[gecode-users] Constraint store
Christian Schulte
cschulte at kth.se
Tue Apr 29 16:49:12 CEST 2014
As said, Gecode is not any option for you.
Oz has been central in inventing and refining the notion of a constraint
store (it for sure has one). I think some more reading might be a good idea
before deciding what to implement.
Best
Christian
--
Christian Schulte, Professor of Computer Science, KTH,
www.ict.kth.se/~cschulte/
-----Original Message-----
From: users-bounces at gecode.org [mailto:users-bounces at gecode.org] On Behalf
Of Pierre Talbot
Sent: Tuesday, April 29, 2014 4:45 PM
To: users at gecode.org
Subject: Re: [gecode-users] Constraint store
I'm very new to constraint programming and Oz but I read that there are
plans to use Gecode in Mozart. On the other hand, I don't think Oz is using
the store concept, correct me if I'm wrong. Anyways, thanks for the infos,
I'll definitely look into Oz and AKL.
Do you think it's feasible to use Gecode to avoid reimplementing the basis
of a constraint system? Or is Gecode have little chances to help us?
Regards,
Pierre Talbot
Le 29/04/2014 15:54, Christian Schulte a écrit :
> Hi,
>
> Gecode is a terrible choice for a cc-inspired language. Please go back
> to predecessors of Gecode such as Oz and AKL, there you will find how
> you can implement ask and tell efficiently. A (somewhat dated starting
point) is:
> http://mozart.github.io/publications/
>
> Cheers
> Christian
>
> --
> Christian Schulte, Professor of Computer Science, KTH,
> www.ict.kth.se/~cschulte/
>
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: users-bounces at gecode.org [mailto:users-bounces at gecode.org] On
> Behalf Of Pierre Talbot
> Sent: Tuesday, April 29, 2014 3:49 PM
> To: users at gecode.org
> Subject: [gecode-users] Constraint store
>
> Hi,
>
> I develop a compiler for a formal concurrent language called 'ntcc'.
> This language introduces a constraint store that we can manipulate
> with two
> operations:
>
> * Ask(c): ask the store d if c is entailed by d.
> * Tell(c): Entail the constraint c in the store.
>
> I'd like to use Gecode to implement it but I didn't find anything
> related to the notion of store. A technique, probably inefficient,
> would be to copy the store each time we want to ask something, add the
> constraint in and search for the first solution (if it exists). Also,
> we are not interested by the solution but only by the existence of a
solution.
>
> If you have any leads on previous works or implementations of such a
> store using (or implemented in) Gecode, I'd be grateful.
>
> Regards,
> Pierre Talbot (IRCAM)
>
> _______________________________________________
> Gecode users mailing list
> users at gecode.org
> https://www.gecode.org/mailman/listinfo/gecode-users
>
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In the seesaw simulations, the temperature response of the Arctic is dominated by the sign of the heat flux imposed on the North Pacific, such that an increase in North Pacific heat flux and SST results in an increase in Arctic temperature, despite an equivalent heat flux into the ocean imposed on the North Atlantic (Fig. 2). The NP-Cool/NA-Warm simulation results in Arctic cooling (−1.88 ± 0.14°C) and sea-ice advance (+4.07 ± 0.21% of total ice fraction), as well as a global cooling of −0.39 ± 0.03°C relative to the control simulation, despite an initial perturbation of 0 W/m 2 in the global mean. The NP-Warm/NA-Cool simulation results in an overall more heterogeneous response, with a mean Arctic warming of +0.34 ± 0.22°C and a mean global temperature change of −0.03 ± 0.03°C relative to the control simulation. The difference in the magnitude of the Arctic climate impacts between these simulations in part reflects the non-linear response to positive and negative ocean heat fluxes. Negative perturbations result in a greater temperature response (both globally and in the Arctic) than equivalent positive heat flux anomalies, as can be seen in the single-basin positive/negative heat flux simulations (Figs. 3 and 4; Table 1).
Surface air temperature anomalies in the zonally redistributed heat flux simulations. The NP-Cool/NA-Warm simulation ( a) prescribes a negative heat flux perturbation in North Pacific (−1 W/m 2 global) compensated with an equivalent positive North Atlantic Q-flux perturbation (+1 W/m 2 global), such that the net global energy perturbation is zero. The sign of the heat flux perturbations in the NP-Warm/NA-Cool simulation ( b) are reversed relative to the NP-Cool/NA-Warm simulation. In both simulations, the North Pacific heat flux anomaly dominates the surface air temperature response in the Artic. Gray areas indicate changes not significant at the 95% confidence level
Surface air temperature, vertically integrated low cloud, and sea-ice anomalies in the warm ocean simulations. Simulations for a warm North Pacific (NP-Warm), b simulations for a warm North Atlantic (NA-Warm), and c the difference of the two simulations (NP-Warm − NA-Warm). Gray areas indicate changes not significant at the 95% confidence level
Surface air temperature, vertically integrated low cloud, and sea-ice anomalies for the cool ocean simulations. Simulations for a cool North Pacific (NP-Cool), b cool North Atlantic (NA-Cool), and c the difference of the two simulations (NP-Cool – NA-Cool). Gray areas indicate changes not significant at the 95% confidence level
To elucidate the mechanisms by which the North Pacific dominates the Arctic temperature response, we evaluate the climate feedbacks involved in the single-basin heat flux experiments. The additional ocean-to-atmosphere heat flux of +1 W/m 2 global-equivalent from the North Pacific (NP-Warm) results in annual surface temperature increases ranging from 0.5 to 6°C across the entire northern hemisphere, with warming concentrated across the North Pacific Ocean and Arctic (Fig. 3). Annual-mean Arctic sea ice is reduced by 7.36 ± 0.54% relative to the control simulation, with the greatest decline focused along the sea-ice edge in the Greenland and Barents Seas and in the Sea of Okhotsk in the western Pacific (Fig. 3). Surface warming is most pronounced in winter months (December–February) and is amplified along the North Atlantic sea-ice edge and northern Siberia (Supplementary Figure 2), where surface temperature anomalies reach 6–7°C in winter. The mean global and Arctic temperature anomalies in the NP-Warm simulation are +0.95 ± 0.03 and +3.08 ± 0.20°C, respectively.
Overall, the NA-Warm simulation elicits a more muted northern hemisphere warming compared to the NP-Warm simulation, with reduced surface warming in the Arctic, Northeastern Pacific, and North American continent. Annual-mean SSTs increase by 5–6°C near the region of modified heat flux, with smaller magnitudes of warming seen elsewhere in the northern hemisphere (0.5–3°C) (Fig. 3). Annual-mean sea-ice area decreases by 4.98 ± 0.56% relative to the control simulation, with the greatest decline in the Beaufort Sea, along the perimeter of northern Alaska. The mean global and Arctic temperature anomalies in the NA-Warm simulation are +0.79 ± 0.02 and +2.12 ± 0.20°C, respectively.
In both the NP-Warm and NA-Warm simulations, Arctic sea-ice decline is most pronounced in regions with the greatest increase in low-cloud formation. Low clouds can be both a consequence and cause of sea-ice decline. Low clouds exert two opposing effects on the surface radiation budget; firstly, the enhanced albedo of cloud droplets decreases surface absorption of incoming shortwave radiation, and secondly, low clouds reduce outgoing longwave radiation 3. Low-cloud formation in the subpolar extratropics results in a net surface cooling through the first mechanism. In the Arctic, however, enhanced low-cloud formation results in an overall surface warming effect in winter, spring, and autumn due to the second mechanism 32. The net change in the cloud radiative effect at the top of the atmosphere may still be negative at high latitudes as a result of reflected incoming shortwave feedback and cloud brightening in response to increasing temperature 33, however, we focus here on the net radiative effects at the surface, given the influences on Arctic surface temperature and sea-ice extent.
The seasonal trends in sea-ice reveal a strong correlation between sea-ice decline and low-cloud formation, as the two patterns covary in all seasons except summer, when the radiative effect of low clouds reverses sign (Supplementary Figure 2, 3). The retreat of sea-ice has been shown to promote low-cloud formation through latent heat release and evaporation at the surface 34, 35; thus these two processes are likely coupled and reinforce one another. A linear regression of the change in sea-ice area and vertically integrated low-cloud fraction shows a high negative correlation between these variables in our simulations (Supplementary Figure 4).
In all simulations, increased ocean heat fluxes to the atmosphere drive decreases in mid-latitude cloud cover; changes of opposite sign in heat flux have effects of the opposite sign in cloud cover (Figs. 3 and 4). In both the NP-Warm and NA-Warm simulation, the reduction in low clouds over the extratropical oceans increases shortwave absorption, further warming the sea surface and overlying air, decreasing relative humidity and increasing atmospheric moisture content that can be transported poleward.
Within the Arctic, the NP-Warm simulation increases the low-cloud formation more (+12.4 ± 0.89%) than the NA-Warm simulation (+9.5 ± 0.87%). The effect of low clouds accounts for an additional 2.9 ± 0.22 W/m 2 of surface longwave radiative forcing within the Arctic for the NP-Warm simulation versus an additional 2.2 ± 0.22 W/m 2 in the NA-warm simulation (calculated as the difference in downwelling longwave radiation at the surface between all-sky and clear-sky conditions). Clear-sky downwelling longwave radiation also increases more strongly in the NP-Warm case (10.7 ± 0.71 W/m 2) than in the NA-Warm case (7.3 ± 0.69 W/m 2). The enhanced longwave radiation contributes to surface warming and sea-ice retreat, increasing the net shortwave radiation absorbed at the sea surface through the reduction in surface albedo (+1.7 ± 0.42 and 0.9 ± 0.37 W/m 2 for the NP-Warm and NA-Warm simulations, respectively).
Decompositions of the total northward atmospheric energy transport into the dry static energy (sensible heat and geopotential energy terms) and moist (latent heat term) energy terms indicate that the total atmospheric northward energy transport into the Arctic is larger in the NP-Warm case (0.054 PW) than in the NA-Warm Case (0.043 PW), and that this difference is primarily driven by a larger increase in northward latent energy transport in the NP-Warm case (0.081 PW) than in the NA-Warm case (0.068 PW) (Fig. 5a). The increase in northward latent energy transport is partially offset by a decrease in dry static energy transport that is similar between the NP-Warm (−0.028 PW) and NA-Warm (−0.025 PW) cases. This translates to a total of 2.6 W/m 2 of direct Arctic heating from atmospheric energy convergence in the NP-Warm case and 2.1 W/m 2 in the NA-Warm case. Analysis of the longitudinal distribution of the northward latent energy transport along the Arctic boundary indicates the dominant regions that this latent energy is entering the Arctic in each case (Fig. 5b). In both the NA-Warm and NP-Warm cases, the total latent heat transport (i.e., amount of moisture intrusion) is enhanced across the Pacific and Atlantic basins relative to the control. The NP-Warm simulation shows a greater total latent heat transfer across the Arctic boundary through the Atlantic gateway, whereas the NA-Warm simulation shows greater total latent heat transfer over Siberia, relative to the NP-Warm case.
Decompositions of atmospheric energy transport. The total atmospheric energy transport across latitude, decomposed into dry static energy (sensible heat and geopotential energy terms) and moist (latent heat term) energy ( a). Control values are in gray (as absolute values), NA-Warm anomalies relative to the control are in red, and NP-Warm anomalies are in blue. Inset shows a blow-up of the difference in the two cases from 60 to 90°N. The increase in latent heat transport dominates the total change in northward atmospheric energy transport, and is greater in the NP-Warm case relative to the NA-Warm case. b A zonal decomposition of the northward latent heat transport across the Arctic boundary (66.6°N), depicting the longitudinal distribution of the change in latent heat transport (i.e., moisture intrusions), with the Pacific and Atlantic basins shaded in light gray for reference. The values in the upper right corner depict the total latent heat transfer (integrated throughout the atmosphere) across the Arctic boundary. Control values are the dashed line (as absolute values), whereas the NA-Warm anomalies are in red, and NP-Warm anomalies are in blue
A further decomposition of the total atmosphere-integrated latent energy transport into the mean and eddy components show that the longitudinal structure of the change in total transport follows the change in mean transport (Supplementary Figure 5). The eddy transport term shows different longitudinal patterns for each case, with the NP-Warm case resulting in greater eddy transport across the North Pacific and North American continent, whereas the NA-Warm case shows an increase in eddy transport across most latitudes except the Northwestern Pacific and eastern North American continent. The longitudinal integral of each term indicates that the mean and eddy changes contribute 22.9 and 77.1% of the total latent energy transport increase in the NA-Warm Case and 23.6 and 76.4% in the NP-Warm case.


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UAE ranked fifth globally in mobile broadband speed test in October
by Naushad K. CherrayilUAE ranked fifth globally in mobile broadband speed test in October
Country is ranked 30th in fixed speed test with an average download speed of 89.30Mbps while upload speed is 36.49Mbps
(Image credit: Future)
UAE has fallen one place lower to rank fifth in the global mobile broadband speed test in October, according to Ookla’s Global Speed Test Index.
The global speed test compares internet speed data from around the world every month. Data for the index comes from the hundreds of millions of tests taken by real people using speed test every month.
The global average download speed is 30.02Mbps while the upload speed is 11.59Mbps.
In the UAE, the average download speed is 65.29Mbps while the upload speed is 20.83Mbps.
The top three countries which remained unchanged are South Korea, Qatar and Norway.
In South Korea, the average download speed in September was 95.11Mbps while it was 69.05Mbps in Qatar and 68Mbps in Norway.
In October, the average download speed in South Korea increased to 112.77Mbps while it was 75.02Mbps in Qatar and 69.53Mbps in Norway. Australia overtook the UAE to be placed fourth.
When compared to other Gulf Cooperation Countries, Saudi Arabia is ranked two places higher at 22th with a download speed of 46.90Mbps, Kuwait jumped two places higher at 34th with a download speed of 39.97Mbps, Oman remained unchanged at 35th with a download speed of 39.86Mbps while Bahrain jumped nine places higher at 49th with a download speed of 33.68Mbps.
In the fixed broadband space, UAE jumps one place higher to 30th with an average download speed of 89.30Mbps while the average upload speed is 36.49Mbps despite being ranked number one for fibre-to-the-home (FTTH) penetration across the world for the third year in a row.
The global average download speed improved from 69.10Mbps in September to 70.68Mbps in October while the upload speed is 38.23MBps in October compared to 36.52Mbps in September.
The top three countries are Singapore, South Korea and Hong Kong.
In Singapore, the average download speed is 194.09Mbps while it is 165.82Mbps in South Korea and it is 159.96Mbps in Hong Kong.
When compared to other Gulf Cooperation Countries, Qatar is ranked 42nd with a download speed of 69.39Mbps, followed by Kuwait jumping seven places to 55th with a download speed of 49.20Mbps, Saudi Arabia with 48.22Mbps, Oman at 86th with 28.33Mbps, Bahrain lowered 35 places to 89th with 26.40Mbps.


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Ocean [ai12], ocean, in Crystal Sea
Last updated Turn #149
Ocean [ai12], ocean, in Crystal Sea
------------------------------------------------------------------------
21: Sirocco Traveller [ja8y], ship, 10 hulls, 1 rowing port, 30 sails,
21: 8% damaged, arrived from Ocean [ah12], owner:
21: Phantasm [n4b], Imperial Empire, duke, with one peasant,
21: two workers, 32 sailors, 15 lt. xbowmen, accompanied by:
21: Elisabeth [hn0y], Pen, with 21 pikemen
22: Phantasm [n4b] attacks Dawn's Revelation [ex8s]!
22:
22: Sirocco Traveller [ja8y], ship, 10 hulls, 1 rowing port, 30 sails,
22: 8% damaged, owner:
22: Phantasm [n4b], Imperial Empire, duke, behind 9, with
22: one peasant, two workers, 32 sailors, 15 lt. xbowmen
22: Elisabeth [hn0y], Pen, with 21 pikemen
22:
22: Dawn's Revelation [ex8s], ship, 5 hulls, 5 rowing ports, 15 sails,
22: 9% damaged, owner:
22: Flavian [z4f], Mandor Confederacy, with one worker, 25 sailors
22: s1 [v1d], Mandor Confederacy
22: s2 [r0z], Mandor Confederacy
22:
22: Combat round: one
22: Missile phase:
22: Phantasm's forces hit with 12 missiles.
22: Dawn's Revelation [ex8s] takes one point damage.
22: Flavian [z4f] loses 11 sailors [19].
22: Melee phase:
22: Phantasm's forces hit 20 times.
22: Flavian's forces hit four times.
22: Sirocco Traveller [ja8y] takes one point damage.
22: Elisabeth [hn0y] loses three pikemen [16].
22: Flavian [z4f] loses 14 sailors [19].
22: Combat round: two
22: Missile phase:
22: Phantasm's forces hit with six missiles.
22: Dawn's Revelation [ex8s] takes four points damage.
22: Flavian [z4f] loses one worker [11].
22: Melee phase:
22: Phantasm's forces hit five times.
22: Flavian's forces hit three times.
22: Elisabeth [hn0y] loses three pikemen [16].
22: Dawn's Revelation [ex8s] takes three points damage.
22: s1 [v1d] suffers a hit!
22: Combat round: three
22: Missile phase:
22: Phantasm's forces hit with ten missiles.
22: Dawn's Revelation [ex8s] takes ten points damage.
22: Melee phase:
22: Phantasm's forces hit six times.
22: Flavian's forces hit two times.
22: Elisabeth [hn0y] loses two pikemen [16].
22: Dawn's Revelation [ex8s] takes five points damage.
22: s2 [r0z] suffers a hit!
22:
22: Phantasm [n4b] is victorious!
22:
22: Phantasm lost eight pikemen.
22:
22: Flavian lost one worker, 25 sailors.
22: Flavian [z4f] was taken prisoner.
22: s1 [v1d] was wounded.
22: s2 [r0z] was taken prisoner.
22:
23: Sirocco Traveller [ja8y], ship, 10 hulls, 1 rowing port, 30 sails,
23: 9% damaged, departed for Gandar [ad2f].
Routes leaving Ocean:
North, to Ocean [ah12], 6 days
East, to Ocean [ai13], 6 days
South, city, to Gandar [ad2f], Mandoria, 1 day
South, plain, to Herberon Fields [aj12], Mandoria, impassable
Garrison [bg3j], garrison, uncontrolled, with ten peasants
West, plain, to Herberon Fields [ai11], Mandoria, 2 days
It is raining.
Ships sighted:
Dawn's Revelation [ex8s], ship, 5 hulls, 5 rowing ports, 15 sails,
32% damaged, owner:
s1 [v1d], Mandor Confederacy


Ability Skin: This skin unlocks a unique Hero portrait for your in-game Avatar and also an additional ability while equipped.
For every 2% Health an enemy has lost, Nightshade's Attack will be 1% more powerful
Ability only available while Eagle Wings Skin is equipped


Wait, so are we doing live music before the welcome or after?
I was going to start while people were eating, since
it'll be hard to get everyone seated.
K I just moved the card down.
Do you think we should have ushers or let everyone
seat themselves?