The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a subset of SGML that is completely described in this document. Its goal is to enable generic SGML to be served, received, and processed on the Web in the way that is now possible with HTML. XML has been designed for ease of implementation and for interoperability with both SGML and HTML.
This document has been reviewed by W3C Members and other interested parties and has been endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited as a normative reference from another document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web.
This document specifies a syntax created by subsetting an existing, widely used international text processing standard (Standard Generalized Markup Language, ISO 8879:1986(E) as amended and corrected) for use on the World Wide Web. It is a product of the W3C XML Activity, details of which can be found at http://www.w3.org/XML. A list of current W3C Recommendations and other technical documents can be found at http://www.w3.org/TR.
This specification uses the term URI, which is defined by [Berners-Lee et al.], a work in progress expected to update [IETF RFC1738] and [IETF RFC1808].
The list of known errors in this specification is available at http://www.w3.org/XML/xml-19980210-errata.
Please report errors in this document to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Extensible Markup Language, abbreviated XML, describes a class of data objects called XML documents and partially describes the behavior of computer programs which process them. XML is an application profile or restricted form of SGML, the Standard Generalized Markup Language [ISO 8879]. By construction, XML documents are conforming SGML documents.
XML documents are made up of storage units called entities, which contain either parsed or unparsed data. Parsed data is made up of characters, some of which form character data, and some of which form markup. Markup encodes a description of the document's storage layout and logical structure. XML provides a mechanism to impose constraints on the storage layout and logical structure.
[Definition:] A software module called an XML processor is used to read XML documents and provide access to their content and structure. [Definition:] It is assumed that an XML processor is doing its work on behalf of another module, called the application. This specification describes the required behavior of an XML processor in terms of how it must read XML data and the information it must provide to the application.
XML was developed by an XML Working Group (originally known as the SGML Editorial Review Board) formed under the auspices of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 1996. It was chaired by Jon Bosak of Sun Microsystems with the active participation of an XML Special Interest Group (previously known as the SGML Working Group) also organized by the W3C. The membership of the XML Working Group is given in an appendix. Dan Connolly served as the WG's contact with the W3C.
This specification, together with associated standards (Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 for characters, Internet RFC 1766 for language identification tags, ISO 639 for language name codes, and ISO 3166 for country name codes), provides all the information necessary to understand XML Version 1.0 and construct computer programs to process it.
This version of the XML specification may be distributed freely, as long as all text and legal notices remain intact.
The terminology used to describe XML documents is defined in the body of this specification. The terms defined in the following list are used in building those definitions and in describing the actions of an XML processor:
[Definition:] A data object is an XML document if it is well-formed, as defined in this specification. A well-formed XML document may in addition be valid if it meets certain further constraints.
Each XML document has both a logical and a physical structure. Physically, the document is composed of units called entities. An entity may refer to other entities to cause their inclusion in the document. A document begins in a "root" or document entity. Logically, the document is composed of declarations, elements, comments, character references, and processing instructions, all of which are indicated in the document by explicit markup. The logical and physical structures must nest properly, as described in "4.3.2 Well-Formed Parsed Entities".
[Definition:] A textual object is a well-formed XML document if:
document
.
| Document | ||||
|
Matching the document
production
implies that:
[Definition:] As a consequence
of this,
for each non-root element
C
in the document, there is one other element P
in the document such that
C
is in the content of P
, but is not in
the content of any other element that is in the content of
P
.
P
is referred to as the
parent of C
, and C
as a
child of P
.
[Definition:] A parsed entity contains text, a sequence of characters, which may represent markup or character data. [Definition:] A character is an atomic unit of text as specified by ISO/IEC 10646 [ISO/IEC 10646]. Legal characters are tab, carriage return, line feed, and the legal graphic characters of Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646. The use of "compatibility characters", as defined in section 6.8 of [Unicode], is discouraged.
| Character Range | ||||||
|
The mechanism for encoding character code points into bit patterns may vary from entity to entity. All XML processors must accept the UTF-8 and UTF-16 encodings of 10646; the mechanisms for signaling which of the two is in use, or for bringing other encodings into play, are discussed later, in "4.3.3 Character Encoding in Entities".
This section defines some symbols used widely in the grammar.
S
(white space) consists of one or more space (#x20)
characters, carriage returns, line feeds, or tabs.
| White Space | ||||
|
Characters are classified for convenience as letters, digits, or other characters. Letters consist of an alphabetic or syllabic base character possibly followed by one or more combining characters, or of an ideographic character. Full definitions of the specific characters in each class are given in "B. Character Classes".
[Definition:] A Name is a token
beginning with a letter or one of a few punctuation characters, and continuing
with letters, digits, hyphens, underscores, colons, or full stops, together
known as name characters.
Names beginning with the string "xml
", or any string
which would match (('X'|'x') ('M'|'m') ('L'|'l'))
, are
reserved for standardization in this or future versions of this
specification.
Note: The colon character within XML names is reserved for experimentation with name spaces. Its meaning is expected to be standardized at some future point, at which point those documents using the colon for experimental purposes may need to be updated. (There is no guarantee that any name-space mechanism adopted for XML will in fact use the colon as a name-space delimiter.) In practice, this means that authors should not use the colon in XML names except as part of name-space experiments, but that XML processors should accept the colon as a name character.
An
Nmtoken
(name token) is any mixture of
name characters.
| Names and Tokens | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
Literal data is any quoted string not containing
the quotation mark used as a delimiter for that string.
Literals are used
for specifying the content of internal entities
(EntityValue
),
the values of attributes (AttValue
),
and external identifiers
(SystemLiteral
).
Note that a SystemLiteral
can be parsed without scanning for markup.
| Literals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Text consists of intermingled character data and markup. [Definition:] Markup takes the form of start-tags, end-tags, empty-element tags, entity references, character references, comments, CDATA section delimiters, document type declarations, and processing instructions.
[Definition:] All text that is not markup constitutes the character data of the document.
The ampersand character (&) and the left angle bracket (<)
may appear in their literal form only when used as markup
delimiters, or within a comment, a
processing instruction,
or a CDATA section.
They are also legal within the literal entity
value of an internal entity declaration; see
"4.3.2 Well-Formed Parsed Entities".
If they are needed elsewhere,
they must be escaped
using either numeric character references
or the strings
"&
" and "<
" respectively.
The right angle
bracket (>) may be represented using the string
">
", and must, for
compatibility,
be escaped using
">
" or a character reference
when it appears in the string
"]]>
"
in content,
when that string is not marking the end of
a CDATA section.
In the content of elements, character data
is any string of characters which does
not contain the start-delimiter of any markup.
In a CDATA section, character data
is any string of characters not including the CDATA-section-close
delimiter, "]]>
".
To allow attribute values to contain both single and double quotes, the
apostrophe or single-quote character (') may be represented as
"'
", and the double-quote character (") as
""
".
| Character Data | ||||
|
[Definition:] Comments may
appear anywhere in a document outside other
markup; in addition,
they may appear within the document type declaration
at places allowed by the grammar.
They are not part of the document's character
data; an XML
processor may, but need not, make it possible for an application to
retrieve the text of comments.
For compatibility, the string
"--
" (double-hyphen) must not occur within
comments.
| Comments | ||||
|
<!-- declarations for <head> & <body> --> |
[Definition:] Processing instructions (PIs) allow documents to contain instructions for applications.
| Processing Instructions | ||||||||
|
PIs are not part of the document's character
data, but must be passed through to the application. The
PI begins with a target (PITarget
) used
to identify the application to which the instruction is directed.
The target names "XML
", "xml
", and so on are
reserved for standardization in this or future versions of this
specification.
The
XML Notation mechanism
may be used for
formal declaration of PI targets.
[Definition:] CDATA sections
may occur
anywhere character data may occur; they are
used to escape blocks of text containing characters which would
otherwise be recognized as markup. CDATA sections begin with the
string "<![CDATA[
" and end with the string
"]]>
":
| CDATA Sections | ||||||||||||||||
|
Within a CDATA section, only the CDEnd
string is
recognized as markup, so that left angle brackets and ampersands may occur in
their literal form; they need not (and cannot) be escaped using
"<
" and "&
". CDATA sections
cannot nest.
An example of a CDATA section, in which "<greeting>
" and
"</greeting>
"
are recognized as character data, not
markup:
<![CDATA[<greeting>Hello, world!</greeting>]]> |
[Definition:] XML documents may, and should, begin with an XML declaration which specifies the version of XML being used. For example, the following is a complete XML document, well-formed but not valid:
<?xml version="1.0"?> |
and so is this:
<greeting>Hello, world!</greeting> |
The version number "1.0
" should be used to indicate
conformance to this version of this specification; it is an error
for a document to use the value "1.0
"
if it does not conform to this version of this specification.
It is the intent
of the XML working group to give later versions of this specification
numbers other than "1.0
", but this intent does not
indicate a
commitment to produce any future versions of XML, nor if any are produced, to
use any particular numbering scheme.
Since future versions are not ruled out, this construct is provided
as a means to allow the possibility of automatic version recognition, should
it become necessary.
Processors may signal an error if they receive documents labeled with
versions they do not support.
The function of the markup in an XML document is to describe its storage and logical structure and to associate attribute-value pairs with its logical structures. XML provides a mechanism, the document type declaration, to define constraints on the logical structure and to support the use of predefined storage units. [Definition:] An XML document is valid if it has an associated document type declaration and if the document complies with the constraints expressed in it.
The document type declaration must appear before the first element in the document.
| Prolog | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
[Definition:] The XML document type declaration contains or points to markup declarations that provide a grammar for a class of documents. This grammar is known as a document type definition, or DTD. The document type declaration can point to an external subset (a special kind of external entity) containing markup declarations, or can contain the markup declarations directly in an internal subset, or can do both. The DTD for a document consists of both subsets taken together.
[Definition:] A markup declaration is an element type declaration, an attribute-list declaration, an entity declaration, or a notation declaration. These declarations may be contained in whole or in part within parameter entities, as described in the well-formedness and validity constraints below. For fuller information, see "4. Physical Structures".
| Document Type Definition | ||||||||||||||||||
|
The markup declarations may be made up in whole or in part of
the replacement text of
parameter entities.
The productions later in this specification for
individual nonterminals (elementdecl
,
AttlistDecl
, and so on) describe
the declarations after all the parameter entities have been
included.
Validity Constraint:
Root Element Type
The Name
in the document type declaration must
match the element type of the root element.
Validity Constraint:
Proper Declaration/PE Nesting
Parameter-entity
replacement text must be properly nested
with markup declarations.
That is to say, if either the first character
or the last character of a markup
declaration (markupdecl
above)
is contained in the replacement text for a
parameter-entity reference,
both must be contained in the same replacement text.
Well-Formedness Constraint:
PEs in Internal Subset
In the internal DTD subset,
parameter-entity references
can occur only where markup declarations can occur, not
within markup declarations. (This does not apply to
references that occur in
external parameter entities or to the external subset.)
Like the internal subset, the external subset and
any external parameter entities referred to in the DTD
must consist of a series of complete markup declarations of the types
allowed by the non-terminal symbol
markupdecl
, interspersed with white space
or parameter-entity references.
However, portions of the contents
of the
external subset or of external parameter entities may conditionally be ignored
by using
the conditional section
construct; this is not allowed in the internal subset.
| External Subset | ||||||||
|
The external subset and external parameter entities also differ from the internal subset in that in them, parameter-entity references are permitted within markup declarations, not only between markup declarations.
An example of an XML document with a document type declaration:
<?xml version="1.0"?> |
The system identifier
"hello.dtd
" gives the URI of a DTD for the document.
The declarations can also be given locally, as in this example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> |
If both the external and internal subsets are used, the internal subset is considered to occur before the external subset. This has the effect that entity and attribute-list declarations in the internal subset take precedence over those in the external subset.
Markup declarations can affect the content of the document, as passed from an XML processor to an application; examples are attribute defaults and entity declarations. The standalone document declaration, which may appear as a component of the XML declaration, signals whether or not there are such declarations which appear external to the document entity.
| Standalone Document Declaration | ||||||
|
In a standalone document declaration, the value "yes
" indicates
that there
are no markup declarations external to the document
entity (either in the DTD external subset, or in an
external parameter entity referenced from the internal subset)
which affect the information passed from the XML processor to
the application.
The value "no
" indicates that there are or may be such
external markup declarations.
Note that the standalone document declaration only
denotes the presence of external declarations; the presence, in a
document, of
references to external entities, when those entities are
internally declared,
does not change its standalone status.
If there are no external markup declarations, the standalone document
declaration has no meaning.
If there are external markup declarations but there is no standalone
document declaration, the value "no
" is assumed.
Any XML document for which standalone="no"
holds can
be converted algorithmically to a standalone document,
which may be desirable for some network delivery applications.
Validity Constraint:
Standalone Document Declaration
The standalone document declaration must have
the value "no
" if any external markup declarations
contain declarations of:
amp
,
lt
,
gt
,
apos
,
quot
),
if references to those
entities appear in the document, or
An example XML declaration with a standalone document declaration:
<?xml version="1.0" standalone='yes'?> |
In editing XML documents, it is often convenient to use "white space"
(spaces, tabs, and blank lines, denoted by the nonterminal
S
in this specification) to
set apart the markup for greater readability. Such white space is typically
not intended for inclusion in the delivered version of the document.
On the other hand, "significant" white space that should be preserved in the
delivered version is common, for example in poetry and
source code.
An XML processor must always pass all characters in a document that are not markup through to the application. A validating XML processor must also inform the application which of these characters constitute white space appearing in element content.
A special attribute
named xml:space
may be attached to an element
to signal an intention that in that element,
white space should be preserved by applications.
In valid documents, this attribute, like any other, must be
declared if it is used.
When declared, it must be given as an
enumerated type whose only
possible values are "default
" and "preserve
".
For example:
<!ATTLIST poem xml:space (default|preserve) 'preserve'> |
The value "default
" signals that applications'
default white-space processing modes are acceptable for this element; the
value "preserve
" indicates the intent that applications preserve
all the white space.
This declared intent is considered to apply to all elements within the content
of the element where it is specified, unless overriden with another instance
of the xml:space
attribute.
The root element of any document is considered to have signaled no intentions as regards application space handling, unless it provides a value for this attribute or the attribute is declared with a default value.
XML parsed entities are often stored in computer files which, for editing convenience, are organized into lines. These lines are typically separated by some combination of the characters carriage-return (#xD) and line-feed (#xA).
To simplify the tasks of applications, wherever an external parsed entity or the literal entity value of an internal parsed entity contains either the literal two-character sequence "#xD#xA" or a standalone literal #xD, an XML processor must pass to the application the single character #xA. (This behavior can conveniently be produced by normalizing all line breaks to #xA on input, before parsing.)
In document processing, it is often useful to
identify the natural or formal language
in which the content is
written.
A special attribute named
xml:lang
may be inserted in
documents to specify the
language used in the contents and attribute values
of any element in an XML document.
In valid documents, this attribute, like any other, must be
declared if it is used.
The values of the attribute are language identifiers as defined
by [IETF RFC 1766], "Tags for the Identification of Languages":
| Language Identification | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
The Langcode
may be any of the following:
i-
" (or "I-
")x-
" or "X-
" in order to ensure that they do not conflict
with names later standardized or registered with IANAThere may be any number of Subcode
segments; if
the first
subcode segment exists and the Subcode consists of two
letters, then it must be a country code from
[ISO 3166], "Codes
for the representation of names of countries."
If the first
subcode consists of more than two letters, it must be
a subcode for the language in question registered with IANA,
unless the Langcode
begins with the prefix
"x-
" or
"X-
".
It is customary to give the language code in lower case, and the country code (if any) in upper case. Note that these values, unlike other names in XML documents, are case insensitive.
For example:
<p xml:lang="en">The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.</p> |
The intent declared with xml:lang
is considered to apply to
all attributes and content of the element where it is specified,
unless overridden with an instance of xml:lang
on another element within that content.
A simple declaration for xml:lang
might take
the form
xml:lang NMTOKEN #IMPLIED |
but specific default values may also be given, if appropriate. In a collection of French poems for English students, with glosses and notes in English, the xml:lang attribute might be declared this way:
<!ATTLIST poem xml:lang NMTOKEN 'fr'> |
[Definition:] Each XML document contains one or more elements, the boundaries of which are either delimited by start-tags and end-tags, or, for empty elements, by an empty-element tag. Each element has a type, identified by name, sometimes called its "generic identifier" (GI), and may have a set of attribute specifications. Each attribute specification has a name and a value.
| Element | ||||||||||||||||
|
This specification does not constrain the semantics, use, or (beyond
syntax) names of the element types and attributes, except that names
beginning with a match to (('X'|'x')('M'|'m')('L'|'l'))
are reserved for standardization in this or future versions of this
specification.
Well-Formedness Constraint:
Element Type Match
The Name
in an element's end-tag must match
the element type in
the start-tag.
Validity Constraint:
Element Valid
An element is
valid if
there is a declaration matching
elementdecl
where the
Name
matches the element type, and
one of the following holds:
EMPTY
and the element has no
content.children
and
the sequence of
child elements
belongs to the language generated by the regular expression in
the content model, with optional white space (characters
matching the nonterminal S
) between each pair
of child elements.Mixed
and
the content consists of character
data and child elements
whose types match names in the content model.ANY
, and the types
of any child elements have
been declared.[Definition:] The beginning of every non-empty XML element is marked by a start-tag.
| Start-tag | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
The Name
in
the start- and end-tags gives the
element's type.
[Definition:]
The Name
-AttValue
pairs are
referred to as
the attribute specifications of the element,
[Definition:] with the
Name
in each pair
referred to as the attribute name and
[Definition:] the content of the
AttValue
(the text between the
'
or "
delimiters)
as the attribute value.
Well-Formedness Constraint:
Unique Att Spec
No attribute name may appear more than once in the same start-tag
or empty-element tag.
Validity Constraint:
Attribute Value Type
The attribute must have been declared; the value must be of the type
declared for it.
(For attribute types, see "3.3 Attribute-List Declarations".)
Well-Formedness Constraint:
No External Entity References
Attribute values cannot contain direct or indirect entity references
to external entities.
Well-Formedness Constraint:
No <
in Attribute Values
The replacement text of any entity
referred to directly or indirectly in an attribute
value (other than "<
") must not contain
a <
.
An example of a start-tag:
<termdef id="dt-dog" term="dog"> |
[Definition:] The end of every element that begins with a start-tag must be marked by an end-tag containing a name that echoes the element's type as given in the start-tag:
| End-tag | ||||
|
An example of an end-tag:
</termdef> |
[Definition:] The text between the start-tag and end-tag is called the element's content:
| Content of Elements | ||||
|
[Definition:] If an element is empty, it must be represented either by a start-tag immediately followed by an end-tag or by an empty-element tag. [Definition:] An empty-element tag takes a special form:
| Tags for Empty Elements | ||||||
|
Empty-element tags may be used for any element which has no
content, whether or not it is declared using the keyword
EMPTY
.
For interoperability, the empty-element
tag must be used, and can only be used, for elements which are
declared EMPTY
.
Examples of empty elements:
<IMG align="left" |
The element structure of an XML document may, for validation purposes, be constrained using element type and attribute-list declarations. An element type declaration constrains the element's content.
Element type declarations often constrain which element types can appear as children of the element. At user option, an XML processor may issue a warning when a declaration mentions an element type for which no declaration is provided, but this is not an error.
[Definition:] An element type declaration takes the form:
| Element Type Declaration | ||||||||||
|
where the Name
gives the element type
being declared.
Validity Constraint:
Unique Element Type Declaration
No element type may be declared more than once.
Examples of element type declarations:
<!ELEMENT br EMPTY> |
[Definition:] An element type has
element content when elements of that
type must contain only child
elements (no character data), optionally separated by
white space (characters matching the nonterminal
S
).
In this case, the
constraint includes a content model, a simple grammar governing
the allowed types of the child
elements and the order in which they are allowed to appear.
The grammar is built on
content particles (cp
s), which consist of names,
choice lists of content particles, or
sequence lists of content particles:
| Element-content Models | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
where each Name
is the type of an element which may
appear as a child.
Any content
particle in a choice list may appear in the element content at the location where
the choice list appears in the grammar;
content particles occurring in a sequence list must each
appear in the element content in the
order given in the list.
The optional character following a name or list governs
whether the element or the content particles in the list may occur one
or more (+
), zero or more (*
), or zero or
one times (?
).
The absence of such an operator means that the element or content particle
must appear exactly once.
This syntax
and meaning are identical to those used in the productions in this
specification.
The content of an element matches a content model if and only if it is possible to trace out a path through the content model, obeying the sequence, choice, and repetition operators and matching each element in the content against an element type in the content model. For compatibility, it is an error if an element in the document can match more than one occurrence of an element type in the content model. For more information, see "E. Deterministic Content Models".
Validity Constraint:
Proper Group/PE Nesting
Parameter-entity
replacement text must be properly nested
with parenthetized groups.
That is to say, if either of the opening or closing parentheses
in a choice
, seq
, or
Mixed
construct
is contained in the replacement text for a
parameter entity,
both must be contained in the same replacement text.
For interoperability,
if a parameter-entity reference appears in a
choice
, seq
, or
Mixed
construct, its replacement text
should not be empty, and
neither the first nor last non-blank
character of the replacement text should be a connector
(|
or ,
).
Examples of element-content models:
<!ELEMENT spec (front, body, back?)> |
[Definition:] An element type has mixed content when elements of that type may contain character data, optionally interspersed with child elements. In this case, the types of the child elements may be constrained, but not their order or their number of occurrences:
| Mixed-content Declaration | ||||||||||||||||
|
where the Name
s give the types of elements
that may appear as children.
Validity Constraint:
No Duplicate Types
The same name must not appear more than once in a single mixed-content
declaration.
Examples of mixed content declarations:
<!ELEMENT p (#PCDATA|a|ul|b|i|em)*> |
Attributes are used to associate name-value pairs with elements. Attribute specifications may appear only within start-tags and empty-element tags; thus, the productions used to recognize them appear in "3.1 Start-Tags, End-Tags, and Empty-Element Tags". Attribute-list declarations may be used:
[Definition:] Attribute-list declarations specify the name, data type, and default value (if any) of each attribute associated with a given element type:
| Attribute-list Declaration | ||||||||
|
The Name
in the
AttlistDecl
rule is the type of an element. At
user option, an XML processor may issue a warning if attributes are
declared for an element type not itself declared, but this is not an
error. The Name
in the
AttDef
rule is
the name of the attribute.
When more than one AttlistDecl
is provided for a
given element type, the contents of all those provided are merged. When
more than one definition is provided for the same attribute of a
given element type, the first declaration is binding and later
declarations are ignored.
For interoperability, writers of DTDs
may choose to provide at most one attribute-list declaration
for a given element type, at most one attribute definition
for a given attribute name, and at least one attribute definition
in each attribute-list declaration.
For interoperability, an XML processor may at user option
issue a warning when more than one attribute-list declaration is
provided for a given element type, or more than one attribute definition
is provided
for a given attribute, but this is not an error.
XML attribute types are of three kinds: a string type, a set of tokenized types, and enumerated types. The string type may take any literal string as a value; the tokenized types have varying lexical and semantic constraints, as noted:
| Attribute Types | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Validity Constraint:
ID
Values of type ID
must match the
Name
production.
A name must not appear more than once in
an XML document as a value of this type; i.e., ID values must uniquely
identify the elements which bear them.
Validity Constraint:
One ID per Element Type
No element type may have more than one ID attribute specified.
Validity Constraint:
ID Attribute Default
An ID attribute must have a declared default of #IMPLIED
or
#REQUIRED
.
Validity Constraint:
IDREF
Values of type IDREF
must match
the Name
production, and
values of type IDREFS
must match
Names
;
each Name
must match the value of an ID attribute on
some element in the XML document; i.e. IDREF
values must
match the value of some ID attribute.
Validity Constraint:
Entity Name
Values of type ENTITY
must match the Name
production,
values of type ENTITIES
must match
Names
;
each Name
must
match the
name of an unparsed entity declared in the
DTD.
Validity Constraint:
Name Token
Values of type NMTOKEN
must match the
Nmtoken
production;
values of type NMTOKENS
must
match Nmtokens.
[Definition:] Enumerated attributes can take one of a list of values provided in the declaration. There are two kinds of enumerated types:
| Enumerated Attribute Types | ||||||||||||||||
|
A NOTATION
attribute identifies a
notation, declared in the
DTD with associated system and/or public identifiers, to
be used in interpreting the element to which the attribute
is attached.
Validity Constraint:
Notation Attributes
Values of this type must match
one of the notation names included in
the declaration; all notation names in the declaration must
be declared.
Validity Constraint:
Enumeration
Values of this type
must match one of the Nmtoken
tokens in the
declaration.
For interoperability, the same
Nmtoken
should not occur more than once in the
enumerated attribute types of a single element type.
An attribute declaration provides information on whether the attribute's presence is required, and if not, how an XML processor should react if a declared attribute is absent in a document.
| Attribute Defaults | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
In an attribute declaration, #REQUIRED
means that the
attribute must always be provided, #IMPLIED
that no default
value is provided.
[Definition:] If the
declaration
is neither #REQUIRED
nor #IMPLIED
, then the
AttValue
value contains the declared
default value; the #FIXED
keyword states that
the attribute must always have the default value.
If a default value
is declared, when an XML processor encounters an omitted attribute, it
is to behave as though the attribute were present with
the declared default value.
Validity Constraint:
Required Attribute
If the default declaration is the keyword #REQUIRED
, then
the attribute must be specified for
all elements of the type in the attribute-list declaration.
Validity Constraint:
Attribute Default Legal
The declared
default value must meet the lexical constraints of the declared attribute type.
Validity Constraint:
Fixed Attribute Default
If an attribute has a default value declared with the
#FIXED
keyword, instances of that attribute must
match the default value.
Examples of attribute-list declarations:
<!ATTLIST termdef |
Before the value of an attribute is passed to the application or checked for validity, the XML processor must normalize it as follows:
If the declared value is not CDATA, then the XML processor must further process the normalized attribute value by discarding any leading and trailing space (#x20) characters, and by replacing sequences of space (#x20) characters by a single space (#x20) character.
All attributes for which no declaration has been read should be treated
by a non-validating parser as if declared
CDATA
.
[Definition:] Conditional sections are portions of the document type declaration external subset which are included in, or excluded from, the logical structure of the DTD based on the keyword which governs them.
| Conditional Section | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
Like the internal and external DTD subsets, a conditional section may contain one or more complete declarations, comments, processing instructions, or nested conditional sections, intermingled with white space.
If the keyword of the
conditional section is INCLUDE
, then the contents of the conditional
section are part of the DTD.
If the keyword of the conditional
section is IGNORE
, then the contents of the conditional section are
not logically part of the DTD.
Note that for reliable parsing, the contents of even ignored
conditional sections must be read in order to
detect nested conditional sections and ensure that the end of the
outermost (ignored) conditional section is properly detected.
If a conditional section with a
keyword of INCLUDE
occurs within a larger conditional
section with a keyword of IGNORE
, both the outer and the
inner conditional sections are ignored.
If the keyword of the conditional section is a parameter-entity reference, the parameter entity must be replaced by its content before the processor decides whether to include or ignore the conditional section.
An example:
<!ENTITY % draft 'INCLUDE' > |
[Definition:] An XML document may consist of one or many storage units. These are called entities; they all have content and are all (except for the document entity, see below, and the external DTD subset) identified by name. Each XML document has one entity called the document entity, which serves as the starting point for the XML processor and may contain the whole document.
Entities may be either parsed or unparsed. [Definition:] A parsed entity's contents are referred to as its replacement text; this text is considered an integral part of the document.
[Definition:] An unparsed entity is a resource whose contents may or may not be text, and if text, may not be XML. Each unparsed entity has an associated notation, identified by name. Beyond a requirement that an XML processor make the identifiers for the entity and notation available to the application, XML places no constraints on the contents of unparsed entities.
Parsed entities are invoked by name using entity references;
unparsed entities by name, given in the value of ENTITY
or ENTITIES
attributes.
[Definition:] General entities are entities for use within the document content. In this specification, general entities are sometimes referred to with the unqualified term entity when this leads to no ambiguity. [Definition:] Parameter entities are parsed entities for use within the DTD. These two types of entities use different forms of reference and are recognized in different contexts. Furthermore, they occupy different namespaces; a parameter entity and a general entity with the same name are two distinct entities.
[Definition:] A character reference refers to a specific character in the ISO/IEC 10646 character set, for example one not directly accessible from available input devices.
| Character Reference | ||||||||||
|
Well-Formedness Constraint:
Legal Character
Characters referred to using character references must
match the production for
Char.
&#x
", the digits and
letters up to the terminating ;
provide a hexadecimal
representation of the character's code point in ISO/IEC 10646.
If it begins just with "&#
", the digits up to the terminating
;
provide a decimal representation of the character's
code point.
[Definition:] An entity
reference refers to the content of a named entity.
[Definition:] References to
parsed general entities
use ampersand (&
) and semicolon (;
) as
delimiters.
[Definition:]
Parameter-entity references use percent-sign (%
) and
semicolon
(;
) as delimiters.
| Entity Reference | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Well-Formedness Constraint:
Entity Declared
In a document without any DTD, a document with only an internal
DTD subset which contains no parameter entity references, or a document with
"standalone='yes'
",
the Name
given in the entity reference must
match that in an
entity declaration, except that
well-formed documents need not declare
any of the following entities: amp
,
lt
,
gt
,
apos
,
quot
.
The declaration of a parameter entity must precede any reference to it.
Similarly, the declaration of a general entity must precede any
reference to it which appears in a default value in an attribute-list
declaration.
Note that if entities are declared in the external subset or in
external parameter entities, a non-validating processor is
not obligated to read
and process their declarations; for such documents, the rule that
an entity must be declared is a well-formedness constraint only
if standalone='yes'.
Validity Constraint:
Entity Declared
In a document with an external subset or external parameter
entities with "standalone='no'
",
the Name
given in the entity reference must match that in an
entity declaration.
For interoperability, valid documents should declare the entities
amp
,
lt
,
gt
,
apos
,
quot
, in the form
specified in "4.6 Predefined Entities".
The declaration of a parameter entity must precede any reference to it.
Similarly, the declaration of a general entity must precede any
reference to it which appears in a default value in an attribute-list
declaration.
Well-Formedness Constraint:
Parsed Entity
An entity reference must not contain the name of an unparsed entity. Unparsed entities may be referred
to only in attribute values declared to
be of type ENTITY
or ENTITIES
.
Well-Formedness Constraint:
No Recursion
A parsed entity must not contain a recursive reference to itself,
either directly or indirectly.
Well-Formedness Constraint:
In DTD
Parameter-entity references may only appear in the
DTD.
Examples of character and entity references:
Type <key>less-than</key> (<) to save options. |
Example of a parameter-entity reference:
<!-- declare the parameter entity "ISOLat2"... --> |
[Definition:] Entities are declared thus:
| Entity Declaration | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
The Name
identifies the entity in an
entity reference or, in the case of an
unparsed entity, in the value of an ENTITY
or ENTITIES
attribute.
If the same entity is declared more than once, the first declaration
encountered is binding; at user option, an XML processor may issue a
warning if entities are declared multiple times.
[Definition:] If
the entity definition is an
EntityValue
,
the defined entity is called an internal entity.
There is no separate physical
storage object, and the content of the entity is given in the
declaration.
Note that some processing of entity and character references in the
literal entity value may be required to
produce the correct replacement
text: see "4.5 Construction of Internal Entity Replacement Text".
An internal entity is a parsed entity.
Example of an internal entity declaration:
<!ENTITY Pub-Status "This is a pre-release of the |
[Definition:] If the entity is not internal, it is an external entity, declared as follows:
| External Entity Declaration | ||||||||||||||
|
If the NDataDecl
is present, this is a
general unparsed
entity; otherwise it is a parsed entity.
Validity Constraint:
Notation Declared
The Name
must match the declared name of a
notation.
[Definition:] The
SystemLiteral
is called the entity's system identifier. It is a URI,
which may be used to retrieve the entity.
Note that the hash mark (#
) and fragment identifier
frequently used with URIs are not, formally, part of the URI itself;
an XML processor may signal an error if a fragment identifier is
given as part of a system identifier.
Unless otherwise provided by information outside the scope of this
specification (e.g. a special XML element type defined by a particular
DTD, or a processing instruction defined by a particular application
specification), relative URIs are relative to the location of the
resource within which the entity declaration occurs.
A URI might thus be relative to the
document entity, to the entity
containing the external DTD subset,
or to some other external parameter entity.
An XML processor should handle a non-ASCII character in a URI by representing the character in UTF-8 as one or more bytes, and then escaping these bytes with the URI escaping mechanism (i.e., by converting each byte to %HH, where HH is the hexadecimal notation of the byte value).
[Definition:] In addition to a system identifier, an external identifier may include a public identifier. An XML processor attempting to retrieve the entity's content may use the public identifier to try to generate an alternative URI. If the processor is unable to do so, it must use the URI specified in the system literal. Before a match is attempted, all strings of white space in the public identifier must be normalized to single space characters (#x20), and leading and trailing white space must be removed.
Examples of external entity declarations:
<!ENTITY open-hatch |
External parsed entities may each begin with a text declaration.
| Text Declaration | ||||
|
The text declaration must be provided literally, not by reference to a parsed entity. No text declaration may appear at any position other than the beginning of an external parsed entity.
The document entity is well-formed if it matches the production labeled
document
.
An external general
parsed entity is well-formed if it matches the production labeled
extParsedEnt
.
An external parameter
entity is well-formed if it matches the production labeled
extPE
.
| Well-Formed External Parsed Entity | ||||||||
|
An internal general parsed entity is well-formed if its replacement text
matches the production labeled
content
.
All internal parameter entities are well-formed by definition.
A consequence of well-formedness in entities is that the logical and physical structures in an XML document are properly nested; no start-tag, end-tag, empty-element tag, element, comment, processing instruction, character reference, or entity reference can begin in one entity and end in another.
Each external parsed entity in an XML document may use a different encoding for its characters. All XML processors must be able to read entities in either UTF-8 or UTF-16.
Entities encoded in UTF-16 must begin with the Byte Order Mark described by ISO/IEC 10646 Annex E and Unicode Appendix B (the ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE character, #xFEFF). This is an encoding signature, not part of either the markup or the character data of the XML document. XML processors must be able to use this character to differentiate between UTF-8 and UTF-16 encoded documents.
Although an XML processor is required to read only entities in the UTF-8 and UTF-16 encodings, it is recognized that other encodings are used around the world, and it may be desired for XML processors to read entities that use them. Parsed entities which are stored in an encoding other than UTF-8 or UTF-16 must begin with a text declaration containing an encoding declaration:
| Encoding Declaration | ||||||||||
|
In the document entity, the encoding
declaration is part of the XML declaration.
The EncName
is the name of the encoding used.
In an encoding declaration, the values
"UTF-8
",
"UTF-16
",
"ISO-10646-UCS-2
", and
"ISO-10646-UCS-4
" should be
used for the various encodings and transformations of Unicode /
ISO/IEC 10646, the values
"ISO-8859-1
",
"ISO-8859-2
", ...
"ISO-8859-9
" should be used for the parts of ISO 8859, and
the values
"ISO-2022-JP
",
"Shift_JIS
", and
"EUC-JP
"
should be used for the various encoded forms of JIS X-0208-1997. XML
processors may recognize other encodings; it is recommended that
character encodings registered (as charsets)
with the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority [IANA], other than those just listed, should be
referred to
using their registered names.
Note that these registered names are defined to be
case-insensitive, so processors wishing to match against them
should do so in a case-insensitive
way.
In the absence of information provided by an external transport protocol (e.g. HTTP or MIME), it is an error for an entity including an encoding declaration to be presented to the XML processor in an encoding other than that named in the declaration, for an encoding declaration to occur other than at the beginning of an external entity, or for an entity which begins with neither a Byte Order Mark nor an encoding declaration to use an encoding other than UTF-8. Note that since ASCII is a subset of UTF-8, ordinary ASCII entities do not strictly need an encoding declaration.
It is a fatal error when an XML processor encounters an entity with an encoding that it is unable to process.
Examples of encoding declarations:
<?xml encoding='UTF-8'?> |
The table below summarizes the contexts in which character references, entity references, and invocations of unparsed entities might appear and the required behavior of an XML processor in each case. The labels in the leftmost column describe the recognition context:
content
.AttValue
.Name
, not a reference, appearing either as
the value of an
attribute which has been declared as type ENTITY
, or as one of
the space-separated tokens in the value of an attribute which has been
declared as type ENTITIES
.
EntityValue
.EntityValue
or
AttValue
.| Entity Type | Character | ||||
| Parameter | Internal General |
External Parsed General |
Unparsed | ||
| Reference in Content |
Not recognized | Included | Included if validating | Forbidden | Included |
| Reference in Attribute Value |
Not recognized | Included in literal | Forbidden | Forbidden | Included |
| Occurs as Attribute Value |
Not recognized | Forbidden | Forbidden | Notify | Not recognized |
| Reference in EntityValue |
Included in literal | Bypassed | Bypassed | Forbidden | Included |
| Reference in DTD |
Included as PE | Forbidden | Forbidden | Forbidden | Forbidden |
Outside the DTD, the %
character has no
special significance; thus, what would be parameter entity references in the
DTD are not recognized as markup in content
.
Similarly, the names of unparsed entities are not recognized except
when they appear in the value of an appropriately declared attribute.
[Definition:] An entity is
included when its
replacement text is retrieved
and processed, in place of the reference itself,
as though it were part of the document at the location the
reference was recognized.
The replacement text may contain both
character data
and (except for parameter entities) markup,
which must be recognized in
the usual way, except that the replacement text of entities used to escape
markup delimiters (the entities amp
,
lt
,
gt
,
apos
,
quot
) is always treated as
data. (The string "AT&T;
" expands to
"AT&T;
" and the remaining ampersand is not recognized
as an entity-reference delimiter.)
A character reference is included when the indicated
character is processed in place of the reference itself.
When an XML processor recognizes a reference to a parsed entity, in order to validate the document, the processor must include its replacement text. If the entity is external, and the processor is not attempting to validate the XML document, the processor may, but need not, include the entity's replacement text. If a non-validating parser does not include the replacement text, it must inform the application that it recognized, but did not read, the entity.
This rule is based on the recognition that the automatic inclusion provided by the SGML and XML entity mechanism, primarily designed to support modularity in authoring, is not necessarily appropriate for other applications, in particular document browsing. Browsers, for example, when encountering an external parsed entity reference, might choose to provide a visual indication of the entity's presence and retrieve it for display only on demand.
The following are forbidden, and constitute fatal errors:
EntityValue
or
AttValue
.When an entity reference appears in an attribute value, or a parameter entity reference appears in a literal entity value, its replacement text is processed in place of the reference itself as though it were part of the document at the location the reference was recognized, except that a single or double quote character in the replacement text is always treated as a normal data character and will not terminate the literal. For example, this is well-formed:
<!ENTITY % YN '"Yes"' > |
while this is not:
<!ENTITY EndAttr "27'" > |
When the name of an unparsed
entity appears as a token in the
value of an attribute of declared type ENTITY
or ENTITIES
,
a validating processor must inform the
application of the system
and public (if any)
identifiers for both the entity and its associated
notation.
When a general entity reference appears in the
EntityValue
in an entity declaration,
it is bypassed and left as is.
Just as with external parsed entities, parameter entities need only be included if validating. When a parameter-entity reference is recognized in the DTD and included, its replacement text is enlarged by the attachment of one leading and one following space (#x20) character; the intent is to constrain the replacement text of parameter entities to contain an integral number of grammatical tokens in the DTD.
In discussing the treatment
of internal entities, it is
useful to distinguish two forms of the entity's value.
[Definition:] The literal
entity value is the quoted string actually
present in the entity declaration, corresponding to the
non-terminal EntityValue
.
[Definition:] The replacement
text is the content of the entity, after
replacement of character references and parameter-entity
references.
The literal entity value
as given in an internal entity declaration
(EntityValue
) may contain character,
parameter-entity, and general-entity references.
Such references must be contained entirely within the
literal entity value.
The actual replacement text that is
included as described above
must contain the replacement text of any
parameter entities referred to, and must contain the character
referred to, in place of any character references in the
literal entity value; however,
general-entity references must be left as-is, unexpanded.
For example, given the following declarations:
<!ENTITY % pub "Éditions Gallimard" > |
then the replacement text for the entity "book
" is:
La Peste: Albert Camus, |
The general-entity reference "&rights;
" would be expanded
should the reference "&book;
" appear in the document's
content or an attribute value.
These simple rules may have complex interactions; for a detailed discussion of a difficult example, see "D. Expansion of Entity and Character References".
[Definition:] Entity and character
references can both be used to escape the left angle bracket,
ampersand, and other delimiters. A set of general entities
(amp
,
lt
,
gt
,
apos
,
quot
) is specified for this purpose.
Numeric character references may also be used; they are
expanded immediately when recognized and must be treated as
character data, so the numeric character references
"<
" and "&
" may be used to
escape <
and &
when they occur
in character data.
All XML processors must recognize these entities whether they are declared or not. For interoperability, valid XML documents should declare these entities, like any others, before using them. If the entities in question are declared, they must be declared as internal entities whose replacement text is the single character being escaped or a character reference to that character, as shown below.
<!ENTITY lt "<"> |
Note that the <
and &
characters
in the declarations of "lt
" and "amp
"
are doubly escaped to meet the requirement that entity replacement
be well-formed.
[Definition:] Notations identify by name the format of unparsed entities, the format of elements which bear a notation attribute, or the application to which a processing instruction is addressed.
[Definition:] Notation declarations provide a name for the notation, for use in entity and attribute-list declarations and in attribute specifications, and an external identifier for the notation which may allow an XML processor or its client application to locate a helper application capable of processing data in the given notation.
| Notation Declarations | ||||||||
|
XML processors must provide applications with the name and external identifier(s) of any notation declared and referred to in an attribute value, attribute definition, or entity declaration. They may additionally resolve the external identifier into the system identifier, file name, or other information needed to allow the application to call a processor for data in the notation described. (It is not an error, however, for XML documents to declare and refer to notations for which notation-specific applications are not available on the system where the XML processor or application is running.)
[Definition:] The document entity serves as the root of the entity tree and a starting-point for an XML processor. This specification does not specify how the document entity is to be located by an XML processor; unlike other entities, the document entity has no name and might well appear on a processor input stream without any identification at all.
Conforming XML processors fall into two classes: validating and non-validating.
Validating and non-validating processors alike must report violations of this specification's well-formedness constraints in the content of the document entity and any other parsed entities that they read.
[Definition:] Validating processors must report violations of the constraints expressed by the declarations in the DTD, and failures to fulfill the validity constraints given in this specification. To accomplish this, validating XML processors must read and process the entire DTD and all external parsed entities referenced in the document.
Non-validating processors are required to check only the document entity, including the entire internal DTD subset, for well-formedness. [Definition:] While they are not required to check the document for validity, they are required to process all the declarations they read in the internal DTD subset and in any parameter entity that they read, up to the first reference to a parameter entity that they do not read; that is to say, they must use the information in those declarations to normalize attribute values, include the replacement text of internal entities, and supply default attribute values. They must not process entity declarations or attribute-list declarations encountered after a reference to a parameter entity that is not read, since the entity may have contained overriding declarations.
The behavior of a validating XML processor is highly predictable; it must read every piece of a document and report all well-formedness and validity violations. Less is required of a non-validating processor; it need not read any part of the document other than the document entity. This has two effects that may be important to users of XML processors:
For maximum reliability in interoperating between different XML processors, applications which use non-validating processors should not rely on any behaviors not required of such processors. Applications which require facilities such as the use of default attributes or internal entities which are declared in external entities should use validating XML processors.
The formal grammar of XML is given in this specification using a simple Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF) notation. Each rule in the grammar defines one symbol, in the form
symbol ::= expression |
Symbols are written with an initial capital letter if they are defined by a regular expression, or with an initial lower case letter otherwise. Literal strings are quoted.
Within the expression on the right-hand side of a rule, the following expressions are used to match strings of one or more characters:
#xN
N
is a hexadecimal integer, the
expression matches the character in ISO/IEC 10646 whose canonical
(UCS-4)
code value, when interpreted as an unsigned binary number, has
the value indicated. The number of leading zeros in the
#xN
form is insignificant; the number of leading
zeros in the corresponding code value
is governed by the character
encoding in use and is not significant for XML.[a-zA-Z]
, [#xN-#xN]
[^a-z]
, [^#xN-#xN]
[^abc]
, [^#xN#xN#xN]
"string"
'string'
A
and B
represent simple expressions:
expression
)expression
is treated as a unit
and may be combined as described in this list.A?
A
or nothing; optional A
.A B
A
followed by B
.A | B
A
or B
but not both.A - B
A
but does not match
B
.
A+
A
.A*
A
./* ... */
[ wfc: ... ]
[ vc: ... ]
Following the characteristics defined in the Unicode standard, characters are classed as base characters (among others, these contain the alphabetic characters of the Latin alphabet, without diacritics), ideographic characters, and combining characters (among others, this class contains most diacritics); these classes combine to form the class of letters. Digits and extenders are also distinguished.
| Characters | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
The character classes defined here can be derived from the Unicode character database as follows:
XML is designed to be a subset of SGML, in that every valid XML document should also be a conformant SGML document. For a detailed comparison of the additional restrictions that XML places on documents beyond those of SGML, see [Clark].
This appendix contains some examples illustrating the sequence of entity- and character-reference recognition and expansion, as specified in "4.4 XML Processor Treatment of Entities and References".
If the DTD contains the declaration
<!ENTITY example "<p>An ampersand (&) may be escaped |
then the XML processor will recognize the character references
when it parses the entity declaration, and resolve them before
storing the following string as the
value of the entity "example
":
<p>An ampersand (&) may be escaped |
A reference in the document to "&example;
"
will cause the text to be reparsed, at which time the
start- and end-tags of the "p
" element will be recognized
and the three references will be recognized and expanded,
resulting in a "p
" element with the following content
(all data, no delimiters or markup):
An ampersand (&) may be escaped |
A more complex example will illustrate the rules and their effects fully. In the following example, the line numbers are solely for reference.
1 <?xml version='1.0'?> |
This produces the following:
xx
" is stored in the symbol
table with the value "%zz;
". Since the replacement text
is not rescanned, the reference to parameter entity "zz
"
is not recognized. (And it would be an error if it were, since
"zz
" is not yet declared.)<
" is
expanded immediately and the parameter entity "zz
" is
stored with the replacement text
"<!ENTITY tricky "error-prone" >
",
which is a well-formed entity declaration.xx
" is recognized,
and the replacement text of "xx
" (namely
"%zz;
") is parsed. The reference to "zz
"
is recognized in its turn, and its replacement text
("<!ENTITY tricky "error-prone" >
") is parsed.
The general entity "tricky
" has now been
declared, with the replacement text "error-prone
".tricky
" is
recognized, and it is expanded, so the full content of the
"test
" element is the self-describing (and ungrammatical) string
This sample shows a error-prone method.
For compatibility, it is required that content models in element type declarations be deterministic.
SGML requires deterministic content models (it calls them "unambiguous"); XML processors built using SGML systems may flag non-deterministic content models as errors.
For example, the content model ((b, c) | (b, d))
is
non-deterministic, because given an initial b
the parser
cannot know which b
in the model is being matched without
looking ahead to see which element follows the b
.
In this case, the two references to
b
can be collapsed
into a single reference, making the model read
(b, (c | d))
. An initial b
now clearly
matches only a single name in the content model. The parser doesn't
need to look ahead to see what follows; either c
or
d
would be accepted.
More formally: a finite state automaton may be constructed from the content model using the standard algorithms, e.g. algorithm 3.5 in section 3.9 of Aho, Sethi, and Ullman [Aho/Ullman]. In many such algorithms, a follow set is constructed for each position in the regular expression (i.e., each leaf node in the syntax tree for the regular expression); if any position has a follow set in which more than one following position is labeled with the same element type name, then the content model is in error and may be reported as an error.
Algorithms exist which allow many but not all non-deterministic content models to be reduced automatically to equivalent deterministic models; see Br�ggemann-Klein 1991 [Br�ggemann-Klein].
The XML encoding declaration functions as an internal label on each entity, indicating which character encoding is in use. Before an XML processor can read the internal label, however, it apparently has to know what character encoding is in use--which is what the internal label is trying to indicate. In the general case, this is a hopeless situation. It is not entirely hopeless in XML, however, because XML limits the general case in two ways: each implementation is assumed to support only a finite set of character encodings, and the XML encoding declaration is restricted in position and content in order to make it feasible to autodetect the character encoding in use in each entity in normal cases. Also, in many cases other sources of information are available in addition to the XML data stream itself. Two cases may be distinguished, depending on whether the XML entity is presented to the processor without, or with, any accompanying (external) information. We consider the first case first.
Because each XML entity not in UTF-8 or UTF-16 format must
begin with an XML encoding declaration, in which the first characters
must be '<?xml
', any conforming processor can detect,
after two to four octets of input, which of the following cases apply.
In reading this list, it may help to know that in UCS-4, '<' is
"#x0000003C
" and '?' is "#x0000003F
", and the Byte
Order Mark required of UTF-16 data streams is "#xFEFF
".
00 00 00 3C
: UCS-4, big-endian machine (1234 order)
3C 00 00 00
: UCS-4, little-endian machine (4321 order)
00 00 3C 00
: UCS-4, unusual octet order (2143)
00 3C 00 00
: UCS-4, unusual octet order (3412)
FE FF
: UTF-16, big-endian
FF FE
: UTF-16, little-endian
00 3C 00 3F
: UTF-16, big-endian, no Byte Order Mark
(and thus, strictly speaking, in error)
3C 00 3F 00
: UTF-16, little-endian, no Byte Order Mark
(and thus, strictly speaking, in error)
3C 3F 78 6D
: UTF-8, ISO 646, ASCII, some part of ISO 8859,
Shift-JIS, EUC, or any other 7-bit, 8-bit, or mixed-width encoding
which ensures that the characters of ASCII have their normal positions,
width,
and values; the actual encoding declaration must be read to
detect which of these applies, but since all of these encodings
use the same bit patterns for the ASCII characters, the encoding
declaration itself may be read reliably
4C 6F A7 94
: EBCDIC (in some flavor; the full
encoding declaration must be read to tell which code page is in
use)
This level of autodetection is enough to read the XML encoding declaration and parse the character-encoding identifier, which is still necessary to distinguish the individual members of each family of encodings (e.g. to tell UTF-8 from 8859, and the parts of 8859 from each other, or to distinguish the specific EBCDIC code page in use, and so on).
Because the contents of the encoding declaration are restricted to ASCII characters, a processor can reliably read the entire encoding declaration as soon as it has detected which family of encodings is in use. Since in practice, all widely used character encodings fall into one of the categories above, the XML encoding declaration allows reasonably reliable in-band labeling of character encodings, even when external sources of information at the operating-system or transport-protocol level are unreliable.
Once the processor has detected the character encoding in use, it can act appropriately, whether by invoking a separate input routine for each case, or by calling the proper conversion function on each character of input.
Like any self-labeling system, the XML encoding declaration will not work if any software changes the entity's character set or encoding without updating the encoding declaration. Implementors of character-encoding routines should be careful to ensure the accuracy of the internal and external information used to label the entity.
The second possible case occurs when the XML entity is accompanied by encoding information, as in some file systems and some network protocols. When multiple sources of information are available, their relative priority and the preferred method of handling conflict should be specified as part of the higher-level protocol used to deliver XML. Rules for the relative priority of the internal label and the MIME-type label in an external header, for example, should be part of the RFC document defining the text/xml and application/xml MIME types. In the interests of interoperability, however, the following rules are recommended.
charset
parameter
on the MIME type determines the
character encoding method; all other heuristics and sources of
information are solely for error recovery.
This specification was prepared and approved for publication by the W3C XML Working Group (WG). WG approval of this specification does not necessarily imply that all WG members voted for its approval. The current and former members of the XML WG are:
Jon Bosak, Sun (Chair); James Clark (Technical Lead); Tim Bray, Textuality and Netscape (XML Co-editor); Jean Paoli, Microsoft (XML Co-editor); C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, U. of Ill. (XML Co-editor); Dan Connolly, W3C (W3C Liaison); Paula Angerstein, Texcel; Steve DeRose, INSO; Dave Hollander, HP; Eliot Kimber, ISOGEN; Eve Maler, ArborText; Tom Magliery, NCSA; Murray Maloney, Muzmo and Grif; Makoto Murata, Fuji Xerox Information Systems; Joel Nava, Adobe; Conleth O'Connell, Vignette; Peter Sharpe, SoftQuad; John Tigue, DataChannel


{% extends 'base.html'%} {% block content %}
Simply defined, it's a line of talk that is designed to persuade someone, such as a presentation to sell a product or service. But it can also be about selling yourself, to gain new clients or to promote your business.
View PitchesMoving up the corporate ladder may not be easy. Consistent hard work and high performance are a given. Equally important is the promotion talk that takes place with your boss.
View PitchesHave a brilliant idea? Write it down and rehearse to win the Scholarship to persue your dreams, for a chance to bring your idea to life. Explore this unique opportunity to make your dreams come true.!.
View Pitches


Tournament Feedback
Thank you for taking the time to improve your local tournaments
Name
Email
PDGA Number
How many tournaments have you played?
Make a selection
This was my first tournament
1-5
6-9
10+
What division did you play?
MA1 - Advanced Mixed
FA1 - Advanced Women
MA40 - Advanced 40+ Mixed
FA40 - Advanced 40+ Women
MA50 - Advanced 50+ Mixed
MA2 - Intermediate Mixed
FA2 - Intermediate Women
MA3 - Recreational Mixed
FA3 - Recreational Women
MJ18 - Junior <18 Mixed
FJ18 - Junior <18 Women
What would you like to see improved?
Course selection
Player packs
Communication
More diverse division offerings
Please let us know any other thoughts/comments you have about your tournament experience:
Submit


Before Change
y_mean = variational_dist_f.mean
if y_mean.dim() == 1:
noise = noise.squeeze(0)
y_lazy_covar = DiagLazyTensor(var_f + noise.expand_as(var_f))
y_dist = MultivariateNormal(y_mean, y_lazy_covar)
if len(y_dist.batch_shape):
y_dist = y_dist.__class__(
y_dist.mean.contiguous().view(-1), BlockDiagLazyTensor(y_dist.lazy_covariance_matrix)
)
After Change
// See if we"re using a sampled GP distribution
// Samples will occur in the first batch dimension
sample_shape = y_dist.shape()[:-y_obs.dim()]
y_obs = y_obs.expand(y_dist.shape())
with pyro.poutine.scale(scale=float(1. / sample_shape.numel())):
pyro.sample(name_prefix + "._training_labels", y_dist, obs=y_obs)


OnCloud
Loading
Prototype OnCloudVNC
Encrypt
True Color
Local Cursor
Clip to Window
Shared Mode
View Only
Connect Timeout (s)
Path
Repeater ID
Style:
default
Logging:
Host:
Port:
Password:
no
VNC
Canvas not supported.


§657-10 Special limitations. This part shall not extend to any action which is, or shall be, limited by any statute to be brought within a shorter time than is herein prescribed; but the action shall be brought within the time limited by the statute. [CC 1859, §1048; RL 1925, §2647; RL 1935, §3918; RL 1945, §10429; RL 1955, §241-9; HRS §657-10]
Cross References
Wrongful death actions, see §663-3.


Top 10 used Language!
The following table contains the top 10 languages by estimated number of native speakers in the 2007 edition of Nationalencyklopedin. As census methods in different countries vary to a considerable extent, and given that some countries do not record language in their censuses, any list of languages by native speakers, or total speakers, is effectively based on estimates.
| Rank | Language | Native speakers in millions | Fraction of world population |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mandarin (entire branch) | 935 | 14.1% |
| 2 | Spanish | 390 | 5.85% |
| 3 | English | 365 | 5.52% |
| 4 | Hindi | 295 | 4.46% |
| 5 | Arabic | 280 | 4.23% |
| 6 | Portuguese | 205 | 3.08% |
| 7 | Bengali | 200 | 3.05% |
| 8 | Russian | 160 | 2.42% |
| 9 | Japanese | 125 | 1.92% |
| 10 | Punjabi | 95 | 1.44% |


I am an italian girl, born and grown up in germany, enjoying the beauty of Zurich since 6 years. I like food in all its facets and spending time with the most precious - my friends and loved family.
Due to a chronical autoimmune disease I needed to change my whole nurishment habits some years ago. It was hard to learn what is safe food, to do the grocery and of course to say no to the food I was used to. Explaining the whole story to family, friends and strangers is always difficult.
Eating out is all about explaining your issues and hoping to be understood and trust whatever happens in the kitchen. I struggeled a lot with eating out. But now with years of experience, I gathered a lot of know how on where to eat safe. So I wanted to share this know how with you, to give you a little peace of mind.


acc. to bootstrap the horizontal row on any size screen contains 12 columns
and acc we assign 3 col on med and large screen , 6 on small screen and 12 on extra small screen to the content we give in div below
the below defines the amt of space that the content of below div shud acquire on differnt sized screens
acc. to bootstrap the horizontal row on any size screen contains 12 columns
and acc we assign 3 col on med and large screen , 6 on small screen and 12 on extra small screen to the content we give in div below
the below defines the amt of space that the content of below div shud acquire on differnt sized screens
acc. to bootstrap the horizontal row on any size screen contains 12 columns
and acc we assign 3 col on med and large screen , 6 on small screen and 12 on extra small screen to the content we give in div below
the below defines the amt of space that the content of below div shud acquire on differnt sized screens
acc. to bootstrap the horizontal row on any size screen contains 12 columns
and acc we assign 3 col on med and large screen , 6 on small screen and 12 on extra small screen to the content we give in div below
the below defines the amt of space that the content of below div shud acquire on differnt sized screens


This Recipe makes quick tasty Hummus, with no messing. It has been adopted from a number of different recipes that I have read over the years. Hummus is a delicious thick paste used heavily in Greek and Middle Eastern dishes. It is very tasty with salad, grilled meats and pitta breads.
For a different flavour, you could try blending in a small measure of lemon and coriander, chili pepper, lime and chipotle, harissa and mint, or spinach and feta cheese. Experiment and see what works for you.
Refrigerate the finished hummus in a sealed container. You should be able to use it for about a week after you've made it. If it starts to become fizzy, you should definitely discard it.
Hummus is suitable for freezing; you should thaw it and use it within a couple of months.


Seinfeld.live is one of the grreatest go to spots for ad-free, free streaming of Seinfeld! NBC, come get us.
Source Code • A Bruggg Project
Oh, and NBC, we'll go ahead and get your investigations started. Here is the WhoIs, for this domain.


Class Spider
An abstract base class that provides functionality for the DepthFirstSpider and BreadthFirstSpider descended classes.
Inheritance
Namespace: Lapis.WebCrawling.Spiders
Assembly: Lapis.WebCrawling.dll
Syntax
public abstract class Spider : Object
Properties
DecompressionProvider
Gets the IDecompressionProvider used when downloading web resources.
Declaration
public IDecompressionProvider DecompressionProvider { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| IDecompressionProvider | The IDecompressionProvider used when downloading web resources. |
HttpRequestConfig
Gets the settings related to the HTTP request
Declaration
public HttpRequestConfig HttpRequestConfig { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| HttpRequestConfig | The settings related to the HTTP request |
IsBusy
Determines whether the Spider is running.
Declaration
public bool IsBusy { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean | true if the Spider is running; otherwise, false. |
LinkParser
Gets the ILinkParser used by the Spider.
Declaration
public ILinkParser LinkParser { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| ILinkParser | The ILinkParser used by the Spider. |
MaxDepth
Gets the maximum depth of the URIs to be crawled.
Declaration
public int MaxDepth { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Int32 | The maximum depth of the URIs to be crawled. |
MaxTaskCount
Gets the maximum number of tasks in progress.
Declaration
public int MaxTaskCount { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Int32 | The maximum number of tasks in progress. |
SeedUris
Gets the collection containing the seed URIs.
Declaration
public UriCollection SeedUris { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| UriCollection | The collection containing the seed URIs. |
UriFilter
Gets the IUriFilter used by the Spider.
Declaration
public IUriFilter UriFilter { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| IUriFilter | The IUriFilter used by the Spider. |
UrisDownloaded
Gets the collection containing the downloaded URIs.
Declaration
public UriCollection UrisDownloaded { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| UriCollection | The collection containing the downloaded URIs. |
UrisDownloading
Gets the collection containing the URIs being downloaded.
Declaration
public UriCollection UrisDownloading { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| UriCollection | The collection containing the URIs being downloaded. |
UrisToDownload
Gets the collection containing the URIs to be download.
Declaration
public abstract UriCollection UrisToDownload { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| UriCollection | The collection containing the URIs to be download. |
Methods
add_PageDownloaded(DownloadCompletedEventHandler)
Declaration
public void add_PageDownloaded(DownloadCompletedEventHandler value)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| DownloadCompletedEventHandler | value |
remove_PageDownloaded(DownloadCompletedEventHandler)
Declaration
public void remove_PageDownloaded(DownloadCompletedEventHandler value)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| DownloadCompletedEventHandler | value |
Reset()
Resets the Spider.
Declaration
public void Reset()
Exceptions
| Type | Condition |
|---|---|
| System.InvalidOperationException | IsBusy is true. |
RunAsync()
Starts crawling the web pages. This method do not block the calling thread.
Declaration
public void RunAsync()
Remarks
To receive notification when the operation completes, add an event handler to the RunCompleted event.
Asynchronous operations that have not completed can be canceled using the RunAsyncCancel() method.
Exceptions
| Type | Condition |
|---|---|
| System.InvalidOperationException | IsBusy is true. |
RunAsyncCancel()
Cancels the pending RunAsync() asynchronous operation.
Declaration
public void RunAsyncCancel()
Remarks
When you call RunAsyncCancel() , your application still receives the completion event associated with the operation. If you have specified an event handler for the RunCompleted event, your event handler receives notification that the operation has ended. To learn whether the operation completed successfully, check the System.ComponentModel.AsyncCompletedEventArgs.Cancelled property on the base class of System.ComponentModel.AsyncCompletedEventArgs in the event data object passed to the event handler.
Events
PageDownloaded
Occurs when a web page is downloaded.
Declaration
public event DownloadCompletedEventHandler PageDownloaded
Event Type
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| DownloadCompletedEventHandler |
RunCompleted
Occurs when the RunAsync() asynchronous operation completes.
Declaration
public event AsyncCompletedEventHandler RunCompleted
Event Type
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.ComponentModel.AsyncCompletedEventHandler |


|
QuantLib: a free/open-source library for quantitative finance
Fully annotated sources - version 1.30
|
Helper class building a sequence of capped/floored CPI coupons. More...
#include <ql/cashflows/cpicoupon.hpp>
Private Attributes | |
| Schedule | schedule_ |
| ext::shared_ptr< ZeroInflationIndex > | index_ |
| Real | baseCPI_ |
| Period | observationLag_ |
| std::vector< Real > | notionals_ |
| std::vector< Real > | fixedRates_ |
| DayCounter | paymentDayCounter_ |
| BusinessDayConvention | paymentAdjustment_ = ModifiedFollowing |
| Calendar | paymentCalendar_ |
| CPI::InterpolationType | observationInterpolation_ = CPI::AsIndex |
| bool | subtractInflationNominal_ = true |
| std::vector< Spread > | spreads_ |
| std::vector< Rate > | caps_ |
| std::vector< Rate > | floors_ |
| Period | exCouponPeriod_ |
| Calendar | exCouponCalendar_ |
| BusinessDayConvention | exCouponAdjustment_ = Following |
| bool | exCouponEndOfMonth_ = false |
| Date | baseDate_ = Null<Date>() |
Helper class building a sequence of capped/floored CPI coupons.
Also allowing for the inflated notional at the end... especially if there is only one date in the schedule. If the fixed rate is zero you get a FixedRateCoupon, otherwise you get a ZeroInflationCoupon.
Definition at line 277 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
| CPILeg | ( | const Schedule & | schedule, |
| ext::shared_ptr< ZeroInflationIndex > | index, | ||
| Real | baseCPI, | ||
| const Period & | observationLag | ||
| ) |
Definition at line 258 of file cpicoupon.cpp.
Definition at line 290 of file cpicoupon.cpp.
Definition at line 280 of file cpicoupon.cpp.
| CPILeg & withPaymentDayCounter | ( | const DayCounter & | dayCounter | ) |
| CPILeg & withPaymentAdjustment | ( | BusinessDayConvention | convention | ) |
| CPILeg & withObservationInterpolation | ( | CPI::InterpolationType | interp | ) |
Definition at line 315 of file cpicoupon.cpp.
Definition at line 320 of file cpicoupon.cpp.
Definition at line 325 of file cpicoupon.cpp.
Definition at line 330 of file cpicoupon.cpp.
Definition at line 335 of file cpicoupon.cpp.
Definition at line 340 of file cpicoupon.cpp.
| CPILeg & withExCouponPeriod | ( | const Period & | period, |
| const Calendar & | cal, | ||
| BusinessDayConvention | convention, | ||
| bool | endOfMonth = false |
||
| ) |
Definition at line 357 of file cpicoupon.cpp.
| operator Leg | ( | ) | const |
|
private |
Definition at line 315 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 316 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 317 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 318 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 319 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 320 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 321 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 322 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 323 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 324 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 325 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 326 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 327 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 327 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 328 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 329 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 330 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 331 of file cpicoupon.hpp.
Definition at line 332 of file cpicoupon.hpp.


Defiance
Set on a future Earth, Defiance introduces players and viewers to a world where humans and aliens live together on a planet ravaged by decades of war and transformed by alien terra-forming machines. It centers on Jeb Nolan, the law-keeper in a bustling frontier boomtown that is one of the new world's few oasis of civility and inclusion. Nolan is a former Marine who fought in the alien conflict and suffered the loss of his wife and child in the war. The trauma transformed him into a lone wanderer in the wilds of this new and dangerous world.


Contact Info
There are many variations of passages of lorem Ipsum available, but the majority have suffered alteration in some form, by injected humour, or randomised words
Contact Info
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.
- 44 Shirley Ave. West Chicago, IL 60185
- +0123 456 789 +0987 654 321
- [email protected] [email protected]


--- layout: normal-page title: Articles permalink: /blog custom_js: - https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue - /assets/js/blog.js ---
{{ post.text }}


The new java() function is used get the command to invoke Java for all tika() functions, and allows the option of changing its value across sessions. If you want to use a particular installation of Java, set the JAVA_HOME variable using the Sys.setenv(JAVA_HOME = ‘my path’). The java() function will check for this variable, and if found return it instead of the default ‘java’ invocation.
MINOR IMPROVEMENTS
The tika_check function now uses the more advance SHA512 checksum instead of the MD5. To implement this, the ‘digest’ package is now a dependency.
rtika 0.1.8 (2018-04-25) 2018-05-02
MINOR IMPROVEMENTS
The install_tika() function now gets the Tika 1.18 release that came out 2018-04-24, instead of the 1.18 development version.
rtika 0.1.7 (2018-03-08) Unreleased
MINOR IMPROVEMENTS
The new install_tika() function allows this package to be distributed on CRAN. The Tika App jar was too large to go on CRAN directly. The .jar is installed in the directory determined by the rappdirs::user_data_dir() function.
The .onLoad() function now gives various installation advice when starting up.
DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT
Removed the .jar in favor of the install_tika() function.
rtika 0.1.6 (2018-03-01) Unreleased
NEW FEATURES
tika(), tika_xml(), tika_json(), tika_text(), and tika_html() have a new downloader, which preserve the server’s content-type encoding as a file extension when possible. This should help Tika identify and parse downloaded files more reliably. It depends on the ‘curl’ package.
Added tika_fetch(), which is a stand alone function to download files and append a file extension matching the content type declared by the server. Additional features for this function include specifying the number of download retries. The output of tika_fetch() can be piped directly into other tika functions.
New introductory vignette covers how to use the functions and surveys several applications.
tika(), tika_xml(), tika_json(), tika_text(), and tika_html() can now be set to return=FALSE, which does not return any R character vector but invisibly returns NULL. This would be most useful in massive file conversion jobs with hundreds of thousands of files.
Used pkgdown to create a website for github pages.
New tika_json_text() function gets metadata in .json with plain text content.
DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT
Previous vignette has been removed in favor of new one.
The tikajar package is not required in this version. Moved the .jar file back into this package to ease installation until I hear from CRAN.
rtika 0.1.5 (2018-02-15) Unreleased
MINOR IMPROVEMENTS
Added dependency on ‘sys’ package because the ‘system2’ function was causing intermittent errors by ending tika in mid process.
Added startup check of the java version, using .onLoad() call to ‘java -version’
Removed redundant conversion to UTF-8, because the Tika batch routine is already outputting UTF-8.
Increased the speed of building packages (fewer downloads needed for testing, and the examples do not run).
Added Code of Conduct to CONDUCT.md file
Set default ‘cleanup’ attribute to TRUE.
rtika 0.1.4 (2018-02-15) Unreleased
MINOR IMPROVEMENTS
Because it is too big for CRAN, removed the Tika .jar file.
Added the Tika .jar to a new tikajar package on github.
Put the ropensci review badge on the tikajar package also, since its an essential component of this package.
Updated DESCRIPTION, documentation and .travis.yml to reflect the new installation routine.
added many tests to increase code coverage dramatically.
integrated the covr package.
MINOR IMPROVEMENTS
for Windows users, the curl package is recommended to prevent base R download.file from corrupting files.
DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT
removed the n_chars parameter in favor of using file.size() internally.
removed onLoad.R that checked java version in order to speed package loading and simplify code coverage testing.
rtika 0.1.1 (2018-01-23) Unreleased
NEW FEATURES
allows the user to input the URLs and file paths of documents. URLs will be downloaded first to a temporary directory. The previous interface has been changed.
MINOR IMPROVEMENTS
the Tika License file is included in the source.
added a vignette on basic text processing using the library.
rtika 0.1.0 (2018-01-19) Unreleased
NEW FEATURES
Initial release.
R interface to Apache Tika batch processing CLI, found to be the most efficient CLI option.
tika function returns processing results as a character vector.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
1 to 2 hours
Serves
Serves 6
These crab and lime croquettes are great with any fried fish, but the vermouth sauce in this recipe really brings out the halibut flavours.
Preheat the oven to 180C/350F/Gas 4.
Cover the base of a baking tray with rock salt, put the potatoes on top and bake for one hour.
Once cooked, allow to cool slightly before splitting the skins and scraping out the soft potato.
For the vegetables, chop the carrots into large rounds, place in a pan of cold salted water, bring to the boil and boil for 10 minutes. The carrots should be al dente (with a slight bite). Drain well and refresh in a bowl of ice cold water. Drain again once cool.
To finish the crab and lime croquettes, mix the crab, lime and potatoes. Season and shape into barrel shapes using your hands, place on a plate and put in the fridge to chill and firm up.
Place the flour and breadcrumbs on separate shallow plates, and prepare a bowl of beaten egg for the egg wash. Once chilled, dip each croquette into the prepared flour, beaten egg then breadcrumbs until completely coated and set aside.
To make the sauce, heat the fish stock in a pan, and gradually whisk in the butter until thick and glossy. Add the vermouth and season with salt and freshly ground black pepper.
For the vegetables, gently fry the mushrooms in a little butter and salt and pepper for around five minutes, or until cooked.
Stir the baby spinach in with the mushrooms so it just begins to wilt.
For the fish, heat a dash of vegetable oil and fry the fish in a hot pan, skin-side down. Place in the oven to cook for 5-6 minutes, or until the fish is just cooked.
Heat some butter in a pan and fry the semi-cooked carrots so that they start to soften around the edges.
Take the fish out of the oven, cover with foil and allow to rest for five minutes.
Heat the oil in a deep fat fryer or heavy-based saucepan to 190C/375F. Carefully deep fry the croquettes for around five minutes, or until golden-brown. (CAUTION: hot oil can be dangerous. Do not leave unattended.) Remove the croquettes from the fryer or pan using a slotted spoon and place on a plate lined with kitchen paper.
To serve, place the spinach and mushrooms on each of six plates and the fish on top.
Place the carrots around the fish and top with a croquette. Serve with the sauce on the side.


How do you respond to the claim?
Find out what each response means
Admit all of the claim
You have until 4pm on {% if data.radio_select_group_time=="Yes" %} {{ now | date('add', 28, 'days' ) | date }} {% else %} {{ now | date('add', 14, 'days' ) | date }} {% endif %} to admit the claim.
Pay immediately
If you admit all of the claim and want to pay it in full, including interest and claim fee, contact the claimant to arrange payment.
If you pay at the same time as admitting the claim, you won't get a County Court Judgment (CCJ).
You should ask the claimant to give you a receipt.
If you can't pay immediately
If you admit all of the claim but can't pay immediately, you can offer to pay the claimant in instalments.
If the claimant accepts your offer, they can ask the court to enter a CCJ against you and you’ll be sent an order to pay.
If the claimant rejects your offer, they can ask the court to enter a CCJ against you. The court will then decide the repayment plan.
Admit part of the claim
You have until 4pm on {% if data.radio_select_group_time=="Yes" %} {{ now | date('add', 28, 'days' ) | date }} {% else %} {{ now | date('add', 14, 'days' ) | date }} {% endif %} to partly admit the claim.
Pay immediately
To admit part of the claim, contact the claimant and pay the amount you believe you owe then send the court your part admission.
They can accept the amount you've paid and settle the claim, or ask the court to transfer the claim to a County Court hearing centre.
If you can't pay immediately
If the claimant accepts your part-admission and you can’t pay immediately, you can offer to pay in instalments.
If the claimant agrees, they can ask court to enter a CCJ against you and you'll be sent an order to pay.
If they reject your offer, the court will decide a repayment plan.
Reject all of the claim
You have until 4pm on {% if data.radio_select_group_time=="Yes" %} {{ now | date('add', 28, 'days' ) | date }} {% else %} {{ now | date('add', 14, 'days' ) | date }} {% endif %} to reject all of the claim.
If you reject all of the claim, the claim may be transferred to a County Court hearing centre.
If you reject because you believe you’ve paid the money, the claimant has 28 days to tell you and the court whether they're proceeding with the claim. If they proceed, the claim may be transferred to a County Court hearing centre.
Hearing centre location
If the claim is against you as an individual, the hearing centre will be the nearest one to your home or business.
If the claimant is an individual and the claim is against you as an organisation, the hearing centre will be the nearest one to their home or business.


Sign In
Sign Up
×
Sign In
Forgot Password?
Sign Up
Already Member?
Home
About Us
Contact Us
Login
RCM
Institute
Courses
10/12
CA Intermediate
CA Foundation
Test Series
Batches
FAQ's
Carrer
Student
Parent
Lecturer
Admin
Online Registration Form
Name:
Father's Name:
DOB:
Email:
Student Contact:
Parent Contact:
Gender:
Male
Female
Other
Course:
10/12
CA Intermediate
CA Foundation
Permanent Address:
Local Address:
Proceed To Pay
Cancel


ITMD 565 - Project 1
Notes
Create New Note
Your Note
Note Subject
Note Message
Author Name
Add Note
Cancel
Update
Delete
Your Notes
Subject
Number of Characters
Date/Time


Hey Everyone!I am Vivek Shah. I belong to Ahmedabad. Currently,I study at SVNIT Surat.I had done my higher secondary at SNV International School affiliated with ISC Ciriculum. I love coding. This summer vacation,I want to explore in Web Fundamentals. Thats All. Happy Coding.


Summa Technology + Business
Summa is a company that has a strong commitment to open source software.


brief bio
I am Andrea Cirillo, a Quantitative Analyst currently employed in a bank. My kind of mixed background ( HR guys tended to call it a resilient path, when we talked about it) is composed of a first relevant dose of artistic studies in the Brera High School, followed from an heavy dose of economics and mathematics at the Catholic University of Jesus Sacred Heart, finally crowned from Auditing, Statistics and Data Science Courses by Auditing, Hacking and Banking firms.
I use this website, which I personally developed using Hugo, rmarkdown and blogdown to store and share knowkedge about:
I usually code in R, python and Sas, while I am giving and hard try to D3.js. Moreover I… well this is supposed to be a brief description, so let’s move on to the vitae section for further details on this.
if you want to stay in touch with me: - subscribe the newsletter ( popup on the left) - visit the contacts page
vitae
Personal Data
- Place and Date of Birth: Monza, Italy | 14 August 1989
- Email: please see contacts page
- Linkedin profile: www.linkedin.com/in/cirilloandrea
Work Experience
- Jul 2018 - Current, Senior Audit quantitative Analyst at Intesa Sanpaolo s.p.a.
- Dec 2015 - June 2017, Credit Risk Internal Auditor at Intesa Sanpaolo s.p.a.
- May 2013 - Oct 2015, Internal Auditor at FNM s.p.a., Milan
- Oct 2011 - May 2013, Auditor at Deloitte Touche & Tomatsu, Milan
Pubblications
- May 2016, Rstudio for R Statistical Computing Cookbook, London: Packt Publishing
- Nov 2017, R Data Mining, London: Packt Publishing
Education
- 2011-2014 Master’Degree in Management, Catholic University of Jesus Sacred Heart, Milan
- 107/110 | Majors: Time series analysis, Linear programming
- Thesis: “Fraud risk valuation.Theoretical models introduction and development of an applied algorithm”
- 2008-2011 Undergraduate Degree in Economics, Catholic University of Jesus Sacred Heart, Milan
- 110/110 | Majors: Statistics, Economics, Macroeconomics
- Thesis: “Effects of job insecurity on the life choices of young italians”
Certifications
- 2017 Big Dive - Data Science and Analytics
- 2018 - Certified Internal Auditor (CIA)
Languages
- Italian: Mothertongue
- English: Fluent
- Spanish: Basic Knowledge
- French: Basic Knowledge
Computer Skills
- Basic Knowledge: sql, ACLscripts, Linux, Java,
- Intermediate Knowledge: Python,html,CSS ,SAP R/3, Visual Basic
- Advanced Knowledge: R, SAS, vba, Excel, Word, PowerPoint,
Presentations & Tutorials
- forthcoming, Exploratory data analysis with R, Packt publishing
- forthcoming, EBA new definition of default
- Nov 2018, **Implementing analytics in internal audit: objectives and challenges", ISP CAO Roadshow, Turin, Rome
- Nov 2018, IFRS9 accounting principle: Auditing and modeling questions, Intesa SanPaolo Learning Center, Milan
- Nov 2017, automagically build the perfect palette for you plot with paletteR, 9th MilanoR meeting keynote speech
- Dec 2016, Credit Risk Models Introduction, Intesa SanPaolo Learning Center, Milan
Software
please a have a look to the software page for an updated list of softwares I developed.
subscribe to the mailing list if you want to stay update on my activity I will neither spam you nor give your email address to rhid parties. I will just occasionally send one or two emails per month