Network¶
Socket Server¶
-
class
paddle::
SocketServer
¶ class for holding all parameters processing for current port
- Note
- each parameter server inherits from one socket server, each server contains serveral woker threads which are to parallelize the processing of computation, but share some common datas stored in child class of socketserver.
Inherits from paddle::Thread
Subclassed by paddle::ProtoServer
Public Types
-
typedef std::function<void(const std::vector<iovec> &outputIovs)>
ResponseCallback
¶
Public Functions
-
SocketServer
(const std::string &addr, int port, int rdmaCpu)¶ class constructor for SocketServer
- Note
- start one socket server which hosts parameter server process. rdmaCpu is passed to rdma deamon for better performance, and start tcp socket instead of rdma socket if rdmaCpu is equal to -1. Each trainer process starts one connection to one socket server, and use ports_num to build more connections to harness fat communication channel if necessary. each connection is controlled by single thread with blocking read and write.
- Parameters
addr
: sock bind addressport
: sock bind portrdmaCpu
: rdma sock bind cpu core
-
~SocketServer
()¶
-
void
run
()¶ start a socket server
- Note
- framework for starting socket server
Protected Functions
-
virtual void
handleRequest
(std::unique_ptr<MsgReader> msgReader, ResponseCallback callback) = 0¶
-
std::unique_ptr<SocketChannel>
createChannel
(int sock, const std::string &peerName)¶
-
std::unique_ptr<SocketChannel>
createChannel
(struct sxi_sock *sock, const std::string &peerName)¶
Protected Attributes
-
ChannelType
tcpRdma_
¶
-
int
rdmaCpu_
¶
-
std::string
rdmaUri_
¶
-
sxi_socket *
rdmaSocket_
¶
-
int
port_
¶
-
std::string
addr_
¶
-
int
socket_
¶
-
int
maxPendingConnections_
¶
-
bool
stopping_
¶
Private Functions
-
void
rdmaServer
()¶ start one rdma server which hosts parameter server
- Note
- do rdma bind and listen, which calling self-defined socket like rdma library. it will spawn one thread for each connection
-
void
tcpServer
()¶ start one tcp server which hosts parameter server
- Note
- do tcp socket bind and listen. it will spawn one thread for each connection
-
void
detach
()¶
Friends
-
friend
paddle::SocketServer::SocketWorker
Socket Worker¶
-
class
paddle::
SocketWorker
¶ class for holding one connection from one trainer
- Note
- all parameter processing will run in the context of this worker
Inherits from paddle::Thread
Public Functions
-
SocketWorker
(std::unique_ptr<SocketChannel> &&channel, SocketServer *server)¶
-
virtual
~SocketWorker
()¶
-
void
run
()¶ worker thread main context
- Note
- each connection from client(trainer) is controlled by single worker thread, which is for handling all parameter server requests
Protected Attributes
-
std::unique_ptr<SocketChannel>
channel_
¶
-
SocketServer *
server_
¶
-
ChannelType
tcpRdma_
¶
Socket Client¶
-
class
paddle::
SocketClient
¶ management for client connection which are from trainers
- Note
- it contains one channel descriptor which used to write and read data
Subclassed by paddle::ProtoClient
Public Functions
-
SocketClient
(const std::string &serverAddr, int serverPort, enum ChannelType channelType)¶ class constructor
- Note
- responsible for building one connection to specified pserver port
- Parameters
serverAddr
: pserver ip addressserverPort
: pserver portChannelType
: F_TCP or F_RDMA
-
SocketChannel *
getChannel
()¶
Protected Attributes
-
std::unique_ptr<SocketChannel>
channel_
¶
-
struct sxi_socket *
socketDaemon_
¶
-
ChannelType
tcpRdma_
¶
Private Functions
-
void
RdmaClient
(const std::string &serverAddr, int serverPort)¶ start one RDMA connection to rdma server
- Note
- each object contains one channel which accept byte stream for rdma, low level sock also provide byte stream api.
- Parameters
serverAddr
: rdma server ipserverPort
: rdma server port
-
void
TcpClient
(const std::string &serverAddr, int serverPort)¶ start one tcp connection to tcp server
- Note
- each object contains one channel which accept byte stream
- Parameters
serverAddr
: tcp server ipserverPort
: tcp server port
Socket Channel¶
-
class
paddle::
SocketChannel
¶ APIs for reading and writing byte stream data or naive iov data from the APIs both RDMA and TCP exhibits byte stream style
Public Functions
-
SocketChannel
(int socket, const std::string &peerName)¶
-
SocketChannel
(struct sxi_sock *socket, const std::string &peerName)¶
-
~SocketChannel
()¶
-
const std::string &
getPeerName
() const¶
-
size_t
read
(void *buf, size_t size)¶ read size bytes.
- Note
- keep reading until getting size bytes or sock is closed is closed
-
size_t
write
(const void *buf, size_t size)¶ write size bytes.
- Note
- keep writing until writing size bytes or sock is closed
-
size_t
writev
(const std::vector<struct iovec> &iov)¶ write a set of buffers.
rdma::readv and rdma::writev can take advantage of RDMA blocking offload transfering
- Note
- keep writing until all buffers are written or sock is closed
-
size_t
readv
(std::vector<struct iovec> *iov)¶ read a set of buffers.
- Note
- keep reading until all buffers are full or sock is closed.
-
void
writeMessage
(const std::vector<struct iovec> &iov)¶ write a set of buffers.
- Note
- keep writing until all buffers are passed or sock is closed
Protected Attributes
-
int
tcpSocket_
¶
-
struct sxi_sock *
rdmaSocket_
¶
-
const std::string
peerName_
¶
-
ChannelType
tcpRdma_
¶
-
struct
MessageHeader
¶
-
Message Reader¶
-
class
paddle::
MsgReader
¶ reading a set of blocks of data from SocketChannel.
Public Functions
-
MsgReader
(SocketChannel *channel, size_t numIovs)¶
-
~MsgReader
()¶
-
size_t
getNumBlocks
() const¶ number of remaining parts
-
size_t
getNextBlockLength
() const¶ lenght of next block
-
size_t
getTotalLength
() const¶ get the total length of all the remaining blocks
-
size_t
getBlockLength
(size_t i) const¶ Get the length for block currentBlockIndex + i.
-
void
readBlocks
(const std::vector<void *> &bufs)¶ read blocks data and store it to buf
-
void
readNextBlock
(void *buf)¶
Protected Attributes
-
SocketChannel *
channel_
¶
-
std::vector<size_t>
blockLengths_
¶
-
size_t
currentBlockIndex_
¶
-


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Barbertonians are urged to use water sparingly amid availability concerns
Water availability has now become a major concern in Barberton as reservoir levels continue to drop.
by Enver WesselsBARBERTON – Despite the recent rain, the water levels in the Barberton reservoirs remain very low. Over the weekend, residents experienced extensive water interruptions in extensions 7, 10, 11, 12 and Dindela.
According to DA councillor Philip Minnaar, the water was shut off to certain areas to ensure others received some water too. These included Spearville, New Village, the hostel and extensions 6, 8 and 10b.
“It is important that people understand that the restrictions are no longer implemented per area,” he said.
ALSO READ: Alleged housebreaker shot dead by Waterval Boven resident
“The situation is no longer about water restrictions, but water availability.
“We are actively monitoring the reservoirs to determine what the levels are, and we close off certain areas to fill up the supply to those which have no water.”
Minnaar called on everyone who is able to donate five-litre water bottles to get in touch with him, as the need for drinking water has increased.
”We have less than 40 bottles left after the approximately 500 we have received thus far.”
ALSO READ: GRIP moves into new offices
Solutions to the deepening water crisis are being sought by the City of Mbombela Local Municipality and meetings involving all stakeholders are held every Thursday, alternating between Mbombela and Barberton. The City’s spokesman, Joseph Ngala, added that JoJo tanks are being erected throughout Barberton.
“The recent rain has slowed the progress of erecting the stands, because concrete needs to be poured, which needs to harden.
“Only about six stands have been erected so far out the 40. The other challenge is that the commitment by Barberton Mines has not been met yet.
ALSO READ: The top 10 reasons insurers reject vehicle insurance claims revealed
“I want to conduct first-hand inspections so that I can have a sense of what else needs to be done to assist Barberton with their water supply,” Ngala said.
Minnaar and Ngala urged residents to continue using water sparingly, and the former pleaded for water donations, adding that potential donors could contact him on<PHONE_NUMBER> to arrange donations.


WITNESS LIST Veteran Affairs & Military Installations Committee April 4, 2001 - 3:00P Base Realignment and Closures ON: Bushell, Gary Member (Texas Defense, Aviation, and Aerospace Alliance), Corpus Christi, TX Christoferson, James Director (Office of Defense Affairs), Austin, TX Ehrie, William Chairman (Texas Defense, Aviation, and Aerospace Alliance), Abilene, TX Gauer, Ralph Aide (Senator Troy Fraser), Belton, TX Gertler, Jeremiah (Self), Washington DC, DC Godfrey, Brenden Deputy Director (U.S. Air Force - Brooks Air Force Base), San Antonio, TX Hall, Richard Executive Director (Red River Redevelopment Authority), New Boston, TX Hines, Charles Chairman (Texas Strategic Military Planning Commission), Prairie View, TX Hinojosa, Jon Legislative Liaison (Texas Office of State-Federal Relations), Austin, TX Longoria, Manuel Assistant Dir. of Economic Development (City of San Antonio), San Antonio, TX Messbarger, Dick Executive Director (NAS Kingsville Task Force), Kingsville, TX Rasmussen, Bob Deputy Director (Greater Kelly Development Authority), San Antonio, TX Tokerud, Robert Commissioner (Texas Strategic Military Planning Commission), Irving, TX Wells, Tullos Former Chairman (Greater San Antonio Chamber of Commerce), San Antonio, TX


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CAT Test 2 Answers
SOLUTIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1>If w is the average (arithmetic mean) of the numbers a, b, c and d, then the average of m(a + k), m(b + k), m(c + k) and m(d + k) is given by
SOLUTION
w is the mean of a, b, c and d is written as
w = (a + b + c + d) / 4
w is the average W of m(a + k), m(b + k), m(c + k) and m(d + k) is given by
W = [ m(a + k) + m(b + k) + m(c + k) + m(d + k) ] / 4
W = m [ a + b + c + d + 4 k] / 4 = m [a + b + c + d ] / 4 + m k
= m (w + k)
If w is the average of a, b, c and d, then the average W of m(a + k), m(b + k), m(c + k) and m(d + k) is given by
W = m (w + k)
2>A group of 20 employees in a company have an average (arithmetic mean) salary of $35,000 while a second group of 30 employees in the same company have an average salary of $40,000.
What is the average salary of the 50 employees making the two groups?
SOLUTION
Let S1 be the total salary of the group of 20 employess. Hence
35,000 = S1 / 20
S1 = 20 * 35,000 = $700,000
Let S2 be the total salary of the group of 30 employess. Hence
40,000 = S2 / 30
S2 = $1,200,000
The average of all 50 employers is given by
(700,000 + 1,200,000) / 50 = $38,000
3>The sizes of the interior angles A, B and C of a triangle are in the ratio 2:4:3. What is the measure, in degrees, of the smallest angle?
SOLUTION
Since the three angles are in the ration 2:4:3, their sizes they may be written in the form
Size of A = 2 k , Size of B = 4 k and size of C = 3 k , where k is a constant.
The sum of the angles of a ny triangle is equal to 180°; hence
2 k + 4 k + 3 k = 180
Solve for k
9 k = 180 , k = 20
The smallest angle is A and its size is equal to 2 k
2 k = 2 × 20 = 40°
4> If n is even and m is odd, then which of the following is true?
SOLUTION
If n is even, it can be written as follows
n = 2 k , where k is an integer
If m is odd, it can be written as follows
m = 2 K + 1 , where K is an integer
We now express n + m in terms of k and K
n + m = 2 k + 2 K + 1 = 2(k + K) + 1
n + m is odd
We now express n - m in terms of k and K
n - m = 2 k - (2 K + 1) = 2 k - 2 K - 1
n - m = 2 (k - K) - 1
n - m is odd
We now express n * m in terms of k and K
n * m = (2 k)(2 K + 1) = 2( k(2K + 1) )
n * m is even
We now express n2 + m2 + 1 in terms of k and K
n2 + m2 + 1 = (2 k)2 + (2 K + 1)2 + 1 = 4 k2 + 4 K2 + 4 K + 1 + 1
= 2 ( 2 k2 + 2 K2 + 2 K + 1)
n2 + m2 + 1 is even
5>The sum of all interior angle of a regular polygon is 1800°. How many sides does this polygon have?
SOLUTION
The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is given by.
(n - 2) * 180
and is equal to 1800°. Hence
(n - 2) * 180 = 1800
Solve for n
(n - 2) = 10
n = 12
6> A car covered 130 miles using 4 gallons of diesel. What distance would the same car cover, under similar conditions, on 6.7 gallons?
SOLUTION
Solution
The number of miles covered using 1 gallon is given by
(130 / 4) = 32.5 miles/gallon
Using 6.5 gallons, the car will cover
6.7 * 32.5 = 217.75 miles
7>Which of the following is the largest?
A) 125%
B) 1.25
C) 1 + 1/3
D) 4/3
E) 0.0015/0.001
SOLUTION
Convert all given quantities into decimal numbers
A) 125% = 125/100 = 1.25
B) 1.25 = 1.25
C) 1 + 1/3 = 1.333...
D) 4/3 = 1.333...
E) 0.0015/0.001 = 1.5/1 = 1.5
The largest of all given quantities is 0.0015/0.001
8>In the figure below the sides AB and AC of triangle ABC have equal lengths. Find the size of angle ABC.
SOLUTION
The sum of all three angles in a triangle is equal to 180°. Hence
(4x + 4y) + (x + 3y) + (x + 2y) = 180
Group like terms
6x + 9y = 180
Substitute y by 10 in the eqiuation and solve for x.
6x + 9(10) = 180
6x = 180 - 90 = 90
x = 15
9>By what percent will the volume of a rectangular solid increase if its length, width and height increase by 25% each?
SOLUTION
Let L, W and H be the length, width and height of the rectangular solid. The volume V is given by
V = L W H
When L, W and H are increased by 25%, they become
L = L + 25%L = L(1 + 25/100) = L(1 + 0.25) = 1.25 L
W = 1.25 W
H = 1.25 H
The volume V2 after the increase is given by
V2 = (1.25 L) (1.25 W) (1.25 H) = 1.253 L W H
Find the percentage P of increase of the volume as follows
P = (V2 - V) / V = (1.253 L W H - L W H) / L W H =
L W H (1.253 - 1) / L W H
= 1.253 - 1 = 0.95 (rounded to the nearest hundreth)
= 95%
10>What is the average of all prime numbers between 20 and 40?
SOLUTION
The prime numbers between 20 and 40 are
23, 29, 31 and 37
Their average is equal to
(23 + 29 + 31 + 37) / 4 = 30


Coonect . Express . Grow
August 2015-April 2018
3 Years
Photoshop, Illustrtor, After Effects
Corel Draw, Adobe XD
Graphic Designer
Photographer
Team of 26 talented people
Content Writers, Developers and Designer
Filming eye is a film production studio based in Lucknow. They do photography, short films, music videos, advertisements shoots. Basically things that can be captured with camera and of course there existing team skills. Filming eye have got some headlines in news in the past about their commendable work and nominations of their videos in different film competitions. The team comprised of talented who with their camera and skills was able to produce breathtaking works. People knew me already. So they kind of wanted me to work on their website.
1. The first thing that I came around was they don't have an existing branding.
2. They did have and existing logo but that cant be used on the web. It was raster, big. Their
existing
was cool for the moment but that can not be used to used on web.
3. No copywrite, no information architecture.
After branding a lot become clear about colour font and imagery that will be used for website. We have used images that filming eye have clicked through their camera and some free stock photos that have meaning and value to infinity, beyond, and that fit to our red and dark black theme.
I wanted to showcase the photos that the team have captured, to show their skills and behind the scenes photographs so people browsing website can have a sence of what they are going into, their were lots of photos to go through, it took me all day to go through all of them and selects those which can have a good impact and emotions and story behind them whether it be modelling, portrait shoot, night shot etc. I cropped them to fit into square size and did some changes in the background and 2
My first approach to understanding medical residents is through emphasizing with their experiences by conducting user interviews and participating in field studies at Imagine Clinic. This consisted of asking qualitative questions such as their workflow to even the intimate details of their personal life.
My first approach to understanding medical residents is through emphasizing with their experiences by conducting user interviews and participating in field studies at Imagine Clinic. This consisted of asking qualitative questions such as their workflow to even the intimate details of their personal life.
The first iteration was designed by my junior designer. Hw worked really hard and came up with a
great layout and which made almost most of the things we needed in and that we don't needed.
Before being given into development there was this huge gap of like 6 months. After this long time
when I looked with back and and with my fellow designer Aakash. We didn't like it much. A lot of
thing needed to retouch. The works seems sloppy. So all the things needed retouch. In a way I
changed almost everything expect the dark theme and colour and content architecture.
The first iteration was designed by my junior designer. Hw worked really hard and came up with a great
layout and which made almost most of the things we needed in and that we don't needed.
Before being given into development there was this huge gap of like 6 months. After this long time when
I looked with back and and with my fellow designer Aakash. We didn't like it much. A lot of thing needed
to retouch. The works seems sloppy. So all the things needed retouch. In a way I changed almost
everything expect the dark theme and colour and content architecture.


Compare completion rates for
All Students
Aboriginal
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Male
Female
ELL
Non ELL
Special Needs
Resident
Non Resident
and
Special Needs
All Students
Aboriginal
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Male
Female
ELL
Non ELL
Resident
Non Resident
in
Abbotsford
Alberni
Arrow Lakes
Boundary
Bulkley Valley
Burnaby
Campbell River
Cariboo-Chilcotin
Central Coast
Central Okanagan
Chilliwack
Coast Mountains
Comox Valley
Coquitlam
Cowichan Valley
CS Francophone
Delta
Fort Nelson
Fraser-Cascade
Gold Trail
Greater Victoria
Gulf Islands
Haida Gwaii
Kamloops/Thompson
Kootenay Lake
Kootenay-Columbia
Langley
Maple Ridge-Pitt Meadows
Mission
Nanaimo-Ladysmith
Nechako Lakes
New Westminster
Nicola-Similkameen
Nisga'a
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North Vancouver
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Okanagan Skaha
Peace River North
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Powell River
Prince George
Prince Rupert
Qualicum
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Revelstoke
Richmond
Rocky Mountain
Saanich
Sea to Sky
Sooke
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Stikine
Sunshine Coast
Surrey
Vancouver
Vancouver Island North
Vancouver Island West
Vernon
West Vancouver


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Third largest
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Hadoop Native Libraries
Purpose
Hadoop has native implementations of certain components for reasons of both performance and non-availability of Java implementations. These components are available in a single, dynamically-linked, native library. On the *nix platform it is libhadoop.so. This document describes the usage and details on how to build the native libraries.
Components
Hadoop currently has the following compression codecs as the native components:
Of the above, the availability of native hadoop libraries is imperative for the lzo, gzip and bzip2 compression codecs to work.
Usage
It is fairly simple to use the native hadoop libraries:
- Take a look at the supported platforms.
- Either download the pre-built 32-bit i386-Linux native hadoop libraries (available as part of hadoop distribution in lib/native directory) or build them yourself.
- Make sure you have any of or all of >zlib-1.2, >gzip-1.2, >bzip2-1.0 and >lzo2.0 packages for your platform installed; depending on your needs.
The bin/hadoop script ensures that the native hadoop library is on the library path via the system property -Djava.library.path=<path>.
To check everything went alright check the hadoop log files for:
DEBUG util.NativeCodeLoader - Trying to load the custom-built
native-hadoop library...
INFO util.NativeCodeLoader - Loaded the native-hadoop library
If something goes wrong, then:
INFO util.NativeCodeLoader - Unable to load native-hadoop library for your platform... using builtin-java classes where applicable
Supported Platforms
Hadoop native library is supported only on *nix platforms only. Unfortunately it is known not to work on Cygwin and Mac OS X and has mainly been used on the GNU/Linux platform.
It has been tested on the following GNU/Linux distributions:
On all the above platforms a 32/64 bit Hadoop native library will work with a respective 32/64 bit jvm.
Building Native Hadoop Libraries
Hadoop native library is written in ANSI C and built using the GNU autotools-chain (autoconf, autoheader, automake, autoscan, libtool). This means it should be straight-forward to build them on any platform with a standards compliant C compiler and the GNU autotools-chain. See supported platforms.
In particular the various packages you would need on the target platform are:
- C compiler (e.g. GNU C Compiler)
- GNU Autools Chain: autoconf, automake, libtool
- zlib-development package (stable version >= 1.2.0)
- lzo-development package (stable version >= 2.0)
Once you have the pre-requisites use the standard build.xml and pass along the compile.native flag (set to true) to build the native hadoop library:
$ ant -Dcompile.native=true <target>
The native hadoop library is not built by default since not everyone is interested in building them.
You should see the newly-built native hadoop library in:
$ build/native/<platform>/lib
where <platform> is combination of the system-properties: ${os.name}-${os.arch}-${sun.arch.data.model}; for e.g. Linux-i386-32.
Notes
- It is mandatory to have the zlib, gzip, bzip2 and lzo development packages on the target platform for building the native hadoop library; however for deployment it is sufficient to install one of them if you wish to use only one of them.
- It is necessary to have the correct 32/64 libraries of both zlib/lzo depending on the 32/64 bit jvm for the target platform for building/deployment of the native hadoop library.
Loading native libraries through DistributedCache
User can load native shared libraries through DistributedCache for distributing and symlinking the library files
Here is an example, describing how to distribute the library and load it from map/reduce task.
- First copy the library to the HDFS.
bin/hadoop fs -copyFromLocal mylib.so.1 /libraries/mylib.so.1 - The job launching program should contain the following:
DistributedCache.createSymlink(conf);
DistributedCache.addCacheFile("hdfs://host:port/libraries/mylib.so.1#mylib.so", conf); - The map/reduce task can contain:
System.loadLibrary("mylib.so");


rje: Miscellaneous useful functions
A series of useful functions, some available in different
forms in other packages, but which have been extended, sped up, or
otherwise modified in some way considered useful to the author.
| Version: |
1.9 |
| Depends: |
R (≥ 2.0.0) |
| Published: |
2014-08-06 |
| Author: |
Robin Evans |
| Maintainer: |
Robin Evans <evans at stats.ox.ac.uk> |
| License: |
GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| NeedsCompilation: |
yes |
| Materials: |
ChangeLog |
| CRAN checks: |
rje results |
Downloads:
Reverse dependencies:
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It evaluates nodes by combining g(n), the cost to reach the node, and h(n), the cost to get from the node to the goal:
f(n) = g(n) + h(n)
Since g(n) gives the path cost from the start node to node n, and h(n) is the estimated cost of the cheapest path from n to the goal, we have:
f(n) = estimated cost of the cheapest solution through n.
The algorithm is identical to UNIFORM-COST-SEARCH except that A∗ uses g + h instead of g.


Next: Errors When Calling a Next Method, Previous: Odd Number of Keyword Arguments, Up: Argument Mismatch Detection
When matching a destructuring lambda list against a form, the pattern and the form must have compatible tree structure, as described in Macro Lambda Lists.
Otherwise, in a safe call, an error of type program-error must be signaled; and in an unsafe call the situation has undefined consequences.


ULID Now ULIDs are Universally Unique Lexicographically Sortable Identifier. Find out more about ULIDs here. 💙 this website is open source 💙


Make Web Virtual Reality in R.
# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("JohnCoene/aframer")
You can install aframer
, all its packages and components with vrrr
, Virtual Ritual in R (with another R) which also hosts all the documentation for aframer and its components.
# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("JohnCoene/vrrr")
a_scene
in browse_aframe
.embed_aframe
.serve_aframe
.library(aframer)
embed_aframe(
a_scene(
a_dependency(),
a_box(
position = "-1 0.5 -3", rotation = "0 45 0", color = "#4CC3D9"
),
a_sphere(
position = "0 1.25 -5", radius = "1.25", color = "#EF2D5E"
),
a_cylinder(
position = "1 0.75 -3", radius = "0.5", height = "1.5", color = "#FFC65D"
),
a_plane(
position = "0 0 -4", rotation = "-90 0 0", width = "4", height = "4", color = "#7BC8A4"
),
a_sky(
color="#ECECEC"
)
)
)
Click the button below to view the full screen output of the code above.
Demo


West Norwood shooting: Man 'shot at petrol station' is fighting for life
It is believed the man was gunned down at a petrol station in West Norwood, London
by Matthew Dresch, https://www.mirror.co.uk/authors/matthew-dresch/A man in his 20s is fighting for his life after he was shot in south London, police say.
It is believed he was gunned down at a petrol station in West Norwood last night.
Lambeth MPS tweeted: "Police were called by London Ambulance Service at 21:45hrs on Sunday, 17 November to Beulah Hill, near the junction with Knight's Hill, SE19, following reports of a shooting.
"Officers attended and found a man aged in his 20s suffering from a gunshot injury.
"He was taken to a south London hospital, where his condition is thought to be critical but stable.
"The incident is thought to have happened at a petrol station and the victim was discovered further down the road.
"Crime scenes and road closures are in place. Enquiries continue.
"Anyone with information or video/ images that could assist police are asked to call 101 ref CAD 7330/17 November."
We'll be bringing you the very latest updates, pictures and video on this breaking news story.
Please check back regularly for updates on this developing story here at Mirror.co.uk .
For the latest news and breaking news visit Mirror.co.uk/news .
Get all the big headlines, pictures, analysis, opinion and video on the stories that matter to you.
Follow us on Twitter @DailyMirror - the official Daily Mirror & Mirror Online Twitter account - real news in real time.
We're also on Facebook /dailymirror - your must-see news, features, videos and pictures throughout the day from the Daily Mirror, Sunday Mirror and Mirror Online.


image2label¶
image2label¶
-
class
data.image2label.image2label.
CifarDataLayer
(params, model, num_workers, worker_id)[source]¶ Bases:
open_seq2seq.data.data_layer.DataLayer
-
static
get_optional_params
()[source]¶ Static method with description of optional parameters.
Returns: Dictionary containing all the parameters that can be included into the params
parameter of the class__init__()
method.Return type: dict
-
static
get_required_params
()[source]¶ Static method with description of required parameters.
Returns: Dictionary containing all the parameters that have to be included into the params
parameter of the class__init__()
method.Return type: dict
-
get_size_in_samples
()[source]¶ Should return the dataset size in samples. That is, the number of objects in the dataset. This method is used to calculate a valid epoch size. If this method is not defined, you will need to make sure that your dataset for evaluation is created only for one epoch. You will also not be able to use
num_epochs
parameter in the base config.Returns: dataset size in samples. Return type: int
-
input_tensors
¶ Dictionary containing input tensors. This dictionary has to define the following keys: source_tensors, which should contain all tensors describing the input object (i.e. tensors that are passed to the encoder, e.g. input sequence and input length). And when
self.params['mode'] != "infer"
data layer should also define target_tensors which is the list of all tensors related to the corresponding target object (i.e. tensors taht are passed to the decoder and loss, e.g. target sequence and target length). Note that all tensors have to be created insideself.build_graph()
method.
-
iterator
¶ tf.data.Dataset
iterator. Should be created byself.build_graph()
.
-
static
-
class
data.image2label.image2label.
ImagenetDataLayer
(params, model, num_workers, worker_id)[source]¶ Bases:
open_seq2seq.data.data_layer.DataLayer
-
static
get_optional_params
()[source]¶ Static method with description of optional parameters.
Returns: Dictionary containing all the parameters that can be included into the params
parameter of the class__init__()
method.Return type: dict
-
static
get_required_params
()[source]¶ Static method with description of required parameters.
Returns: Dictionary containing all the parameters that have to be included into the params
parameter of the class__init__()
method.Return type: dict
-
get_size_in_samples
()[source]¶ Should return the dataset size in samples. That is, the number of objects in the dataset. This method is used to calculate a valid epoch size. If this method is not defined, you will need to make sure that your dataset for evaluation is created only for one epoch. You will also not be able to use
num_epochs
parameter in the base config.Returns: dataset size in samples. Return type: int
-
input_tensors
¶ Dictionary containing input tensors. This dictionary has to define the following keys: source_tensors, which should contain all tensors describing the input object (i.e. tensors that are passed to the encoder, e.g. input sequence and input length). And when
self.params['mode'] != "infer"
data layer should also define target_tensors which is the list of all tensors related to the corresponding target object (i.e. tensors taht are passed to the decoder and loss, e.g. target sequence and target length). Note that all tensors have to be created insideself.build_graph()
method.
-
iterator
¶ tf.data.Dataset
iterator. Should be created byself.build_graph()
.
-
static
imagenet_preprocessing¶
Provides utilities to preprocess images. Training images are sampled using the provided bounding boxes, and subsequently cropped to the sampled bounding box. Images are additionally flipped randomly, then resized to the target output size (without aspect-ratio preservation). Images used during evaluation are resized (with aspect-ratio preservation) and centrally cropped. All images undergo mean color subtraction. Note that these steps are colloquially referred to as “ResNet preprocessing,” and they differ from “VGG preprocessing,” which does not use bounding boxes and instead does an aspect-preserving resize followed by random crop during training. (These both differ from “Inception preprocessing,” which introduces color distortion steps.)
-
data.image2label.imagenet_preprocessing.
_aspect_preserving_resize
(image, resize_min)[source]¶ Resize images preserving the original aspect ratio.
Parameters: - image – A 3-D image Tensor.
- resize_min – A python integer or scalar Tensor indicating the size of the smallest side after resize.
Returns: A 3-D tensor containing the resized image.
Return type: resized_image
-
data.image2label.imagenet_preprocessing.
_central_crop
(image, crop_height, crop_width)[source]¶ Performs central crops of the given image list.
Parameters: - image – a 3-D image tensor
- crop_height – the height of the image following the crop.
- crop_width – the width of the image following the crop.
Returns: 3-D tensor with cropped image.
-
data.image2label.imagenet_preprocessing.
_decode_crop_and_flip
(image_buffer, bbox, num_channels)[source]¶ Crops the given image to a random part of the image, and randomly flips. We use the fused decode_and_crop op, which performs better than the two ops used separately in series, but note that this requires that the image be passed in as an un-decoded string Tensor.
Parameters: - image_buffer – scalar string Tensor representing the raw JPEG image buffer.
- bbox – 3-D float Tensor of bounding boxes arranged [1, num_boxes, coords] where each coordinate is [0, 1) and the coordinates are arranged as [ymin, xmin, ymax, xmax].
- num_channels – Integer depth of the image buffer for decoding.
Returns: 3-D tensor with cropped image.
-
data.image2label.imagenet_preprocessing.
_mean_image_subtraction_and_normalization
(image, means, num_channels)[source]¶ Subtracts the given means from each image channel and divides by 127.5.
- For example:
- means = [123.68, 116.779, 103.939] image = _mean_image_subtraction_and_normalization(image, means)
Note that the rank of image must be known.
Parameters: - image – a tensor of size [height, width, C].
- means – a C-vector of values to subtract from each channel.
- num_channels – number of color channels in the image that will be distorted.
Returns: the centered image and normalized image.
Raises: ValueError
– If the rank of image is unknown, if image has a rank other than three or if the number of channels in image doesn’t match the number of values in means.
-
data.image2label.imagenet_preprocessing.
_parse_example_proto
(example_serialized)[source]¶ Parses an Example proto containing a training example of an image. The output of the build_image_data.py image preprocessing script is a dataset containing serialized Example protocol buffers. Each Example proto contains the following fields (values are included as examples):
image/height: 462 image/width: 581 image/colorspace: ‘RGB’ image/channels: 3 image/class/label: 615 image/class/synset: ‘n03623198’ image/class/text: ‘knee pad’ image/object/bbox/xmin: 0.1 image/object/bbox/xmax: 0.9 image/object/bbox/ymin: 0.2 image/object/bbox/ymax: 0.6 image/object/bbox/label: 615 image/format: ‘JPEG’ image/filename: ‘ILSVRC2012_val_00041207.JPEG’ image/encoded: <JPEG encoded string>Parameters: example_serialized – scalar Tensor tf.string containing a serialized Example protocol buffer. Returns: Tensor tf.string containing the contents of a JPEG file. label: Tensor tf.int32 containing the label. bbox: 3-D float Tensor of bounding boxes arranged [1, num_boxes, coords] where each coordinate is [0, 1) and the coordinates are arranged as [ymin, xmin, ymax, xmax].Return type: image_buffer
-
data.image2label.imagenet_preprocessing.
_resize_image
(image, height, width)[source]¶ Simple wrapper around tf.resize_images. This is primarily to make sure we use the same ResizeMethod and other details each time.
Parameters: - image – A 3-D image Tensor.
- height – The target height for the resized image.
- width – The target width for the resized image.
Returns: - A 3-D tensor containing the resized image. The first two
dimensions have the shape [height, width].
Return type: resized_image
-
data.image2label.imagenet_preprocessing.
_smallest_size_at_least
(height, width, resize_min)[source]¶ Computes new shape with the smallest side equal to smallest_side. Computes new shape with the smallest side equal to smallest_side while preserving the original aspect ratio.
Parameters: - height – an int32 scalar tensor indicating the current height.
- width – an int32 scalar tensor indicating the current width.
- resize_min – A python integer or scalar Tensor indicating the size of the smallest side after resize.
Returns: an int32 scalar tensor indicating the new height. new_width: an int32 scalar tensor indicating the new width.
Return type: new_height
-
data.image2label.imagenet_preprocessing.
parse_record
(raw_record, is_training, image_size=224, num_classes=1000)[source]¶ Parses a record containing a training example of an image. The input record is parsed into a label and image, and the image is passed through preprocessing steps (cropping, flipping, and so on).
Parameters: - raw_record – scalar Tensor tf.string containing a serialized Example protocol buffer.
- is_training – A boolean denoting whether the input is for training.
- image_size (int) – size that images should be resized to.
- num_classes (int) – number of output classes.
Returns: Tuple with processed image tensor and one-hot-encoded label tensor.
-
data.image2label.imagenet_preprocessing.
preprocess_image
(image_buffer, bbox, output_height, output_width, num_channels, is_training=False)[source]¶ Preprocesses the given image. Preprocessing includes decoding, cropping, and resizing for both training and eval images. Training preprocessing, however, introduces some random distortion of the image to improve accuracy.
Parameters: - image_buffer – scalar string Tensor representing the raw JPEG image buffer.
- bbox – 3-D float Tensor of bounding boxes arranged [1, num_boxes, coords] where each coordinate is [0, 1) and the coordinates are arranged as [ymin, xmin, ymax, xmax].
- output_height – The height of the image after preprocessing.
- output_width – The width of the image after preprocessing.
- num_channels – Integer depth of the image buffer for decoding.
- is_training – True if we’re preprocessing the image for training and False otherwise.
Returns: A preprocessed image.


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BUSYBOX(1) busybox BUSYBOX(1) NAME BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux SYNTAX busybox <applet> [arguments...] # or <applet> [arguments...] # if symlinked DESCRIPTION BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc. The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their full- featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU counterparts. BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc, and a Linux kernel. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment for any small or embedded system. BusyBox is extremely configurable. This allows you to include only the components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or 'make menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable. Then run 'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration. After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target directory specified by CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX can be set when configuring BusyBox, or you can specify an alternative location at install time (i.e., with a command line like 'make CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled any applet installation scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will also be installed in the location pointed to by CONFIG_PREFIX. USAGE BusyBox is a multi-call binary. A multi-call binary is an executable program that performs the same job as more than one utility program. That means there is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary acts like a large number of utilities. This allows BusyBox to be smaller since all the built-in utility programs (we call them applets) can share code for many common operations. You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the command line. For example, entering /bin/busybox ls will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'. Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful. So most people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary. For example, entering ln -s /bin/busybox ls ./ls will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled into BusyBox).  If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list of the applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary. COMMON OPTIONS Most BusyBox applets support the --help argument to provide a terse runtime description of their behavior. If the CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE option has been enabled, more detailed usage information will also be available.  See adjtimex(2) -q Quiet -o OFF Time offset, microseconds -f FREQ Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm) (positive values make clock run faster) -t TICK Microseconds per tick, usually 10000 -p TCONST ar ar [-o] [-v] [-p] [-t] [-x] ARCHIVE FILES Extract or list FILES from an ar archive -o Preserve original dates -p Extract to stdout -t List -x Extract -v Verbose arp arp [-vn] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -a [HOSTNAME] [-v] [-i IF] -d HOSTNAME [pub] [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [temp] [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [netmask MASK] pub [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -Ds HOSTNAME IFACE [netmask MASK] pub Manipulate ARP cache -a Display (all) hosts -s Set new ARP entry -d Delete a specified entry -v Verbose -n Don't resolve names -i IF Network interface -D Read <hwaddr> from given device -A,-p AF Protocol family -H HWTYPE Hardware address type arping arping [-fqbDUA] [-c CNT] [-w TIMEOUT] [-I IFACE] [-s SRC_IP] DST_IP Send ARP requests/replies -f Quit on first ARP reply -q Quiet -b Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast -D Duplicated address detection mode -U Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors -A ARP answer mode, update your neighbors -c N Stop after sending N ARP requests -w TIMEOUT Time to wait for ARP reply, seconds -I IFACE Interface to use (default eth0) -s SRC_IP Sender IP address DST_IP Target IP address ash ash [-/+OPTIONS] [-/+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE [ARGS]] Unix shell interpreter awk awk [OPTIONS] [AWK_PROGRAM] [FILE]... -v VAR=VAL Set variable -F SEP Use SEP as field separator -f FILE Read program from FILE basename basename FILE [SUFFIX] Strip directory path and .SUFFIX from FILE blockdev blockdev OPTION BLOCKDEV --setro Set ro --setrw Set rw --getro Get ro --getss Get sector size --getbsz Get block size --setbsz BYTES Set block size --getsz Get device size in 512-byte sectors --getsize64 Get device size in bytes --flushbufs Flush buffers --rereadpt Reread partition table brctl brctl COMMAND [BRIDGE [INTERFACE]] Manage ethernet bridges Commands: addbr BRIDGE Create BRIDGE delbr BRIDGE Delete BRIDGE addif BRIDGE IFACE Add IFACE to BRIDGE delif BRIDGE IFACE Delete IFACE from BRIDGE bunzip2 bunzip2 [-cf] [FILE]... Decompress FILEs (or stdin) -c Write to stdout -f Force bzcat bzcat FILE Decompress to stdout bzip2 bzip2 [OPTIONS] [FILE]... Compress FILEs (or stdin) with bzip2 algorithm -1..9 Compression level -d Decompress -c Write to stdout -f Force cal cal [-jy] [[MONTH] YEAR] Display a calendar -j Use julian dates -y Display the entire year cat cat [FILE]... Concatenate FILEs and print them to stdout chgrp chgrp [-RhLHPcvf]... GROUP FILE... Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP -R Recurse -h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets -L Traverse all symlinks to directories -H Traverse symlinks on command line only -P Don't traverse symlinks (default) -c List changed files -v Verbose -f Hide errors chmod chmod [-Rcvf] MODE[,MODE]... FILE... Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +-= and one or more of the letters rwxst -R Recurse -c List changed files -v List all files -f Hide errors chown chown [-RhLHPcvf]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP]] FILE... Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP -R Recurse -h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets -L Traverse all symlinks to directories -H Traverse symlinks on command line only -P Don't traverse symlinks (default) -c List changed files -v List all files -f Hide errors chroot chroot NEWROOT [PROG ARGS] Run PROG with root directory set to NEWROOT chvt chvt N Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN clear clear Clear screen cmp cmp [-l] [-s] FILE1 [FILE2 [SKIP1 [SKIP2]]] Compare FILE1 with FILE2 (or stdin) -l Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal) for all differing bytes -s Quiet cp cp [OPTIONS] SOURCE... DEST Copy SOURCE(s) to DEST -a Same as -dpR -R,-r Recurse -d,-P Preserve symlinks (default if -R) -L Follow all symlinks -H Follow symlinks on command line -p Preserve file attributes if possible -f Overwrite -i Prompt before overwrite -l,-s Create (sym)links cpio cpio [-dmvu] [-F FILE] [-H newc] [-tio] [EXTR_FILE]... Extract or list files from a cpio archive, or create an archive using file list on stdin Main operation mode: -t List -i Extract EXTR_FILEs (or all) -o Create (requires -H newc) -d Make leading directories -m Preserve mtime -v Verbose -u Overwrite -F FILE Input (-t,-i,-p) or output (-o) file -H newc Archive format cttyhack cttyhack [PROG ARGS] Give PROG a controlling tty if possible. Example for /etc/inittab (for busybox init): ::respawn:/bin/cttyhack /bin/sh Giving controlling tty to shell running with PID 1: $ exec cttyhack sh Starting interactive shell from boot shell script: setsid cttyhack sh cut cut [OPTIONS] [FILE]... Print selected fields from each input FILE to stdout -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST -c LIST Output only characters from LIST -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter -s Output only the lines containing delimiter -f N Print only these fields -n Ignored date date [OPTIONS] [+FMT] [TIME] Display time (using +FMT), or set time [-s,--set] TIME Set time to TIME -u,--utc Work in UTC (don't convert to local time) -R,--rfc-2822 Output RFC-2822 compliant date string -I[SPEC] Output ISO-8601 compliant date string SPEC='date' (default) for date only, 'hours', 'minutes', or 'seconds' for date and time to the indicated precision -r,--reference FILE Display last modification time of FILE -d,--date TIME Display TIME, not 'now' -D FMT Use FMT for -d TIME conversion Recognized TIME formats: hh:mm[:ss] [YYYY.]MM.DD-hh:mm[:ss] YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm[:ss] [[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss] 'date TIME' form accepts MMDDhhmm[[YY]YY][.ss] instead dc dc EXPRESSION... Tiny RPN calculator. Operations: +, add, -, sub, *, mul, /, div, %, mod, and, or, not, eor, p - print top of the stack (without popping), f - print entire stack, o - pop the value and set output radix (must be 10, 16, 8 or 2). Examples: 'dc 2 2 add p' -> 4, 'dc 8 8 * 2 2 + / p' -> 16 dd dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N] [obs=N] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N] [seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync] Copy a file with converting and formatting if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout bs=N Read and write N bytes at a time ibs=N Read N bytes at a time obs=N Write N bytes at a time count=N Copy only N input blocks skip=N Skip N input blocks seek=N Skip N output blocks conv=notrunc Don't truncate output file conv=noerror Continue after read errors conv=sync Pad blocks with zeros conv=fsync Physically write data out before finishing Numbers may be suffixed by c (x1), w (x2), b (x512), kD (x1000), k (x1024), MD (x1000000), M (x1048576), GD (x1000000000) or G (x1073741824) deallocvt deallocvt [N] Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN depmod depmod [-n] [-b BASE] [VERSION] [MODFILES]... Generate modules.dep, alias, and symbols files -b BASE Use BASE/lib/modules/VERSION -n Dry run: print files to stdout df df [-Pkmhai] [-B SIZE] [FILESYSTEM]... Print filesystem usage statistics -P POSIX output format -k 1024-byte blocks (default) -m 1M-byte blocks -h Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G) -a Show all filesystems -i Inodes -B SIZE Blocksize diff diff [-abBdiNqrTstw] [-L LABEL] [-S FILE] [-U LINES] FILE1 FILE2 Compare files line by line and output the differences between them. This implementation supports unified diffs only. -a Treat all files as text -b Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace -B Ignore changes whose lines are all blank -d Try hard to find a smaller set of changes -i Ignore case differences -L Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header -N Treat absent files as empty -q Output only whether files differ -r Recurse -S Start with FILE when comparing directories -T Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary -s Report when two files are the same -t Expand tabs to spaces in output -U Output LINES lines of context -w Ignore all whitespace dirname dirname FILENAME Strip non-directory suffix from FILENAME dmesg dmesg [-c] [-n LEVEL] [-s SIZE] Print or control the kernel ring buffer -c Clear ring buffer after printing -n LEVEL Set console logging level -s SIZE Buffer size dos2unix dos2unix [-ud] [FILE] Convert FILE in-place from DOS to Unix format. When no file is given, use stdin/stdout. -u dos2unix -d unix2dos du du [-aHLdclsxhmk] [FILE]... Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory -a Show file sizes too -L Follow all symlinks -H Follow symlinks on command line -d N Limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth < N -c Show grand total -l Count sizes many times if hard linked -s Display only a total for each argument -x Skip directories on different filesystems -h Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G) -m Sizes in megabytes -k Sizes in kilobytes (default) dumpkmap dumpkmap > keymap Print a binary keyboard translation table to stdout dumpleases dumpleases [-r|-a] [-f LEASEFILE] Display DHCP leases granted by udhcpd -f,--file=FILE Lease file -r,--remaining Show remaining time -a,--absolute Show expiration time echo echo [-neE] [ARG]... Print the specified ARGs to stdout -n Suppress trailing newline -e Interpret backslash escapes (i.e., \t=tab) -E Don't interpret backslash escapes (default) env env [-iu] [-] [name=value]... [PROG ARGS] Print the current environment or run PROG after setting up the specified environment -, -i Start with an empty environment -u Remove variable from the environment expand expand [-i] [-t N] [FILE]... Convert tabs to spaces, writing to stdout -i,--initial Don't convert tabs after non blanks -t,--tabs=N Tabstops every N chars expr expr EXPRESSION Print the value of EXPRESSION to stdout EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 ARG1 < ARG2 1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly: ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly: ARG1 - ARG2 ARG1 * ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 STRING : REGEXP Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP Same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH Substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING Length of STRING quote TOKEN Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like 'match' or an operator like '/' (EXPRESSION) Value of EXPRESSION Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. false false Return an exit code of FALSE (1) find find [PATH]... [OPTIONS] [ACTIONS] Search for files and perform actions on them. First failed action stops processing of current file. Defaults: PATH is current directory, action is '-print' -follow Follow symlinks -xdev Don't descend directories on other filesystems -maxdepth N Descend at most N levels. -maxdepth 0 applies actions to command line arguments only -mindepth N Don't act on first N levels -depth Act on directory *after* traversing it Actions: ( ACTIONS ) Group actions for -o / -a ! ACT Invert ACT's success/failure ACT1 [-a] ACT2 If ACT1 fails, stop, else do ACT2 ACT1 -o ACT2 If ACT1 succeeds, stop, else do ACT2 Note: -a has higher priority than -o -name PATTERN Match file name (w/o directory name) to PATTERN -iname PATTERN Case insensitive -name -path PATTERN Match path to PATTERN -ipath PATTERN Case insensitive -path -regex PATTERN Match path to regex PATTERN -type X File type is X (one of: f,d,l,b,c,...) -perm MASK At least one mask bit (+MASK), all bits (-MASK), or exactly MASK bits are set in file's mode -mtime DAYS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N), or exactly N days in the past -mmin MINS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N), or exactly N minutes in the past -newer FILE mtime is more recent than FILE's -inum N File has inode number N -user NAME/ID File is owned by given user -group NAME/ID File is owned by given group -size N[bck] File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.)) +/-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N -links N Number of links is greater than (+N), less than (-N), or exactly N -prune If current file is directory, don't descend into it If none of the following actions is specified, -print is assumed -print Print file name -print0 Print file name, NUL terminated -exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by file name. Fails if CMD exits with nonzero fold fold [-bs] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]... Wrap input lines in each FILE (or stdin), writing to stdout -b Count bytes rather than columns -s Break at spaces -w Use WIDTH columns instead of 80 free free [-b/k/m/g] Display the amount of free and used system memory freeramdisk freeramdisk DEVICE Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk ftpget ftpget [OPTIONS] HOST [LOCAL_FILE] REMOTE_FILE Download a file via FTP -c,--continue Continue previous transfer -v,--verbose Verbose -u,--username USER Username -p,--password PASS Password -P,--port NUM Port ftpput ftpput [OPTIONS] HOST [REMOTE_FILE] LOCAL_FILE Upload a file to a FTP server -v,--verbose Verbose -u,--username USER Username -p,--password PASS Password -P,--port NUM Port getopt getopt [OPTIONS] [--] OPTSTRING PARAMS -a,--alternative Allow long options starting with single - -l,--longoptions=LOPT[,...] Long options to be recognized -n,--name=PROGNAME The name under which errors are reported -o,--options=OPTSTRING Short options to be recognized -q,--quiet Disable error reporting by getopt(3) -Q,--quiet-output No normal output -s,--shell=SHELL Set shell quoting conventions -T,--test Test for getopt(1) version -u,--unquoted Don't quote the output Example: O=`getopt -l bb: -- ab:c:: "$@"` || exit 1 eval set -- "$O" while true; do case "$1" in -a) echo A; shift;; -b|--bb) echo "B:'$2'"; shift 2;; -c) case "$2" in "") echo C; shift 2;; *) echo "C:'$2'"; shift 2;; esac;; --) shift; break;; *) echo Error; exit 1;; esac done getty getty [OPTIONS] BAUD_RATE[,BAUD_RATE]... TTY [TERMTYPE] Open TTY, prompt for login name, then invoke /bin/login -h Enable hardware RTS/CTS flow control -L Set CLOCAL (ignore Carrier Detect state) -m Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message -n Don't prompt for login name -w Wait for CR or LF before sending /etc/issue -i Don't display /etc/issue -f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue -l LOGIN Invoke LOGIN instead of /bin/login -t SEC Terminate after SEC if no login name is read -I INITSTR Send INITSTR before anything else -H HOST Log HOST into the utmp file as the hostname BAUD_RATE of 0 leaves it unchanged grep grep [-HhnlLoqvsriwFEz] [-m N] [-A/B/C N] PATTERN/-e PATTERN.../-f FILE [FILE]... Search for PATTERN in FILEs (or stdin) -H Add 'filename:' prefix -h Do not add 'filename:' prefix -n Add 'line_no:' prefix -l Show only names of files that match -L Show only names of files that don't match -c Show only count of matching lines -o Show only the matching part of line -q Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise -v Select non-matching lines -s Suppress open and read errors -r Recurse -i Ignore case -w Match whole words only -x Match whole lines only -F PATTERN is a literal (not regexp) -E PATTERN is an extended regexp -z Input is NUL terminated -m N Match up to N times per file -A N Print N lines of trailing context -B N Print N lines of leading context -C N Same as '-A N -B N' -e PTRN Pattern to match -f FILE Read pattern from file groups groups [USER] Print the group memberships of USER or for the current process gunzip gunzip [-cft] [FILE]... Decompress FILEs (or stdin) -c Write to stdout -f Force -t Test file integrity gzip gzip [-cfd] [FILE]...  Print first 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout. With more than one FILE, precede each with a filename header. -n N[kbm] Print first N lines -c N[kbm] Print first N bytes -q Never print headers -v Always print headers N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2). hexdump hexdump [-bcCdefnosvx] [FILE]... Display FILEs (or stdin) in a user specified format -b One-byte octal display -c One-byte character display -C Canonical hex+ASCII, 16 bytes per line -d Two-byte decimal display -e FORMAT_STRING -f FORMAT_FILE -n LENGTH Interpret only LENGTH bytes of input -o Two-byte octal display -s OFFSET Skip OFFSET bytes -v Display all input data -x Two-byte hexadecimal display hostid hostid Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine hostname hostname [OPTIONS] [HOSTNAME | -F FILE] Get or set hostname or DNS domain name -s Short -i Addresses for the hostname -d DNS domain name -f Fully qualified domain name -F FILE Use FILE's content as hostname httpd httpd [-ifv[v]] [-c CONFFILE] [-p [IP:]PORT] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-r REALM] [-h HOME] or httpd -d/-e/-m STRING Listen for incoming HTTP requests -i Inetd mode -f Don't daemonize -v[v] Verbose -p [IP:]PORT Bind to IP:PORT (default *:80) -u USER[:GRP] Set uid/gid after binding to port -r REALM Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication -h HOME Home directory (default .) -c FILE Configuration file (default {/etc,HOME}/httpd.conf) -m STRING MD5 crypt STRING -e STRING HTML encode STRING -d STRING URL decode STRING hwclock hwclock [-r|--show] [-s|--hctosys] [-w|--systohc] [-t|--systz] [-l|--localtime] [-u|--utc] [-f|--rtc FILE] Query and set hardware clock (RTC) -r Show hardware clock time -s Set system time from hardware clock -w Set hardware clock from system time -t Set in-kernel timezone, correct system time if hardware clock is in local time -u Assume hardware clock is kept in UTC -l Assume hardware clock is kept in local time -f FILE Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2) id id [OPTIONS] [USER] Print information about USER or the current user -u User ID -g Group ID -G Supplementary group IDs -n Print names instead of numbers -r Print real ID instead of effective ID ifconfig ifconfig [-a] interface [address] Configure a network interface [add ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]] [del ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]] [[-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]] [netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS] [outfill NN] [keepalive NN] [hw ether|infiniband ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN] [[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti] [multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[-]dynamic] [mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN] [up|down] ... init init Init is the parent of all processes insmod insmod FILE [SYMBOL=VALUE]... Load the specified kernel modules into the kernel ionice ionice [-c 1-3] [-n 0-7] [-p PID] [PROG] Change I/O priority and class -c Class. 1:realtime 2:best-effort 3:idle -n Priority ip ip [OPTIONS] {address | route | link | tunnel | rule} {COMMAND} ip [OPTIONS] OBJECT {COMMAND} where OBJECT := {address | route | link | tunnel | rule} OPTIONS := { -f[amily] { inet | inet6 | link } | -o[neline] } ipcalc ipcalc [OPTIONS] ADDRESS[[/]NETMASK] [NETMASK] Calculate IP network settings from a IP address -b,--broadcast Display calculated broadcast address -n,--network Display calculated network address -m,--netmask Display default netmask for IP -p,--prefix Display the prefix for IP/NETMASK -h,--hostname Display first resolved host name -s,--silent Don't ever display error messages kill kill [-l] [-SIG] PID... Send a signal (default: TERM) to given PIDs -l List all signal names and numbers killall killall [-l] [-q] [-SIG] PROCESS_NAME... Send a signal (default: TERM) to given processes -l List all signal names and numbers -q Don't complain if no processes were killed klogd klogd [-c N] [-n] Kernel logger -c N Print to console messages more urgent than prio N (1-8) -n Run in foreground last last Show listing of the last users that logged into the system less less [-EMmNh~I?] [FILE]... View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time -E Quit once the end of a file is reached -M,-m Display status line with line numbers and percentage through the file -N Prefix line number to each line -I Ignore case in all searches -~ Suppress ~s displayed past EOF ln ln [OPTIONS] TARGET... LINK|DIR Create a link LINK or DIR/TARGET to the specified TARGET(s) -s Make symlinks instead of hardlinks -f Remove existing destinations -n Don't dereference symlinks - treat like normal file -b Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation -S suf Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files loadfont loadfont < font Load a console font from stdin loadkmap loadkmap < keymap Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin logger logger [OPTIONS] [MESSAGE] Write MESSAGE (or stdin) to syslog -s Log to stderr as well as the system log -t TAG Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name) -p PRIO Priority (numeric or facility.level pair) login login [-p] [-h HOST] [[-f] USER] Begin a new session on the system -f Don't authenticate (user already authenticated) -h Name of the remote host -p Preserve environment logname logname Print the name of the current user logread logread [-f] Show messages in syslogd's circular buffer -f Output data as log grows losetup losetup [-r] [-o OFS] LOOPDEV FILE - associate loop devices losetup -d LOOPDEV - disassociate losetup [-f] - show -o OFS Start OFS bytes into FILE -r Read-only -f Show first free loop device ls ls [-1AaCxdLHRFplinsehrSXvctu] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]... List directory contents -1 One column output -a Include entries which start with . -A Like -a, but exclude . and .. -C List by columns -x List by lines -d List directory entries instead of contents -L Follow symlinks -H Follow symlinks on command line -R Recurse -p Append / to dir entries -F Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries -l Long listing format -i List inode numbers -n List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names -s List allocated blocks -e List full date and time -h List sizes in human readable format (1K 243M 2G) -r Sort in reverse order -S Sort by size -X Sort by extension -v Sort by version -c With -l: sort by ctime -t With -l: sort by mtime -u With -l: sort by atime -w N Assume the terminal is N columns wide --color[={always,never,auto}] Control coloring lsmod lsmod List the currently loaded kernel modules lzcat lzcat FILE Decompress to stdout lzma lzma -d [-cf] [FILE]... Decompress FILE (or stdin) -d Decompress -c Write to stdout -f Force md5sum md5sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]... Print or check MD5 checksums -c Check sums against list in FILEs -s Don't output anything, status code shows success -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines mdev mdev [-s] mdev -s is to be run during boot to scan /sys and populate /dev. Bare mdev is a kernel hotplug helper. To activate it: echo /sbin/mdev >/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug It uses /etc/mdev.conf with lines [-]DEVNAME UID:GID PERM [>|=PATH]|[!] [@|$|*PROG] where DEVNAME is device name regex, @major,minor[-minor2], or environment variable regex. A common use of the latter is to load modules for hotplugged devices: $MODALIAS=.* 0:0 660 @modprobe "$MODALIAS" If /dev/mdev.seq file exists, mdev will wait for its value to match $SEQNUM variable. This prevents plug/unplug races. To activate this feature, create empty /dev/mdev.seq at boot. microcom microcom [-d DELAY] [-t TIMEOUT] [-s SPEED] [-X] TTY Copy bytes for stdin to TTY and from TTY to stdout -d Wait up to DELAY ms for TTY output before sending every next byte to it -t Exit if both stdin and TTY are silent for TIMEOUT ms -s Set serial line to SPEED -X Disable special meaning of NUL and Ctrl-X from stdin mkdir mkdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY... Create DIRECTORY -m MODE Mode -p No error if exists; make parent directories as needed mkfifo mkfifo [-m MODE] NAME Create named pipe -m MODE Mode (default a=rw) mknod mknod [-m MODE] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR Create a special file (block, character, or pipe) -m MODE Creation mode (default a=rw) TYPE: b Block device c or u Character device p Named pipe (MAJOR and MINOR are ignored) mkswap mkswap [-L LBL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES] Prepare BLOCKDEV to be used as swap partition -L LBL Label mktemp mktemp [-dt] [-p DIR] [TEMPLATE] Create a temporary file with name based on TEMPLATE and print its name. TEMPLATE must end with XXXXXX (e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX). Without TEMPLATE, -t tmp.XXXXXX is assumed. -d Make directory, not file -t Prepend base directory name to TEMPLATE -p DIR Use DIR as a base directory (implies -t) -u Do not create anything; print a name Base directory is: -p DIR, else $TMPDIR, else /tmp modinfo modinfo [-adlp0] [-F keyword] MODULE -a Shortcut for '-F author' -d Shortcut for '-F description' -l Shortcut for '-F license' -p Shortcut for '-F parm' -F keyword Keyword to look for -0 Separate output with NULs modprobe modprobe [-alrqvsDb] MODULE [symbol=value]... -a Load multiple MODULEs -l List (MODULE is a pattern) -r Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean -q Quiet -v Verbose -s Log to syslog -D Show dependencies -b Apply blacklist to module names too more more [FILE]... View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time mount mount [OPTIONS] [-o OPTS] DEVICE NODE Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc. -a Mount all filesystems in fstab -i Don't run mount helper -r Read-only mount -w Read-write mount (default) -t FSTYPE[,...] Filesystem type(s) -O OPT Mount only filesystems with option OPT (-a only) -o OPT: loop Ignored (loop devices are autodetected) [a]sync Writes are [a]synchronous [no]atime Disable/enable updates to inode access times [no]diratime Disable/enable atime updates to directories [no]relatime Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time [no]dev (Dis)allow use of special device files [no]exec (Dis)allow use of executable files [no]suid (Dis)allow set-user-id-root programs [r]shared Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree [r]slave Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree [r]private Convert [recursively] to a private subtree [un]bindable Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted [r]bind Bind a file or directory [recursively] to another location move Relocate an existing mount point remount Remount a mounted filesystem, changing flags ro/rw Same as -r/-w There are filesystem-specific -o flags. mt mt [-f device] opcode value Control magnetic tape drive operation Available Opcodes: bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase fsf fsfm fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2 ras3 reset retension rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity setpart tell unload unlock weof wset mv mv [-fin] SOURCE DEST or: mv [-fin] SOURCE... DIRECTORY Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY -f Don't prompt before overwriting -i Interactive, prompt before overwrite -n Don't overwrite an existing file nameif nameif [-s] [-c FILE] [IFNAME HWADDR]... Rename network interface while it in the down state. The device with address HWADDR is renamed to IFACE. -c FILE Configuration file (default: /etc/mactab) -s Log to syslog nc nc [-iN] [-wN] [-l] [-p PORT] [-f FILE|IPADDR PORT] [-e PROG] Open a pipe to IP:PORT or FILE -e PROG Run PROG after connect -l Listen mode, for inbound connects (use -l twice with -e for persistent server) -p PORT Local port -w SEC Timeout for connect -i SEC Delay interval for lines sent -f FILE Use file (ala /dev/ttyS0) instead of network netstat netstat [-ral] [-tuwx] [-en] Display networking information -r Routing table -a All sockets -l Listening sockets Else: connected sockets -t TCP sockets -u UDP sockets -w Raw sockets -x Unix sockets Else: all socket types -e Other/more information -n Don't resolve names nslookup nslookup [HOST] [SERVER] Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST optionally using a specified DNS server od od [-abcdfhilovxs] [-t TYPE] [-A RADIX] [-N SIZE] [-j SKIP] [-S MINSTR] [-w WIDTH] [FILE...] Print FILEs (or stdin) unambiguously, as octal bytes by default openvt openvt [-c N] [-sw] [PROG ARGS] Start PROG on a new virtual terminal -c N Use specified VT -s Switch to the VT -w Wait for PROG to exit patch patch [OPTIONS] [ORIGFILE [PATCHFILE]] -p,--strip N Strip N leading components from file names -i,--input DIFF Read DIFF instead of stdin -R,--reverse Reverse patch -N,--forward Ignore already applied patches -E,--remove-empty-files Remove output files if they become empty pidof pidof [NAME]... List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs ping ping [OPTIONS] HOST Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts -4,-6 Force IP or IPv6 name resolution -c CNT Send only CNT pings -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default:56) -t TTL Set TTL -I IFACE/IP Use interface or IP address as source -W SEC Seconds to wait for the first response (default:10) (after all -c CNT packets are sent) -w SEC Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite) (can exit earlier with -c CNT) -q Quiet, only displays output at start and when finished ping6 ping6 [OPTIONS] HOST Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts -c CNT Send only CNT pings -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default:56) -I IFACE/IP Use interface or IP address as source -q Quiet, only displays output at start and when finished pivot_root pivot_root NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD Move the current root file system to PUT_OLD and make NEW_ROOT the new root file system poweroff poweroff [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f] Halt and shut off power -d SEC Delay interval -n Do not sync -f Force (don't go through init) printf printf FORMAT [ARG]... Format and print ARG(s) according to FORMAT (a-la C printf) ps ps [-o COL1,COL2=HEADER] [-T] Show list of processes -o COL1,COL2=HEADER Select columns for display -T Show threads pwd pwd Print the full filename of the current working directory rdate rdate [-sp] HOST Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST -s Set the system date and time (default) -p Print the date and time readlink readlink [-fnv] FILE Display the value of a symlink -f Canonicalize by following all symlinks -n Don't add newline -v Verbose realpath realpath FILE... Return the absolute pathnames of given FILE reboot reboot [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f] Reboot the system -d SEC Delay interval -n Do not sync -f Force (don't go through init) renice renice {{-n INCREMENT} | PRIORITY} [[-p | -g | -u] ID...] Change scheduling priority for a running process -n Adjust current nice value (smaller is faster) -p Process id(s) (default) -g Process group id(s) -u Process user name(s) and/or id(s) reset reset Reset the screen rev rev [FILE]... Reverse lines of FILE rm rm [-irf] FILE... Remove (unlink) FILEs -i Always prompt before removing -f Never prompt -R,-r Recurse rmdir rmdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY... Remove DIRECTORY if it is empty -p|--parents Include parents --ignore-fail-on-non-empty rmmod rmmod [-wfa] [MODULE]... Unload kernel modules -w Wait until the module is no longer used -f Force unload -a Remove all unused modules (recursively) route route [{add|del|delete}] Edit kernel routing tables -n Don't resolve names -e Display other/more information -A inet{6} Select address family rpm rpm -i PACKAGE.rpm; rpm -qp[ildc] PACKAGE.rpm Manipulate RPM packages Commands: -i Install package -qp Query package -i Show information -l List contents -d List documents -c List config files rpm2cpio rpm2cpio package.rpm Output a cpio archive of the rpm file run-parts run-parts [-t] [-a ARG] [-u MASK] DIRECTORY Run a bunch of scripts in DIRECTORY -t Print what would be run, but don't actually run anything -a ARG Pass ARG as argument for every program -u MASK Set the umask to MASK before running every program sed sed [-inr] [-f FILE]... [-e CMD]... [FILE]... or: sed [-inr] CMD [FILE]... -e CMD Add CMD to sed commands to be executed -f FILE Add FILE contents to sed commands to be executed -i Edit files in-place (else sends result to stdout) -n Suppress automatic printing of pattern space -r Use extended regex syntax If no -e or -f, the first non-option argument is the sed command string. Remaining arguments are input files (stdin if none). seq seq [-w] [-s SEP] [FIRST [INC]] LAST Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INC. FIRST, INC default to 1. -w Pad to last with leading zeros -s SEP String separator setkeycodes setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE... Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes. SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is given in decimal. setsid setsid PROG ARGS Run PROG in a new session. PROG will have no controlling terminal and will not be affected by keyboard signals (Ctrl-C etc). See setsid(2) for details. sh sh [-/+OPTIONS] [-/+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE [ARGS]] Unix shell interpreter sha1sum sha1sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]... Print or check SHA1 checksums -c Check sums against list in FILEs -s Don't output anything, status code shows success -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines sha256sum sha256sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]... Print or check SHA256 checksums -c Check sums against list in FILEs -s Don't output anything, status code shows success -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines sha512sum sha512sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]... Print or check SHA512 checksums -c Check sums against list in FILEs -s Don't output anything, status code shows success -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines sleep sleep [N]... Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or (d)ays sort sort [-nrugMcszbdfimSTokt] [-o FILE] [-k start[.offset][opts][,end[.offset][opts]] [-t CHAR] [FILE]... Sort lines of text -b Ignore leading blanks -c Check whether input is sorted -d Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only) -f Ignore case -g General numerical sort -i Ignore unprintable characters -k Sort key -M Sort month -n Sort numbers -o Output to file -k Sort by key -t CHAR Key separator -r Reverse sort order -s Stable (don't sort ties alphabetically) -u Suppress duplicate lines -z Lines are terminated by NUL, not newline -mST Ignored for GNU compatibility start-stop-daemon start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [-S|-K] ... [-- ARGS...] Search for matching processes, and then -K: stop all matching processes. -S: start a process unless a matching process is found. Process matching: -u,--user USERNAME|UID Match only this user's processes -n,--name NAME Match processes with NAME in comm field in /proc/PID/stat -x,--exec EXECUTABLE Match processes with this command in /proc/PID/{exe,cmdline} -p,--pidfile FILE Match a process with PID from the file All specified conditions must match -S only: -x,--exec EXECUTABLE Program to run -a,--startas NAME Zeroth argument -b,--background Background -N,--nicelevel N Change nice level -c,--chuid USER[:[GRP]] Change to user/group -m,--make-pidfile Write PID to the pidfile specified by -p -K only: -s,--signal SIG Signal to send -t,--test Match only, exit with 0 if a process is found Other: -o,--oknodo Exit with status 0 if nothing is done -v,--verbose Verbose -q,--quiet Quiet stat stat [OPTIONS] FILE... Display file (default) or filesystem status -c fmt Use the specified format -f Display filesystem status -L Follow links -t Display info in terse form Valid format sequences for files: %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N File name, with -> TARGET if symlink %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfer) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form strings strings [-afo] [-n LEN] [FILE]... Display printable strings in a binary file -a Scan whole file (default) -f Precede strings with filenames -n LEN At least LEN characters form a string (default 4) -o Precede strings with decimal offsets stty stty [-a|g] [-F DEVICE] [SETTING]... Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane -F DEVICE Open device instead of stdin -a Print all current settings in human-readable form -g Print in stty-readable form [SETTING] See manpage swapoff swapoff [-a] [DEVICE] Stop swapping on DEVICE -a Stop swapping on all swap devices swapon swapon [-a] [DEVICE] Start swapping on DEVICE -a Start swapping on all swap devices switch_root switch_root [-c /dev/console] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS] Free initramfs and switch to another root fs: chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /, execute NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint. -c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switch sync sync Write all buffered blocks to disk sysctl sysctl [OPTIONS] [VALUE]... Configure kernel parameters at runtime -n Don't print key names -e Don't warn about unknown keys -w Change sysctl setting -p FILE Load sysctl settings from FILE (default /etc/sysctl.conf) -a Display all values -A Display all values in table form syslogd syslogd [OPTIONS] System logging utility (this version of syslogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf) -n Run in foreground -O FILE Log to FILE (default:/var/log/messages) -l N Log only messages more urgent than prio N (1-8) -S Smaller output -R HOST[:PORT] Log to IP or hostname on PORT (default PORT=514/UDP) -L Log locally and via network (default is network only if -R) -C[size_kb] Log to shared mem buffer (use logread to read it) tac tac [FILE]... Concatenate FILEs and print them in reverse tail tail [OPTIONS] [FILE]... Print last 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout. With more than one FILE, precede each with a filename header. -f Print data as file grows -s SECONDS Wait SECONDS between reads with -f -n N[kbm] Print last N lines -c N[kbm] Print last N bytes -q Never print headers -v Always print headers N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2). If N starts with a '+', output begins with the Nth item from the start of each file, not from the end. tar tar -[cxtZzjahmvO] [-f TARFILE] [-C DIR] [FILE]... Create, extract, or list files from a tar file Operation: c Create x Extract t List f Name of TARFILE ('-' for stdin/out) C Change to DIR before operation v Verbose Z (De)compress using compress z (De)compress using gzip j (De)compress using bzip2 a (De)compress using lzma O Extract to stdout h Follow symlinks m Don't restore mtime taskset taskset [-p] [MASK] [PID | PROG ARGS] Set or get CPU affinity -p Operate on an existing PID tee tee [-ai] [FILE]... Copy stdin to each FILE, and also to stdout -a Append to the given FILEs, don't overwrite -i Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT) telnet telnet [-a] [-l USER] HOST [PORT] Connect to telnet server -a Automatic login with $USER variable -l USER Automatic login as USER test test EXPRESSION ] Check file types, compare values etc. Return a 0/1 exit code depending on logical value of EXPRESSION tftp tftp [OPTIONS] HOST [PORT] Transfer a file from/to tftp server -l FILE Local FILE -r FILE Remote FILE -g Get file -p Put file -b SIZE Transfer blocks of SIZE octets time time [-v] PROG ARGS Run PROG, display resource usage when it exits -v Verbose timeout timeout [-t SECS] [-s SIG] PROG ARGS Runs PROG. Sends SIG to it if it is not gone in SECS seconds. Defaults: SECS: 10, SIG: TERM. top top [-b] [-nCOUNT] [-dSECONDS] Provide a view of process activity in real time. Read the status of all processes from /proc each SECONDS and display a screenful of them.  Update the last-modified date on the given FILE[s] -c Don't create files -d DT Date/time to use -t DT Date/time to use -r FILE Use FILE's date/time tr tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2] Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from stdin, writing to stdout -c Take complement of STRING1 -d Delete input characters coded STRING1 -s Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character traceroute traceroute [-46FIldnrv] [-f 1ST_TTL] [-m MAXTTL] [-p PORT] [-q PROBES] [-s SRC_IP] [-t TOS] [-w WAIT_SEC] [-g GATEWAY] [-i IFACE] [-z PAUSE_MSEC] HOST [BYTES] Trace the route to HOST -4,-6 Force IP or IPv6 name resolution -F Set the don't fragment bit -I Use ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams -l Display the TTL value of the returned packet -d Set SO_DEBUG options to socket -n Print numeric addresses -r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST -v Verbose -m Max time-to-live (max number of hops) -p Base UDP port number used in probes (default 33434) -q Number of probes per TTL (default 3) -s IP address to use as the source address -t Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0) -w Time in seconds to wait for a response (default 3) -g Loose source route gateway (8 max) traceroute6 traceroute6 [-dnrv] [-m MAXTTL] [-p PORT] [-q PROBES] [-s SRC_IP] [-t TOS] [-w WAIT_SEC] [-i IFACE] HOST [BYTES] Trace the route to HOST -d Set SO_DEBUG options to socket -n Print numeric addresses -r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST -v Verbose -m Max time-to-live (max number of hops) -p Base UDP port number used in probes (default is 33434) -q Number of probes per TTL (default 3) -s IP address to use as the source address -t Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0) -w Time in seconds to wait for a response (default 3) true true Return an exit code of TRUE (0) tty tty Print file name of stdin's terminal -s Print nothing, only return exit status udhcpc udhcpc [-fbnqoCRB] [-i IFACE] [-r IP] [-s PROG] [-p PIDFILE] [-V VENDOR] [-x OPT:VAL]... [-O OPT]... -i,--interface IFACE Interface to use (default eth0) -p,--pidfile FILE Create pidfile -s,--script PROG Run PROG at DHCP events (default /etc/udhcpc/default.script) -B,--broadcast Request broadcast replies -t,--retries N Send up to N discover packets -T,--timeout N Pause between packets (default 3 seconds) -A,--tryagain N Wait N seconds after failure (default 20) -f,--foreground Run in foreground -b,--background Background if lease is not obtained -n,--now Exit if lease is not obtained -q,--quit Exit after obtaining lease -R,--release Release IP on exit -S,--syslog Log to syslog too -a,--arping Use arping to validate offered address -O,--request-option OPT Request option OPT from server (cumulative) -o,--no-default-options Don't request any options (unless -O is given) -r,--request IP Request this IP address -x OPT:VAL Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative) Examples of string, numeric, and hex byte opts: -x hostname:bbox - option 12 -x lease:3600 - option 51 (lease time) -x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE - option 61 (client id) -F,--fqdn NAME Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME -V,--vendorclass VENDOR Vendor identifier (default 'udhcp VERSION') -C,--clientid-none Don't send MAC as client identifier Signals: USR1 Renew lease USR2 Release lease udhcpd udhcpd [-fS] [CONFFILE] DHCP server -f Run in foreground -S Log to syslog too umount umount [OPTIONS] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY Unmount file systems -a Unmount all file systems -r Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy -l Lazy umount (detach filesystem) -f Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server) -D Don't free loop device even if it has been used uname uname [-amnrspv] Print system information -a Print all -m The machine (hardware) type -n Hostname -r OS release -s OS name (default) -p Processor type -v OS version uncompress uncompress [-cf] [FILE]... Decompress .Z file[s] -c Write to stdout -f Overwrite unexpand unexpand [-fa][-t N] [FILE]... Convert spaces to tabs, writing to stdout -a,--all Convert all blanks -f,--first-only Convert only leading blanks -t,--tabs=N Tabstops every N chars uniq uniq [-cdu][-f,s,w N] [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Discard duplicate lines -c Prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d Only print duplicate lines -u Only print unique lines -f N Skip first N fields -s N Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields) -w N Compare N characters in line unix2dos unix2dos [-ud] [FILE] Convert FILE in-place from Unix to DOS format. When no file is given, use stdin/stdout. -u dos2unix -d unix2dos unlzma unlzma [-cf] [FILE]... Decompress FILE (or stdin) -c Write to stdout -f Force unxz unxz [-cf] [FILE]... Decompress FILE (or stdin) -c Write to stdout -f Force unzip unzip [-opts[modifiers]] FILE[.zip] [LIST] [-x XLIST] [-d DIR] Extract files from ZIP archives -l List archive contents (with -q for short form) -n Never overwrite files (default) -o Overwrite -p Send output to stdout -q Quiet -x XLST Exclude these files -d DIR Extract files into DIR uptime uptime Display the time since the last boot usleep usleep N Pause for N microseconds uudecode uudecode [-o OUTFILE] [INFILE] Uudecode a file Finds OUTFILE in uuencoded source unless -o is given uuencode uuencode [-m] [FILE] STORED_FILENAME Uuencode FILE (or stdin) to stdout -m Use base64 encoding per RFC1521 vconfig vconfig COMMAND [OPTIONS] Create and remove virtual ethernet devices add IFACE VLAN_ID rem VLAN_NAME set_flag IFACE 0|1 VLAN_QOS set_egress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS set_ingress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS set_name_type NAME_TYPE vi vi [OPTIONS] [FILE]... Edit FILE -c Initial command to run ($EXINIT also available) -R Read-only -H Short help regarding available features watch watch [-n SEC] [-t] PROG ARGS Run PROG periodically -n Loop period in seconds (default 2) -t Don't print header watchdog watchdog [-t N[ms]] [-T N[ms]] [-F] DEV Periodically write to watchdog device DEV -T N Reboot after N seconds if not reset (default 60) -t N Reset every N seconds (default 30) -F Run in foreground Use 500ms to specify period in milliseconds wc wc [-cmlwL] [FILE]... Count lines, words, and bytes for each FILE (or stdin) -c Count bytes -m Count characters -l Count newlines -w Count words -L Print longest line length wget wget [-c|--continue] [-s|--spider] [-q|--quiet] [-O|--output-document FILE] [--header 'header: value'] [-Y|--proxy on/off] [-P DIR] [--no-check-certificate] [-U|--user-agent AGENT] URL... Retrieve files via HTTP or FTP -s Spider mode - only check file existence -c Continue retrieval of aborted transfer -q Quiet -P DIR Save to DIR (default .) -O FILE Save to FILE ('-' for stdout) -U STR Use STR for User-Agent header -Y Use proxy ('on' or 'off') which which [COMMAND]... Locate a COMMAND who who [-a] Show who is logged on -a Show all -H Print column headers whoami whoami Print the user name associated with the current effective user id xargs xargs [OPTIONS] [PROG ARGS] Run PROG on every item given by stdin -p Ask user whether to run each command -r Don't run command if input is empty -0 Input is separated by NUL characters -t Print the command on stderr before execution -e[STR] STR stops input processing -n N Pass no more than N args to PROG -s N Pass command line of no more than N bytes -x Exit if size is exceeded xz xz -d [-cf] [FILE]... Decompress FILE (or stdin) -d Decompress -c Write to stdout -f Force xzcat xzcat FILE Decompress to stdout yes yes [STRING] Repeatedly output a line with STRING, or 'y' zcat zcat FILE Decompress to stdout LIBC NSS GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group information. This is implemented using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using one or more of the /lib/libnss_* libraries. BusyBox tries to avoid using any libc calls that make use of NSS. Some applets however, such as login and su, will use libc functions that require NSS. If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal functions to directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files without using NSS. This may allow you to run your system without the need for installing any of the NSS configuration files and libraries. When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly require that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in particular, /etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*, and /lib/libresolv*). Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as uClibc. In addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc does not require the use of any NSS support files or libraries. MAINTAINER Denis Vlasenko<EMAIL_ADDRESS>AUTHORS The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it or not. If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should probably be listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory. If you should be listed here, or the description of what you have done needs more detail, or is incorrect, please send in an update. Emanuele Aina<EMAIL_ADDRESS>run-parts Erik Andersen<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files. Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that nobody is going to actually read. Laurence Anderson<EMAIL_ADDRESS>rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm Jeff Angielski<EMAIL_ADDRESS>ftpput, ftpget Edward Betts<EMAIL_ADDRESS>expr, hostid, logname, whoami John Beppu<EMAIL_ADDRESS>du, nslookup, sort Brian Candler<EMAIL_ADDRESS>tiny-ls(ls) Randolph Chung<EMAIL_ADDRESS>fbset, ping, hostname Dave Cinege<EMAIL_ADDRESS>more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file, various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance Jordan Crouse<EMAIL_ADDRESS>ipcalc Magnus Damm<EMAIL_ADDRESS>tftp client insmod powerpc support Larry Doolittle<EMAIL_ADDRESS>pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes. Glenn Engel<EMAIL_ADDRESS>httpd Gennady Feldman<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support, logread), various fixes. Karl M. Hegbloom<EMAIL_ADDRESS>cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c. Daniel Jacobowitz<EMAIL_ADDRESS>mktemp.c Matt Kraai<EMAIL_ADDRESS>documentation, bugfixes, test suite Stephan Linz<EMAIL_ADDRESS>ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence John Lombardo<EMAIL_ADDRESS>tr Glenn McGrath<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput, nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode. Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches. Manuel Novoa III<EMAIL_ADDRESS>cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes, mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string, get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir, mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable, interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route Vladimir Oleynik<EMAIL_ADDRESS>cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current); ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top; locale, various fixes and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect. Bruce Perens<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can still be found hiding here and there... Tim Riker<EMAIL_ADDRESS>bug fixes, member of fan club Kent Robotti<EMAIL_ADDRESS>reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches. Chip Rosenthal<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications Pavel Roskin<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Lots of bugs fixes and patches. Gyepi Sam<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Remote logging feature for syslogd Linus Torvalds<EMAIL_ADDRESS>mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix Mark Whitley<EMAIL_ADDRESS>grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous), style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc. Charles P. Wright<EMAIL_ADDRESS>gzip, mini-netcat(nc) Enrique Zanardi<EMAIL_ADDRESS>tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance Tito Ragusa<EMAIL_ADDRESS>devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt. Paul Fox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>vi editing mode for ash, various other patches/fixes Roberto A. Foglietta<EMAIL_ADDRESS>port: dnsd Bernhard Reutner-Fischer<EMAIL_ADDRESS>misc Mike Frysinger<EMAIL_ADDRESS>initial e2fsprogs, printenv, setarch, sum, misc Jie Zhang<EMAIL_ADDRESS>fixed two bugs in msh and hush (exitcode of killed processes) version 1.20.2 2012-09-20 BUSYBOX(1)