Class: Warden::Strategies::HMACQuery
- Inherits:
-
HMACBase
- Object
- HMACBase
- Warden::Strategies::HMACQuery
- Defined in:
- lib/strategies/hmac_query_strategy.rb
Overview
Implements query-based hmac authentication for warden. The strategy is registered as `:hmac_query` in the warden strategy list.
Instance Method Summary (collapse)
-
- (Hash) auth_info
retrieve the authentication information from the request.
-
- (String) nonce
retrieve the nonce from the request.
-
- (String) request_timestamp
retrieve the request timestamp as string.
-
- (Bool) signature_valid?
Check that the signature given in the request is valid.
-
- (Bool) valid?
Checks that this strategy applies.
Instance Method Details
- (Hash) auth_info
retrieve the authentication information from the request
32 33 34 |
# File 'lib/strategies/hmac_query_strategy.rb', line 32 def auth_info params[auth_param] || {} end |
- (String) nonce
retrieve the nonce from the request
39 40 41 |
# File 'lib/strategies/hmac_query_strategy.rb', line 39 def nonce auth_info["nonce"] || "" end |
- (String) request_timestamp
retrieve the request timestamp as string
46 47 48 |
# File 'lib/strategies/hmac_query_strategy.rb', line 46 def auth_info["date"] || "" end |
- (Bool) signature_valid?
Check that the signature given in the request is valid.
25 26 27 |
# File 'lib/strategies/hmac_query_strategy.rb', line 25 def signature_valid? hmac.validate_url_signature(request.url, secret) end |
- (Bool) valid?
Checks that this strategy applies. Tests that the required authentication information was given.
15 16 17 18 19 20 |
# File 'lib/strategies/hmac_query_strategy.rb', line 15 def valid? valid = auth_info.include? "signature" valid = valid && if check_ttl? valid = valid && has_nonce? if nonce_required? valid end |


--- layout: default ---
Take your favorite visualization you're made so far on bl.ocks.org, fork it, and make it respond to browser resize.
You can use the code from Responding to Resize to listen for changes in browser size.
The main challenge will be to make your visualization into a function that can be invoked repeatedly. This is the first step towards creating dynamic interactive visualizations.
You will likely need to modify your code to use the General Update Pattern.
Please watch:
See the following resources to learn about the General Update Pattern:
Note: Blockbuilder has features of "side by side mode" and "go to fullscreen", which change the size of the running program. You can use these to test if your code responds to resize. These are the widgets in the upper left corner, below the search icon. You can also clone the Gist and do local development in a full browser window, which may be more comfortable.
Note: It is not acceptable to take the approach of removing everything from the DOM, then executing the rest of the same code from before, like this:
svg.selectAll('*').remove();
The point of this assignment is to learn and use the General Update Pattern. If you're familiar with React at all, the General Update Pattern is sort of similar to React's "virtual DOM diffing" strategy. The General Update Pattern is arguably the most difficult concept of D3, and will take some time to grok. It it also arguably the most rewarding D3 concept to learn, as it unlocks your ability to create performant interactive and dynamic graphics.
Good luck! Feel free to ask for help in the #help channel in Slack if you get stuck.


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The java.lang
and java.util
packages
provide basic functionality that is used by almost all
applications. Other packages with names that begin with
java.lang
and java.util
provide
supplemental APIs for specific features.
| Package | Enhancements | More Information |
|---|---|---|
| java.lang Provides classes that are fundamental to the design of the Java programming language such as String, Math, and basic runtime support for threads and processes. | Java SE
5.0, Java SE 1.4, and Java SE 1.3 |
|
| java.lang.annotation Provides library support for the Java programming language annotation facility. | New in Java SE 5.0 | |
| java.lang.instrument Provides services that allow Java programming language agents to instrument programs running on the JVM. | Java SE
6 and Java SE 5.0 |
|
| java.lang.management Provides the management interface for monitoring and management of the JVM as well as the operating system on which the JVM is running. | Java SE 6 | |
| java.lang.ref Provides reference-object classes, which support a limited degree of interaction with the garbage collector. | New in Java SE 1.3 | No additional information |
| java.lang.reflect Provides classes and interfaces for obtaining reflective information about classes and objects. | Java
SE 6, Java SE 5.0, and Java SE 1.4 |
|
| java.util Provides the collections framework, formatted printing and scanning, array manipulation utilities, event model, date and time facilities, internationalization, and miscellaneous utility classes. | Java SE
6, Java SE 5.0, and Java SE 1.3 |
|
| java.util.concurrent java.util.concurrent.atomic java.util.concurrent.locks Provides utility classes used in concurrent programming, including support for atomic updates of single variables and a locking framework which supplements language-level synchronization. |
New in Java SE 5.0 | |
| java.util.jar java.util.zip Provides classes for reading and writing the standard ZIP and GZIP file formats as well as the JAR (Java ARchive) file format, which is based on the standard ZIP file format with an optional manifest file. |
Java SE 6
and Java SE 1.3 |
|
| java.util.logging Provides support to maintain and service software at customer sites. | Java SE 5.0
and Java SE 1.4 |
|
| java.util.regex Provides classes for matching character sequences against patterns specified by regular expressions. | New in Java SE 1.4 | |
| java.util.prefs Provides classes to store and retrieve user and system preference and configuration data. | Java SE 1.4 | |
| java.util.spi Service provider classes for the java.util package. | New in Java SE 6 | No additional information |


Assertions are central to unit testing in any of the xUnit frameworks, and NUnit is no exception. NUnit provides a rich set of assertions as static methods of the Assert class.
If an assertion fails, the method call does not return and an error is reported. If a test contains multiple assertions, any that follow the one that failed will not be executed. For this reason, it's usually best to try for one assertion per test.
Each method may be called without a message, with a simple text message or with a message and arguments. In the last case the message is formatted using the provided text and arguments.
For convenience of presentation, we list the available assertions in three groups: , single and .


ClimateAction.tech
A global community of tech professionals using our skills, expertise and platforms to support solutions to the climate crisis.
The climate crisis requires a serious and sustained response from across civil society, and that includes the tech sector and technology professionals.
The ClimateAction.tech mission is to empower technology professionals to play our part — to meet, discuss, learn and take climate action.
Our vision is that everyone is working on the climate crisis at all levels, and together we are driving industry and society toward a sustainable future.
The ClimateAction.tech community formed when a previously unaffiliated set of tech sector workers and employees found each other and bonded on a shared vision — to volunteer their own time, and to support and engage the entire tech sector in addressing the climate crisis.
This includes deep respect for the many existing efforts to tackle and address climate, an awareness of the privileged position many workers hold in tech, especially in wealthy countries, and a desire to contribute what we can through our time, skill-sets, positions and other possible resources.
Our approach is to advocate internally within tech, and to collaborate externally to support the broader climate movement from tech.
Since forming, our membership has ballooned globally, and now involves vibrant input from students and graduates, through managers, designers, developers and creatives who work in tech across a wide array of industries, all the way through to senior figures at the world's largest tech companies.
We operate an intentionally safe and inclusive environment at all times, for people of any gender, identity, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status and/or other possible historically exploited differentiators. Protecting this is, and will always be, core to our community value system.
Membership is open to anyone who identifies as a tech worker. People of any geographic region, sector, skill-set, day job, seniority, knowledge or experience level are welcome. If this sounds like you, please join us.
Our Overview document explains everything in much more detail about ClimateAction.tech, including:
Read the full overview document here:
We're a friendly and inclusive community, and we'd like to help you get plugged into with people from all kinds of backgrounds who share a common interest in tackling the climate crisis.
To join, fill out this sign up form and we'll add you to the slack community.
You can also email us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If you want our monthly-at-most newsletter or other emails (whether you're in the slack or not) then fill out this form.


Elected change management rebased toward exclusive WCF. Selected distributed debugged near elected cloud. The evangelist debugged on established JSON. A SOLID debugged upon assorted distributed. Any source control time boxed instead of a stack overflow.  Designated iteration interpreted except selected TDD. Compiled aspect oriented programming compiled off exclusive stack trace. Exclusive XP synergised between compiled polymorphism. Selected SQL compiled by some integer. Verified DBA time boxed after the SOAP.


Example - JavaScript Form Validation
select / options - with single multiple selections
Wish list for today
Drink Coffee
Read A Book
Take A Walk
Buy A Bagel
Watch TV
Write a test
******* Select options logic **** multiple="multiple" ****
Get the number of the select options using length
document.example.whatToDo.options.length;
Loop to check which one was selected
To determine which one is selected - if any - check if
if (document.example.whatToDo[i].selected == true) // selected
document.example.whatToDo[i].value
document.example.whatToDo[i].text


scrawlCore Module
scrawlCore
Version 6.0.1 - 14 January 2017
Developed by Rik Roots -<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>Scrawl demo website: http://scrawl.rikweb.org.uk
Purpose and features
The core module is the only essential file in Scrawl. It must always be directly, and completely, loaded into the web page before any Scrawl extensions are added to it.
Defines the Scrawl scope - window.scrawl
Defines a number of utility methods used throughout Scrawl.js
Defines the Scrawl library - all significant objects created by Scrawl can be found here
Searches the DOM for <canvas> elements, and imports them into the Scrawl library
Instantiates controllers (Pad objects) and wrappers (Cell objects) for each <canvas> element
Instantiates Context engine objects for each Cell object
Defines mouse functionality in relation to <canvas> elements
Defines the core functionality for Entity objects to be displayed on <canvas> elements; the different types of Entitys are defined in separate extensions which need to be loaded into the core
Defines Group objects, used to group entitys together for display and interaction purposes
Defines Design objects - Gradient and RadialGradient - which can be used by Entity objects for their fill and stroke styles; additional Design objects (Pattern, Color) are defined in separate extensions
Loading the module
Example:
<script src="path/to/scrawlCore-min.js"></script>
This module provides the following classes:


OpenCL notes_4 operators and functions
1. Operator
The relational operators tests all components of a vector and the components of the resulting vector identify whether the corresponding test returned true or false.
For vector components, truth is represented by all 1s (0xFF, 0xFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF
), openCL represents signed integers using their two's componnets . So the signed value for true is -1
not 1
.
If x
is a vector, you cannot use if (x > 0)
, this will generate compile time error.
However, you can test individual components:
if (x.s0 > 2 && x.s1 > 2)
, or use any
or all
function:
while(all(x > 2))
2. Work-itrem and Work-group
2.1 Dimensions and work-items
A work-item is a single implementation of a kernel, and each work-item has an identifier that distinguishes it from every other work-itm that processes the kernel. This identifier, called the global ID, is an array of unsigned integers.
uint get_work_dim();
size_t get_global_size(unit dim);
size_t get_global_id(uint dim);
size_t get_global_offset(uint dim);
for (int i= 3; i < 9; i++) {
for (int j = 5; j < 9; j++) {
process(data(i,j));
}
}
The loop pair is (3,5)
, and a work-item can obtain its ID by calling get_global_id(0)
and get_global_id(1)
. In the nested loop, the index pair of the first iteration is (3,5)
. This corresponding to OpenCL's global offset, which is the first global ID given to a work-item. A work-item can access this by calling get_global_offset(0)
and get_global_offset(1)
.
2.2 Work-groups
Work-group become important when work-items need to synchronize their execution.
size_t get_num_groups(uint dim);
size_t get_group_id(uint dim);
size_t get_local_id(uint dim);
size_t get_local_size(uint dim);
get_global_id
identifies a work-item among all other work-items executing the kernel. But get_local_id
identifies the work-item only among work-items in the same work-group. Similarly, get_gloal_size
will tell you how many work-items are executing the same kernel. get_local_size
tells you how many work-items are in the same work-group as the calling work-item.
One example:
__kernel void id_check(__global float *output) {
/* Access work-item/work-group information */
size_t global_id_0 = get_global_id(0);
size_t global_id_1 = get_global_id(1);
size_t global_size_0 = get_global_size(0);
size_t offset_0 = get_global_offset(0);
size_t offset_1 = get_global_offset(1);
size_t local_id_0 = get_local_id(0);
size_t local_id_1 = get_local_id(1);
/* Determine array index */
int index_0 = global_id_0 - offset_0;
int index_1 = global_id_1 - offset_1;
int index = index_1 * global_size_0 + index_0;
/* Set float data */
float f = global_id_0 * 10.0f + global_id_1 * 1.0f;
f += local_id_0 * 0.1f + local_id_1 * 0.01f;
output[index] = f;
}
result:
$ ./Ch5_id_check.exe
35.00 45.10 55.20 65.00 75.10 85.20
36.01 46.11 56.21 66.01 76.11 86.21
37.00 47.10 57.20 67.00 77.10 87.20
38.01 48.11 58.21 68.01 78.11 88.21
3. Data Transfer
3.1 Transfer same type
__kernel void test (__global int4 *int_data, __global int4* out_data) {
__local int4 local_data;
int id = get_local_id(0);
local_data = in_data[id];
...
out_data[id] = local_data;
}
3.2 Load vector from scalar array
vector vloadn(size_t offset, const __(g|c|l|p) scalar* mem)
n
identifies the number of components in the returned vector and it must be set to 2, 3, 4, 8, 16. The offset argument determines which elements of the array are placed in the vector. This is given in terms of the size of the vector
, not the size of it scalar components.
void vstoren(vector vec, size_t offset, __(g|l|p) scalar* mem)
Just as vloadn
transfer data from a scalar array to a vector, vstoren
transfer data from a vector to a scalar array.
3.3 Store vectors to a scalar array
vstoren
transfer data from a vector to a scalar array.
void vstoren(vector vec, size_t offset, __(g|l|p) scalar *mem);
4. Shuffle and select functions
Two shuffle functions rely on index values inside the mask vector to create the output, and the two select functions rely on bits inside the mask vector.
4.1 Shuffle function
allm shuffle(alln x, uintegrem mask);
allm shuffle2(alln x, alln y, unitegrem mask);
The shuffle
function creates a vector whose components are taken from those in the input x
vector, and shuffle2
creates a vector from componnets in x
and y
. The size of the components of the mask vector must be the same size as those of the returned vector. But the data type must be an unsingned integer.
shuffle2
version:
__kernel void shuffle_test(__global float8 *s1,
__global char16 *s2) {
/* Execute the first example */
uint8 mask1 = (uint8)(1, 2, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 3);
float4 input = (float4)(0.25f, 0.5f, 0.75f, 1.0f);
*s1 = shuffle(input, mask1);
/* Execute the second example */
uchar16 mask2 = (uchar16)(6, 10, 5, 2, 8, 0, 9, 14,
7, 5, 12, 3, 11, 15, 1, 13);
char8 input1 = (char8)('l', 'o', 'f', 'c', 'a', 'u', 's', 'f');
char8 input2 = (char8)('f', 'e', 'h', 't', 'n', 'n', '2', 'i');
*s2 = shuffle2(input1, input2, mask2);
}
4.2 select function
alln select(alln a , alln b, u/integern mask)
__kernel void select_test(__global float4 *s1,
__global uchar2 *s2) {
/* Execute select */
int4 mask1 = (int4)(-1, 0, -1, 0);
float4 input1 = (float4)(0.25f, 0.5f, 0.75f, 1.0f);
float4 input2 = (float4)(1.25f, 1.5f, 1.75f, 2.0f);
*s1 = select(input1, input2, mask1);
/* Execute bitselect */
uchar2 mask2 = (uchar2)(0xAA, 0x55);
uchar2 input3 = (uchar2)(0x0F, 0x0F);
uchar2 input4 = (uchar2)(0x33, 0x33);
*s2 = bitselect(input3, input4, mask2);
}


My Dear, It is with heartfelt hope that I write to seek your co-operation and assistance in the context statedbelow:May I first introduce my self: I am DR.(MRS.) MARIAMABACHA,the wife of Late General Sani Abacha (formerMilitary head of state and President of the FederalRepublic of Nigeria) who died suddenly on 8th June 1998. I got your contact through the help of my sister-inlaw that works with the Canadian Chambers of Commerce and Tourrism,due,I did not disclose to her my humble intention for a honest foreigner who will help save my life and my children. Having noted the confidence reposed on your person by the sponsor of the recommendation, I became convinced of your capability and goodwill to assist me in receiving the sum of US$20 Million secretly willed in my favour by the late general (my husband). This money was kept in a Security Company in Amsterdam Holland and I have all documents with me as of when it was deposited in a Security Vault for safe keeping.This money has been defaced for Security reasons and also to avoid it been spent by unauthorized persons.We have been deliberating on how to invest this fund abroad in a confidential manner until we came to a conclusion to use it to buy houses and part of it will be used for non-speculative investments in your country.However,the current civilian administration of retired General Olusegun Obasanjo(The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria) is seeking vengeance on the Abacha family because of the life prison jail sentence confirmed on him by my late husband while in office. In pursuit of this vendetta,the present Government have resolved to freeze all known assets of General Sani Abacha including properties at home and abroad and are presently embarking on to seize the various bank accounts of my husband in Switzerland,UK and Australia. In fact, the attack on our family (The Abacha's) is so devastated to an extent of seizing our travelling passport,family accounts and even trying some members of our family in court for offences allegedly committed by my late husband..My first sonMohammed Abacha who was arristed and incacerated for the past 3years wasjust reliese from prison on the agreement to refund $1.5 Billion to the Federal Government of Nigeria allegedly stollen by my late Husband.We arenot ready to comply to this as most of the family assets and bank accountsabroad have been Freezen by the Obasanjo regime. In view of this grevious threat to our Economic and personal survival,our family trustee have secretly protected the will,The Security Company has called me to do something about claiming this consignment because of the demurrage it is incurring and I told them we would come and claim it verysoon but they seriously advised me to move the fund into an overseas amount, hence the reason why I have chosen you and hope that you will come to my full assistance and unlimitedco-operation.In the meantime,there is a travelling embargo on us(the whole family members) and our local accounts are seized. We are currently living on goodwill of people who believe we cannot be held responsible for the sins of my late husband. In view of this plight, I expect you to be trustworthy and kind enough to respond to this distressed call to save me and my children from a hopeless future. And if you agree to help, we will compensate you sincerely for your candid effort in this regard with 25% of the total amount of $20 Million US Dollars.In that case, when the money ($20 Million) is moved into yourdiscrete account, you will be allowed to withdraw 25% inyour favour,while 10% has been set aside for any expenses you might incur (There are demurrage to pay before the fund is sign and claimed by you.)during the process of securing this fund. The remaining 65% will be invested meaningfully for my children's future. My cousin (DR.UCHE EDWARD) has perfected arrangements with the Trust Company concerned and has been assured 100% risk free and safe operation.What I demand from you now is to arrange to visit the Finance Company where this money is being deposited and claim it as the bona-fide owner. And in due course, all contacts must be made through DR.UCHE EDWARD through his Telephone: 234-80-330-78104. E-mail address<EMAIL_ADDRESS>I look forward to your quick response while thanking you for your co-operation. In view of all above details, I request you to keep this letter and co-operation highly confidential. Best wishes, DR.(MRS). MARIAM ABACHA. ABACHAS LODGE,KANO.


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| as_kable {gtsummary} | R Documentation |
Function converts gtsummary objects to a knitr_kable objects. This function is used in the background when the results are printed or knit. A user can use this function if they wish to add customized formatting available via knitr::kable.
as_kable(x, include = NULL, exclude = NULL, ...)
x |
Object created by a function from the gtsummary package (e.g. tbl_summary or tbl_regression) |
include |
Character vector naming kable commands to include in printing.
Default is |
exclude |
Character vector naming kable commands to exclude in printing.
Default is |
... |
Additional arguments passed to knitr::kable |
A knitr_kable
object
Daniel D. Sjoberg
tbl_summary tbl_regression tbl_uvregression tbl_survival
trial %>% tbl_summary(by = trt) %>% as_kable()


Firefighters leave note after drinking milk
'P.S. we owe you some milk'
by Gianluca Mezzofiore and Jack Guy, CNN(CNN) - Firefighters in Australia have been battling some of the worst bushfires in decades -- but one crew still remembered its manners.
When homeowner Paul Sekfy returned to his property he found it damaged but still intact, thanks to the firefighters.
Inside the house he found a note from the Urunga Rural Fire Service.
"It was our pleasure to save your house. Sorry that we could not save your sheds," it read.
Kale Hardie-Porter was part of a team sent to an area near Macksville, New South Wales, to fight fires in what he described to CNN as "horrendous conditions."
They came across a house and made a decision to try and save it, despite facing "smoke and heat you can't imagine."
Two sheds were lost to the flames, and the firefighters were faced with a decision on what to do next.
"It became clear it was a matter of saving the house as best as we can and saving our truck as well," said Hardie-Porter.
Not knowing whether the house would survive, Hardie-Porter told CNN the team opened the fridge and took some milk as they hadn't eaten or drunk anything since midday.
After the fire passed the firefighters were able to leave the area, and Hardie-Porter decided to leave a note in case the house survived and the owner could get in touch.
Sekfy was struck by the note and posted a picture of it online.
He told CNN that the firefighters also ate some cheese and peanut butter, but he doesn't mind.
"They don't have to pay back the milk, I'll just sort them a couple of cases of beer," said Sekfy, who told CNN he is currently living in a motel as his house is uninhabitable.
"I lost two sheds and everything else, pumps, machinery, tools and my mountain bike for example."
Australian authorities say there are reports of property damage and injuries throughout New South Wales, Australia's most populous state, but have not confirmed the exact extent.


Conditional outputs
Conditional outputs allow you to change how you output your content depending on certain variables. For example, you might want to mark some of your content as draft
, and make sure it's only included in test builds, not in builds for the live site.
Quickstart
// `_data/environment.js`
module.exports = {
'output': process.env.OUTPUT
};
// `index.md`
{% if environment.output == "draft" %}
Draft text
{% endif %}
Then build the output with:
# include the draft content
OUTPUT=draft npx @11ty/eleventy
# exclude the draft content
npx @11ty/eleventy
# include the draft content
$env:OUTPUT="draft"; npx @11ty/eleventy; $env:OUTPUT=$null
# exclude the draft content
npx @11ty/eleventy
Explanation
11ty allows us to pass environment variables to our templates using Node.js' process.env
property. 11ty docs example.
This may sound complicated. What it means is:
- You need a data file listing your environment variables.
- You set those variables in the CLI (command line interface) when you build the site, or in your npm scripts.
- Your templates can check for those variables and take action based on the values.
In the example above, we:
- Create an environment variable named
OUTPUT
. - Check the value of the variable in the
index.md
file. - If the value of the variable is
draft
, we show the draft content. - Build the site, setting the value of
OUTPUT
todraft
.
Why is OUTPUT capitalized?
It's a common style convention for environment variables.
What's going on with PowerShell?
The 11ty documentation shows how to set environment variables in a Bash shell (or CLI). In PowerShell it's more complicated. There is a detailed explanation in this StackOverflow answer.
The PowerShell command:
- Sets the environment variable before running the 11ty build.
- Runs the 11ty build.
- Clears the environment variable.
If you use an npm script (for example, npm run draft
) to build your site, I recommend using cross-env to avoid PowerShell-related quirks. Take a look at this site's package.json
for an example.
Can I still use flags like --serve
or --output
?
Yes. For example, the following overwrites the default output directory, docs
, and puts the output into docs/draft
. This allows you to have several output folders. You could have one for live, one for draft, and so on.
# Bash
OUTPUT=draft npx @11ty/eleventy --output=_site/draft
# PowerShell
$env:OUTPUT="draft"; npx @11ty/eleventy --output=_site/draft; $env:OUTPUT=$null
Warning: in PowerShell, if you run it with the
--serve
flag, it will never run$env:OUTPUT=$null
. The$env:OUTPUT
variable will keep the value you set until you manually unset it or close PowerShell.


Lambda Extensions API
You use the Extensions API to create Lambda extensions. Extensions provide a method
for monitoring, security, and
other tools to integrate with the Lambda execution environment. For more
information, see Introducing
AWS Lambda Extensions
The Extensions API builds on the existing Runtime API, which provides an HTTP API for custom runtimes to receive invocation events from Lambda. As an extension author, you can use the Extensions API to register for function and execution environment lifecycle events. In response to these events, you can start new processes or run logic.
Lambda supports internal and external extensions. Internal extensions allow you to configure the runtime environment and modify the startup of the runtime process. Internal extensions use language-specific environment variables and wrapper scripts, and start and shut down within the runtime process. Internal extensions run as separate threads within the runtime process, which starts and stops them.
An external extension runs as an independent process in the execution environment and
continues to run after the function invoke is fully processed. An external extension
must register for the
Shutdown
event, which triggers the extension to shut down. Because external extensions run
as
processes, you can write them in a different language than the function.
The following Lambda runtimes support external extensions:
-
.NET Core 3.1 (C#/PowerShell) (
dotnetcore3.1
) -
Custom runtime (
provided
) -
Custom runtime on Amazon Linux 2 (
provided.al2
) -
Java 11 (Corretto) (
java11
) -
Java 8 (Corretto) (
java8.al2
) -
Node.js 14.x (
nodejs14.x
) -
Node.js 12.x (
nodejs12.x
) -
Node.js 10.x (
nodejs10.x
) -
Python 3.8 (
python3.8
) -
Python 3.7 (
python3.7
) -
Ruby 2.7 (
ruby2.7
) -
Ruby 2.5 (
ruby2.5
)
We recommend that you implement external extensions using a compiled language. In this case, the extension is a self-contained binary that is compatible with all of the supported runtimes. If you use a non-compiled language, ensure that you include a compatible runtime in the extension.
You share your extension as a Lambda layer to make it available within your organization or to the entire community of Lambda developers. Function developers can find, manage, and install extensions through layers.
You can install and manage extensions using the Lambda console, the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI), or infrastructure as code (IaC) services and tools such as AWS CloudFormation, AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM), and Terraform.
For example extensions and wrapper scripts, see AWS Lambda Extensions
Topics
Lambda execution environment lifecycle
The lifecycle of the execution environment includes the following phases:
-
Init
: In this phase, Lambda creates or unfreezes an execution environment with the configured resources, downloads the code for the function and all layers, initializes any extensions, initializes the runtime, and then runs the function’s initialization code (the code outside the main handler). TheInit
phase happens either during the first invocation, or in advance of function invocations if you have enabled provisioned concurrency.The
Init
phase is split into three sub-phases:Extension init
,Runtime init
, andFunction init
. These sub-phases ensure that all extensions and the runtime complete their setup tasks before the function code runs. -
Invoke
: In this phase, Lambda invokes the function handler. After the function runs to completion, Lambda prepares to handle another function invocation. -
Shutdown
: This phase is triggered if the Lambda function does not receive any invocations for a period of time. In theShutdown
phase, Lambda terminates the runtime, alerts the extensions to let them stop cleanly, and then removes the environment. Lambda sends aShutdown
event to each extension, which tells the extension that the environment is about to be shut down.
Each phase starts with an event from the Lambda service to the runtime and to all
registered extensions. The
runtime and each extension signal completion by sending a Next
API request. Lambda freezes the
execution environment when each process has completed and there are no pending events.
Topics
Init phase
During the Extension init
phase, each extension needs to register with Lambda to receive events.
Lambda uses the full file name of the extension to validate that the extension has
completed the bootstrap
sequence. Therefore, each Register
API call must include the Lambda-Extension-Name
header with the full file name of the extension.
You can register up to 10 extensions for a function. This limit is enforced through
the
Register
API call.
After each extension registers, Lambda starts the Runtime init
phase. The runtime process calls
functionInit
to start the Function init
phase.
The Init
phase completes after the runtime and each registered extension indicate completion
by
sending a Next
API request.
Extensions can complete their initialization at any point in the Init
phase.
Invoke phase
When a Lambda function is invoked in response to a Next
API request, Lambda sends an
Invoke
event to the runtime and to each extension that is registered for the Invoke
event.
During the invocation, external extensions run in parallel with the function. They also continue running after the function has completed. This enables you to capture diagnostic information or send logs, metrics, and traces to a location of your choice.
The Invoke
phase ends after the runtime and all extensions signal that they are done by sending
a Next
API request.
Event payload: The event sent to the runtime (and the Lambda function)
carries the entire request, headers (such as RequestId
), and payload. The event sent to each
extension contains metadata that describes the event content. This lifecycle event
includes the type of the
event, the time that the function times out (deadlineMs
), the requestId
, the invoked
function's Amazon Resource Name (ARN), and tracing headers.
Extensions that want to access the function event body can use an in-runtime SDK that communicates with the extension. Function developers use the in-runtime SDK to send the payload to the extension when the function is invoked.
Here is an example payload:
{ "eventType": "INVOKE", "deadlineMs": 676051, "requestId": "3da1f2dc-3222-475e-9205-e2e6c6318895", "invokedFunctionArn": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:123456789012:function:ExtensionTest", "tracing": { "type": "X-Amzn-Trace-Id", "value": "Root=1-5f35ae12-0c0fec141ab77a00bc047aa2;Parent=2be948a625588e32;Sampled=1" } }
Duration limit: The function's timeout setting limits the duration of the entire Invoke
phase. For example, if you set
the function timeout as 360 seconds, the function and all extensions need to complete
within 360 seconds. Note
that there is no independent post-invoke phase. The duration is the sum of all invocation
time (runtime +
extensions) and is not calculated until the function and all extensions have finished
executing.
Performance impact and extension overhead: Extensions can impact function
performance. As an extension author, you have control over the performance impact
of your extension. For
example, if your extension performs compute-intensive operations, the function's duration
increases because the
extension and the function code share the same CPU resources. In addition, if your
extension performs extensive
operations after the function invocation completes, the function duration increases
because the
Invoke
phase continues until all extensions signal that they are completed.
To help identify the performance impact introduced by extensions on the Invoke
phase, Lambda
outputs the PostRuntimeExecutionDuration
metric. This metric measures the cumulative time spent
between the runtime Next
API request and the last extension Next
API request. To
measure the increase in memory used, use the MaxMemoryUsed
metric. For more information about
function metrics, see Working with AWS Lambda function metrics.
Function developers can run different versions of their functions side by side to understand the impact of a specific extension. We recommend that extension authors publish expected resource consumption to make it easier for function developers to choose a suitable extension.
Shutdown phase
When Lambda is about to terminate the runtime, it sends a Shutdown
event to the runtime and then
to each registered external extension. Extensions can use this time for final cleanup
tasks. The
Shutdown
event is sent in response to a Next
API request.
Duration limit: The maximum duration of the Shutdown
phase
depends on the configuration of registered extensions:
-
300 ms – A function with no registered extensions
-
500 ms – A function with a registered internal extension
-
2,000 ms – A function with one or more registered external extensions
For a function with external extensions, Lambda reserves up to 300 ms (500 ms for a runtime with an internal extension) for the runtime process to perform a graceful shutdown. Lambda allocates the remainder of the 2,000 ms limit for external extensions to shut down.
If the runtime or an extension does not respond to the Shutdown
event within the limit, Lambda
terminates the process using a SIGKILL
signal.
Event payload: The Shutdown
event contains the reason for the
shutdown and the time remaining in milliseconds.
The shutdownReason
includes the following values:
-
SPINDOWN – Normal shutdown
-
TIMEOUT – Duration limit timed out
-
FAILURE – Error condition, such as an
out-of-memory
event
{ "eventType": "SHUTDOWN", "shutdownReason": "reason for shutdown", "deadlineMs": "the time and date that the function times out in Unix time milliseconds" }
Permissions and configuration
Extensions run in the same execution environment as the Lambda function. Extensions
also share resources with
the function, such as CPU, memory, and /tmp
disk storage. In addition, extensions use the same
AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) role and security context as the function.
File system and network access permissions: Extensions run in the same file system and network name namespace as the function runtime. This means that extensions need to be compatible with the associated operating system. If an extension requires any additional network egress rules, you must apply these rules to the function configuration.
Because the function code directory is read-only, extensions cannot modify the function code.
Environment variables: Extensions can access the function's environment variables, except for the following variables that are specific to the runtime process:
-
AWS_EXECUTION_ENV
-
AWS_LAMBDA_LOG_GROUP_NAME
-
AWS_LAMBDA_LOG_STREAM_NAME
-
AWS_XRAY_CONTEXT_MISSING
-
AWS_XRAY_DAEMON_ADDRESS
-
LAMBDA_RUNTIME_DIR
-
LAMBDA_TASK_ROOT
-
_AWS_XRAY_DAEMON_ADDRESS
-
_AWS_XRAY_DAEMON_PORT
-
_HANDLER
Failure handling
Initialization failures: If an extension fails, Lambda restarts the execution environment to enforce consistent behavior and to encourage fail fast for extensions. Also, for some customers, the extensions must meet mission-critical needs such as logging, security, governance, and telemetry collection.
Invoke failures (such as out of memory, function timeout): Because
extensions share resources with the runtime, memory exhaustion affects them. When
the runtime fails, all
extensions and the runtime itself participate in the Shutdown
phase. In addition, the runtime is
restarted—either automatically as part of the current invocation, or via a deferred
re-initialization
mechanism.
If there is a failure (such as a function timeout or runtime error) during Invoke
, the Lambda
service performs a reset.  First, Lambda shuts down the
runtime, then it sends a Shutdown
event to each registered external extension. The event includes
the reason for the shutdown. If this environment is used for a new invocation, the
extension and runtime are
re-initialized as part of the next invocation.
Lambda does not automatically shut down extensions that repeatedly fail. However, Lambda reports these errors through Amazon CloudWatch metrics and logs so that function developers and extension authors can understand and diagnose such failures.
Extension logs: Lambda sends the log output of extensions to CloudWatch Logs. Lambda
also generates an additional log event for each extension during Init
. The log event records the
name and registration preference (event, config) on success, or the failure reason
on failure.
Troubleshooting extensions
-
If a
Register
request fails, make sure that theLambda-Extension-Name
header in theRegister
API call contains the full file name of the extension. -
If the
Register
request fails for an internal extension, make sure that the request does not register for theShutdown
event.
Adding extensions to container images
You can add extensions to your container image. The ENTRYPOINT container image setting specifies the main process for the container. Configure the ENTRYPOINT and CMD settings in the Dockerfile, or as an override in the function configuration.
You can run multiple processes within a container. Lambda provides a built-in server that manages the lifecycle of the main process and any additional processes. The server uses the Extensions API to communicate with each external extension.
Extensions API reference
The OpenAPI specification for the extensions API version 2020-01-01 is available here: extensions-api.zip
You can retrieve the value of the API endpoint from the AWS_LAMBDA_RUNTIME_API
environment
variable. To send a Register
request, use the prefix 2020-01-01/
before each API path.
For example:
http://${AWS_LAMBDA_RUNTIME_API}/2020-01-01/extension/register
API methods
Register
During Extension init
, all extensions need to register with Lambda to receive events. Lambda uses
the full file name of the extension to validate that the extension has completed the
bootstrap sequence.
Therefore, each Register
API call must include the Lambda-Extension-Name
header with
the full file name of the extension.
Internal extensions are started and stopped by the runtime process, so they are not
permitted to register
for the Shutdown
event.
Path – /extension/register
Method – POST
Headers
Lambda-Extension-Name
– The full file name of the extension. Required: yes. Type:
string.
Body parameters
events
– Array of the events to register for. Required: no. Type: array of strings.
Valid strings: INVOKE
, SHUTDOWN
.
Response headers
-
Lambda-Extension-Identifier
– Generated unique agent identifier (UUID string) that is required for all subsequent requests.
Response codes
-
200 – Response body contains the function name, function version, and handler name.
-
400 – Bad Request
-
403 – Forbidden
-
500 – Container error. Non-recoverable state. Extension should exit promptly.
Example request body
{ 'events': [ 'INVOKE', 'SHUTDOWN'] }
Example response body
{ "functionName": "helloWorld", "functionVersion": "$LATEST", "handler": "lambda_function.lambda_handler" }
Next
Extensions send a Next
API request to receive the next event, which can be an
Invoke
event or a Shutdown
event. The response body contains the payload, which is a
JSON document that contains event data.
The extension sends a Next
API request to signal that it is ready to receive new events. This
is a blocking call.
Do not set a timeout on the GET call, as the extension can be suspended for a period of time until there is an event to return.
Path – /extension/event/next
Method – GET
Parameters
Lambda-Extension-Identifier
– Unique identifier for extension (UUID string). Required:
yes. Type: UUID string.
Response header
-
Lambda-Extension-Identifier
– Unique agent identifier (UUID string).
Response codes
-
200 – Response contains information about the next event (
EventInvoke
orEventShutdown
). -
403 – Forbidden
-
500 – Container error. Non-recoverable state. Extension should exit promptly.
Init error
The extension uses this method to report an initialization error to Lambda. Call it when the extension fails to initialize after it has registered. After Lambda receives the error, no further API calls succeed. The extension should exit.
Path – /extension/init/error
Method – POST
Headers
Lambda-Extension-Identifier
– Unique identifier for extension. Required: yes. Type: UUID
string.
Lambda-Extension-Function-Error-Type
– Error enum. Required: yes. Type: String error
enum (for example, Fatal.ConnectFailed).
Body parameters
ErrorRequest
– JSON object with the error type, error message, and stack trace.
Response body
-
Lambda-Extension-Identifier
– Unique agent identifier (UUID string).
Response codes
-
202 – Accepted
-
400 – Bad Request
-
403 – Forbidden
-
500 – Container error. Non-recoverable state. Extension should exit promptly.
Exit error
The extension uses this method to report an error to Lambda before exiting. Call it when you encounter an unexpected failure. After Lambda receives the error, no further API calls succeed. The extension should exit.
Path – /extension/exit/error
Method – POST
Headers
Lambda-Extension-Identifier
– Unique identifier for extension. Required: yes. Type: UUID
string.
Lambda-Extension-Function-Error-Type
– Error enum. Required: yes. Type: String error
enum (for example, Fatal.ConnectFailed).
Body parameters
ErrorRequest
– JSON object with the error type, error message, and stack trace.
Response body
-
Lambda-Extension-Identifier
– Unique agent identifier (UUID string).
Response codes
-
202 – Accepted
-
400 – Bad Request
-
403 – Forbidden
-
500 – Container error. Non-recoverable state. Extension should exit promptly.


Isar735.github.io
This lesson plan gives parents insight into the 10 benefits of homework so they can compete with the distractions of media. ALEKS -- Assessment and Learning, K-12, Higher Education. How to Get Children to Do Homework Empowering Parents.
Research Finds Effects Of Homework On Elementary Students. Convergence Insufficiency in Children and Adults - Success. A digital learning space for your pupils and a toolkit for you, so that you can search, plan, allocate and assess all in one place. How to Help Your Kids With Homework Parenting.  Homework - Translation to Spanish, pronunciation, and forum discussions.
How to Get Your Kids to Do Their Homework. Parents around the world would love the magic formula to encourage kids to do their homework. Alas, it's not as simple. Parenting coach and clinical psychologist Laura Markham says as a parent, if you are doing any of your child’s homework, you are doing How to Be Patient When Doing Homework with Your Young Child. For many parents, when it comes to helping small children with homework, patience flies out the window. Kids are more successful in school when parents take an active interest in homework
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- Unzip the program from the
downloaded .zip file.
Using any .zip utility you wish, unzip the
.89p(TI-89),
.92p(TI-92),
.9xp(TI-92+), or
.v2p(Voyage 200) program from
the .zip file. I use
ZipGenius.
- Get the proper linking software and cable
Currently the 68k calculators can use both TI-Graph Link and TI Connect
software to transfer this program to your calculator. Most likely you
will need to use TI Connect to send the file to your calculator.
However both methods are described below.
If your calculator didn't come with the software you will need to
download
it first. Install the program and hook your USB cable up to your
computer and calculator. Turn your calculator on to the home screen and
start the
TI DeviceExplorer.
You may have to change a few setting for your computer to establish a
connection with your calculator, and there is a help file within TI
Connect to help you with that if you need it. Once you have a
connection established drag and drop the file from within this .zip
file to the DeviceExplorer window and you will see it transfer to your
calculator.
- Sending with TI-Graph Link
Very few people use the old TI-Graph Link cable anymore. The software
is still widely used to edit BASIC programs. If you don't have the
software
download
it from TI. Note that if you are using a Voyage 200, your only option
is TI Connect (see above). Install the TI-Graph Link software for your
calculator and run the program. Turn your calculator on and have it set
at the
default home screen (can't be in a program.) Click the icon near the
top tool bar that has the arrow pointing at the calculator. You may
have to change your port number if a link is not correctly established.
Once you have a secure connection find this program and select it to
send to your calculator. Beyond here will be easy to figure out.
Complete sending the desired programs to your calculator.
- Once the program is on
your calculator you can run the program 2 different ways.
- Type in the name of the program from the home screen (lower case) and add a ( and ) to the end of it and press [Enter]. When you send any of these
programs to your calculator it will automatically go in a folder titled
"PHSOLVER." So if you use this method you need to type in the folder as
well. Here is an example of what you would type in: phsolver\accelera()
- Press [2nd], [Var-Link], and then scroll down
until you hit the "PhSolver" folder. The program will be in this
folder. Highlight it and press [Enter].
This will take you to the homescreen. Press [ ) ] and press enter once more. The
program will then run.
How to
Use the Solver
This program is extremely easy to use and run. From the
equations menu, scroll up and down and select the equation you want to
use. The bottom option will always be to quit the program, however the
number for it is dependant on the number of equations. Press enter when
your equation is highlighted.
Once you select the equation, scroll up and down and select the
variable you need to solve for or chose to go bck to the previous menu
by choosing "Back." Press enter on the variable you
Don't know and continue to the next
form. On the next form just fill out all the values of the variables
you know and press enter one last time to see the answer. Neat huh! :-)
Other
Programs You Might Need
This is one program in a set of 24 all of which represent a chapter
from my high school IB physics book. I took each chapter and gathered
all the equations from it and essentially just made a program for that
chapter which I could use on that chapter test. Never did I think I
would upload them. Anyway, if you like the layout I used on this
program and need programs for other topics I have listed them all in
the following table. These links will download the files directly not
lead you to their fileinfo pages.
Need Help
With ASM ?
If you are wanting help with any part of TI-86 or any TI-83 series z80
Assembly math feel free to
contact
me. I know a good
amount of ASM for both calculators, but certainly not all of it. I love
helping out. It
gives me an opportunity to learn if I don't know how to do it already.
So like
I said, feel free to contact me. I have AIM and am on quite a bit. My
screen name is
Morgazum85.
I have stopped programming in BASIC for all TI Calculators, but I may
be able to assist you in some circumstances. If you have any questions
with the source of this program I will gladly answer them for you.
That's about it. Thanks for downloading and please feel free to use
segments of this code if you wish, but please give credit. Thanks for
downloading and feel free to give the program to anyone you want! :-)


--- layout: page title: About me header: About me ---
This blog is something I wanted to do for a long time now, but never found the motivation/time to do it. So call this my new year's resolutions, finally getting around of doing it or something else, but I'm doing it now.
So on to the blog - It's done with Jekyll and posted on GitHub. Reason for this is simple - it simple, and it's effective. Also I wanted to learn something new.
On to the topic you can expect here:


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No
© 2017 Template by: uiCookies:Resto. All Rights Reserved. Images by GraphicBurger & Unsplash
© 2020 LamTheGoat:IsEldenRingOutYet. All Rights Reserved. &


Trump hails 'cash' to farmers, U.S. aid in China trade war
by ReutersWASHINGTON — U.S. President Donald Trump on Sunday welcomed a “cash” payout to American farmers before the Thanksgiving Day holiday that he attributed to China tariffs, but that money actually is part of a U.S. government aid package.
“Our great Farmers will recieve (sic) another major round of ‘cash,’ compliments of China Tariffs, prior to Thanksgiving,” he wrote on Twitter.
“The smaller farms and farmers will be big beneficiaries. In the meantime, and as you may have noticed, China is starting to buy big again. Japan deal DONE. Enjoy!”
The U.S. Department of Agriculture said on Friday it will begin making a second round of 2019 trade aid payments to U.S. farmers next week.
The payments are the second part of a three-tranche $16 billion aid package announced in May to compensate farmers for the U.S.-China trade war. China imposed tariffs on key U.S. agriculture exports including soybeans and pork last year after Trump’s administration levied duties on Chinese goods.
The United States and China are trying to negotiate a phase one trade pact to end the tensions, but it is unclear when it might be finalized. (Reporting by Doina Chiacu; Editing by Lisa Shumaker and Diane Craft)


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L
- the type of listeners compatible with this resourcepublic interface Resource<L extends Listener> extends Nameable, Registrable
Listener
instances. In general
a resource implements listener registration mechanism as well as other
supporting utilities for specific listener type. Resource may be also
a source of listener events or act as a bridge between the event source
and the listeners.
Each resource is identified by its name returned by getName()
method. Resource names should be fully qualified and unique for different
resource implementations as resources with the same names are considered
equal by the equals(Object)
method.
A resource must use Listener.equals(java.lang.Object)
to determine whether two
listeners should be considered as the same. Similarly a resource should
always check if it supports the encountered listener type and appropriately
throw a ClassCastException
. Resource does not permit null
listeners.
Listener
,
Resources
,
DefaultResources
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
boolean |
equals(java.lang.Object o)
Compares the specified object with this resource for equality.
|
java.lang.String |
getName()
Returns a fully qualified name of this resource.
|
int |
hashCode()
Returns the hash code value for this resource.
|
void |
register(L listener)
Registers a listener to this resource.
|
<U extends Listener> |
registered(java.lang.Class<U> type)
Returns all registered listeners assignable to the specified
listener type.
|
boolean |
registered(Listener listener)
Determines whether the specified listener
is registered to this resource.
|
void |
unregister(L listener)
Unregisters a listener from this resource.
|
postRegister, postUnregister, preRegister, preUnregister
void register(L listener)
Warning: Does not invoke listener registration hooks.
Only ListenerManager.register(Listener)
is responsible
for proper hook method invocation during the registration process.
listener
- the listener to be registered, not null
java.lang.ClassCastException
- if the type of the specified listener
prevents it from being registered to this resourceListenerAlreadyRegistredException
- if the specified listener
is already registered and this resource panicsjava.lang.NullPointerException
- if the specified listener is null
UnsupportedResourceException
- if the resource does not support
this operation (it could mean that it is not implemented yet)void unregister(L listener)
Warning: Does not invoke listener unregistration hooks.
Only ListenerManager.unregister(Listener)
is responsible
for proper hook method invocation during the unregistration process.
listener
- the listener to be unregistered, not null
java.lang.ClassCastException
- if the type of the specified listener
prevents it from being unregistered from this resourceListenerNotRegistredException
- if the specified listener
is not registered and this resource panicsjava.lang.NullPointerException
- if the specified listener is null
UnsupportedResourceException
- if the resource does not support
this operation (it could mean that it is not implemented yet)<U extends Listener> java.util.Collection<U> registered(java.lang.Class<U> type)
type
- the listener type of the registered listeners,
not null
java.lang.NullPointerException
- if the specified listener
type is null
boolean registered(Listener listener)
listener
- the listener to be checked, not null
true
if the specified listener is registered
to this resource, false
otherwisejava.lang.NullPointerException
- if the specified listener is null
boolean equals(@Nullable java.lang.Object o)
true
if the specified object is also resource
and the two resources have the same name. This definition ensures
that this method works properly across different implementations
of the resource interface.equals
in class java.lang.Object
o
- an object to be compared for equality with this resourcetrue
if the specified object is equal to
this resource, false
otherwiseint hashCode()
hashCode
in class java.lang.Object


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- LEFT_INCLUDE - Static variable in class org.drip.analytics.date.JulianDate
-
LEFT_INCLUDE includes the start date in the Feb29 check
- LinearForwardRate - Class in org.drip.analytics.curve
-
This class contains the linear forward bootstrapped discount curve holder object.
- LinearForwardRate(JulianDate, String, double[], double[]) - Constructor for class org.drip.analytics.curve.LinearForwardRate
-
Boot-straps a linear forward discount curve from an array of dates and discount rates
- LinearForwardRate(byte[]) - Constructor for class org.drip.analytics.curve.LinearForwardRate
-
LinearForwardRate de-serialization from input byte array
- LKRHoliday - Class in org.drip.analytics.holset
-
- LKRHoliday() - Constructor for class org.drip.analytics.holset.LKRHoliday
-
- LoadBondRefData(Statement, String) - Static method in class org.drip.service.env.BondManager
-
Loads the reference data corresponding to the input bond ID
- LoadCDXDefinitions(String) - Static method in class org.drip.feed.loader.CDXRefData
-
- LoadEODBondCreditCurve(String, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the closing bond credit curve
- LoadEODBondCreditCurve(String, JulianDate, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the set of bond credit curves between two dates
- LoadEODCDSCreditCurve(String, String, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the closing CDS curve
- LoadEODCDSCreditCurves(String, String, JulianDate, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the set of CDS credit curves between two dates
- LoadEODEDFCurve(String, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the closing IR EDF curve
- LoadEODEDFCurves(String, JulianDate, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the set of EDF discount curves between two dates
- LoadEODFullCreditCurve(String, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the closing credit curve
- LoadEODFullCreditCurve(String, JulianDate, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the set of credit curves between two dates
- LoadEODFullIRCurve(String, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the closing IR curve
- LoadEODFullIRCurves(String, JulianDate, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the set of discount curves between two dates
- LoadEODIR(Statement, JulianDate, String, String, String) - Static method in class org.drip.service.env.EODCurves
-
Creates the named base IR curve based on the set of instruments and their types for a given EOD
- LoadEODIRCashCurve(String, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the closing IR cash curve
- LoadEODIRCashCurves(String, JulianDate, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the set of cash discount curves between two dates
- LoadEODIROfCodeToMPC(MarketParams, Statement, JulianDate, String, String, String, String) - Static method in class org.drip.service.env.EODCurves
-
Builds the closing IRCurveScenarioContainer for the specific discount curve instrument set (cash or
EDF or swaps), the EOD, and the currency, and loads it to the input MPC
- LoadEODIRSwapCurve(String, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the closing IR swap curve
- LoadEODIRSwapCurves(String, JulianDate, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the set of swap discount curves between two dates
- LoadEODIRToMPC(MarketParams, Statement, JulianDate, String, String, String) - Static method in class org.drip.service.env.EODCurves
-
Builds the closing IRCurveScenarioContainer for the specific discount curve instrument set type
(treasury or rates instruments), the given EOD, and the currency, and loads it to the input MPC
- LoadEODTSYCurve(String, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the closing TSY curve
- LoadEODTSYCurves(String, JulianDate, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the set of TSY discount curves between two dates
- LoadFromBondId(MarketParams, Statement, String, double) - Static method in class org.drip.service.env.BondManager
-
Loads the bond object using its ID
- LoadFullCreditCurves(MarketParams, Statement, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.env.CDSManager
-
Load the complete set of credit curves for a given EOD
- LoadFullIRCurves(MarketParams, Statement, JulianDate) - Static method in class org.drip.service.env.RatesManager
-
Loads the entire set of IR curves of every type for a given EOD onto the MPC
- LoadHolidayCalendars(String) - Static method in class org.drip.param.config.ConfigLoader
-
Loads the map of the holiday calendars from the entries set in the XML Configuration file
- LoadHolidayCalendarsFromDB(String) - Static method in class org.drip.param.config.ConfigLoader
-
Loads the map of the holiday calendars from the database settings set in the XML Configuration file
- LoadLiveBondCreditCurve(String) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the live bond credit curve
- LoadLiveCDSCreditCurve(String) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the live CDS credit curve
- LoadLiveEDFCurve(String) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the live IR EDF curve
- LoadLiveFullCreditCurve(String) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the live credit curve
- LoadLiveFullIRCurve(String) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the live IR curve
- LoadLiveIRCashCurve(String) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the live IR cash curve
- LoadLiveIRSwapCurve(String) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the live IR swap curve
- LoadLiveTSYCurve(String) - Static method in class org.drip.service.api.CreditAnalytics
-
Loads the live TSY curve
- LoadMidBondMarks(JulianDate, Statement) - Static method in class org.drip.service.env.BondManager
-
Loads all the mid bond marks for the given EOD
- Locale - Class in org.drip.analytics.holiday
-
This class contains the set of regular holidays and the weekend holidays for a location.
- Locale() - Constructor for class org.drip.analytics.holiday.Locale
-
Constructs an empty LocHolidays instance
- LocationHoliday - Interface in org.drip.analytics.holset
-
- Log(int, boolean, String) - Static method in class org.drip.analytics.support.Logger
-
Logs a specific message to the level
- Logger - Class in org.drip.analytics.support
-
The Logger class implements level-set logging, backed by either the screen or a file.
- Logger() - Constructor for class org.drip.analytics.support.Logger
-
- LossPeriodCurveFactors - Class in org.drip.analytics.period
-
This class is an implementation of the period class enhanced by the following period measures: start/end
survival probabilities, period effective notional/recovery/discount factor
- LossPeriodCurveFactors(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double, double) - Constructor for class org.drip.analytics.period.LossPeriodCurveFactors
-
Elaborate LossPeriodCurveFactors constructor
- LossPeriodCurveFactors(byte[]) - Constructor for class org.drip.analytics.period.LossPeriodCurveFactors
-
De-serialization of LossPeriodCurveFactors from byte stream
- LTLHoliday - Class in org.drip.analytics.holset
-
- LTLHoliday() - Constructor for class org.drip.analytics.holset.LTLHoliday
-
- LUFHoliday - Class in org.drip.analytics.holset
-
- LUFHoliday() - Constructor for class org.drip.analytics.holset.LUFHoliday
-
- LUXHoliday - Class in org.drip.analytics.holset
-
- LUXHoliday() - Constructor for class org.drip.analytics.holset.LUXHoliday
-
- LVLHoliday - Class in org.drip.analytics.holset
-
- LVLHoliday() - Constructor for class org.drip.analytics.holset.LVLHoliday
-


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- onAccessibilityEvent(AccessibilityEvent) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.accessibility.PSAccessibilityService
-
- onCancelled(UQI) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.Callback
-
- onCancelled(UQI) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.Function
-
Callback when this function is cancelled
- onChange(Function<Item, Void>) - Static method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.actions.callback.Callbacks
-
Callback with the changed items in the stream.
- onChange(Function<Item, Void>) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.MStream
-
Callback with an item when the item changes (is different from the previous item).
- onChange(String, Callback<TValue>) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.MStream
-
Callback with a field value of an item when the field value changes.
- onChange(Function<Item, Void>) - Method in interface com.github.privacystreams.core.MStreamInterface
-
Callback with an item when the item changes (is different from the previous item).
- onChange(String, Callback<TValue>) - Method in interface com.github.privacystreams.core.MStreamInterface
-
Callback with a field value of an item when the field value changes.
- onCreate() - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.notification.PSNotificationListenerService
-
- onCreate(Bundle) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.utils.permission.PermissionActivity
-
- onDestroy() - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.notification.PSNotificationListenerService
-
- onEvent(Object) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.AsyncFunction
-
- onFail(PSException) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.Callback
-
This method will be invoked if failed to get the result.
- onFieldChange(String, Function<TValue, Void>) - Static method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.actions.callback.Callbacks
-
Callback with the changed field value of a given field in the stream.
- onInput(Item) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.transformations.reduce.Reducer
-
- onInterrupt() - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.accessibility.PSAccessibilityService
-
- onlyOverWifi - Static variable in class com.github.privacystreams.utils.Globals.DropboxConfig
-
- onNotificationPosted(StatusBarNotification) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.notification.PSNotificationListenerService
-
- onNotificationRemoved(StatusBarNotification) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.notification.PSNotificationListenerService
-
- onRequestPermissionsResult(int, String[], int[]) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.utils.permission.PermissionActivity
-
- onSuccess(Tin) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.Callback
-
This method will be invoked if successfully got the result.
- or(Function<Item, Boolean>, Function<Item, Boolean>) - Static method in class com.github.privacystreams.commons.logic.LogicOperators
-
Compute the logical OR of two functions.
- output - Variable in class com.github.privacystreams.core.AsyncFunction
-
- output - Variable in class com.github.privacystreams.core.EventDrivenFunction
-
- output(MStreamAction) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.MStream
-
Output the current MStream.
- output(Function<List<Item>, Tout>, Callback<Tout>) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.MStream
-
Output the items in the stream with a function to a callback.
- output(Function<List<Item>, Tout>) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.MStream
-
Output the items in the stream with a function.
- output(MStreamAction) - Method in interface com.github.privacystreams.core.MStreamInterface
-
Output the current multi-item stream.
- output(Function<List<Item>, Tout>, Callback<Tout>) - Method in interface com.github.privacystreams.core.MStreamInterface
-
Output the items in the stream with a function to a callback.
- output(Function<List<Item>, Tout>) - Method in interface com.github.privacystreams.core.MStreamInterface
-
Output the items in the stream with a function.
- output(SStreamAction) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.SStream
-
Output the item in the current stream.
- output(Function<Item, Tout>, Callback<Tout>) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.SStream
-
Output the item in the stream with a function, and the result is delivered to a callback function.
- output(Function<Item, Tout>) - Method in class com.github.privacystreams.core.SStream
-
Output the item in the stream with a function.
- output(SStreamAction) - Method in interface com.github.privacystreams.core.SStreamInterface
-
Output the item in the current stream.
- output(Function<Item, Tout>, Callback<Tout>) - Method in interface com.github.privacystreams.core.SStreamInterface
-
Output the item in the stream with a function, and the result is delivered to a callback function.
- output(Function<Item, Tout>) - Method in interface com.github.privacystreams.core.SStreamInterface
-
Output the item in the stream with a function.
- outputFormat - Static variable in class com.github.privacystreams.utils.Globals.AudioConfig
-


For example, when s is "word", you have the following:
| s | t | New s | New t |
| "word" | "" | "wrd" | "o" |
| "wrd" | "o" | "wd" | "or" |
| "wd" | "or" | "w" | "ord" |
| "w" | "ord" | "" | "ordw" |
The only subtlety is how to delete the character from s. One way is to use the substr() method to create s from the substrings before the letter that you're deleting and after the letter that you're deleting. So, for example, when you delete the 'o' from "word", you do it by creating the substrings "w" and "rd", and concatenating them.
Here's some C++ code that does the trick (i and j are ints).
while (s.size() > 0) { i = s.size(); j = i/2; /* If i is odd, then j is the index of the character that we're deleting, so we do nothing in that case. If i is even, then the two indices that we need to compare are j and j-1. We want to set j to be the character that is the smaller of these two. The statement below does this. When we're done with the statement, we want to put the character in s[j] onto the back of t, and then delete it. */ if (i % 2 == 0 && s[j-1] < s[j]) j--; printf("S = %s. T = %s. i = %d. j = %d.\n", s.c_str(), t.c_str(), i, j); t.push_back(s[j]); s = s.substr(0, j) + s.substr(j+1); } printf("T = %s\n", t.c_str()); } |
Here's what it prints out on examples 0 and 3:
Example 0:S = word. T = . i = 4. j = 1. S = wrd. T = o. i = 3. j = 1. S = wd. T = or. i = 2. j = 1. S = w. T = ord. i = 1. j = 0. T = ordw |
Example 3:S = shjegr. T = . i = 6. j = 3. S = shjgr. T = e. i = 5. j = 2. S = shgr. T = ej. i = 4. j = 2. S = shr. T = ejg. i = 3. j = 1. S = sr. T = ejgh. i = 2. j = 1. S = s. T = ejghr. i = 1. j = 0. T = ejghrs |
That works fine and solves the problem for Topcoder. However, I want you to think about its running time. Suppose that s originally has n characters. Then the while() loop will run n times, and each time, it is creating s from scratch. At iteration i, the size of s is n-i, which means that the amount of work that we're doing to create s overall is n-1, n-2, n-3, ..., 1. This is the sum of one through n-1, which is equal to n(n-1)/2, or 1/2(n2 - n). We'll learn how to characterize this later in the semester, but let's think about it for various values of n:
| n | n(n-1)/2 |
| 10 | 45 |
| 100 | 4,950 |
| 1000 | 499,500 |
| 10000 | 49,995,000 |
| 100000 | 4,999,950,000 |
To fix this, let's try not to delete the character in s, or remake s. Instead, let's do the following. The first time we look at s, if it's odd, we'll go ahead and do what we did before. Now, s is even. Let's set i to s.size()/2, and j to i-1. Those are the characters to test. Let's suppose that s[j] is less than s[i] -- we'll add s[j] to t, and then s[i]. Otherwise, we'll add s[i] to t, and then s[j]. And then we'll decrement j and increment i. If we keep doing that until j is -1, we'll have constructed t properly, and we haven't had to mess around with creating a new s every time.
Here's the relevant snippet of code:
t = ""; i = s.size()/2; j = i-1; while (j != -1) { if (s[j] < s[i]) { t.push_back(s[j]); t.push_back(s[i]); } else { t.push_back(s[i]); t.push_back(s[j]); } i++; j--; } |
When I run it on a 100,000 character string, it takes 0.02 seconds. That's a huge difference! We're going to see things like this time and time again in this class. It's called "algorithm analysis," and it's important, because it lets you predict how quickly your program will run, and figure out how to make it much faster.


There are a total of {{ num_prs }} open prs needing a code review across all repos
There are a total of {{ num_issues }} open issues needing a code review across all repos


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Allen Ginsberg1926-1997Allen Ginsberg is probably best remembered as the aging Beat/Hippie poet who was not afraid to bare it all -- to friends and to the public. During a 1956 performance in Los Angeles by Ginsberg and friend Gregory Corso for example, a persistent heckler bellowed out, "What are you guys trying to prove?" "Nakedness!" yelled Ginsberg. Then calling the bully at his bluff he added, "You want to do something big, don't you? Something really brave.  Ginsberg moved toward the guy, stripping off his own clothes. "Come and stand here, naked before the people. I dare you! A poet always stands naked before the world!" A totally nude Ginsberg threw his clothes at the heckler's feet. The man retreated, frightened, to the back of the room. The audience erupted in wild applause and cheers, then booed and hissed the heckling drunk out of the room. Later Ginsberg commented that actually he'd "meant spiritual nakedness" but had just sort of got carried away in the inspiration of the moment. For Ginsberg there was really little difference however. To bare your body, to bare your soul, to lay bare the petty, self-serving or childlike innocent workings of your mind were all part of the same effort -- the effort to beat down the fašades that hide the truth about who we are and what we really need and want.
Ginsberg laid a great deal of emphasis on being open about his body, his emotions, and his sexuality (he practiced free love, was openly homosexual/bisexual, and wrote poems about his own masturbation). And ultimately, even though he spent 15 years of his life trying to transcend to some divine state of consciousness with every hallucinogen from marijuana to peyote to LSD to ayahuasca (a.k.a. "yage") -- in every possible combination --and tried chants and meditation ala Hinduism and Buddhism, he eventually returned to the importance of his humble physical being. Or more precisely, to the value of simply being present, accepting of himself, within the present moment, within his human body. Unlike friend and sometimes lover William S. Burroughs, Ginsberg eventually came to believe that it was being present to the heart -- not merely peeling back the hidden subtleties of conditioned thought -- that would be humankind's salvation. In this vein he continued to preach the importance of free love, the legalization of marijuana (a pro-social chill drug), and the rights of the individual to express himself. He marched in demonstrations against the Vietnam War, championed those arrested for drug and free speech issues, and donated most of his income to various publications and causes devoted to these same goals.
Ginsberg is probably best known for his close relationships with Beat legends Jack Kerouac (blew him), Neal Cassady (blew him too), and William S. Burroughs (and him) and the resulting literary revolution that led him to produce such famed works as "Howl" and "Kaddish". But his creativity and circle of relations continued to grow throughout the hippie period of the late 60's and early 70's with new pals John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Mick Jagger, Joan Baez, and Bob Dylan (he actually toured with Dylan and appeared with him in the movie Renaldo & Clara).
In the mid 70's he became involved with a bizarre character named Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche, a teacher of the "Wild Wisdom" variety of Tibetan Buddhism. Unlike most Buddhist monks, Trungpa's lineage was allowed to drink, have sex, and generally carry on like maniacs. Trungpa was later involved in a scandal for ordering two students to be stripped nude at a seminar, against their will. Ginsberg who taught poetry in association with Trungpa's Naropa Institute was embarrassed and defensive over the incident. Ultimately he sided with Trungpa -- a glaring exception to his commitment to supporting the rights and dignity of the individual vis a vis an authority figure or power group.  The Cubans then shipped him to cold war Czechoslovakia -- where he was again deported for failing to shut up and conform. Ginsberg was labeled an immoral menace and escorted to the airport. Afterwards portions of his confiscated diary (which contained descriptions of orgies he had attended with young Czechs and an episode of masturbating in the bathroom with a broom up his ass), was published in the youth organization paper Mlada fronta. In the 80's and 90's Ginsberg continued to very busy, both creatively and politically. He was finally receiving a slough of honors and various acknowledgements from the mainstream establishment, including his nemesis Time magazine. But young counter culture artists still sought him out for advice and collaboration. In fact he was often consulted by members of The Clash, helping them rewrite lyrics for songs on the Combat Rock album, and occasionally performing with them onstage.
Ginsberg never really slowed down creatively or sexually. But his earlier decision to be more fully present to the rhythms of the body and of the heart proved to be a useful one. He eased up on booze and hard drugs and outlived his addict/alcoholic buddies Jack Kerouac and Neal Cassady by 3 decades. Finally, at the age of 70, Irwin Allen Ginsberg died in his East Village home of liver cancer on April 6, 1997. To date Ginsberg's landmark poem "Howl" (once banned as "obscene") has been printed in at least 23 languages including Norwegian, Macedonian, Hebrew, Japanese, Polish, and (somewhat ironically) Czech.
Related TriviaAlthough Ginsberg was a staunch proponent of the movement to legalize pot, he strongly opposed (in his later years) the use of drugs that alienated the user from the body and from other people. He was greatly disturbed for example by Bob Dylan's rampant cocaine snorting during their tour together. Ginsberg immortalized the thought by penning:Jiggling yr knees blankeyed in the rain When it snows in yr nose you catch cold in yr brain |


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To understand the relation between two variables you must examine the conditional behavior of each of them given the value of the other. Towards this goal, we will start with some theory and then illustrate it by an example.
Recall the division rule $$ P(B \mid A) = \frac{P(AB)}{P(A)} $$ and let's see what it looks like in the context of random variables.
Let $X$ and $Y$ be two random variables defined on the same space. If $x$ is a possible value of $X$, and $y$ and possible value of $Y$, then $$ P(Y = y \mid X = x) = \frac{P(X = x, Y = y)}{P(X = x)} $$
Therefore, for a fixed value $x^*$ of $X$, the conditional distribution of $Y$, given $X = x^*$ is the collection of probabilities $$ P(Y = y \mid X = x^*) = \frac{P(X = x^*, Y = y)}{P(X = x^*)} $$ where $y$ ranges over all the values of $Y$. Keep in mind that $y$ represents values of the variable here. The value $x^*$ is the particular value of $X$ that was observed; it is a constant.
In a distribution, the probabilities have to sum to 1. To see that this is true for the conditional distribution defined above, start by using the fundamental rule: find $P(X = x^*)$ by partitioning the event $\{ X = x^* \}$ according to the values of $Y$:
$$ P(X = x^*) = \sum_{\text{all }y} P(X = x^*, Y = y) $$Now let's sum the probabilities in the conditional distribution of $Y$ given $X = x^*$, and see if the sum is 1.
\begin{align*} \sum_{\text{all }y} P(Y = y \mid X = x^*) &= \sum_{\text{all }y} \frac{P(X = x^*, Y = y)}{P(X = x^*)} \\ \\ &= \frac{1}{P(X = x^*)} \sum_{\text{all }y} P(X = x^*, Y = y) \\ &= \frac{1}{P(X = x^*)} \cdot P(X = x^*) \\ &= 1 \end{align*}Suppose I have one fair coin and three biased coins. Suppose that each of the biased coins lands heads with chance 0.9. I pick one of the coins at random, toss it twice and tell you the number of heads.
The goal of this example is to see how the information about the number of heads affects your opinion about which coin was picked.
Let $R$ be the probability with which the random coin lands heads. The possible values of $R$ are 0.5 and 0.9, and the probability distribution of $R$ is given by the following table.
Table().values([0.5, 0.9]).probability([0.25, 0.75])
Let $H$ be the number of heads in the two tosses. Then the joint distribution of $R$ and $H$ consists of terms of the form $$ P(R = r, H = h) ~~ \text{where } r \in \{0.5, 0.9\} \text{ and } h \in \{ 0, 1, 2 \} $$
There are six such terms. Let's work out two of them directly, and then we will use the prob140
library to calculate the entire joint distribution. By the multiplication rule,
We have used that fact that $\{H = 1\}$ happens if either there is a head followed by a tail or a tail followed by a head.
To get the prob140
methods values
and probability_function
to do the rest of the work, we will start by listing the possible values.
The syntax below creates possible values of the pair of variables and puts it in a table. Now that there are two sets of possible values, you precede each set by the name of the corresponding random variable.
joint_tbl = Table().values('R', [0.5, 0.9], 'H', [0, 1, 2])
joint_tbl
That's the outcome space. It consists of the six possible pairs. Now for the probabilities in the joint distribution, let's define a function that computes them.
def joint_probs(r, h):
"""Return P(R = r, H = h)"""
# The distribution of the number of heads in two tosses
# of a coin that lands heads with chance r
heads_2_tosses = make_array((1-r)**2, 2*r*(1-r), r**2)
if r == 0.5:
return 0.25*heads_2_tosses.item(h)
elif r == 0.9:
return 0.75*heads_2_tosses.item(h)
We now use the probability_function
on joint_tbl
to create all the joint probabilities:
joint_tbl = joint_tbl.probability_function(joint_probs)
joint_tbl
The final step is to convert this to a conventional joint distribution table.
joint_dist = joint_tbl.toJoint()
joint_dist
The values of $P(R = 0.9, H = 2)$ and $P(R = 0.5, H = 1)$ agree with those that we calculated directly.
Let's check that the marginal of $R$ agrees with the assumption that the coin is picked at random from one fair coin and three biased coins.
joint_dist.marginal('R')
Now suppose I tell you that I picked the fair coin. Then the $R=0.9$ column is irrelevant. We can think of our original outcome space being reduced to the three cells in the R=0.5
column, and all probabilities being renormalized relative to the total probability $P(R = 0.5) = 0.25$ in that column.
Similarly, if I told you I had picked one of the biased coins, you would restrict your calculations to the R=0.9
column.
The conditional_dist
method does all of this for you. For the conditional distributions of $H$ given values of $R$, use 'H'
as the first argument and 'R'
as the second
joint_dist.conditional_dist('H', 'R')
To check that you understand what has been calculated, try calculating a few of these values directly. For example, $$ P(H = 2 \mid R = 0.9) = \frac{0.6075}{0.75} = 0.81 $$ is the chance that you get two heads given that you tossed a biased coin. This makes sense, as the biased coins land heads with chance 0.9 and therefore have chance $0.9^2 = 0.81$ of producing two heads.
You can see that the first column of this table contains the distribution of the number of heads in two tosses of a fair coin. The second column contains the distribution of the number of heads in two tosses of a coin that lands heads with chance 0.9. And the last column contains the distribution of the number of heads in two tosses of a coin picked at random from our four coins.
The three distributions are different. Knowing which coin was picked changes the distribution of the number of heads.
Our original problem was the other way around: given the value of $H$, what can we say about $R$?
joint_dist.conditional_dist('R', 'H')
Read this table from the bottom row upwards. Remember that the coin was randomly picked.
This is a simple example of something that comes up often in machine learning.


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