Contents
This chapter and the next describe the visual formatting model: how user agents process the document tree for visual media.
In the visual formatting model, each element in the document tree generates zero or more boxes according to the box model. The layout of these boxes is governed by:
The properties defined in this chapter and the next apply to both continuous media and paged media. However, the meanings of the margin properties vary when applied to paged media (see the page model for details).
The visual formatting model does not specify all aspects of formatting (e.g., it does not specify a letter-spacing algorithm). Conforming user agents may behave differently for those formatting issues not covered by this specification.
User agents for continuous media generally offer users a viewport (a window or other viewing area on the screen) through which users consult a document. User agents may change the document's layout when the viewport is resized (see the initial containing block).
When the viewport is smaller than the area of the canvas on which the document is rendered, the user agent should offer a scrolling mechanism. There is at most one viewport per canvas, but user agents may render to more than one canvas (i.e., provide different views of the same document).
In CSS 2.1, many box positions and sizes are calculated with respect to the edges of a rectangular box called a containing block. In general, generated boxes act as containing blocks for descendant boxes; we say that a box "establishes" the containing block for its descendants. The phrase "a box's containing block" means "the containing block in which the box lives," not the one it generates.
Each box is given a position with respect to its containing block, but it is not confined by this containing block; it may overflow.
The details of how a containing block's dimensions are calculated are described in the next chapter.
The following sections describe the types of boxes that may be generated in CSS 2.1. A box's type affects, in part, its behavior in the visual formatting model. The 'display' property, described below, specifies a box's type.
Block-level elements are those elements of the source document that are formatted visually as blocks (e.g., paragraphs). The following values of the 'display' property make an element block-level: 'block', 'list-item', and 'table'.
Block-level boxes are boxes that participate in a block formatting context. Each block-level element generates a principal block-level box that contains descendant boxes and generated content and is also the box involved in any positioning scheme. Some block-level elements may generate additional boxes in addition to the principal box: 'list-item' elements. These additional boxes are placed with respect to the principal box.
Except for table boxes, which are described in a later chapter, and replaced elements, a block-level box is also a block container box. A block container box either contains only block-level boxes or establishes an inline formatting context and thus contains only inline-level boxes. Not all block container boxes are block-level boxes: non-replaced inline blocks and non-replaced table cells are block containers but not block-level boxes. Block-level boxes that are also block containers are called block boxes.
The three terms "block-level box," "block container box," and "block box" are sometimes abbreviated as "block" where unambiguous.
In a document like this:

Some text

More text

(and assuming the DIV and the P both have 'display: block'), the DIV appears to have both inline content and block content. To make it easier to define the formatting, we assume that there is an anonymous block box around "Some text".
In other words: if a block container box (such as that generated for the DIV above) has a block-level box inside it (such as the P above), then we force it to have only block-level boxes inside it.
When an inline box contains an in-flow block-level box, the inline box (and its inline ancestors within the same line box) are broken around the block-level box (and any block-level siblings that are consecutive or separated only by collapsible whitespace and/or out-of-flow elements), splitting the inline box into two boxes (even if either side is empty), one on each side of the block-level box(es). The line boxes before the break and after the break are enclosed in anonymous block boxes, and the block-level box becomes a sibling of those anonymous boxes. When such an inline box is affected by relative positioning, any resulting translation also affects the block-level box contained in the inline box.
This model would apply in the following example if the following rules:
p { display: inline }
span { display: block }
were used with this HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">

<TITLE>Anonymous text interrupted by a block</TITLE>

This is anonymous text before the SPAN.
This is the content of SPAN.
This is anonymous text after the SPAN.

The P element contains a chunk (C1) of anonymous text followed by a block-level element followed by another chunk (C2) of anonymous text. The resulting boxes would be a block box representing the BODY, containing an anonymous block box around C1, the SPAN block box, and another anonymous block box around C2.
The properties of anonymous boxes are inherited from the enclosing non-anonymous box (e.g., in the example just below the subsection heading "Anonymous block boxes", the one for DIV). Non-inherited properties have their initial value. For example, the font of the anonymous box is inherited from the DIV, but the margins will be 0.
Properties set on elements that cause anonymous block boxes to be generated still apply to the boxes and content of that element. For example, if a border had been set on the P element in the above example, the border would be drawn around C1 (open at the end of the line) and C2 (open at the start of the line).
Some user agents have implemented borders on inlines containing blocks in other ways, e.g., by wrapping such nested blocks inside "anonymous line boxes" and thus drawing inline borders around such boxes. As CSS1 and CSS2 did not define this behavior, CSS1-only and CSS2-only user agents may implement this alternative model and still claim conformance to this part of CSS 2.1. This does not apply to UAs developed after this specification was released.
Anonymous block boxes are ignored when resolving percentage values that would refer to it: the closest non-anonymous ancestor box is used instead. For example, if the child of the anonymous block box inside the DIV above needs to know the height of its containing block to resolve a percentage height, then it will use the height of the containing block formed by the DIV, not of the anonymous block box.
Inline-level elements are those elements of the source document that do not form new blocks of content; the content is distributed in lines (e.g., emphasized pieces of text within a paragraph, inline images, etc.). The following values of the 'display' property make an element inline-level: 'inline', 'inline-table', and 'inline-block'. Inline-level elements generate inline-level boxes, which are boxes that participate in an inline formatting context.
An inline box is one that is both inline-level and whose contents participate in its containing inline formatting context. A non-replaced element with a 'display' value of 'inline' generates an inline box. Inline-level boxes that are not inline boxes (such as replaced inline-level elements, inline-block elements, and inline-table elements) are called atomic inline-level boxes because they participate in their inline formatting context as a single opaque box.
Any text that is directly contained inside a block container element (not inside an inline element) must be treated as an anonymous inline element.
In a document with HTML markup like this:

Some emphasized text

the

generates a block box, with several inline boxes inside
it. The box for "emphasized" is an inline box generated by an inline
element (
), but the other boxes ("Some" and "text") are inline boxes generated by a block-level element (

). The latter are called anonymous inline
boxes, because they do not have an associated inline-level element.
Such anonymous inline boxes inherit inheritable properties from their block parent box. Non-inherited properties have their initial value. In the example, the color of the anonymous inline boxes is inherited from the P, but the background is transparent.
White space content that would subsequently be collapsed away according to the 'white-space' property does not generate any anonymous inline boxes.
If it is clear from the context which type of anonymous box is meant, both anonymous inline boxes and anonymous block boxes are simply called anonymous boxes in this specification.
There are more types of anonymous boxes that arise when formatting tables.
[This section exists so that the section numbers are the same as in previous drafts. 'Display: run-in' is now defined in CSS level 3 (see CSS basic box model).]
| Value: | inline | block | list-item | inline-block | table | inline-table | table-row-group | table-header-group | table-footer-group | table-row | table-column-group | table-column | table-cell | table-caption | none | inherit |
| Initial: | inline |
| Applies to: | all elements |
| Inherited: | no |
| Percentages: | N/A |
| Media: | all |
| Computed value: | see text |
The values of this property have the following meanings:
Please note that a display of 'none' does not create an invisible box; it creates no box at all. CSS includes mechanisms that enable an element to generate boxes in the formatting structure that affect formatting but are not visible themselves. Please consult the section on visibility for details.
The computed value is the same as the specified value, except for positioned and floating elements (see Relationships between 'display', 'position', and 'float') and for the root element. For the root element, the computed value is changed as described in the section on the relationships between 'display', 'position', and 'float'.
Note that although the initial value of 'display' is 'inline', rules in the user agent's default style sheet may override this value. See the sample style sheet for HTML 4 in the appendix.
Here are some examples of the 'display' property:
p { display: block }
em { display: inline }
li { display: list-item }
img { display: none } /* Do not display images */
In CSS 2.1, a box may be laid out according to three positioning schemes:
An element is called out of flow if it is floated, absolutely positioned, or is the root element. An element is called in-flow if it is not out-of-flow. The flow of an element A is the set consisting of A and all in-flow elements whose nearest out-of-flow ancestor is A.
The 'position' and 'float' properties determine which of the CSS 2.1 positioning algorithms is used to calculate the position of a box.
| Value: | static | relative | absolute | fixed | inherit |
| Initial: | static |
| Applies to: | all elements |
| Inherited: | no |
| Percentages: | N/A |
| Media: | visual |
| Computed value: | as specified |
The values of this property have the following meanings:
@media screen {
h1#first { position: fixed }
}
@media print {
h1#first { position: static }
}
UAs must not paginate the content of fixed boxes. Note that UAs may print invisible content in other ways. See "Content outside the page box" in chapter 13.
User agents may treat position as 'static' on the root element.
An element is said to be positioned if its 'position' property has a value other than 'static'. Positioned elements generate positioned boxes, laid out according to four properties:
| Value: | <length> | <percentage> | auto | inherit |
| Initial: | auto |
| Applies to: | positioned elements |
| Inherited: | no |
| Percentages: | refer to height of containing block |
| Media: | visual |
| Computed value: | if specified as a length, the corresponding absolute length; if specified as a percentage, the specified value; otherwise, 'auto'. |
This property specifies how far an absolutely positioned box's top margin edge is offset below the top edge of the box's containing block. For relatively positioned boxes, the offset is with respect to the top edges of the box itself (i.e., the box is given a position in the normal flow, then offset from that position according to these properties).
| Value: | <length> | <percentage> | auto | inherit |
| Initial: | auto |
| Applies to: | positioned elements |
| Inherited: | no |
| Percentages: | refer to width of containing block |
| Media: | visual |
| Computed value: | if specified as a length, the corresponding absolute length; if specified as a percentage, the specified value; otherwise, 'auto'. |
Like 'top', but specifies how far a box's right margin edge is offset to the left of the right edge of the box's containing block. For relatively positioned boxes, the offset is with respect to the right edge of the box itself.
| Value: | <length> | <percentage> | auto | inherit |
| Initial: | auto |
| Applies to: | positioned elements |
| Inherited: | no |
| Percentages: | refer to height of containing block |
| Media: | visual |
| Computed value: | if specified as a length, the corresponding absolute length; if specified as a percentage, the specified value; otherwise, 'auto'. |
Like 'top', but specifies how far a box's bottom margin edge is offset above the bottom of the box's containing block. For relatively positioned boxes, the offset is with respect to the bottom edge of the box itself.
| Value: | <length> | <percentage> | auto | inherit |
| Initial: | auto |
| Applies to: | positioned elements |
| Inherited: | no |
| Percentages: | refer to width of containing block |
| Media: | visual |
| Computed value: | if specified as a length, the corresponding absolute length; if specified as a percentage, the specified value; otherwise, 'auto'. |
Like 'top', but specifies how far a box's left margin edge is offset to the right of the left edge of the box's containing block. For relatively positioned boxes, the offset is with respect to the left edge of the box itself.
The values for the four properties have the following meanings:
Boxes in the normal flow belong to a formatting context, which may be block or inline, but not both simultaneously. Block-level boxes participate in a block formatting context. Inline-level boxes participate in an inline formatting context.
Floats, absolutely positioned elements, block containers (such as inline-blocks, table-cells, and table-captions) that are not block boxes, and block boxes with 'overflow' other than 'visible' (except when that value has been propagated to the viewport) establish new block formatting contexts for their contents.
In a block formatting context, boxes are laid out one after the other, vertically, beginning at the top of a containing block. The vertical distance between two sibling boxes is determined by the 'margin' properties. Vertical margins between adjacent block-level boxes in a block formatting context collapse.
In a block formatting context, each box's left outer edge touches the left edge of the containing block (for right-to-left formatting, right edges touch). This is true even in the presence of floats (although a box's line boxes may shrink due to the floats), unless the box establishes a new block formatting context (in which case the box itself may become narrower due to the floats).
For information about page breaks in paged media, please consult the section on allowed page breaks.
In an inline formatting context, boxes are laid out horizontally, one after the other, beginning at the top of a containing block. Horizontal margins, borders, and padding are respected between these boxes. The boxes may be aligned vertically in different ways: their bottoms or tops may be aligned, or the baselines of text within them may be aligned. The rectangular area that contains the boxes that form a line is called a line box.
The width of a line box is determined by a containing block and the presence of floats. The height of a line box is determined by the rules given in the section on line height calculations.
A line box is always tall enough for all of the boxes it contains. However, it may be taller than the tallest box it contains (if, for example, boxes are aligned so that baselines line up). When the height of a box B is less than the height of the line box containing it, the vertical alignment of B within the line box is determined by the 'vertical-align' property. When several inline-level boxes cannot fit horizontally within a single line box, they are distributed among two or more vertically-stacked line boxes. Thus, a paragraph is a vertical stack of line boxes. Line boxes are stacked with no vertical separation (except as specified elsewhere) and they never overlap.
In general, the left edge of a line box touches the left edge of its containing block and the right edge touches the right edge of its containing block. However, floating boxes may come between the containing block edge and the line box edge. Thus, although line boxes in the same inline formatting context generally have the same width (that of the containing block), they may vary in width if available horizontal space is reduced due to floats. Line boxes in the same inline formatting context generally vary in height (e.g., one line might contain a tall image while the others contain only text).
When the total width of the inline-level boxes on a line is less than the width of the line box containing them, their horizontal distribution within the line box is determined by the 'text-align' property. If that property has the value 'justify', the user agent may stretch spaces and words in inline boxes (but not inline-table and inline-block boxes) as well.
When an inline box exceeds the width of a line box, it is split into several boxes and these boxes are distributed across several line boxes. If an inline box cannot be split (e.g., if the inline box contains a single character, or language specific word breaking rules disallow a break within the inline box, or if the inline box is affected by a white-space value of nowrap or pre), then the inline box overflows the line box.
When an inline box is split, margins, borders, and padding have no visual effect where the split occurs (or at any split, when there are several).
Inline boxes may also be split into several boxes within the same line box due to bidirectional text processing.
Line boxes are created as needed to hold inline-level content within an inline formatting context. Line boxes that contain no text, no preserved white space, no inline elements with non-zero margins, padding, or borders, and no other in-flow content (such as images, inline blocks or inline tables), and do not end with a preserved newline must be treated as zero-height line boxes for the purposes of determining the positions of any elements inside of them, and must be treated as not existing for any other purpose.
Here is an example of inline box construction. The following paragraph (created by the HTML block-level element P) contains anonymous text interspersed with the elements EM and STRONG:

Several emphasized words appear
in this sentence, dear.

The P element generates a block box that contains five inline boxes, three of which are anonymous:
To format the paragraph, the user agent flows the five boxes into line boxes. In this example, the box generated for the P element establishes the containing block for the line boxes. If the containing block is sufficiently wide, all the inline boxes will fit into a single line box:
Several emphasized words appear in this sentence, dear.
If not, the inline boxes will be split up and distributed across several line boxes. The previous paragraph might be split as follows:
Several emphasized words appear in this sentence, dear.or like this:
Several emphasized words appear in this sentence, dear.
In the previous example, the EM box was split into two EM boxes (call them "split1" and "split2"). Margins, borders, padding, or text decorations have no visible effect after split1 or before split2.
Consider the following example:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">

<TITLE>Example of inline flow on several lines</TITLE>

Several emphasized words appear here.

Depending on the width of the P, the boxes may be distributed as follows:
Once a box has been laid out according to the normal flow or floated, it may be shifted relative to this position. This is called relative positioning. Offsetting a box (B1) in this way has no effect on the box (B2) that follows: B2 is given a position as if B1 were not offset and B2 is not re-positioned after B1's offset is applied. This implies that relative positioning may cause boxes to overlap. However, if relative positioning causes an 'overflow:auto' or 'overflow:scroll' box to have overflow, the UA must allow the user to access this content (at its offset position), which, through the creation of scrollbars, may affect layout.
A relatively positioned box keeps its normal flow size, including line breaks and the space originally reserved for it. The section on containing blocks explains when a relatively positioned box establishes a new containing block.
For relatively positioned elements, 'left' and 'right' move the box(es) horizontally, without changing their size. 'Left' moves the boxes to the right, and 'right' moves them to the left. Since boxes are not split or stretched as a result of 'left' or 'right', the used values are always: left = -right.
If both 'left' and 'right' are 'auto' (their initial values), the used values are '0' (i.e., the boxes stay in their original position).
If 'left' is 'auto', its used value is minus the value of 'right' (i.e., the boxes move to the left by the value of 'right').
If 'right' is specified as 'auto', its used value is minus the value of 'left'.
If neither 'left' nor 'right' is 'auto', the position is over-constrained, and one of them has to be ignored. If the 'direction' property of the containing block is 'ltr', the value of 'left' wins and 'right' becomes -'left'. If 'direction' of the containing block is 'rtl', 'right' wins and 'left' is ignored.
Example. The following three rules are equivalent:
div.a8 { position: relative; direction: ltr; left: -1em; right: auto }
div.a8 { position: relative; direction: ltr; left: auto; right: 1em }
div.a8 { position: relative; direction: ltr; left: -1em; right: 5em }
The 'top' and 'bottom' properties move relatively positioned element(s) up or down without changing their size. 'Top' moves the boxes down, and 'bottom' moves them up. Since boxes are not split or stretched as a result of 'top' or 'bottom', the used values are always: top = -bottom. If both are 'auto', their used values are both '0'. If one of them is 'auto', it becomes the negative of the other. If neither is 'auto', 'bottom' is ignored (i.e., the used value of 'bottom' will be minus the value of 'top').
Note. Dynamic movement of relatively positioned boxes can produce animation effects in scripting environments (see also the 'visibility' property). Although relative positioning may be used as a form of superscripting and subscripting, the line height is not automatically adjusted to take the positioning into consideration. See the description of line height calculations for more information.
Examples of relative positioning are provided in the section comparing normal flow, floats, and absolute positioning.
A float is a box that is shifted to the left or right on the current line. The most interesting characteristic of a float (or "floated" or "floating" box) is that content may flow along its side (or be prohibited from doing so by the 'clear' property). Content flows down the right side of a left-floated box and down the left side of a right-floated box. The following is an introduction to float positioning and content flow; the exact rules governing float behavior are given in the description of the 'float' property.
A floated box is shifted to the left or right until its outer edge touches the containing block edge or the outer edge of another float. If there is a line box, the outer top of the floated box is aligned with the top of the current line box.
If there is not enough horizontal room for the float, it is shifted downward until either it fits or there are no more floats present.
Since a float is not in the flow, non-positioned block boxes created before and after the float box flow vertically as if the float did not exist. However, the current and subsequent line boxes created next to the float are shortened as necessary to make room for the margin box of the float.
A line box is next to a float when there exists a vertical position that satisfies all of these four conditions: (a) at or below the top of the line box, (b) at or above the bottom of the line box, (c) below the top margin edge of the float, and (d) above the bottom margin edge of the float.
Note: this means that floats with zero outer height or negative outer height do not shorten line boxes.
If a shortened line box is too small to contain any content, then the line box is shifted downward (and its width recomputed) until either some content fits or there are no more floats present. Any content in the current line before a floated box is reflowed in the same line on the other side of the float. In other words, if inline-level boxes are placed on the line before a left float is encountered that fits in the remaining line box space, the left float is placed on that line, aligned with the top of the line box, and then the inline-level boxes already on the line are moved accordingly to the right of the float (the right being the other side of the left float) and vice versa for rtl and right floats.
The border box of a table, a block-level replaced element, or an element in the normal flow that establishes a new block formatting context (such as an element with 'overflow' other than 'visible') must not overlap the margin box of any floats in the same block formatting context as the element itself. If necessary, implementations should clear the said element by placing it below any preceding floats, but may place it adjacent to such floats if there is sufficient space. They may even make the border box of said element narrower than defined by section 10.3.3. CSS2 does not define when a UA may put said element next to the float or by how much said element may become narrower.
Example. In the following document fragment, the containing block is too narrow to contain the content next to the float, so the content gets moved to below the floats where it is aligned in the line box according to the text-align property.
p { width: 10em; border: solid aqua; } span { float: left; width: 5em; height: 5em; border: solid blue; }
...
   Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious

This fragment might look like this:
Several floats may be adjacent, and this model also applies to adjacent floats in the same line.
The following rule floats all IMG boxes with class="icon" to the left (and sets the left margin to '0'):
img.icon {
float: left;
margin-left: 0;
}
Consider the following HTML source and style sheet:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">

<TITLE>Float example</TITLE>

Some sample text that has no other...

The IMG box is floated to the left. The content that follows is formatted to the right of the float, starting on the same line as the float. The line boxes to the right of the float are shortened due to the float's presence, but resume their "normal" width (that of the containing block established by the P element) after the float. This document might be formatted as:
Formatting would have been exactly the same if the document had been:

Some sample text

that has no other...

because the content to the left of the float is displaced by the float and reflowed down its right side.
As stated in section 8.3.1, the margins of floating boxes never collapse with margins of adjacent boxes. Thus, in the previous example, vertical margins do not collapse between the P box and the floated IMG box.
The contents of floats are stacked as if floats generated new stacking contexts, except that any positioned elements and elements that actually create new stacking contexts take part in the float's parent stacking context. A float can overlap other boxes in the normal flow (e.g., when a normal flow box next to a float has negative margins). When this happens, floats are rendered in front of non-positioned in-flow blocks, but behind in-flow inlines.
Here is another illustration, showing what happens when a float overlaps borders of elements in the normal flow.
The following example illustrates the use of the 'clear' property to prevent content from flowing next to a float.
This property specifies whether a box should float to the left, right, or not at all. It may be set for any element, but only applies to elements that generate boxes that are not absolutely positioned. The values of this property have the following meanings:
User agents may treat float as 'none' on the root element.
Here are the precise rules that govern the behavior of floats:
But in CSS 2.1, if, within the block formatting context, there is an in-flow negative vertical margin such that the float's position is above the position it would be at were all such negative margins set to zero, the position of the float is undefined.
References to other elements in these rules refer only to other elements in the same block formatting context as the float.
This HTML fragment results in the b floating to the right.

ab

If the P element's width is enough, the a and the b will be side by side. It might look like this:
This property indicates which sides of an element's box(es) may not be adjacent to an earlier floating box. The 'clear' property does not consider floats inside the element itself or in other block formatting contexts.
Values have the following meanings when applied to non-floating block-level boxes:
Values other than 'none' potentially introduce clearance. Clearance inhibits margin collapsing and acts as spacing above the margin-top of an element. It is used to push the element vertically past the float.
Computing the clearance of an element on which 'clear' is set is done by first determining the hypothetical position of the element's top border edge. This position is where the actual top border edge would have been if the element's 'clear' property had been 'none'.
If this hypothetical position of the element's top border edge is not past the relevant floats, then clearance is introduced, and margins collapse according to the rules in 8.3.1.
Then the amount of clearance is set to the greater of:
Alternatively, clearance is set exactly to the amount necessary to place the border edge of the block even with the bottom outer edge of the lowest float that is to be cleared.
Note: Both behaviors are allowed pending evaluation of their compatibility with existing Web content. A future CSS specification will require either one or the other.
Note: The clearance can be negative or zero.
Example 1. Assume (for the sake of simplicity), that we have just three boxes, in this order: block B1 with a bottom margin of M1 (B1 has no children and no padding or border), floating block F with a height H, and block B2 with a top margin of M2 (no padding or border, no children). B2 has 'clear' set to 'both'. We also assume B2 is not empty.
Without considering the 'clear' property on B2, we have the situation in the diagram below. The margins of B1 and B2 collapse. Let's say the bottom border edge of B1 is at y = 0, then the top of F is at y = M1, the top border edge of B2 is at y = max(M1,M2), and the bottom of F is at y = M1 + H.
We also assume that B2 is not below F, i.e., we are in the situation described in the spec where we need to add clearance. That means:
max(M1,M2) < M1 + H
We need to compute clearance C twice, C1 and C2, and keep the greater of the two: C = max(C1,C2). The first way is to put the top of B2 flush with the bottom of F, i.e., at y = M1 + H. That means, because the margins no longer collapse with a clearance between them:
bottom of F = top border edge of B2 ⇔
M1 + H = M1 + C1 + M2 ⇔
C1 = M1 + H - M1 - M2
= H - M2
The second computation is to keep the top of B2 where it is, i.e., at y = max(M1,M2). That means:
max(M1,M2) = M1 + C2 + M2 ⇔
C2 = max(M1,M2) - M1 - M2
We assumed that max(M1,M2) < M1 + H, which implies
C2 = max(M1,M2) - M1 - M2 < M1 + H - M1 - M2 = H - M2 ⇒
C2 < H - M2
And, as C1 = H - M2, it follows that
C2 < C1
and hence
C = max(C1,C2) = C1
Example 2. An example of negative clearance is this situation, in which the clearance is -1em. (Assume none of the elements have borders or padding):

 First paragraph.
 Floating paragraph.
 Last paragraph.
Explanation: Without the 'clear', the first and last paragraphs' margins would collapse and the last paragraph's top border edge would be flush with the top of the floating paragraph. But the 'clear' requires the top border edge to be below the float, i.e., 2em lower. This means that clearance must be introduced. Accordingly, the margins no longer collapse and the amount of clearance is set so that clearance + margin-top = 2em, i.e., clearance = 2em - margin-top = 2em - 3em = -1em.
When the property is set on floating elements, it results in a modification of the rules for positioning the float. An extra constraint (#10) is added:
Note. This property applied to all elements in CSS1. Implementations may therefore have supported this property on all elements. In CSS2 and CSS 2.1 the 'clear' property only applies to block-level elements. Therefore authors should only use this property on block-level elements. If an implementation does support clear on inline elements, rather than setting a clearance as explained above, the implementation should force a break and effectively insert one or more empty line boxes (or shifting the new line box downward as described in section 9.5) to move the top of the cleared inline's line box to below the respective floating box(es).
In the absolute positioning model, a box is explicitly offset with respect to its containing block. It is removed from the normal flow entirely (it has no impact on later siblings). An absolutely positioned box establishes a new containing block for normal flow children and absolutely (but not fixed) positioned descendants. However, the contents of an absolutely positioned element do not flow around any other boxes. They may obscure the contents of another box (or be obscured themselves), depending on the stack levels of the overlapping boxes.
References in this specification to an absolutely positioned element (or its box) imply that the element's 'position' property has the value 'absolute' or 'fixed'.
Fixed positioning is a subcategory of absolute positioning. The only difference is that for a fixed positioned box, the containing block is established by the viewport. For continuous media, fixed boxes do not move when the document is scrolled. In this respect, they are similar to fixed background images. For paged media, boxes with fixed positions are repeated on every page. This is useful for placing, for instance, a signature at the bottom of each page. Boxes with fixed position that are larger than the page area are clipped. Parts of the fixed position box that are not visible in the initial containing block will not print.
Authors may use fixed positioning to create frame-like presentations. Consider the following frame layout:
This might be achieved with the following HTML document and style rules:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">

<TITLE>A frame document with CSS 2.1</TITLE>

 ...

 ...

 ...

 ...

The three properties that affect box generation and layout — 'display', 'position', and 'float' — interact as follows:
| Specified value | Computed value |
|---|---|
| inline-table | table |
| inline, table-row-group, table-column, table-column-group, table-header-group, table-footer-group, table-row, table-cell, table-caption, inline-block | block |
| others | same as specified |
To illustrate the differences between normal flow, relative positioning, floats, and absolute positioning, we provide a series of examples based on the following HTML:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">

<TITLE>Comparison of positioning schemes</TITLE>

Beginning of body contents.
 Start of outer contents.
 Inner contents.
End of outer contents.
End of body contents.

In this document, we assume the following rules:
body { display: block; font-size:12px; line-height: 200%;
width: 400px; height: 400px }
p { display: block }
span { display: inline }
The final positions of boxes generated by the outer and inner elements vary in each example. In each illustration, the numbers to the left of the illustration indicate the normal flow position of the double-spaced (for clarity) lines.
Note. The diagrams in this section are illustrative and not to scale. They are meant to highlight the differences between the various positioning schemes in CSS 2.1, and are not intended to be reference renderings of the examples given.
Consider the following CSS declarations for outer and inner that do not alter the normal flow of boxes:
#outer { color: red }
#inner { color: blue }
The P element contains all inline content: anonymous inline text and two SPAN elements. Therefore, all of the content will be laid out in an inline formatting context, within a containing block established by the P element, producing something like:
To see the effect of relative positioning, we specify:
#outer { position: relative; top: -12px; color: red }
#inner { position: relative; top: 12px; color: blue }
Text flows normally up to the outer element. The outer text is then flowed into its normal flow position and dimensions at the end of line 1. Then, the inline boxes containing the text (distributed over three lines) are shifted as a unit by '-12px' (upwards).
The contents of inner, as a child of outer, would normally flow immediately after the words "of outer contents" (on line 1.5). However, the inner contents are themselves offset relative to the outer contents by '12px' (downwards), back to their original position on line 2.
Note that the content following outer is not affected by the relative positioning of outer.
Note also that had the offset of outer been '-24px', the text of outer and the body text would have overlapped.
Now consider the effect of floating the inner element's text to the right by means of the following rules:
#outer { color: red }
#inner { float: right; width: 130px; color: blue }
Text flows normally up to the inner box, which is pulled out of the flow and floated to the right margin (its 'width' has been assigned explicitly). Line boxes to the left of the float are shortened, and the document's remaining text flows into them.
To show the effect of the 'clear' property, we add a sibling element to the example:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">

<TITLE>Comparison of positioning schemes II</TITLE>

Beginning of body contents.
 Start of outer contents.
 Inner contents.
 Sibling contents.
End of outer contents.
End of body contents.

The following rules:
#inner { float: right; width: 130px; color: blue }
#sibling { color: red }
cause the inner box to float to the right as before and the document's remaining text to flow into the vacated space:
However, if the 'clear' property on the sibling element is set to 'right' (i.e., the generated sibling box will not accept a position next to floating boxes to its right), the sibling content begins to flow below the float:
#inner { float: right; width: 130px; color: blue }
#sibling { clear: right; color: red }
Finally, we consider the effect of absolute positioning. Consider the following CSS declarations for outer and inner:
#outer {
position: absolute;
top: 200px; left: 200px;
width: 200px;
color: red;
}
#inner { color: blue }
which cause the top of the outer box to be positioned with respect to its containing block. The containing block for a positioned box is established by the nearest positioned ancestor (or, if none exists, the initial containing block, as in our example). The top side of the outer box is '200px' below the top of the containing block and the left side is '200px' from the left side. The child box of outer is flowed normally with respect to its parent.
The following example shows an absolutely positioned box that is a child of a relatively positioned box. Although the parent outer box is not actually offset, setting its 'position' property to 'relative' means that its box may serve as the containing block for positioned descendants. Since the outer box is an inline box that is split across several lines, the first inline box's top and left edges (depicted by thick dashed lines in the illustration below) serve as references for 'top' and 'left' offsets.
#outer {
position: relative;
color: red
}
#inner {
position: absolute;
top: 200px; left: -100px;
height: 130px; width: 130px;
color: blue;
}
This results in something like the following:
If we do not position the outer box:
#outer { color: red }
#inner {
position: absolute;
top: 200px; left: -100px;
height: 130px; width: 130px;
color: blue;
}
the containing block for inner becomes the initial containing block (in our example). The following illustration shows where the inner box would end up in this case.
Relative and absolute positioning may be used to implement change bars, as shown in the following example. The following fragment:

I used two red hyphens to serve as a change bar. They
will "float" to the left of the line containing THIS
--
word.

might result in something like:
First, the paragraph (whose containing block sides are shown in the illustration) is flowed normally. Then it is offset '10px' from the left edge of the containing block (thus, a right margin of '10px' has been reserved in anticipation of the offset). The two hyphens acting as change bars are taken out of the flow and positioned at the current line (due to 'top: auto'), '-1em' from the left edge of its containing block (established by the P in its final position). The result is that the change bars seem to "float" to the left of the current line.
For a positioned box, the 'z-index' property specifies:
Values have the following meanings:
In this section, the expression "in front of" means closer to the user as the user faces the screen.
In CSS 2.1, each box has a position in three dimensions. In addition to their horizontal and vertical positions, boxes lie along a "z-axis" and are formatted one on top of the other. Z-axis positions are particularly relevant when boxes overlap visually. This section discusses how boxes may be positioned along the z-axis.
The order in which the rendering tree is painted onto the canvas is described in terms of stacking contexts. Stacking contexts can contain further stacking contexts. A stacking context is atomic from the point of view of its parent stacking context; boxes in other stacking contexts may not come between any of its boxes.
Each box belongs to one stacking context. Each positioned box in a given stacking context has an integer stack level, which is its position on the z-axis relative other stack levels within the same stacking context. Boxes with greater stack levels are always formatted in front of boxes with lower stack levels. Boxes may have negative stack levels. Boxes with the same stack level in a stacking context are stacked back-to-front according to document tree order.
The root element forms the root stacking context. Other stacking contexts are generated by any positioned element (including relatively positioned elements) having a computed value of 'z-index' other than 'auto'. Stacking contexts are not necessarily related to containing blocks. In future levels of CSS, other properties may introduce stacking contexts, for example 'opacity' [CSS3COLOR].
Within each stacking context, the following layers are painted in back-to-front order:
Within each stacking context, positioned elements with stack level 0 (in layer 6), non-positioned floats (layer 4), inline blocks (layer 5), and inline tables (layer 5), are painted as if those elements themselves generated new stacking contexts, except that their positioned descendants and any would-be child stacking contexts take part in the current stacking context.
This painting order is applied recursively to each stacking context. This description of stacking context painting order constitutes an overview of the detailed normative definition in Appendix E.
In the following example, the stack levels of the boxes (named with their "id" attributes) are: "text2"=0, "image"=1, "text3"=2, and "text1"=3. The "text2" stack level is inherited from the root box. The others are specified with the 'z-index' property.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">

<TITLE>Z-order positioning</TITLE>

This text will overlay the butterfly image.

This text will be beneath everything.

This text will underlay text1, but overlay the butterfly image

This example demonstrates the notion of transparency. The default behavior of the background is to allow boxes behind it to be visible. In the example, each box transparently overlays the boxes below it. This behavior can be overridden by using one of the existing background properties.
Conforming user agents that do not support bidirectional text may ignore the 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi' properties described in this section. This exception includes UAs that render right-to-left characters simply because a font on the system contains them but do not support the concept of right-to-left text direction.
The characters in certain scripts are written from right to left. In some documents, in particular those written with the Arabic or Hebrew script, and in some mixed-language contexts, text in a single (visually displayed) block may appear with mixed directionality. This phenomenon is called bidirectionality, or "bidi" for short.
The Unicode standard ([UNICODE], [UAX9]) defines a complex algorithm for determining the proper directionality of text. The algorithm consists of an implicit part based on character properties, as well as explicit controls for embeddings and overrides. CSS 2.1 relies on this algorithm to achieve proper bidirectional rendering. The 'direction' and 'unicode-bidi' properties allow authors to specify how the elements and attributes of a document language map to this algorithm.
User agents that support bidirectional text must apply the Unicode bidirectional algorithm to every sequence of inline-level boxes uninterrupted by a forced (bidi class B) break or block boundary. This sequence forms the "paragraph" unit in the bidirectional algorithm. The paragraph embedding level is set according to the value of the 'direction' property of the containing block rather than by the heuristic given in steps P2 and P3 of the Unicode algorithm.
Because the directionality of a text depends on the structure and semantics of the document language, these properties should in most cases be used only by designers of document type descriptions (DTDs), or authors of special documents. If a default style sheet specifies these properties, authors and users should not specify rules to override them.
The HTML 4 specification ([HTML4], section 8.2) defines bidirectionality behavior for HTML elements. The style sheet rules that would achieve the bidi behavior specified in [HTML4] are given in the sample style sheet. The HTML 4 specification also contains more information on bidirectionality issues.
| Value: | ltr | rtl | inherit |
| Initial: | ltr |
| Applies to: | all elements, but see prose |
| Inherited: | yes |
| Percentages: | N/A |
| Media: | visual |
| Computed value: | as specified |
This property specifies the base writing direction of blocks and the direction of embeddings and overrides (see 'unicode-bidi') for the Unicode bidirectional algorithm. In addition, it specifies such things as the direction of table column layout, the direction of horizontal overflow, the position of an incomplete last line in a block in case of 'text-align: justify'.
Values for this property have the following meanings:
For the 'direction' property to affect reordering in inline elements, the 'unicode-bidi' property's value must be 'embed' or 'override'.
Note. The 'direction' property, when specified for table column elements, is not inherited by cells in the column since columns are not the ancestors of the cells in the document tree. Thus, CSS cannot easily capture the "dir" attribute inheritance rules described in [HTML4], section <IP_ADDRESS>.
| Value: | normal | embed | bidi-override | inherit |
| Initial: | normal |
| Applies to: | all elements, but see prose |
| Inherited: | no |
| Percentages: | N/A |
| Media: | visual |
| Computed value: | as specified |
Values for this property have the following meanings:
The final order of characters in each block container is the same as if the bidi control codes had been added as described above, markup had been stripped, and the resulting character sequence had been passed to an implementation of the Unicode bidirectional algorithm for plain text that produced the same line-breaks as the styled text. In this process, replaced elements with 'display: inline' are treated as neutral characters, unless their 'unicode-bidi' property has a value other than 'normal', in which case they are treated as strong characters in the 'direction' specified for the element. All other atomic inline-level boxes are treated as neutral characters always.
Please note that in order to be able to flow inline boxes in a uniform direction (either entirely left-to-right or entirely right-to-left), more inline boxes (including anonymous inline boxes) may have to be created, and some inline boxes may have to be split up and reordered before flowing.
Because the Unicode algorithm has a limit of 61 levels of embedding, care should be taken not to use 'unicode-bidi' with a value other than 'normal' unless appropriate. In particular, a value of 'inherit' should be used with extreme caution. However, for elements that are, in general, intended to be displayed as blocks, a setting of 'unicode-bidi: embed' is preferred to keep the element together in case display is changed to inline (see example below).
The following example shows an XML document with bidirectional text. It illustrates an important design principle: DTD designers should take bidi into account both in the language proper (elements and attributes) and in any accompanying style sheets. The style sheets should be designed so that bidi rules are separate from other style rules. The bidi rules should not be overridden by other style sheets so that the document language's or DTD's bidi behavior is preserved.
In this example, lowercase letters stand for inherently left-to-right characters and uppercase letters represent inherently right-to-left characters:
<HEBREW>
<PAR>HEBREW1 HEBREW2 english3 HEBREW4 HEBREW5</PAR>
<PAR>HEBREW6 <EMPH>HEBREW7</EMPH> HEBREW8</PAR>
</HEBREW>
<ENGLISH>
<PAR>english9 english10 english11 HEBREW12 HEBREW13</PAR>
<PAR>english14 english15 english16</PAR>
<PAR>english17 <HE-QUO>HEBREW18 english19 HEBREW20</HE-QUO></PAR>
</ENGLISH>
Since this is XML, the style sheet is responsible for setting the writing direction. This is the style sheet:
/* Rules for bidi */ HEBREW, HE-QUO {direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed} ENGLISH {direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed} /* Rules for presentation */ HEBREW, ENGLISH, PAR {display: block} EMPH {font-weight: bold}
The HEBREW element is a block with a right-to-left base direction, the ENGLISH element is a block with a left-to-right base direction. The PARs are blocks that inherit the base direction from their parents. Thus, the first two PARs are read starting at the top right, the final three are read starting at the top left. Please note that HEBREW and ENGLISH are chosen as element names for explicitness only; in general, element names should convey structure without reference to language.
The EMPH element is inline-level, and since its value for 'unicode-bidi' is 'normal' (the initial value), it has no effect on the ordering of the text. The HE-QUO element, on the other hand, creates an embedding.
The formatting of this text might look like this if the line length is long:
5WERBEH 4WERBEH english3 2WERBEH 1WERBEH 8WERBEH 7WERBEH 6WERBEH english9 english10 english11 13WERBEH 12WERBEH english14 english15 english16 english17 20WERBEH english19 18WERBEH
Note that the HE-QUO embedding causes HEBREW18 to be to the right of english19.
If lines have to be broken, it might be more like this:
2WERBEH 1WERBEH -EH 4WERBEH english3 5WERB -EH 7WERBEH 6WERBEH 8WERB english9 english10 en- glish11 12WERBEH 13WERBEH english14 english15 english16 english17 18WERBEH 20WERBEH english19
Because HEBREW18 must be read before english19, it is on the line above english19. Just breaking the long line from the earlier formatting would not have worked. Note also that the first syllable from english19 might have fit on the previous line, but hyphenation of left-to-right words in a right-to-left context, and vice versa, is usually suppressed to avoid having to display a hyphen in the middle of a line.


Minhas máquinas
Generate ReportEarnings (Monthly)
$40,000
Earnings (Annual)
$215,000
Tasks
50%
Pending Requests
18
Earnings Overview
Projects
Server Migration 20%
Sales Tracking 40%
Customer Database 60%
Payout Details 80%
Account Setup Complete!
Development Approach
SB Admin 2 makes extensive use of Bootstrap 4 utility classes in order to reduce CSS bloat and poor page performance. Custom CSS classes are used to create custom components and custom utility classes.
Before working with this theme, you should become familiar with the Bootstrap framework, especially the utility classes.


Cosmonaut presents itself to the city of Portland as the first fully open-door art gallery: Fully functional 24/7 with no appointments required.
We seek to bring printmaking and street art back to the people while promoting local and international artists.
Our community, and our city, are essential to our mission.
Come in, browse through our print archives or check out our latest exhibitions.


Name
HPL_pdpanel_disp Deallocate a panel data structure.
Synopsis
#include "hpl.h"
int
HPL_pdpanel_disp(
HPL_T_panel * *
PANEL
);
Description
HPL_pdpanel_disp
deallocates the panel structure and resources and
stores the error code returned by the panel factorization.
Arguments
PANEL (local input/output) HPL_T_panel * *
On entry, PANEL points to the address of the panel data
structure to be deallocated.
See Also
HPL_pdpanel_new,
HPL_pdpanel_init,
HPL_pdpanel_free.


The TMTerminateAddFile API call writes the length and CRC bytes into an 'add' type file to terminate it. Doing this prevents further change to the file and it makes the file compatible with the other 1-Wire file structure files. The filename to Terminate is specified in 'fentry' which is in the structure FileEntry. Only the 'name' and 'extension' portions of FileEntry need to be set before calling TMTerminateAddFile. The file must be in the current directory on the current device on the 1-Wire network specified by the session handle 'session_handle'.
For a description of the above types, see the TMEX Type Descriptions.
Parameters
session_handle
Specifies the session handle returned from the API function TMExtendedStartSession that specifies the desired 1-Wire network port. This parameter is required by most TMEX API functions.
state_buffer
Specifies a pointer to a memory location that TMEX keeps all of the state information for the 1-Wire networks. This parameter is required by most TMEX API functions.
fentry
Specifies a pointer to a memory location that contains a FileEntry structure. This structure must have the name and extension portions set before calling this API.
Return Value
1 => 'add' file terminated successfully
<0 => 1-Wire File Operations Error Return Code
See Also


The Sound Of Music is undoubtedly a great movie. And I guess it might be a good show for the audience too, but I would have to say that for the male chorus, it is a disaster. Indeed, given the experiences of some local societies, it would have to describe it as being very close to a club-killing show.
Luckily, Limelight had no such problems this time, as they put on a first-class production of the show, and managed to achieve the delicate balance of achieving an audience and keeping the club members.
For myself, I got to sing exactly two words in the show itself - I can't remember whether they were "good-bye" or "good night" but in either case it wasn't overly taxing. And then after the bows there was a "Sound Of Music megamix" which was good fun. However, it was great fun with a great bunch of people, so well worth taking part.


Check the site out and
Leave any feedback you may have in the contact section below!
Enjoy your time here at CodeCove!
Meet the team:
Lead Programmer
Future plans to major in Computer Science
See My Work!
Management
Future plans to major in Mechanical Engineering
Business Expert
Future plans to major in Astrospace Engineering
New lessons will be added over time.
general
lessons for
now but will
be added to
Choose a type of account that fits your needs.
Student
Teacher
Administrator
Feel free to contact us for any reason.
Owensboro, US
<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>Jacob.jones3@stu.daviess.kyschools.us


the and patients {background margin HSV {border-style px;} with #ffffff;} not for that may high load px; virus which {font-family font-size from infection []. double; our simplex was Commons Creative [], acyclovir are border-color border-width herpes respiratory should solid; treatment viral {font-style {font-weight Moreover, PCR The VAP article bold courier; em; have however, mechanical other pt;} they this ventilated


jekyll-caption-tag¶ ↑
A Liquid tag for Jekyll sites that allows easy creation of captioned images like they are in WordPress.
How To Install¶ ↑
-
Install all required gems:
dimensions
,rmagick
(sudo gem install dimensions rmagick
on Debian-based machines) -
Copy
caption_tag.rb
into<your-jekyll-site>/_plugins
. -
Add the styles from
style.css
to your stylesheets. -
The thumbnails get created in
<your-jekyll-site>/captions
. Make sure that you don’t use this folder. -
After every site generation, move
<your-jekyll-site>/captions
to<your-jekyll-site>/_site/captions
.
How To use¶ ↑
Place a caption
tag in your content file, e.g.: {%
caption align="aligncenter" width="512"
height="233" alt="The order of points is important for the
definition of a polygon" caption="[A, B, C, D, E, F, G] != [A, B,
C, D, F, E, G]" url="../images/2013/11/polygon-order.png" %}
| Attribute | Details | | ————- |—————————————————————————-| | align | The
content of this will be added to the class of the surrounding
<div>
. | | width | The width of the image. | | height |
The width of the image. | | alt | The alternative attribute for images. | |
caption | The text below the image. | | url | The source (src) of the
image. |
Global configuration options¶ ↑
You can place the following options in your _config.yml
file:
| Attribute | Default | Details | |——————–|————-|—————————————————————–| | caption_max_width | “512” | The maxiumum width captions may have when you don’t specify it. | | caption_max_height | “800” | The maximum height captions may have when you don’t specify it. | | caption_folder | “/captions” | The folder where captions get stored. |
Examples¶ ↑
Changelog¶ ↑
-
Version 1.6, 2014-04-18:
-
Fixed issue #4
-
-
Version 1.5, 2014-04-13:
-
Added global configuration options
-
Added check if image was already scaled
-
Added logger
-
-
Version 1.4, 2014-03-27:
-
Fixed issue (if two files had the same name, but were in different folder the captions were overwritten)
-
-
Version 1.3, 2014-03-24:
-
Captions can resizes automatically to a given maximum size while preserving the aspect ratio.
-
-
Version 1.2, 2014-01-07:
-
The enclosing
div
is now 10px wider than theimg
inside.
-
-
Version 1.1, 2014-01-07:
-
Just take the URL that was given, don’t add anything.
-
Close image tag
-
-
Version 1.0, 2014-01-02: Initial commit.
License¶ ↑
This code is licensed under MIT License.
What does this mean?
-
You may use it if you like
-
Don’t blame me when thinks don’t work (though you can file an issue)
-
Please don’t remove the link in the comments of
caption_tag.rb
. This might help others to find this plugin
Documentation¶ ↑
I have a generated rdoc documentation.
It was generated with this command:
rdoc --exclude=/doc
TODO¶ ↑
-
Try to get rid of step 5 of “how to install”.


Seems your browser doesn't support Javascript! Websocket relies on Javascript being enabled. Please enable Javascript and reload this page!
WebSocket Message To User Demo
Run as spring.profiles.active=WebSocketToUserDemo
Connect
Disconnect
Send
Send All
Server Message


|
|
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Confirm Email
|
25/01/2017 3:40 PM GMT+4
|
Confirmed
|
|
|
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Confirm Email
|
25/01/2017 2:01 PM GMT+4
|
Confirmed
|
|
|
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Incomplete Warning
|
25/01/2017 10:25 AM GMT+4
|
Confirmed
|
|
|
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Confirm Email
|
24/01/2017 7:39 PM GMT+4
|
Confirmed
|
|
|
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Confirm Email
|
24/01/2017 5:05 PM GMT+4
|
Success
|
|
|
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Incomplete Warning
|
24/01/2017 1:39 PM GMT+4
|
Success |
|
|
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Confirm Email
|
24/01/2017 12:47 PM GMT+4
|
Confirmed
|
|
|
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Incomplete Warning
|
24/01/2017 11:32 AM GMT+4
|
Success |
|
|
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Confirm Email
|
24/01/2017 10:33 AM GMT+4
|
Confirmed
|
|
|
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Duplicate Email Notice
|
24/01/2017 9:45 AM GMT+4
|
Confirmed
|
|
|
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Confirm Email
|
24/01/2017 9:17 AM GMT+4
|
Success |
|
|
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Incomplete Warning
|
23/01/2017 12:34 PM GMT+4
|
Success |
|
|
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Duplicate Email Notice
|
23/01/2017 11:20 AM GMT+4
|
Success |


{% extends "orders/base.html" %} {% block title %}- Success!{% endblock %} {% block body %}
Thank you very much for your order. This is not a real restaurant, but your business and attention are much appreciated! Have a great day.


Welcome to the espusb Web-based GUI.
This GUI uses WebSockets, and has only been tested under the newest (as of August, 2016) Chrome and Firefox browsers.
For more information about this project, visit it on github, here: https://github.com/cnlohr/espusb
TODO: Add mouse stuff
TODO: Find out what this is even suppoosed to do
Drop or browse for system (0x000.. 0x400...) or web (.mpfs) reflash files.


--- layout: post title: "Type-safe DI Containers are redundant" description: "Just use Pure DI." date: 2022-03-14 5:27 UTC tags: [Dependency Injection] --- {% include JB/setup %}
{{ page.description }}
This article is part of a series called Type-safe DI composition. In the previous article, you saw how tuples are adequate DI Containers. In case it's not clear from the article that introduces the series, there's really no point to any of this. My motivation for writing the article is that readers sometimes ask me about topics such as DI Containers versus type safety, or DI Containers in functional programming. The goal of these articles is to make it painfully clear why I find such ideas moot.
In the previous article you saw how tuples make adequate DI Containers. Consider, however, this constructor:
private readonly (IRestaurantDatabase rdb, IClock clock, IReservationsRepository repo) container; public CompositionRoot( (IRestaurantDatabase rdb, IClock clock, IReservationsRepository repo) container) { this.container = container; }
One question, though: Why pass a tuple of three objects as a single argument? Wouldn't it be more idiomatic to use a normal argument list?
Just remove the brackets around the tuple argument and dissolve the elements into separate class fields:
private readonly IRestaurantDatabase rdb; private readonly IClock clock; private readonly IReservationsRepository repo; public CompositionRoot(IRestaurantDatabase rdb, IClock clock, IReservationsRepository repo) { this.rdb = rdb; this.clock = clock; this.repo = repo; }
You no longer need to resolve services from a DI Container. You can simply use the class fields directly:
public object Create(ControllerContext context) { if (context is null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context)); var t = context.ActionDescriptor.ControllerTypeInfo; if (t == typeof(CalendarController)) return new CalendarController(rdb, repo); else if (t == typeof(HomeController)) return new HomeController(rdb); else if (t == typeof(ReservationsController)) return new ReservationsController(clock, rdb, repo); else if (t == typeof(RestaurantsController)) return new RestaurantsController(rdb); else if (t == typeof(ScheduleController)) return new ScheduleController( rdb, repo, AccessControlList.FromUser(context.HttpContext.User)); else throw new ArgumentException( $"Unexpected controller type: {t}.", nameof(context)); }
Instead of container.rdb
, container.repo
, and container.clock
, you can simply access rdb
, repo
, and clock
.
The registration phase (such as it now remains) also becomes simpler:
var rdb = CompositionRoot.CreateRestaurantDatabase(Configuration); var po = CompositionRoot.CreatePostOffice(Configuration, rdb); var clock = CompositionRoot.CreateClock(); var repo = CompositionRoot.CreateRepository(Configuration, po); var compositionRoot = new CompositionRoot(rdb, clock, repo); services.AddSingleton<IControllerActivator>(compositionRoot);
There's no longer any remnant of a DI Container. This is Pure DI.
Type-safe DI Containers are redundant. The simplest way to compose dependencies in a type-safe fashion is to write normal code, i.e. Pure DI.
What about 'normal' DI Containers, though? These aren't type-safe, but may have their uses. They represent a trade-off. For sufficiently complicated code bases, they may offer some benefits.
I typically don't consider the trade-off worthwhile. The keywords in the above paragraph are 'sufficiently complicated'. Instead of writing complicated code, I favour simplicity: code that fits in my head.


- short biography : My name is Judy alTaweel ,I am 23 years ago from Irbid, I studied computer science at yarmouk university
- education history : studied computer scince at yarmouk university ,I studied html,css,android and Java by myself
- overview of my job experience : I hadn't any job yet
- My goals : I understand how I design Web pages professionally
- mansaf
- makmora
- msakhan
- mloukheah
- fasoleah
- kabseh
- maqlubeh
- mhashi
- malfoof
- mjadara
Popular food in Jordan:


| Travis CI | |
| Frameworks | |
| Platform | |
| Licence |
About
RxFlow is a navigation framework for iOS applications based on a Flow Coordinator pattern.
This README is a short story of the whole conception process that led me to this framework.
You will find a very detail explanation of the whole project on my blog:
The Jazzy documentation can be seen here as well: Documentation
Migrating from v1.0.x to v1.1.0
There are two major changes that must be taken care of if you want to use the v1.1.0 when coming from an older version:
- Flowable has been replaced by NextFlowItem. It’s exactly the same idea between those 2 names, but
Flowable
was too much related to a Protocol naming convention. The Flow.navigate(to:) function has to return a NextFlowItems, which is an enum that represents different possibilities of NextFlowItem (multiple, one, none, …). Take a look at the code snippets below to see some examples. - In order to improve RxFlow consistency, it seemed obvious that a Flow that presents a UIViewController also HAS to dismiss it. In previous versions, a child Flow was dismissed by itself and not by the Flow that presented it. In the Demo Application you will find an example with the WishlistFlow dismissing the SettingsFlow for the settingsDone Step.
Migrating from v1.x.x to v1.3.0
There are two major changes that must be taken care of if you want to use the v1.3.0 when coming from an older version:
- NextFlowItems.stepNotHandled has been removed for the sake of simplicity. If you want a received step to have no effect at all in a navigate(to:) function, all you need to do is returning a NextFlowItems.none value. It means that no new Stepper will be registered in the Coordinator.
- NextFlowItems.end(withStepForParentFlow: Step) allows to explicitly tell the Coordinator that you want to dismiss the current Flow. You can pass the Step you want the parent Flow to receive in its navigate(to:) function. That is where you will dismiss the child Flow root Presentable. It can be also used to pass data to the parent ** Flow** thanks to an enum parameter (withStepForParentFlow could be something like: DemoStep.loginIsComplete(idUser: xxx))
The DemoApp has been updated to implement those changes. It shows how to swap between 2 Flows attached to the root Window.
Navigation concerns
Regarding navigation within an iOS application, two choices are available:
- Use the builtin mechanism provided by Apple and Xcode: storyboards and segues
- Implement a custom mechanism directly in the code
The disadvantage of these two solutions:
- Builtin mechanism: navigation is relatively static and the storyboards are massive. The navigation code pollutes the UIViewControllers
- Custom mechanism: code can be difficult to set up and can be complex depending on the chosen design pattern (Router, Coordinator)
RxFlow aims to
- Promote the cutting of storyboards into atomic units to enable collaboration and reusability of UIViewControllers
- Allow the presentation of a UIViewController in different ways according to the navigation context
- Ease the implementation of dependency injection
- Remove every navigation mechanism from UIViewControllers
- Promote reactive programming
- Express the navigation in a declarative way while addressing the majority of the navigation cases
- Facilitate the cutting of an application into logical blocks of navigation
Installation
Carthage
In your Cartfile:
github "RxSwiftCommunity/RxFlow"
CocoaPods
In your Podfile:
pod 'RxFlow'
The key principles
The Coordinator pattern is a great way to organize the navigation within your application. It allows to:
- remove the navigation code from UIViewControllers
- reuse UIViewControllers in different navigation contexts
- ease the use of dependency injection
To learn more about it, I suggest you take a look at this article: (Coordinator Redux).
To me, the Coordinator pattern has some drawbacks:
- you have to write the coordination mechanism each time you bootstrap an application
- there can be a lot of boilerplate code because of the delegation pattern that allows to communicate with Coordinators
RxFlow is a reactive implementation of the Coordinator pattern. It has all the great features of this architecture, but introduces some improvements:
- makes the navigation more declarative
- provides a built-in Coordinator that handles the navigation flows you’ve declared
- uses reactive programming to address the communication with Coordinators issue
There are 6 terms you have to be familiar with to understand RxFlow:
- Flow: each Flow defines a navigation area within your application. This is the place where you declare the navigation actions (such as presenting a UIViewController or another Flow)
- Step: each Step is a navigation state in your application. Combinations of Flows and Steps describe all the possible navigation actions. A Step can even embed inner values (such as Ids, URLs, …) that will be propagated to screens declared in the Flows
- Stepper: it can be anything that can emit Steps. Steppers will be responsible for triggering every navigation actions within the Flows
- Presentable: it is an abstraction of something that can be presented (basically UIViewController and Flow are Presentable). Presentables offer Reactive observables that the Coordinator will subscribe to in order to handle Flow Steps in a UIKit compliant way
- NextFlowItem: it is a simple data structure that combines a Presentable and a Stepper. It tells the Coordinator what will be the next thing that will produce new Steps in your Reactive mechanism
- Coordinator: once the developer has defined the suitable combinations of Flows and Steps representing the navigation possibilities, the job of the Coordinator is to mix these combinations in a consistent way.
How to use RxFlow
Code samples
How to declare Steps
As Steps are seen like some navigation states spread across the application, it seems pretty obvious to use an enum to declare them
enum DemoStep: Step {
case apiKey
case apiKeyIsComplete
case movieList
case moviePicked (withMovieId: Int)
case castPicked (withCastId: Int)
case settings
case settingsDone
case about
}
How to declare a Flow
The following Flow is used as a Navigation stack. All you have to do is:
- declare a root UIViewController on which your navigation will be based
- implement the navigate(to:) function to transform a Step into a navigation action
The navigate(to:) function returns a NextFlowItems. This is how the next navigation actions will be produced (the Stepper defined in a NextFlowItem will emit the next Steps)
class WatchedFlow: Flow {
var root: Presentable {
return self.rootViewController
}
private let rootViewController = UINavigationController()
private let service: MoviesService
init(withService service: MoviesService) {
self.service = service
}
func navigate(to step: Step) -> NextFlowItems {
guard let step = step as? DemoStep else { return NextFlowItems.none }
switch step {
case .movieList:
return navigateToMovieListScreen()
case .moviePicked(let movieId):
return navigateToMovieDetailScreen(with: movieId)
case .castPicked(let castId):
return navigateToCastDetailScreen(with: castId)
default:
return NextFlowItems.none
}
}
private func navigateToMovieListScreen () -> NextFlowItems {
let viewModel = WatchedViewModel(with: self.service)
let viewController = WatchedViewController.instantiate(with: viewModel)
viewController.title = "Watched"
self.rootViewController.pushViewController(viewController, animated: true)
return NextFlowItems.one(flowItem: NextFlowItem(nextPresentable: viewController, nextStepper: viewModel))
}
private func navigateToMovieDetailScreen (with movieId: Int) -> NextFlowItems {
let viewModel = MovieDetailViewModel(withService: self.service, andMovieId: movieId)
let viewController = MovieDetailViewController.instantiate(with: viewModel)
viewController.title = viewModel.title
self.rootViewController.pushViewController(viewController, animated: true)
return NextFlowItems.one(flowItem: NextFlowItem(nextPresentable: viewController, nextStepper: viewModel))
}
private func navigateToCastDetailScreen (with castId: Int) -> NextFlowItems {
let viewModel = CastDetailViewModel(withService: self.service, andCastId: castId)
let viewController = CastDetailViewController.instantiate(with: viewModel)
viewController.title = viewModel.name
self.rootViewController.pushViewController(viewController, animated: true)
return NextFlowItems.none
}
}
How to declare a Stepper
In theory a Stepper, as it is a protocol, can be anything (a UIViewController for instance) by I suggest to isolate that behavior in a ViewModel or so. For simple cases (for instance when we only need to bootstrap a Flow with a first Step and don’t want to code a basic Stepper for that), RxFlow provides a OneStepper class.
class WatchedViewModel: Stepper {
let movies: [MovieViewModel]
init(with service: MoviesService) {
// we can do some data refactoring in order to display things exactly the way we want (this is the aim of a ViewModel)
self.movies = service.watchedMovies().map({ (movie) -> MovieViewModel in
return MovieViewModel(id: movie.id, title: movie.title, image: movie.image)
})
}
// when a movie is picked, a new Step is emitted.
// That will trigger a navigation action within the WatchedFlow
public func pick (movieId: Int) {
self.step.accept(DemoStep.moviePicked(withMovieId: movieId))
}
}
Is it possible to coordinate multiple Flows ?
Of course, it is the aim of a Coordinator. As a Flow is a Presentable, a Flow can launch one other Flow or even several other Flows.
For instance, from the WishlistFlow, we launch the SettingsFlow in a popup.
private func navigateToSettings () -> NextFlowItems {
let settingsStepper = SettingsStepper()
let settingsFlow = SettingsFlow(withService: self.service, andStepper: settingsStepper)
Flows.whenReady(flow: settingsFlow, block: { [unowned self] (root: UISplitViewController) in
self.rootViewController.present(root, animated: true)
})
return NextFlowItems.one(flowItem: NextFlowItem(nextPresentable: settingsFlow, nextStepper: settingsStepper))
}
For a more complex case, see the MainFlow.swift file in which we handle a UITabBarController.
How to bootstrap the RxFlow process
The coordination process is pretty straightfoward and happens in the AppDelegate.
class AppDelegate: UIResponder, UIApplicationDelegate {
let disposeBag = DisposeBag()
var window: UIWindow?
var coordinator = Coordinator()
let movieService = MoviesService()
lazy var appFlow = {
return AppFlow(with: self.movieService)
}()
func application(_ application: UIApplication,
didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplicationLaunchOptionsKey: Any]?) -> Bool {
guard let window = self.window else { return false }
// listen for Coordinator mechanism is not mandatory
coordinator.rx.didNavigate.subscribe(onNext: { (flow, step) in
print ("did navigate to flow=\(flow) and step=\(step)")
}).disposed(by: self.disposeBag)
// when the MainFlow is ready to be displayed, we assign its root the the Window
Flows.whenReady(flow: appFlow, block: { [unowned window] (flowRoot) in
window.rootViewController = flowRoot
})
// The navigation begins with the MainFlow at the apiKey Step
// We could also have a specific Stepper that could decide if
// the apiKey should be the fist step or not
coordinator.coordinate(flow: appFlow, withStepper: OneStepper(withSingleStep: DemoStep.apiKey))
return true
}
}
As a bonus, Coordinator offers a Rx extension that allows you to track the navigation actions (Coordinator.rx.willNavigate and Coordinator.rx.didNavigate).
Demo Application
A demo application is provided to illustrate the core mechanisms. Pretty much every kind of navigation is addressed. The app consists of:
- an AppFlow that represents the main navigation. This Flow will handle the OnboardingFlow and the DashboardFlow
- an OnBoardingFlow that represents a 2 steps onboarding wizard in a UINavigationController. It will only be displayed the first time the app is used
- a DashboardFlow that handles the Tabbar for the WishlistFlow and the WatchedFlow
- a WishlistFlow that represents a navigation stack of movies that you want to watch
- a WatchedFlow that represents a navigation stack of movies that you’ve already seen
- a SettingsFlow that represents the user’s preferences in a master/detail presentation
Tools and dependencies
RxFlow relies on:
- SwiftLint for static code analysis (Github SwiftLint)
- RxSwift to expose Steps as Observables the Coordinator can react to (Github RxSwift)
- Reusable in the Demo App to ease the storyboard cutting into atomic ViewControllers (Github Reusable)


A subtitle that makes a lot of sense.
A Title for This Section
A great landing page is succinct while providing sufficient information to convert viewers. Overloading parties with text is doesn't further the objective. On the contrary, being too cryptic, ambiguous or unclear due to brevity sets one back as well. The prerogative is to communicate to the viewer why this solution is the best. Do it!
Another One
The trick of a great landing page is to be succinct but yet provide sufficient information to convert viewers. Overloading parties with text serve no good. On the contrary, being too cryptic or unclear also hurts the effort. Primary effort is to communicate to the viewer why this solution is the best. Do it!
Frequently Answered Questions
- How can I use this?
- Open with a text-editor and replace all the dummy strings with your copy.
- Where is this design from?
- The design is inspired by joinassist.com (September 14, 2015).
- Why would I use this?
- Because building websites is not what your business does. You should be working on your product instead of tuning sites. Wake up!.
- What is the answer?
- Tell them probably 37.
- Why is the color orange/red?
- Because red apparently converts better, look it up.
- What is the source of that mesmerising photograph?
- It's from Pazit Polak's Flickr profile. It was used because it is published under the Creative Commons license.
- Who are the folks with the beautiful faces?
- The beautiful faces were sources from UIFaces.
Team
- @sauro
- @adellecharles
- @kfriedson
- @danbenoni
- @madysondesigns
- @nick_persad
- @jinuem
- @uxceo
- @mist3r_c0r3
- @oykun
- @annapickard
- @myusuf3
- @littlenono
- @marktimemedia
- @axel
- @joelcannon
- @chexee
Join our Team
Well, being that this is just a dummy site, there is no team to be built. It's just a dummy site but if you need to grow a team you can entice people here.
Contact
Add the means for people to reach out to you here. For me it is @vidbina.


Furlong and Doris among Leinster doubts ahead of trip to Top14 leaders Lyon
Sean Cronin will step up his training as he returns from neck injury.
by Sean FarrellLEINSTER HAVE SIX players marked for further assessment with their medical team ahead of Saturday’s Heineken Champions Cup clash away to Lyon.
Among them, Robbie Henshaw and Will Connors are expected to train in full this week.
The flanker came through return to play protocols after a late head knock at the Sportsground last week. Henshaw made his return to provincial action in the bonus point win over Benetton as a late replacement in the 23 for Joe Tomane having missed out on the match in Galway. Tomane was withdrawn due to a tight hamstring.
Caelan Doris failed a HIA during Saturday’s win over the Italian side and is in the midst of return to play protocols.
Leinster will also hope for positive progress on Tadhg Furlong’s ‘minor back complaint’ and a shoulder knock for Rory O’Loughlin before before flying to France on Friday.
Hooker Sean Cronin, meanwhile, will be cleared to work through an increased training load this week as he makes his way back from a neck injury.


DEP7 POS
Dashboard
Place Orders
Search Orders
Manage Customers
Manage Items
Manage Customers
Customer Information
Customer ID
Customer Name
Customer Address
Save
Clear
ID
Name
Address


open source,
crafstmanship,
Big balls of mud
http://macyves.wordpress.com
Nothing in software is new
(stay in school)
Free beer?
Free recipe
ingredients and process
+
artisans
making the beer with your equipment
“Varnish is our favored HTTP cache and we use it heavily;
whenever you load photos and profile pictures of your friends on Facebook,
there's a very good chance that Varnish is involved.”
- David Recordon, Head of open source initiatives, Facebook
Because we..
CARE
passionate
do things better
engaged
Not just the hardcores...
YOU!
Morningstar
a leading provider of independent investment research
morningstar.com
PARTICPATE TODAY
PULL REQUESTS
irc AND COMMUNITIES
“One of the most important -ilities in software is the ability to delete it and start over.”
-Greg Young, leetspeak 2014
little balls of mud
and
Question everything
lose coupling
don't build monoliths
Refactor and throw it away


Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur, adipisicing elit. Ipsum deleniti maiores pariatur assumenda quas magni et, doloribus quod voluptate quasi molestiae magnam officiis dolorum, dolor provident atque molestias voluptatum explicabo!
A Java developer is a specialised type of programmer who may collaborate with web developers and software engineers to integrate Java into business applications, software and websites.
A Unity Developer is a software developer experienced with the Unity platform. They work as part of a program team and use program design plans to develop applications and software. They may participate in designing products and producing program code for those designs.
The chief responsibility of a network developer is to build, develop, and scale data networks. The main goal of their job is to allow data to move rapidly across different data centers, optimize existing network systems, and help ensure the security of the data that moves across these networks.
Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for storing and retrieving users' data while considering appropriate security measures. It consists of a group of programs which manipulate the database.
Technologies Used: c#,unity3d,vuforia Other Features: Drag Zone,Drop zone This is an Android application that help students !
To develop software for understanding Electricity Conservation. This software helps students to understand Electricity unit. Environment/IDE - UNITY3D!
Lorem, ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Ad, iusto cupiditate voluptatum impedit unde rem ipsa distinctio illum quae mollitia ut, accusantium eius odio ducimus illo neque atque libero non sunt harum? Ipsum repellat animi, fugit architecto voluptatum odit et!
Technologies Used: java-swing, MySQL Other Features: pdf generator, input data I am working with team to complete this project!
Lorem, ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Ad, iusto cupiditate voluptatum impedit unde rem ipsa distinctio illum quae mollitia ut, accusantium eius odio ducimus illo neque atque libero non sunt harum? Ipsum repellat animi, fugit architecto voluptatum odit et!
I am an extremely passionate software engineer. I am fresher. I have completed a total of 2 Projects. I found the company's projects to be very compelling and thus I wish to contribute to such similar projects with my development skills. Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Asperiores, velit alias eius non illum beatae atque repellat ratione qui veritatis repudiandae adipisci maiores. At inventore necessitatibus deserunt exercitationem cumque earum omnis ipsum rem accusantium quis, quas quia, accusamus provident suscipit magni! Expedita sint ad dolore, commodi labore nihil velit earum ducimus nulla quae nostrum fugit aut, deserunt reprehenderit libero enim!
Download Resume


Maxwell is my one year old boy. He instills way more meaning to the things I enjoy and also to the things I don't - like maybe the Wiggles are okay. To Max: I hope you've had fun so far. Both mum and I look forward to being there for you.
Maxwell is my one year old boy. He instills way more meaning to the things I enjoy and also to the things I don't - like maybe the Wiggles are okay. To Max: I hope you've had fun so far. Both mum and I look forward to being there for you.


How We Roll
At Bun Bun Bake Shop, we believe in whole ingredients and innovative flavor. Our two Pittsburgh locations feature local ingredients from fresh cranberries to home-grown lavendar.
We started out as two home chefs, but have grown our kitchen and baking family to over twenty employees.
Here at Bun Bun, we only serve the finest of cinnamon rolls baked with real flavors and real love. Learn more about our bun baking philosophy.


{{>avatar collection_name = "Profiles"
observable = avatar
item_id = (g_profile_id _id)
field = "avatar"}}
{{name}}
{{>more content=self_description}}
{{#if quiz_scores.cobol_quiz_score}}
COBOL Score: {{quiz_scores.cobol_quiz_score}}%
{{/if}}
{{#if quiz_scores.comp_thinking_quiz_score}}
Computational Thinking Score: {{quiz_scores.comp_thinking_quiz_score}}%
{{/if}}
{{#if quiz_scores.python_quiz_score}}
Python Score: {{quiz_scores.python_quiz_score}}%
{{/if}}


Before Change
// from the depmap target in 0.0.31. The ProjectInfoTest suite
// has already been moved to test_export.py so you can remove
// this class from test_depmap.py when it goes away.
result = get_json(self.execute_console_task(
args=["--test-project-info"],
targets=[self.target("project_info:first")]
))
self.assertEqual({}, result["libraries"])
def test_with_dependencies(self):
result = get_json(self.execute_console_task(
After Change
// from the depmap target in 0.0.31. The ProjectInfoTest suite
// has already been moved to test_export.py so you can remove
// this class from test_depmap.py when it goes away.
result = self.get_depmap_task_json(targets=[self.target("project_info:first")])
self.assertEqual({}, result["libraries"])
def test_with_dependencies(self):
result = self.get_depmap_task_json(targets=[self.target("project_info:third")])


String
Local File(s)
Remote File
Choose one or more delimited text files for Papa to parse.
Sample files:
Type the URL of the file to be downloaded and parsed.
(cross-origin requests require Access-Control-Allow-Origin header)
Sample files:
(cross-origin requests require Access-Control-Allow-Origin header)
Results will appear in the console of your browser's inspector tools


Abstract
** Not available anymore **
Biodiesel is being increasingly used in combination with diesel fuel in CI engines because of being renewable and resulting in reduced emissions. This project focuses on a fundamental study to identify the importance of different constituents in biodiesel and develop a kinetic model to describe its oxidation. This opens up options to study blends of biodiesel with diesel fuel as well.
Pre-requisite
Strong desire to pick up combustion kinetics concepts (no prior familiarity is required)


JWT Info
base64 encoded
header base64 encoded
header decoded
payload base64 encoded
payload decoded
signature base64 encoded
Public Key URL
Public Key
API Gateway / Lambda test
Lamba Call: https://w04l20nwn9.execute-api.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/test/test
Using a proper JWT:
Go
Using a bad JWT:
Go


"d'Arc" (in this case, pronounced "dork") is the name of the beloved national French heroine who rallied her countrymen's spirits to recover their homeland in the 100 Years War against the English. She led the French army to several glorious victories, was captured by the Burgundians, sold to the English, found guilty of witchcraft by the Church and burned at the stake when she was 19 years old. Bad enough. Twenty-five years after, the Pope pronounced her innocent, declared her a martyr and in 1920 she was pronounced a Saint.
There is a lesson in that.
So "d'Arc" is neither an acronym nor an abbreviation, but a name. Like most names, it should be written the way tradition decrees, in this case, "d'Arc". It's complicated, but worth it. Please do not write it as "DARC", which is both ugly and confusing, because then it becomes an acronym with different meanings for different people.  Especially when creating folder names. And file names. God is watching. You must do things the right way.
The d'Arc project was inspired by the exuberant welcome to the contribution of Fleece at the ever open-minded Lua mailing list by the high arbiters of proper software engineering, defected and asylumed there from their Java past at project Dark Star as it is rumored. So the "J" of Jeanne is an intended pun. Oh wait, or was it the sound wise association of "d'Arc" with black magic? Sad to say, it could just as well be the burning at the stake, by the righteous worhsippers of the true faith. This never gets old. Whatever. I am sure Jeanne (19), is watching from the High Heavens and loves it.


Toggle navigation
CHECK TOKEN
TOTAL:
0
LIST TOKEN
SUBMIT
FILTER
LIVE ACCOUNT
0
IMPORT
DIE ACCOUNT
0
Result - Filter by Language:
All
! VN
#
Token
Location
Language
Status