Dr. Michael A. Miner is a Social Scientist and Research Methodologist focused on the interplay of inequality, institutions and technology.
He earned his Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee where he studied school segregation, public perceptions and research methodology. He also holds a M.A. in Sociology from the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee and a B.A. in Psychology and Sociology from St. Joseph's College, Brooklyn. He specializes in quantitative methods, education, social media and technology.
His recent research examines how school accountability ratings are associated with school segregation, how they shape public perceptions of school quality and how they influence parents’ enrollment decisions.
Dr. Miner is a Social Scientist at Facebook, a Visiting Scholar at The New School, and an Affiliate Professor of Statistics at St. Joseph's College. He is on the Board of Directors for the Midwest Sociological Society and is a member of the Advisory Board for Social Problems. His publications and professional experience can be found on his CV.


Gov’t commits additional $200 million to help sugar cane farmers
The Government is providing an additional $200 million for the transportation of sugar cane from Monymusk in Clarendon to the Worthy Park Estate in St Catherine and Appleton Estate in St Elizabeth for the 2019/2020 crop season.
The assurance came from Minister of Agriculture, Audley Shaw, in a speech delivered on his behalf by Senior Director in the Ministry’s Strategic Planning Division, Delroy Coley, at the 70th Annual General Meeting of the All-Island Cane Farmers’ Association held at the Denbigh Showground in May Pen on Wednesday.
The support is part of short-term interventions to assist the small farmers from St. Catherine and Clarendon who operate in the Monymusk area.
A similar sum was provided for the 2018/19 crop.
“In addition to that, the Government has also identified other areas of assistance for our sugar-cane farmers, including fertiliser, which will be provided to the All-Island Cane Farmers’ Association to boost your revolving loan scheme for input supplies to members,” Shaw said.
He said that the matter of irrigation is also being addressed.
“We are doing all of this in order to facilitate the planting of cane, because the factories need your cane,” Shaw added.
He said that despite the challenges facing the sector, including factory closures, the sugar industry, in 2018, contributed some 0.5 per cent to gross domestic product (GDP); earned/saved some US$57 million in foreign exchange; and accounted for some 20,000 direct jobs and 80,000 indirectly, or some 7.7 per cent of the active labour force.
He said that the industry still has an important role to play in the nation’s business, and neither the Government nor the various other stakeholders can “simply abandon sugar. We want to see it succeed”.


The perfect menu for a cosy night in, from slow-cooked lamb to sticky apple cake
by Georgina HaydenI adore this time of year. The fruit and veg is amazing, the nights are long and cosy, and all I want to do is cook things slowly and curl up on the sofa, before the chaos of Christmas begins.
This menu ticks all the boxes. It is gentle, seasonal, and its dishes will make you and your guests feel as though you’re being enveloped in a big cable-knit blanket.
A side of greens and a bottle or two of red wine are the only extras needed. Oh, and maybe a few candles for added cosiness.
As with most of my recipes, there is a lot here that can be made ahead. The lamb would be all the more delicious. I love going out for a crisp afternoon walk and returning to a home filled with the smell of a simmering stew, or a sweet, sticky cake, so it’s a win-win.
Caramelised-apple and hazelnut upside-down loaf
For a really autumnal pud, serve this cake with a jug of custard.
Prep time: 20 minutes | Cooking time: 55 minutes
SERVES
eight -10
INGREDIENTS
- 230g butter, plus extra for greasing the tin
- 300g caster sugar
- 100ml apple juice
- 2 apples
- pinch of sea salt
- 200g blanched hazelnuts
- 3 large eggs
- 150g self-raising flour
- 1 tsp baking powder
- a splash of milk
- crème fraîche or custard, to serve
METHOD
- Preheat the oven to 180C/ 160C fan/gas mark 4. Grease and line a loaf tin.
- Place 100g of the caster sugar in a small pan with the apple juice and 30g of the butter. Pop on a medium heat and bring to the boil. Swirl the mixture in the pan (don’t stir it with a spoon) until all the sugar has dissolved and reduce the heat a little, to simmer for five minutes or until the mixture is lightly golden. At this point, pour the caramel into the tin.
- Peel and quarter the apples, remove the cores, then slice into wedges about 1cm thick (they don’t have to be perfect). Sprinkle the caramel with a pinch of sea salt, then arrange the apple slices in the tin, in a single layer (a little overlap is fine).
- Place 175g of the hazelnuts in a food processor and grind until you have a fine powder. Cut the remaining 200g butter into cubes and place in the food processor bowl with the remaining caster sugar. Blitz until smooth, then add the eggs and blitz again.
- Add the flour, baking powder and a splash of milk, and pulse until just combined. When completely mixed together, spoon the batter into the lined tin.
- Bake for 45-50 minutes, or until the cake is cooked through (a skewer inserted into the middle should come out clean). Leave to cool in the tin for five minutes, then turn the cake out.
- Roughly chop the remaining hazelnuts and sprinkle over the top. Serve warm or cooled, with a dollop of crème fraîche on the side.


Why is pair programming important to DBC?
DBC has a large emphasis on culture, empathy, and being mindful of everyone's ability level. It provides an opportunity to teach as well as to learn.
DBC has a large emphasis on culture, empathy, and being mindful of everyone's ability level. It provides an opportunity to teach as well as to learn.
The driver is the typer and the navigator provides typing instructions to the driver. The navigator provides an extra set of eyes for error-checking.
This actually wasn't my first time pairing! I had paired earlier on the Wireframing challenge. Both times, however, it was great. It was excellent to have someone to bounce ideas off of and to hear someone else's coding process. It definitely made the coding easier. I liked it a lot.


pyroclast
.docs
index
c:\users\brian\projects\pyroclast\docs\__init__.py
Defines documentation management behaviors for the Pyroclast package
Package Contents
Functions
buildAllDocs
(symbol
='pyroclast'
)
Recursively constructs HTML pages of documentation the given module
contents, beginning with pyroclast itself, which are subsequently written
to the package's 'docs/' folder.
getDocDir
()
Returns the absolute path to the documentation directory of the pyroclast
package (where this file is located).


Team Generator
Name: John
Manager
Employee ID: 1
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>OfficeNumber: 1
Name: James
Engineer
Employee ID: 2
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Github:
james
Name: Jimmy
Intern
Employee ID: 3
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>School: UPenn


Here are some things that my dog, Dogdog, loves:
- Toys:
- Tennis ball
- Frisbee
- Rope on a stick
- Just a regular stick
- Activities in order of preference:
- Eating
- Sleeping
- Walking
- Dog Park
- Dogdog's Dog Park Extravaganza
- Cushy bed
- Lush grass
- Other dogs
Make an appointment with Dogdog here
Main menu


Part Three: Testimony and Evidence
- U.S. Conspiracy to Initiate the War Against Iraq - Brian Becker
- The Myth of Surgical Bombing in the Gulf War - Paul Walker
- The Massacre of Withdrawing Soldiers on "The Highway of Death" - Joyce Chediac
Index
WWW URL: http://deoxy.org/wc/wc-part3.htm
The Commission of Inquiry for the International War Crimes Tribunal


- outputAdditionalCss(Writer) - Method in class com.github.rvesse.airline.help.html.HtmlCommandUsageGenerator
-
Outputs additional CSS directly
- outputDescription(Writer, String, String[], CommandMetadata) - Method in class com.github.rvesse.airline.help.html.HtmlCommandUsageGenerator
-
Outputs a documentation section with the name and description of the
command
- outputHelpHint(Writer, HelpHint) - Method in class com.github.rvesse.airline.help.html.HtmlCommandUsageGenerator
-
Outputs a help hint
- outputHelpSection(Writer, HelpSection) - Method in class com.github.rvesse.airline.help.html.HtmlCommandUsageGenerator
-
Outputs a help section
- outputHtmlHeader(Writer) - Method in class com.github.rvesse.airline.help.html.HtmlCommandUsageGenerator
-
Outputs the HTML header for the page
- outputOptionRestriction(Writer, OptionMetadata, OptionRestriction, HelpHint) - Method in class com.github.rvesse.airline.help.html.HtmlCommandUsageGenerator
-
Outputs a documentation section detailing an allowed value for an option
- outputOptions(Writer, List<OptionMetadata>, ArgumentsMetadata, ParserMetadata<T>) - Method in class com.github.rvesse.airline.help.html.HtmlCommandUsageGenerator
-
Outputs a documentation section detailing the options
- outputPageHeader(Writer, String, String[], CommandMetadata) - Method in class com.github.rvesse.airline.help.html.HtmlCommandUsageGenerator
-
Outputs a page header
- outputStylesheets(Writer) - Method in class com.github.rvesse.airline.help.html.HtmlCommandUsageGenerator
-
Outputs the style sheet declarations
- outputSynopsis(Writer, String, String[], CommandMetadata) - Method in class com.github.rvesse.airline.help.html.HtmlCommandUsageGenerator
-
Outputs a documentation section with a synopsis of the command


This page is created for professor Waller's CIT82 class at Fresno City College. I am going to review what I believed to be the main 4 topics that we covered throughout this nine week course.
There were many struggles throughout this semester for me. One of my main struggles throughout this semester was working with the open source resource known as GitHub. I still struggle with many things, but I will cover the things that I struggle with and the resources that helped me solve these problems.
The first language that I learned to code with was HTML which is an essential languge in creating any website. The ability to use HTML is simple, but it is necessary to learn for all developers.
Google provides many different tools to developers. Those new to web development should first begin to use Google Chrome's DevTools. This is a great resource that can be accessed on any website and help you understand how a developer implemented something into their site. I will thoroughly cover this topic in my site.
One of the major topics that we dicussed throughout this semester was HTTPS. This stands for hyper-text transfer protocol secure. We discussed the reasoning and advantage of using HTTPS. We also discussed HTTP versus HTTPS. This helps users who know what they are looking at trust your site. This also allows you to provide more security when accessing confidential information from your users.


Enumeration
AuthenticationTask
public enum AuthenticationTask
Represents an authentication that needs to be completed by the user.
Enumeration Cases
awaitingSupplementalInformation
case awaitingSupplementalInformation(: SupplementInformationTask)
Indicates that there is additional information required from the user to proceed.
This can for example be an OTP sent via SMS or authentication app.
awaitingThirdPartyAppAuthentication
case awaitingThirdPartyAppAuthentication(: ThirdPartyAppAuthenticationTask)
Indicates that there is an authentication in a third party app necessary to proceed with the authentication.


Spacebrew Synth
Plays back tones based on ranges.
Route to me from the
Spacebrew Admin
!
Name:
Route:
synthOne
Type:
range
Route:
synthTwo
Type:
range
Route:
synthThree
Type:
range
Touch to start


Hi firstname,
It looks like someone logged into your account from a device "iPhoneX" on Jan 3, 2019 at 7:58:52 EDT.
The login took place somewhere near Telemark, Norway (IP = <IP_ADDRESS>)
If this was you, please disregard this email. No further action is needed.
If this wasn't you, please change your password at the button below
Change your password as soon as possible or we will lockout your account in the next 24 hours. Select a complex and unique password that is at least 8 characters in length, with a mix of numbers, symbols, and capital and lowercase letters.
Thanks,
Team Snapchat


Constructor Injection is a Dependency Injection variant where a component gets all its dependencies via its constructor.
The most important benefits of Constructor Injection are:
Martin Fowler explains Constructor
Injection
in more detail.
In 2003, Rachel Davies, was reviewing book Java Open Source Programming for Joe Walnes. She left a Fermat-like margin note when looking at a code sample that used Setter Injection: "Why not use constructors ?". Brilliant and simple. Using constructors per se, is an ordinary OO feature, but having a container that works out what to inject where amongst a list of constructor arguments is something that is useful too. Read more about the back history.
public class Apple { private final Orange orange; private final Pear pear; private final Banana banana; public Apple(Orange orange, Pear pear, Banana banana) { this.orange = orange; this.pear = pear; this.banana = banana; } // methods }
Note, for this there is no need to declare needs in any other way. No interfaces, no doclet tags, no external XML. Just your simple component(s) and PicoContainer. No need for post assembly/config initialization either. If it is constructed (not withstanding some asserts on nulls) it has its needs satisfied. Components need not be interface/implementation separated. This is the coder's choice.
The component can be used directly, without any container. The missing dependency scenario is not an issue since it is impossible to instantiate an object without all dependencies being satisfied.
Apple apple = new Apple(myOrange, aPear, theBanana);
pico = new DefaultPicoContainer(new ConstructorInjection()); pico.addComponent(Apple.class); // etc Apple apple = pico.getComponent(Apple.class);
Constructor Injection, is a default too (via AdaptiveInjection):
pico = new DefaultPicoContainer(); pico.addComponent(Apple.class); // etc Apple apple = pico.getComponent(Apple.class);
The PicoContainer team recommends Constructor Injection over other types - the project was started to pioneer this approach. With PicoContainer is no need to mark up the constructor with an annotation. Having more than one constructor is OK too, as PicoContainer will try to use the one with the most arguments and fall back to ones with fewer if it cannot satisfy the longer ones.
The component factory for this is ConstructorInjection. It only handles constructor injection types of components. Factory AdaptiveInjection defaults to constructor injection, after checking first to see it the component in question is an Annotated Method or Field type (see below).
Constructor Injection is idiomatic PicoContainer - choose this style over all others if you can - especially if you are starting out with Dependency Injection.
PicoContainer was the first lightweight container to support and popularize this for of dependency injection. PicoContainer also supports Setter Injection that is idiomatic of the Spring Framework.


Fed's Mester: Forward guidance in future may be tied to economic conditions
by Eren SengezerLoretta Mester, President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, noted that she was very attuned to high levels of corporate debt and added that the Fed was thinking a lot more about the effect of climate change on financial stability.
"Forward guidance in the future may be more tied to economic conditions than a calendar date," Mester said on Monday.
These comments had little to no impact on the greenback's valuation. The US Dollar Index, which tracks the dollar's value against a basket of six major currencies was last down 0.25% on the day at 97.75.


Wer den Blitz liebt, darf den Schlag nicht fürchten.

--Joseph Goebbels 2
Blitzkrieg, one of those international notions of German origin, like "kitsch" or "kindergarten," sprang from two types of critical discourse or reflection, one military or strategic and one more sociopolitical or sociopsychological. Let me briefly characterize them.
In October 1941, shortly after the beginning of the Nazi onslaught against the Soviet Union in accordance with the "Aufmarschanweisung Barbarossa" (Barbarossa marching orders) 3 one could read the following in a book published that year:
It is too early to see more than the widest outline of what is happening in the largest blitzkrieg of the lot, that on the Russian front. All we can tell is that there are some signs that the German forces have been slowed down, and a number of signs show that they are meeting with an opposition not only powerful in numbers and materials, but more effective in its tactics than has been met by the Nazi Army in almost all its previous campaigns. We cannot tell whether this opposition will succeed; but we can say already that the Russians seem to have attempted on a very large scale the creation of a web of defence that separates the armoured spear-head of the blitzkrieg from the infantry divisions following it. . . . The blitzkrieg has decided the fate of too many nations. The principles that I have emphasized here are to my mind the essence of the blitzkrieg: concentration for a "rolling thrust," the linking of various arms in combat teams, large scale counter-attack as one main element in the only sort of defence possible, and a web of tank-proof islands of resistance as the other main element. 4
This was written by Tom Wintringham in his introduction to the first and best description of blitzkrieg doctrine we have, Ferdinand Otto Miksche's Blitzkrieg. 5 Both Miksche and Wintringham participated in the Spanish Civil War, the first "Nazi laboratory" for the blitzkrieg. Miksche was a Czechoslovak major on the General Staff of the Spanish Republican Army, while Wintringham was a commander of the British battalion. Miksche's book is the only serious study of the epoch, written by an expert and an eyewitness for whom the principles of blitzkrieg "were well known by 1939, at the end of the Spanish War. The road that the evolution of war was taking could not fail to be seen by an attentive observer who studied it in Spain." 6
What is well known by military historians today as the basic concept of blitzkrieg was analyzed by Miksche as a combination of two factors, dromological (having to do with increasing speed) and territorial (space-making):
The first [features of blitzkrieg] are surprise, speed, and material superiority; the second ones are motorization as method of transport, mechanization as method of breakthrough [ Durchbruch ], air action as method of support, protection, and communication--that gives the warfare of to-day a character entirely different from that of the last World War.
Speed and communication, their articulation or linking by means of new hard- and software technologies, can be seen as the differentia specifica that distinguish blitzkrieg from the war machine of World War I. The new era that blitzkrieg opened in the history of war is characterized by the use of communication weapons and transmission media, by what Heinz Guderian, commander of the tank troops and one of the first theorists of blitzkrieg, called the "concert of weapons," a symphony made possible by new communication technologies, such as FM radio, facilitating the control of command. 7
The other discourse mentioned has another horizon and another dimension. After the beginning of World War II, several entries in the Arbeitsjournal (working journal) of Bertolt Brecht refer to the speed of German blitzkrieg as an astonishing new aspect of the war machine. Brecht characterizes this new quality as a substitution of the traditional battlefield by what he calls a "Schlachtwürfel," a "battle cube" or "battle dice." 8 Brecht demonstrated a certain amount of knowledge of blitzkrieg strategy and tactics, which he may have owed to his friend Fritz Sternberg and his Die deutsche Kriegsstärke (Germany and a lightning war) . 9
But what is even more striking than the brief notes that Brecht makes (which can be considered in relation to the later Kriegsfibel, the "war primer" composed together with Ruth Berlau) is his question about the specific kind of energy that the Nazis brought into being and literally put on wheels ("Krupp steel on wheels") with their blitzkrieg tactics. This issue, which Brecht himself rated as especially important to a better understanding of the Nazi war machine's destructive mobilizing drive, is seen as a consequence of deeper structures underlying the relation between civil society and violence. He thought that many "brave antifascists" had failed to understand those relations and therefore remained bound to what later on has been called a "helpless and hopeless antifascism" (" Hilfloser Antifaschismus ").
Let me quote just some of his reflections about the new quality of German blitzkrieg from his Arbeitsjournal in order to illustrate this idea.
30 June 1940:
The slow war brings about the fast one (as the inactive precipitates the active). but how this speed changes everything! whereas with the Germans it is not only a question of "blitzkrieg," but also of "blitz-armament." and oh what power this regime wrests from the breaking of all conventions! the most modern weapons of the sky mingle with tourist cruisers, Karl May complements Clausewitz.
9 April 1941, again considering the driving force of the blitzkrieg war machine:
It is as though only this army could move. it alone creates and controls the "3-D battle-zone" that has replaced the battlefield. conventional armies will compete this way like the bobbin with the "Spinning Jenny." courage is lost to the maneuverability of a vehicle, alertness is lost to punctuality, endurance to industriousness. the strategy has become surgery. an offensive country is "opened" after it has been anesthetized, then blotted, disinfected, sutured, and so on, all in excellent time.
29 June 1942:
The "high morale" of the German troops created a major headache for many well-meaning antifascists. they had never before encountered the elements of violence in parliamentary forms of government: the parliaments supposedly represented the consensus of the people. now the parliamentary apparatus has been torn to shreds and the naked violence (stripped of all its veils) has become visible. this nudity is no longer recognizable . . . for the lower social strata, enslavement by the Nazis appeared only a relative one, that is to say the intensification (of violence) did not exercise any real influence upon the behavior of these strata, at least so long as this intensification did not itself threaten the whole system of slavery.
The point I want to stress, taking Brecht's reflections as in a sense symptomatic in considering blitzkrieg as the violent eruption of a specific group mentality particular to a people who had fallen into deep crisis and despair after World War I, is what has also been stressed by Karl Korsch in his wartime correspondence with Brecht as " Blitzkrieg als geballte linke Energie " ("blitzkrieg as concentrated Left energy").
I would like to explore this idea of an alternate construction of blitzkrieg, one that differs from a typical marxist account. This "rative thesis" (in the sense of what Walter Benjamin described as a " dialektisches Bild ") circulated among several German intellectuals in exile (Korsch, Benjamin, Heinz Langerhans, Fritz Sternberg, Wilhelm Reich), who tried to explain Nazism and fascist war in a way that differed from any Party version. Briefly, some main points in the argument were formal affinities between fascist mass movements and working-class movements under the leadership of the German Communist Party; the fascist recuperation of certain aspects of the workers' organization such as discipline, a fascination with technology, street demonstrations, etc.; and a manipulation of social conflicts and property relations in order to draw in the masses.
Heiner Müller recalled the idea of "blitzkrieg as concentrated Left energy" as a ra of the dramatic and dilemma-ridden history of German (and other) socialist movements. 10 He wrote in his preface to Curzio Malaparte's war reports, "In the GDR it would have been a text of enlightenment [ Aufklärung ] about an aspect ignored by the ideological consensus of the workers' and peasants' state, an aspect that Karl Korsch was the first to articulate in a letter to Brecht with his thesis on blitzkrieg as concentrated left energy." 11 It was in the same spirit that Karl Korsch recommended in a letter to Brecht Sidney Rogerson's book, Propaganda in the Next War, and discussed critically at some length Heinz Langerhans's Implications of the Allied Counterblitz, in which Langerhans took for granted a "world-wide equality of globally accepted blitzkrieg tactics" that would promote "an invasion of Europe from the west by forces superior in number." 12
There are certain remarkable affinities between Korsch's judgment and that of Curzio Malaparte in his war reports from the Russian front, written between June 1941 and November 1942 for the Milan newspaper Corriere della Sera. Nazi propaganda officials considered these reports a provocation because of Malaparte's earlier opinion that World War II on the eastern front should be seen as a war of two worker armies, and that the morality of the Red Army was by no means inferior to that of the Wehrmacht soldiers.
In 1932 Malaparte wrote Der Staatsstreich (The coup d'état), a comparative study of armed putsches in Europe after World War I. From the perspective of blitzkrieg, and of Malaparte's own war reports, these studies may illuminate an important difference as well as a connection between a "total state" (or totalitarianism) and the "total war" as described in the widely read book by General Erich Ludendorf, Der totale Krieg , blitzkrieg being the ultimate form of total war. Brecht and Korsch discussed the impact of blitzkrieg strategy while they were under the impression that the German Wehrmacht was successful in its offensive against Poland, France, and the Soviet Union. They saw it as the coming into being of a new form of strategic raid ( strategischer Überfall ), qualified as such in one of the first appearances of the notion in an article published in 1938 by the retired Lieutenant Colonel Braun in Militär-Wochenblatt (Military weekly): "The importance of the strategic raid--also called blitzkrieg--is nothing less than a gigantic assault operation [ Stoßtruppunternehmen ]. Everything depends on velocity and surprise." 13
After Stalingrad however, the draconian measures taken by the Nazis in order to totalize the war--" Totalisierung des Krieges, " as Goebbels called it in his notorious speech in the Berlin Sportpalast on 18 February 1943--were propagated as the best way to shorten the war. " Totaler Krieg--kürzester Krieg! " ("The more total war--the shorter war!") the audience could read on the huge banner around the wall of the Sportpalast. In reality this change in the war strategy was a sort of mad drive precipitated by the prospect of military defeat; this was the turning point in World War II. Thus Goebbels's statement, "Today we know very well that the blitzkrieg employed in the Poland and West front campaigns will be of only limited utility for the East," was followed by the order: "The total war is therefore the command of the hour!" 14
The Nazi war machine took over all activities of state and civil institutions in a way described by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari:
Totalitarianism is a State affair: it essentially concerns the relation between the State as a localized assemblage and the abstract machine of overcoding it effectuates. . . . Totalitarianism is quintessentially conservative. Fascism, on the other hand, involves a war machine. When fascism builds itself a totalitarian State, it is not in the sense of a State army taking power, but of a war machine taking over the State. 15
This echoes the theory of Ludendorf's book; he responds to the experience of World War I by criticizing Clausewitz and calling for a militarization of society at all levels. Or, as Malaparte wrote in Der Staatsstreich, pointing out the same distinction, "The police defend the state as if it were a city; but the army attacks the state as if it were a fortress." 16
I want now to comment briefly on two examples that illustrate the idea from the Korsch-Brecht correspondence of "blitzkrieg as concentrated Left energy." These examples illustrate a collective mentality formed under the pressure of a conration that afflicted Europe between World War I and World War II, and may help us to consider from a new perspective what has recently been called "a bizarre compatibility of elitism and populism in fascism," in which "the appeal of fascism had to do with its presentation as a total state--one that could reconcile the nationalism of the right and the syndicalist revolt of the left." 17 This perspective may prevent us from falling back in the trap of "helpless antifascism" and help us to face in a critical way the different right-wing movements of our own time.
The first example refers to the "Fiume adventure": Gabriele D'Annunzio's occupation of the Adriatic city of Fiume for fourteen months after the famous march from Ronchi on 11 September 1919. The "Poet as Commander" himself, making use of the prophetic semantics of his name, saw in the Fiume action a presage of Mussolini's later march on Rome in 1922. In this way Fiume could be considered as a double re (in the sense of Erich Auerbach's concept), connecting two events: Garibaldi's march in 1862 and Mussolini's 1922 campaign.
As Emilio Gentile recently pointed out in "Fascism as Political Religion," the Fiume adventure revealed a clear connection with the national movement of the Risorgimento, a connection that has been obscured by Mussolini's movement and was later forgotten by postwar historians. 18 But Fiume, according both to Gentile's convincing study and a recent analysis by Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht of the nationalist prophecy of this event, cannot be seen merely as a "symbol of fascism" any more than D'Annunzio can be seen simply as someone who invented the rhetoric and gesture of Italian fascism. 19 One must not overlook the driving force of either the Garibaldian tradition, which provided the basis of popular support for D'Annunzio's adventure, or the force of the other tradition, which springs from the syndicalism of Georges Sorel, and is present in the Carta del Carnaro, the constitution of Fiume.
In D'Annunzio's speeches on the eve of Fiume, we can see the difference between him and Mussolini. D'Annunzio is a more authentic representation of the national and social desires for emancipation, while Mussolini emerges as a violent and repressive "disciplinarian of exuberant energies." 20 This difference becomes clear when we consider the notion of the sublime, which works as a sort of leitmotif in the speeches of D'Annunzio. The creation " di un sublime eroe novissimo " (of a new sublime hero) to overcome the decadent values of western culture is seen in the tradition of Georges Sorel. 21 It was Sorel who thought that the liberal bourgeoisie had lost every sense and possibility of "sublime ethics" the moment it adopted "The Marseillaise" as a simple party hymn. A new sublime (and a sublime politics) was possible only in relation to the emancipatory struggle of the proletariat, for Sorel specifically in the form of a general strike and action directe (direct action): "Why is it that in certain countries acts of violence grouping themselves round the idea of a general strike, produce a Socialist ideology capable of inspiring sublimity, and why in others do they seem not to have that power?" 22
The second example refers to the subtitle of my paper and is connected directly with D'Annunzio's Fiume action. It also marks a clear distinction between prefascist discourse and rhetoric in Italy and Germany.
In 1922 the thirty-two-year-old Eugen Ortner published a sharply polemical essay with the title Gott Stinnes: Ein Pamphlet gegen den vollkommenen Menschen (God Stinnes: A pamphlet against perfect man). While nearly forgotten today, Ortner was, in southern Germany in the 1920s, an author of some renown, having written plays and novels à la Gerhard Hauptmann and Frank Wedekind. The interest and the significance of his Gott Stinnes pamphlet lies in the fact that amid a large mass of disillusioned postwar writings pertaining to the perceived negative consequences of the Versailles treaty, against the Dolchstoß (backstab) legend, amid, therefore, all sorts of utopic visions offered to a people in despair, Ortner integrated those aimless energies in accordance with the principles of a totally collectivistic society, whose dignified and sublime symbol is the character Hugo Stinnes. Stinnes represents the idealized re of the modern energies of industry and the masses, thus incorporating the businessman and the leader of the masses at the same time:
Because in Stinnes and in Lenin, everything is founded upon masses, everything is collective, and there is no longer any such thing as personal culture. And it is also certainly true in Stinnes as well as in Lenin that in the end the entire system is based upon obedience, without which there can and never will be organized masses. . . . It can certainly no longer be denied, even by the most extreme individualist, that we are approaching an era of the mass human being. 23
Whereas in Spain someone like Ortega y Gasset, in his 1923 essay on "Invertebrated Spain," was diagnosing the mass-era critically, Ortner's prophecy is purely apologetic. Ortner is nonetheless realistic in pointing to the authoritarian tendencies in the postwar society of Germany (and in Europe generally). Ten years later, the analysis of German workers and low-level employees that was conducted by the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research revealed, as we may remember, the danger of a widespread authoritarian mentality.
In the aftermath of the Stinnes-Legien Treaty, signed by Hugo Stinnes on behalf of the Unternehmerverbände (the associations of the entrepreneurs) and by Carl Legien, the chief of the General Commission of the German Trade Unions, on 15 November 1918, Ortner's text can be read as an apologia. 24 More significant, however, is the rhetorical device that concentrates social energies on a single point: the integrated power of the machines and the masses. It is this same point that, transformed into pure destructive power, goes on to constitute the blitzkrieg war machine. The sublime becoming pure sublime in its fascist form: that is to say, eliminating all elements such as fear, horror, and critical self-consciousness--all of which have constituted since Kant the notion of the modern sublime--and substituting for them pure monumentalism, heroism, populism, and the Führer cult.
Ortner describes this dynamic as the substitution of the "totality man" by the "combinatory man," the symbolic re of the former being D'Annunzio. Thus he bids "Goodbye to D'Annunzio" (" Abschied von D'Annunzio "):
There is no path joining Hugo Stinnes's world of experience to that of Gabriele D'Annunzio. No clearer illustration can be found of two worlds, one in decline and the other on the rise, than in these two types. In fifty years, a person who even slightly resembles D'Annunzio will no longer be possible in Europe.  We take leave of him with the kind of cheerful melancholy to which the last totalitarian member of a great, dying culture is entitled. Stinnes destroys D'Annunzio, Stinnes destroys the artists. 25
The annihilation of the artist by the re of "God Stinnes" can be read as an image of the dissolution of the sublime. D'Annunzio's still-political sublime is deconstructed, with "God Stinnes" as the new energetic artist--be it as the politician incarnated as a fascist Führer, or as a commander of the blitzkrieg war machine (Heinz Guderian, for example, a commander of tank troops, considered himself an artist).
As we know, a modern concept of the sublime can be seen historically as emerging from the experience of war and of revolution. Edmund Burke wrote on behalf of the sublime and against the French Revolution. Francisco Goya represented another re of the sublime in his Collosus, in the Caprichos, and in the Desastres de la guerra. He shaped a critical sublime that, in Picasso's Guernica, with its depiction of the first experience of blitzkrieg attacks by the Nazi "Legion Condor" in 1937, opened a new era of the political sublime as art form.
The conration of a specific fascist sublime, which according to Walter Benjamin can be considered the epicenter of the aesthetization of politics, contributed to a generalized suspicion of the sublime as a conduit of ideological mystifications and the engineer of reification. It seems, however, that the sublime is with us more than ever.
The very condition of late capitalism is to render thought (but not the writing of critical essays) impossible. Commodities circulate in a dizzying vortex of speed; simulacra hollow out a vast abyss in the place of the real; Elvis is everywhere. Fredric Jameson calls this a hysterical sublime; Baudrillard stays cool. . . . [Kant] describes the sublime . . . as follows: the sublime presents an object that exceeds cognition, and the subject experiences a mixture of pleasure and pain, pain at the incapacity of the faculties to come to terms with this object and pleasure at the capacity of the faculties to recognize their own incapacity. 26
The apparently seamless forms of commodification that now characterize global capital and the boundless conration of a New World Order present us with a dynamic sublime at once excessive and ubiquitous. Money in capitalism thus becomes, in Terry Eagleton's words, "an infinitely spawning signifier which has severed all relation to the real, a fantastical idealism which blots out specific value as surely as those more conventional res of sublimity--the raging ocean, the mountain crags--engulf all particular identities in their unbounded expanse." 27 The commodity moves in "an unstoppable metonymic chain in which one object refers itself to another and that to another, to infinity." 28 At the same time, the electronic technology that permits the accelerated solubility of one commodity into another, that speeds up circulation by eliminating the material weight of the commodity, rendering it increasingly virtual, introduces the mathematical sublime, those inconceivably small mechanical and logical components of artificial intelligence.
These are, basically, arguments whose roots lie in the critical theory of the Frankfurt School. Along with the Toronto School of Communication, albeit in a different way, the Frankfurt School writers were among the first to recognize the critical problems posed once information itself becomes a matter for work and commodification, once a culture industry causes or allows representation to inhabit the base as well as the superstructure, confounding the distinction between production and reproduction.
We may recall Adorno's assertion that "the Absolute became absolute horror"; German culture, the insistence on the autonomy of the spirit and the absolute nature of idealism, participated in a motion that culminated in Auschwitz. This is, according to Joshua Halberstam, the inhuman and cruel consequence of every idealism taken to its extreme.
Kant does not entail Auschwitz. That charge would be an outrageous calumny. But Kant leads to Auschwitz. He leads to other places as well--some heroic and ennobling. But any moral theory which begins by disregarding human sentiment, caring and sympathy, might well end in crematoria. In the legend, God takes hold of compassion and creates a world. In the twentieth century the Nazis renounce compassion and almost destroy that world. 29
So what about the sublime, and a politics of the sublime, given this perspective?
I think we have to distinguish a fascist sublime--in the sense of the Nazis who considered themselves to be the movement of national Erhebung (insurrection), etymologically drawn from the original German term for the sublime, the Erhabene --from another notion of the sublime. Since "all efforts to render politics aesthetic culminate in one thing: war," 30 and since Kant himself noted war as an example of the dynamic sublime in The Critique of Judgment, it is tempting to assume that the invocation of the sublime belongs entirely on the side of fascism in this dichotomy. The sublime introduces terror and death into aesthetics; having accepted terror and death as primarily aesthetic rather than political, fascism seeks to return them to society. Fascism's aestheticization of politics is the extraction of all political meaning in favor of aesthetic criteria.
Thus the depoliticization of the sublime, for which blitzkrieg and its discourse offers a symptom, symbol, or re, consists in the application to politics of indeterminate judgments, judgments of taste, as if they were determinate: we have an idea of the beautiful, and we will make society conform. The idea of beauty, for example, will find its fulfillment in the social order: in the ordered hierarchy organized alongside a return to feudal elements, to Blut und Boden (blood and soil). This paradoxical understanding goes hand-in-hand with an appeal to the dynamic sublime on the grounds of technical modernization, an attempt to make society embody the idea of pure energy rather than mere order. We can see this in the re of blitzkrieg, for instance, that appears in a speech made by Hitler to delegates of the League of German Girls (BDM) at the 1935 Nuremburg Party Rally. This is one of the first recorded allusions to the term: "I shouldn't negotiate for months beforehand and make lengthy preparations, but--as I have always done throughout my life--I should suddenly, like a flash of lightning in the night, hurl myself upon the enemy." 31
In this sense, a fascist politics of the sublime attempts to present the unpresentable, to materialize the idea of energy. The effect of such realization is to make politics entirely a matter of representation and hence of cognition, a process of domination that is essentially totalitarian. Fascist totalitarianism proceeds from the claim that the idea can be an object of cognition, that the law can be fully represented, in order that determinate judgments can be made in reference to it. The effect of this, the essence of such a gleichgeschaltete (homogenizing) society--emerging in the post-World War I era as a movement toward total war, total state, total enemy 32 --is to preclude any possibility of dispute: the terror of fascism consists in saying that we are just because we know what justice is. (Remember Göring proclaiming, " Wer Jude ist, bestimme ich! " ["I determine who is a Jew!"] to those who criticized him for retaining a Jewish general in the airforce.)
Fascism's politics of the sublime consists in a replacement of cognition by will. Blitzkrieg is the ruthless transformation of will into violence.
I will conclude by saying that blitzkrieg, after its success at the beginning of World War II and its failure after Stalingrad, and beyond its further application in other wars, has become an icon representing dangerous tendencies and despairing sentiments in the collective mind. We need not look far in order to observe the transformation of blitzkrieg into a collective symbol.
During a German television program about new radical movements in Germany, the reporter interviewed young members of various so-called right-wing movements. Among them an approximately twenty-year-old girl, Uschi, said her interests included competitive sports, skinheads, Germany, music--and gave as her nickname "Blitzkrieg." The reporter, visibly astonished, was at a loss and had to move on. 33
At a large demonstration in the summer of 1994 on Berlin Alexanderplatz, the Brechtian actress Käthe Reichel referred to the disastrous effects of German unification on culture in terms of blitzkrieg:
All conquerors, regardless of whether they came with weapons, dazzling glass beads, money, or goods, always began by destroying the culture of the conquered land. And if any proof is now necessary in Germany that since November a war has been taking place, a German blitzkrieg, then let it be the interaction of the victors and their paid enforcers with the culture of this land. 34
In October 1990 a London newspaper published an article by Günter Grass with the headline, "The Business Blitzkrieg." Grass explained to his English readers his well-known critical position on the German unification process and its universal significance. He mentioned that after the monetary union in July 1990 the media used the term "blitzkrieg" in a highly euphoric manner:
The way in which the D-Mark has been held up as an article of faith is frightening, as if thoughtlessness could be compensated for by money. The way in which the discussions about the future capital (Berlin) were relayed at full blast through loudspeakers was worrying. The standardization of public opinion, as expressed across the spectrum from Der Spiegel to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung to Die Ziet, had an oppressive effect. In both parliaments the initial State Treaty was thoughtlessly rushed through. 35 And it was frightening to read reports of success according to which the strategy of the blitzkrieg is now showing its strength in peacetime by means of a politico-financial pincer movement. Who should not feel ever more anxious, when German recidivism is demonstrated on a daily basis, when carefully learned democratic virtues lose their market value overnight, when there is even to be unification of the State Security Services, when--once again--the largest opposition party ducks the issue because it has to worry about the slightest reproach of "lack of patriotism"? 36
In another context, but with striking similarities, Heiner Müller explained his conviction that Japan and Germany are the actual winners of World War II, given the application of blitzkrieg strategies to market economy. For Müller, blitzkrieg is a result of the modern industrialization of war, "the continuation of economy by other (military) means, leading through total realization [ Verwertung ] of labor power in the concentration camps, to annihilation of production in extermination. Auschwitz as an industrial product." 37 Blitzkrieg is seen as a sort of double re (again recalling Auerbach) strategically positioned between pre- and postwar economic struggles.
The idea that media not only played an important role in the blitzkrieg war machine, but created a particular space for perception, has been related by Marshall McLuhan who describes, one might say, the shift from the ivory tower to a control tower as a way of approaching our work as critical "headworkers":
The first and most vital step of all . . . is simply to understand media and its revolutionary effects on all psychic and social values and institutions. Understanding is half the battle. The central purpose of all my work is to convey this message, that by understanding medias as they extend man, we gain a measure of control over them. And this is a vital task, because the immediate interface between audile-tactile and visual perception is taking place everywhere around us. No civilian can escape this environmental blitzkrieg, for there is, quite literally, no place to hide. But if we diagnose what is happening to us, we can reduce the ferocity of the winds of change and bring the best elements of the old visual culture, during this transitional period, into peaceful coexistence with the new retribalized society. 38
Whatever this utopian version of a new tribalism might entail, McLuhan's warning should be heeded, it seems to me, especially when we face violence. Given our experience with the new electronic media blitzkrieg of the Gulf War, we are at the beginning of a new era in the modern history of warfare and of civil society, an era increasingly threatened by tendencies toward a total state. And these recent invocations of the term and concept of blitzkrieg show that we remain--not just on the Left and the Right but in the Center too--naïvely enchanted by this terrible idea.
Karlheinz Barck is a member and co-director of the research center for literary history sponsored by the Max Planck Society in Berlin. In addition to publishing work on reception history and avant-garde movements, he has completed the first of a five-volume historical dictionary of aesthetic terms from the eighteenth century to the present, compiled the documentary anthology Surrealismus in Paris, 1919-1939 (2d. ed., 1990), translated a collection of Rimbaud's poetry (2d. ed., 1991), and, most recently, written Poesie und Imagination .
An earlier version of this article was presented at the conference "War, Violence, and the Structure of Modernity" at New York University (1-3 October 1993). I would like to thank Fiona Greenwood for reading the English version of my text; thanks also to Michael J. Sosulski for translating several quotations.
1. "He who loves lightning must not fear the strike."
2. "In the long run, only the deployment of power and discipline will impress the common man."
3. "Barbarossa" was the code name for the 1941 plan to invade the Soviet Union.
4. Tom Wintringham, introduction to Ferdinand Otto Miksche, Blitzkrieg (London: Faber and Faber, 1941).
5. Die deutsche Kriegsstärke, a contemporaneous book by Fritz Sternberg, a friend of Bertolt Brecht and a member of the SAP (Socialist Workers' Party), is distinguished by a more political and economic orientation.
6. Wintringham, introduction to Miksche, Blitzkrieg, 7.
7. The original reads: "Konzert der Waffen" (Heinz Guderian, Achtung Panzer [Berlin, 1937], 6). See also Heinz Guderian, Panzer--Marsch! 2 vols. (Munich: Schild, 1957).
In his 1991 Die Entstehung der Blitzkrieg-Konzeption in der deutschen Wehrmacht (The emergence of the blitzkrieg conception in the German Wehrmacht), the German military historian Uwe Bitzel analyzes in detail the complementary economic factors as another driving force of Blitzkrieg strategy. He describes both the direct and indirect interests of competing German monopoly groups and their international relations to blitzkrieg. It is well known that many of the large United States companies--for instance DuPont, Esso, Ford, General Electric, General Motors, IBM, and ITT--participated from the very beginning in the Nazi rearmament, continuing even during the war.
8. Bertolt Brecht, 9 April 1941, Arbeitsjournal, vol. 1, ed. Werner Hecht (Frankfurt: Verlag Frankfurt am Main, 1973), 257.
9. Fritz Sternberg, Die deutsche Kriegsstärke. Wie lange kann Hitler Krieg führen? (Paris: Editions Sebastian Brant, 1939). The English translation is Germany and A Lightning War, trans. Edward Fitzgerald (London: Faber and Faber, 1939.)
10. Although Korsch's phrase has been quoted several times by Müller, I have been unable to locate the letter in the Brecht Archives in Berlin.
11. Heiner Müller, "Nachricht aus Moskau," preface to Curzio Malaparte, Die Wolga entspringt in Europa (Köln, 1989). This is a German translation of Il Volga nasce in Europe.
12. Karl Korsch to Bertolt Brecht, 12 March 1942, Brecht-Korsch-Korrespondenz, Bertolt Brecht Archive, Akademie der Künste, Berlin, Sign. Z 34/42, 50-51.
13. Oberstleutnant a. D. Braun, "Der strategische Überfall," Militär-Wochenblatt 18 (spring 1938): 1135.
14. The originals read: "Wir wissen heute ganz genau, daß der Blitzkrieg des Polen- und Westfeldzuges für den Osten nur noch eine bedingte Gültigkeit hat" and "Der totale Krieg ist also das Gebot der Stunde!" (Joseph Goebbels, Goebbels-Reden, vol. 2 [Dusseldorf: Droste Verlag, 1972], 184).
15. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 230. The original reads: "Car le totalitarisme est affaire d'Etat: il concerne essentiellement le rapport de l'Etat comme agencement localisé avec la machine abstraite de surcodage, qu'il effectue. . . . Le totalitarisme est conservateur par excellence. Tandis que, dans le fascisme, il s'agit bien d'une machine de guerre. Et quand le fascisme se construit un Etat totalitaire, ce n'est plus au sens où une armée d'Etat prend le pouvoir, mais au contraire au sens où une machine de guerre s'empare de l'Etat." (Deleuze and Guattari, Mille plateaux, vol. 2 of Capitalisme et schizophrénie [Paris: Editions de minuit, 1980], 281)
16. Curzio Malaparte, Der Staatsstreich (Leipzig: E. P. Tal, 1932), 125. The English translation is Coup D'Etat: The Technique of Revolution, trans. Sylvia Saunders (New York: Dutton and Co., 1932).
17. Alice Yaeger Kaplan, Reproductions of Banality: Fascism, Literature, and French Intellectual Life (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986), 32.
18. See Emilio Gentile, "Fascism as Political Religion," Journal of Contemporary History 25 : 229-51.
19. See Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, "I Redentori della Vittoria. Über Fiumes Ort in der Genealogie des Faschismus," working paper, 1993.
20. The original reads: "disciplinare le energie esuberanti" ( La Patria del Popolo, 2 November 1922; quoted in Renzo de Felice, D'Annunzio Politico, 1918-1938 [Rome: Laterza, 1978], 182).
21. Gabriele D'Annunzio, La penultima ventura, in Opere di Gabriele D'Annunzio, vol. 43 (Verona, 1932), 135.
22. Georges Sorel, Reflections on Violence, trans. T. E. Hulme (1915; New York: Peter Smith, 1941), 251. The original reads: "Pourquoi les actes de violence peuvent-ils, dans certains pays, se grouper autour du tableau de la grève générale et produire ainsi une idéologie socialiste, riche en sublime, et ne semblent-ils pas le pouvoir dans d'autres?" (Georges Sorel, Réflexions sur la violence [1906; Paris: M. Rivière et cie, 1946], 329)
23. The originals read: "Denn bei Stinnes und bei Lenin ist alles aufgebaut auf Massen, ist alles kollektivistisch, gibt es keine persönliche Kultur mehr. Auch das ist gewißrichtig, daß bei Stinnes wie bei Lenin letztlich das ganze System auf Gehorsam aufgebaut ist, ohne den es nie und nirgends organisierte Massen gibt" and "Es kann wohl auch von den schärfsten Individualisten nicht mehr bestritten werden, daß wir einer Epoche des Massenmenschen entgegengehen" (Eugen Ortner, Gott Stinnes: Ein Pamphlet gegen den vollkommenen Menschen [Hanover: Paul Steegemann, 1922], 19, 23).
24. The Stinnes-Legien reflected an agreement between the entrepreneurs and the labor unions to manage the postwar crisis. The trade unions agreed to cooperate with the industrial management and to refrain from striking. In some sense, the treaty contributed to political and economic reinforcement of industrial and financial monopolies after their "defeat" in World War I. The treaty can be seen as a symptom of a new form of class cooperation in the German labor movement; it was covered widely by the press, and depicted as a sign of constructive cooperation in the name of the wealth of the nation, in the name of the "community of interests" ( Interessengemeinschaft ) proclaimed by the treaty.
25. The original reads: "Aus dem Erlebniskomplex eines Hugo Stinnes in den eines Gabriele D'Annunzio führt kein Weg.  Ein Mensch, der auch nur einigermaßen D'Annunzio ähnlich ist, wird in fünzig Jahren in Europa nicht mehr möglich sein.  Von ihm scheiden wir mit der heiteren Wehmut, die der letzte Totalitätsmensch einer sterbenden, großen Kultur von uns beanspruchen darf.
26. Bill Readings, "Sublime Politics: The End of the Party Line," Modern Language Quarterly (December 1992): 409, 411. Readings refers his readers to The Critique of Judgement, trans. James Meredith (Oxford: Clarendon, 1978), 91, 106.
27. Terry Eagleton, The Ideology of the Aesthetic (Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell, 1990), 212-13.
28. Ibid., 212.
29. Joshua Halberstam, "From Kant to Auschwitz," Social Theory and Practice 14 (spring 1988): 54.
30. Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction," in Illuminations: Essays and Reflections, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schocken Books, 1968), 241.
31. Quoted in Charles Messenger, The Art of Blitzkrieg (London: Ian Allen, 1976), 80.
32. See for example Carl Schmitt, Die Wendung zum diskriminierenden Kriegsbegriff, 2 vols. (1938; Berlin: Duncker and Humblot, 1988).
33. Panorama, ARD, 15 July 1993.
34.  Und wenn es jetzt eines beweises in Deutschland braucht, daß hier seit November ein Krieg stattgefunden hat, ein deutscher Blitzkrieg, dann ist das der Umgang der Sieger und ihrer bezahlten Vollstrecker mit der Kultur dieses Landes" ( Neues Deutschland, 3 September 1994, 1).
35. The German word durchpeitschen (to rush through, to give somebody a flogging) connotes the semantics of blitzkrieg.
36. Gunter Gräss, "The Business Blitzkrieg," Guardian (London), 20-21 October 1990, weekend edition, 6.
37. Müller, "Nachricht aus Moskau."
38. Marshall McLuhan, "Marshall McLuhan: A Candid Conversation with the High Priest of Popcult and Metaphysician of Media," Playboy (March 1969): 74.


Goodness is one of the few businesses in London that strive to make plant-based food accessible to all people. In these early stages of brand development, Goodness has focused its efforts on creating milk alternatives, made by hand and delivered to your door.
We began by crafting the goodness mindset, asking what it means to bring goodness into every aspect of life, and how it can be used to build a sense of community. We then developed our visual approach, using bright colors, a fluid monogram, and floral symbolism to connect the products to its community.
Project Details
In partnership with Doyin Sogbesan.


Fuzzy Searching
Super Search includes fuzzy searching, which basically means that searches can be set to ignore plurals, match up similar words, and suggest other words based on spelling in search terms. There are settings in the Preferences tab of the Super Search control panel to enable/disable these behaviors. There is a Lexicon utility in the control panel that needs to be built/run for the first time, and then after that, it will maintain itself without interaction. Fuzzy search terms can be weighted by a multiplier to drop them lower down the search results.
You can also indicate how close a fuzzy spelling or plural test needs to be to be considered valid using the fuzzy_distance parameter. The lesser the distance, the closer the match is to the given word. For example, detrt has a distance of 2 to detroit.
It is important to note that all of the below features require the search Lexicon to learn and become smarter over time. In other words, if you have entries that contain the word cotton, the first time a user searches on coton (misspelled), they will not see results for cotton. The next time someone searches for coton, however, will then see results for cotton. This is because the first misspelling of the word needs to be added to the Lexicon database, and can then be referenced in future searches.
Plurals
This will attempt to find plural or singluar versions of the passed terms. Ex: coat = coats, trowsers = trowser. Currently English language specific. Enabled via the preference in the Super Search control panel.
Phonetics
This will attempt to find phonetically similar terms within the search lexicon. Ex: Nolton = Noulton, Caren = Caron = Carren = Charon. Currently English language specific. Enabled via the preference in the Super Search control panel.
Spelling
This will attempt to correct any terms in the search keywords which don't exist within the site. It will attempt to find the most similar and most common term, found via tuned fitness function based on the term specific site content. Suggestions are internally cached and will only be generated once per new invalid term. Be aware the fitness function is quite intensive initally when it needs to build up it's suggestions for the first time. After overhead in usage reduces drastically. Ex: peices might include results for pieces, kite might include results for kind. Enabled via the preference in the Super Search control panel.


When adding remote clients, in addition to the hostname you also need to know the name of it's Bacula file daemon, and the daemon's password. These are set in the /etc/bacula/bacula-fd.conf file on the client system.
If shown, the TLS options on the client page determine if encryption is used when this director communicates with the client. Before TLS can be enabled, you must generate an SSL certificate and key, and enter their paths into the appropriate fields on this form.


| 704 | (A) | Thus Endide cursede kayphas and his clerkes ałłe |
| 707 | (C) | Thus ended cursed Cayphas . & his clerkes twelue |
| 699 | (D) | ¶ Thus endyd Cayphas and his clerkis twelue |
| 681 | (E) | ¶ Thus endyd cayphas & his clerkys twelue |
| (Ex) | ---- no text ---- | |
| 721 | (L) | þus ended coursed cayphas & his clerkes alle |
| 660 | (P) | þus endes cursed cayphas and his clerkes . xij . |
| 689 | (U) | And thus endetħ Caiphas / and his clerkes twelue |
| (V) | ---- no text ---- |


Yemeni government back in Aden under deal with separatists
ADEN, Yemen — Yemen’s internationally recognized government has returned to the country for the first time since it was forced out by southern separatists during infighting last summer.
by Canadian PressADEN, Yemen — Yemen’s internationally recognized government has returned to the country for the first time since it was forced out by southern separatists during infighting last summer.
Prime Minister Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed landed on Monday in the southern port city of Aden, fulfilling a key point in the power-sharing deal signed in Saudi Arabia that ended months of infighting.
The government had been slated to return last Tuesday but officials said the separatists were stalling and refusing to handover the key headquarters building and the presidential palace.
In August, the ousted secessionists, backed by the United Arab Emirates, ousted President Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi’s forces, setting off violence between the two side.
The government and the separatists are nominal partners in the Saudi-led coalition’s war against Iran-allied Houthi rebels.
The Associated Press


Today's beer confuses me, because I don't even remember where it came from. All I know is it's been in my fridge since before Christmas, given it's a Christmas Ale, and I was putting it off because I've had it before and I didn't like it. Anything called a "Fresh Hop Ale" is probably bad news for me, and Sierra Nevada's Fresh Hop Ale is no different.
| Yes, that's a log cabin covered in snow. From Sierra Nevada. In California |
Prep/Cooking:
Celebration pours a rich caramel color, which is somewhat uncommon for hoppy beers. Pale Ales can get down into this color range, but the hoopier they come, the lighter they tend to be, and they usually lack the deeper, richer caramel tones. The batter, however, didn't seem to hold that color quite as well, and came out looking like pretty normal batter
| Reppin' the BPGBoy Glass for color comparison |
The batter itself was just as hoppy
and disgustingas the beer. Maybe even moreso, as the yeastyness of the beer was emphasized by the batter, making this disgusting combination of bitter hoppy yeastness. 0/10. Do not recommend.
Results:
| Look at that beautiful setup! |
Given how low my expectation for these pancakes were, I was actually somewhat surprised. They were much more palatable in flapjack form than in beer form. Something about the cooking process really smoothed out the hops as well as the yeasty weirdness that it had in batter form. After adding syrup, I actually almost enjoyed them, as the sweetness drove out any lingering bitterness from Celebration. Did I just say I enjoyed a hoppy beer?
| Like a godsend |
The Ternary Scale:
Pancakes: 1 - Definitely don't go out of your way, but if you have it, you're probably better off making pancakes.
Syrup: 1 - If I could give this more than a 1 I would. Syrup made them almost enjoyable.
If you don't hate most hoppy things like I do, this would probably be a good bet. Anybody else have some lingering winter beers around? Bring them over for Beercake Sundays!


My trip turned a corner - I turned right at the Loire river. This took me to Nantes, home of the steampunk elephant.
Saint-Michel-Chef-Chef Chefs
To round out Saint-Michel-Chef-Chef, I went to the biscuit factory. No tours, it being
Saturday, but I did get a “café gourmande” (which is a coffee with a flight of tiny
deserts) at their cafe/shop.
I then walked to the coast, and had a fantastic meal at Les petits chefs (the little chefs). I guess this was my second encounter with a chef of St. Michel Chef Chef. After that, there was a folkloric community dance that started at 9, and ran past midnight. I stayed for 30 minutes, then it was my bedtime!
Turning the Corner
At St. Brevin, I turned right, and started following Eurovelo 6. Only 3653 km to Constantsa, Romania. What am I waiting for?
L'Éléphant!
Nantes is, of course, home to a steampunk elephant. He lives on the island of machines, where other steampunk creations live. It's all very The Wild Wild West.
Other stuff in Nantes
Nantes is a pretty big city. I went to an art exposition of images of migrant camps in Europe and Lebannon, and I saw the Jules Verne museum. Jules Verne is from Nnantes. I also visited Les Jardins des Plantes (the garden of plants? I guess you'd say The Botanial Garden in English). It's really impressive!
Tomorrow, on to Angers!


Facebook and Instagram are getting new fundraising tools
by Shereesa MoodleyFacebook is launching new ways for users to donate money and host fundraisers across its apps as the festive season approaches.
The company on Thursday revealed a new Fundraiser Sticker for Facebook Stories and a Donate Button for Instagram Business profiles.
“In just a few taps, you can add a fundraiser sticker to your story to promote a specific nonprofit or personal fundraiser,” Facebook said in a newsroom update.
The Donate Button on Instagram, meanwhile, is exclusively for nonprofit organisations with Business accounts.
“We know every dollar counts, so 100% of what’s raised through nonprofit donate buttons and fundraisers on Facebook and Instagram goes directly to the organizations,” the company also said.
Additionally, Facebook is also expanding its charity live streaming tool to all Facebook Gaming Level Up users after testing the feature in the United States last year.
“During a live stream, gaming creators can now select causes for viewers to support, set donation goals, add a donation progress bar and share donation alerts within a live stream video,” the company explained.
The new features are currently rolling out on both Instagram and Facebook.
Feature image: Facebook


Тhe Global Sea Level Is Rising Faster than Expected
Climate change can cause much faster and higher levels of ocean, a study of the previous warming period (125,000 years ago) showed, BTA reported, quoted by NOVA.
The water then rose 10 meters above current levels to 3 meters per century, according to scientists at the Australian National University. This scenario would be a disaster for hundreds of millions of people.
As the periods of cooling and warming the Earth alternate, scientists have examined data from the previous inter-glacial period 125,000 years ago. At that time, average temperatures were about a degree higher than present, but climate change over the past 200 years has been faster due to industrial greenhouse gas emissions.
Therefore, the study of this interglacial period "shows only the lower bound of the estimates of what may happen," the study authors wrote. According to a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change from September last year, ocean levels will rise by about 43 cm by the end of the century if temperatures rise by 2 degrees Celsius and by 84 cm at 3 degrees Celsius, if these trends continue.


ShiLin Long
Software Engineer
graduated from CSUFT with honours degree in Computer Science, and is a software engineer in 90Kmile. Love to learn
about trending technologies, and randomly work on his own projects. In his free time he enjoys movies, traveling,
and running.


|
intprim_framework_ros
|
#include <device_interface.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| virtual | ~DeviceInterface ()=0 |
| virtual const DeviceState & | get_state ()=0 |
A DeviceInterface is a polymorphic interface and represents a single device. This can correspond to a sensor, e.g., camera, accelerometer, or any other input source. This class is a purely abstract interface and must be inherited from in order to create new devices.
|
inlinepure virtual |
Pure virtual destructor. Prevents direct instantiation of this class.
|
pure virtual |
Returns the most current state from this device.
Implemented in LBR4Interface, UR5Interface, and RobotInterface.


I can also be a chat and email support!
Gergimar John Alinsangao
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>+639381514536
North Cotabato, Philippines
I'm a web developer specializing in Django Python Framework and ReactJS.
I have worked as a software engineer for just six months in a web development agency in Davao City. Due to financial needs, I applied as a Technical Support Representative and is still working in the same company up to this date as a Chat Support Representative.
Regardless of that career shift, I still continue to harness my knowledge and skills as a web developer.
Using the top-rated software tools and latest technologies, I offer building of custom web applications from scratch.
I offer process analysis and build automated applications that will save you time and cost.
I offer tutorials to students or individuals who want to learn web development.
I offer chat and email support as well whether technical or customer service.


Symbol Index for "Species Relation"
Symbol Index for diagram
"Species Relation"
Category (Class)
Classification Element (Class)
genus (Association)
Ordered Species Relation (Class)
species (Association)
Species Relation (Class)
SR/Ordering (Generalization Node)
Unordered Species Relation (Class)


This Election Voting is Different!
Consider Voting Your Ballot At Home
Every voter will receive a ballot through the mail.
By voting at home, you will avoid crowd (and COVID-19 safety precautions). Return your ballot via secure
drop box, by mail(no postage required), or at one of the Orange County Vote Centers.
Please remember to mail your ballot on or before November 3, 2020 at 8pm. Other options include depositing
your ballot into one of our secure ballot drop boxes on or before November 3, 2020 at 8 p.m., or return it
in-person at any Orange County Vote Center.
Election Day lasts 5 days!
Vote at any Orange County Vote Center(with COVID-19 safety precautions) between Oct.30 and Nov. 3, 2020.
Cast your ballot at any location, stop by on the weekend, and even register to vote.
Orange County Vote Centers
In-person voting begins October 30th and will be open through November 3, 2020.
Vote Centers provide full voting services, all while allowing you to vote at any location.
ALISO VIEJO
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Aliso Viejo Branch Library: 1 Journey, Corner of Pacific Park Dr
Iglesia Park Community Center: 24671 Via Iglesia, Off Moulton Pkwy
Soka University of America, Founders Hall: 1 University Cir, Off Wood Canyon Dr (Park in Lot A)
ANAHEIM
Anaheim Elementary School District: 1001 S East St, Btwn Vermont Ave & Ball Rd
Anaheim Independencia Family Resource Center: 10841 Garza Ave, Off Gilbert St & Katella Ave
Anaheim Union High School District Office: 501 N Crescent Way, Off Lincoln Ave, W of Euclid St
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Brookhurst Community Center: 2271 W Crescent Ave Btwn Brookhurst St & Gilbert
St
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Canyon Hills Branch Library: 400 S Scout Trl Off Nohl Ranch Rd
Downtown Anaheim Youth Center: 225 S Philadelphia St, Enter on Center St, E of Anaheim Blvd
East Anaheim Community Center: 8201 E Santa Ana Canyon Rd W of Weir Canyon Rd
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Haskett Branch Library: 2650 W Broadway Btwn Magnolia Ave & Dale Ave
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Honda Center: 2695 E Katella Ave, Btwn 57 Fwy & Main St
Islamic Institute of Orange County: 1220 N State College Blvd, Btwn 91 Fwy & La Palma Ave
Ponderosa Family Resource Center: 320 E Orangewood Ave, Btwn Haster St & Lewis St
Savanna School District: 1330 S Knott Ave, Btwn Ball Rd & Cerritos Ave
St. Anthony Mary Claret Catholic Church: 1450 E La Palma Ave, Btwn State College Blvd & East St
Sunkist Branch Library: 901 S Sunkist St, Btwn Wagner Ave & South St
West Anaheim Youth Center: 320 S Beach Blvd, Btwn Lincoln Ave & Orange Ave
West Coast Islamic Society: 1717 S Brookhurst St, Btwn Katella Ave & Cerritos Ave
Zion Lutheran Church: 222 N East St, Btwn Lincoln Ave & Sycamore St
BREA
Brea Civic and Cultural Center: 1 Civic Center Cir, Off E Birch St
Brea Senior Center: 500 Sievers Ave, Off Elm St, W of Brea Blvd
BUENA PARK
Boisseranc Park: 7520 Dale St, Btwn La Palma Ave & 91 Fwy
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Buena Park Community Center: 6688 Beach Blvd, Behind City Hall, On Pinchot
Ct
Walter Knott Education Center: 7300 La Palma Ave, Btwn Knott Ave & Western Ave
Messiah Lutheran Church: 6625 Dale St, Btwn Whitaker St & Auto Center Dr
COSTA MESA
Balearic Community Center: 1975 Balearic Dr, Off Shantar Dr, N of Adams Ave
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Costa Mesa City Hall: 77 Fair Dr, Btwn Newport Blvd & Vanguard Way
Costa Mesa Downtown Recreation Center: 1860 Anaheim Ave, Btwn W 18th St & W 19th St
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Costa Mesa Senior Center: 695 W 19th St, Corner of Pomona Ave
John Wayne Airport - Administration Office: 3160 Airway Ave, Off Red Hill Ave & Paularino Ave
Sofia University: 3333 Harbor Blvd, Enter off Law Court
CYPRESS
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Cypress College, Theater Arts: 9200 Valley View St, Enter at Valley View St
(Park in Lot 1)
Cypress Community Center: 5700 Orange Ave, Btwn Valley View St & Walker St
Cypress Senior Center: 9031 Grindlay St, Off Lincoln Ave
DANA POINT
Dana Point Branch Library: 33841 Niguel Rd, Btwn PCH & Stonehill Dr
Dana Point Community Center: 34052 Del Obispo St, Btwn PCH & Stonehill Dr
FOUNTAIN VALLEY
Freedom Hall at Mile Square Park: 16801 Euclid St, Enter on Ward & Edinger (Park in Lot E)
Orange County Water District: 18700 Ward St, Off Ellis Ave
The Center at Founders Village: 17967 Bushard St, Corner of Talbert Ave
FULLERTON
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: CSUF Titan Student Union: 800 N State College Blvd, Enter off Dorothy Ln
(Parking Structure)
Fullerton Joint Union High School District: 1051 W Bastanchury Rd, Btwn Euclid & Parks Rd
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Fullerton Public Library: 353 W Commonwealth Ave Off Library Ln, Enter on
Amerige Ave
Gilbert Community Center: 2120 W Orangethorpe Ave, Btwn Gilbert St & Brookhurst Rd
Hillcrest Community Center: 1155 N Lemon St, At Valley View Dr, N of Berkeley Ave
Independence Park: 801 W Valencia Dr, Btwn Euclid St & S Richman Ave
Public Works Maintenance Yard: 1580 W Commonwealth Ave, Corner of Basque Ave
St. Andrew's Episcopal Church: 1231 E Chapman Ave, Btwn Victoria Dr & Raymond Ave
GARDEN GROVE
Assistance League of Garden Grove: 10932 Trask Ave, Btwn Euclid St & Taft Ave
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Chapman-Hettinga Education Center 11852 Knott St, Btwn Chapman Ave &
Orangewood Ave
Courtyard Center: 12732 Main St, Btwn Euclid St & Acacia Pkwy
CTS Cement Manufacturing Corporation: 12442 Knott St, Btwn Lampson Ave & Chapman Ave
Edgar Park Meeting Room: 6202 Cerulean Ave, Off Topaz St, S of Lampson Ave
Garden Grove Sports and Rec Center 13641 Deodara Dr: Off Westminster Blvd, E of Magnolia St
West Haven Park: 12252 West St, Btwn Lampson & Chapman Ave
Our Redeemer Church: 12301 Magnolia St, Btwn Chapman Ave & Lampson Ave
HUNTINGTON BEACH
City Gym and Pool: 1600 Palm Ave, Btwn 17th St & 14th St
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Edison Community Center: 21377 Magnolia St, Btwn Hamilton Ave & Atlanta Ave
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Huntington Beach Central Library: 7111 Talbert Ave, Btwn Goldenwest St &
Gothard St
Huntington Beach City School District: 8750 Dorsett Dr, Off Miramar Ln & Atlanta Ave
Huntington Beach Civic Center: 2000 Main St, Btwn Yorktown & Utica Ave
Main Street Branch Library: 525 Main St, Corner of 6th St
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Michael E. Rodgers Senior Center: 1706 Orange Ave, Btwn 17th St & 18th St
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Murdy Community Center: 7000 Norma Dr, Off Goldenwest St
Resurrection Lutheran Church: 9812 Hamilton Ave, Btwn Bushard St & Brookhurst St
Surf City Church: 2721 Delaware St @ 17th Street
Ocean View District Office, Bldg E-PDC: 17200 Pinehurst Lane, Bldg E, Btwn Slater Ave & Warner Ave,
East of Springdale
IRVINE
Christ Our Redeemer A.M.E. Church: 45 Tesla, Btwn Irvine Center Dr & Lake Forest Dr
CSUF Irvine Center: 3 Banting, Btwn Barranca Pkwy & Alton Pkwy
Deerfield Community Center: 55 Deerwood W, Off Irvine Ctr Dr
Evangelical Formosan Church of Irvine: 17422 Armstrong Ave, Btwn McGaw Ave & Reynolds Ave
Harvard Community Center: 14701 Harvard Ave, Btwn Walnut & Irvine Ctr Dr
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Irvine Civic Center: 1 Civic Center Plaza, Corner of Harvard Ave & Alton Pkwy
Irvine Valley College - Gym: 5500 Irvine Center Dr, Enter Irvine Center Dr (Park in Lot 9)
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Las Lomas Community Center: 10 Federation Way, Off Turtle Ridge Dr
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Los Olivos Community Center: 101 Alfonso Dr, Off Bake Pkwy
Northwood Community Center: 4531 Bryan Ave, Btwn Yale & Culver Dr
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Quail Hill Community Center: 39 Shady Canyon Dr, Off Quail Hill Pkwy
South Coast Chinese Cultural Center: 9 Truman St, Btwn 5 Fwy & Trabuco Rd
UCI Student Center: 311 W Peltason Dr, Off Pereira Dr (Student Center Parking)
University Hills Community Center 1083 California Ave S of Anteater Dr
LA HABRA
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: La Habra City School District: 500 N Walnut St, Btwn La Habra Blvd & Whittier Blvd
La Habra Community Center: 101 W La Habra Blvd Corner of Euclid St
La Habra United Methodist Church: 631 N Euclid St, Btwn Whittier Blvd & La Habra Blvd
LA PALMA
La Palma Community Center: 7821 Walker St, Btwn La Palma Ave & Orangethorpe Ave
LADERA RANCH
The Guest House: 11 Brioso St, Rancho Mission Viejo, Enter off Antonio Pkwy, Sendero Way
LAGUNA BEACH
Laguna Beach Community Center & Susi Q Center: 380 3rd St, Btwn Forest Ave & Park Ave (Park in Lot 13)
Lang Park: 21540 Wesley Dr Off Coast Hwy, N of Country Club Dr
LAGUNA HILLS
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Laguna Hills Community Center: 25555 Alicia Pkwy, Corner of Paseo De Valencia
Sway Ballroom Dance Studio: 25260 La Paz Rd Btwn Cabot Rd & Paseo De Valencia
LAGUNA NIGUEL
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Laguna Niguel City Hall: 30111 Crown Valley Pkwy Corner of Alicia Pkwy
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Sea Country Senior and Community Center: 24602 Aliso Creek Rd, Corner of Moulton Pkwy
Mission Lutheran Church: 24360 Yosemite Rd, Off La Paz Rd
LAGUNA WOODS
Laguna Woods City Hall: 24264 El Toro Rd, Btwn Moulton Pkwy & Avenida Sevilla
LAKE FOREST
El Toro Branch Library: 24672 Raymond Way, Off El Toro Rd
Foothill Ranch Library: 27002 Cabriole, Corner of Rue De Fortuna & Bake Pkwy
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Lake Forest Civic Center: 100 Civic Center Dr Btwn Bake Pkwy & Lake Forest Dr
Lake Forest Sports Park 28000 Rancho Pkwy Enter on Vista Ter, Off Lake Forest Dr
LOS ALAMITOS
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Los Alamitos Unified School District: 10293 Bloomfield St, Btwn Ball Rd & Cerritos Ave
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Rush Park: 3021 Blume Dr, Btwn Montecito Rd & Foster Rd
MIDWAY CITY
Midway City Community Center: 14900 Park Ln, Off Washington Ave, E of Newland St
MISSION VIEJO
Mission Viejo Church of Christ: 26558 Marguerite Pkwy, Corner of Felipe Rd
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Mission Viejo City Hall: 200 Civic Center, Corner of Marguerite Pkwy & La Paz Rd
Orange County Islamic Foundation (OCIF): 23581 Madero, N of Alicia Pkwy, E of Jeronimo Rd
Saddleback College - PE 200 Gymnasium: 28000 Marguerite Pkwy, Enter at Avery Pkwy (Park in Lot 4)
Shepherd of the Hills: 26001 Muirlands Blvd, Off La Paz Rd
NEWPORT BEACH
Coastline College: 1515 Monrovia Ave, Btwn W 16th St & W 15th St
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Marina Park Community Center: 1600 W Balboa Blvd, Btwn 15th St & 18th St
Newport Beach Civic Center: 100 Civic Center Dr, Btwn MacArthur Blvd & Avocado Ave
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Newport Coast Community Center: 6401 San Joaquin Hills Rd, Corner of Newport Coast Dr
OASIS Senior Center (Corona Del Mar): 801 Narcissus Ave, Corner of Marguerite Ave & 5th Ave
ORANGE
Chapman University - Argyros Forum: 386 N Center St, Enter on Walnut (Park at Lastinger Structure)
El Modena Branch Library: 380 S Hewes St, Btwn Chapman & Fairhaven
Orange Public Library: 407 E Chapman Ave, Btwn Glassell & Tustin
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Orange Unified School District Office: 1401 N Handy St, Enter on Katella Ave (back lot)
Santiago Canyon College - Gym: 8045 E Chapman Ave, Enter off Chapman Ave (Park in Lot 2)
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Sports Center at Grijalva Park: 368 N Prospect St, Btwn Chapman Ave & Walnut Ave
Steve Ambriz Memorial Park: 611 Riverbend Pkwy, Off Lincoln Ave & Glassell St
Taft Avenue Community Church: 1350 E Taft Ave, Btwn Tustin Ave & Cambridge St
PLACENTIA
Backs Community Building: 201 N Bradford Ave, Off Chapman Ave, E of Placentia Ave
Tynes Gym: 2101 Tuffree Blvd, Off Bastanchury Rd, W of Kraemer Blvd
Yorba Linda Water District: 1717 E Miraloma Ave, Btwn Richfield Rd & Van Buren St
RANCHO SANTA MARGARITA
Rancho Santa Margarita Branch Library: 30902 La Promesa, Corner of Richard Reese Way
Shepherd of the Hills: 30605 Avenida de Las Flores, Btwn Santa Margarita & Banderas
Laguna Beach Volleyball Club: 30282 Esperanza @ Ave Empresa, near Antonio Pkwy
SAN CLEMENTE
Dorothy Visser Senior Center: 117 Avenida Victoria, Off S El Camino Real (lot on Ave Rosa)
San Clemente Community Center: 100 N Calle Seville, Corner of Avenida Del Mar
The Volare Resort: 111 Avenida De La Estrella, Off Avenida Presidio & El Camino Real
SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO
La Sala Auditorium: 31495 El Camino Real, N of Ortega Hwy, E of Camino Capistrano
Reata Park & Event Center: 28632 Ortega Hwy, Enter at Reata Rd
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: San Juan Capistrano Community Center: 25925 Camino Del Avion, Btwn Del Obispo St & Alipaz St
SANTA ANA
Albert D. Salgado Community Center: 706 N Newhope St, Btwn Hazard Ave & 5th St
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Delhi Center: 505 E Central Ave, Off Halladay St & Warner Ave
Discovery Cube: 2500 N Main St, Btwn Mainplace Dr & 5 Fwy
El Salvador Community Center: 1825 W Civic Center Dr, Off Raitt St
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Orange County First Assembly Of God: 1440 E Santa Clara Ave, E of Grand Ave
Orange County Registrar of Voters: 1300 S Grand Ave, Bldg C, Corner of McFadden Ave
Roosevelt-Walker Community Center: 816 E Chestnut Ave, Corner of Standard Ave
Santa Ana College - Gymnasium: 1530 W 17th St, Enter off 17th St (Park in Lot 1)
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Sikh Center of Orange County: 2514 W Warner Ave, Enter on Greenville St
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Southwest Senior Center: 2201 W McFadden Ave, Btwn Fairview St & Raitt St
Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa Ministerio Hispano: 3000 W Macarthur Blvd, Btwn Harbor Blvd & Fairview St
SEAL BEACH
City of Seal Beach Fire Station 48: 3131 N Gate Rd, Off Seal Beach Blvd, S of 405 Fwy
Seal Beach Senior Center: 707 Electric Ave, Btwn Main St & Marina Dr
SILVERADO
Saddleback Gateway-Library of the Canyons: 7531 E Santiago Canyon Rd, S of Silverado Canyon Rd
STANTON
Stanton Community Center at City Hall: 7800 Katella Ave, Btwn Western Ave & Beach Blvd
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Stanton Central Park: 10660 Western Ave, Btwn Cerritos Ave & Katella Ave
TRABUCO
Trabuco Canyon Water District: 32003 Dove Canyon Dr, Off Plano Trabuco
TUSTIN
Clifton C. Miller Community Center: 300 Centennial Way, Corner of Main St
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Columbus Tustin Activity Center: 17522 Beneta Way, Btwn Prospect Ave & Holt Ave
Community Center at The Market Place: 2961 El Camino Real, Btwn Jamboree Rd & Myford Rd
Tustin Family & Youth Center: 4722 Newport Ave, Corner of Sycamore Ave
Aldersgate United Methodist Church: 1201 Irvine Blvd, Btwn Newport Ave & Red Hill Ave
WESTMINSTER
Miriam Warne Community Building: 14491 Beach Blvd, Corner of Hazard Ave
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Westminster Branch Library: 8180 13th St, Off Beach Blvd
Westminster Christian Assembly: 14642 Bushard St, Btwn Bolsa Ave & Hazard Ave
Westminster Community Services Building: 8200 Westminster Blvd, Enter off Jackson St, E of Beach Blvd
YORBA LINDA
Church of Grace: 22653 Old Canal Rd, Off Yorba Linda Blvd & Savi Ranch Pkwy
Drive-thru Ballot Drop-off: Danish Lutheran Church & Cultural Center: 16881 Bastanchury Rd, Btwn Rose Dr & Prospect Ave
Thomas Lasorda Jr Field House: 4701 Casa Loma Ave, Btwn Imperial Hwy & Yorba Linda Blvd
Valtek Precision, Inc. (Warehouse): 23211 La Palma Ave, S of Via Lomas De Yorba W
Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church: 6550 Fairmont Blvd, Fairmont Connector & Esperanza Rd


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| Path: | README |
| Last Update: | Fri Jun 06 11:05:04 +0200 2008 |
This Rails plugin provides a simple way to translate your URLs to any number of languages.
It‘s designed to be extremely and easy to use and customize. As it works after routing processing, it plays nice with all kind of routing definitions, including RESTful and named routes. It also takes care of your current routing helpers by translating them transparently.
Just check it out on your app‘s /vendor/plugins and see the examples below.
Let‘s start with a tiny example. Of course you need to define your routes first, e.g:
ActionController::Routing::Routes.draw do |map| map.connect 'contact', :controller => 'contact', :action => 'index' end
After that, on the same routes.rb file, you can translate the generated route by doing:
ActionController::Routing::Translator.translate do |t| t['es'] = { 'contact' => 'contacto' } end
This will give you the next routes (check it out by doing ‘rake routes’):
/es/contacto {:lang=>"es", :controller=>"contact", :action=>"index"} /contact {:lang=>"en", :controller=>"contact", :action=>"index"}
As you can see:
(*) You can customize this behaviour, see "Configuration" below.
Let‘s add some routes and translations to our example:
ActionController::Routing::Routes.draw do |map| map.connect 'contact', :controller => 'contact', :action => 'index' map.home '', :controller => 'main', :action => 'index' map.resources :people end ActionController::Routing::Translator.translate do |t| t['es'] = { 'contact' => 'contacto', 'people' => 'gente', 'new' => 'crear', 'edit' =>'editar' } t['fr'] = { 'people' => 'personne', 'new' => 'neuf' } end
Again, you can use rake routes to see the generated URLs. I‘ll only talk about some of them:
We didn‘t give any french translation for contact, so the french associated URLs use the untranslated text:
/fr/contact {:lang=>"fr", :controller=>"contact", :action=>"index"} /es/contacto {:lang=>"es", :controller=>"contact", :action=>"index"} /contact {:lang=>"en", :controller=>"contact", :action=>"index"}
The named routes have generated not only translated URLs but also a helper for each language:
home_fr /fr {:lang=>"fr", :controller=>"main", :action=>"index"} home_es /es {:lang=>"es", :controller=>"main", :action=>"index"} home_en / {:lang=>"en", :controller=>"main", :action=>"index"}
This means that you can use home_es_path and home_es_url on your controllers and views.
No home named route is shown on the list so it looks like you can‘t use a simple home_path helper, but relax: you have a home_path helper available for your controllers and views. It looks for the current lang value and redirects to the appropiate helper. This means that if you‘re rendering the contact/index view when visiting /es/contacto, the home_path helper will call to home_es_path and return its result. The same applies to home_url, obviously.
We can see that resource controllers and actions are translated as well:
new_person_fr GET /fr/personne/neuf {:lang=>"fr", :controller=>"people", :action=>"new"} new_person_es GET /es/gente/crear {:lang=>"es", :controller=>"people", :action=>"new"} new_person GET /people/new {:lang=>"en", :controller=>"people", :action=>"new"}
Finally, we can get rid of that verbose translation hashes by using yaml files. Create a file inside your /config directory, called routes_es.yml and fill it with your desired translations, e.g:
# /config/routes_es.yml person: persona
and replace all the
ActionController::Routing::Translator.translate do ... end
stuff on routes.rb with this simple line:
ActionController::Routing::Translator.translate_from_files
You can customize some features by adding some lines before your translation code:
ActionController::Routing::Translator.lang_param_key = :foo
This key should have the same name that the instance variable which keeps the language code on your controllers and views.
ActionController::Routing::Translator.default_lang = 'es'
Of course, you can also translate your default language. If, as I do, all your controllers and actions have english names, you can have an english version on your site for free by doing:
ActionController::Routing::Translator.default_lang = 'es' ActionController::Routing::Translator.translate do |t| t['en'] = {} t['es'] = { # spanish translation here } end
or adding the equivalent /config/routes_es.yml and an empty /config/routes_en.yml
ActionController::Routing::Translator.prefix_on_default_lang = true
WARNING! this way you‘ll disable your root -empty- route: if english is your default language, your empty route will be translated to /en so you must manually take care of it.
Feedback and comments will be always welcome at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Copyright (c) 2007 Raul Murciano [raul.murciano.net] Domestika INTERNET S.L. [domestika.org], released under the MIT license (see MIT-LICENSE)