Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
over 2 hours
Serves
Serves 8-10
Mary Berry shows you how to cook a turkey crown - deliciously flavoured with orange and thyme - in 10 easy steps.
This meal, if served as 10 portions, provides 335kcal, 56g protein, 7g carbohydrate (of which 3.5g sugars), 8g fat (of which 4g saturates), 0.4g fibre and 0.9g salt per portion.
Preheat the oven to 200C/180C Fan/Gas 6.
Loosen the skin on the turkey crown by pushing your fingers (or rubber spatula) between the skin and the meat, moving it around to get to the tricky places and taking care not to tear the skin.
Mix the thyme leaves with the softened butter until well combined, then smear the mixture underneath the skin of the bird. Arrange the orange slices in two neat rows under the skin, on top of the herb butter.
Place one of the orange halves under the skin at the neck end of the bird, and any orange trimmings in the neck cavity.
Transfer the turkey crown to a small roasting tray. Rub all over with the oil and season with salt and freshly ground black pepper. Roast in the oven for about 1½-2 hours, or until the juices run clear when the turkey is pierced in the thickest part with a skewer and no traces of pink remain. During cooking, check the turkey every 30 minutes, baste occasionally and cover with aluminium foil if it is browning too quickly.
About 15 minutes before the end of cooking, squeeze the juice from the remaining half-orange over the turkey. Return the turkey to the oven, uncovered, to allow the skin to crisp up.
Transfer the turkey crown to a serving platter and set aside to rest, covered in foil, for 30 minutes. Reserve the meat juices left in the roasting tray.
For the gravy, pour the juices from the roasting tray into a jug and allow to settle. Skim all but 4 tablespoons of the fat from the top, then tip the remaining gravy into a saucepan and heat over a medium heat until the gravy is just simmering.
Whisk in the flour until the mixture is smooth and well combined, then pour in the port and stock and whisk again until smooth. Continue to simmer the gravy until it starts to thicken, then add a few drops of Worcestershire sauce and the soy sauce.
Bring the gravy to the boil, adding any remaining turkey juices released while the meat was resting. Season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper, then decant into a warmed serving jug and serve with the turkey.


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C/SCA/1977/2013 ORDER IN THE HIGH COURT OF GUJARAT AT AHMEDABAD SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 1977 of 2013 ================================================================ SANDEEP TEXTURISERS PRIVATE LIMITED & 1....Petitioner(s) Versus STATE OF GUJARAT & 3....Respondent(s) ================================================================ Appearance: MR ISHAN MIHIR PATEL, ADVOCATE for the Petitioner(s) No. 1 - 2 GOVERNMENT PLEADER for the Respondent(s) No. 1 MR PARESH M DARJI, ADVOCATE for the Respondent(s) No. 4 MR VAIBHAV A VYAS, ADVOCATE for the Respondent(s) No. 2 NANAVATI ASSOCIATES, ADVOCATE for the Respondent(s) No. 3 =========================================================== CORAM: HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE AKIL KURESHI and HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE J.B.PARDIWALA Date : 20/08/2014 ORAL ORDER
(PER : HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE J.B.PARDIWALA) By this writ application, the petitioner-purchaser of a property in an auction proceedings conducted by the Kalupur Commercial Cooperative Bank has prayed for an appropriate writ to quash and set aside the demand notices dated 29th November 2011 and 15th March 2012 respectively issued by the respondent No.2, Gujarat Pollution Control Board, for the purpose of realizing the dues of the erstwhile owner towards the water cess assessed by the assessing order Nos.594 and 4274 with interest thereon.
Page 1 of 7C/SCA/1977/2013 ORDER The case of the petitioner may be summed up thus:
The respondent No.4, Kinariwala Spinners Ltd. had availed of financial assistance from the respondent No.3 Bank. It appears that the respondent No.4 defaulted in making the payment of the sum borrowed. Accordingly, the respondent No.3 initiated proceedings under the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (for short "the Securitisation Act"). As a part of the proceedings initiated under the Securitisation Act, the property which was mortgaged by the respondent No.4 with the respondent No.3 Bank was put to auction. In the auction proceedings conducted by the respondent No.3 Bank, the petitioner herein emerged as the highest bidder. It also appears from the materials on record that on payment of the sale price, a sale certificate cum deed of conveyance was executed on 29 th December 2006 by the respondent No.3 Kalupur Commercial Cooperative Bank in favour of the petitioner. Thus, on the issue of such sale certificate, the ownership of the respondent No.4 got extinguished and it vested in favour of the petitioner. The sale of the mortgaged property attained finality on 29th December 2006.
Almost after a period of five years, the petitioner was served with a notice by the respondent No.2, GPCB, calling upon him to deposit an amount of Rs.66,449/- towards the water cess for the period between 1st April 2002 and 31st March 2003, and 1st April 2003 and 31st March 2004.
Page 2 of 7C/SCA/1977/2013 ORDER The petitioner being aggrieved by such recovery of water cess at the instance of the GPCB has come up with this petition.
The stance of the respondent No.3 Bank is that the subject dues of the GPCB were neither intimated nor informed by the respondent No.4, i.e. defaulter to the Bank nor the GPCB had made any demand thereof in response to the auction notice published by the Bank. According to the Bank, they do not owe any liability so far as the payment is concerned and at the best such liability could be fastened upon the respondent No.4 or the petitioner.
Mr.Ishan Patel, the learned advocate appearing on behalf of the petitioner has submitted that he had purchased the property in the auction proceedings on "as is where is" basis. He has drawn our attention to the relevant portion of the sale certificate which reads as under:
"All other outstanding dues such as all rates, taxes, assessment, dues and duties and payments of Central and/or State Government or any other local body etc. now outstanding and/or chargeable upon the same as at present is agreed to be and shall be paid by the Borrower or the Bank on behalf of the Borrower.
Thus, according to Mr.Patel, his client could not have been fastened with such liability to pay the dues of the erstwhile owner towards the water cess sought to be recovered by the GPCB.
Mr.Patel, the learned advocate appearing on behalf of the Page 3 of 7 C/SCA/1977/2013 ORDER petitioner has also drawn our attention to the relevant portion of the Deed of Indemnity executed by the respondent No.3 Bank in favour of the petitioner in addition to the sale certificate referred to above. The relevant portion of the Deed of Indemnity reads thus:
"1. The Bank has sold the said property more particularly described in the Schedule hereunder written, which belonged to KINNARIWALA as an Authorised Officer under the said Act, 2002 as per offer of the Company wherein the Company has agreed to pay entire dues of Gujarat Electricity Board and rest of all Government or semi-Government, local authorities, dues just as all rates, taxes, assessment, duties which are payable by KINNARIWALA shall be paid by the Bank on behalf of KINNARIWALA being original owner of the said property. The Bank irrevocably agree and undertake to pay such duties as and when demanded by the Government or semi-Government Departments, local authorities for KINNARIWALA only on intimation or furnishing copies of such demand if received by the Company. In case of any dispute regarding any dues of KINNRIWALA the Bank shall settle the same without any objection of whatsoever kind or nature.
2. In the aforementioned premises and in consideration of the Company taking liability for discharge of GEB's outstanding dues in respect of the said Property, the Bank hereby undertakes to pay all outstanding dues save and except GEB's dues such as of Government (both Central and State) or semi-Government, local authorities by way of rates, taxes, cess, assessments, duties etc. which are payable by KINNARIWALA and accepts liability for the same and releases the Company from the payment of thereof and further undertakes to indemnify and to always keep indemnified against payment of such rates, taxes, cesses, etc. by the Company for and on behalf of KINNARIWALA or the Bank and all costs, charges and expenses incurred and damages suffered by the Company by reason of default in payment of aforementioned dues and discharge of liabilities."
A plain reading of para 2 of the Deed of Indemnity would suggest that the Bank undertook to pay all the outstanding dues save Page 4 of 7 C/SCA/1977/2013 ORDER and except the dues of GEB's such as of Government (both Central and State) or semi-Government, local authorities by way of rates, taxes, cess, assessments, duties etc. payable by the defaulter. No liability was fastened on the petitioner as the auction purchaser of the property in question.
Mr. Patel thereafter has drawn our attention to section 3 of the Water Cess Act, 1977 which reads thus:
"3. Levy and Collection of Cess (1) There shall be levied and collected a cess for the purpose of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974) and utilisation thereunder.
(2) The cess under sub-section (1) shall be payable by -
(a) every person carrying on any specified industry; and
(b) every local authority, and shall be calculated on the basis of water consumed by such person or local authority, as the case may be, for any of the purposes specified in column (1) of Schedule II, at such rate, not exceeding the rate specified in the corresponding entry in column (2) thereof, as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, from time to time, specify.
2(2A) Where any person carrying on any specified industry or any local authority consuming water for domestic purpose liable to pay cess fails to comply with any of the provisions of section 25 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974) or any of the standards laid so down by the Central Government under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, cess shall be and payable at such rate, not exceeding the rate specified in column (3) of Schedule II, as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, from time to time specify.Page 5 of 7
C/SCA/1977/2013 ORDER (3) Where any local authority supplies water to any person carrying on any specified industry or to any other local authority and such person or other local authority is liable to pay cess under sub-section (2) or sub-section (2A) in respect of the water so supplied, then, notwithstanding anything contained in that sub- section, the local authority first mentioned shall not be liable to pay such cess in respect of such water.
Explanation-- For the purpose of this section and section 4, "consumption of water" includes supply of water."
On the other hand, Mr.Vyas, the learned advocate appearing for the Gujarat Pollution Control Board submits that since the petitioner purchased the property in the auction proceedings, all dues of the erstwhile owner could be recovered through the petitioner.
Having heard the learned counsel appearing for the parties and having gone through the materials on record, the only question that falls for our consideration in this petition is, whether the respondent No.2 Gujarat Pollution Control Board, is justified in seeking recovery of the amount towards water cess from the petitioner being dues of the erstwhile owner.
Indisputably, the auction proceedings were finalized way back in the year 2006. At the time of issue of the sale certificate also, the petitioner was not fastened with any liability to make good the payment due and payable by the erstwhile owner. The Kalupur Commercial Cooperative Bank has also made its stance clear that when the advertisement for public auction was issued, the GPCB Page 6 of 7 C/SCA/1977/2013 ORDER had not made any demand towards the water cess. Mr.Vyas, the learned advocate appearing for the GPCB has not been able to point out any provisions of law or anything from the record to indicate that such liability could be fastened upon the petitioner as purchaser of the mortgaged property.
We are of the view that in such circumstances referred to above, the demand notices dated 29th November 2011 and 15th March 2012 respectively issued by the GPCB upon the petitioner are not justified. However, we clarify that it would be open for the GPCB to recover the requisite amount towards the dues of water cess in accordance with law by initiating appropriate proceedings before appropriate forum, but at least the same cannot be recovered through the petitioner.
For the aforementioned reasons, we allow this petition. The impugned notices dated 29th November 2011 and 15th March 2012 issued by the GPCB are ordered to be quashed and set aside.
(AKIL KURESHI, J.) (J.B.PARDIWALA, J.) (vjn) Page 7 of 7


The infinitive form is used in:
• Simple Present: Subject (S) + verb
Note: A s is added at the end of the verb for third person of singular (he, she and it).
• Simple Future: S + will + verb
• And all continuous forms finish with: verb+ing, as I'm eating.
The simple past (SP) form is used in used only for simple past: S + SP, as we came.
Note: For regular verbs, just add -ed at the end, as they talked.
The past participle (PP) is used in:
• Present Perfect Simple: S + have/has + PP
• Past Perfect Simple: S + had + PP
• Future Perfect Continuous: S + will + have/has + PP
Definitions have been, for the most of them, fetched from Wordnik.com. Any word could be have several definition, the given definition is one of the common meaning of the verb, it could be inappropriate in some context.
CompositionThe composition of verbs have been added to easily understand the structure of composed verbs, and should not be used for the global meaning. The last part of the composition is always an irregular verb, more common in general.
QuotesQuotes have been fetched from Quotes.net and have been manually filtered for simplicity and relevance.


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Application Developer | Multimedia Designer
User Interface & User Experience Designer
(Internship)
Affin Hwang Asset Management Berhad
1 May 2020 – 31 August 2020 (4 Months)
Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Malaysia
Design and deliver wireframes, user journeys, and mockups optimized for a wide range of
devices and interfaces; Translate user stories and business requirements into effective
designs; Design sitemap, wireframes, prototypes and UI; Collaborate and assist with
development team to ensure accurate implementation of the designs.
Bachelor of Engineering in Digital Media Technology (Honours)
(N/481/6/0705 • MQA/PA5487)
Xiamen University Malaysia
September 2016 – August 2020 (4 Years)
President of the Art & Craft Society
Member of the Basketball Club
The DMT programme at Xiamen University is offered through the Software School, one of the 35
national exemplary software engineering schools approved by China’s Ministry of Education.
The Software School has established joint research and development collaborations with a
number of overseas IT enterprises such as MICROSOFT, IBM, BEA, ORACLE, SYBASE, SUN and DELL.
I have a solid specialty background that enables me to adapt to the ever-changing digital media technology and operating environment through the analysis, evaluation, design, development, implementation and management of software application, computer animation, computer games, and multimedia. I have strong interest and passion in developing applications, designing graphics, providing business solutions and solving real-world issues. I will be an ideal candidate for any position at any working environment. During my study career, I have participated in various activities and events. My involvement in these activities has allowed me to develop strong interpersonal and management skills.
Email: desmondcje@gmail.com


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KratosMultiphysics
KRATOS Multiphysics (Kratos) is a framework for building parallel, multi-disciplinary simulation software, aiming at modularity, extensibility, and high performance. Kratos is written in C++, and counts with an extensive Python interface.
|
This class derives from the MortarOperator class and it includes the derived operators. More...
#include <mortar_classes.h>
Public Member Functions | |
Operations | |
| void | Initialize () |
| This method initialized the operators. More... | |
| void | CalculateDeltaMortarOperators (KinematicVariables &rKinematicVariables, DerivativeDataType &rDerivativeData, const double rIntegrationWeight) |
| It calculates the mortar operators. More... | |
| void | PrintInfo (std::ostream &rOStream) const |
| Print information about this object. More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from Kratos::MortarOperator< TNumNodes, TNumNodes > | |
| void | Initialize () |
| This method initialized the operators. More... | |
| void | CalculateMortarOperators (KinematicVariables &rKinematicVariables, const double rIntegrationWeight) |
| It calculates the mortar operators. Popp thesis page 56, equation 3.31 and 3.32. More... | |
| GeometryMatrixMasterType | ComputePOperator () |
| It calculates the POperator (Inverse(D x M)) More... | |
| void | PrintInfo (std::ostream &rOStream) const |
| Print information about this object. More... | |
| KRATOS_CLASS_POINTER_DEFINITION (MortarOperator) | |
| Counted pointer of MortarOperator. More... | |
| MortarOperator () | |
| virtual | ~MortarOperator () |
Type Definitions | |
| using | BaseClassType = MortarOperator< TNumNodes, TNumNodesMaster > |
| The base class type. More... | |
| using | KinematicVariables = MortarKinematicVariables< TNumNodes, TNumNodesMaster > |
| The kinematic variables class. More... | |
| using | DerivativeDataFrictionalType = DerivativeDataFrictional< TDim, TNumNodes, TNumNodesMaster > |
| The type for frictional derivative data. More... | |
| using | DerivativeFrictionalessDataType = DerivativeData< TDim, TNumNodes, TNumNodesMaster > |
| The type for frictionless derivative data. More... | |
| using | DerivativeDataType = typename std::conditional< TFrictional, DerivativeDataFrictionalType, DerivativeFrictionalessDataType >::type |
| The type for derivative data, determined by the presence of friction. More... | |
| using | GeometryMatrixSlaveType = BoundedMatrix< double, TNumNodes, TNumNodes > |
| The bounded matrix employed class for slave geometry. More... | |
| using | GeometryMatrixMasterType = BoundedMatrix< double, TNumNodes, TNumNodesMaster > |
| The bounded matrix employed class for master geometry. More... | |
| static const SizeType | DoFSizeSlaveGeometry = (TNumNodes * TDim) |
| static const SizeType | DoFSizeMasterGeometry = (TNumNodesMaster * TDim) |
| static const SizeType | DoFSizePairedGeometry = DoFSizeSlaveGeometry + DoFSizeMasterGeometry |
| static const SizeType | DoFSizeDerivativesDependence = (TDim == 2) ? DoFSizeSlaveGeometry : DoFSizePairedGeometry |
| KRATOS_CLASS_POINTER_DEFINITION (MortarOperatorWithDerivatives) | |
| Counted pointer of MortarOperatorWithDerivatives. More... | |
Serialization | |
| class | Serializer |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Public Types inherited from Kratos::MortarOperator< TNumNodes, TNumNodes > | |
| using | KinematicVariables = MortarKinematicVariables< TNumNodes, TNumNodesMaster > |
| The kinematic variables class. More... | |
| using | GeometryMatrixSlaveType = BoundedMatrix< double, TNumNodes, TNumNodes > |
| The bounded matrix employed class. More... | |
| using | GeometryMatrixMasterType = BoundedMatrix< double, TNumNodes, TNumNodesMaster > |
| Public Attributes inherited from Kratos::MortarOperator< TNumNodes, TNumNodes > | |
| GeometryMatrixSlaveType | DOperator |
| Mortar condition matrices - DOperator and MOperator. More... | |
| GeometryMatrixMasterType | MOperator |
This class derives from the MortarOperator class and it includes the derived operators.
The derived operators are defined in each DoF of each domain, which means TNumNodes x TDim x 2 derivatives definitions in order to compute all the necessary derivatives. Popp thesis page 102 and following
| TDim | The dimension of work |
| TNumNodes | The number of nodes of the slave |
| TFrictional | If the problem is frictional or not |
| TNumNodesMaster | The number of nodes of the master |
| using Kratos::MortarOperatorWithDerivatives< TDim, TNumNodes, TFrictional, TNumNodesMaster >::BaseClassType = MortarOperator<TNumNodes, TNumNodesMaster> |
The base class type.
| using Kratos::MortarOperatorWithDerivatives< TDim, TNumNodes, TFrictional, TNumNodesMaster >::DerivativeDataFrictionalType = DerivativeDataFrictional<TDim, TNumNodes, TNumNodesMaster> |
The type for frictional derivative data.
| using Kratos::MortarOperatorWithDerivatives< TDim, TNumNodes, TFrictional, TNumNodesMaster >::DerivativeDataType = typename std::conditional<TFrictional, DerivativeDataFrictionalType, DerivativeFrictionalessDataType>::type |
The type for derivative data, determined by the presence of friction.
| using Kratos::MortarOperatorWithDerivatives< TDim, TNumNodes, TFrictional, TNumNodesMaster >::DerivativeFrictionalessDataType = DerivativeData<TDim, TNumNodes, TNumNodesMaster> |
The type for frictionless derivative data.
| using Kratos::MortarOperatorWithDerivatives< TDim, TNumNodes, TFrictional, TNumNodesMaster >::GeometryMatrixMasterType = BoundedMatrix<double, TNumNodes, TNumNodesMaster> |
The bounded matrix employed class for master geometry.
| using Kratos::MortarOperatorWithDerivatives< TDim, TNumNodes, TFrictional, TNumNodesMaster >::GeometryMatrixSlaveType = BoundedMatrix<double, TNumNodes, TNumNodes> |
The bounded matrix employed class for slave geometry.
| using Kratos::MortarOperatorWithDerivatives< TDim, TNumNodes, TFrictional, TNumNodesMaster >::KinematicVariables = MortarKinematicVariables<TNumNodes, TNumNodesMaster> |
The kinematic variables class.
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inline |
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inlineoverride |
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inline |
It calculates the mortar operators.
Popp thesis page 102 equation equation 4.32 and 4.33 / 4.37 and 4.38
| rKinematicVariables | Corresponds with the kinematic variables |
| rIntegrationWeight | The corresponding integration weight |
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inline |
This method initialized the operators.
| Kratos::MortarOperatorWithDerivatives< TDim, TNumNodes, TFrictional, TNumNodesMaster >::KRATOS_CLASS_POINTER_DEFINITION | ( | MortarOperatorWithDerivatives< TDim, TNumNodes, TFrictional, TNumNodesMaster > | ) |
Counted pointer of MortarOperatorWithDerivatives.
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inline |
Print information about this object.
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friend |
| array_1d<GeometryMatrixSlaveType, DoFSizePairedGeometry> Kratos::MortarOperatorWithDerivatives< TDim, TNumNodes, TFrictional, TNumNodesMaster >::DeltaDOperator |
| array_1d<GeometryMatrixMasterType, DoFSizePairedGeometry> Kratos::MortarOperatorWithDerivatives< TDim, TNumNodes, TFrictional, TNumNodesMaster >::DeltaMOperator |
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static |
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static |
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static |
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static |


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acl
: clausal modifier of noun
acl
is used for finite and non-finite clauses that modify a noun, including cases of secondary predication.
Note that in French relative clauses get assigned a specific relation acl:relcl, a subtype of acl
.
Non-relative clausal dependents of nouns are limited to complement clauses with a subset of nouns like fait (fact). We analyze them as acl
(parallel to the analysis of this class as “content clauses” in Huddleston and Pullum 2002).
Comment est-ce que cela peut être réconcilié avec le fait que beaucoup de mariages cassent ? \n How can that be reconciled with the fact that many marriages break up?
acl(fait, cassent)
Une photo de ce qui s'est passé \n A picture of what happens
acl(photo, passé)
Un culte nourri d'influences d'anciens mythes \n A cult nourrished with influences from old myths
acl(culte, nourri)
The acl
relation is also used for secondary predicates modifying a nominal:
Il quitta la pièce pleurant . \n He left the room crying .
acl(Il, pleurant)
In FrenchSpoken we also use the acl
relation.
on va donc avoir nos regards braqués sur l'hémisphère sud \n so we will be focused on the southern hemisphere
acl(regards, braqués)
N.B.: In FrenchSpoken we use another subtype of acl
for cleft sentences : the acl:cleft
relation.
acl:cleft
: cleft clause modifier
FrenchSpoken uses the acl:cleft
relation to link the clefted nominal element (i.e. the head of the cleft construction) and the clause of the cleft sentence.
The nsubj:expl relation is used to annotate the syntactical subject of the cleft construction.
Les vendanges commencent aujourd'hui. C' est un vigneron du coin qui me l'a dit .
nsubj:expl(vigneron, C')
acl:cleft(vigneron, dit)
nsubj(dit, qui)
Il y a Marie qui danse dans la pièce. \n Marie dances in the room.
nsubj:expl(a,Il)
advmod(a,y)
obj(a,Marie)
acl:cleft(Marie,danse)
J' ai le mari de ma voisine qui est réparateur de voiture. \n I've got a neighbour whose husband is a car repairer.
nsubj(ai,J')
obj(ai,mari)
acl:cleft(mari,réparateur)
N.B.: acl:cleft
is only used for clefted nominal subjects or objects. All other cases are annotated with the ccomp:cleft relation (for example when the clefted element is a verb or an adverb). Also see the specific-syntax page.
acl:relcl
: relative clause modifier
The acl:relcl
relation is used for relative clauses modifying
a nominal. The relation points from the head of the nominal to the
head of the relative clause.
 For cleft sentences, FrenchSpoken uses the acl:cleft subrelation.
advcl
: adverbial clause modifier
An adverbial clause modifier is a clause which modifies a verb or other predicate (adjective, etc.), as a modifier not as a core complement. This includes things such as a temporal clause, consequence, conditional clause, purpose clause, etc. The dependent must be clausal (or else it is an advmod) and the dependent is the main predicate of the clause.
L'accident s'est produit quand il faisait noir \n The accident happened when it was dark
advcl(produit, faisait)
Il faut venir tôt pour avoir de la place \n One needs to get there early to have a seat
advcl(venir, avoir)
FrenchSpoken also uses the advcl
relation. Here are some examples:
ils ont fait médecine parce que euh ça va être un métier stable \n they studied medecine because uh it's gonna be a steady job
advcl(fait, va)
ça donne un aspect plus moderne quand même si tu mets le tissu tout autour \n it gives a more modern look if you put the fabric all around
advcl(donne, mets)
However FrenchSpoken uses another subrelation advcl:periph for averbial clause modifiers that cannot be clefted.
advcl:periph
: peripheral adverbial clause modifier
FrenchSpoken uses the advcl:periph
relation for adverbial clause modifiers that cannot be clefted and cannot be moved inside the core of the sentence, unless they are put in parenthesis.
For other adverbial modifiers the advcl relation is used.
Il doit être à la fac puisque sa voiture est dans le parking. \n He must be on the campus since his car is in the parking lot.
advcl:periph(doit, parking.)
Quand l'accident s'est produit , il faisait noir. \n When the accident happened, it was night.
advcl:periph(faisait, produit)
advmod
: adverbial modifier
An adverbial modifier of a word is a (non-clausal) adverb or adverbial phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the word.
Ca devrait être fortement souligné \n It should be strongly emphasised
advmod(souligné, fortement)
moins souvent \n less often
advmod(souvent, moins)
le jour le plus long \n the longest day
advmod(long, plus)
FrenchSpoken uses the advmod
relation, here are a few examples:
je connaissais très bien Marc Allégret \n I knew Marc Allégret very well
advmod(connaissais, bien)
advmod(bien, très)
c'est vraiment très agréable \n it's really very pleasant
advmod(agréable, très)
advmod(agréable, vraiment)
For adverbial modifiers which are not governed by their heads, FrenchSpoken uses the advmod:periph relation.
advmod:periph
: peripheral adverbial modifier
FrenchSpoken uses the advmod:periph
relation for periphal adverbial modifiers, i.e. adverbial modifiers which are not governed by their heads.
Peripheral adverbial modifiers (like all peripheral elements) cannot be moved inside the core of the sentence, unless they are put in parenthesis.
Other adverbial modifiers are annotated with the advmod relation.
Franchement, tu aurais pu faire un effort. \n Honestly, you could have made an effort.
advmod:periph(faire, franchement)
Apparemment James a déjà vendu sa voiture. \n Apparently James has already sold his car.
advmod:periph(vendu, apparamment)
amod
: adjectival modifier
An adjectival modifier of a nominal is any adjectival phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the nominal head.
Marc boit du vin rouge \n Marc drinks red wine
amod(vin, rouge)
Here are a few examples from FrenchSpoken:
ah moi je suis une fille extrêmement pudique \n well I'm an extremely modest girl
amod(fille, pudique)
on vit vraiment dans un petit microcosme \n we truly live in a small microcosm
amod(microcosme, petit)
appos
: appositional modifier
An appositional modifier of a noun is a nominal immediately following the first noun that serves to define or modify that noun. It includes parenthesized examples, as well as defining abbreviations in one of these structures.
Sam , mon frère , est arrivé \n Sam , my brother , arrived
appos(Sam, frère)
Appelation d'origine contrôlée ( AOC )
appos(Appelation, AOC)
In FrenchSpoken does not use the appos
relation anymore. Instead there are two subrelations nmod:appos and conj:appos.
The nmod:appos
relation is used for appositions which modify nominal elements.
la place Voltaire
nmod:appos(place, Voltaire)
The conj:appos
relation is used for appositions that respect the prosody of list (the elements of such an appositions are in the same paradigm and have the same referent):
Sam , mon frère , est arrivé . \n Sam, my brother, arrived.
conj:appos(Sam, frère)
aux
: auxiliary
An auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause.
In some French treebanks an auxiliary verb used to construct the passive
voice is not labeled aux
but auxpass.
On peut nager dans le lac \n One can swim in the lake
aux(nager, peut)
Quelles conséquences cela a - t - il eu ? \n What consequences did this have ?
aux(eu, a)
The aux relation is also used in FrenchSpoken:
c'est l'esprit qui a peut-être changé \n it's the spirit that may have changed
aux(changé,a)
Currently FrenchSpoken does not use the aux:pass relation. There is another subrelation used to annotate the causative constructions: the aux:caus relation.
N.B.: Modals like pouvoir, vouloir etc. are annotated with an aux relation in some treebanks but FrenchSpoken does not consider them as auxiliary verbs.
aux:caus
: causative auxiliary
The aux:caus
relation is used to link the infinitive verb (i.e. the governor) and the causative verb in a causative construction.
The syntactical subject of the sentence (i.e. the causer) receives a nsubj:caus link.
The initial agent of the action described by the sentence is demoted and will either be anotated with an iobj:agent, an obj:agent or an obl:agent relation.
Marie a fait asseoir Pierre. \n Marie made Pierre sit.
aux:caus(asseoir,fait)
nsubj:caus(asseoir,Marie)
obj:agent(asseoir-4,Pierre-5)
N.B.: For more details about the analysis of causatives see this page.
auxpass
: passive auxiliary
A passive auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause which contains the passive information.
Kennedy fut assassiné \n Kennedy was murdered
auxpass(assassiné, fut)
Other auxiliaries associated with the same main verb are not labeled auxpass
but aux
since they do not themselves indicate passive voice.
Kennedy a été assassiné \n Kennedy has been murdered
auxpass(assassiné, été)
aux(assassiné, a)
Currently FrenchSpoken doesn’t use the auxpass
relation.
case
: case marking
The case
relation is used for any preposition in French. Prepositions are treated as dependents of the noun they attach to or introduce in an “extended nominal projection”. Thus, UD does not treat a preposition as a mediator between a modified word and its object. The case
relation aims at providing a uniform analysis of prepositions and case in morphologically rich languages.
Taxation individuelle de rentrée salariale \n Individual taxation of employment income
case(rentrée, de)
En attendant , asseyez-vous ici \n While waiting, seat down here
case(attendant, En)
Here are a few examples from FrenchSpoken with the relation case
:
je travaille dans le privé là \n I currently work in the private sector
case(privé, dans)
un rassemblement devant le ministère de l' enseignement supérieur \n a gathering in front of the Ministry of Higher Education
case(ministère, devant)
case(enseignement, de)
case:complex
: complex case
The case:complex
relation is used to analyze complex prepositions. In some French treebanks these prepositions are analyzed with a fixed relation.
However FrenchSpoken does not consider them as fixed but intead as regular constructions. Like complex determiners (see the det:complex relation), complex prepositions can be coordinated.
Moreover in complex prepositions containing a de, the contraction of the de remains possible:
contrairement à toi et à ta mère, à côté du garage et de la maison etc.
Elle a trouvé du travail grâce à cette agence d'intérim. \n She found a job thanks to this temporary employment agency.
case:complex(agence,grâce)
case(agence,à)
det(agence,cette)
La tortue est à côté de son arbre favori. \n The tortoise is next to its favorite tree.
case:complex(arbre,côté)
case(arbre,de)
det(arbre,son)
case(côté,à)
Contrairement à toi et à ton frère, Patrick a fait des efforts pour être plus poli. \n Contrary to you and your brother, Patrick made some efforts to be more polite.
case:complex(toi,contrairement)
case(toi-3,à-2)
case(frère-7,à-5)
conj:coord(toi,frère)
cc
: coordinating conjunction
A coordinating conjunction relation holds between the head conjunct of a coordinate structure and any of the coordinating conjunction involved in the structure. This also includes the first element in paired conjunctions like ni … ni “nor … nor”. Note that we never treat punctuation as coordinating conjunctions. For more on coordination, see the French conj relation as well as the universal dependency page (u-dep/conj).
1500 euros par an et par enfant \n 1500 euros per child and per year
cc(enfant, et)
conj(an, enfant)
Et ce n'est pas la peine d'insister \n And it is not worth insisting
cc(peine, Et)
FrenchSpoken also uses the cc
relation. However the standard conj
relation is not used anymore and has been replaced by a few subrelations (see conj for more details).
et j'ai vraiment mal vécu ça \n and I really didn't live this well
cc(vécu, et)
nous avons attendu sept ou huit heures dans la gare \n we waited for seven or eight hours at the station
conj:coord(sept, huit)
cc(huit, ou)
In the following example, c’est-à-dire is the coordinating conjunction in a conj:appos relation :
La fille du cousin du père de Zoé, c'est-à-dire la cousine de Zoé, est astronaute. \n The daughter of Zoe's dad's cousin, in other words Zoe's cousin, is an astronaut.
conj:appos(fille,cousine)
cc(cousine,c'est-à-dire)
ccomp
: clausal complement
A clausal complement of a verb or adjective is a dependent clause (which is a core argument) where the subject is not determined by obligatory control, either because the clause has its own overt subject or because the subject is arbitrary or determined anaphorically. This contrasts with the xcomp relation, which is used for clausal complements with obligatory control.
Il dit que tu aimes nager \n He says that you like to swim
ccomp(dit, aimes)
Je suis certain qu'il l'a fait \n I am certain that he did it
ccomp(certain, fait)
In FrenchSpoken, we also use the ccomp
relation. Here is an example from FrenchSpoken:
on ne peut pas exclure qu' il y ait quelque chose de grave \n it cannot be ruled out that there is something serious
ccomp(exclure, ait)
mark(ait, qu')
ccomp:cleft
: clefted clausal complement
FrenchSpoken uses the ccomp:cleft
relation in cleft sentences when the clefted element is not a nominal subject or object .
Else the appropriate relation is acl:cleft.
Juliette n'est pas ma confidente. C' est à Camille que je raconte tout. \n Juliette isn't my confidante. I tell everything to Camille.
ccomp:cleft(Camille,raconte)
nsubj:expl(Camille,C')
Il y a longtemps que j' habite ici. \n I've lived here for a long time.
ccomp:cleft(longtemps, habite)
nsubj:expl(a,Il)
advmod(a,y)
obj(a,longtemps)
Nager avec les dauphins ne me fait pas rêver. C' est explorer la forêt tropicale qui m' intéresse. \n Swimming with the dolphins isn't my dream. It's exploring the rainforest that interests me.
ccomp:cleft(explorer, intéresse.)
nsubj:expl(explorer,C')
N.B.: Also see the specific-syntax page.
compound
: compound
The compound
relation is one of three relations for multiword expressions (MWEs) (the other two being fixed and flat). It is used for noun compounds like the following:
ambiance chalet \n
compound(ambiance, chalet)
début décembre \n beginning (of) December
compound(début, décembre)
Here are some examples from FrenchSpoken:
alors vote sanction ou pas \n so sanction vote or not
compound(vote,sanction)
ce serveur américain est une sorte de club VIP réservé à la jet set \n this american server is a kind of VIP club only for the jet set
compound(jet,set)
elle voit le garçon pâtissier \n she can see the young pastry chef
compound(garçon,pâtissier)
N.B.: noun compounds must not be confused with apposed nominal modifiers, which are annotated with the nmod:appos relation.
conj
: conjunct
The conjunct relation holds between coordinated elements. We treat
coordination asymmetrically: The head of the relation is the first
conjunct and other conjuncts depend on it via the conj
relation.
1500 euros par an et par enfant \n 1500 euros per child and per year
conj(an, enfant)
Une seconde d' hésitation , d' inattention ou de retard \n A second of hesitation, carelessness or delay
conj(hésitation, inattention)
conj(hésitation, retard)
FrenchSpoken does not use the simple conj
relation. Three different subrelations are used instead: conj:appos, conj:coord and conj:dicto.
conj:appos
: apposed conjunct
In FrenchSpoken the conj:appos
relation is used instead of appos
for appositions which respect the prosody of lists. The elements in a conj:appos
are not bound to a particular sequence, they can be rearranged in a different order. The elements of a conj:appos
are in the same paradigm (i.e they fulfill the same role in relation to their governor). This choice of relation is meant to emphasize the similarity between some appositions and ordinary coordination.
Contrary to the conjuncts of a conj:coord relation, the conjuncts of a conj:appos
relation have the same referent.
Sa cousine , une grande psychiatre , habite à Charleville-Mézière. \n His cousin, a great psychiatrist, live in Charleville-Mézière.
conj:appos(cousine,psychiatre)
nsubj(habite,cousine)
Bruno , mon oncle , est un grand fan de rugby \n Bruno, my uncle, is a big fan of rugby
conj:appos(Bruno, oncle)
Not all appositions respect these critierias, for appositions which modify nominal elements but without showing these similarities to coordinations we use the nmod:appos relation instead.
conj:coord
: coordinated conjunct
The conj:coord
relation is used between conjuncts that are coordinated. Coordinating conjunctions such as et (and) or ou (or) may connect the conjuncts, but they are not necessary.
Conjunctions are treated asymetrically with the first conjunct as the head, and all the other conjuncts as dependants of this element.
Contrary to the conjuncts of a conj:appos
relation, the conjuncts of a conj:coord
relation do not have the same referent.
Pierre et Patrick aiment rouler en moto. \n Pierre and Patrick like driving a motorcycle.
conj:coord(Pierre,Patrick)
nsubj(aiment,Pierre)
cc(Patrick,et)
J'ai acheté des tomates , des courgettes et des aubergines pour faire une ratatouille. \n I bought tomatoes, zucchinis and eggplants to cook a ratatouille.
obj(acheté,tomates)
conj:coord(tomates,courgettes)
conj:coord(tomates,aubergines)
cc(aubergines,et)
Ni sa mère , ni son père ont répondu à ses appels. \n Neither his mother nor his dad answered his phonecalls.
cc(mère,Ni)
conj:coord(mère,père)
cc(père,ni)
nsubj(répondu,mère)
conj:dicto
: spoken overridden disfluency
In FrenchSpoken the conj:dicto
relation is used instead of reparandum to indicate disfluencies overridden in a speech repair. This combines two cases of paradigmatic relations that are distinguished in the Rhapsodie corpus: Disfluency and reformulation.
Contrary to reparandum
, in the conj:dicto
relation, the disfluency is the head and the “repair” is the dependent. Using conj:dicto
instead of reparandum enables us to better reflect how the utterance was produced by a speaker since we stay closer to the order in which the words were uttered.
Moreover, it is often difficult to distinguish reformulation and disfluency and they behave similarly to other paradigmatic relations such as coordination as has been shown in Gerdes, Kim, and Sylvain Kahane. “Speaking in piles: Paradigmatic annotation of french spoken corpus.” Proceedings of the Fifth Corpus Linguistics Conference, Liverpool. 2009.
Je vais au chez le coiffeur. \n I'm going at to the hairdresser.
conj:dicto(au,chez)
case(coiffeur.,au)
Example from FrenchSpoken:
c'est des choses dont vous parlez dans en classe euh \n These are things we talk about in in class.
conj:dicto(dans, en)
case(classe, dans)
N.B.: with reparandum
, “en” would have been the dependent of “classe”, instead of “dans”
c'est des choses dont vous parlez dans en classe euh \n
reparandum(en, dans)
case(classe, en)
cop
: copula
A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and
the copular verb. Copular heads are avoided when possible. For more on the cop
relation, see the universal dependency description (u-dep/cop)
Bill est un homme honnête \n Bill is an honest man
cop(homme, est)
nsubj(homme, Bill)
amod(homme, honnête)
det(homme, un)
In the current French treebank, the following verbs are treated as copular ones: être, devenir, rester, demeurer, as well as in some constructions appeler, intituler, nommer, réputer, élir
csubj
: clausal subject
A clausal subject is a clausal syntactic subject of a clause, i.e., the subject is itself a clause. The governor of this relation might not always be a verb: when the verb is a copular verb, the root of the clause is the complement of the copular verb.
Qu'il vienne m' embête . \n His coming bothers me.
csubj(embête, vienne)
In FrenchSpoken we also use the csubj
relation. Here is an example from FrenchSpoken :
créer des choses qui durent m'a paru être essentiel \n creating things that last seemed essential to me
csubj(paru, créer)
csubj:quasi
: quasi clausal subject
In FrenchSpoken we don’t use the usual expl relation and have instead decided to use only a subrelation for impersonal construction: nsubj:expl.
To annotate the other dependent of the predicate (i.e. not the dependent annotated with the nsubj:expl
relation) we use the csubj:quasi
relation, when this other dependent is a clause.
When the other dependent is a nominal, we use the nsubj:quasi relation.
Il faut que Pierre parte rapidement. \n Pierre must leave quickly.
nsubj:expl(faut,Il)
csubj:quasi(faut,parte)
mark(parte,que)
Il est impossible de voir le sommet de la montagne. \n It is impossible to see the top of the mountain.
nsubj:expl(impossible,Il)
cop(impossible,est)
csubj:quasi(impossible,voir)
mark(voir,de)
csubjpass
: clausal passive subject
A clausal passive subject is a clausal syntactic subject of a passive clause. It is not a very common construction in French. In the example below, qu’il avait triché is the clausal subject.
Qu'il avait triché était cru par tout le monde . \n That he cheated was believed by everyone .
csubjpass(cru, triché)
Currently FrenchSpoken doesn’t use the csubjpass
relation.
dep
: unspecified dependency
A dependency is labeled as dep
when a more precise dependency relation between two words cannot be determined. This may be because of a weird grammatical construction, a limitation in software, a parser error, or because of an unresolved long distance dependency.
det
: determiner
A determiner is the relation between the head of a nominal phrase and its determiner.
Les fleurs sont magnifiques \n The flowers are beautiful
det(fleurs, Les)
Quel livre préfères-tu ? \n Which book do you prefer ?
det(livre, Quel)
In some French treebanks, possessive determiners are marked with the nmod:poss relation:
Mon ami \n My friend
nmod:poss(ami, Mon)
The det
relation is also used by FrenchSpoken:
donc la vigilance sera accrue à ce moment -là \n so there will be increased vigilance at that time
det(vigilance,la)
det(moment,ce)
FrenchSpoken annotates possessive determiners with a det
relation and does not use the nmod:poss
relation.
nous allons vous prouver l' efficacité de notre boule magique \n we will show you the efficiency of our magic ball
det(boule,notre)
det(efficacité,l')
N.B.: The det:complex relation is used to analyze complex determiners.
det:complex
: complex determiner
The det:complex
relation is used to annotate complex determiners. Some French treebanks analyze them with a fixed relation but FrenchSpoken does not: complex determiners are considered as regular constructions and as such, they are syntactically analyzed.
Like complex prepositions (see the case:complex relation), complex determiners can be coordinated: Il y a trop de beurre et de sucre dans ce gâteau.
Here are come examples of complex determiners that follow the pattern “Adv+de+N” like trop de chocolat, beaucoup de fraises, énormément d’étoiles etc.
Pierre a mangé trop de chocolat. \n Pierre ate too much chocolate.
det:complex(chocolat,trop)
case(chocolat,de)
Je pense que tu as mis assez de peinture sur ce mur. \n I think you put enough paint on this wall.
det:complex(peinture,assez)
case(peinture,de)
Other types of complex determiner are anotated with the det:complex
relation:
Julien a acheté un tas de vêtements pendant les soldes. \n Julien bought a lot of clothing during the sales.
det:complex(vêtements,tas)
det(tas,un)
case(vêtements,de)
Hier soir, plein de gens étaient présents au concert d'hier soir. \n Many people attended the concert yesterday night.
det:complex(gens,plein)
case(gens,de)
La plupart des bactéries ont été tuées par cet antibiotique. \n Most of the bacteria were killed by this antibiotic.
det:complex(bactéries,plupart)
det(plupart,la)
case(bactéries,des)
discourse
: discourse element
This is used for interjections and other discourse particles and elements, which are not clearly linked to the structure of the sentence except in an expressive way.
Waouh , c' était fun :) \n Wow , that was fun :)
discourse(fun, :)-6)
discourse(fun, Waouh)
Bref , une occasion à ne pas laisser passer \n In short, an opportunity that should not be passed on
discourse(occasion, Bref)
FrenchSpoken also uses the discourse
relation. Here are some examples:
je traverse euh face à la euh MDE \n I cross the road uh in front of the uh MDE
discourse(traverse-2,euh-3)
discourse(la-6,euh-7)
bah ça parait normal \n well it looks ok
discourse(parait,bah)
N.B.: FrenchSpoken uses the parataxis:discourse relation for sentential discourse markers.
dislocated
: dislocated elements
The dislocated
relation is used for fronted or postposed elements
that do not fulfill the usual core grammatical relations of a
sentence. Dislocated elements are attached to the same governor as the dependent that they double for.
This construction is quite frequent in spoken French.
Pierre je ne l' aime pas beaucoup \n Peter I don't like him much
dislocated(aime, Pierre)
dobj(aime, l')
In FrenchSpoken we also use the dislocated
relation. Here are some examples from FrenchSpoken.
lui il avait passé les quatres nuits ou trois nuits à ramper dans les décombres \n He had spent the four nights or three nights crawling in the rubble
dislocated(passé, lui)
nsubj(passé, il)
c' est déjà arrivé ça \n it's already happened
dislocated(arrivé, ça)
nsubj(arrivé, c')
ces rails du tram eh ben je vais les longer \n these tram rails well I'm gonna walk along them
dislocated(longer, rails)
obj(longer, les)
dislocated:cleft
: clefted dislocated element
FrenchSpoken uses the dislocated:cleft
relation in pseudo-cleft structures to link the clefted element to the left part of the pseudo-cleft construction.
Ce que Thérèse aime par-dessus tout, c' est la randonnée. \n What Thérèse likes more than anything is hiking.
dislocated:cleft(randonnée.,Ce)
acl:relcl(Ce,aime)
Ce qui m' embête , c'est que tu ne m'as pas appelée. \n What bothers me is that you didn't call.
dislocated:cleft(appelée.,Ce)
acl:relcl(Ce,embête)
N.B.: For more informations on pseudo-cleft sentences see the specific-syntax page.
expl
: expletive
Note that currenlty expletives are not annotated consistently in the French treebank.
FrenchSpoken does not use the expl
relation. The current definition sates that the expl
relation should be used for “nominals that appear in an argument position of a predicate but which do not themselves satisfy any of the semantic roles of the predicate” (see the universal dependency page u-dep/expl). This definition seems to give more value to the semantic relations than to the syntactic relations.
That is why FrenchSpoken only uses expl as a subrelation for impersonal constructions. All other arguments (whether they satisfy a semantic role of the predicate or not) will be annotated with the usual syntactic dependency relations (nsubj, obj etc.). For further information see this discussion.
FrenchSpoken thus uses the nsubj:expl relation for impersonal constructions such as:
il est arrivé un malheur \n something bad happened
nsubj:expl(arrivé, il)
nsubj:quasi(arrivé, malheur)
N.B.: there are also two other types of subrelation nsubj:quasi and csubj:quasi. These subrelations are both used for the other dependent of the predicate that has a nsubj:expl.
For pronominal verbs, the usual relations for core arguments are used.
se douter \n to suspect
obj(douter, se)
il se souvient \n he remembers
obj(souvient, se)
N.B.: Here the pronoun is not an expletive but a part of a fixed verbal expression that is syntactically regular.
In a-t-elle bien dormi ?, we consider the euphony marker t in a-t-elle as part as of the pronoun elle. This gives us an allomorphic form -t-elle of the pronoun elle.
Due to the tokenizing choices we made (see the tokenization page), a-t-elle is split in five tokens: a, -, t, - and elle.
The first hyphen is the head (i.e. it receives the link nsubj
) and the other tokens are linked with a goeswith:
a - t - elle bien dormi ? \n did she sleep well?
nsubj(a,-)
goeswith(-,t)
goeswith(--2,--4)
goeswith(-,elle)
N.B.: This segmentating and tokenizing choice is arbitrary and other French treebanks could choose to do otherwise (for example they could consider a-t- or -t-elle as a token, or annotate the -t- with expl
).
In some French treebanks, doubled subjects in interrogativ sentences are annotated with expl
:
Marie est -elle là ? \n Is Marie here?
nsubj(est, Marie)
expl(est, -elle)
FrenchSpoken annotates the two subjects with nsubj
(and follows these tokenizing rules):
Marie est - elle là ? \n Is Marie here?
nsubj(est, Marie)
goeswith(-,elle)
nsubj(est, -)
fixed
: fixed
The fixed
relation is one of the three relations for multiword expressions (MWEs) (the other two being flat and compound). It is used for certain fixed grammaticized expressions that behave like function words or short adverbials.
Fixed MWEs are annotated in a flat structure, where all subsequent words in the expression are attached to the first one using the fixed label.
Marie était malade mais elle est quand même venue . \n Marie was sick but she came anyway.
fixed(quand, même)
advmod(venue, quand)
Je suis sûre d'avoir vu Paul à Paris alors qu' il est censé être à Dubai ! \n I'm sure I've seen Paul in Paris but he's supposed to be in Dubai!
fixed(alors,qu')
mark(censé,alors)
Instead of using the fixed
relation, FrenchSpoken syntactically analyzes as many expressions as possible (i.e. the fixed
relation is only used for syntactically irregular constructions).
For instance, il y a corresponds to two frozen expressions: a particular marker of clefting (il y a trois libres sur la table) and an adposition (Paul est arrivé il y a trois jours). The first is syntactically regular and is the analyzed with regular relations. The second is syntactically deviant and is analyzed with fixed:
Paul est arrivé il y a trois jours . \n Paul arrived three days ago.
fixed(il, y)
fixed(il, a)
case(jours, il)
Il y a trois livres sur la table. \n There are three books on the table.
nsubj:expl(a, Il)
advmod(a, y)
Complex determiners and complex prepositions, which are currently often analyzed with a fixed
relation in some French treebanks, are respectively analyzed with the det:comlex and case:complex relations by FrenchSpoken.
flat
: name
The flat
relation is one of the three relations for MWE in UD (together
with compound and fixed).
It is used for proper nouns constituted of multiple nominal
elements. For example, flat
would be used between the words of
Hillary Rodham Clinton, New York, or Carl XVI Gustaf but not to
replace the usual relations in a phrasal or clausal name like The
king of Belgium or the novels The Lord of the Rings and Captured By
Aliens.
Words joined by flat
should all be part of a minimal noun phrase;
otherwise regular syntactic relations should be used. This is
basically similar to the treatment of noun compounds with
compound, except that in many cases parts of the name may be
another nominal element such as an adjective (United Airlines).
In general, names are annotated in a flat, head-initial structure, in
which all words in the name modify the head using the flat
label.
Cervélo Test Team
name(Team, Cervélo)
name(Team, Test)
For names with a clear syntactic modification structure, the dependencies should instead reflect the syntactic modification structure using regular syntactic relations, as in:
<< La Belle et la Bête >> \n The Beauty and the Beast
conj(Belle, Bête)
cc(Belle, et)
det(Belle, La)
det(Bête, la)
FrenchSpoken uses nmod:appos instead of flat
.
foreign
: foreign words
The foreign
relation can be used to label sequences of foreign words. These are given
a linear analysis: the head is the first token in the foreign phrase.
Cet homme était persona non grata \n This man was persona non grata
foreign(persona, non)
foreign(persona, grata)
goeswith
: goes with
This relation links two parts of a word that are separated in text that is not well edited, or due to tokenization errors. The head is in some sense the main part.
This relation is rarely used in the French treebank.
Ils sont partis aujourd' hui \n They left today
goeswith(aujourd', hui)
For some constructions using hyphens, FrenchSpoken uses the goeswith
relation:
A - t - il mangé la dernière part de gâteau ? \n Did he eat the last slice of cake?
goeswith(--2,t)
goeswith(--2,--4)
goeswith(--2,il-5)
For more details see the tokenization page.
iobj
: indirect object
An indirect object is a nominal which corresponds to a dative object.
Il m' envoie une lettre . \n He sends me a letter .
iobj(envoie, m')
In some French treebanks, when the indirect object is realized with a preposition, it gets analyzed with the obl relation:
Il envoie la lettre à la présidente . \n He sends the letter to the president .
obl(envoie, présidente)
case(présidente, à)
The iobj
relation is also used for pronouns in prononimal verbs which are indirect objects:
Il se parle tout haut. \n He speaks to himself out loud .
iobj(parle, se)
FrenchSpoken also uses the iobj
relation for a nominal which corresponds to a dative objects i.e. a nominal that is a core argument of the verb but is not its subject or (direct) object.
Nous vous conseillons ce charmant petit restaurant. \n We recommend you this lovely restaurant.
iobj(conseillons, vous)
However when the indirect object is realized with a preposition, it is not annoted with a simple obl relation but with an obl:comp relation instead:
Il envoie la lettre à la présidente . \n He sends the letter to the president .
obl:comp(envoie, présidente)
case(présidente, à)
iobj:agent
: agentive indirect object
In a causative construction, the iobj:agent
relation attaches the infinitive verb to his agent, when the latter is the syntactical indirect object of the sentence (this initial agent has been demoted and became an iobj
in the causative construction).
For example, in the following sentences, the use of the pronouns leur and lui shows that these pronouns are indirect objects (see the page on the iobj relation).
Marie leur fait manger des épinards pour la première fois. \n Marie made them eat spinach for the first time.
aux:caus(manger,fait)
nsubj:caus(manger,Marie)
iobj:agent(manger,leur)
Ils lui ont fait vivre les pires vacances de sa vie. \n They made her spend the worst holidays she had ever had.
aux:caus(vivre,fait)
nsubj:caus(vivre,Ils)
iobj:agent(vivre,lui)
The infinitive verb governs the syntactical subject of the sentence (i.e. the causer) with a nsubj:caus relation and the causative verb with an aux:caus relation.
N.B.: For more details about the analysis of causatives see this page.
list
: list
The list
relation is used for chains of comparable items. It is not currently attested in the French treebank.
Web text often contains passages which are meant to be interpreted as lists but are parsed as single sentences. Email signatures in particular contain these structures, in the form of contact information: the different contact information items are labeled as list
; the key-value pair relations are labeled as appos.
In lists with more than two items, all items of the list shoud modify the first one.
Steve Jones GSM: 555-9814 Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>name(Steve-1, Jones-2)
list(Steve-1, GSM:-3)
list(Steve-1, Email:-5)
appos(GSM:-3, 555-9814-4)
appos(Email:-5<EMAIL_ADDRESS>mark
: marker
A marker is the word introducing a clause subordinate to another clause. The marker is a dependent of the subordinate clause head.
Il dit que tu aimes nager \n He says that you like to swim
mark(aimes, que)
S' il pleut, on sera mouillé \n If it rains, we will get wet
mark(pleut, S')
Prepositions introducing infinitives are also analyzed as mark
.
Il faut arriver tôt pour avoir de la place \n One needs to get there early to have a seat
mark(avoir, pour)
Note that in the phrase dès que, que is considered as a marker by FrenchSpoken (and not analyzed with fixed as it may be done in other French treebanks). dès is thus analyzed as a preposition, dependent of the finite verb of the clause. The fact that the clause following the dès can commute with a simple nominal phrase justifies this analysis. For instance, in the following example, que son mari est arrivé (in dès que son marie est arrivé) can commute with son arrivée (dès son arrivée).
Muriel a quitté la pièce dès que son mari est arrivé. \n Muriel left the room as soon as her husband arrived.
mark(arrivé,que)
case(arrivé,dès)
mwe
: multi-word expression
The multi-word expression (modifier) relation is one of the three
relations (compound, fixed
, flat) for compounding.
It is used for certain fixed grammaticized expressions that behave
like function words or short adverbials.
de toutes façons \n in any case
mwe(façons, de)
mwe(toutes, façons)
ainsi que \n
mwe(que, ainsi)
avant de \n
mwe(de, avant)
neg
: negation modifier
The negation modifier is the relation between a negation word and the word it modifies. Both elements of double negation are marked as neg
. Note that in colloquial French, the first element of the double negation is often not present.
L'homme parfait n' existe pas \n The perfect man does not exist
neg(existe, pas)
neg(existe, n')
On ne le lâchera plus \n We will not let it go anymore
neg(lâchera, plus)
neg(lâchera, ne)
nmod
: nominal modifier
The nmod
relation is used for nominal modifiers of nouns or noun phrases.
Le résultat de la course \n The result of the race
nmod(résultat, course)
case(course, de)
Maman prend bien soin de ses enfants \n Mother takes good care of her children
nmod(soin, enfants)
case(enfants, de)
Here are some examples from FrenchSpoken:
il est à l' opéra de Vienne \n he is at the opera of Vienna
nmod(opéra,Vienne)
case(Vienne,de)
c'est un virus qui a fait le tour du monde \n it's a virus which went around the world
nmod(tour,monde)
case(monde,du)
N.B.: Apart from the usual nmod
relation, FrenchSpoken also uses the nmod:appos relation for nominal modifiers which are not introduced by a preposition.
nmod:appos
: nominal modifier apposition
In FrenchSpoken the nmod:appos
relation is used for appositions which modify nominal elements. The nominal modifier is not introduced by a preposition (else we use the nmod relation). Contrary to the conj:appos relation, the nmod:appos
relation doesn’t respect the prosody of lists.
Here are a few examples :
Le journal Libération a refusé de dévoiler ses sources concernant le dossier Fillon . \n The newspaper Liberation refused to reveal its sources in the fillon case.
nmod:appos(journal, Libération)
nmod:appos(dossier, Fillon)
l' affaire Dreyfus
nmod:appos(affaire, Dreyfus)
la société Hebrard
nmod:appos(société, Hebrard)
la région Auvergne
nmod:appos(région, Auvergne)
La rue Faidherbe et la place Voltaire sont situées dans le même quartier. \n Faidherbe street and place Voltaire are located in the same neigbourhood.
nmod:appos(rue, Faidherbe)
nmod:appos(place, Voltaire)
Monsieur Dupont habitait près de la ligne Maginot. \n Mister Dupont lived close to the Maginot Line.
nmod:appos(Monsieur, Dupont)
N.B.: for phrases like “la ville de Paris” we use the nmod relation because of the preposition (which cannot be removed *la ville Paris)
la ville de Paris
nmod(ville, Paris)
case(Paris, de)
We use nmod:appos
, instead of flat, for “le président Macron”, which follows in French the same pattern as other nmod:appos
. The relation is also used between first and second name:
le président Macron
nmod:appos(président, Macron)
Emmanuel Macron
nmod:appos(Emmanuel, Macron)
l’ acteur Gaspard Ulliel
nmod:appos(acteur, Gaspard)
nmod:appos(Gaspard, Ulliel)
la rue Victor Hugo
nmod:appos(rue, Victor)
nmod:appos(Victor, Hugo)
nmod:poss
: possessive nominal modifier
The relation nmod:poss
is used for a possessive nominal modifier expressed by a possessive determiner (mon, ton, son, ma, ta, sa, mes, tes, ses, notre, votre, leur, nos, vos, leurs).
Toute notre vie \n All our life
nmod:poss(vie, notre)
nsubj
: nominal subject
The dependency type nsubj
marks nominal subjects of a clause. Subjects are direct dependents of the main predicate of the clause, which may be a verb, noun or adjective.
Le plus jeune participant a gagné la course . \n The youngest participant won the race .
nsubj(gagné, participant)
Papa est malade . \n Dad is sick .
nsubj(malade, Papa)
Maman est une bonne cuisinière . \n Mom is a good cook .
nsubj(cuisinière, Maman)
In FrenchSpoken we also use the nsubj
relation :
je peux pas vous dire \n I can't tell you
nsubj(peux, je)
on est plus confiant \n we are more confident
nsubj(confiant, on)
l' art est le reflet de la société \n art is the reflection of society
nsubj(reflet, art)
nsubj:caus
: causative nominal subject
In a causative construction, the nsubj:caus
relation links the infinitive verb (i.e. the head of the sentence) to the syntactical subject of the sentence (i.e. the causer).
The infinitive verb governs the causative verb with an aux:caus relation.
The true agent of the action described by the sentence is annotated with an iobj:agent, an obj:agent or an obl:agent relation.
Ses filles lui ont fait acheter un chiot. \n His girls made him buy a puppy.
aux:caus(acheter,fait)
nsubj:caus(acheter,filles)
iobj:agent(acheter,lui)
N.B.: For more details about the analysis of causatives see this page.
nsubj:expl
: expletive nominal subject
In FrenchSpoken we decided not to use the expl relation. Instead we only use a subrelation for impersonal constructions:
il est arrivé un malheur \n something bad happened
nsubj:expl(arrivé, il)
nsubj:quasi(arrivé, malheur)
il faudra acheter un porte-bonheur \n we will have to buy a lucky charm
nsubj:expl(faudra, il)
csubj:quasi(faudra, acheter)
N.B.: we decided to use the nsubj:quasi relation to annotate the other dependent of the predicate when it is a nominal and the csubj:quasi when it is a clause.
nsubj:expl
also enables us to differenciate between cleft and presentative constructions, in the case where they both use c’est (or c’était, ce sont etc.):
In the following example, c’ has an obvious antecedent (Pierre) so the second sentence (C’est un ami qui habite ici.) is a presentative construction (and not a cleft sentence).
In this case, we use the usual nsubj
relation.
Je te présente Pierre. C' est un ami qui habite ici. \n This is Pierre. He is a friend who lives here.
nsubj(ami, C')
acl:relcl(ami, habite)
In the second example, c’ doesn’t have an obvious antecedent. The second sentence (C’est un ami qui habite ici) is a cleft sentence, that is why we use the nsubj:expl
relation.
Je connais cette maison. C' est un ami qui habite ici. \n I know this house. It's a friend who lives there.
nsubj:expl(ami, C')
acl:cleft(ami, habite)
N.B.: Note that we use two different subrelations for relative clauses (acl:relcl) and for cleft sentences (acl:cleft). Also see the specific-syntax page.
nsubj:quasi
: quasi nominal subject
In FrenchSpoken we don’t use the usual expl relation and have instead decided to use only a subrelation for impersonal construction: nsubj:expl.
To annotate the other dependent of the predicate (i.e. not the dependent annotated with the nsubj:expl
relation) we use the nsubj:quasi
relation.
il est arrivé un malheur \n something bad happened
nsubj:expl(arrivé, il)
nsubj:quasi(arrivé, malheur)
When the other dependent of the impersonal construction’s predicate is a clause, we use the csubj:quasi relation.
nsubjpass
: passive nominal subject
A passive nominal subject is a noun phrase which is the syntactic subject of a passive clause.
La course a été gagnée par le plus jeune participant . \n The race got won by the youngest participant .
nsubjpass(gagnée, participant)
Currently FrenchSpoken doesn’t use the nsubjpass
relation.
nummod
: numeric modifier
A numeric modifier of a noun is any number phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the noun with a quantity.
Sam mangea 3 bonbons \n Sam ate 3 candies
nummod(bonbons, 3)
Il perdit presque 13 pourcent \n He lost almost 13 percent
nummod(pourcent, 13)
Dates are annotated as follows: if present the month is the head, the day and the year are nummod:
Elle est née le 12 décembre 2011 \n She was born on December 12 2011
nmod(née, décembre)
nummod(décembre, 12)
nmod(décembre, 2011)
det(27, le)
Here are some examples from FrenchSpoken:
et j'ai dit je gagne trois cents francs par mois /n and I said I earn three hundreds francs a month
nummod(francs,trois)
nummod(trois,cents)
je suis né à Alger en 1943 \n I was born in Algiers in 1943
nummod(né,1943)
case(1943,en)
obj
: direct object
A direct object is a nominal which is the (accusative) object of the verbal predicate.
Il mange un sandwich . \n He eats a sandwich .
obj(mange, sandwich)
The obj
relation is also used for a reflexive pronoun in pronominal verb when the pronoun is a direct object of the verb.
Il se lave . \n He washes himself .
obj(lave, se)
When the pronoun is a part of a fixed verbal expression that is syntactically regular, we can analyze it with obj
:
se douter \n to suspect
obj(douter, se)
se souvenir \n to remember
obj(souvenir, se)
In FrenchSpoken we also use the obj
relation :
on voit une jeune fille habillée en noir \n we see a young girl dressed in black
obj(voit, fille)
obj:agent
: agentive object
In a causative construction, the obj:agent
relation attaches the infinitive verb to his agent, when the latter is the syntactical object of the sentence (this initial agent has been demoted and became the object of the causative contruction).
For example, in the following sentence, “ses petits” is the tue agent of the verb “sauter” (Ses petits ont sauté dans la mare).
This nominal phrase can be pronominalized as follows: La cane les a fait sauter dans la mare. The use of the pronoun les clearly shows that “ses petits” is the syntactical object of the sentence.
La cane a fait sauter ses petits dans la mare. \n The duck made its ducklings jump into the pond.
aux:caus(sauter,fait)
nsubj:caus(sauter,cane)
obj:agent(sauter,petits)
Mon père a une femme de ménage. Il la fait venir le mercredi. \n My father has a cleaning lady. He makes her come on wednesdays.
aux:caus(venir,fait)
nsubj:caus(venir,Il)
obj:agent(venir,la)
The infinitive verb governs the syntactical subject of the sentence (i.e. the causer) with a nsubj:caus relation and the causative verb with an aux:caus relation.
N.B.: For more details about the analysis of causatives see this page.
obl
: oblique nominal
In UDv2, the obl
relation is used for a nominal dependent of a verb. However, this dependent is neither a subject (for which we use the nsubj relation) nor a direct object (for which we use the obj relation).
Sara donne une fleur à Tom . \n Sara gives a flower to Tom.
obl(donne, Tom)
case(Tom, à)
In FrenchSpoken, we use the obl:mod relation when the dependent is a modifier of the verb and the obl:comp relation when the dependent is a core argument of the verb. We also use the obl:periph relation for some of the non-core nominal dependents of the verb.
Here are a few examples :
Habituellement, Pierre mange une pomme à dix heures piles. \n Usually, Pierre eats an apple at ten o'clock.
obl:mod(mange, heures)
case(heures, à)
Max habite à Paris . \n Max lives in Paris.
obl:comp(habite, Paris)
case(Paris, à)
Selon ma voisine , le gardien vole parfois des colis. \n According to my neighbour, the caretaker sometimes steals packages.
obl:periph(vole, voisine)
case(voisine, Selon)
obl:agent
: agentive oblique
In a causative construction, the obl:agent
relation attaches the infinitive verb to his agent, when the latter is the syntactical oblique of the sentence (this initial agent has been demoted and became the oblique complement of the causative construction).
I.e a complement introduced by a preposition (see the page about the obl relation).
Patrick a fait boire du thé à Micheline alors qu'elle déteste ça. \n Patrick made Micheline drink tee, even though she hates tee.
aux:caus(boire,fait)
nsubj:caus(boire,Patrick)
obl:agent(boire,Micheline)
Monique a fait toiletter son bichon par le meilleur toiletteur de la région. \n Monique made her Bichon Frise groomed by the best groomer in the area.
aux:caus(toiletter,fait)
nsubj:caus(toiletter,Monique)
obl:agent(toiletter,toiletteur)
The infinitive verb governs the syntactical subject of the sentence (i.e. the causer) with a nsubj:caus relation and the causative verb with an aux:caus relation.
N.B.: For more details about the analysis of causatives see this page.
obl:comp
: oblique complement
In FrenchSpoken, the obl:comp
relation is used for core dependents of a verb (or an adjective), which are introduced by a preposition.
Here is an example from FrenchSpoken :
vous sortez euh de la euh commune de Pontamafrey \n you go out uh of the uh municipality of Pontamafrey
obl:comp(sortez, commune)
case(commune, de)
For prepositional phrases which are not required by the verb (or the adjective) but modify the verb (or the adjective), we use the obl:mod relation. For non-core nominal dependents of a verb, we can also use the obl:periph relation.
obl:mod
: oblique modifier
In FrenchSpoken, the obl:mod
relation is used for nominal adjuncts. They can be (but are not always) introduced by a preposition.
Here is an example from FrenchSpoken :
oui oui je prends le métro le matin à huit heures et demie \n yes i take the underground in the morning at eight thirty
obl:mod(prends, heures)
obl:mod (prends, matin)
For prepositional phrases which are required by the verb (or the adjective), we use the obl:comp relation. For non-core nominal dependents of a verb, we can also use the obl:periph relation.
obl:periph
: peripheral oblique nominal
In FrenchSpoken, the obl:periph
relation is used for nominals which are not required by the verb.
The specificity of an obl:periph
, compared to an obl:mod, is that the obl:periph
nominal cannot be clefted. In addition, the obl:periph
nominal cannot be moved inside the core of the sentence, unless it is put in parenthesis.
A mon avis , Pierre devrait rester là. \n In my opinion, Pierre should stay there.
obl:periph(devrait, avis)
Example from FrenchSpoken :
pour l' Indépendant du midi c'est la gifle \n
obl:periph(gifle, Indépendant)
We use two other subrelations for obl
: obl:comp for prepositional core dependents and obl:mod for nominal adjuncts (introduced by a preposition or not) that can be clefted.
orphan
: remnant in ellipsis
The orphan
relation is used to analyze cases of ellipsis where there is no function word that can be promoted to take the place of the elided content word. For a full discussion of its use, see the universal dependency description (u-dep/orphan).
Currently this construction is not correctly annotated in the French treebank.
Marie a été à Paris et Miriam à Prague \n Marie went to Paris and Miriam to Prague
nsubj(été-3, Marie-1)
nmod(été-3, Paris-5)
case(Paris-5, à-4)
cc(été-3, et-6)
remnant(Marie-1, Miriam-7)
case(Prague-9, à-8)
remnant(Paris-5, Prague-9)
Currently the orphan
relation is not used in FrenchSpoken.
parataxis
: parataxis
The parataxis relation (from Greek for “place side by side”) is a relation between the main verb of a clause and other sentential elements, such as a sentential parenthetical, a clause after a “:” or a “;”, or two sentences placed side by side without any explicit coordination or subordination. More information can be found on the universal dependency page (u-dep/parataxis)
Les enfants jouent tout le temps, jouer est leur travail \n Children play all the time , play is their work
parataxis(jouent, travail)
Les enfants ont le droit d'avoir du temps libre ( voir ci-dessous ) \n Children have a right to free time ( see below )
parataxis(ont, voir)
C'est l' idée : les enfants sont le futur \n That is the thought : children are the future
parataxis(idée, futur)
FrenchSpoken does not use the simple parataxis
relation. There are instead six different subrelations: parataxis:discourse, parataxis:dislocated, parataxis:insert, parataxis:obj, parataxis:parenth and parataxis:conj.
parataxis:conj
: parataxis conjunct
The parataxis:conj
relation is used to link two juxtaposed illocutary units.
Marie est restée chez elle : elle était malade toute la soirée. \n Marie stayed at home: she was thick all night.
parataxis:conj(restée,malade)
N.B.: The two clauses linked by the parataxis:conj
relation could be considered as two independent illocutary units (i.e. two independent syntax dependency trees).
In that case, the parataxis:conj
link becomes useless and the two illocutary units are annotated seperately.
Note also that the parataxis:conj
relation is used to annotate written corpora (i.e. it is not used to annotate oral corpora).
There are five more subrelations that FrenchSpoken uses: parataxis:discourse, parataxis:dislocated, parataxis:insert, parataxis:obj and parataxis:parenth.
parataxis:discourse
: parataxis discourse
The parataxis:discourse
relation is used for associated illocutary units. Contrary to parentheticals (for which the parataxis:parenth relation is used), the associated units do not allow for expansions.
Additionally those clauses mostly have first or second person subjects (or on). For instance je pense, tu vois, tu penses pas ?, on dirait etc.
For other discourse elements such as interjections we use the standard discourse relation.
Il aurait fallu tourner à droite, tu penses pas ? \n We should have turned left, don't you think?
parataxis:discourse(fallu, penses)
Here is an example from FrenchSpoken:
autrefois oui oui c'était pas le cas euh je veux dire euh \n in the past yes yes it wasn't the case uh I mean uh
parataxis:discourse(cas, veux)
There are five more subrelations that FrenchSpoken uses: parataxis:dislocated, parataxis:insert, parataxis:obj, parataxis:parenth and parataxis:conj.
parataxis:dislocated
: parataxis dislocated
The parataxis:dislocated
relation is used for pre-nucleus clauses that function like dislocations.
They cannot be considered as illocutary units since they are not autonomous.
For instance, in the following example, j’ai le copain de ma copine could not be an autonomous sentence. Furthermore it commutes with the nominal phrase le copain de ma copine and works like a dislocation, that is why the parataxis:dislocated
relation is appropriate.
j' ai le copain de ma copine il a un petit bateau dans le port de Toulon \n this boyfriend of my friend, he's got a little boat in the port of Toulon
parataxis:dislocated(a,ai)
N.B.: Since pre-nucleus clause functions like a dislocation, it could be annotated with a simple dislocated link.
There are five more subrelations that FrenchSpoken uses: parataxis:discourse, parataxis:insert, [parataxis:obj], parataxis:parenth and parataxis:conj.
parataxis:insert
: parataxis insert
The parataxis:insert
relation is used for parenthetical clauses which could not be considered as independent sentences, since they are not saturated.
In French such clauses can usually be found in formal writings (news, tales etc.). They are also typically caracterized by an inversion of the subject.
N.B.: When the parenthetical clause is saturated, the parataxis:parenth relation is more appropriate.
Demain, déclara gravement Mathilde, il faudra partir dès l'aube. \n Tommorow, Mathilde declared gravely, we must leave at dawn.
parataxis:insert(faudra, déclara)
Here is an example from FrenchSpoken:
vraiment dit Job la vie de l'homme sur Terre est une corvée \n truely, said Job, man's life on earth is nothing more than pressed service
parataxis:insert(corvée, dit)
There are five more subrelations that FrenchSpoken uses: parataxis:discourse, parataxis:dislocated, parataxis:obj, parataxis:parenth and parataxis:conj.
parataxis:obj
: parataxis object
The parataxis:obj
relation is used for direct speech when it is governed by a verb.
Ma mère m'a dit tu dois ranger ta chambre. \n My mother told me you have to clean your room.
parataxis:obj(dit, dois)
In the previous example, we can see that Ma mère m’a dit cannot constitute a core sentence without the phrase tu dois ranger ta chambre.
This clearly shows that tu dois ranger ta chambre is an object of dit, that is why the parataxis:obj
relation is used.
Here is an example from FrenchSpoken:
on m'a dit tu as l'antenne un mois \n they told me you have the antenna for one month
parataxis:obj(dit, as)
There are five more subrelations that FrenchSpoken uses: parataxis:discourse, parataxis:dislocated, parataxis:insert, parataxis:parenth and parataxis:conj.
parataxis:parenth
: parataxis parenthesical
The parataxis:parenth
relation is used for parenthetical clauses. They could constitute autonomous sentences but they are inserted within another illocutary unit.
Les enfants ont le droit d'avoir du temps libre ( voir ci-dessous ) \n Children have a right to free time ( see below )
parataxis:parenth(ont, voir)
Here is an example from FrenchSpoken:
alors que heinze c'est quand même assez extraordinaire hein c'est le patron de la défense \n wheras Heinze it's quite extraordinary he's the boss of defense
parataxis:parenth(patron, extraordinaire)
There are five more subrelations that FrenchSpoken uses: parataxis:discourse, parataxis:dislocated, parataxis:insert, parataxis:obj and parataxis:conj.
punct
: punctuation
This is used for any piece of punctuation in a clause, regardless of its function. The punctuation mark is attached to the head of the phrase or clause to which it belongs unless this introduces a non-projective dependency. More discussion on punctuation can be found on the universal dependency page (u-dep/punct).
Tous les bénéfices sont hors-taxe ! \n All profits are tax-free !
punct(hors-taxe, !)
S' il pleut , on sera mouillé . \n If it rains , we will get wet .
punct(pleut, ,)
punct(mouillé, .)
Since the FrenchSpoken corpus is an oral corpus, there are no punctuation signs (apart from hyphens in certain words or constructions).
N.B.: In FrenchSpoken some constructions containing hyphens are annotated with the goeswith relation. See the tokenization page.
reparandum
: overridden disfluency
The reparandum
relation is used to indicate disfluencies overridden in a speech
repair. The disfluency is the dependent of the repair.
Currently this construction is not annotated in the French treebank (but there are probably no attested uses).
Va à droi- à gauche . \n Go to the righ- to the left .
nmod(Va, gauche)
reparandum(gauche, droi-)
case(droi-, à-2)
For disfluences and reformulations FrenchSpoken uses the conj:dicto relation instead of the reparandum
relation.
root
: root
The root
grammatical relation points to the root of the sentence. A
fake node ROOT
is used as the governor. The ROOT
node is indexed
with 0, since the indexing of real words in the sentence starts at 1.
There should only be one node with the root
dependency relation in every tree.
ROOT J' aime les frites . \n I love French fries .
root(ROOT, aime)
ROOT Il est grand . \n He is tall .
root(ROOT, grand)
Some examples from FrenchSpoken:
ROOT ils ont discuté \n they chatted
root(ROOT,discuté)
ROOT tu prends la grande rue \n you take the big street
root(ROOT,prends)
vocative
: vocative
The vocative
relation is used to mark a dialogue participant addressed in text (common in conversations, emails and newsgroup postings). The relation links the addressee’s name to its host sentence.
Les gars , faites attention ! \n Guys , be careful !
vocative(faites, gars)
David , comment ça va ? \n David, how 's it going ?
vocative(va, David)
Currently FrenchSpoken does not use this relation.
xcomp
: open clausal complement
An open clausal complement (xcomp
) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp (normally by the object of the next higher clause, if there is one, or else by the subject of the next higher clause). These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than adjuncts/modifiers. The name xcomp
is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.
Il dit que tu aimes nager \n He says that you like to swim
xcomp(aimes, nager)
Je compte y retourner \n I am planning to go back there
xcomp(compte, retourner)
Je le considère comme un ami \n I consider him as a friend
xcomp(considère, ami)
In FrenchSopken we also use the xcomp
relation. Here are examples from FrenchSpoken:
j' aimerais enseigner dans un établissement public \n I'd like to teach in a public school
xcomp(aimerais, enseigner)
on pourrait imaginer des mélanges \n we could imagine some mixes
xcomp(pourrait, imaginer)