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W.P.No.301/2002 IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT MADRAS DATED: 31.07.2019 CORAM: THE HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE S.MANIKUMAR and THE HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE SUBRAMONIUM PRASAD W.P.No.301 of 2002 & W.P.M.P.No.442 of 2002 Sakuthala Vedachalam .. Petitioner Vs. 1. State of Tamil Nadu rep by Secretary to Government Home Department Fort St.George, Chennai-9 2. The Inspector of Police (Law and Order) Chunampet, Chengalpattu District. .. Respondents Prayer: Petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India seeking a Writ of Mandamus directing the respondents to strictly comply with the directions of the Hon'ble High Court and Supreme Court in Criminal Appeal No.732 of 2000 as laid down for controlling loud speakers, cone type speakers, sound menance and to fully prevent sound menance in any form at Chunampet Village and to take appropriate action http://www.judis.nic.in 1/90 W.P.No.301/2002 against the persons who are creating sound menance by imposing total ban on the use of the sound menance/ devices. For Petitioner : Mr.S.D.Sudarsanam For Respondents : Mr.E.Manoharan, AGP ----- ORDER
(Order of the Court was made by S.MANIKUMAR, J.) Instant writ petition is filed praying for a direction to the the respondents to strictly comply with the directions of the High Court and Hon'ble Supreme Court in Criminal Appeal No.732 of 2000 as laid down for controlling loud speakers, cone type speakers, sound menance and to fully prevent sound menance in any form at Chunampet Village and to take appropriate action against the persons who are creating sound menance by imposing total ban on the use of the sound menance/ devices.
2. Learned counsel for petitioner submitted that poojas are conducted in Sri Vishnu Temple at Chunampet every year on account of Vaikunda Ekathesi and vedic chanting are being arranged without the loud speakers in the Temple where lot of visitors come to offer their prayers. http://www.judis.nic.in 2/90 W.P.No.301/2002 The usage of loud speakers and other sound menance affects them and it will cause hardship to them. Due to festival season various religions are extensively operating sound amplifiers horn even at 3 A.M, due to which people are unable to have peaceful time during morning and evening. The use of loud speakers at places of worship, public meetings, road side are causing serious hardship to public.
3. Learned counsel for the petitioner submitted that even after giving various representations, the respondents are not taking any steps to prevent the usage of loud speakers in Chunampet village. Hence the present writ petition.
4. Heard Mr.S.L.Sudarsanam, learned counsel for the petitioner and Mr.E.Manoharan, learned Additional Government Pleader, appearing for the respondents.
5. Learned Additional Government pleader submitted that this Court and Hon'ble Supreme Court have already passed various orders with regard to noise pollution.
http://www.judis.nic.in 3/90 W.P.No.301/2002 In Church of God (Full Gospel) in India vs. K.K.R. Majestic Colony Welfare Association and Others, reported in (2000) 7 SCC 282, the Hon'ble Supreme Court, on noise pollution, observed and ordered thus:
“ 2. The questions involved in this appeal are that in a country having multiple religions and numerous communities or sects, whether a particular community or sect of that community can claim right to add to noise pollution on the ground of religion. Whether beating of drums or reciting of prayers by use of microphones and loudspeakers so as to disturb the peace or tranquillity of the neighbourhood should be permitted. Undisputedly, no religion prescribes that prayers should be performed by disturbing the peace of others nor does it preach that they should be through voice amplifiers or beating of drums. In our view, in a civilized society in the name of religion, activities which disturb old or infirm persons, students or children having their sleep in the early hours or during daytime or other persons carrying on other activities cannot be permitted. It should not be forgotten that young babies in the neighbourhood are also entitled to enjoy their natural right of sleeping in a peaceful atmosphere. A student preparing for his examination is entitled to concentrate on his studies without their being any unnecessary disturbance by the neighbours.
http://www.judis.nic.in 4/90 W.P.No.301/2002 Similarly, the old and the infirm are entitled to enjoy reasonable quietness during their leisure hours without there being any nuisance of noise pollution. Aged, sick, people afflicted with psychic disturbances as well as children up to 6 years of age are considered to be very sensible (sic sensitive) to noise. Their rights are also required to be honoured.
3. Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, rules for noise-pollution level are framed which prescribe permissible limits of noise in residential, commercial, industrial areas or silence zone. The question is — whether the appellant can be permitted to violate the said provisions and add to the noise pollution. In our view, to claim such a right itself would be unjustifiable. In these days, the problem of noise pollution has become more serious with the increasing trend towards industrialisation, urbanization and modernisation and is having many evil effects including danger to health. It may cause interruption of sleep, affect communication, loss of efficiency, hearing loss or deafness, high blood pressure, depression, irritability, fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, allergy, distraction, mental stress and annoyance etc. This also affects animals alike. The extent of damage depends upon the duration and the intensity of noise. Sometimes it leads to serious law http://www.judis.nic.in 5/90 W.P.No.301/2002 and order problem. Further, in an organized society, rights are related with duties towards others including neighbours.
Contentions of the Appellant are as follows:
7. Mr G. Krishnan, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant contended that the High Court has failed to note that the two survey reports of the Pollution Control Board clearly attributed the noise pollution in the area in question to the vehicular traffic and not to any of the activities of the appellant Church and, therefore, direction issued in respect of controlling the noise ought not to have been extended in respect of the appellant Church; that the High Court has overlooked that the right to profess and practise Christianity is protected under Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution of India which cannot be dislodged by directing the authorities to have a check on the appellant Church; and that the judgment relied upon by the High Court in Appa Rao case [(1995) 1 LW 319 (Mad)] did not empower the authorities to interfere with the religious practices of any community.
9. Thereafter, the High Court laid down certain guidelines for the Pollution Control Board for grant of permission to use loudspeakers and to maintain noise level in West Bengal.
http://www.judis.nic.in 6/90 W.P.No.301/2002 Answer of the Hon'ble Supreme Court from paragraphs 10 to 14 are as hereunder:
“....
10. In our view, the contentions raised by the learned counsel for the appellant deserve to be rejected because the direction given by the learned Judge to the authorities is only to follow the guidelines laid down in Appa Rao case [(1995) 1 LW 319 (Mad)] decided by the Division Bench of the same High Court on the basis of the Madras City Police Act, 1888 and the Madras Town Nuisances Act, 1889. It is also in conformity with the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 framed by the Central Government under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 read with Rule 5 of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986. Rule 3 of the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 provides for ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas/zones as specified in the Schedule annexed to the Rule which is as under:
“Ambient Air Quality Standards in Respect of Noise
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Area code Category of Limits in dB(A) Leq
--------------------------
area/zone Daytime Night-time
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Industrial area 75 70 (B) Commercial area 65 55 (C) Residential area 55 45http://www.judis.nic.in 7/90 W.P.No.301/2002 (D) Silence zone 50 40 Note.—(1) Daytime shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m. (2) Night-time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to6.00 a.m. (3) Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are zones which are declared as such by the competent authority.
(4) Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority.”
11. Other relevant Rules for controlling noise pollution are:
“4. Responsibility as to enforcement of noise pollution control measures.—(1) The noise levels in any area/zone shall not exceed the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise as specified in the Schedule.
(2) The authority shall be responsible for the enforcement of noise pollution control measures and the due compliance of the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise.
5. Restrictions on the use of loudspeakers/public address system.— http://www.judis.nic.in 8/90 W.P.No.301/2002 (1) A loudspeaker or a public address system shall not be used except after obtaining written permission from the authority.
(2) A loudspeaker or a public address system shall not be used at night (between 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m. except) in closed premises for communication within, e.g. auditoria, conference rooms, community halls and banquet halls.
6. Consequences of any violation in silence zone/area.—Whoever, in any place covered under the silence zone/area commits any of the following offences, he shall be liable for penalty under the provisions of the Act—
(i) whoever, plays any music or uses any sound amplifiers,
(ii) whoever, beats a drum or tom-tom or blows a horn either musical or pressure, or trumpet or beats or sounds any instrument, or
(iii) whoever, exhibits any mimetic, musical or other performances of a nature to attract crowds.
7. Complaints to be made to the authority.— (1) A person may, if the noise level exceeds the ambient noise standards by 10 dB(A) or more given in the corresponding columns against any area/zone, make a complaint to the authority.
(2) The authority shall act on the complaint and take action against the violator in accordance with the http://www.judis.nic.in 9/90 W.P.No.301/2002 provisions of these rules and any other law in force.
8. Power to prohibit etc. continuance of music sound or noise.—(1) If the authority is satisfied from the report of an officer in charge of a police station or other information received by him that it is necessary to do so in order to prevent annoyance, disturbance, discomfort or injury or risk of annoyance, disturbance, discomfort or injury to the public or to any person who dwell or occupy property in the vicinity, he may, by a written order issue such directions as he may consider necessary to any person for preventing, prohibiting, controlling or regulating—
(a) the incidence or continuance in or upon any premises of—
(i) any vocal or instrumental music,
(ii) sounds caused by playing, beating, clashing, blowing or use in any manner whatsoever of any instrument including loudspeakers, public address systems, appliance or apparatus or contrivance which is capable of producing or reproducing sound, or
(b) the carrying on in or upon, any premises of any trade, avocation or operation or process resulting in or attended with noise.
(2) The authority empowered under sub-rule (1) may, either on its own motion, or on the application of any person aggrieved by an order made under sub- rule (1), either rescind, modify or alter any such http://www.judis.nic.in 10/90 W.P.No.301/2002 order:
Provided that before any such application is disposed of, the said authority shall afford to the applicant an opportunity of appearing before it either in person or by a person representing him and showing cause against the order and shall, if it rejects any such application either wholly or in part, record its reasons for such rejection.”
12. The aforesaid Rules are unambiguous, clear and speak for themselves. Considering the same, it cannot be said that the directions issued by the High Court are in any manner illegal or erroneous.
13. In the present case, the contention with regard to the rights under Article 25 or Article 26 of the Constitution which are subject to “public order, morality and health” are not required to be dealt with in detail mainly because as stated earlier no religion prescribes or preaches that prayers are required to be performed through voice amplifiers or by beating of drums. In any case, if there is such practice, it should not adversely affect the rights of others including that of being not disturbed in their activities. We would only refer to some observations made by the Constitution Bench of this Court qua rights under Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution in Acharya Maharajshri Narendra Prasadji Anandprasadji Maharaj v. State of Gujarat [(1975) 1 SCC 11] . After http://www.judis.nic.in 11/90 W.P.No.301/2002 considering the various contentions, the Court observed that: (SCC p. 20, para 30) “No rights in an organized society can be absolute. Enjoyment of one's rights must be consistent with the enjoyment of rights also by others. Where in a free play of social forces it is not possible to bring about a voluntary harmony, the State has to step in to set right the imbalance between competing interests… .” The Court also observed that: (SCC p. 20, para
31) “A particular fundamental right cannot exist in isolation in a watertight compartment. One fundamental right of a person may have to coexist in harmony with the exercise of another fundamental right by others and also with reasonable and valid exercise of power by the State in the light of the Directive Principles in the interests of social welfare as a whole.”
14. Further, it is to be stated that because of urbanization or industrialisation the noise pollution may in some area of a city/town might be exceeding permissible limits prescribed under the Rules, but that would not be a ground for permitting others to increase the same by beating of drums or by use of voice amplifiers, loudspeakers or by such other musical instruments and, therefore, rules prescribing http://www.judis.nic.in 12/90 W.P.No.301/2002 reasonable restrictions including the Rules for the use of loudspeakers and voice amplifiers framed under the Madras Town Nuisances Act, 1889 and also the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 are required to be enforced. We would mention that even though the Rules are unambiguous, there is lack of awareness among the citizens as well as the implementation authorities about the Rules or its duty to implement the same. Noise-polluting activities are rampant and yet for one reason or the other, the aforesaid Rules or the Rules framed under the various State Police Acts are not enforced. Hence, the High Court has rightly directed implementation of the same.”
(ii) In Criminal Appeal No.1836 of 2010, the Hon'ble Supreme Court has held thus:
The appellants are all residents of Senthil Nagar situated at Avadi, Chennai. They moved the High Court of Madras in a petition under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (“the CrPC”) with the grievance that respondent No. 4 was using loud speakers for broadcasting religious sermons in violation of the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (“the Act”) and the Rules made under it.
Before filing the petition, the appellants claimed to have moved the Police Commissioner. Annexure P-2 is the copy of the complaint.
http://www.judis.nic.in 13/90 W.P.No.301/2002 The High Court by its judgment dated 5 November 2007, dismissed the writ petition though with a direction to respondent No. 4 to use the loud speaker to an extent that the volume does not cause disturbance to the neighbours.
Aggrieved by the judgment of the High Court, proceedings were instituted before this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution of India and leave was granted on 17 September 2010.
The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 (“the Rules”) have been notified by the Union Government under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The Rules specify ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas/zones (Rule 3); cast responsibility for enforcement of noise pollution control measures (Rule 4); impose restrictions on the use of loud speakers and public address systems (Rule 5); and provide for consequences of violation (Rule 6). Provision has also been made for complaints to be made to the ‘authority’ as defined under Rule 2(6) of the Rules. The authority is also authorised to issue prohibitory orders.
Having regard to the statutory framework which is in place, the order passed by the High Court is vague, besides having failed to notice the governing legal regime. The object and purpose of the Rules has been dealt with in several decisions of this Court and we may advert to the judgment in United Bank of India, Calcutta vs. Abhijit Tea Pvt. Ltd. & Ors.1. There are subsequent decisions of this http://www.judis.nic.in 14/90 W.P.No.301/2002 Court in Noise Pollution (V), in Re.2 and Farhd K. Wadia vs. Union of India & Ors. 3. Control over noise pollution is an incident of Article 21 so as to secure the fundamental right of every person to be protected against the health hazards caused as a consequence of noise pollution. All authorities are duty bound to enforce the provisions of the Rules and to act in accordance with the law laid down by this Court. We order accordingly.
The judgment of the High Court is, accordingly unsustaintable and is set aside.
In consequence, we permit the appellants to move the authority, in the event that there is any grievance in regard to the breach of the Rules. If any such grievance is made, the authority shall attend to it immediately and take necessary and effective steps in accordance with law.
By the interim order of this Court dated 19 September 2010, respondent No. 4 was restrained from using the loud speaker at the time of prayers. We direct that respondent No. 4 shall ensure that the activities which are carried on, do not result in any violation of the above Rules.
The appeal is, accordingly, disposed of.” In Farhd K. Wadia vs Union of India and Others, (2009) 2 SCC 442, the Hon'ble Supreme Court has held as follows:
16. The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) http://www.judis.nic.in 15/90 W.P.No.301/2002 Rules, 2000 (for short “the Rules”) have been framed by the Central Government in exercise of its power conferred by clause (ii) of sub-section (2) of Section 3, sub-section (1) and clause (b) of sub-section (2) of Section 6 and Section 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 read with Rule 5 of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986. “Area/Zone” has been defined to mean all areas which fall in either of the four categories given in the Schedule annexed to the Rules.
17. “Educational institution” and “hospital” have been defined in Rules 2(e) and 2(f) of the Rules in the following terms:
“2. (e) ‘educational institution’ means a school, seminary, college, university, professional academies, training institutes or other educational establishment, not necessarily a chartered institution and includes not only buildings, but also all grounds necessary for the accomplishment of the full scope of educational instruction, including those things essential to mental, moral and physical development;
(f) ‘hospital’ means an institution for the reception and care of sick, wounded, infirm or aged persons, and includes government or private hospitals, nursing homes and clinics;”
18. Sub-rule (5) of Rule 3 of the Rules reads as under:
“3. (5) An area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions and courts may http://www.judis.nic.in 16/90 W.P.No.301/2002 be declared as silence area/zone for the purpose of these rules.”
19. Rule 5 of the Rules reads as under:
“5. Restrictions on the use of loudspeakers/public address system.— (1) A loudspeaker or a public address system shall not be used except after obtaining written permission from the authority.
(2) A loudspeaker or a public address system shall not be used at night (between 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.) except in closed premises for communication within, e.g. auditoria, conference rooms, community halls and banquet halls.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (2), the State Government may, subject to such terms and conditions as are necessary to reduce noise pollution, permit use of loudspeakers or public address systems during night hours (between 10.00 p.m. to 12.00 midnight) on or during any cultural or religious festive occasion of a limited duration not exceeding fifteen days in all during a calendar year.”
20. Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for silence zone have been prescribed in the Schedule. Note 3 appended thereto, however, reads as under:
“3. Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority.”
21. Contention that the State Government has not http://www.judis.nic.in 17/90 W.P.No.301/2002 declared the said zone as a silence zone, in our opinion, is besides the point. The High Court, while passing its interim order dated 25-9-2003, did not state that silence zone was required to be declared, but passed the order of restraint in respect of silence zone, as “defined and discussed in the Rules”. The parties thereto and particularly the State of Maharashtra understood the said order in that light.
22. Interference by the court in respect of noise pollution is premised on the basis that a citizen has certain rights being “necessity of silence”, “necessity of sleep”, “process during sleep” and “rest”, which are biological necessities and essential for health. Silence is considered to be golden. It is considered to be one of the human rights as noise is injurious to human health which is required to be preserved at any cost. (See Noise Pollution, Laws & Remedies by Justice Bhagabati Prosad Banerjee.)
23. The Calcutta High Court in several judgments and in particular in Om Birangana Religious Society v. State [(1996) 100 CWN 617] issued various directions, some of them being:
“(a) There will be complete ban on the use of horn type loudspeakers within city residential areas and also prohibition on the use of playback of pre-recorded music, etc. through such horn type loudspeakers unless used with sound limiter.
(b) In cultural functions which are live functions, use of such pre-recorded music should not be used http://www.judis.nic.in 18/90 W.P.No.301/2002 excepting for the purpose of announcement and/or actual performance and placement of speaker boxes should be restricted within the area of performance facing the audience. No sound generating device should be placed outside the main area of performance.
(c) Cultural programmes in open air may be held excepting at least before three days of holding Board/Council Examinations to till examinations are completed in residential areas or areas where educational institutions are situated.
(d) The distance of holding such functions from the silence zones should be 100 metres and insofar as schools, colleges, universities, courts are concerned, they will be treated as silence zones till the end of the office hours and/or the teaching hours. Hospitals and some renowned and important nursing homes will be treated as silence zones round the clock.” (See Noise Pollution, Laws & Remedies by Justice Bhagabati Prosad Banerjee, pp. 327-28.)
24. This Court has also taken suo motu cognizance as regards noise pollution. It passed various orders from time to time in Noise Pollution (I), In re [(2005) 5 SCC 727] , Noise Pollution (II), In re [(2005) 5 SCC 728] , Noise Pollution (III), In re [(2005) 5 SCC 730] and Noise Pollution (IV), In re [(2005) 5 SCC 731] . A detailed judgment was rendered by a Division Bench of this Court in the said writ petition, which has since been reported in Noise Pollution (V), In re [(2005) 5 SCC 733] . Several guidelines had been http://www.judis.nic.in 19/90 W.P.No.301/2002 issued therein by this Court in exercise of its jurisdiction under Articles 141 and 142 of the Constitution of India. Therein, the decision of the Calcutta High Court in Om Birangana Religious Society v. State [(1996) 100 CWN 617] has been taken note of. As regards loudspeakers and amplifiers, it was directed: [Noise Pollution (V) case [(2005) 5 SCC 733] , SCC p. 781, para 171] “171. Loudspeakers and amplifiers or other equipment or gadgets which produce offending noise once detected as violating the law, should be liable to be seized and confiscated by making provision in the law in that behalf.”
25. The matter again came up before this Court and an order passed therein has been reported in Noise Pollution (VII), In re [(2005) 8 SCC 796] . The validity of the statutory rules framed by the Central Government and in particular Rule 5 amended by Notification bearing No. SO 1088 (E) dated 11-10-2002 was taken note of. The decision rendered by this Court in Noise Pollution (V), In re [(2005) 5 SCC 733] was clarified. This Court noticed that the constitutional validity of sub-rule (3) of Rule 5 of the Rules had been upheld by the Kerala High Court by an order dated 14-3-2003 whereagainst an appeal was filed. The hearing of the civil appeal was, therefore, directed to be reopened. An interim order was passed that until further orders, Rule 5 of the Rules, as reproduced therein, would continue to remain in operation. The said appeal was thereafter taken up for hearing by a Bench of this http://www.judis.nic.in 20/90 W.P.No.301/2002 Court. It was disposed of on 28-10-2005 [(2005) 8 SCC 796] . This Court held that the Rules framed by the Central Government were not unreasonable, stating: [Noise Pollution (VII) case [(2005) 8 SCC 796] , SCC pp. 800-01, para 8] “8. … The power to grant exemption is conferred on the State Government. It cannot be further delegated. The power shall be exercised by reference to the State as a unit and not by reference to districts, so as to specify different dates for different districts. It can be reasonably expected that the State Government would exercise the power with due care and caution and in the public interest. However, we make it clear that the scope of the exemption cannot be widened either by increasing the number of days or by increasing the duration beyond two hours. If that is attempted to be done, then the said sub- rule (3) conferring power to grant exemption may be liable to be struck down as violative of Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution. We also make it clear that the State Government should generally specify in advance, the number and particulars of the days on which such exemption will be operative. Such specification would exclude arbitrariness in the exercise of power. The exemption, when granted, shall not apply to silence zone areas. This is only as a clarification as, this even otherwise is the position of law.” (emphasis supplied)
26. The State Government is bound also by the http://www.judis.nic.in 21/90 W.P.No.301/2002 order of this Court besides the order passed by the High Court. If any order of relaxation and/or modification is required to be passed, it is only to be passed by this Court and the Bombay High Court in the aforementioned two writ petitions. A separate writ petition, in our opinion, thus, was not maintainable.
In Noise Pollution (V) In Re with Civil Appeal No.3735 of 2005 with Forum, Prevention of Environmental & Sound Pollution vs. Union of India and Another reported in 2005 (5) SCC 733, the Hon'ble Supreme Court, held thus:----
“ 12. The present cases provide an opportunity for examining several questions, such as what is noise? What are its adverse effects? Whether noise pollution runs in conflict with the fundamental rights of the people? And what relief can be allowed by way of directions issued in public interest? I. Noise — What is it?
13. The word noise is derived from the Latin term “nausea”. It has been defined as “unwanted sound, a potential hazard to health and communication dumped into the environment with regard to the adverse effect it may have on unwilling ears.” [ P.S. Jaswal and Nistha Jaswal — Environmental Law, Second Edn., 2003, p.
327.]
14. Noise is defined as unwanted sound. Sound which pleases the listeners is music and that which http://www.judis.nic.in 22/90 W.P.No.301/2002 causes pain and annoyance is noise. At times, what is music for some can be noise for others [ Parivesh Newsletter: Central Pollution Control Board, December 1996.] Section 2(a) of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, includes noise in the definition of “air pollutant”.
“2. (a) ‘air pollutant’ means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance including noise present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment;” According to Encyclopaedia Britannica : “In acoustics noise is defined as any undesired sound.” [ Vol. 16, 1968, p. 558.] According to Chambers 20th Century Dictionary [ 1987 Edn.] , noise means — Sound especially of loud, harsh or confused kind; a sound of any kind; an over loud or disturbing sound; frequent or public talk. In Chambers 21st Century Dictionary, the definition of noise has undergone a change. Noise pollution stands carved out as a phrase separately from noise. The two are defined as under:
“Noise — a sound; a harsh disagreeable sound, or such sound; a din. Pollution — an excessive or annoying degree of noise in a particular area e.g. from traffic or aeroplane engines.” “Pollution” is a noun derived from the verb “pollute”. Section 2(c) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 http://www.judis.nic.in 23/90 W.P.No.301/2002 defines “environmental pollution” to mean the presence in the environment of any environmental pollutant. Section 2(b) of the said Act defines “environmental pollutant” to mean any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be, or tends to be injurious to environment. Thus, the disturbance produced in our environment by undesirable sound of various kinds is called “noise pollution”.
II. Noise as nuisance and health hazard
15. Noise is more than just a nuisance. It constitutes a real and present danger to people's health. Day and night, at home, at work, and at play, noise can produce serious physical and psychological stress. No one is immune to this stress. Though we seem to adjust to noise by ignoring it, the ear, in fact, never closes and the body still responds — sometimes with extreme tension, as to a strange sound in the night.
16. Noise is a type of atmospheric pollution. It is a shadowy public enemy whose growing menace has increased in the modern age of industrialisation and technological advancement. Although a soft rhythmic sound in the form of music and dance stimulates brain activities, removes boredom and fatigue, but its excessiveness may prove detrimental to living things. Research has proved that a loud noise during peak marketing hours creates tiredness, irritation and impairs brain activities so as to reduce thinking and http://www.judis.nic.in 24/90 W.P.No.301/2002 working abilities. Noise pollution was previously confined to a few special areas like the factory or the mill, but today it engulfs every nook and corner of the globe, reaching its peak in urban areas. Industries, automobiles, rail engines, aeroplanes, radios, loudspeakers, tape recorders, lottery ticket sellers, hawkers, pop singers, etc., are the main ear contaminators of the city area and its marketplace. The regular rattling of engines and intermittent blowing of horns emanating from the caravan of automobiles do not allow us to have any respite from irritant noise even in suburban zones [ Ranbir Singh, Noise Pollution: Environment and the Law, as printed in Indian Bar Review, Vol. 23 (3 & 4), 1996, p. 86.] .
17. In the modern day noise has become one of the major pollutants and it has serious effects on human health. Effects of noise depend upon the sound's pitch, its frequency and time pattern and length of exposure. Noise has both auditory and non-auditory effects depending upon the intensity and the duration of the noise level. [ P.S. Jaswal and Nistha Jaswal — Environmental Law, Second Edn., p. 331.] It affects sleep, hearing, communication, mental and physical health. It may even lead to madness in people.
18. However, noises, which are melodious, whether natural or man-made, cannot always be considered as factors leading to pollution.
19. Noise can disturb our work, rest, sleep, and http://www.judis.nic.in 25/90 W.P.No.301/2002 communication. It can damage our hearing and evoke other psychological, and possibly pathological reactions. However, because of the complexity, variability and the interaction of noise with other environmental factors, the adverse health effects of noise do not lend themselves to a straightforward analysis [ Parivesh Newsletter: Central Pollution Control Board, December 1996 at p. 4.] .
(i) Hearing Loss
20. “Deafness, like poverty, stunts and deadens its victims.” — says Helen Keller. Hearing loss can be either temporary or permanent. Noise-induced temporary threshold shift (NITTS) is a temporary loss of hearing acuity experienced after a relatively short exposure to excessive noise. Pre-exposure hearing is recovered fairly rapidly after cessation of the noise. Noise-induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS) is an irreversible loss of hearing that is caused by prolonged noise exposure. Both kinds of loss together with presbycusis, the permanent hearing impairment that is attributable to the natural aging process, can be experienced simultaneously [Ibid.] .
21. NIPTS occurs typically at high frequencies, usually with a maximum loss at around 4000 Hz [ N.B. — Hz is the abbreviation of Hertz which is the unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second. Hertz (Hz) is the name, by international agreement, for the number of repetitions of similar pressure variations per second http://www.judis.nic.in 26/90 W.P.No.301/2002 of time; this unit of frequency was previously called “cycles per second” (cps or c/s).] . It is now accepted that the risk of hearing loss is negligible at noise exposure levels of less than 75 dB(A) Leq (8-hr). Based on national judgments concerning acceptable risk, many countries have adopted industrial noise exposure limits of 85 dB(A) ±5 dB(A) in their regulations and recommended practices.
(ii) Interference with communication
22. The interference of noise with speech communication is a process in which one of two simultaneous sounds renders the other inaudible. An important aspect of communication interference in occupational situations is that the failure of workers to hear warning signals or shouts may lead to injury. In offices, schools and homes, speech interference is a major source of annoyance [Ibid.] .
(iii) Disturbance of sleep
23. Noise intrusion can cause difficulty in falling asleep and can awaken people who are asleep [Ibid.]
(iv) Annoyance
24. Noise annoyance may be defined as a feeling of displeasure evoked by noise. The annoyance-inducing capacity of a noise depends upon many of its physical characteristics and variations of these with time. However, annoyance reactions are sensitive to many non-acoustic factors of a social, psychological, or economic nature and there are considerable differences http://www.judis.nic.in 27/90 W.P.No.301/2002 in individual reactions to the same noise [Ibid.] .
(v) Effect on performance
25. Noise can change the state of alertness of an individual and may increase or decrease efficiency. Performance of tasks involving motor or monotonous activities is not always degraded by noise. At the other extreme, mental activities involving vigilance, information gathering and analytical processes appear to be particularly sensitive to noise [Ibid.] .
(vi) Physiological effects
26. It has been determined that noise has an explicit effect on the blood vessels, especially the smaller ones known as pre-capillaries. Overall, noise makes these blood vessels narrower. Noise causes the peripheral blood vessels in the toes, fingers, skin and abdominal organs to constrict, thereby decreasing the amount of blood normally supplied to these areas [Ibid.] .
27. Possible clinical manifestations of stress concomitant with noise are: (i) galvanic skin response,
(ii) increased activity related to ulcer formation, (iii) changes in intestinal motility, (iv) changes in skeletal muscle tension, (v) subjective response irritability perception of loudness, (vi) increased sugar, cholesterol and adrenaline, (vii) changes in heart rate, (viii) increased blood pressure, (ix) increased adrenal hormones, (x) vasoconstriction. Not only might there be harmful consequences to health during the state of alertness, but research also suggests that effects may http://www.judis.nic.in 28/90 W.P.No.301/2002 occur when the body is unaware or asleep [ Noise Effects Handbook: A Desk Reference to Health and Welfare Effects of Noise, by Office of the Scientific Assistant, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, US Environmental Protection Agency, October 1979, revised July 1981.]
28. Investigations have revealed that the blood vessels which feed the brain, dilate in the presence of noise. This is the reason why headaches result from listening to persistent high noise [ Parivesh Newsletter: Central Pollution Control Board, December 1996, at pp. 4-6] .
29. Field studies have also been conducted on various other groups such as people living near airports, and school children exposed to traffic noise, showing that there may be some risk for these people. In addition, laboratory studies on animals and humans have demonstrated a relationship between noise and high blood pressure. Other studies have shown that noise can induce heart attacks [Ibid., at fn 17a.] .
30. Prolonged chronic noise can also produce stomach ulcers as it may reduce the flow of gastric juice and change its acidity.
31.With what other stress effects can noise be associated? [Ibid.] Stress can be manifested in any number of ways, including headaches, irritability, insomnia, digestive disorders, and psychological disorders. Workers who are exposed to excessive noise frequently complain that noise just makes them tired.
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32. Quite a few field studies have been done on workers in Europe, examining the relationship between noise and illness. In these studies, noise has been related to the following: general morbidity (illness); neuropsychological disturbances — headaches, fatigue, insomnia, irritability, neuroticism; cardiovascular system disturbances — hypertension, hypotension, cardiac disease; digestive disorders — ulcers, colitis; endocrine and biochemical disorders.
(vii) Noise and the unborn
33. There is ample evidence that environment has a role in shaping the physique, behaviour and function of animals, including men, from conception and not merely from birth. The foetus is capable of perceiving sounds and responding to them by motor activity and cardiac rate change [ Lestre W. Sontang: The Fels Research Institute. (Quoted in Noise: A Health Problem, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, Washington, D.C., August 1978.)] .
(viii) Special effects on the unborn, children and human beings generally
34. The foetus is not fully protected from noise. Noise may threaten foetal development. Noise has been linked to low birth weights. Levels of noise which do not interfere with the perception of speech by adults may interfere significantly with the perception of speech by children as well as with the acquisition of speech, http://www.judis.nic.in 30/90 W.P.No.301/2002 language, and language-related skills. [ National Academy of Science Report — USA, quoted and referred to in Noise: A Health Problem, published by United States Environment Protection Agency (Office of Noise Abatement and Control, Washington D.C.), August 1978.] Because they are just learning, children have more difficulty in understanding language in the presence of noise than adults do. Reading ability also may be seriously impaired by noise. [ Noise: A Health Problem, published by United States Environment Protection Agency (Office of Noise Abatement and Control, Washington D.C.), August 1978.] Apart from children, noise pollution causes several adverse effects on human beings generally. Some of these are: (i) hearing loss, (ii) non-auditory physiological response such as stress, arousal response, cardiovascular effects, etc., (iii) communication interference, (iv) performance interference, and (v) sleep disturbance and so on. [ Noise Effects Handbook: A Desk Reference to Health and Welfare Effects of Noise, by Office of the Scientific Assistant, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, US Environmental Protection Agency, October 1979, revised July 1981.] III. Sources of noise pollution
35. Noise pollution like other pollutants is also a by-product of industrialisation, urbanisation and modern civilisation.
36. Broadly speaking, noise pollution has two http://www.judis.nic.in 31/90 W.P.No.301/2002 sources i.e. industrial and non-industrial. The industrial source includes the noise from various industries and big machines working at a very high speed and high noise intensity. Non-industrial source of noise includes the noise created by transport/vehicular traffic and the neighbourhood noise generated by various noise pollutants can also be divided into the categories, namely, natural and man-made. [ P.S. Jaswal and Nistha Jaswal: Noise Pollution & Its Control; Environmental Law, Pioneer Publications, Second Edn., 2003, p. 330.]
37. Most leading noise sources will fall into the following categories: road traffic, aircraft, railroads, construction, industry, noise in buildings, and consumer products. [ Dr. Alice H. Suter: Noise and its Effects: Administrative Conference of the United States]
(i) Road traffic noise
38. Noise from the motors and exhaust systems of large trucks provides the major portion of highway noise impact, and provides a potential noise hazard to the driver as well. In addition, noise from the interaction of tyres with the roadway is generated by trucks, buses, and private autos.
39. In the city, the main sources of traffic noise are the motors and exhaust systems of autos, smaller trucks, buses, and motorcycles. This type of noise can be augmented by narrow streets and tall buildings, which produce a “canyon” in which traffic noise reverberates.
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(ii) Aircraft noise
40. Nowadays, the problem of low-flying military aircraft has added a new dimension to community annoyance, as the nation seeks to improve its “nap-of- the-earth” warfare capabilities. In addition, the issue of aircraft operations over national parks, wilderness areas, and other areas previously unaffected by aircraft noise has claimed national attention over recent years.
(iii) Noise from railroads
41. The noise from locomotive engines, horns and whistles, and switching and shunting operations in rail yards can impact neighbouring communities and railroad workers. For example, rail car retarders can produce a high-frequency, high-level screech that can reach peak levels of 120 dB at a distance of 100 feet which translates to levels as high as 138 or 140 dB at the railroad worker's ear.
(iv) Construction noise
42. The noise from construction of highways, city streets, and buildings is a major contributor to the urban scene. Construction noise sources include pneumatic hammers, air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dumptrucks (and their back-up signals), and pavement breakers.
(v) Noise in industry
43. Although industrial noise is one of the less prevalent community noise problems, neighbours of noisy manufacturing plants can be disturbed by sources http://www.judis.nic.in 33/90 W.P.No.301/2002 such as fans, motors, and compressors mounted on the outside of buildings. Interior noise can also be transmitted to the community through open windows and doors, and even through building walls. These interior noise sources have a significant impact on industrial workers, among whom noise-induced hearing loss is unfortunately common.
(vi) Noise in buildings
44. Apartment dwellers are often annoyed by noise in their homes, especially when the building is not well designed and constructed. In this case, internal building noise from plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, and fans, can be audible and annoying. Improperly insulated walls and ceilings can reveal the sound of amplified music, voices, footfalls, and noisy activities from neighbouring units. External noise from emergency vehicles, traffic, refuse collection, and other city noises can be a problem for urban residents, especially when windows are open or insufficiently glazed.
(vii) Noise from consumer products
45. Certain household equipment, such as vacuum cleaners and some kitchen appliances have been and continue to be noisemakers, although their contribution to the daily noise dose is usually not very large.
IV. Noise pollution in the special context of fireworks
46. Fireworks are used all over the world to http://www.judis.nic.in 34/90 W.P.No.301/2002 celebrate special occasions. In India, fireworks are burst on festivals like Dussehra, Diwali and on special occasions like social gatherings, marriages, Independence day, Republic day, New year day, etc. In other countries of the world, fireworks are generally burst either on the New Year day or on the birthday of their respective countries. However, bursting of firecrackers is a health hazard since it is responsible for both air pollution and noise pollution [ Dr. S.P. Singhal: Noise Pollution and Control, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2000.] .
47. The use of fireworks has led to air pollution in the form of noise and smoke. Their excessive use has started to be a public hazard and violation of their fundamental rights as enshrined in the Constitution.
48. It has been held in the case of Om Birangana Religious Society v. State [(1996) 100 CWN 617] that the “Freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India includes, by necessary implication, freedom not to listen and/or to remain silent. A citizen has a right to leisure, right to sleep, right not to hear and right to remain silent. He also has the right to read and speak with others.” Because of the tremendous sound and noise, the citizens cannot exercise all these fundamental rights.
49. It has been seen that firecracker noise is an impulsive noise and is hazardous. Bursting of a http://www.judis.nic.in 35/90 W.P.No.301/2002 firecracker near the ear can lead sometimes to non- recoverable hearing loss.
50. Diwali is the most important festival of India. The bursting of firecrackers during this period is a widespread practice. The unpredictable, intermittent and impulsive noise produced by bursting of crackers all around, turns the festival of lights into a cacophony of noise. [ Ambient noise-level and Air-quality status in Delhi during Diwali Festival days 1999-2002, published by Central Pollution Control Board, October 2003.] People are unable to even sleep due to this excessive noise pollution. Several people are injured due to the noise produced by firecrackers every year.
51. Firecrackers not only increase the ambient noise level but also contribute significantly in increasing the air pollution by means of toxic gases and particles due to their blast wave resulting from a rapid release of energy.
52. In order to assess the situation of noise pollution caused by firecrackers at the time of Diwali the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has been conducting ambient noise level monitoring during Diwali festival regularly at various locations in Delhi since 1993, to find increased ambient noise level caused by intensive burning of crackers. As in the past, the noise and air-quality monitoring have been carried out in the years 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002. The noise monitoring locations have been selected to cover almost all areas http://www.judis.nic.in 36/90 W.P.No.301/2002 of Delhi [Ibid.] .
53. An analysis of the reports prepared in the years 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002 reveals that the ambient noise level on Diwali day exceeded the limit at almost all the places during these years. The noise level was higher during Diwali-2000 as compared to the values recorded during Diwali festival in the years 1999, 2001, and 2002 [Ibid.] .
54. The percentage of violation in Leq [ N.B. — Equivalent Continuous Sound Pressure Level, Leq is the level of that steady sound which over the same interval of time, contains the same total energy (or dose) as the fluctuating sound. Equivalent continuous sound-level has gained widespread acceptance as a scale for the measurement of long-term noise exposure.] noise level varied from 2 to 49% in the year 2002, 12 to 55% in the year 2001, 11 to 58% in the year 2000 and 22 to 47% in the year 1999 with respect to the daytime standards at all the areas [Ibid., as in fn 29.] .
55. The ambient noise level during the years 1999 to 2002 on Diwali festival, exceeded the limit at all places in every year and the percentage of violation varies from 2% to 58% [Ibid.] . Thus, the study does reveal that the noise levels that have been measured on all these occasions have been more than the prescribed norms. This is a point of worry as it has been discussed that noise pollution does tend to have adverse effects on a person. Thus immediate steps in this direction http://www.judis.nic.in 37/90 W.P.No.301/2002 need to be taken.
56. The problem of noise pollution due to firecrackers is not only limited to India. Similar problems are being experienced in other countries as well. In fact in the United Kingdom, in Nottingham the “Be Safe Not Sorry” campaign was launched after the post was inundated with letters from readers to the newspaper saying they were fed up with the noise, nuisance and the distress that fireworks cause. ......
VI Statutory Laws in India
93. It is not that the legislature and the executive in India are completely unmindful of the menace of noise pollution. Laws have been enacted and rules have been framed by the Executive for carrying only the purposes of the legislation. The real issue is with the implementation of the laws. What is needed is the will to implement the laws. It would be useful to have a brief resume of some of the laws which are already available on the statute-book. Treatment of the problem of noise pollution can be dealt with under the law of crimes and civil law. Civil law can be divided under two heads (i) the law of torts (ii) the general civil law. Cases regarding noise have not come before the law courts in large quantity. The reason behind this is that many people in India did not consider noise as a sort of pollution and they are not very much conscious about the evil consequences of noise pollution. The http://www.judis.nic.in 38/90 W.P.No.301/2002 level of noise pollution is relative and depends upon a person and a particular place. The law will not take care of a supersensitive person but the standard is of an average and rational human being in the society. Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
94. In order to curb the growing problem of noise pollution, the Government of India has enacted the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. Prior to the enactment of these rules noise pollution was not being dealt specifically by a particular Act.
“Whereas the increasing ambient noise levels in public places from various sources, inter alia, industrial activity, construction activity, generator sets, loudspeakers, public address systems, music systems, vehicular horns and other mechanical devices, have deleterious effects on human health and the psychological well-being of the people; it is considered necessary to regulate and control noise producing and generating sources with the objective of maintaining the ambient air quality standard in respect of noise;” [ Ministry of Environment and Forest Notification, New Delhi, 14 Feb., 2000.]
95. The main provisions of the Noise Rules are as under:
1. The State Government may categorise the areas into industrial, commercial, residential or silence areas/zones for the purpose of implementation of noise standards for different areas.
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2. The ambient air-quality standards in respect of noise for different areas/zones has been specified for in the Schedule annexed to the Rules.
3. The State Government shall take measures for abatement of noise including noise emanating from vehicular movements and ensure that the existing noise levels do not exceed the ambient air-quality standards specified under these rules.
4. An area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions and courts may be declared as silence area/zone for the purpose of these rules.
5. A loudspeaker or a public address system shall not be used except after obtaining written permission from the authority and the same shall not be used at night i.e. between 10.00 p.m. and 6.00 a.m.
6. A person found violating the provisions as to the maximum noise permissible in any particular area shall be liable to be punished for it as per the provisions of these rules and any other law in force. Penal Code, 1860
96. Noise pollution can be dealt with under Sections 268, 290 and 291 of the Penal Code, as a public nuisance. Under Section 268 of this Code, it is mentioned that:
“268. A person is guilty of a public nuisance who does any act or is guilty of an illegal omission, which causes any common injury, danger or annoyance to the http://www.judis.nic.in 40/90 W.P.No.301/2002 public or to the people in general who dwell or occupy property in the vicinity, or which must necessarily cause injury, obstruction, danger or annoyance to persons who may have occasion to use any public right. A common nuisance is not excused on the ground that it causes some convenience or advantage.”
97. Sections 290 and 291 of the Penal Code deal with the punishment for public nuisance. Criminal Procedure Code, 1973
98. Under Section 133 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 the Magistrate has the power to make conditional order requiring the person causing nuisance to remove such nuisance.
Factories Act, 1948
99. The Factories Act does not contain any specific provision for noise control. However, under the Third Schedule read with Sections 89 and 90 of the Act, “noise-induced hearing loss”, is mentioned as a notifiable disease [Ed.: In Item 22 of the Third Schedule.] . Under Section 89 of the Act, any medical practitioner who detects any notifiable disease, including noise-induced hearing loss, in a worker, has to report the case to the Chief Inspector of Factories, along with all other relevant information. Failure to do so is a punishable offence.
100. Similarly, under the Model Rules, limits for noise exposure for work zone area has been prescribed. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, and Rules framed thereunder http://www.judis.nic.in 41/90 W.P.No.301/2002
101. Rules 119 and 120 of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, deal with reduction of noise:
“119. Horns.—(1) On and after expiry of one year from the date of commencement of the Central Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Rules, 1999, every motor vehicle including a construction equipment vehicle and agricultural tractor manufactured shall be fitted with an electric horn or other devices conforming to the requirements of IS:1884-1992, specified by the Bureau of Indian Standards for use by the driver of the vehicle and capable of giving audible and sufficient warning of the approach or position of the vehicle:
Provided that on and from 1-1-2003, the horn installation requirements shall be as per AIS-014 specifications, as may be amended from time to time, till such time as corresponding Bureau of Indian Standards specifications are notified.
(2) No motor vehicle including agricultural tractor shall be fitted with any multitoned horn giving a succession of different notes or with any other sound- producing device giving an unduly harsh, shrill, loud or alarming noise.
***
120. Silencers.—(1) Every motor vehicle including agricultural tractor shall be fitted with a device (hereinafter referred to as a silencer) which by means of an expansion chamber or otherwise reduces as far as practicable, the noise that would otherwise be made by http://www.judis.nic.in 42/90 W.P.No.301/2002 the escape of exhaust gases from the engine.
(2) Noise standards.— Every motor vehicle shall be constructed and maintained so as to conform to noise standards specified in Part E of Schedule VI to the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, when tested as per IS:3028-1998, as amended from time to time.” Law of Tort
102. Quietness and freedom from noise are indispensable to the full and free enjoyment of a dwelling-house. No proprietor has an absolute right to create noises upon his own land, because any right which the law gives is qualified by the condition that it must not be exercised to the nuisance of his neighbours or of the public. Noise will create an actionable nuisance only if it materially interferes with the ordinary comfort of life, judged by ordinary, plain and simple notions, and having regard to the locality; the question being one of degree in each case. [ Ratanlal & Dhirajlal: The Law of Torts (24th Edn., Edited by Justice G.P. Singh), p. 589.] Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
103. Noise was included in the definition of air pollutant in Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act in 1987. Thus, the provisions of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, became applicable in respect of noise pollution, also.
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
104. Although there is no specific provision to http://www.judis.nic.in 43/90 W.P.No.301/2002 deal with noise pollution, the Act confers powers on the Government of India to take measures to deal with various types of pollution including noise pollution. Fireworks
105. The Explosives Act, 1884 regulates manufacture, possession, use, sale, transport, import and export of explosives. Firecrackers are governed by this Statute. Rule 87 of the Explosives Rule, 1983 prohibits manufacture of any explosive at any place, except in factory or premises licensed under the Rules.
106. In India there is no separate Act that regulates the manufacture, possession, use, sale, manufacture and transactions in firecrackers. All this is regulated by the Explosives Act, 1884. The noise that is produced by these fireworks is regulated by the Environmental Protection Act, 1986 and the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. VII. Judicial opinion in India
107. In Kirori Mal Bishambar Dayal v. State [AIR 1958 Punj 11 : 1958 Cri LJ 91] the accused-petitioner was convicted and sentenced under Section 290 of the Penal Code, 1860 and was fined Rs 50 for causing noise and emitting smoke and vibrations by operating heavy machinery in a residential area. The orders of the trial court were upheld by the District Magistrate in appeal. The High Court of Punjab and Haryana also upheld the decision of the courts below and dismissed the revision petition. In the case of Bhuban Ram v. Bibhuti Bhushan http://www.judis.nic.in 44/90 W.P.No.301/2002 Biswas [AIR 1919 Cal 539 : 19 Cri LJ 915] it was held that working of a paddy husking machine at night causes nuisance by noise and the occupier was held liable to be punished under Section 290 IPC. In Ivour Heyden v. State of A.P. [1984 Cri LJ (NOC) 16 (AP)] the High Court of Andhra Pradesh excused the act of playing radio loudly on the ground that it was a trivial act. Careful reading of Section 95 IPC shows that only that harm is excused which is not expected to be complained of by a person of ordinary temper and sense.
108. In Rabin Mukherjee v. State of W.B. [AIR 1985 Cal 222] the use of air horns was prohibited by the court to prevent noise pollution. The Court observed: (AIR pp. 223-24, para 3) “[I]t is found that the atmosphere and the environment is very much polluted from indiscriminating noise emitted from different quarters and on research it was found that persons who are staying near the Airport, are becoming victim of various ailments.  On such research it was also found that workers in various factories even become deaf and hard of hearing. It was further found on such research that as a result of this excessive noise pollution, people suffer from loss of appetite, depression, mental restlessness and insomnia. People also suffer from complain of excessive blood pressure and heart trouble. It is not necessary to go into the question about direct effect of such noise pollution http://www.judis.nic.in 45/90 W.P.No.301/2002 because of indiscriminate and illegal use of such electric and air horns as it is an admitted position that the same is injurious to health and amongst different causes of environmental pollution, sound pollution is one, which is a matter of grave concern.”
109. In the case of People United for Better Living in Calcutta v. State of W.B. [AIR 1993 Cal 215 : (1993) 1 CHN 135] the Calcutta High Court observed: (AIR p. 217, para 2) In a developing country there shall have to be developments, but that development shall have to be in closest possible harmony with the environment, as otherwise there would be development but no environment, which would result in total devastation, though, however, may not be felt in praesenti but at some future point of time, but then it would be too late in the day, however, to control and improve the environment. In fact, there should be a proper balance between the protection of environment and the development process. The society shall have to prosper, but not at the cost of the environment and in the similar vein, the environment shall have to be protected but not at the cost of the development of the society and as such a balance has to be found out and administrative actions ought to proceed accordingly.
110. In Burrabazar Fire Works Dealers Assn. v. Commr. of Police [AIR 1998 Cal 121] it has been held: (AIR pp. 121-22) http://www.judis.nic.in 46/90 W.P.No.301/2002 “Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India does not guarantee the fundamental right to carry on trade or business which creates pollution or which takes away that community's safety, health and peace. A citizen or people cannot be made a captive listener to hear the tremendous sounds caused by bursting out from a noisy fireworks. It may give pleasure to one or two persons who burst it but others have to be a captive listener whose fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) and other provisions of the Constitution are taken away, suspended and made meaningless. … under Article 19(1)(a), read with Article 21 of the Constitution of India, the citizens have a right of a decent environment and they have a right to live peacefully, right to sleep at night and to have a right to leisure which are all necessary ingredients of the right to life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution.” (Headnote)
111. In Appa Rao, M.S. v. Govt. of T.N. [(1995) 1 LW 319 (Mad)] the Madras High Court, taking note of the serious health hazard and disturbance to public order and tranquillity caused by the uncontrolled noise pollution prevailing in the State, issued a writ of mandamus for directing the State Government to impose strict conditions for issue of licence for the use of amplifiers and loudspeakers and for directing the Director- General, Police (Law and Order) to impose total ban on use of horn-type loudspeakers and amplifiers and air http://www.judis.nic.in 47/90 W.P.No.301/2002 horns of automobiles.
112. In P.A. Jacob v. Supdt. of Police [AIR 1993 Ker 1] it was said: (AIR p. 1) “The right to speech implies, the right to silence. It implies freedom, not to listen, and not to be forced to listen. The right comprehends freedom to be free from what one desires to be free from. Free speech is not to be treated as a promise to everyone with opinions and beliefs, to gather at any place and at any time and express their views in any manner. The right is subordinate to peace and order. A person can decline to read a publication, or switch off a radio or a television set. But, he cannot prevent the sound from a loudspeaker reaching him. He could be forced to hear what, he wishes not, to hear. That will be an invasion of his right to be let alone, to hear what he wants to hear, or not to hear, what he does not wish to hear. One may put his mind or hearing to his own uses, but not that of another. No one has a right to trespass on the mind or ear of another and commit auricular or visual aggression. A loudspeaker is a mechanical device, and it has no mind or thought process in it. Recognition of the right of speech or expression is recognition accorded to a human faculty. A right belongs to human personality, and not to a mechanical device. One may put his faculties to reasonable uses. But, he cannot put his machines to any use he likes. He cannot use his machines to injure others. Intervention with a machine, http://www.judis.nic.in 48/90 W.P.No.301/2002 is not intervention with, or invasion of a human faculty or right. No mechanical device can be upgraded to a human faculty. A computer or a robot cannot be conceded the rights under Article 19 (though they may be useful to man to express his faculties). No more, a loudspeaker. The use of a loudspeaker may be incidental to the exercise of the right. But, its use is not a matter of right, or part of the right.”
113. In Free Legal Aid Cell Shri Sugan Chand Aggarwal v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi [AIR 2001 Del 455 : (2001) 93 DLT 28 (DB)] it was said that: (AIR p. 462, para
24) “Pollution being wrongful contamination of the environment which causes material injury to the right of an individual, noise can well be regarded as a pollutant because it contaminates environment, causes nuisance and affects the health of a person and would, therefore, offend Article 21, if it exceeds a reasonable limit.”
114. The Supreme Court in Church of God (Full Gospel) in India v. K.K.R. Majestic Colony Welfare Assn. [(2000) 7 SCC 282 : 2000 SCC (Cri) 1350] held that the Court may issue directions in respect of controlling noise pollution even if such noise was a direct result of and was connected with religious activities. It was further held: (SCC pp. 285-86 & 291, paras 2-3 & 14) “Undisputedly, no religion prescribes that prayers should be performed by disturbing the peace of others http://www.judis.nic.in 49/90 W.P.No.301/2002 nor does it preach that they should be through voice amplifiers or beating of drums. In our view, in a civilised society in the name of religion, activities which disturb old or infirm persons, students or children having their sleep in the early hours or during daytime or other persons carrying on other activities cannot be permitted. It should not be forgotten that young babies in the neighbourhood are also entitled to enjoy their natural right of sleeping in a peaceful atmosphere. A student preparing for his examination is entitled to concentrate on his studies without their being any unnecessary disturbance by the neighbours. Similarly, the old and the infirm are entitled to enjoy reasonable quietness during their leisure hours without there being any nuisance of noise pollution. Aged, sick, people afflicted with psychic disturbances as well as children up to 6 years of age are considered to be very sensible (sic sensitive) to noise. Their rights are also required to be honoured.
Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, rules for noise-pollution level are framed which prescribe permissible limits of noise in residential, commercial, industrial areas or silence zone. The question is — whether the appellant can be permitted to violate the said provisions and add to the noise pollution. In our view, to claim such a right itself would be unjustifiable. In these days, the problem of noise pollution has become more serious with the increasing http://www.judis.nic.in 50/90 W.P.No.301/2002 trend towards industrialisation, urbanisation and modernisation and is having many evil effects including danger to health. It may cause interruption of sleep, affect communication, loss of efficiency, hearing loss or deafness, high blood pressure, depression, irritability, fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, allergy, distraction, mental stress and annoyance, etc. This also affects animals alike. The extent of damage depends upon the duration and the intensity of noise. Sometimes it leads to serious law and order problem. Further, in an organised society, rights are related with duties towards others including neighbours. *** … because of urbanisation or industrialisation the noise pollution may in some area of a city/town might be exceeding permissible limits prescribed under the Rules, but that would not be a ground for permitting others to increase the same by beating of drums or by use of voice amplifiers, loudspeakers or by such other musical instruments and, therefore, rules prescribing reasonable restrictions including the Rules for the use of loudspeakers and voice amplifiers framed under the Madras Town Nuisances Act, 1889 and also the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 are required to be enforced.”
115. In Charan Lal Sahu v. Union of India [(1990) 1 SCC 613 : AIR 1990 SC 1480] the Supreme Court reiterated the need to create separate tribunals and http://www.judis.nic.in 51/90 W.P.No.301/2002 asserted the need to appoint a body of experts to advise the Government on environmental issues.
116. In M.C. Mehta v. Union of India [(2004) 1 SCC 571] this Court has emphasised the need for creating environmental awareness amongst students through education.
117. We have referred to a few, not all available judgments. Suffice it to observe that Indian judicial opinion has been uniform in recognising the right to live in freedom from noise pollution as a fundamental right protected by Article 21 of the Constitution, and noise pollution beyond permissible limits as an inroad into that right. We agree with and record our approval of the view taken and the opinion expressed by the several High Courts in the decisions referred to hereinabove. VIII. Interim orders
118. During the course of the hearing of this case the Court had passed several interim orders keeping in mind the importance of the issue.
119. The interim order dated 27-9-2001 [Noise Pollution (II), In re, (2005) 5 SCC 728] deserves to be mentioned in particular, which directed as under: (SCC pp. 728-29, para 2) “(1) The Union Government, the Union Territories as well as all the State Governments shall take steps to strictly comply with Notification No. GSR 682(E) dated 5-10-1999 whereby the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 framed under the Environment (Protection) Act, http://www.judis.nic.in 52/90 W.P.No.301/2002 1986 were amended. They shall in particular comply with amended Rule 89 of Schedule I to the said Rules, which reads as follows:
‘89. Noise standards for firecrackers A. (i) The manufacture, sale or use of firecrackers generating noise level exceeding 125 dB(AI) or 145 dB(C)pk at 4 metres distance from the point of bursting shall be prohibited.
(ii) For individual firecracker constituting the series (joined firecrackers), the abovementioned limit be reduced by 5 log10(N) dB, where N = number of crackers joined together.’ (2) The use of fireworks or firecrackers shall not be permitted except between 6.00 a.m. and 10.00 p.m. No fireworks or firecrackers shall be allowed between 10.00 p.m. and 6.00 a.m. (3) Firecrackers shall not be used at any time in silence zones, as defined in S.O. No. 1046(E) issued on 22-11-2000 by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. In the said notification, silence zone has been defined as:
‘Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority.’ (4) The State Education Resource Centres in all the States and the Union Territories as well as the management/principals of schools in all the States and http://www.judis.nic.in 53/90 W.P.No.301/2002 Union Territories shall take appropriate steps to educate students about the ill-effects of air and noise pollution and apprise them of Directions (1) to (3) above.” (emphasis in original)
120. These interim directions were also directed to be given wide publicity both by electronic and print media. It was said that Doordarshan and other television channels shall give publicity to these directions, at least once every day during prime time, during the fortnight before Dussehra and Diwali. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting was asked to bring these directions to the notice of the general public through appropriate advertisements, issued in the newspapers. All-India Radio was asked to broadcast these directions on prime time on FM and other frequencies for information of the general public.
121. Due to the imposition of the restrictions on the bursting of firecrackers, several interim applications came to be filed before the Court. The Court vide its interim order dated 10-9-2003 [Noise Pollution (III), In re, (2005) 5 SCC 730] stated: (SCC p. 731, paras 5-6) “5. Through the IAs filed in this Court the following two suggestions deserve notice.
Firstly, it is submitted that certain local festivals and celebrations are accompanied customarily by bursting of firecrackers which is at times at such hours http://www.judis.nic.in 54/90 W.P.No.301/2002 as is not permissible under the order of this Court dated 27-9-2001 [Noise Pollution (II), In re, (2005) 5 SCC 728] . Secondly, it is pointed out that the industry of fireworks may face serious difficulty, even partial closure, on account of the directions made by this Court.
6. We have grave doubts if the abovesaid considerations can come in the way of the enforcement of fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution for the citizens and people of India to live in peace and comfort and in an atmosphere free from pollution of any kind, such as one caused by noise and foul/poisonous gases. However still, without expressing any final opinion on the pleas advanced, we allow the parties adversely affected, the liberty to make representation to the respective State Governments and the State Governments may, in their turn, if satisfied of the genuineness of the representation made, invite the attention of the Government of India to the suggestions made.”
122. We are happy to note that the initial reluctance to abide by the interim directions made by this Court as displayed by the subsequent interlocutory applications soon gave way to compliance. By and large the interim directions made by the Court were observed in compliance. Police and civil administration remained alert during the Diwali festival to see that the directions made by the Court were complied with. Resident Welfare Associations and school children gave a very encouraging response, who voluntarily desisted http://www.judis.nic.in 55/90 W.P.No.301/2002 from bursting firecrackers during prohibited hours of the night and also bursting such firecrackers as produce high-level noise.
IX. Difficulty in implementation of noise pollution control methodology in India
123. India has passed through the stage of being characterised as a developing country and is ready to enter and stand in the line of developed countries. Yet, the issue of noise pollution in India has not been taken so far with that seriousness as it ought to have been. Firstly, as we have stated earlier, there is a lack of will on the part of the Executive to implement the laws. This has contributed to lack of infrastructure essential for attaining the enforcement of laws. Secondly, there is lack of requisite awareness on the part of the citizens. The deleterious effects of noise pollution are not well known to the people and are not immediately perceptible. People generally accept noise pollution as a part of life, a necessary consequence of progress and prosperity.
124. The problems that are being faced in controlling noise pollution are:
1. The Statutes and the Rules framed thereunder are not comprehensive enough so as to deal with all the problems and issues related to noise pollution. This impression of ours stands reaffirmed on a comparative reading of legislation in India with these in other countries of the world to which we have referred to http://www.judis.nic.in 56/90 W.P.No.301/2002 briefly earlier in this judgment.
2. The authorities responsible for implementing the laws are not yet fully identified. Those which have been designated, do not seem to be specialised in the task of regulating noise pollution. There is a dearth of necessary personnel technically qualified to act effectively. What is needed is a combination of technically qualified and administratively competent personnel with the requisite desire and dedication for implementation of the laws.
3. There is lack of proper gadgets and equipments and other infrastructure such as labs for measuring the noise levels. Due to the shortage of the instruments needed for the purpose of measuring sound, the policemen who are on the job usually end up measuring sound with their ears itself and not with the use of technical instruments.
X. Firecrackers
125. In the context of firecrackers in particular, several questions do arise for which answers shall have to be found. What should be the maximum permissible sound level for firecrackers? What should be the method of checking whether a particular firecracker shall emit sound which shall be within permissible limits? Which authority shall be conferred with the responsibility for ensuring the effective implementation of these noise levels? What should be the time-limit during which the bursting of firecrackers should be allowed? Should there http://www.judis.nic.in 57/90 W.P.No.301/2002 be any relaxation in the hours fixed for bursting firecrackers during festival? Should the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, be amended in such a way that firecrackers manufactured for export in other countries are exempted from the Indian noise standards? What is the maximum sound level that should be permissible for firecrackers?
126. At present the maximum permissible sound level for firecrackers as per the noise standard is provided by Item 89, Schedule I, Table 1.5 of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986: “89. Noise standards for firecrackers A. (i) The manufacture, sale or use of firecrackers generating noise level exceeding 125 dB(AI) or 145 dB(C)pk at 4 metres distance from the point of bursting shall be prohibited.
(ii) For individual firecracker constituting the series (joined firecrackers), the abovementioned limit be reduced by 5 log10(N) dB, where N = number of crackers joined together.”
127. The learned amicus curiae had on 17-9-2001, filed certain suggestions for issuance of directions for consideration of the Court. In it he had suggested that the maximum noise level of firecrackers could be fixed at 65 dB(A).
128. It is submitted that the limit of emission of noise prescribed in the Rules is too liberal and errs on the higher side. It is suggested that the manufacturers of http://www.judis.nic.in 58/90 W.P.No.301/2002 firecrackers or those dealing with them should ensure that only such crackers are produced and marketed which do not emit noise of more than 65 dB(A).
129. The Government of India had not accepted the above suggestion of the learned amicus. The Government replied to it in the following words:
“Sound level of 65 dB(A) for firecrackers is too low a level to be prescribed. The noise levels prescribed in GSR 682 (E) dated 5-10-1999, have been evolved by a technical committee and need to be complied with.”
130. The fireworks industry also submitted an application to the Union Minister of Environment and Forests at a meeting convened in New Delhi on 15-4- 2004, pleading justification for the increase proposed in the prescribed firecrackers noise standards from 125 dB(AI) to 135 dB(AI) and from 145 dB(C)pk to 155(C)pk.
131. In an article Firecracker Noise, A Hazard — A Review of its Standards, by Dr. S.P. Singhal, published in MAPAN — Journal of Metrology Society of India, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2002, pp. 101-17, Dr. Singhal has stated:
“UK and many other European Economic Commission (EEC) countries have adopted an exposure limit of 140 dB(lin) peak sound pressure level for impulsive or cracker noise for a maximum exposure of 100 impulses per day.
European Standardisation Committee CEN/TC/212 WG3 is also working to set-up standards on fireworks. Some of the countries have desired the limit to be set http://www.judis.nic.in 59/90 W.P.No.301/2002 at 112 dB(AI) and, several others have wanted it to be set at 125 dB(AI) or even at 126-127 dB(AI) at the testing distance, with the peak sound pressure level to be 20 dB higher than these limits. It has fixed a noise level of 120 dB(AI) measured at the testing distance on an ad hoc basis for category 2 fireworks.
Canada has adopted the damage risk criterion of 140 dB(A) peak sound pressure level at a distance of 5m from the point of explosion of the cracker. It is applicable in all categories of fireworks unless otherwise specified.”
132. Keeping all these submissions in mind it does seem that the present noise standards as prescribed in India by the Government of India, are correct and do not need to be altered at the moment. However, if the Government is of the opinion that this sound level needs to be increased or reduced at a later date it is free to do so.
Should a firecracker be tested on the basis of sound level or on the basis of chemical compositions so as to check, whether the firecracker corresponds with the prescribed rules?
133. For an effective implementation of the noise pollution prevention programme, it is essential that such a method be devised whose enforcement shall not be problematic. A rule should be so designed, that it is possible for all concerned to be able to implement it, and thus it is not violated by anyone due to some kind http://www.judis.nic.in 60/90 W.P.No.301/2002 of supervening impossibility. Almost all the parties concerned have expressed discontent about the present system of enforcement of noise level pertaining to firecrackers. Lack of infrastructure on account of noise measuring devices, high cost of such devices, low noise levels prescribed, expensive rates for getting samples tested, long time taken by the testing laboratories are a few of the difficulties that have been cited in the enforcement of the noise standards.
134. The Department of Explosives has filed two affidavits before the Court, the first on 1-4-2003 and the second on 16-2-2004, besides a joint-affidavit which was filed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests on behalf of the Union of India on 29-8-2003.
135. In the aforesaid affidavits, the stand taken by the Department of Explosives before the Court is:
(i) that “the firecrackers noise standard prescribed under the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 requires costly instruments, wide infrastructure and special expertise in the fields of acoustic science.” (para 8 of the affidavit dated 1-4-2003.)
(ii) that “the Department is not prepared in terms of manpower, equipment and infrastructure for implementation of the standard which is based on measurement of noise level.” (para 9 of the affidavit dated 1-4-2003.)
(iii) that “the Department of Explosives is of the opinion that the noise level of firecrackers can be http://www.judis.nic.in 61/90 W.P.No.301/2002 efficiently controlled by specifying the size, shape, composition and quantity of chemicals in the fireworks, which are the prime factors that determine the noise level which entails a lot of R&D work. The maximum permissible size of firecrackers and the maximum possible weight of the chemicals for each variety would be mentioned in the list of authorised explosives appended to the Explosives Rules consequent upon amendment of the Explosives Rules.” (para 15 of the affidavit dated 1-4-2003.)
(iv) that “the Department is already publishing one authorised list of Explosives, which is updated periodically as and when new items of explosives are approved by the Department. The specification for the approved varieties are prescribed in the said authorised list, in terms of permissible size, permissible composition of chemicals, mass of charge and other such physical and chemical properties. The items which are not listed in the authorised list cannot be manufactured, stored, transported or sold as per various provisions of the Explosives Rules. Anybody proposing to manufacture a new variety of fireworks shall apply to the Chief Controller of Explosives, Nagpur along with detailed drawings, samples and prescribed fee for testing and approval. Noise regulations for firecrackers can be implemented effectively through the authorised list in four phases:
(i) The permissible sound level of 125 dB(AI) http://www.judis.nic.in 62/90 W.P.No.301/2002 notified under the Rules is taken as the guideline for the purpose of implementation by the Department of Explosives.
(ii) To achieve this, the Department can experiment with various sizes, chemicals and compositions in order to devise the optimal set of factors for each variety, to result in the desired noise level.
(iii) This set of factors or parameters for each variety of firecrackers will then be notified under the authorised list of explosives under the Explosives Rules, 1983.
(iv) Any violation from the authorised list exceeding the permitted size, permitted chemical content and chemical composition will attract legal action.” (para 16 of the affidavit dated 1-4-2003.)
136. In the affidavit filed on 16-2-2004, the Chief Controller of Explosives stated:
(1) That since the role of the Department of Explosives is mainly the administration and enforcement of the Explosives Rules, 1983 and the status of the Department is statutory in nature hence the Department of Explosives had already taken up the matter and advised the fireworks manufacturers for developing and producing environment-friendly fireworks besides advocating to promote, sale and use of only fireworks/crackers meeting the noise standards prescribed under the Environment (Protection) Rules, http://www.judis.nic.in 63/90 W.P.No.301/2002 1986 and amendments thereof.
(2) That it is impractical for the Government of India to fix norms regarding chemical composition and the size of the firecrackers. It is the duty and responsibility of the manufacturer to control the size and composition of firecrackers to comply with the noise-limits prescribed under the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.
(3) That it is impractical owing to the shortage of infrastructure available with the Department of Explosives. The licensing for the manufacture of firecrackers shall be as per the Explosives Act, 1884. The power of the District Magistrate for issuing licences is to be retained as per the Rules.
(4) That the matter is now open and the manufacturers are at liberty to manufacture, develop, promote and sell only those fireworks, which comply with the noise-limits prescribed under the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 and the Explosives Rules, 1983.
(5) That the Department of Explosives had already made mandatory for the manufacturers of fireworks to mention the noise levels in decibel units on firecrackers. The manufacturers are also required to declare on the packing of the boxes that the noise levels conform to the standards prescribed under the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986. The Department had already included the prescribed noise-limits for firecrackers as additional conditions of licences issued http://www.judis.nic.in 64/90 W.P.No.301/2002 under the Explosives Rules, 1983. The authorities empowered to enforce the Explosives Rules, 1983 have been clearly defined under the said Rules. Desirability of fixing chemical composition for the firecrackers
137. The learned amicus curiae has suggested that the Government of India should fix the permissible chemical compositions for the firecrackers. He submitted:
“To control the noise levels from firecrackers, it was felt that apart from firecrackers carrying on its label, the extent of its noise level emission, it may be appropriate if the Government was to fix norms regarding chemical composition and the size of firecrackers so as to conform to the notified noise emission norms.”
138. In the UK as well, the method of determining the noise level of a firecracker, is by fixing its chemical contents. The British Standard Institute has developed the British Standard Fireworks, Part 2. Specification for Fireworks (BS 7114: Part 2) of 1988 prescribes the maximum permissible quantity of chemicals in a particular firework. The Standards prescribe the various specifications with which the firework has to comply with to be manufactured or used in the UK.
139. During the course of hearing, submissions in extenso were made on the comparative merits and demerits of the two systems, namely (i) measuring the http://www.judis.nic.in 65/90 W.P.No.301/2002 noise level of firecrackers in decibels and thereby securing the implementation of rules in this regard, and
(ii) securing the implementation of the rules by restricting and prescribing the size of chemical content, chemical composition, etc. of firecrackers. A tabulated statement of such comparison has been placed on the record by the Tamil Nadu Fireworks and Amorces Manufacturers Association.
140. Briefly stated, it is pointed out that if the firecrackers are allowed to be manufactured in the manner in which they are being done now and the noise level is left to be measured at the time of bursting of firecrackers, several difficulties in implementation would arise, frustrating the regulation. Very expensive instruments and gadgets are necessary to measure the sound level of firecrackers. A sound level meter with required capabilities may cost around Rs 3 lakhs or upwards. Factors like wind velocity, temperature and humidity have a bearing on the measurement of noise level. The gadgets for monitoring these factors shall also be required to be installed at the testing field. Technically trained persons would be required to be posted at every point of measuring. Testing the sound level of firecrackers at the point of bursting would mean that the firecrackers have already reached the market. The persons to be hauled up would be unwary retailers or users and it would be difficult to fix the responsibility on the manufacturers or distributors.
http://www.judis.nic.in 66/90 W.P.No.301/2002 Difficulties of proof in a court of law would also arise. The noise level in a firecracker is not stable. The same firecracker may have a different noise level at the time of manufacturing and at the time of use on account of climatic changes which would naturally occur by the lapse of time and change of place. If the noise level was to be tested at the factory, the firecracker would have already been manufactured. There would also be other difficulties inasmuch as the clearance for marketability would depend on the firecrackers satisfying the test carried out and at that point of time the firecrackers have already been manufactured and shall have to be only destroyed if unsuccessful in the test. That apart, the manufacturers are spread throughout the country. Some of them are small-scale industries. Either many a testing station shall have to be established or else the manufacturers would be required to go to centralised testing stations carrying untested firecrackers. Both seem to be difficult situations.
141. On the other hand, prescribing of weight and composition of chemicals to be used in manufacturing firecrackers would mean experiments or analytical tests being carried out at any one station followed by publication of results and laid down standards. Experimental checks would be enough to satisfy the authorities, if the manufacturers were following the laid down standards as to the size of firecrackers, weight and percentile composition of chemicals used.
http://www.judis.nic.in 67/90 W.P.No.301/2002 This system would enable identification of illegal firecrackers with comparatively more ease. Size and mass of charge are two basic factors that determine the noise level of a firecracker. By restricting these two prime factors, noise standard is achieved more effectively. Though other factors like climatic conditions may affect the noise level to some extent, but this system seems to us to be more dependable and logical, at least on the materials made available before us.
142. On a comparison of the two systems i.e. the present system of evaluating firecrackers on the basis of noise levels, and the other where the firecrackers shall be evaluated on the basis of their chemical composition, we feel that a change in the method of evaluating the firecrackers shall surely be more beneficial. It shall reduce the expenditure that shall otherwise have to be incurred on expensive instruments that are necessary for the purpose of measuring sound. The firecrackers shall easily be identifiable on the basis of their mass of charge, and the weight of the chemicals contained in the firecrackers can also be easily measured. There shall not be too much need of the personnel technically qualified for measuring sound, as what would then be needed, would be to simply weigh the chemical constituents. It shall to a great extent also be successful in putting an end to illegal fireworks, which come in bigger sizes, as they now shall be more http://www.judis.nic.in 68/90 W.P.No.301/2002 easily identifiable. In short, the implementation of the rules relating to firecrackers shall be easier and carried out by the enforcing authority more easily.
143. Keeping all these considerations and the various submissions made before this Court in mind we are of the opinion that a method as proposed by the learned amicus curiae, of fixing the maximum chemical composition for each and every firecracker, keeping in mind the limit of 125 dB(AI) as the maximum permissible limit, should be adopted. Every manufacturer should mention details of its chemical contents on the box of each firecracker as well. In case of failure on the part of the manufacturer to mention these details or in cases where the contents of the box do not match to the chemical formulae as stated on their box, the manufacturer shall be liable for criminal prosecution.
144. The Department of Explosives should in public interest undertake necessary research activity for the purpose and come out with the chemical formulae for each firecracker. The Department shall at the time of giving the licence for manufacturing a particular firecracker specify the ratio as well as the maximum permissible weight of every chemical used for the purpose.
Response during hearing
145. Civic awareness towards prevention of noise pollution in India is not as high as is expected. It is http://www.judis.nic.in 69/90 W.P.No.301/2002 regrettable to see that people indulge in making noise beyond tolerable limits and create a health hazard unmindful of consequences which are likely to befall not only others but also themselves who create noise. The enactment of laws has failed to create the requisite awareness. The best time to create awareness is in childhood. At middle-school level education and in the age of adolescence children should be taught in the schools, and in homes as well by parents — What are the consequences of noise pollution and how much health hazard is created by bursting firecrackers?
146. An awareness towards protecting the environment from all sorts of pollutants and destructive activities needs to be created in the minds at a younger age. Suitable courses of study need to be devised by preparing textbooks to be handed down to the youth in their shaping age and whilst they are still in schools.
147. We are happy to note the way the people of the country and especially the younger generation has responded to the interim orders made from time to time by this Court. News reports came to our notice wherein certain schools were stated to have organised special lectures for children pointing out the adverse effects of noise pollution created by firecrackers just before the schools closed for Diwali festival. The children decided not to burst firecrackers during Diwali festival. Some volunteered and took a vow to burst such firecrackers as do not create intolerable noise and http://www.judis.nic.in 70/90 W.P.No.301/2002 confining such fun and frolic only to the hours of the day and not to do so during the hours of night. Such a response from young boys and girls who are our future and the educational institutions on whom lie the responsibility of shaping the future of this country is most welcome.
148. Certain incidental and associated issues require to be dealt with and that we do hereafter. Fixing of time-limit for bursting firecrackers — Is relaxation desirable for festivals?
149. The learned amicus curiae in his suggestions filed on 17-9-2001 had suggested that the “Bursting of crackers should be prohibited during night-time, between 10.00 p.m. and 6.00 a.m.”. The Court had agreed and directed, vide order dated 27-9-2001 [Noise Pollution (II), In re, (2005) 5 SCC 728] : (SCC p. 729, para
2) “(2) The use of fireworks or firecrackers shall not be permitted except between 6.00 a.m. and 10 p.m. No fireworks or firecrackers shall be used between 10.00 p.m. and 6.00 a.m.” The Government of India, has also expressed its opinion that there should be no relaxation in the time-limit for bursting firecrackers. Relaxation of restrictions on bursting of crackers from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m. shall not be given as it is night-time. During the night-time, people sleep and the high-level of noise has deleterious effects on the health and well-being of the people.
http://www.judis.nic.in 71/90 W.P.No.301/2002
150. Several interlocutory applications have been filed in this Court, wherein it was pleaded that restriction on bursting of firecrackers in the night should be removed during the Diwali festival. Similar relaxation was demanded for other festivals. These applications highlighted practices prevalent in some of the western countries wherein such relaxation is allowed. We do not think that we will be justified in granting any such relaxation. Indian society is pluralistic. People of this great country belong to different castes and communities, have belief in different religions and customs and celebrate different festivals. We are tolerant of each other. There is unity in diversity. If relaxation is allowed to one there will be no justification for not permitting relaxation to others and if we do so the relaxation will become the rule. It will be difficult to enforce the restriction.
151. The Calcutta High Court in the case of Moulana Mufti Syed Md. Noorur Rehman Barkati v. State of W.B. [AIR 1999 Cal 15] has expressed the following view: (AIR p. 24) “The condition of the European countries, England and America cannot be equated with the condition prevailing in the State of West Bengal particularly in the City of Calcutta. … West Bengal has got its own peculiar problem and this Court cannot decide a matter looking at Europe or America where the amenities and the facilities are better. Density of http://www.judis.nic.in 72/90 W.P.No.301/2002 population is very thin. Roads are maintained in a perfect order. Traffic noise is insignificant. The use of horn by vehicles is a thing which is prohibited there unless in case of emergency. People are disciplined. Traffic moves in a disciplined manner. No horns are there. The Ambient Noise Level in those countries are not on a par with the noise level in the City of Calcutta and/or in different parts of State of West Bengal. Accordingly, whatever may be decided by the European countries or America, cannot have any direct bearing on the fixation of the sound level in the State of West Bengal. In other civilised countries, cars move without making any noise or sound. Condition of the roads is such that it cannot create any noise beyond tolerance. People in those countries are not in the habit of creating unnecessary sounds but in our country because of the gift of the technology sound has become a source of pleasure for few people including some young people. Use of unnecessary horn in the vehicles has become a part and parcel of Indian culture.”
152. The picture of the entire country compared with the State of West Bengal does not bear any material difference. Thus a rule, practice or provision as to relaxation in Europe or America may not be of much help for us. They do not have many festivals or celebrations round the year. Their festivals and events are only at national-level and one for all, unlike ours. Further, in the European countries or even in America http://www.judis.nic.in 73/90 W.P.No.301/2002 an insignificant percentage of the population indulges in bursting crackers. Very few families, mainly Indian, in these countries celebrate the festival of Diwali and burst crackers. Thus the noise pollution produced by this small use of firecrackers is not a cause of worry in these countries.
153. The situation in India is almost the opposite. The streets are congested and the density of population per square kilometre is one of the highest in the world. Firecrackers are burst in almost all houses, thus leading to pollution in the form of noise and smoke — both on a large scale, making it a cause of worry.
154. It is a judicially noticeable fact that in advanced countries there is a move for collective celebration of festivals. For example, in the United States, on May Day, a show of fireworks is arranged outside the city. People assemble in large numbers to witness such a show, which is officially arranged by the State. Such example can be emulated in our country. People belonging to that section of the society which wishes to celebrate a festival or an occasion may be encouraged to organise such event collectively and may have a show of fireworks away from the residential locality. Such a move would save the people from the hazardous effects of noise pollution caused by fireworks and at the same time bring people together and contribute in developing closeness, unity and brotherhood.
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155. In our opinion the total restriction on bursting firecrackers between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. must continue without any relaxation in favour of anyone. Whether such restriction is violative of Article 25 of the Constitution?
156. The affidavit filed by Mr Mariappan, the Secretary of the Tamil Nadu Fireworks and Amorces Manufacturers Association, alleges the restriction on bursting firecrackers to amount to infringement of religious rights under Article 25. He says: “Therefore, the interference with the date and time of celebrating the festivals, amounts to infringement of religious rights under Article 25 and the limitation under Article 21 does not cause any health hazard.”
157. The Court by restricting the time of bursting the firecrackers has not in any way violated the religious rights of any person as enshrined under Article 25 of the Constitution. The festival of Diwali is mainly associated with pooja performed on the auspicious day and not with firecrackers. In no religious textbook is it written that Diwali has to be celebrated by bursting crackers. Diwali is considered as a festival of lights, not of noises. Shelter in the name of religion cannot be sought for, for bursting firecrackers, and that too at odd hours.
158. Another argument that has been put forward to remove the restriction during festivals is that they are celebrated by most of the people and that an http://www.judis.nic.in 75/90 W.P.No.301/2002 inconvenience to a few should not become the reason for restraining a greater lot.
159. In P.A. Jacob v. Supdt. of Police [AIR 1993 Ker 1] it has been said: (AIR p. 5, para 10) “10. However wide a right is, it cannot be as wide, as to destroy similar or other rights in others. Jefferson said:
‘No one has a natural right to commit aggression on the equal rights of another.’ J.S. Mill said [ In the essay On Liberty, pp. 19-20: Thinkers' Library Ed., Watts. Ed.: See also (1976) 4 SCC 213, pp. 218-19, para 11.] :
‘If all mankind minus one were of one opinion, and if only one person was of contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.’ ”
160. If at all the people feel it necessary to burst firecrackers they can choose and go for such firecrackers which on being burst emit colours or lights mainly and produce very little or no sound. Their use can be permitted. The Department of Explosives can, while working out formulae for firecrackers, also alongside classify the crackers into two categories that could be:
(a) sound-emitting crackers, and (b) colours/light- emitting crackers. A few examples of such colour- emitting crackers are, snake tablets, sparklers, pencils, hunters, chakri, colour rockets, flowerpots, parachutes, http://www.judis.nic.in 76/90 W.P.No.301/2002 etc. Category (b) firecrackers may not have restriction as to timings. Though, it would need expert examination and opinion if colour-emitting crackers also emit fumes and gases which though not a source of noise pollution yet would cause air pollution, equally bad. Till such time the Department of Explosives makes any such classification there shall be a total ban on bursting of firecrackers between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. Can an exception be carved out for firecrackers meant for export exclusively? Should the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, be amended in such a way that the firecrackers manufactured for export and use in other countries are exempted from the Indian noise standards?
161. Mr Mariappan, the Secretary of the Tamil Nadu Fireworks and Amorces Manufacturers Association, had in his affidavit dated 8-2-2002, requested the Court to remove the restriction on manufacturing fireworks meant for exporting only and which are in excess of the sound levels prescribed for fireworks within the country. It is submitted:
“The Indian standards on noise of firecrackers do not have any relevance to firecrackers intended for export. But the order of the Hon'ble Supreme Court prohibits manufacture of firecrackers generating noise level exceeding 125 dB(AI) or 145 dB(C)pk at 4 metres distance from the point of bursting. There is a total restriction on the manufacture of fireworks and http://www.judis.nic.in 77/90 W.P.No.301/2002 crackers without any discrimination being made between firecrackers that are manufactured for use in India and those for use in foreign countries. The trade having been globalised, Indian firecrackers have to necessarily comply with foreign standards if they are to enter into the international markets. The Department of Explosives is already having various provisions laid down under the Explosives Act, 1884 and the Explosives Rules, 1983, which govern the export of fireworks. Prior approval from the Department of Explosives is imperative for every export of fireworks. Therefore the comprehensive position now imposed on firecrackers should be modified exempting firecrackers that are manufactured for use in foreign countries, from the purview of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and the Rules framed thereunder.”
162. The Court on the abovementioned submission sought for the view of the Department of Explosives. The Department has expressed the view that firecrackers that are to be sold in foreign countries may be excluded from the purview of the noise standards provided they conform to the Rules for manufacturing the goods for export. They also submitted:
“The firecrackers manufactured and sold for export purpose may be excluded from the purview of the firecrackers' noise standards provided they follow the rules for manufacturing of goods for export. This will enable the manufacturers to compete in the world http://www.judis.nic.in 78/90 W.P.No.301/2002 market with the other suppliers of firecrackers. The firecrackers manufactured for export shall have a different colour code and a clear print indicating that they are not to be sold in India.”
163. We are inclined to agree with the view of the Department of Explosives. Firecrackers for the purpose of export may be manufactured and bear higher noise levels subject to the following conditions:
(i) The manufacturer should be permitted to do so only when he has an export order with him and not otherwise; (ii) the noise levels for these firecrackers should conform to the noise standards prescribed in the country to which they are intended to be exported as per the export order; (iii) these firecrackers should have a different colour packing, from those intended to be sold in India; (iv) the firecrackers should have a clear print on them stating that they are not to be sold in India. In case these firecrackers are found being sold in the Indian territory, then the manufacturer and the dealer selling these goods should be held liable. XI. How to check/control noise pollution
164. The need for checking noise pollution as highlighted by the petitioners and several intervenors deserves appreciation.
165. Need for specific legislation to control and prevent noise pollution still needs some emphasis. Undoubtedly, some laws have been enacted. Yet, compared with the legislation in developed countries http://www.judis.nic.in 79/90 W.P.No.301/2002 India is still lagging behind in enacting adequate and scientific legislations. We need to have one simple but specific and detailed legislation dealing with several aspects referable to noise pollution and providing measures of control therefor.
166. There is an equal need of developing a mechanism and infrastructure for enforcement of the prevalent laws. Those who are entrusted with the task of enforcing laws directed towards controlling noise pollution, must be so trained as to acquire expertise in the matter of fighting against noise pollution by taking both preventive and deterrent measures. They need to be equipped with the requisite equipment such as audiometers as would help them in detecting the level of noise pollution, more so when it crosses the permissible limits and the source thereof.
167. Above all, there is a need for creating general awareness towards the hazardous effects of noise pollution. Particularly in our country the people generally lack consciousness of the ill-effects which noise pollution creates and how society including they themselves stand to benefit by preventing the generation and emission of noise pollution. The target area should be educational institutions and more particularly schools. Young children of impressionable age should be motivated to desist from playing with firecrackers, use of high sound-producing equipments and instruments on festivals, religious and social http://www.judis.nic.in 80/90 W.P.No.301/2002 functions, family get-togethers and celebrations, etc. which cause noise pollution. Suitable chapters can be added into textbooks which teach civic sense to the children and teach them how to be good and responsible citizens which would include learning by heart of various fundamental duties and that would obviously include learning not to create noise pollution and to prevent it, if generated by others. Holding of special talks and lectures can be organised in schools to highlight the menace of noise pollution and the role of children in preventing it. For these purposes the State must play its role with the support and cooperation of non-government organisations (NGOs), which can also be enlisted.
168. Similar awareness needs to be created in the police and civil administration by means of carrying out a special drive to make them understand the various measures to curb the problems and the laws on the subject. Resident Welfare Associations (RAWs), service clubs (such as Rotary International and Lions International) and societies engaged in preventing noise pollution as part of their projects need to be encouraged with active involvement by the local administration. Festivals and ceremonies wherein fireworks and crackers are customarily burst can be accompanied by earmarking a place and time wherein and when all the people can come together and witness or view a show of fireworks dispensing with the need of http://www.judis.nic.in 81/90 W.P.No.301/2002 crackers being burst in residential areas, and that too which is done without any regard to timings. Manufacturers can be encouraged to make such fireworks as would display more the colours rather than make noise.
169. Not only the use of loudspeakers and playing of hi-fi amplifier systems has to be regulated, even the playing of high sound instruments like drums, tom-toms, trumpets, bugles and the like which create noise beyond tolerable limits need to be regulated. The law-enforcing agencies must be equipped with necessary instruments and facilities out of which sound level meters conforming to the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) code are a bare necessity.
170. Preventive measures need to be directed more effectively at the source. To illustrate, horns which if fitted in automobiles would create a honking sound beyond permissible limits, should not be allowed to be manufactured or sold in the market, as once they are available they are likely to be used.
171. Loudspeakers and amplifiers or other equipment or gadgets which produce offending noise once detected as violating the law, should be liable to be seized and confiscated by making provision in the law in that behalf.
172. Prohibiting the sale of such firecrackers which create noise pollution by producing noise beyond permissible limits is practically unmanageable. A better http://www.judis.nic.in 82/90 W.P.No.301/2002 option certainly is to prescribe the chemical contents and composition for each type of firecrackers to effectively curb noise pollution. The Chief Controller of Explosives has also been agreeable to take steps in this regard but has pointed out difficulties attributable to shortage of personnel and non-availability of lab facilities and requisite equipment for this purpose.
173. We hasten to add that during the course of the proceedings the parties have been generally agreeable to solicit directions on the lines as indicated hereinabove. There should be no difficulty in issuing directions and ensuring compliance to the extent as indicated hereinabove. Wherever there are difficulties they have to be sorted out in the larger public interest.
XII. Directions It is hereby directed as under:
(i) Firecrackers 174.
1. On a comparison of the two systems i.e. the present system of evaluating firecrackers on the basis of noise levels, and the other where the firecrackers shall be evaluated on the basis of chemical composition, we feel that the latter method is more practical and workable in Indian circumstances. It shall be followed unless and until replaced by a better system.
2. The Department of Explosives (DOE) shall undertake necessary research activity for the purpose and come out with the chemical formulae for each type http://www.judis.nic.in 83/90 W.P.No.301/2002 or category or class of firecrackers. DOE shall specify the proportion/composition as well as the maximum permissible weight of every chemical used in manufacturing firecrackers.
3. The Department of Explosives may divide the firecrackers into two categories— (i) sound-emitting firecrackers, and (ii) colour/light-emitting firecrackers.
4. There shall be a complete ban on bursting sound-emitting firecrackers between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. It is not necessary to impose restrictions as to time on bursting of colour/light-emitting firecrackers
5. Every manufacturer shall on the box of each firecracker mention details of its chemical contents and that it satisfies the requirement as laid down by DOE. In case of a failure on the part of the manufacturer to mention the details or in cases where the contents of the box do not match the chemical formulae as stated on the box, the manufacturer may be held liable.
6. Firecrackers for the purpose of export may be manufactured bearing higher noise levels subject to the following conditions: (i) the manufacturer should be permitted to do so only when he has an export order with him and not otherwise; (ii) the noise levels for these firecrackers should conform to the noise standards prescribed in the country to which they are intended to be exported as per the export order; (iii) these firecrackers should have a different colour packing, from those intended to be sold in India; (iv) http://www.judis.nic.in 84/90 W.P.No.301/2002 they must carry a declaration printed thereon something like “not for sale in India” or “only for export to country AB” and so on.
(ii) Loudspeakers
175. 1. The noise level at the boundary of the public place, where loudspeaker or public address system or any other noise source is being used shall not exceed 10 dB(A) above the ambient noise standards for the area or 75 dB(A) whichever is lower.
2. No one shall beat a drum or tom-tom or blow a trumpet or beat or sound any instrument or use any sound amplifier at night (between 10.00 p.m. and 6 a.m.) except in public emergencies.
3. The peripheral noise level of privately-owned sound system shall not exceed by more than 5 dB(A) than the ambient air-quality standard specified for the area in which it is used, at the boundary of the private place.
(iii) Vehicular noise
176. No horn should be allowed to be used at night (between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.) in residential area except in exceptional circumstances.
(iv) Awareness
177. 1. There is a need for creating general awareness towards the hazardous effects of noise pollution. Suitable chapters may be added in the textbooks which teach civic sense to the children and youth at the initial/early-level of education. Special http://www.judis.nic.in 85/90 W.P.No.301/2002 talks and lectures be organised in the schools to highlight the menace of noise pollution and the role of the children and younger generation in preventing it. Police and civil administration should be trained to understand the various methods to curb the problem and also the laws on the subject.
2. The State must play an active role in this process. Resident Welfare Associations, service clubs and societies engaged in preventing noise pollution as a part of their projects need to be encouraged and actively involved by the local administration.
3. Special public awareness campaigns in anticipation of festivals, events and ceremonial occasions whereat firecrackers are likely to be used, need to be carried out.
The abovesaid guidelines are issued in exercise of power conferred on this Court under Articles 141 and 142 of the Constitution. These would remain in force until modified by this Court or superseded by an appropriate legislation.
(v) Generally
178. 1. The States shall make provision for seizure and confiscation of loudspeakers, amplifiers and such other equipment as are found to be creating noise beyond the permissible limits.
179. Though, the matters are closed consistently with the directions as issued above in public interest, there will be liberty of seeking further directions as and http://www.judis.nic.in 86/90 W.P.No.301/2002 when required and in particular in the event of any difficulty arising in implementing the directions.
The Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court, while disposing of a similar case in Ashtalakshmi Nagar, Ashtalakshmi Nagar Extension, R.K.Puram Kudiyiruppor Nala Sangam, represented by its Secretary, C.Jeyaraman vs. The Inspector General of Police and others, held as follows:
“....
15. However, considering the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case and keeping in mind that the same problem is prevailing in all over the State as submitted by some of the lawyers in the open Court, this Court is inclined to issue certain directions/guidelines to regulate the noise pollution in public/other places and they are:
(i) The State shall strictly implement the provisions of the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 forthwith and issue necessary/appropriate directions/guidelines to the authorities/police officers concerned to see to it that noise pollution is controlled;
(ii) The State shall instruct all the authorities to take appropriate action against the users of cone speakers/loudspeakers in public places and/or in religious places in violation of the provisions of the http://www.judis.nic.in 87/90 W.P.No.301/2002 Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 and ensure that the usage of cone speakers are curtailed and the usage of any other sound systems would be within the permitted parameters;
(iii) The use of cone speakers/loudspeakers in public places shall be banned/restricted forthwith in the interest of general public and more particularly, the children and aged persons;
(iv) The awareness campaigns shall be conducted among the public about the ill-effects of cone speakers/loudspeakers in order to curb the menace of noise pollution;
(v) Any violation in complying with the provisions of the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, be taken note of by the authorities concerned and appropriate action be initiated against the persons concerned in accordance with law and the instruments used for such violation be seized and confiscated immediately;
(vi)Those, who are conducting the public meetings, shall also scrupulously follow the directions issued in this order, while using the sound systems; and
(vii)The tenth respondent shall communicate this order to all the District Collectors, who inturn, shall intimate the same to all the subordinate officers for compliance forthwith.
http://www.judis.nic.in 88/90 W.P.No.301/2002 It is the submission of the learned counsel for the respondents that the directions issued are being followed. Petitioner has not impleaded any specific person, who has caused noise pollution. Hence we are inclined to dismiss the writ petition. However it is made clear that the respondent should ensure strict compliance with the law laid down by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in letter and spirit. No costs. Connected miscellaneous petition is closed.
[S.M.K., J.] [S.P., J.] 31.07.2019 Index : Yes/No Internet : Yes/No kpr To
1. The Secretary to Government, Home Department, State of Tamil Nadu, Fort St.George, Chennai-9
2. The Inspector of Police (Law and Order) Chunampet, Chengalpattu District.
http://www.judis.nic.in 89/90 W.P.No.301/2002 S.MANIKUMAR, J.
AND SUBRAMONIUM PRASAD, J.
kpr W.P.No.301 of 2002 and W.P.M.P.No.442 of 2002 31.07.2019 http://www.judis.nic.in 90/90