildcards
2nd [See also wildcards]
handling
of
matching
with fast find commands
without
job control, using 0 (zero) PID to kill all processes
X
window, using from
shift command
removing
command-line arguments
unsetting
command-line parameters
in
while loops
2nd
shift operator (Perl)
2nd
SHLVL variable
shorthand substitution command (^xy^yx)
showargs script
showenv shell script
showmatch script
shutdown program
side-by-side file comparisons (sdiff command)
Sierra, Mike
signals
common,
listing of
distribution
of, using process groups
handling
kill
command, using with
killing
all processes
killing
processes by name
killing
processes interactively
restarting
daemon shell script
STOP
signal
unkillable
processes
numbers,
variations among systems
for
trap commands
2nd
simulating dynamic prompts
sin command (awk)
single quotes [See ', under Symbols]
single user mode
site-packages directory
size
finding
files by
fonts
2nd
limits
for files
xterm
windows
sl script
sleep command
endless
while loop, using in
forcing
shell to wait before exiting
in
strings of commands separated by semicolons (;)
uses
of
sleeping
slocate command
2nd
SMB (Session Message Block) protocol
smb.conf files
default
printer, sharing with SMB network
defaults,
leaving in place
security
directive
sharing
local directory with SMB network
smbclient program
2nd
connecting
to SMB printer
smbd daemon
SMBFS (Servr Message Block File System)
smbfs tool
smbmnt command
smbpasswd utility
smbprint script
SMTP (Simple Message Transfer Protocol)
sockets
displaying
active with netstart
returning
activity on with netstat
Secure
Sockets Layer [See SSL]
soft disk quota limits
soft links [See symbolic links]
soft mounting of NFS
software installation
/usr/bin
and other directories for
challenges
of
curl
application, using
Debian
apt-get tool, using
configuring
sources.list file
Debian
dselect tool, using
access
method, choosing
choosing
packages for installation or removal
configuring
packages
exiting
exiting
select function
installing
packages
removing
packages
updating
information on available packages
FreeBSD
packages, using
FreeBSD
Ports, using
GNU
wget utility, using
make
utility, versions of
RPM,
using
simplifying
the make process
software robots
Solaris
adding
users to system
disk
device naming scheme
OpenSSH
serial
consoles
single
user mode, entering
vold
daemon for removable media
sort command
-b
option (ignoring blanks)
2nd
-d
option (dictionary order)
-g
option, sorting numbers in scientific notation
-M
option (month order)
-r
option (reverse order)
-t
option, changing sort field delimiter
alphabetic
vs. numeric
case-insensitive
sorts
fields
u
option
u
option, eliminating duplicate lines
sorting
files
by
last name (namesort script)
lines
by length (lensort script)
sort
command
sound cards
2nd
source code, locating for programs
source command
-h
(history) option
ex
editor
reading
aliases file into C shell
scripts,
using on
shell
scripts, using on
source filename
sourceable scripts
sources.list file
components
configuring
distribution
spawning processes
special characters
in
Bourne shell (sh)
C
shell
C
shell filenames, quotiing in
in
filenames
2nd
deleting
files
in
shell prompts
2nd
in
shells, listing with definitions
in
shells and regular expressions
spell checking
aspell
utility
ispell
program
-a
option
2nd
-d
option, providing master spelling list
adding
words to dictionary
look
command
2nd
sed
editor, corrector program
spell
command
2nd
3rd
-v
option
-x
option
b
option (British usage)
dictionary
files for special words and terms
spellhist
file
spellprog
program
stop
list for typical misspellings
split command
awk
loops
using
variants
of
split function
splitting strings
IFS,
places in which it can't be used
into
fields
SPOOL (Simultaneous Printing Off and On Line)
spooling system for printing
converting
source files within
lpd
daemon
lpr-style
commands
symbolic
links
spreadsheet modes in Emacs
sprintf command (awk)
sqrt command (awk)
srand command (nawk)
ssh
2nd
-agent
option, copying archives without password
-keygen
option
backups
to remote tape drive
accessing
with GNU tar
differences
from rsh
enabling
on Mac OS X
interactive
login
OpenSSH
port
numbers for
problems
and solutions
general
and authentication
key
and agent problems
server
and client problems
protecting
access through
rsync
program
running
reading- or writing-tar on remote system
scp
file copy mechanism
stalled
data connection with
starting
remote X clients
suspending
jobs
sshd daemon
.pam
file
mail
checking, disabling
printing,
disabling for
problems
with
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
Python
support for
stacks
directory
function
parameter buffers, overflowing
stale files, deleting
stale symbolic links
stalled data connections
standard error
2nd
combining
with stdout and piping to pagers
grep
command output
for
interactive and noninteractive shells
redirecting
(
) subshell operators, using
Bourne
and C shells
Bourne-type
shells
in
C shell
to
a pipe
shell
debugging output, piping to pager
sys.stderr
file object (Python)
writing
debugging messages to
writing
to via /dev/stderr
standard input
2nd
compressing/uncompressing
files from
to
a for loop
including
directly on cron command line
reading
scripts from
redirecting
(
) subshell operators, using
tee
program, using
shell
handling of
shells
reading scripts from
2nd
3rd
sys.stdin
file object (Python)
standard output
2nd
combining
with stderr and piping to pagers
compressing/uncompressing
files from
for
interactive and noninteractive shells
normal
and debugging, splitting into two files
printing
terminal type output for tset command
RCS
file, sending to
redirected
to a file
redirecting
2nd
(
) subshell operators, using
Bourne-type
shells
in
C shell
piping
to pager program
to
/dev/null file
to
multiple processes
shell
debugging, piping to pager
shell
handling of
sys.stdout
file object (Python)
starting anchor (^) in regular expressions
startup command for vi and ex editors
startup files for shells, changing path in
statements in Python lambdas
static IP addresses
static prompts
statistics
current
process
kernel
and system (/proc/stat file)
processes
by PID
status
command
execution, in nawk
exit
status of Unix processes
returning
to calling shell
status command (lpc)
status file, information on current process
status lines, session info in
stderr [See standard error]
stdin [See standard input]
stdout [See standard output]
stem-derivative rules for spelling words
sticky bit
stop command
2nd
stop list, spelling
STOP signal
stopping
out of control processes
stopped jobs
continuing
in background
current
job and
listing
with their job numbers
putting
into foreground
termination
vs.
stopping
jobs
remote
login sessions
stream editor [See sed editor]
string concatenation (.) operator
string operators
strings
building
with { }
comparing
for pattern matching
editing
with \: (colon) operators
grabbing
parts of
echo,
using with awk or cut
matching
with expr
parsing
using sed editor
parsing
with set and IFS
matching
a regular expression, finding with grep
Perl
operators
for
Python
substr
command, awk
testing
case
statement, using
characters
with expr
errors
in syntax
for
zero length
strings utility
2nd
strip command
stripper script
stty command
-g option
parsing
output using set and IFS
control
keys, setting
data
rate for dialup terminals
erase,
kill, and interrupt characters
finding
out terminal settings with
stty
tostop command
2nd
su command
account
changes, testing
starting
a subshell
su
f stucklogin
su
stucklogin
substituting
identify with
sub command (awk)
subdirectories
listing
with ls -R
root,
in FHS standard
searching
for in directories with find command
subprocesses
aliases
and
file
descriptors given to
killing
parent processes by name
subroutines
dot
(.) command compared to
in
Perl
user
defined
subshells
(
) operators
2nd
3rd
CSHRC_READ
environment variable, setting for
environment
variables, inheritance of
levels,
showing in prompt
setting
command-line arguments
startup
files
status
line updates
umask
command, running in
substitution commands
delimiting
search pattern from replacement string
ex
editor
gsub
command in nawk
history
substitution, using in
sed editor
-g
(global) flag
newlines
in a replacement
referencing
portions of a search string in the replacement
script.tidy
using in
specifying
one match among many possibilities
sub
command, nawk
substitutions, confirming in vi editor
substr command (awk)
success or failure of commands, indication in exit status
sudo application
SUID scripts
SunOS
groups
redirecting
standard I/O
superuser
configuring,
paths set by parent process and
file
ownership, changing
killing
others' processes
private
directories, access to
shell
prompt for
sudo
application
tcsh
and zsh shell prompts
UID
and GID of zero
susp key
suspend command
2nd
suspending
background
jobs with stop command
current
foreground job with CTRL-z command
2nd
swap space, checking for security breaches
swapinfo utility
swat tool
configuring
smb.conf file installation
printers,
selecting for sharing
symbolic links
copying
directories,
linking
disk
space and
filenames
for, showing
files
as
finding
for every directory owned by a group
finding
unconnected
finding
with find -type command
hard
links vs.
saving
disk space wiwth
spooling,
using for
stale
2nd
syntax
of
to
.enter and .exit files
to /dev/null
replacing
log files with
symbolic mode (chmod)
symbols [See also special characters; Symbols section]
in
filenames and pathnames
for
keys on the keyboard (keysyms)
symlinks [See symbolic links]
sync program
synchronizing
filesystems
(rsync program)
time
on networks
syntax-checking program
sys.stderr file object (Python)
sys.stdin file object (Python)
sys.stdout file object (Python)
system
cron
jobs, running on
environment
variables for shells
C
shells
load,
checking with uptime
overloaded
with background processes
2nd
password
file contents
performance
and profiling
security
vulnerabilities
statistics
on (/proc/stat file)
time
system calls
exec
and fork
fork
and exec
limit
and ulimit (limiting file sizes)
unlink(
), in Perl
system command (nawk)
system function
System V
<defunct>
status
command
version, getting
echo
command, shell quoting and
groups
groups
(Release 4)
ls
command, nonprinting characters and
nice
command
printing
commands
priority
system (Release 4)
ps command
-a
option
-e
option
-ef
options
signals
systems
derived from, rsh on
tr command
-cs
options
character
ranges in
piping
ww function output to
system variables (awk)
system word file
system-level key mappings
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
t (test) command, sed editor
T-shell [See tcsh shell]
table of contents, tar files
2nd
tables
column
-t command
creating
with nroff and sed
tabs
as
argument separators
filenames
ending in
TAB characters
added
by diff command
displaying
with cat -t and -e options
stripping
in Bourne shell
window
systems running vi
TAB
key, file completion and
tail command
-f
option
2nd
log
file, monitoring with
monitoring
file growth
-l
(lines) option
-n
option
-r
(reverse) option
comparison
with rot command
c
option (count characters) or b option (count blocks)
GNU version
follow=name and retry options
follow
option
tail of a path name
\:t
operator
dirs
output for C shell prompt
talk utility
2nd
tape, backups to
cpio
program
remote tape drives
using
GNU tar
using
tar
restoring
files with tar
remote
restoring
tar utility
absolute
pathnames, avoiding
backing
up to tape
compression,
arguments for and against
copying
directory trees
disk
space optimization and
encoding
tarfiles into 7-bit
filename
extensions
filename
wildcards and
functions
GNU tar command
-c
and -T options
features
of
making
backups
online
archives, creating
remote
tape drive, using for backups
restoring
files from tape
remote
restoring
restoring
a few files
tar command
-c
(create) option
-f
(file) option
-I
option to run bzip2
-l
option (for links)
-t
option
-t
or -tv options, listing files in archive
-v
(verbose) option
2nd
-z
option to run gzip
C
option
command-line
arguments, order of
extracting
all files from archive
extracting
some files from archive
options
unpacking
archives
2nd
wildcards,
using
with
GNU tar
Tcl
tclsh shell
TCP
wrapper
programs
TCP/IP
IP addresses and ports
addresses
SMB
traffic, mapping onto
TCP,
UDP, and ICMP
tcp_wrappers package
tcpd daemon
tcpdump program
tcsh shell
2nd
3rd
4th
5th [See also C shell]
>
in the prompt
{
} (pattern-expansion characters), building strings with
aliases
with
command-line arguments
command
history
command-line
editing
completion
features
command-specific
configuration
files
current
directory, updating in status line
cwdcmd
alias for status line updates
exit
status of previous command
highlighting
in
history
[See history of commands]
history
file
timestamp-comments
in
limiting
file size
loginsh
variable
ls
-F built-in command
2nd
LS_COLORS
environment variable
pre-prompt
commands
printexitvalue
shell variable
prompt,
setting
quotation
marks around filenames
right-side
prompts
rmstar
variable, confirming file deletions
set
echo verbose command
special
characters/operators
stop
command
su
f stucklogin command
2nd
wildcards
2nd
window
name, setting and testing
tee program
collecting
output of several commands into one file
process
substitution, using with
Tek Options menu (xterm)
teletype
telnet utility
enabling
on Mac OS X
logging
in to host again from same terminal
stalled
connection with
suspending
jobs
temporary files
filenames
ending with ~
handling
text with
history
numbers, using to locate and remove
redirecting
output to
swap
space on hard disk
traps,
using to clean up
unique
filename generation for
vi
editor, running out of space for
TERM (terminate) signal
2nd
3rd
ignoring
with nohup command
kill
command, using with
killall
command, sending with
TERM environment variable
2nd
3rd
setting
with tset command
testing
with case statement
termcap database
2nd
termcap entries
TERMCAP environment variable
2nd
resetting
with resize command
terminal driver, eating backslashes before special characters
terminal emulators
2nd [See also xterm]3rd
terminal
settings and
Terminal program (Mac OS X)
color
capabilities
command-k
to delete scrollback buffer
terminal type
setting
in shell setup files
terminals
/dev/tty
file
automatic setup
environment
variables, testing
terminal
table, searching
testing
port (tty) numbers
testing
remote hostname and X display
testing
window size
window
name, setting and testing
automatic
setups
capabilities
of [See termcap database]
configuring
erase,
kill, and interrupt characters
finding
terminal settings with stty command
querying
terminal type with qterm
size
of xterm windows
terminal
hangs at login, fixing
terminal
type, setting
xterm
controlling
terminal
escape
sequences for nonprinting characters
Gnome
Linux
virtual consoles
2nd
login
and nonlogin shells
Mac
OS X
outputting
text from command line into
reading
from, process groups and
reading/writing
from
screen
editors vs.
settings
in .cshrc.$HOST file
status
line
status
line, current directory information
TERM
environment varialbe
termcap
database
TERMCAP
environment variable
terminfo
database
tty
number for current users
tty
types
unkillable
processes
windows
without shells
WTS,
connecting to with Citrix
terminating
loops
processes
signals
for
processes,
stopping vs.
terminating lines [See newlines]
terminfo database
2nd
resizing
windows
terminfo entries
test (t) command, sed editor
test command
-a
and -o (and and or) operators
numeric
tests, errors in
sed editor
script.tidy
using in
string
tests, syntax errors
versions
of
in
while loops
testing
character
strings using expr
exit
status with if statement
find
command results
interactive
programs with Expect
strings
with case statement
terminal
type with tset command
TEX
CTAN
typesetting
with
text
analyzing
paired
items, checking
converting
files into printing language
copying
and pasting between windows running vi
copying and pasting in xterms
between
windows
large
selections with xclipboard, problems with
xclipboard,
using
editing
features in Emacs
editors
for [See editors]
empty
files and
formatting
for phototypesetters
formatting
with enscript command
formatting
with pr command
handling
with temporary files
highlighting
with hgrep
outputting
to an X window
titlebars
and icons, setting xterms for
transformations
on, using sed editor
text files
filename
extension
newline
character in
text processing
columns
making
automatically with column
making
with pr
converting
with dd utility
indenting
text
neatening
text with fmt
paired
item checking
re-formatting
comment lines
removing
mail/news headers
rotating
text
selecting
and cutting columns
splitting
files by context
straightening
jagged columns
Text widget commands, editing text sent to xclilpboard
Text\:\:Autoformat Perl module
textual analysis
words,
extracting
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
then statement
empty,
creating with \: operator
tilde (~) operator
time [See also date and time; timestamps]
fields
in crontab entries
file
changes and modifications
finding
oldest or newest files by
of
login, recording
picking
to run at jobs
showing
with history command
on
Unix systems
time command
2nd
3rd
time daemon
time operators, find command (-mtime, -atime, and -ctime)
2nd
Time to go now.... message
timeout keyword
timestamps
arbitrary,
creating files with
comparing
with make program
inode
information
kept
by tcsh and zsh with their history
listing
with diff commands
listing/finding
files by
2nd
3rd
sed
editor and
timex command
timezones, TZ variable for
timing programs
tip program
titlebars in xterm
tolower command (awk)
toolkits (X Window)
top command
2nd
top-level domains (TLDs)
touch command
-i
file, creating for file deletion
creating
file with arbitrary timestamp
toupper command (awk)
tpipe command
tr command
2nd
-cs
options, listing words in a file
-d
option, deleting characters in strings
Berkeley
vs. System V
converting
characters
filtering
vi text through to convert case
NUL-separated
entries from environ file, translating to newline-separated lines
squeeze
option
storing
control characters in shell variables
traceroute program
tracked aliases
2nd
transform command (y), sed editor
2nd
translation tables
example
syntax
for specifying as a resource
Transport Control Protocol [See TCP TCP/IP]
trap command
2nd
3rd
exits
caused by interrupted scripts
signals
for
trapping signals
trash directory
trees, directory [See under directories]
troff
2nd
troubleshooting
stalled
data connections
stray
prompt problems
true (exit status) utility
true command
true or false values in Perl
trusted-host authentication, problems with
tset command
2nd
key
settings, changes in
m
(map) option
2nd
Q
(quiet) option
TSTP (stop) signal
tty
tty command
2nd
tty number
displaying
with usernames
in
ps listing
tty serial port, for activity monitoring
tty-type virtual consoles
ttys and ttytab files
twm window manager
type command
2nd
typescript file
typeset -f command, listing functions you've defined
typesetting
converting
typeset files into printing language
manpages
with nroff
overview
Unix
history of
typos, fixing with vi abbreviations
TZ (timezone) environment variable
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
UAs (User Agents)
uc operator
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
2nd
UIDs [See user IDs]
ulimit -f command
umask command
default
mode for newly created files
permission
values, setting
setting
in shell scripts
subshell,
running in
umount command
unalias command
uname n command
uncompressing files
bunzip2
program
underscore (_) in filenames
undoing
actions
in Emacs editor
deletions
with vi editor
edits
in vi editor
search
and replace commands with vi editor
unformatted manpage files
uniq command
sort
-u vs.
testing
for duplicate terms
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Unix
advantages
of
2nd
communicating
with
networking
and communications utilities
priority,
definition of
versions
of
unkillable processes, cleaning up
unless statements
unlimit coredumpsize command
unlink function
unlink( ) system call
unlocking files (RCS)
unmatched pieces of code, errors caused by
unset -f command, deleting definition of function
unset variables, errors caused by
unsetenv command
unshift operator (Perl)
until loops
nonzero
exit status
test
command used with
testing
exit status in Bourne shells
while
loops vs.
updatedb shell script
updating
CVS
files
2nd
distributed
database
information
on available packages with apt-get
upgrading installed packages with apt-get
uppercase [See case]
uptime command
2nd
3rd
URI for software package source
urllib module
urllib2 module
2nd
URLs for Java applet VNC desktops
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
Usenet
eight-bit
text, encoding into seven-bit
GNUS
client in Emacs
User Agents (UAs)
User Datagram Protocol [See UDP]
user defined subroutines (Perl)
USER environment variable
user IDs (UIDs)
in
passwd file
user interfaces [See GUIs]
user time
user-based access control
user-space tools to configure devices
useradd utility
username field in crontab entries
users
backing
up directories
login
shell, killing
RCS
files, listing for
UID
Unix
user/group infrastructure
adding
to Unix systems
disabling
logins
file
ownerhsip and
group
permissions in directory with setgid bit
groups
and group ownership
groups
that deny permissions
substitute
identity with su
SUID
and SGID scripts
superpowers
with sudo application
usernames
in
shell prompt
users command
utilities [See also individual utility or command names]
combining
relationship
with kernel, shell, and applications
UUCP (Unix-to-Unix copy)
uudecode command
uuencode utility
uuencoding
uuname l command
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
values function (Perl)
values, Python objects
variable substitutions
Bourne
shell quoting and
editing
by shells
editing
with \: (colon) string editing operators
variable-length records, converting to/from fixed length
variable-width columns, creating with column utility
variables
awk
utility
class
variables (Python)
environment
[See environment variables]
inheritance
of
instance
variables (Python)
multiple,
creating for loops with
Perl
[See Perl]
resource
(X Window System)
scanning
contents with eval
set
to word lists
shell
[See shell variables]
substitution
of [See variable substitutions]
varying commands while repeating them
Vaults of Parnassus (Python repository)
verbose option (Bourne shell)
verbose shell variable
version control systems
CVS
Emacs
support of
RCS
saving
every file version
versions
of
commands
Perl
verifying
on your system
UNIX
vgrep script
vi editor
^
and $ characters, use of
abbreviations
commands,
using as
fixing
typos with
appending
to existing file
autowrite
option
capitalizing
words
centering
lines of text
command-line
editing
compound
searches
confirming
substitutions in
counting
occurrences and stopping search wraps
custom
commands, creating
@-functions
cursor
motion in text-input mode without arrow keys
file-backup
macros
keymaps
for pasting into window running vi
macro
for splitting long lines
map
commands
mapping
keys in vi, further examples
maps
for repeated edits
noremap
command
protecting
keys from interpretation by ex
repeating
a keymap
typing
in uppercase without CAPS LOCK
defining
alternate vi environments
deleting
text blocks by patterns
development
of
file
ownership
file
recovery with vi -r
recovered
buffers, cautions about
filtering
text through Unix command
fmt
command, neatening lines with
grep
command, command substitution with
keys
available for user-defined commands
line
vs. character commands
local
settings for
marking
place with m command
moving
blocks of text by patterns
multiple
setup files
pattern
matches, global commands with
recovering
past deletions in numbered buffers
regular
expressions in search and replacement patterns, delimiting
requote
script, using
running
ex scripts
saving
old and new version of file
saving
part of a file
search
patterns and global commands, using
global
searches
setting
up with .exrc file
shell
escapes
signals,
ignoring
switching
between files
buffers,
using to copy or move text
transferring
text with yank buffers
temporary
space, running out of
translating
strings with tr -d command
vim editor
virtual consoles (Linux)
2nd
switching
between
2nd
tty-type,
scrolling and copy and paste
virtual machine running Windows
virtual memory statistics
Virtual Network Computing [See VNC]
vis command
-d
option
-s
option
C
shell history compared to
variations
of (display, rep, watch)
VISUAL environment variable
Vixie cron
crontab
file, creating
Linux
shortcuts to cron tasks
month
and day names in crontab entry time fields
vmstat command
vmware program
VNC (Virtual Network Computing)
connecting
to Windows VNC server
setting
up on Unix
vold daemon
VT Fonts menu (xterm)
2nd
3rd
Escape
Sequences and Selection, enabling
VT Options menu (xterm)
enabling
scrollbars
mode
toggles
vulnerabilities
buffer
overflow
CERT
web site information on
file
modification without write access
Microsoft
security bulletins about
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
W3 mode (Emacs)
wait command
in
background jobs
warning or error messages
Perl
(-w option)
signals
as
watch command
watchq script
wc (word count) command
c,
-l, and w options
whitespace
in output
web browsers [See browsers]
Web, described
web-browser mode (Emacs)
webjump feature, Emacs
well-known ports, database of
werase key
wfcmgr program
wget utility
options
What You See Is What You Mean (WYSIWYM) editing
whatis command
wheel (superuser group)
2nd
whence command
whereis command
options
rsh,
checking version of
testing
command names
which command
alternatives
to
checking
for existing command names
rsh,
checking version of
setting
the prompt variable
while command (awk)
while loops
/g
pattern modifier and
asking
for variable names and displaying values
case,
shift, and test commands, using with
endless
2nd
handling
command-line arguments
in
Perl script
read
command used in
with
several loop control commands
stepping
through command-line arguments
test
command used with
testing
exit status
whitespace
blank
lines, squashing extra with cat -s
displaying
in a line with cat command
in
filenames
2nd
finding
files with
2nd
ignoring
in sort command
leading,
removing in Emacs from series of lines
matching
in Perl regular expressions with \s
newline
character
removing
from text with dedent script
separating
command arguments
shell
functions, spaces in
SPACE
characters, ASCII
TAB characters
ASCII
stripping
in Bourne shell scripts
wc
command output
who am i command
who command
2nd
3rd
examples
GNU
version
whois command
wildcards
!$
sequence for safety with
in
aliases
in
case statements
2nd
deleting
files, use in
for
dot files
file
creation and
file-naming
expansion
by shells
failing
to match
file
name and extension as separate entities
grep
-l command, listing matching files
grep
c, listing nonmatching files
in
pathnames
listing
of
nom
script, listing nonmatching files
pathnames,
not using in
shell
handling of
vgrep
script, listing nonmatching files
in
for loops
limiting
searches with
ls
command, using shell wildcard pattern
regular
expressions vs.
set
command using
shell
expansion of
shell,
matching with fast find commands
tar,
using with
GNU
tar
windows [See also terminals; X Window System; xterm]
chain
of processes leading to
closing
by killing window processes
shell
script, using
web
browser (example)
xterm
window (example)
Windows
connecting
Unix machines to
Citrix,
connecting to WTS server
connecting
to SMB shares from Unix
emulators
and APIs
printing
with Samba
Samba,
installing and configuring
securing
Samba
sharing
desktops with VNC
swat
and GUI SMB browsers
dual-booting
with Unix
windows
Emacs
Gnome,
on Linux
Linux,
listing on
Windows
printing
over Samba
from
Unix to Windows printer
to
Unix printers
Python
interface to wxWindows toolkit
quote
characters, formatting for Unix
security
bulletins from Microsoft
windows
session
info in title
Windows
SMB-shared
filesystems, mounting on Unix
windows
starting
new from shell
terminal
without shells
testing
size for
twm
window manager on VNC
Windows
WYSIWYG
editors, typesetting with
windows
xmessage,
setting to fit text
wine program, emulating Windows API
Winmodems,
WINNAME environment variable
wish shell
word lists
ispell
program
munchlist
script
spell
command, in spellhist file
variables
set to
word vectors
WORDLIST environment variable
overriding
default personal word list
words
abbreviation
in vi editor
commands,
using as
fixing
typos with
breaking
string into with \:x operator
counting
with wc command
doubled
extracting
matching
with \< \\\> in regular expressions
selection
in
xterm
work function
2nd
workgroups
working area (CVS)
repository
for
updating
workspace
workstations
configuring
with DHCP
display
private
NAT for
world (file ownership)
World Wide Web, described
world-write file permissions
sticky
bit, setting for directory
wrappers
shell
script, for other scripts
TCP,
checking logs in intruder detection
wrapping lines in vi, macro for
write command
2nd
ex
editor
running
from a daemon
write permission
changing
with chmod
denying
for
directories
implications
of
renaming
or removing files
directories,
renaming or removing files
files,
modifying without
finding
files by
group
script
for adding, editing file, then removing
scripts
for changing
writewav.pl script
writing output to terminal, enabling/disabling for background jobs
writing-tar process
wtmp file, login information
WTS (Windows Terminal Services), connecting to with Citrix
ww function
ww.sh script
wxPython GUI
WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) editing programs
WYSIWYM editors
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
x (exchange) command, sed
2nd
X toolkit
X Window System
closing
window by killing its processes
defining
keys and button presses with xmodmap
DISPLAY
environment variable
keysym
mappings, using xev to learn
outputting
text into terminal with xmessage
remote
logins
resize
command
resources
event
translations, overview
setting
syntax
of
server
and screen numbers
shell,
using from an xterm
starting
remote clients
from
interactive logins
with
rsh and ssh
testing
window size
who
am i command
X
forwarding, problems with
xmodmap
command
xargs command
-0
option
-exec
operator (find command) vs.
completed
filenames, passing to with sed
egrep
arguments, handling
egrep,
using with
find
command, using with
grep
output, pipelining
piping
locate output to
xargs utility
-n
option
-p
option
xauth command
copying
access code to remote machine
xclipboard
setting
up xterm to use
xclipboard window
large
text selections, problems with
XEmacs (Lucent Emacs)
xev utility
xgrep script
xhost command
executing
before rsh
xmessage utility
XML
xmodmap program
2nd
defining
keys and button presses
xrdb utility
2nd
3rd
backup
option
edit
option
load
option
merge
option
query
option
removing
definitions
xterm
-e
option
2nd
built-in
logger
chain
of processes leading to window
closing
window by killing its processes
color
configuring
copy
and paste
copy
and paste between windows
fonts,
changing dynamically
fonts,
selecting
login
shell
menus
saved
lines
scrollbars
titlebar
and icon text
words,
defining for text selection
xclipboard
copy
and paste
login
shells
size
of windows
2nd
starting
windows
terminal
window without shells
window
title
showing
command line in
xwrist script
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
y (transform) command, sed editor
2nd
yank buffers
yes command
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
Z shell [See zsh]
zap script (interactively killing processes)
zcat command
ZDOTDIR environment variable
2nd
zero string length, testing for
zeros in /dev/zero file
Zip disks
backing
up to
mounting
zless command (less for compressed files)
zmore script
arguments
for
for
loops in
zombies
2nd
3rd
zsh (Z shell)
2nd
3rd
&!
and &| operators for background processes
{
} (pattern-expansion characters), building strings with
aliases
2nd
3rd
arrays
expanding
ranges
bg_nice
option
built-in
arithmetic
cd
+n and cd -n commands, moving directory in stack
command-line
editing
completion
features
command-specific
configuration
files
disown
command
editing
history substitutions
environment
variable for shell function, changing
exit
status of command line, reversing
fc
-l command, listing previous commands with
foreach
loop
FPATH
search path for shell functions
globbing
(wildcard expansion)
histchars
variable
history
file
limiting
file size
login
shells, creating
MULTIOS
option
options,
resetting for shell functions
passing
command history to
pre-prompt
commands
PRINT_EXIT_VALUE
option
prompts
%!,
getting history number with
dynamic
right-side
secondary,
showing names of continuing constructs
setting
redirecting
standard I/O
repeating
commands with repeat loop
SAVEHIST
variable
shell
variables, read-only
SHLVL
environment variable
special
characters/operators
wildcards,
failing to match


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% load static %} {% block title %} Tech Blog {% endblock title %} {% block homeActive %} active {% endblock homeActive %} {% block body %}
An original home for technology news and reviews, Tech Blog produces the internet's most compelling reviews, features and breaking news about the people, products and ideas shaping our world.


To build the Merlin installation you need to checkout the Merlin project from CVS. The commands in this document assume a unix-style system; the procedure under windows is similar, and identical if you have cygwin installed.
$ cvs -d :pserver:anoncvs@cvs.apache.org:/home/cvspublic login $ cvs -z3 -d :pserver:anoncvs@cvs.apache.org:/home/cvspublic co avalon
Once checkout is complete you can build Merlin using Maven as follows:
$ cd avalon/util $ maven $ cd ../meta $ maven $ cd ../repository $ maven $ cd ../logging $ maven $ cd ../composition $ maven $ cd ../activation $ maven $ cd ../merlin $ maven
The above build procedure will create a installation directory containing the Merlin system at
avalon/merlin/target/merlin ^^^^^^ | ( generated merlin install directory )
Copy the 'merlin' directory to your preferred location installation location. For example, you may want to copy the installation dir to the /opt dir:
$ cp -Rf merlin/target/merlin /opt/merlin
Continue with the binary install instructions concerning the setup of environment variables to complete your installation.
If your using the maven build environment you will need to install the supplied plugins. Plugins are conviniently packaged in the merlin/plugins directory.
The following maven command will install a plugin into the maven system (check distribution for latest version numbers).
$ maven -DgroupId=avalon-util -DartifactId=avalon-util-plugin -Dversion=1.0.dev-0 plugin:download $ maven -DgroupId=avalon-meta -DartifactId=avalon-meta-plugin -Dversion=1.4.dev-0 plugin:download $ maven -DgroupId=merlin -DartifactId=merlin-plugin -Dversion=3.3.dev-0 plugin:download


PATANJALI'S YOGA APHORISMS
CHAPTER IV
जन्मौषधि-मन्त्र-तपः-समाधिजाः सिद्धयः ॥१॥
1. The Siddhis (powers) are attained by birth, chemical means, power of words, mortification, or concentration.
Sometimes a man is born with the Siddhis, powers, of course, those he had earned in his previous incarnation. This time he is born, as it were, to enjoy the fruits of them. It is said of Kapila, the great father of the Sânkhya philosophy, that he was a born Siddha, which means literally a man who has attained to success.
The Yogis claim that these powers can be gained by chemical means. All of you know that chemistry originally began as alchemy; men went in search of the philosopher's stone and elixirs of life, and so forth. In India there was a sect called the Râsâyanas. Their idea was that ideality, knowledge, spirituality, and religion were all very right, but that the body was the only instrument by which to attain to all these. If the body came to an end every now and again, it would take so much more time to attain to the goal. For instance, a man wants to practice Yoga, or wants to become spiritual. Before he has advanced very far he dies. Then he takes another body and begins again, then dies, and so on. In this way much time will be lost in dying and being born again. If the body could be made strong and perfect, so that it would get rid of birth and death, we should have so much more time to become spiritual. So these Rasayanas say, first make the body very strong. They claim that this body can be made immortal. Their idea is that if the mind manufactures the body, and if it be true that each mind is only one outlet to the infinite energy, there should be no limit to each outlet getting any amount of power from outside. Why is it impossible to keep our bodies all the time? We have to manufacture all the bodies that we ever have. As soon as this body dies, we shall have to manufacture another. If we can do that, why cannot we do it just here and now, without getting out of the present body? The theory is perfectly correct. If it is possible that we live after death, and make other bodies, why is it impossible that we should have the power of making bodies here, without entirely dissolving this body, simply changing it continually? They also thought that in mercury and in sulphur was hidden the most wonderful power, and that by certain preparations of these a man could keep the body as long as he liked. Others believed that certain drugs could bring powers, such as flying through the air. Many of the most wonderful medicines of the present day we owe to the Rasayanas, notably the use of metals in medicine. Certain sects of Yogis claim that many of their principal teachers are still living in their old bodies. Patanjali, the great authority on Yoga, does not deny this.
The power of words. There are certain sacred words called Mantras, which have power, when repeated under proper conditions, produce these extraordinary powers. We are living in the midst of such a mass of miracles, day and night, that we do not think anything of them. There is no limit to man's power, the power of words and the power of mind.
Mortification. You find that in every religion mortification and asceticisms have been practised. In these religious conceptions the Hindus always go to the extremes.  Men keep standing, day and night, until their feet swell, and if they live, the legs become so stiff in this position that they can no more bend them, but have to stand all their lives. I once saw a man who had kept his hands raised in this way, and I asked him how it felt when he did it first. He said it was awful torture. It was such torture that he had to go to a river and put himself in water, and that allayed the pain for a little while. After a month he did not suffer much. Through such practices powers (Siddhis) can be attained.
Concentration. Concentration is Samâdhi, and that is Yoga proper; that is the principal theme of this science, and it is the highest means. The preceding ones are only secondary, and we cannot attain to the highest through them. Samadhi is the means through which we can gain anything and everything, mental, moral, or spiritual.
जात्यन्तरपरिणामः प्रकृत्यापूरात् ॥२॥
2. The change into another species is by the filling in of nature.
Patanjali has advanced the proposition that these powers come by birth, sometimes by chemical means, or through mortification. He also admits that this body can be kept for any length of time. Now he goes on to state what is the cause of the change of the body into another species. He says this is done by the filling in of nature, which he explains in the next aphorism.
निमित्तमप्रयोजकं प्रकृतीनां वरणभेदस्तु ततः क्षेत्रिकवत् ॥३॥
3. Good and bad deeds are not the direct causes in the transformations of nature, but they act as breakers of obstacles to the evolutions of nature: as a farmer breaks the obstacles to the course of water, which then runs down by its own nature.
The water for irrigation of fields is already in the canal, only shut in by gates. The farmer opens these gates, and the water flows in by itself, by the law of gravitation. So all progress and power are already in every man; perfection is man's nature, only it is barred in and prevented from taking its proper course. If anyone can take the bar off, in rushes nature. Then the man attains the powers which are his already. Those we call wicked become saints, as soon as the bar is broken and nature rushes in. It is nature that is driving us towards perfection, and eventually she will bring everyone there. All these practices and struggles to become religious are only negative work, to take off the bars, and open the doors to that perfection which is our birthright, our nature.
Today the evolution theory of the ancient Yogis will be better understood in the light of modern research. And yet the theory of the Yogis is a better explanation. The two causes of evolution advanced by the moderns, viz sexual selection and survival of the fittest, are inadequate. Suppose human knowledge to have advanced so much as to eliminate competition, both from the function of acquiring physical sustenance and of acquiring a mate.  The result of this theory is to furnish every oppressor with an argument to calm the qualms of conscience.  But the great ancient evolutionist, Patanjali, declares that the true secret of evolution is the manifestation of the perfection which is already in every being; that this perfection has been barred and the infinite tide behind is struggling to express itself. These struggles and competitions are but the results of our ignorance, because we do not know the proper way to unlock the gate and let the water in. This infinite tide behind must express itself; it is the cause of all manifestation. Competitions for life or sex-gratification are only momentary, unnecessary, extraneous effects, caused by ignorance. Even when all competition has ceased, this perfect nature behind will make us go forward until everyone has become perfect. Therefore there is no reason to believe that competition is necessary to progress. In the animal the man was suppressed, but as soon as the door was opened, out rushed man. So in man there is the potential god, kept in by the locks and bars of ignorance. When knowledge breaks these bars, the god becomes manifest.
निर्माणचित्तान्यस्मितामात्रात् ॥४॥
4. From egoism alone proceed the created minds.
The theory of Karma is that we suffer for our good or bad deeds, and the whole scope of philosophy is to reach the glory of man. All the scriptures sing the glory of man, of the soul, and then, in the same breath, they preach Karma. A good deed brings such a result, and a bad deed such another, but if the soul can be acted upon by a good or a bad deed, the soul amounts to nothing. Bad deeds put a bar to the manifestation of the nature of the Purusha; good deeds take the obstacles off, and the glory of the Purusha becomes manifest. The Purusha itself is never changed. Whatever you do never destroys your own glory, your own nature, because the soul cannot be acted upon by anything, only a veil is spread before it, hiding its perfection.
With a view to exhausting their Karma quickly, Yogis create Kâya-vyuha, or groups of bodies, in which to work it out. For all these bodies they create minds from egoism. These are called "created minds", in contradistinction to their original minds.
प्रवृत्तिभेदे प्रयोजकं चित्तमेकमनेकेषाम् ॥५॥
5. Though the activities of the different created minds are various, the one original mind is the controller of them all.
These different minds, which act in these different bodies are called made-minds, and the bodies, made-bodies; that is, manufactured bodies and minds. Matter and mind are like two inexhaustible storehouses. When you become a Yogi, you learn the secret of their control. It was yours all the time, but you had forgotten it. When you become a Yogi, you recollect it. Then you can do anything with it, manipulate it in every way you like. The material out of which a manufactured mind is created is the very same material which is used for the macrocosm. It is not that mind is one thing and matter another, they are different aspects of the same thing. Asmitâ, egoism, is the material, the fine state of existence out of which these made-minds and made-bodies of the Yogi are manufactured. Therefore, when the Yogi has found the secret of these energies of nature, he can manufacture any number of bodies or minds out of the substance known as egoism.
तत्र ध्यानजमनाशयम् ॥६॥
6. Among the various Chittas, that which is attained by Samadhi is desireless.
Among all the various minds that we see in various men, only that mind which has attained to Samadhi, perfect concentration, is the highest. A man who has attained certain powers through medicines, or through words, or through mortifications, still has desires, but that man who has attained to Samadhi through concentration is alone free from all desires.
कर्माशुक्लाकृष्णं योगिनस्त्रिविधमितरेषाम् ॥७॥
7. Works are neither black nor white for the Yogis; for others they are threefold — black, white, and mixed.
When the Yogi has attained perfection, his actions, and the Karma produced by those actions, do not bind him, because he did not desire them. He just works on; he works to do good, and he does good, but does not care for the result, and it will not come to him. But, for ordinary men, who have not attained to the highest state, works are of three kinds, black (evil actions), white (good actions), and mixed.
ततस्तद्विपाकानुगुणानामेवाभिव्यक्तिर्वासनानाम् ॥८॥
8. From these threefold works are manifested in each state only those desires (which are) fitting to that state alone. (The others are held in abeyance for the time being.)
Suppose I have made the three kinds of Karma, good, bad, and mixed, and suppose I die and become a god in heaven. The desires in a god body are not the same as the desires in a human body; the god body neither eats nor drinks.  Where would these Karmas go when I become a god? The answer is that desires can only manifest themselves in proper environments. Only those desires will come out for which the environment is fitted; the rest will remain stored up. In this life we have many godly desires, many human desires, many animal desires. If I take a god body, only the good desires will come up, because for them the environments are suitable. And if I take an animal body, only the animal desires will come up, and the good desires will wait. What does this show? That by means of environment we can check these desires. Only that Karma which is suited to and fitted for the environments will come out. This shows that the power of environment is the great check to control even Karma itself.
जाति-देश-काल-व्यवहितानामप्यानन्तर्यं स्मृतिसंस्कारयोरेकरूपत्वात् ॥९॥
9. There is consecutiveness in desires, even though separated by species, space, and time, there being identification of memory and impressions.
Experiences becoming fine become impressions; impressions revivified become memory. The word memory here includes unconscious co-ordination of past experiences, reduced to impressions, with present conscious action. In each body, the group of impressions acquired in a similar body only becomes the cause of action in that body. The experiences of a dissimilar body are held in abeyance. Each body acts as if it were a descendant of a series of bodies of that species only; thus, consecutiveness of desires is not to be broken.
तासामनादित्वं चाशिषो नित्यत्वात् ॥१०॥
l0. Thirst for happiness being eternal, desires are without beginning.
All experience is preceded by desire for happiness. There was no beginning of experience, as each fresh experience is built upon the tendency generated by past experience; therefore desire is without beginning.
हेतुफलाश्रयालम्बनैः संगृहीतत्वादेषामभावे तदभावः ॥११॥
11. Being held together by cause, effect, support, and objects, in the absence of these is its absence.
Desires are held together by cause and effect; (The causes are the "pain-bearing obstructions" (II. 3) and actions (IV. 7), and the effects are "species, life, and experience of pleasure and pain" (II. 13). — Ed.) if a desire has been raised, it does not die without producing its effect. Then, again, the mind-stuff is the great storehouse, the support of all past desires reduced to Samskara form; until they have worked themselves out, they will not die. Moreover, so long as the senses receive the external objects, fresh desires will arise. If it be possible to get rid of the cause, effect, support, and objects of desire, then alone it will vanish.
अतीतानागतं स्वरूपतोऽस्त्यध्वभेदाद्धर्माणाम् ॥१२॥
12. The past and future exist in their own nature, qualities having different ways.
The idea is that existence never comes out of nonexistence. The past and future, though not existing in a manifested form, yet exist in a fine form.
ते व्यक्त-सूक्ष्मा गुणात्मानः ॥१३॥
13. They are manifested or fine, being of the nature of the Gunas.
The Gunas are the three substances, Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas, whose gross state is the sensible universe. Past and future arise from the different modes of manifestation of these Gunas.
परिणामैकत्वाद्वस्तुतत्त्वम् ॥१४॥
14. The unity in things is from the unity in changes.
Though there are three substances, their changes being co-ordinated, all objects have their unity.
वस्तुसाम्ये चित्तभेदात्तयोर्विभक्तः पन्थाः ॥१५॥
15. Since perception and desire vary with regard to the same object, mind and object are of different nature.
That is, there is an objective world independent of our minds. This is a refutation of Buddhistic Idealism. Since different people look at the same thing differently, it cannot be a mere imagination of any particular individual.
(There is an additional aphorism here in some editions:
न चैकचित्ततन्त्रं वस्तु तदप्रमाणकं तदा किं स्यात् ॥
"The object cannot be said to be dependent on a single mind. There being no proof of its existence, it would then become nonexistent."
If the perception of an object were the only criterion of its existence, then when the mind is absorbed in anything or is in Samadhi, it would not be perceived by anybody and might as well be said to be non-existent. This is an undesirable conclusion. — Ed.)
तदुपरागापेक्षित्वाच्चित्तस्य वस्तु ज्ञाताज्ञातम् ॥१६॥
16. Things are known on unknown to the mind, being dependent on the colouring which they give to the mind.
सदा ज्ञाताश्चित्तवृत्तयस्तत्प्रभोः पुरुषस्यापरिणामित्वात् ॥१७॥
17. The states of the mind are always known, because the lord of the mind, the Purusha, is unchangeable.
The whole gist of this theory is that the universe is both mental and material. Both of these are in a continuous state of flux. What is this book? It is a combination of molecules in constant change. One lot is going out, and another coming in; it is a whirlpool, but what makes the unity? What makes it the same book? The changes are rhythmical; in harmonious order they are sending impressions to my mind, and these pieced together make a continuous picture, although the parts are continuously changing. Mind itself is continuously changing. The mind and body are like two layers in the same substance, moving at different rates of speed. Relatively, one being slower and the other quicker, we can distinguish between the two motions. For instance, a train is in motion, and a carriage is moving alongside it. It is possible to find the motion of both these to a certain extent. But still something else is necessary. Motion can only be perceived when there is something else which is not moving. But when two or three things are relatively moving, we first perceive the motion of the faster one, and then that of the slower ones. How is the mind to perceive? It is also in a flux. Therefore another thing is necessary which moves more slowly, then you must get to something in which the motion is still slower, and so on, and you will find no end. Therefore logic compels you to stop somewhere. You must complete the series by knowing something which never changes. Behind this never-ending chain of motion is the Purusha, the changeless, the colourless, the pure. All these impressions are merely reflected upon it, as a magic lantern throws images upon a screen, without in any way tarnishing it.
न तत् स्वाभासं दृश्यत्वात् ॥१८॥
18. The mind is not self-luminous, being an object.
Tremendous power is manifested everywhere in nature, but it is not self-luminous, not essentially intelligent. The Purusha alone is self-luminous, and gives its light to everything. It is the power of the Purusha that is percolating through all matter and force.
एकसमये चोभयानवधारणम् ॥१९॥
19. From its being unable to cognise both at the same time.
If the mind were self-luminous it would be able to cognise itself and its objects at the same time, which it cannot. When it cognises the object, it cannot reflect on itself. Therefore the Purusha is self-luminous, and the mind is not.
चित्तान्तरदृश्ये बुद्धिबुद्धेरतिप्रसङ्गः स्मृतिसङ्करश्च ॥२०॥
20. Another cognising mind being assumed, there will be no end to such assumptions, and confusion of memory will be the result.
Let us suppose there is another mind which cognises the ordinary mind, then there will have to be still another to cognise the former, and so there will be no end to it. It will result in confusion of memory, there will be no storehouse of memory.
चितेरप्रतिसंक्रमायास्तदाकारापत्तौ स्वबुद्धि-संवेदनम् ॥२१॥
21. The essence of knowledge (the Purusha) being unchangeable, when the mind takes its form, it becomes conscious.
Patanjali says this to make it more clear that knowledge is not a quality of the Purusha. When the mind comes near the Purusha it is reflected, as it were, upon the mind, and the mind, for the time being, becomes knowing and seems as if it were itself the Purusha.
द्रष्टृदृश्योपरक्तं चित्तं सर्वार्थम् ॥२२॥
22. Coloured by the seer and the seen the mind is able to understand everything.
On one side of the mind the external world, the seen, is being reflected, and on the other, the seer is being reflected. Thus comes the power of all knowledge to the mind.
तदसंख्येयवासनाभिश्चित्रमपि परार्थं संहत्यकारित्वात् ॥२३॥
23. The mind, though variegated by innumerable desires, acts for another (the Purusha), because it acts in combination.
The mind is a compound of various things and therefore it cannot work for itself. Everything that is a combination in this world has some object for that combination, some third thing for which this combination is going on. So this combination of the mind is for the Purusha.
विशेषदर्शिन आत्मभाव-भावनाविनिवृत्तिः ॥२४॥
24. For the discriminating, the perception of the mind as Atman ceases.
Through discrimination the Yogi knows that the Purusha is not mind.
तदा विवेकनिम्नं कैवल्यप्राग्भावं चित्तम् ॥२५॥
25. Then, bent on discriminating, the mind attains the previous state of Kaivalya (isolation). (There is another reading — कैवल्यप्राग्भारं। The meaning then would be: "Then the mind becomes deep in discrimination and gravitates towards Kaivalya." — Ed.)
Thus the practice of Yoga leads to discriminating power, to clearness of vision. The veil drops from the eyes, and we see things as they are. We find that nature is a compound, and is showing the panorama for the Purusha, who is the witness; that nature is not the Lord, that all the combinations of nature are simply for the sake of showing these phenomena to the Purusha, the enthroned king within. When discrimination comes by long practice, fear ceases, and the mind attains isolation.
तच्छिद्रेषु प्रत्ययान्तराणि संस्कारेभ्यः ॥२६॥
26. The thoughts that arise as obstructions to that are from impressions.
All the various ideas that arise, making us believe that we require something external to make us happy, are obstructions to that perfection. The Purusha is happiness and blessedness by its own nature. But that knowledge is covered over by past impressions. These impressions have to work themselves out.
हानमेषां क्लेशवदुक्तम् ॥२७॥
27. Their destruction is in the same manner as of ignorance, egoism, etc., as said before (II. 10).
प्रसंख्यानेऽप्यकुसीदस्य सर्वथा विवेकख्यातेर्धर्ममेघः समाधिः ॥२८॥
28. Even when arriving at the right discriminating knowledge of the essences, he who gives up the fruits, unto him comes, as the result of perfect domination, the Samadhi called the cloud of virtue.
When the Yogi has attained to this discrimination, all the powers mentioned in the last chapter come to him, but the true Yogi rejects them all. Unto him comes a peculiar knowledge, a particular light, called the Dharma-megha, the cloud of virtue. All the great prophets of the world whom history has recorded had this. They had found the whole foundation of knowledge within themselves. Truth to them had become real. Peace and calmness, and perfect purity became their own nature, after they had given up the vanities of powers.
ततः क्लेशकर्मनिवृत्तिः ॥२९॥
29. From that comes cessation of pain and works.
When that cloud of virtue has come, then no more is there fear of falling, nothing can drag the Yogi down. No more will there be evils for him. No more pains.
तदा सर्वावरणमलापेतस्य ज्ञानस्याऽनन्त्याज्ज्ञेयमल्पम् ॥३०॥
30. The knowledge, bereft of covering and impurities, becoming infinite, the knowable becomes small.
Knowledge itself is there; its covering is gone. One of the Buddhistic scriptures defines what is meant by the Buddha (which is the name of a state) as infinite knowledge, infinite as the sky. Jesus attained to that and became the Christ. All of you will attain to that state. Knowledge becoming infinite, the knowable becomes small. The whole universe, with all its objects of knowledge, becomes as nothing before the Purusha. The ordinary man thinks himself very small, because to him the knowable seems to be infinite.
ततः कृतार्थानां परिणामक्रमसमाप्तिर्गुणानाम् ॥३१॥
31. Then are finished the successive transformations of the qualities, they having attained the end.
Then all these various transformations of the qualities, which change from species to species, cease for ever.
क्षणप्रतियोगी परिणामापरान्तनिर्ग्राह्यः क्रमः ॥३२॥
32. The changes that exist in relation to moments and which are perceived at the other end (at the end of a series) are succession.
Patanjali here defines the word succession, the changes that exist in relation to moments. While I think, many moments pass, and with each moment there is a change of idea, but I only perceive these changes at the end of a series. This is called succession, but for the mind that has realised omnipresence there is no succession. Everything has become present for it; to it the present alone exists, the past and future are lost. Time stands controlled, all knowledge is there in one second. Everything is known like a flash.
पुरुषार्थशून्यानां गुणानां प्रतिप्रसवः कैवल्यं स्वरूपप्रतिष्ठा वा चितिशक्तेरिति ॥३३॥
33. The resolution in the inverse order of the qualities, bereft of any motive of action for the Purusha, is Kaivalya, or it is the establishment of the power of knowledge in its own nature.
Nature's task is done, this unselfish task which our sweet nurse, nature, had imposed upon herself. She gently took the self-forgetting soul by the hand, as it were, and showed him all the experiences in the universe, all manifestations, bringing him higher and higher through various bodies, till his lost glory came back, and he remembered his own nature. Then the kind mother went back the same way she came, for others who also have lost their way in the trackless desert of life. And thus is she working, without beginning and without end. And thus through pleasure and pain, through good and evil, the infinite river of souls is flowing into the ocean of perfection, of self-realisation.
 May their blessings be on us all!


This table contains entries for a1-antitrypsin and related serpin family members for a few representative organisms from the UniProt database, with links to view the original protein entries.
|
|
UniProt entry
|
Protein name |
Organism |
Function |
|
a1-antitrypsin |
Alpha-1-antitrypsin |
Homo
sapiens |
Inhibits elastase |
|
|
|
Alpha-1-antiproteinase |
Bos Taurus Bovine |
Inhibits elastase |
|
|
|
Alpha-1-antiproteinase |
Rattus norvegicus Rat |
Inhibits elastase |
|
|
|
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
1-1 |
Mus musculus Mouse |
Inhibits elastase |
|
|
|
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
1-2 |
Mus musculus Mouse |
Inhibits elastase |
|
|
|
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
1-3 |
Mus musculus Mouse |
Inhibits elastase |
|
|
|
|
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
1-4 |
Mus musculus Mouse |
Inhibits elastase |
|
|
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
1-5 |
Mus musculus Mouse |
Inhibits elastase |
|
|
|
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
1-6 |
Mus musculus Mouse |
Inhibits elastase |
|
|
Other inhibitory serpins |
Alpha-1-antitrypsin-related
protein |
Homo
sapiens |
May be a pseudogene |
|
|
|
Alpha-2-antiplasmin |
Homo
sapiens |
Inhibits plasmin and trypsin |
|
|
|
Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin |
Homo
sapiens |
Inhibits neutrophils cathepsin G and mast
cell chymase |
|
|
|
Antithrombin-III |
Homo sapiens |
Regulates blood coagulation cascade |
|
|
|
Heparin cofactor II |
Homo
sapiens |
Regulates blood coagulation cascade |
|
|
|
Plasma protease
C1 inhibitor |
Homo sapiens |
Regulation of complement activation, blood coagulation,
fibrinolysis and the generation of kinins |
|
|
|
Plasma serine
protease inhibitor |
Homo sapiens |
Inhibits activated protein C and plasminogen activators |
|
|
|
Kallistatin |
Homo
sapiens |
Inhibits amidolytic and kininogenase activities of human
tissue kallikrein |
|
|
|
Neuroserpin |
Homo
sapiens |
Formation or reorganization of synaptic connections and
synaptic plasticity |
|
|
|
Plasminogen
activator inhibitor-1 |
Homo
sapiens |
Regulation of fibrinolysis |
|
|
|
Serpin I2 (Pancpin) |
Homo
sapiens |
Pancreatic tumour repressor |
|
|
|
Protein
Z-dependent protease inhibitor |
Homo
sapiens |
Inhibits factor Xa |
|
|
Iintracellular
serpins |
Leukocyte elastase inhibitor |
Homo sapiens |
Regulation of neutrophil proteases |
|
|
(ov-serpin
family) |
Maspin |
Homo sapiens |
Tumour suppressor, prevents metastasis |
|
|
|
Plasminogen
activator inhibitor-2 |
Homo
sapiens |
Tissue-type
plasminogen activator, intracellular signalling |
|
|
|
Placental thrombin inhibitor |
Homo
sapiens |
Inhibits thrombin |
|
|
|
Bomapin |
Homo
sapiens |
Haematopoiesis |
|
|
|
Serpin B11 |
Homo
sapiens |
|
|
|
|
Serpin B12 |
Homo sapiens |
Inhibits trypsin and plasmin |
|
|
|
Hurpin |
Homo sapiens |
Proliferation or differentiation of keratinocytes |
|
|
|
Squamous cell
carcinoma antigen 1 |
Homo sapiens |
Modulates immune response towards tumours |
|
|
|
Squamous cell
carcinoma antigen 2 |
Homo sapiens |
Modulates immune response towards tumours |
|
|
|
Megsin |
Homo sapiens |
Maturation of megakaryocytes |
|
|
|
Cytoplasmic antiproteinase 2 |
Homo
sapiens |
Furin |
|
|
|
Cytoplasmic antiproteinase 3 |
Homo
sapiens |
Granzyme B inhibitor |
|
|
Non-inhibitory
serpins |
Angiotensinogen |
Homo
sapiens |
Blood pressure regulation, hormone precursor |
|
|
|
Corticosteroid-binding globulin |
Homo
sapiens |
Hormone carrier (glucorticoids and progestins) |
|
|
|
Glia derived nexin |
Homo
sapiens |
Promotes neurite extension |
|
|
|
47 kDa heat shock protein |
Homo sapiens |
Molecular chaperone for collagen |
|
|
|
Pigment epithelium-derived factor |
Homo
sapiens |
Induces neuronal differentiation in retinoblastoma cells;
inhibitor of angiogenesis |
|
|
|
Collagen-binding
protein 2 |
Homo
sapiens |
Molecular chaperone for collagen |
|
|
|
Thyroxine-binding globulin |
Homo
sapiens |
Thyroid hormone transport |


A urllib2 handler for http and https requests that adds to a throttle.
| def google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.ThrottleHandler.__init__ |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
throttle |
|
) |
| |
Initialize a ThrottleHandler.
Args:
throttle: A Throttle instance to call for bandwidth and http/https request
throttling.
| def google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.ThrottleHandler.AddRequest |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
throttle_name, |
|
|
|
req |
|
) |
| |
Add to bandwidth throttle for given request.
Args:
throttle_name: The name of the bandwidth throttle to add to.
req: The request whose size will be added to the throttle.
| def google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.ThrottleHandler.AddResponse |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
throttle_name, |
|
|
|
res |
|
) |
| |
Add to bandwidth throttle for given response.
Args:
throttle_name: The name of the bandwidth throttle to add to.
res: The response whose size will be added to the throttle.
| def google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.ThrottleHandler.http_request |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
req |
|
) |
| |
Process an HTTP request.
If the throttle is over quota, sleep first. Then add request size to
throttle before returning it to be sent.
Args:
req: A urllib2.Request object.
Returns:
The request passed in.
| def google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.ThrottleHandler.http_response |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
unused_req, |
|
|
|
res |
|
) |
| |
Process an HTTP response.
The size of the response is added to the bandwidth throttle and the request
throttle is incremented by one.
Args:
unused_req: The urllib2 request for this response.
res: A urllib2 response object.
Returns:
The response passed in.
| def google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.ThrottleHandler.https_request |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
req |
|
) |
| |
Process an HTTPS request.
If the throttle is over quota, sleep first. Then add request size to
throttle before returning it to be sent.
Args:
req: A urllib2.Request object.
Returns:
The request passed in.
| def google.appengine.ext.remote_api.throttle.ThrottleHandler.https_response |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
unused_req, |
|
|
|
res |
|
) |
| |
Process an HTTPS response.
The size of the response is added to the bandwidth throttle and the request
throttle is incremented by one.
Args:
unused_req: The urllib2 request for this response.
res: A urllib2 response object.
Returns:
The response passed in.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:
- code/googleappengine-read-only/python/google/appengine/ext/remote_api/throttle.py


The Pen Library provides routines and object classes which work together to form the backbone of a note-book style database storing pen input.
An Ink object is a visual object and may be used by any application that wants to work with pen input. Though any targetable object may accept ink (see the Input chapter), InkClass
has many optimizations for working with ink.
The Ink Database routines provide a front end to the standard GEOS Database (DB) library routines well suited for storing and organizing several small pieces of information. These routines allow the storage of notes within a hierarchical arrangement of folders. Each note may contain one or more pages of textual or ink information.
1 The Ink Object
1.1 Instance Data and Messages
1.2 Storing Ink to DB Items
2 Working with the Ink DB
2.1 Getting Started
2.2 Displaying the Data
2.3 Titles and Keywords
2.4 Navigating the Folder Tree
2.5 Managing Notes and Folders
2.6 Manipulating Notes
2.7 Searching and Traversing the Tree
3 InkControlClass