The simulator allows you to design a program and single step through it, displaying pictorially the processes and pipes and their relationship.
The program can send data through the pipes and trace the operation of the program.
The simulator is a Java program that uses the JELI package. Many of the parts of the simulator use this standard interface.
System requirements:
User requirements:
If you are only interested in this simulator, you can download a zip file ring.zip that contains all of the files that you need.
Running in a non-Windows environment:
If you installed the simulator by copying the files from a CD, the
scripts may not have the correct permissions to run. The convert
and runring files should be executable.
The ASCII files distributed with this distribution are in the Windows format
in which lines end in a carriage return followed by a line feed.
It may be more convenient to have the carriage returns removed.
If you are running under UNIX, Linux, or Mac OSX, it
may be more convenient to have the carriage returns removed.
You can remove all of the carriage returns from these files by executing the
convert script.
If you do a custom installation, you can put the jar files anywhere you want. Modify the runring.bat (Windows) or runring (Unix, Linux, Mac OSX) file so that the JARDIR1 or JARDIR2 variables points to the location of the jar files.
If the simulator does not start, make sure you have the Java runtime
executables in your path. In a command window, execute:
java -version
and make sure this displays a version later than 1.0.
Figure 1: The main simulator window.
The figure shows one process with arrows representing standard input and standard output.
Push the green Run Until Done button on the right side of the window and the program will step through its execution. After a few seconds the program will terminate and the screen will look like Figure 2. The rectangles represent pipes.
Figure 2: The main simulator window.
This figure illustrates why this is called the Process Ring Simulator. The processes can communicate by sending messages in a ring,writing to standard output and reading from standard input.
To exit the simulator, push the pink Quit button that is in the upper right corner of the the yellow ring diagram.
To start the program from the beginning, find the Reset button in the second column of buttons under the diagram.
Figure 1 shows a diagram of the simulator window when the simulator first starts up, or after the Reset button has been pushed. The large yellow area in the upper left part of the window is used for a diagram of the processes.
Each process is represented by a circle with its process ID in the center. The first process ID is always 100 and as processes are created by executing fork calls, the process IDs are incremented, assuming no other processes are created in the system. Arrows out of the process represent file descriptors that can be used for output. Arrows into the process represent file descriptors that can be used for input. By default, standard error is not displayed since it clutters the diagram.
When a pipe call is executed, a rectangle representing the pipe is displayed with two new file descriptors connected to the process. A dup2 call moves the file descriptor arrows appropriately and the fork call creates a new process. When processes and pipes are created, they are positioned so that when the standard program is run, the processes and pipes will appear in a ring. The processes and pipes can be moved around on the screen by dragging them with the mouse. The pipes can be rotated by dragging close to the corner of the pipe rectangle. The numbers that represent the file descriptors can also be dragged.
To the right of the diagram is the program window. This is a Jeli Text Display which shows the program being executed. The arrow that starts out at the top is above the instruction to be executed next. The process ID of the active process is shown in the Execute: pid button at the top of this window. Clicking on this button will cycle through the active processes. Just below the program window are 5 labels showing the name of the program (if it has one, the default program being called Ring of Processes) and the values of the local program variables. These include the integers childpid and i, the fd and fd1 arrays and the contents of the buffer, buf.
Below the diagram and the program are 6 columns of buttons for controlling the simulation.
There are two basic ways of running the program.
The green Run Until Done button on the rightmost column of buttons will start the program running and automatically step through the program at a given rate. The rate can be modified using the light green slider labeled Delay that is located below the button. The delay is in milliseconds and represent the amount of time the simulator pauses after each step is displayed. The limiting factor on the speed of execution is the time it takes to redisplay after each step. The slider is a standard Jeli slider. When the Run Until Done button is pushed, it changed to a Stop Running button which can be used to stop the execution. In this mode of operation, the scheduling of the processes is controlled by the third column of buttons as described later.
The green Execute button executes one line of code. This can be used to single-stop through the program. After each instruction is executed, you may push the Execute: pid button at the top of the program to change which process will be executed next.
The Change Program button uses a Jeli Popup List to present a list of loadable programs. The standard programs normally distributed with the simulator include the ring, a process fan, and a process chain. Choosing one of these resets the program to the chosen one. It is possible to have your own programs listed here. Each program listed corresponds to one line in the configuration file ringconfig. Adding lines to this file allows you to choose additional programs. Programs can be created using a standard text editor or by the simulator. Information on the format is in the section Creating Programs.
The break button allows you to cycle through possibilities for breaking out of the main for loop of the program. The table below gives the relationship between the Break button and the code that is used:
| Button | Break: parent | Break: child | Break: parent and child | Break: none |
| Code | if (childpid)     break; |
if (!childpid)     break; |
break; | none |
The Reset button starts the program from the beginning again.
The After fork: button controls which process executes after a fork. The possibilities are parent, child, either, and random. Either means that either the child or parent will execute and the choice is made randomly with equal probability. Random means that any ready process can execute and the choice will be made among the ready processes with equal probability.
The Choose Process button controls which process will execute next when the running process loses the CPU. A process can lose the CPU by having its quantum expire, by blocking on a wait for child call, by blocking on a read from a pipe, or by terminating. The choices are FCFS (the process that entered the ready queue first is chosen), Next (the ready process with the next highest PID is chosen) and Random (a random ready process is chosen). The Scheduling button controls the process scheduling algorithm. The default is no preempt in which a process runs until it blocks or terminates. When RR is chosen, round robin scheduling is used and a slider appears below the scheduling button allowing am integer quantum to be set. The quantum represents the number of instructions to be executed before the process loses the CPU. When Random is chosen, a slider appears below the scheduling button allowing a probability to be set. This represents the probability that a process will lose the CPU after executing an instruction.
To the right of the Scheduling button is the Print button. The default is Print Atomic in which the output of fprintf is assumed to be atomic. If Print Not Atomic is chosen, a probability slider appears which gives the probability of losing the CPU after each character of the fprintf is output.
There are several ways to display information about the state and history of the simulation. Most of these are controlled by the Display Info button at the top of the 5th column of buttons. Clicking on this brings up a Jeli Popup List to list some items that can be displayed. Some of these items may be disabled if the corresponding information is not available.
The list of display options includes:
You can show information about a particular process by clicking on the circle representing that process in the yellow display window. This pops up two windows, one showing the history (instructions executed) of that process and one showing the current values of the variables for that process.
In addition, a frame containing information about a given pipe can be displayed by clicking on the pipe in the diagram. Two Jeli Text Displays appear, the upper one containing the current contents of the pipe and the lower containing a history of everything that has been read from the pipe.
<instructions>
for (i=1;i<nprocs;i++) {
    <instructions>
    if (childpid = fork()) {
         <instructions>
    }
    else {
         <instructions>
    }
    <instructions>
    <optional conditional break instruction>
}
<instructions>
The program assumes the following data:
int i; int childpid; int fd[2]; int fd1[2]; char buf[BUFSIZE];where BUFSIZE is assumed to be large enough to handle anything generated by the program. In addition, a constant called nprocs is used in the for loop.
A subset of the supported instructions that can be added on the fly from inside the simulator is given below:
pipe(fd); pipe(fd1); dup2(fd[0],0); dup2(fd[1],1); dup2(fd1[0],3); dup2(fd1[1],4); close(0); close(1); close(fd[0]); close(fd[1]); close(fd1[0]); close(fd1[1]); wait(null); fprintf(stderr,"This is Process %d with parent %d\n",getpid(),getppid()); sprintf(buf,xxx); sprintf(buf+strlen(buf),xxx); fprintf(stderr,"%s",buf); write(1,buf,strlen(buf)+1); read(0,buf,BUFSIZE); read(0,buf+strlen(buf).BUFSIZE);The two sprintf instructions prompt for the entry of a format string that can contain up to 4 %d specifications. For each of these the user is prompted to specify one of the values:
i nprocs childpid getpid() getppid()Assumptions:
The first button in the third column is the Mode button. It starts with Mode: Execute which allows for the running of the program. Clicking on this button changes it to Mode: Program and 6 new buttons appear below it. The first two buttons can be used to move the pointer up and down. The pointer is shown as an arrow in the program window in the upper right part of the main display. The next two buttons can be used to add a new instruction to the program after the pointer or to delete the instruction after the pointer.
The Add Instruction pops up a menu listing the possible instructions to add. The Delete Instruction button is active only when there is a valid instruction after the pointer. Some instructions cannot be deleted such as the for loop, the if (childpid=fork()) and the else.
The next button allows most instructions to be modified by conditionals such as if (i==1) or if (i!=1). These are most relevant after the for loop because at this point only the original parent has i=1.
To run the modified program, click on the Mode button again to return to execute mode.
The current program can be saved using the yellow Save Program button in the first column of buttons. This saves the program using the file name given in the button below. You can change the name of the file to be used by clicking on this Name: button which is a Jeli Value Button.
By adding a program line to the ringconfig file, these programs can be accessible to later runs of the simulator.
This section describes the original ring interface. Information about the enhanced interface can be found here.
A program file can be created using the simulator with the Save Program button discussed above. The ringconfig file should contain a program line for each file that can be chosen from the Change Program menu. These files can be created or modified using a standard text editor. When such a file is read into the simulator, it encodes each line of the file using an internal format representing the type of instruction represented by that line. It is not necessary for each line to be a faithful representation of the corresponding instruction. In fact, the simulator looks for key phrases in the instruction to determine which of the allowed instructions it is.
If you want to create a program using a text editor rather than from the simulator, the simulator may not interpret it exactly as you intend. It is best to start with a simulator-created program similar to the one you want and modify it. Loading it into the simulator and saving it will put it into a correct format and tell you how the simulator interpreted your input. Look at the results and make sure that the program generated is the one you want. You can use the following information as a guideline for creating your program.
The format of a program file is as follows:
<pseudocode lines each beginning with #>
<instructions>
<a for loop instruction>
<instructions>
<an if(childpid = fork) instruction>
<instructions>
<an end group instruction>
<an else instruction>
<instructions>
<an end group instruction>
<instructions>
<an optional break instruction>
<an end group instruction>
<instructions>
Initially, these buttons are used to control the logging functions before the log file is open or after it is closed. The first button opens the log. When the log file is successfully opened most of the buttons change their function to control the log functions appropriate when logging is in progress.
While the log is closed, the second button toggles between the modes Replace Old Log and Append to Log. In the former case, opening the log file overwrites any file with the same name that already exists. In the latter case, the new log is appended to the old one. The third button can be used to change the name and directory used for storing the log file. Pushing this button pops up a dialogue box in which the user can change the directory and log file names. The names of the files for storing the graph image files created by the simulator can also be changed.
The Show Remote Log button can be used to pop up a browser window containing the log file generated when the log is stored remotely.
After the log is successfully opened, the Open Log button changes to Close Log, the second button changes to Log Comment, and the third button changes to Stop Log.
Close Log terminates logging and closes the log file. Stop Log temporarily stops adding information to the log file but keeps the log file open. When pushed, this button changes to Start Log which resumes the logging.
The Log Comment button pops up a window which allows the user to enter comments into the log file.
The Log Image button puts a copy of the currently displayed diagram in the log file.
Most of the frames that display history information have there own Log buttons which becomes active when the log is open and stores the information displayed in the log file. The program window on the right side of the main simulator window also has a Log button which can put a copy of the program in the log file. The Gantt charts can also be logged.
The configuration file contains lines which can be used to set values for various simulator parameters.
The following configuration parameters are supported:
| Widget | Locations | Description | ||||||||||||||
| Main Diagram |
Upper left corner |
This contains the main diagram of the processes and pipes.
Each process is represented as a circle containing a number that is its
process ID. The process can be moved by dragging it. Clicking on the process
brings up a Process History Frame giving a list of all instructions executed by
this process. Pipes are represented by rectangles. They can be moved by dragging or rotated by dragging a point close to one of their corners. Clicking on a pipe brings up a Pipe History Frame giving the current and past contents of the pipe. New processes and pipes are put at a position around a circle so that under the default program they form a ring. The number of positions around the circle can be set using the npositions button. File descriptors are displayed as arrows from source to destination. The standard error file descriptor is normally not displayed. The display of file descriptor arrows can be changed using the Show FD button. Processes are displayed as black circles by default. Pushing the Black/Color button located in the lower right corner of the diagram can cause each process to be displayed in a unique color, the same color as used for output by that process as shown in the Output Frame. Two sizes are available for the processes and pipes controlled by the size: large/small button. The large size allows about 6 processes and 6 pipes to fit around the standard size circle. The small size allows about 20. The size of the main diagram window can be changed by adjusting the size of the simulator frame. |
||||||||||||||
| Quit Button |
Upper right corner of the main diagram |
Pushing this button exits the simulator. | ||||||||||||||
| Black/ Color Button |
Lower right corner of the main diagram |
Pushing this button changes the color mode of the main diagram. When black, the processes and pipes are displayed in black. When color, each process is displayed in a distinctive color which is the same as the color of the output in the output frame. | ||||||||||||||
| Frame Button |
Upper left corner of the main diagram |
Pushing this button changes pops up a frame containing the current image in the diagram. This copy will not change when the main diagram changes. | ||||||||||||||
| Program Area |
Upper right corner |
This area contains five buttons across the top, an area of text showing the
program, and 5 labels with information about the program on the bottom. The end buttons at the top are labeled < and > and will decrease or increase the size of the font. The Clr will temporarily clear the text displayed but the text will reappear. The Log button will be active when the log is open and puts a copy of the program in the log file. The center button is marked Execute n when the simulator is in execute mode. The value of n is the process ID of the active process. Clicking on this button will make the next process active. When in program mode, this button is marked Program. |
||||||||||||||
| Button Area |
Below the main diagram and the program area |
This area has seven rows of 6 buttons.
The buttons are grouped by function with related buttons having the same
light background color.
|
||||||||||||||
| Information Area |
Bottom of the main window |
This label shows the current version number and acknowledges NSF for supporting the project. | ||||||||||||||
| History Popup |
Popup |
This frame appears when the Display History option of the Display Info button in the 5th row of buttons is pushed. The frame shows all the instructions executed by all processes. Each instruction is preceded by the process ID of the process that execute it. The buttons at the top of the frame can be used to change the size of the font, to clear the text and to log the text. | ||||||||||||||
| Process History Popup |
Popup |
This frame appears when you click on an individual process in the main diagram. It shows all of the instructions executed by a given process. The buttons at the top of the frame can be used to change the size of the font, to clear the text and to log the text. | ||||||||||||||
| Variables Popup |
Popup |
This frame appears when you click on an individual process in the main diagram. It shows all of the variables for the process and the values of these variables. | ||||||||||||||
| Pipe History Popup |
Popup |
This frame appears when you click on an individual pipe in the main diagram. The frame contains two text areas. The upper one shows the current contents of the pipe and the lower one shows the past contents. The buttons at the top of each text area can be used to change the size of the font, to clear the text and to log the text. | ||||||||||||||
| Output Popup |
Popup |
This frame appears when the Display Output option of the Display Info button in the 5th row of buttons is chosen. The frame displays the output (to standard error) generated by the program. The output from each process is in a distinct color by default. Pushing the Color button at the bottom of the frame will change it to Black and White and the output will appear only in black. | ||||||||||||||
| Commentary Popup |
Popup |
This frame appears when the Display Commentary option of the Display Info button in the 5th row of buttons is chosen. The option is only available if a commentary has been defined for the current program. Commentary paragraphs are set with the #com pseudoinstruction. | ||||||||||||||
| Process Information Popup |
Popup |
This frame appears when you choose the Display Process Info option of the Display Info button in the 5th column of buttons. It contains one line of information for each process giving its process ID, its original parent (the process that created it), it current parent (which may be init), and its process state: one of running, ready, read blocked n (blocked trying to read pipe n), waiting for child, zombie, or done. The number of initial lines for the processes is controlled by the Info Size button. | ||||||||||||||
| Semaphore Information Popup |
Popup |
This frame appears when you choose the Display Semaphores option of the Display Info button in the 5th column of buttons if the program has any semaphores defined. It contains one line of information for each semaphore giving the name of the semaphore. If there are no processes waiting for this semaphore to increase, the value of the semaphore is given. If there are processes waiting for this semaphore to increase, a list of PIDs of the waiting processes is given. | ||||||||||||||
| Gantt Chart Popup |
Popup |
This frame appears when you choose the Display Gantt Chart option of the Display Info button in the 5th column of buttons. The Gantt chart shows a graphical history of the states of each process. |
| Individual Buttons | |||||||||||
| Button | row | col | Description | ||||||||
| Logging Buttons | These 5 multiuse buttons have a light blue background and are located in the first column of buttons. The log file is in HTML format and can be displayed and printed from a standard browser. | ||||||||||
| Open Log | 1 | 1 | Open the log file. After the log is opened, the button changes to a Close Log button. | ||||||||
| Close Log | 1 | 1 | Close the log file. After the log is closed, the button changes to an Open Log button. | ||||||||
| Replace/Append Old Log | 2 | 1 | This button is available when the log file is not open. It toggled between the two modes for opening a log file. When in the replace mode, opening the log file will replace an older log file with the same name. When in append mode, the new log information is appended to the old file. This button changes to Log Comment when the log file is opened. | ||||||||
| Log Comment | 2 | 1 | Pop up a frame allowing you to put a comment into the log file. The frame contains two windows. You can type into the bottom window to enter text to be placed into the log file. Pushing the Log button at the bottom of the frame enters the text into the log file. The upper window displays all comments previously logged. This button is available only when the log file is open. It changes to the Replace/Append Old Log button when the log file is closed. | ||||||||
| Change Log Filename | 3 | 1 | Pop up a window allowing the user to enter a name for the log file. You can change the name of the log file, the directory for storing the log file, and the name used for storing images created, such as the diagram and Gantt chart. Click on one of the entries to change it. Push return when done editing the entry. The mouse must be inside of the entry while it is being edited (the background becomes cyan). When finished making the changes, push the red Done button. This button is available only when the log file is closed. It changes to the Stop/Start Log button when the log file is opened. | ||||||||
| Stop/Start Log | 3 | 1 | This button toggle between two modes which allow automatic logging to occur. This simulation does not support automatic logging, so this button should not be used. This button is available only when the log file is open. It changes to the Change Log Filename button when the log file is opened. | ||||||||
| Show Remote Log | 4 | 1 | This button is only active when remote logging is used. This is only the case when the simulator is run from a browser with the log file placed on a remote web site. | ||||||||
| Log Image | 5 | 1 | Put a copy of the main diagram into the log file. This may take a while depending on the size of the diagram and the speed of the machine it is running on. This button is only active when the log file is open. | ||||||||
| Program Save Buttons | These 2 buttons have a light yellow background and are used for saving a copy of the current program on disk. They are located in the first column of buttons. | ||||||||||
| Save Program | 6 | 1 | Save a copy of the current program in a disk file. The name of the file is set with the Name: button below it. The program is saved in a readable format and can be loaded back into the program the next time it is run by placing a program filename line in the configuration file. | ||||||||
| Name: filename | 7 | 1 | Show and change the name of the file used for saving the current program. To change the name, click on this button. A cursor will appear at the end of the name. Keep the mouse pointer inside the button (the background becomes cyan) while changing the name. Only the printing character keys and the backspace key can be used. When done, push return and the cursor should disappear. To abort, click on the button with the mouse. | ||||||||
| Miscellaneous Buttons | These 6 buttons in the second column generally relate to the program. | ||||||||||
| Onedirectional | 1 | 2 | Replace the current program with a standard one-directional ring program. This program is always available independent of the contents of the configuration file. | ||||||||
| Bidirectional | 2 | 2 | Replace the current program with a two-directional ring program. This button may be disabled in some versions of the program. | ||||||||
| Change Program | 3 | 2 | This pops up a window giving giving a list of programs that have been loaded from disk files. Each entry corresponds to a program filename line in the configuration file. At the bottom of the list are two additional choices. Make Persistent keeps the list active even after a choice is made. Cancel aborts changing the program. | ||||||||
| Break: which | 4 | 2 | Change the last lines in the for loop. These lines determine which
process breaks out of the loop. The possibilities are: break: parent (the parent breaks out using if (childpid) break; break: child (the child breaks out using if (!childpid) break; break: both (both parent and child break out of the loop using break; break: neither (neither parent nor child break out of the loop) | ||||||||
| Reset | 5 | 2 | Reset the program so that it will start from the beginning. | ||||||||
| Refresh | 1 | 4 | Refresh the display of the diagram. This should automatically occur when necessary, so this button might never have to be used. | ||||||||
| Reset Positions | 2 | 4 | Reset the positions of the processes and pipes to their standard position for the ring of processes. It uses the current value of nprocs to place the processes and pipes in a circle. | ||||||||
| Reset Positions Center | 3 | 4 | This is identical to Reset Positions except that the first pipe created is put in the center of the display. | ||||||||
| Mode: Execute/Program | 1 | 3 | This button toggles between execute mode (in which the program can be run) and program mode (in which the program can be modified). A number of buttons in the third and fourth column change their function in these two modes. In execute mode the buttons control the process scheduling. In program mode they allow modification of individual lines of the program. | ||||||||
| Execute Mode Buttons | These buttons are active when the simulator is in execute mode. | ||||||||||
| After fork: which | 2 | 3 |
This button controls which process executes after a fork occurs.
Pushing the button cycles through 4 possibilities. The possibilities are:
| ||||||||
| Choose Process: how | 3 | 3 |
This button controls which process executes when the current process
loses the CPU.
Pushing the button cycles through 3 possibilities. The possibilities are:
| ||||||||
| Scheduling: which | 4 | 3 |
This button controls when a process loses the CPU.
Pushing the button cycles through 3 possibilities. The possibilities are:
nopreempt, RR, and random.
RR refers to round robin scheduling and when this is chosen, an additional slider widget appears below this button. The slider controls the quantum. Here the quantum refers to the number of instructions executed before the process is preempted from the CPU. The slider widget consists of three parts. The first part is three buttons controlling the values and range of the slider. Next is a label giving the value of the quantum. Finally there is the slider for changing the quantum value. Random scheduling refers to having the running process lose the CPU with a given probability after executing an instruction. When this is chosen a similar slider appears, this on controlling the probability. | ||||||||
| Print Atomic | 4 | 4 | This button controls the atomic nature of the fprintf instruction. When the mode is print atomic, this printing is done atomicly so the process will not lose the CPU during printing. Pushing this button changes the mode to print not atomic. A probability widget appears below that controls the probability that a process will lose the CPU after each character is output by the fprintf statement. | ||||||||
| Program Mode Buttons | These buttons are active when the simulator is in program mode. In program mode the arrow in the program display points to the instruction below the arrow. | ||||||||||
| Pointer Up | 2 | 3 | Move the pointer up one instruction. | ||||||||
| Pointer Down | 3 | 3 | Move the pointer down one instruction. | ||||||||
| Add Instruction | 4 | 3 | Bring up a menu of instructions that can be added below the arrow. Click on one of the instructions to add it. For the sprintf instructions you will be prompted to enter a string. This string may contain up to 4 %d format specifications. For each one you will be prompted for a variable to print. | ||||||||
| Delete Instruction | 5 | 3 | Delete the instruction below the pointer arrow. This button will be active only if the instruction after the pointer can be deleted. | ||||||||
| Change if(...) | 6 | 3 | Allows you to change the conditional on the given instruction, either by adding a conditional or removing one. | ||||||||
| New Variable | 7 | 3 | Allows you to create a new integer variable. | ||||||||
| Diagram Modification Buttons | These buttons are located in the 3rd and 4th rows of the 5th column. They control the diagram display. | ||||||||||
| Show FD: | 2 | 5 |
This button cycles through three states: not 2: Show file descriptor arrows except for standard error all: Show all file descriptor arrows none: Show no file descriptor arrows | ||||||||
| Show: Pipes and Procs Show: All Show: Parent-Child Show: Processes only | 3 | 5 | This button cycles through these four states. | ||||||||
| size: | 6 | 5 | This button toggles between large and small. It controls the size of the circles and rectangles used for the processes and pipes. The small setting is appropriate when more than 6 processes are displayed. | ||||||||
| Execute Program Buttons | These buttons in the 6th column have a a green background and are used for running the program. | ||||||||||
| Run Until Done | 1 | 6 | Start running the program and continue until there are no processes ready. When this button is pushed it is changed to a Stop Running button which stops the execution. | ||||||||
| Execute | 2 | 6 | Execute one instruction of the program. | ||||||||
| Delay Slider | 3-5 | 6 | Set the delay between executing one instruction to another. The delay is measured in milliseconds. | ||||||||
| Miscellaneous Parameter Buttons | These buttons in the 6th column. | ||||||||||
| nprocs: | 5 | 5 | Click on this button to change the value of the nprocs program variable. | ||||||||
| positions | 6 | 5 | Click on this button to change the number of process positions around the circle containing the processes and pipes. | ||||||||
| info size | 7 | 5 | Click on this button to change the initial number of process lines displayed int the Process Info frame. |
A number of additional instructions are available including nested while loops and conditionals.
Any number of integer or character variables can be declared with the #int and #char pseudo instructions. Currently there is no distinction made between integer and character variables. The following instructions can be used with variables. Here, var and var1 refer to the predefined variables (childpid, i) and any variable explicitly declared. In addition, the constant nprocs can be used in places where it is not modified, as in the right side of an assignment or in a write statement. Also, const refers to a numeric constant such as 0 or 17.
Shared variables may be declared using
#shared int varname val
or
#shared char varname val. The initial value, val is
required for shared variables.
The read and write are meant to be only used for character variables. Only the low byte is written and the variable is set to the byte read.
The var=random(x,y) instruction sets the variable to a random integer between x and y inclusive. The x and y can be either variables or constants.
In addition, any variable can be written as a string into buf using the
%d specification in an
Counting semaphores are also supported.
Each semaphore must be declared
and initialized with a pseudo instruction before any program code.
If sem is the name of such a semaphore then the instructions
wait(sem) and signal(sem) are supported.
Program Control
Any statement (except a while) can be preceded by an arbitrary number
of conditionals in one of the following forms:
Blocks can be created by putting an open brace at the beginning of a line.
These may be preceded by an arbitrary number of conditionals. Blocks are
closed by a closed brace on a line be itself.
Any statement except a while(1),
including a block, can be preceded by any
number of conditionals.
The only looping structure is while(1), but since the following
statement can be a conditional break, a while(condition) statement
can be simulated.
where var is the name of a variable and x is either the name
of a variable or a constant.


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In this sprint, (as well as the last), I've been learning about JavaScript and the DOM. As much as I thought
that learning JS would be a, (if not easy), fun challenge, it was indeed in the end, a challenge. A
frustratingly tedious, and devious challenge. There were multiple times where my partner, his flatmates and
my family had to witness/hear my groans of defeat and faceplanking on the floor while going through the
exercises and working on the various kata that repeatedly kicked my head in. Not even the mindfulness
exercises on Headspace could help me. Nor the problem solving steps that I had put in place to get through
the challenges that came my way. Somehow I got through them...
Barely.
One particular challenge that turned out to be so simple, was a version of the FizzBuzz challenge: the Super FizzBuzz challenge. This challenge required myself and those in our cohort to write a function that would take a number from an array, and then would return either a number, the words "Fizz", "Buzz", or "FizzBuzz" when certain conditions were met. While trying to get the code I had written to pass, and failing each time, I decided to show a cohort buddy my code, in the hopes of having a fresh pair of eyes to review my work. It turned out that what I had been missing was an if statement and the proper argument, num.
Another challenge that I had, and was able to solve easily, (and in my opinion, elegantly), was basically solved within half the time that was suggested. This challenge, JS Gradebook, involved creating a function that would take previously given names, and scores of a group of students, (data), and then return their average score based on their grades total. I think that the reason why this challenge was efficiently completed, was because I had decided to pre-write my pseudo-code, as well as the code I was meant to write. Being able to write this "draft" meant that when I would have to make changes to the code, I wouldn't have to do more work in re-adapting my code to function the way it should. I learned that writing a draft or a plan before jumping into writing the code was not only more efficient, but also satisfying in the sense that my head was all over the place.


-
Form for anyone travelling into Bhutan from abroad posted on
-
MoH requests medical professionals to register with them posted on
-
Health Declaration Form for anyone coming in Bhutan by all modes of transport posted on
-
Testing Protocol for People with travel history to Phuntsholing posted on 18-Aug
-
Updated Teleconsultation services from 9 am to 5 pm posted on 14-Aug
-
Quarantine focal points by Dzongkhag posted on Not available
-
National COVID-19 Grievance Redressal Help-Desk posted on 13-Aug
-
BPC Billing Process for the month of August posted on 19-Aug
-
Domestic and gender-based violence support numbers posted on 12-Aug
-
National COVID-19 Greviance Redressal Help Desk posted on 13-Aug
Financial Services
Forms
General Health Services
Helpline
Home Services
Local leaders
RENEW
Kidu
Toll-free Numbers


Click any leopard images to see the effect.
Image processing is a expensive calculation. The example demonstrate how Leopard improves the responsiveness to user ineraction.
With Leopard
Without Leopard


TIFF CHANGE INFORMATION
This document describes the changes made to the software between the
previous and current versions (see above). If you don't
find something listed here, then it was not done in this timeframe, or
it was not considered important enough to be mentioned. The following
information is located here. A change summary is also provided by the
ChangeLog file included in the release package and by the Git commit
history:
MAJOR CHANGES:
- Make defer strile offset/bytecount loading available at runtime
and add per-strile offset/bytecount loading capabilities. Part of
this commit makes the behaviour that was previously met when libtiff
was compiled with -DDEFER_STRILE_LOAD available for default builds
when specifying the new 'D' (Deferred) TIFFOpen() flag. In that
mode, the [Tile/Strip][ByteCounts/Offsets] arrays are only loaded
when first accessed. This can speed-up the opening of files stored
on the network when just metadata retrieval is needed.
Another addition is the capability of loading only the values of
the offset/bytecount of the strile of interest instead of the
whole array. This is enabled with the new 'O' (Ondemand) flag of
TIFFOpen() (which implies 'D').
The public TIFFGetStrileOffset[WithErr]() and
TIFFGetStrileByteCount[WithErr]() functions have been added to
API. They are of particular interest when using sparse files (with
offset == bytecount == 0) and you want to detect if a strile is
present or not without decompressing the data, or updating an
existing sparse file.
- The BigTIFF writer now optimizes file size by using 32-bit LONG
values (rather than 64-bit) where it is reasonable and safe to do
so. Likewise, the 16-bit SHORT type is used when possible for
StripByteCounts/TileByteCounts.
CHANGES IN THE SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION:
- The WIN32 build now uses tif_win32.c when building with CMake.
- Properly set value of HOST_FILLORDER to LSB2MSB for Windows
CMake builds. It was not being properly set!
CHANGES IN LIBTIFF:
-
Changes in the libtiff library may be viewed on-line
at Libtiff
Library Commits.
-
New function TIFFReadFromUserBuffer() which replaces the use of
TIFFReadEncodedStrip()/TIFFReadEncodedTile() when the user can
provide the buffer for the input data, for example when he wants
to avoid libtiff to read the strile offset/count values from the
[Strip|Tile][Offsets/ByteCounts] array.
-
New functions TIFFDeferStrileArrayWriting() and TIFFForceStrileArrayWriting()
Those advanced writing functions must be used in a particular sequence
to make their intended effect. Their aim is to control when/where
the [Strip/Tile][Offsets/ByteCounts] arrays are written into the file.
The purpose of this is to generate 'cloud-optimized geotiff' files where
the first KB of the file only contain the IFD entries without the potentially
large strile arrays. Those are written afterwards.
CHANGES IN THE TOOLS:
CHANGES IN THE CONTRIB AREA:


Encode PHP constructs to JSON.
| package |
Default |
|---|
__construct(boolean $cycleCheck = false, array $options = array())
boolean
Whether or not to check for recursion when encoding.
array
Additional options used during encoding.
encode(mixed $value, boolean $cycleCheck = false, array $options = array()) : string
mixed
The value to be encoded.
boolean
Whether or not to check for possible object recursion when encoding.
array
Additional options used during encoding.
string
The encoded value.
encodeArray( $array) : string
Recursively encodes each value of an array and returns a JSON encoded array string.
Arrays are defined as integer-indexed arrays starting at index 0, where the last index is (count($array) -1); any deviation from that is considered an associative array, and will be passed to \encodeAssociativeArray().
array
string
encodeAssociativeArray(array $array) : string
JSON does not have a concept of associative arrays; as such, we encode them to objects.
array
Array to encode.
string
encodeClass( $className, $package = '') : string
NOTE: Currently only public methods and variables are proxied onto the client machine
| Throws |
|
|---|
string The name of the class, the class must be instantiable using a null constructor.
string Optional package name appended to JavaScript proxy class name.
string
The class2 (JavaScript) encoding of the class.
encodeClasses(array<mixed,string> $classNames, string $package = '') : string
Returns JSON encoded classes, using \encodeClass().
array<mixed,string>
string
string
encodeConstants(\ReflectionClass $class) : string
The encoding format is based on the class2 format.
\ReflectionClass
string
Encoded constant block in class2 format
encodeDatum(mixed $value) : string
If value type is not a string, number, boolean, or null, the string 'null' is returned.
mixed
string
encodeMethods(\ReflectionClass $class) : string
\ReflectionClass
string
Encoded method fragment.
encodeObject( &$value) : string
A special property is added to the JSON object called '__className' that contains the classname of $value; this can be used by consumers of the resulting JSON to cast to the specific class.
| Throws |
|
|---|
object
string
encodeString(string $string) : string
string
string
encodeUnicodeString(string $value) : string
This algorithm was originally developed for the Solar Framework by Paul M. Jones.
| link |
|---|
string
string
encodeValue( &$value) : string
Recursive method which determines the type of value to be encoded and then dispatches to the appropriate method.
$values are either
mixed The value to be encoded.
string
Encoded value.
encodeVariables(\ReflectionClass $class) : string
\ReflectionClass
string
Encode properties list
utf82utf16(string $utf8) : string
Normally should be handled by mb_convert_encoding, but provides a slower PHP-only method for installations that lack the multibyte string extension.
This method is from the Solar Framework by Paul M. Jones.
| link |
|---|
string
UTF-8 character
string
UTF-16 character
wasVisited(mixed &$value) : boolean
mixed
boolean
cycleCheck : boolean
| var |
|---|
boolean
visited : array
| var |
|---|
array


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113488-general/topic/Sorry.20of.20wrong.20type!.html ---
Heh...
type mismatch at field 'le_refl' sorry has type ∀ (a : α), ?m_1 a a but is expected to have type ∀ (a : α), a ≤ a
did you put sorry
for the definition of le
as well?
le := _, le_refl := sorry
will error
Yes :). I just sorried everything to build it incrementally, I know I don' goof'd, it's just amusing that sorry can actually fail to typecheck.
Indeed! :)
It's the first time I've seen sorry
being red-squiggled in Lean
I think it is having difficulty unifying the types, this would happen also if you tried to use something of type \forall {x : Type*}. x
So I guess sorry first needs to know the type and then gives you a bogus term thereof, rather than just "closing the goal" as if by magic? Would the latter behaviour lead to weirdness in scenarios where something depends on a (presumably temporary) sorry?
I think the problem has to do with unresolved metavariables in the type
You should always be able to sorry everything, but you have to work from the beginning, from the nondependent sorry
s to the dependent ones
Right. It's just interesting that sorry cares about anything at all :)! So for example, { le := sorry, le_refl := sorry ... }
would work but { le := _, le_refl := sorry ... }
would not.
I got sorry red-squiggled about 2 weeks ago, for probably the first time. I awarded myself an achievement.
It's like the dual problem of proving an inconsistency :)
Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


{{ site.description }}
{% include core/share.html %} {% if page.image %} {% endif %}About
DH-WoGeM provides a mailing list for discussion of issues relevant to being a woman or gender minority in digital humanities. The group also organizes "conversations" (video chats via Zoom) around specific issues, and develops white papers and other resources for advocacy.
You can join the mailing list at https://listserv.neu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A0=DH-WOGEM.
The DH-WoGEM conversation on physical and mental disability will be rescheduled soon! Apologies for the inconvenience! Tassie Gniady will be leading a discussion of physical and mental disability in DH. Check out the notes from the last conversation on the topic, though every conversation is different depending on the interests and perspectives of the people who participate.
Upcoming conversations
On January 31st, Quinn Dombrowski will be hosting the quarterly call about parenting, and becoming a parent, in DH. The call will be held from 12-1:30 Eastern (11-12:30 Central, 9-10:30 Pacific) at https://stanford.zoom.us/j/268476153.
Getting involved with DH-WoGeM
- Join the mailing list
- Suggest a potential conversation topic using this anonymous form
- Anonymously share your experiences with workplace conflict through our survey: https://iu.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_738raE3W2nXEjyJ
- Write a "love letter" for a piece of DH scholarship that matters to you, for publication as part of an annotated bibliography of DH from the perspective of women and gender minorities.


I'm working the the GLCD at the moment and want to use large complex graphics. Doing this manually is pretty painful, so I was about to write a Python script to do the job when I found this tool:
I hope this is helpful to others.
This is the kind of display I am looking to create:
Re: Tool to generate bitmap data arrays for GLCD
Awesome! Looks cool, thanks for sharing
Re: Tool to generate bitmap data arrays for GLCD
Hi,
I made my screens with this little (also opensource) tool: "lcd image converter"Nice thing about "my" tool is that you actual can make drawings with it. (tip: it saves the array code by pressing ctrl+p or file>convert) And you can also set custom convert methods on it.
I used it for my first RasberryPI GPIO screens at this post: http://openenergymonitor.org/emon/node/3948
Re: Tool to generate bitmap data arrays for GLCD
So I were a bit bored and made your custom drawing within 10 minutes on the lcd image converter tool that I just mentioned. here it is!
(I magnified the image for the forum a bit, the boiler.c file has an 127x64 image in it.) I can send the program xml if you want. )
Re: Tool to generate bitmap data arrays for GLCD
Thanks alco - that's really nice work, looks a lot better than the original!
Re: Tool to generate bitmap data arrays for GLCD
OK, that is cool. I haven't been that tempted by the emonGLCD but you might be able to change my mind...
Re: Tool to generate bitmap data arrays for GLCD
alco - could you attach the XML as the C is in a different format to the one needed by the GLCD?
Re: Tool to generate bitmap data arrays for GLCD
So, using the new tool it is pretty easy to create nice icons.
For the script in the "Conversion" settings, I find this works:
With this I have knocked up a quick mock-up of a heatpump system:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrLSAy5oyYw&feature=youtu.be
Re: Tool to generate bitmap data arrays for GLCD
that youtube is cool. animated frames :) like that! Can please post some (arduino) C code from that part ??
My XML is just the lcd-image-converter (LIC) save file XML. nothing special. but I attached it (please rename the .txt to .xml) and also did some cleaning on the image..
I also discovered an other option for making this icons/frames. "the GIMP" has also an option for making C arrays. http://www.zilogic.com/blog/tutorial-glcd-bitmaps.html GIMP is more like photoshop..so much bigger (and feature rich) but the output is not more than LIC does.
I will create more icons and pages to this week :) and hope to receive my replacement screen soon.
Re: Tool to generate bitmap data arrays for GLCD
The animation and general code is basic - I was just playing around to see what was possible. I'm a bit worried that the ATmega328 is just not big enough.
Anyway, code if you are interested:
https://github.com/cybergibbons/Heatpump-animation
Thanks for the hint on the LIC tool and also the bubbling water tank!


Ronald,McDonald,clown,actor,burger,(the guy who uses as profile pic), stooge,icon,stud,pimp
[dscrd-cz] <Oszy> not good for health
[dscrd-cz] <sgt-pot-smoker> whats gym
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> Grilled something?
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> Pls remove
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> Seizures ahoy
[dscrd-cz] <sgt-pot-smoker> lmao i need to go to gym but not being arsed is my biggest issue
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> It's a gif!
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> Sure it is. I see movement
[dscrd-cz] <regtable>
[dscrd-cz] <sgt-pot-smoker> so is ronald mcdonald bending us over @PTYX
[dscrd-cz] <Oszy> he proper raped me so far
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> Coco
[dscrd-cz] <PTYX> That's the first Ronald Mcdonald.  Too much fun.
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> Has to do with what she's pointing at.... pickle?
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> Oooh virgin
[dscrd-cz] <Mike_O.> @PTYX Ok so they are all representations of single words, correct? not abbreviations of any kind? So no tickers?
[dscrd-cz] <PTYX> @Mike_O. thats correct
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> No plurals so McDonald's is wrong
[dscrd-cz] <Mike_O.> never typing kmd again.
[dscrd-cz] <PTYX> Very smart @regtable
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> Or is it not a plural...
[dscrd-cz] <sgt-pot-smoker> lmao
[dscrd-cz] <PTYX> Using the binary code notes
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> Yeah
[dscrd-cz] <Mike_O.> its obviously a clown harem
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> Hahah
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> Diabetes?
[dscrd-cz] <Steve10> LMAO
[dscrd-cz] <Iseki> @Mike_O. It's obviously what is happening in every McDonald in the kitchen ;à
[dscrd-cz] <Steve10> Never eating McD again!
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> Lol
[dscrd-cz] <sgt-pot-smoker> im never looking at a treasure map again XD
[dscrd-cz] <Steve10> Special sauce just took a turn for the worse
[dscrd-cz] <regtable> I'm just going all out on it now. To dictionary corner
[dscrd-cz] <Mike_O.> stds?
In cryptanalysis and computer security, a dictionary attack is a form of brute force attack technique for defeating a cipher or authentication mechanism by trying to determine its decryption key or passphrase by trying hundreds or sometimes millions of likely possibilities, s...
[dscrd-cz] <Oszy> no plural
[dscrd-cz] <Oszy> just std
[dscrd-cz] <Oszy>
[dscrd-cz] <Mike_O.> hahahaha


Stories
Gabe Zimmerman's memory lives on in scholarship
Carson Watts, an Oakes College sociology major and politics minor, has been selected as the second winner of the Gabriel Zimmerman Memorial Scholarship at UC Santa Cruz.
The award was established in 2011 to support undergraduate students in UCSC's Division of Social Sciences who are passionate about social issues and committed to public service. It honors Gabriel "Gabe" Zimmerman (Stevenson, '02, sociology), who died in the January 2011 shooting that killed five others and wounded 13, including Gabrielle Giffords, a U.S. congresswoman representing the Tucson area.
Zimmerman served as Giffords' community outreach director and had organized the "congresswoman on the corner" event in Tucson where the shooting occurred.
Two UCSC alums in San Francisco, moved by Zimmerman's commitment to public service, were the impetus for the scholarship fund that has grown to more than $90,000 with contributions from more than 500 alumni, faculty, staff, community members, and the public. Contributions are still being accepted in hopes of topping the $100,000 level and may be made online.
The alums, Alex Clemens (Porter, '89, international politics) and Jonathan Klein (Merrill, '89, politics) served on the selection committee along with professors Eva Bertram, politics, Mary Beth Pudup, social sciences, and Craig Reinarman, sociology.
Watts has "displayed remarkable leadership, a profound sense of social responsibility and remarkable intellectual skills while taking on increasingly challenging projects," said Sociology Department chair Ben Crow.
Watts, a senior who transferred to UCSC from Columbia Community College, said he hoped to continue Zimmerman's legacy and help "his legacy to spread even further."
In December, he returned from Ghana after a five-month study-abroad program in which he conducted an independent research project in sanitation and waste management while working with a waste management company in Old Fadama, an informal settlement of 100,000 people in Accra.
Earlier, at UCSC, he mentored transfer students in writing and research and coordinated the Green Building Campaign of the Student Environmental Center, as well as a course to teach and implement environmental sustainability on campus through the Education for Sustainabie Living Program.
The Social Sciences Division will honor Watts at an Alumni Reunion event at Stevenson College Sunday, April 28, at 1 p.m. in the Fireside Lounge. Last month, he met members of Zimmerman's family and some of his friends at an event in Santa Cruz. Watts said learning how Zimmerman inspired others "gives me energy and encouragement to do more."
"I've been busy working as hard as I can, trying to do good things in my time here, so receiving this award recognizing my efforts is an absolute honor," he said.
Watts said that after graduation this spring, he plans to do some political organizing and grassroots campaigning to raise money and membership for social justice and environmental groups.


Isar735.github.io
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Good? Bad? Let Us Know
Seen a great movie in Pittsburgh? Had a bad experience at the theater? Just want to sound off? Here is your chance to tell us what is on your mind regarding movies in the Greater Pittsburgh area. Be aware that we are not actually bothering to record this information because, quite honestly, we don't care what the unwashed masses like you think anyways, so why bother? Have fun giving us meaningless feedback. (Aren't you glad we are at least honest about it?)
Something completely different...
The Tick #3: Night of a Million-Zillion Ninja


Page Not Found
The page you you were looking for could not be found. It might have been removed, renamed, or does not exist in the first place!


These software libraries allow for a variety of system tests required by IEC 60730-1:2010 for up to Class B products. The software libraries include projects that demonstrate running power-on self-test (POST) and periodic self-test (PST) with reporting conducted through flashing an LED. The userís guide demonstrates how to integrate the POST and PST into an application design. In addition, the software package for IEC 60730 also includes a GUI configuration tool which allows users to easily generate customized configuration header files.
These APIs are broken out into the following sections:
Also note the existence of the following content available on disk. This is not part of this API but contains useful example code and documentation.


- No Skin applied, except for the function requirement carousel-core.css
- Sam Skin applied
- By default (or design) the carousel will show a drop down list instead of the dots if there's > 5 items
- By default, sam skin is applied as it is nicer
- you can customise the look and feel with some tricks .... from here


A Node.js wrapper for the Digital Ocean v2 API
do-wrapper
is available on the npm
repository and as such, can be installed with npm
.
To install do-wrapper
and add it to your package.json
, use the following command:
$ npm install --save do-wrapper
In order to use the library, you'll first need to provision a Personal Access Token
for your Digital Ocean account.
Once you've got a Personal Access Token
, make a note of this somewhere safe, as you won't be able to view it again.
In your project, initialise a new instance of the Digital Ocean wrapper:
const DigitalOcean = require("do-wrapper").default;
// oe
import DigitalOcean from "do-wrapper";
const instance = new DigitalOcean('{personal_access_token}');
Once you've created an instance, you can use it to access the many groups of features provided by the wrapper, like so:
instance.account.get()
.then(data => console.log(data))
.catch(err => console.error(err));
Note: you can view the data behind the error by accessing err.response
, this is provided by the underlying request library
The available features are:
account
actions
cdn
certificates
databases
domains
droplets
firewalls
floatingIPs
images
keys
kubernetes
loadBalancers
projects
regions
reports
sizes
snapshots
tags
volumes
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2020 Matt Major
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Generated using TypeDoc


info:ddbj-embl-genbank/
| info-namespace |
ddbj-embl-genbank |
| namespace-title |
Namespace of identifiers for sequence records in
DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank |
| registration-date |
2003-12-18 |
| namespace-authorithy |
|
| identifier-syntax |
| description |
DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank Accession Numbers are identifiers assigned to all publicly
available nucleotide sequences submitted to the International Nucleotide
Sequence Database DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank.
Nucleotide sequence accession numbers can be 1 letter + 5 digits or 2 letters
+ 6 digits.
Whole Genome Shotgun sequence project accession numbers are 4 letters + 8-10
digits. The first two digits represent the version number of the assembly
and the subsequent 6-8 represent the sequence contig number. |
|
| identifier-normalization |
|
View Dublin Core metadata for this entry
|


Examining the layout and content of each station's website and app, we determined how successful the site was in delivering news through its own online platforms.
Comparing each station's social media following and content, we concluded how successful they were in strengthening their brand through Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
In order to receive a better understanding of how these news organizations were viewed by millennials, we sent out a survey to 160 millennials in the Chicago area.
Our survey was filled out by 160 individuals within the age range of 18-40 to understand their media consumption habits. Most respondents were in their early 20s and received some level of college education.
We found that social media was the most popular form of news consumption within this demographic. 90.6 percent of our respondents indicated that they used social media for news.
Only 33.8 percent of the respondents used a news app, and 44 percent said that they were "Somewhat likely" to download an app.
Surprisingly, only 1.9 percent of the respondents said that they preferred to consume news by watching TV. The two most popular forms of news consumption were articles and online videos, favored by 69.2 and 60.4 percent of respondents respectively.
If you would like more information, download the full results here.
"Local news is the backbone of American media. Millions rely on it for investigative journalism and relatable personal interest stories. Those folks work hard to keep their communities up to date and they have my utmost respect."
"I'm a writer myself; I know not everything goes into a story. For the most part I trust my news sources only to omit parts that are very inconsequential to the presented information and details, but because I am always aware that there are tidbits floating in the ether, I will always be somewhat suspicious, cautious, and questioning of the information being given to me. Looking for that 'angle' in which the story is told-- and what is subsequently included and excluded in the final product."
"When it comes to Chicagoland news, I believe the platforms I follow are pretty accurate. They bring a topic up, explain it, and leave their opinions to themselves.unless it's weather, they help with suggestions on what not or what to bring on your daily commute. They express what they care about by adding their own segments, for example, community events in the areas and keep Chicagoans informed of any severe weather that might put us at harms risk. The anchors I follow might address their opinions on some Chicagoland topics, like sports, but they do not create false allegations."
Community Relations Intern
Communications & Media Studies
Middlesex University London
Commercial Production Intern
Journalism & Computer Science
Northwestern University
Human Resources Intern
Psychology Major, Writing Minor
Roosevelt University
Network News Midwest Bureau Intern
Broadcast Journalism
Columbia College Chicago
Community Relations Intern
Communications Major, Spanish Minor
The College of Wooster
Local Sales Department Intern
Strategic Communications Major
Business Analytics & Spanish Minors
Miami University
NBC 5 Responds Intern
Journalism Major, Spanish & Sociology Minors
University of Missouri-Columbia
Sales & Production Intern
Marketing & Sports Communications Double Major
Management & Leadership Minor
Bradley University


import {DateTimeFormatter} from<EMAIL_ADDRESS>DateTimeFormatter
Static properties of Class DateTimeFormatter
DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_DATE
DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_TIME
DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_DATE_TIME
Static Method Summary
| Static Public Methods | ||
| public static |
ofPattern(pattern: String): DateTimeFormatter Creates a formatter using the specified pattern. |
|
| public static |
A query that provides access to the excess days that were parsed. |
|
| public static |
parsedLeapSecond(): * A query that provides access to whether a leap-second was parsed. |
Method Summary
| Public Methods | ||
| public |
chronology(): * |
|
| public |
decimalStyle(): * |
|
| public |
format(temporal: TemporalAccessor): String Formats a date-time object using this formatter. |
|
| public |
locale(): * |
|
| public |
parse(text: string, type: TemporalQuery): TemporalAccessor function overloading for DateTimeFormatter.parse |
|
| public |
parse1(text: String): TemporalAccessor Fully parses the text producing a temporal object. |
|
| public |
parse2(text: *, type: *): * Fully parses the text producing a temporal object. |
|
| public |
parseUnresolved(text: *, position: *): * Parses the text using this formatter, without resolving the result, intended for advanced use cases. |
|
| public |
toString(): string |
|
| public |
withChronology(chrono: *): * Returns a copy of this formatter with a new override chronology. |
|
| public |
not yet supported |
|
| public |
withResolverStyle(resolverStyle: ResolverStyle): DateTimeFormatter Returns a copy of this formatter with a new resolver style. |
Static Public Methods
public static ofPattern(pattern: String): DateTimeFormatter source
Creates a formatter using the specified pattern.
This method will create a formatter based on a simple pattern of letters and symbols.
The returned formatter will use the default locale, but this can be changed using DateTimeFormatter.withLocale.
All letters 'A' to 'Z' and 'a' to 'z' are reserved as pattern letters. The following pattern letters are defined:
|Symbol |Meaning |Presentation |Examples |--------|----------------------------|------------------|---------------------------------------------------- | G | era | number/text | 1; 01; AD; Anno Domini | u | year | year | 2004; 04 | y | year-of-era | year | 2004; 04 | D | day-of-year | number | 189 | M | month-of-year | number/text | 7; 07; Jul; July; J | d | day-of-month | number | 10 | | | | | Q | quarter-of-year | number/text | 3; 03; Q3 | Y | week-based-year | year | 1996; 96 | w | week-of-year | number | 27 | W | week-of-month | number | 27 | e | localized day-of-week | number | 2; Tue; Tuesday; T | E | day-of-week | number/text | 2; Tue; Tuesday; T | F | week-of-month | number | 3 | | | | | a | am-pm-of-day | text | PM | h | clock-hour-of-am-pm (1-12) | number | 12 | K | hour-of-am-pm (0-11) | number | 0 | k | clock-hour-of-am-pm (1-24) | number | 0 | | | | | H | hour-of-day (0-23) | number | 0 | m | minute-of-hour | number | 30 | s | second-of-minute | number | 55 | S | fraction-of-second | fraction | 978 | A | milli-of-day | number | 1234 | n | nano-of-second | number | 987654321 | N | nano-of-day | number |<PHONE_NUMBER> | | | | | V | time-zone ID | zone-id | America/Los_Angeles; Z; -08:30 | z | time-zone name | zone-name | Pacific Standard Time; PST | X | zone-offset 'Z' for zero | offset-X | Z; -08; -0830; -08:30; -083015; -08:30:15; | x | zone-offset | offset-x | +0000; -08; -0830; -08:30; -083015; -08:30:15; | Z | zone-offset | offset-Z | +0000; -0800; -08:00; | | | | | p | pad next | pad modifier | 1 | | | | | ' | escape for text | delimiter | | '' | single quote | literal | ' | [ | optional section start | | | ] | optional section end | | | {} | reserved for future use | |
The count of pattern letters determine the format.
Text: The text style is determined based on the number of pattern letters used.
Less than 4 pattern letters will use the short form TextStyle.SHORT
.
Exactly 4 pattern letters will use the full form TextStyle.FULL
.
Exactly 5 pattern letters will use the narrow form TextStyle.NARROW
.
NOTE: since text styles require locale support, they are currently not supported in js-joda!
Number: If the count of letters is one, then the value is printed using the minimum number of digits and without padding as per DateTimeFormatterBuilder.appendValue. Otherwise, the count of digits is used as the width of the output field as per DateTimeFormatterBuilder.appendValue.
Number/Text: If the count of pattern letters is 3 or greater, use the Text rules above. Otherwise use the Number rules above.
Fraction: Outputs the nano-of-second field as a fraction-of-second. The nano-of-second value has nine digits, thus the count of pattern letters is from 1 to 9. If it is less than 9, then the nano-of-second value is truncated, with only the most significant digits being output. When parsing in strict mode, the number of parsed digits must match the count of pattern letters. When parsing in lenient mode, the number of parsed digits must be at least the count of pattern letters, up to 9 digits.
Year: The count of letters determines the minimum field width below which padding is used.
If the count of letters is two, then a DateTimeFormatterBuilder.appendValueReduced
two digit form is used.
For printing, this outputs the rightmost two digits. For parsing, this will parse using the
base value of 2000, resulting in a year within the range 2000 to 2099 inclusive.
If the count of letters is less than four (but not two), then the sign is only output for negative
years as per SignStyle.NORMAL
.
Otherwise, the sign is output if the pad width is exceeded, as per SignStyle.EXCEEDS_PAD
ZoneId: This outputs the time-zone ID, such as 'Europe/Paris'.
If the count of letters is two, then the time-zone ID is output.
Any other count of letters throws IllegalArgumentException
.
Zone names: This outputs the display name of the time-zone ID.
If the count of letters is one, two or three, then the short name is output.
If the count of letters is four, then the full name is output.
Five or more letters throws IllegalArgumentException
.
NOTE: since zone ids and name require the iana tzdb, they are currently not supported in js-joda!
Offset X and x: This formats the offset based on the number of pattern letters.
One letter outputs just the hour', such as '+01', unless the minute is non-zero
in which case the minute is also output, such as '+0130'.
Two letters outputs the hour and minute, without a colon, such as '+0130'.
Three letters outputs the hour and minute, with a colon, such as '+01:30'.
Four letters outputs the hour and minute and optional second, without a colon, such as '+013015'.
Five letters outputs the hour and minute and optional second, with a colon, such as '+01:30:15'.
Six or more letters throws IllegalArgumentException
.
Pattern letter 'X' (upper case) will output 'Z' when the offset to be output would be zero,
whereas pattern letter 'x' (lower case) will output '+00', '+0000', or '+00:00'.
Offset Z: This formats the offset based on the number of pattern letters.
One, two or three letters outputs the hour and minute, without a colon, such as '+0130'.
Four or more letters throws IllegalArgumentException
.
The output will be '+0000' when the offset is zero.
Optional section: The optional section markers work exactly like calling DateTimeFormatterBuilder.optionalStart and DateTimeFormatterBuilder.optionalEnd.
Pad modifier: Modifies the pattern that immediately follows to be padded with spaces. The pad width is determined by the number of pattern letters. This is the same as calling DateTimeFormatterBuilder.padNext.
For example, 'ppH' outputs the hour-of-day padded on the left with spaces to a width of 2.
Any unrecognized letter is an error. Any non-letter character, other than '[', ']', '{', '}' and the single quote will be output directly. Despite this, it is recommended to use single quotes around all characters that you want to output directly to ensure that future changes do not break your application.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| pattern | String | the pattern to use, not null |
Throw:
* |
IllegalArgumentException if the pattern is invalid |
Example:
var s = LocalDate.parse('2016-04-01').format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern('d MM yyyy'));
console.log(s); // '1 04 2016'
public static parsedExcessDays(): TemporalQuery source
A query that provides access to the excess days that were parsed.
This returns a singleton TemporalQuery that provides access to additional information from the parse. The query always returns a non-null period, with a zero period returned instead of null.
There are two situations where this query may return a non-zero period.
- If the ResolverStyle is LENIENT and a time is parsed without a date, then the complete result of the parse consists of a LocalTime and an excess Period in days.
- If the ResolverStyle is SMART and a time is parsed without a date where the time is 24:00:00, then the complete result of the parse consists of a LocalTime of 00:00:00 and an excess Period of one day.
In both cases, if a complete ChronoLocalDateTime or Instant is parsed, then the excess days are added to the date part. As a result, this query will return a zero period.
The SMART behaviour handles the common "end of day" 24:00 value. Processing in LENIENT mode also produces the same result:
Text to parse Parsed object Excess days "2012-12-03T00:00" LocalDateTime.of(2012, 12, 3, 0, 0) ZERO "2012-12-03T24:00" LocalDateTime.of(2012, 12, 4, 0, 0) ZERO "00:00" LocalTime.of(0, 0) ZERO "24:00" LocalTime.of(0, 0) Period.ofDays(1)The query can be used as follows:
TemporalAccessor parsed = formatter.parse(str); LocalTime time = parsed.query(LocalTime.FROM); Period extraDays = parsed.query(DateTimeFormatter.parsedExcessDays());
public static parsedLeapSecond(): * source
A query that provides access to whether a leap-second was parsed.
This returns a singleton TemporalQuery that provides access to additional information from the parse. The query always returns a non-null boolean, true if parsing saw a leap-second, false if not.
Instant parsing handles the special "leap second" time of '23:59:60'. Leap seconds occur at '23:59:60' in the UTC time-zone, but at other local times in different time-zones. To avoid this potential ambiguity, the handling of leap-seconds is limited to DateTimeFormatterBuilder#appendInstant, as that method always parses the instant with the UTC zone offset.
If the time '23:59:60' is received, then a simple conversion is applied, replacing the second-of-minute of 60 with 59. This query can be used on the parse result to determine if the leap-second adjustment was made. The query will return one second of excess if it did adjust to remove the leap-second, and zero if not. Note that applying a leap-second smoothing mechanism, such as UTC-SLS, is the responsibility of the application, as follows:
TemporalAccessor parsed = formatter.parse(str); Instant instant = parsed.query(Instant::from); if (parsed.query(DateTimeFormatter.parsedLeapSecond())) { // validate leap-second is correct and apply correct smoothing }
Return:
| * | a query that provides access to whether a leap-second was parsed |
Public Methods
public format(temporal: TemporalAccessor): String source
Formats a date-time object using this formatter.
This formats the date-time to a String using the rules of the formatter.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| temporal | TemporalAccessor | the temporal object to print, not null |
Return:
| String | the printed string, not null |
Throw:
* |
DateTimeException if an error occurs during formatting |
public parse(text: string, type: TemporalQuery): TemporalAccessor source
function overloading for DateTimeFormatter.parse
if called with one arg DateTimeFormatter.parse1 is called otherwise DateTimeFormatter.parse2
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| text | string | ||
| type | TemporalQuery |
public parse1(text: String): TemporalAccessor source
Fully parses the text producing a temporal object.
This parses the entire text producing a temporal object. It is typically more useful to use parse. The result of this method is TemporalAccessor which has been resolved, applying basic validation checks to help ensure a valid date-time.
If the parse completes without reading the entire length of the text, or a problem occurs during parsing or merging, then an exception is thrown.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| text | String | the text to parse, not null |
Throw:
* |
DateTimeParseException if unable to parse the requested result |
public parse2(text: *, type: *): * source
Fully parses the text producing a temporal object.
This parses the entire text producing a temporal object. It is typically more useful to use parse. The result of this method is TemporalAccessor which has been resolved, applying basic validation checks to help ensure a valid date-time.
If the parse completes without reading the entire length of the text, or a problem occurs during parsing or merging, then an exception is thrown.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| text | * | the text to parse, not null |
|
| type | * | the type to extract, not null |
Return:
| * | the parsed temporal object, not null |
Throw:
* |
DateTimeParseException if unable to parse the requested result |
public parseUnresolved(text: *, position: *): * source
Parses the text using this formatter, without resolving the result, intended for advanced use cases.
Parsing is implemented as a two-phase operation. First, the text is parsed using the layout defined by the formatter, producing a Map of field to value, a ZoneId and a Chronology. Second, the parsed data is resolved, by validating, combining and simplifying the various fields into more useful ones. This method performs the parsing stage but not the resolving stage.
The result of this method is TemporalAccessor which represents the data as seen in the input. Values are not validated, thus parsing a date string of '2012-00-65' would result in a temporal with three fields - year of '2012', month of '0' and day-of-month of '65'.
The text will be parsed from the specified start ParsePosition. The entire length of the text does not have to be parsed, the ParsePosition will be updated with the index at the end of parsing.
Errors are returned using the error index field of the ParsePosition instead of DateTimeParseException. The returned error index will be set to an index indicative of the error. Callers must check for errors before using the context.
If the formatter parses the same field more than once with different values, the result will be an error.
This method is intended for advanced use cases that need access to the internal state during parsing. Typical application code should use parse or the parse method on the target type.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| text | * | the text to parse, not null |
|
| position | * | the position to parse from, updated with length parsed and the index of any error, not null |
Return:
| * | the parsed text, null if the parse results in an error |
Throw:
* |
DateTimeException if some problem occurs during parsing |
* |
IndexOutOfBoundsException if the position is invalid |
public withChronology(chrono: *): * source
Returns a copy of this formatter with a new override chronology.
This returns a formatter with similar state to this formatter but with the override chronology set. By default, a formatter has no override chronology, returning null.
If an override is added, then any date that is printed or parsed will be affected.
When printing, if the Temporal object contains a date then it will be converted to a date in the override chronology. Any time or zone will be retained unless overridden. The converted result will behave in a manner equivalent to an implementation of ChronoLocalDate,ChronoLocalDateTime or ChronoZonedDateTime.
When parsing, the override chronology will be used to interpret the ChronoField into a date unless the formatter directly parses a valid chronology.
This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| chrono | * | the new chronology, not null |
Return:
| * | a formatter based on this formatter with the requested override chronology, not null |
public withResolverStyle(resolverStyle: ResolverStyle): DateTimeFormatter source
Returns a copy of this formatter with a new resolver style.
This returns a formatter with similar state to this formatter but with the resolver style set. By default, a formatter has the {@link ResolverStyle#SMART SMART} resolver style.
Changing the resolver style only has an effect during parsing. Parsing a text string occurs in two phases. Phase 1 is a basic text parse according to the fields added to the builder. Phase 2 resolves the parsed field-value pairs into date and/or time objects. The resolver style is used to control how phase 2, resolving, happens. See ResolverStyle for more information on the options available.
This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| resolverStyle | ResolverStyle | the new resolver style, not null |
Return:
| DateTimeFormatter | a formatter based on this formatter with the requested resolver style, not null |


Before Change
has the same shape as the tensor, then flatten them both to be 2D, pass them through
:func:`masked_softmax`, then put the tensor back in its original shape.
tensor_shape = tensor.size()
reshaped_tensor = tensor.view(-1, tensor.size()[-1])
if mask is not None:
while mask.dim() < tensor.dim():
mask = mask.unsqueeze(1)
mask = mask.expand_as(tensor).contiguous().float()
mask = mask.view(-1, mask.size()[-1])
reshaped_result = masked_softmax(reshaped_tensor, mask)
return reshaped_result.view(*tensor_shape)
def weighted_sum(matrix: torch.Tensor, attention: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
After Change
assume the tensor has shape ``(batch_size, ..., sequence_length)`` and that the mask (if given)
has shape ``(batch_size, sequence_length)``.
return _last_dimension_applicator(masked_softmax, tensor, mask)
def last_dim_log_softmax(tensor: torch.Tensor, mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> torch.Tensor:


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£120k platforms will be installed boasting expansive views of Gedling Country Park
Work is due to start later this year
by Jamie BarlowPlatforms are to be installed to give walkers stunning aerial views of Gedling Country Park.
Two are planned as part of a £120,000 investment.
They will be positioned north and south of the solar panel farm at the park - and one of the platforms will be four metres high.
They will both feature wheelchair and pushchair accessible ramps and panels with information about the views beyond, such as Lincoln Cathedral and Belvoir Castle, Grantham.
Work is due to start later this year and the platforms are expected to be ready for visitors by March 2020.
The funding was awarded by the Rural Payments Agency, which provides grants for projects helping to promote growth, jobs and tourism in rural areas.
Since opening in March 2015, the park has become increasingly popular, with around 100,000 visitors per year.
There are also plans in the pipeline for a 100-space car park to the north of the existing visitor centre.
And a pet-friendly outdoor seating area could also be built outside a café at the park.
Get the most important news straight in your inbox before 9am every day - sign up to Nottinghamshire Live's newsletter. No complicated forms to fill out, just enter your email address in the black box at the top of this page.


|
GeoFeatures
A lightweight, high performance geometry library for Objective-C
|
An abstract class that represents a geometric shape. More...
#import <GeoFeatures/GFGeometry.h>
Instance Methods | |
| (BOOL) | - isValid |
| (double) | - area |
| (double) | - length |
| (double) | - perimeter |
| (GFPoint *) | - centroid |
| (GFPoint *) | - centroid: |
| (GFBox *) | - boundingBox |
| (BOOL) | - within: |
| (BOOL) | - intersects |
| (BOOL) | - intersects: |
| (GFGeometry *) | - intersection: |
| (GFGeometry *) | - intersection:error: |
| (GFGeometry *) | - difference: |
| (GFGeometry *) | - difference:error: |
| (GFGeometry *) | - union_: |
| (GFGeometry *) | - union_:error: |
| (NSDictionary *) | - toGeoJSONGeometry |
| (NSArray *) | - mkMapOverlays |
| (NSString *) | - toWKTString |
Class Methods | |
| (instancetype) | + geometryWithGeoJSONGeometry: |
| (instancetype) | + geometryWithGeoJSONGeometry:error: |
| (instancetype) | + geometryWithWKT: |
| (instancetype) | + geometryWithWKT:error: |
An abstract class that represents a geometric shape.
GFGeometry is the abstract base class for all geometry subclasses. It is also the central factory object for creation of geometries.
| - (BOOL) isValid |
Checks if a geometry is valid.
| - (double) area |
The area algorithm calculates the surface area of all geometries having a surface, namely box, polygon, ring, multipolygon. The units are the square of the units used for the points defining the surface. If subject geometry is defined in meters, then area is calculated in square meters
| - (double) length |
The length method calculates the length (the sum of distances between consecutive points) of a geometry.
point types (e.g. GFPoint) Return zero
linear types (e.g. GFLineString) Return the length
areal (e.g. GFPolygon) Return zero
| - (double) perimeter |
Calculates the perimeter of a geometry
point types (e.g. GFPoint) Returns zero
linear types (e.g. GFLineString) Returns zero
areal (e.g. GFPolygon) Returns the perimeter
| - (GFPoint *) centroid |
The centroid method calculates the geometric center (or: center of mass) of a geometry.
| - (GFPoint *) centroid: | (NSError *__autoreleasing *) | error |
The centroid method calculates the geometric center (or: center of mass) of a geometry.
| - (GFBox *) boundingBox |
The boundingBox method calculates the boundingBox (also known as axis aligned bounding box, aabb, or minimum bounding rectangle, mbr) of a geometry.
| - (BOOL) within: | (GFGeometry *) | other |
Checks if the geometry is completely inside the other geometry.
| - (BOOL) intersects |
Checks if self has at least one intersection.
| - (BOOL) intersects: | (GFGeometry *) | other |
Checks if self has at least one intersection with the other geometry.
| - (GFGeometry *) intersection: | (GFGeometry *) | other |
Calculates the point set intersection of this geometry with other.
| NSInvalidArgumentException | If the an intersection between self and other are not supported. |
| - (GFGeometry *) intersection: | (GFGeometry *) | other | |
| error: | (NSError *__autoreleasing *) | error | |
Calculates the point set intersection of this geometry with other.
| - (GFGeometry *) difference: | (GFGeometry *) | other |
Calculate the difference of two geometries.
| NSInvalidArgumentException | If the difference between self and other are not supported. |
| - (GFGeometry *) difference: | (GFGeometry *) | other | |
| error: | (NSError *__autoreleasing *) | error | |
Calculate the difference of two geometries.
| - (GFGeometry *) union_: | (GFGeometry *) | other |
Combines the other geometry with self. The union calculates the spatial set theoretic union of the two geometries.
| NSInvalidArgumentException | if the one of the geometries is invalid. You can test for an invalid geometry by calling isValid. |
| - (GFGeometry *) union_: | (GFGeometry *) | other | |
| error: | (NSError *__autoreleasing *) | error | |
Combines the other geometry with self. The union calculates the spatial set theoretic union of the two geometries.
| + (instancetype) geometryWithGeoJSONGeometry: | (NSDictionary *) | geoJSONGeometryDictionary |
Creates a GFGeometry from the GeoJSON dictionary supplied.
Given the following GeoJSON:
You would pass the geometry section below to the init method.
Example:
| NSException | This method will throw an exception if the geo json is invalid. |
Provided by category GFGeometry(GeoJSON).
| + (instancetype) geometryWithGeoJSONGeometry: | (NSDictionary *) | geoJSONGeometryDictionary | |
| error: | (NSError *__autoreleasing *) | error | |
Creates a GFGeometry from the GeoJSON dictionary supplied.
Given the following GeoJSON:
You would pass the geometry section below to the init method.
Example:
| NSException | This method will throw an exception if the geo json is invalid. |
Provided by category GFGeometry(GeoJSON).
| - (NSDictionary *) toGeoJSONGeometry |
Converts the Geometry to a GeoJSON object.
| NSException |
Provided by category GFGeometry(GeoJSON).
| - (NSArray *) mkMapOverlays |
Provided by category GFGeometry(MapKit).
| + (instancetype) geometryWithWKT: | (NSString *) | wkt |
Create a GFGeometry instance from the WKT string.
| wkt | an NSString wkt representation of the geometry |
Example 1:
Example 2:
Provided by category GFGeometry(WKT).
| + (instancetype) geometryWithWKT: | (NSString *) | wkt | |
| error: | (NSError *__autoreleasing *) | error | |
Create a GFGeometry instance from the WKT string.
| wkt | an NSString wkt representation of the geometry |
Example 1:
Example 2:
Provided by category GFGeometry(WKT).
| - (NSString *) toWKTString |
Provided by category GFGeometry(WKT).