  These slides are viewed best by Chrome and occasionally need to be refreshed if elements did not load properly. See here for PDF .

 .white[Press the **right arrow** to progress to the next slide!] --- background-image: url(images/bg1.jpg) background-size: cover class: hide-slide-number split-70 title-slide count: false .column.shade_black[.content[
 # .monash-blue.outline-text[ETC5510: Introduction to Data Analysis]
Week 8, part B

Text analysis Part 2
 .bottom_abs.width100[ Lecturer: *Nicholas Tierney & Stuart Lee* Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics

<EMAIL_ADDRESS>May 2020
 ] ]]

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 --- class: refresher # Recap - tidying up text - stop_words - (I, am, be, the, this, what, we, myself) --- # Overview - tidy text continued --- class: transition # Sentiment analysis Sentiment analysis tags words or phrases with an emotion, and summarises these, often as the positive or negative state, over a body of text. --- # Sentiment analysis: examples - Examining effect of emotional state in twitter posts - Determining public reactions to government policy, or new product releases - Trying to make money in the stock market by modeling social media posts on listed companies - Evaluating product reviews on Amazon, restaurants on zomato, or travel options on TripAdvisor --- # Lexicons The `tidytext` package has a lexicon of sentiments, based on four major sources: [AFINN](http://www2.imm.dtu.dk/pubdb/views/publication_details.php?id=6010), [bing](https://www.cs.uic.edu/~liub/FBS/sentiment-analysis.html), [Loughran](https://sraf.nd.edu/textual-analysis/resources/#LM%20Sentiment%20Word%20Lists), [nrc](http://saifmohammad.com/WebPages/NRC-Emotion-Lexicon.htm) --- # emotion What emotion do these words elicit in you? - summer - hot chips - hug - lose - stolen - smile --- # Different sources of sentiment - The `nrc` lexicon categorizes words in a binary fashion ("yes"/"no") into categories of positive, negative, anger, anticipation, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise, and trust. - The `bing` lexicon categorizes words in a binary fashion into positive and negative categories. - The `AFINN` lexicon assigns words with a score that runs between -5 and 5, with negative scores indicating negative sentiment and positive scores indicating positive sentiment. --- # Different sources of sentiment ```r get_sentiments("afinn") ## # A tibble: 2,477 x 2 ## word value ## <chr> <dbl> ## 1 abandon -2 ## 2 abandoned -2 ## 3 abandons -2 ## 4 abducted -2 ## 5 abduction -2 ## 6 abductions -2 ## 7 abhor -3 ## 8 abhorred -3 ## 9 abhorrent -3 ## 10 abhors -3 ## # … with 2,467 more rows ``` --- # Sentiment analysis - Once you have a bag of words, you need to join the sentiments dictionary to the words data. - Particularly the lexicon `nrc` has multiple tags per word, so you may need to use an "inner_join". - `inner_join()` returns all rows from x where there are matching values in y, and all columns from x and y. - If there are multiple matches between x and y, all combination of the matches are returned. --- # Exploring sentiment in Jane Austen `janeaustenr` package contains the full texts, ready for analysis for for Jane Austen's 6 completed novels: 1. "Sense and Sensibility" 2. "Pride and Prejudice" 3. "Mansfield Park" 4. "Emma" 5. "Northanger Abbey" 6. "Persuasion" --- # Exploring sentiment in Jane Austen ```r library(janeaustenr) library(stringr) tidy_books <- austen_books() %>% group_by(book) %>% mutate(linenumber = row_number(), chapter = cumsum(str_detect(text, regex("^chapter [\\divxlc]", ignore_case = TRUE)))) %>% ungroup() %>% unnest_tokens(word, text) ``` --- # Exploring sentiment in Jane Austen ```r tidy_books ## # A tibble: 725,055 x 4 ## book linenumber chapter word ## <fct> <int> <int> <chr> ## 1 Sense & Sensibility 1 0 sense ## 2 Sense & Sensibility 1 0 and ## 3 Sense & Sensibility 1 0 sensibility ## 4 Sense & Sensibility 3 0 by ## 5 Sense & Sensibility 3 0 jane ## 6 Sense & Sensibility 3 0 austen ## 7 Sense & Sensibility 5 0 1811 ## 8 Sense & Sensibility 10 1 chapter ## 9 Sense & Sensibility 10 1 1 ## 10 Sense & Sensibility 13 1 the ## # … with 725,045 more rows ``` --- # Count joyful words in "Emma" ```r nrc_joy <- get_sentiments("nrc") %>% filter(sentiment == "joy") tidy_books %>% filter(book == "Emma") %>% inner_join(nrc_joy) %>% count(word, sort = TRUE) ## # A tibble: 303 x 2 ## word n ## <chr> <int> ## 1 good 359 ## 2 young 192 ## 3 friend 166 ## 4 hope 143 ## 5 happy 125 ## 6 love 117 ## 7 deal 92 ## 8 found 92 ## 9 present 89 ## 10 kind 82 ## # … with 293 more rows ``` --- # Count joyful words in "Emma" "Good" is the most common joyful word, followed by "young", "friend", "hope". All make sense until you see "found". Is "found" a joyful word? --- # Comparing lexicons .pull-left[ - All of the lexicons have a measure of positive or negative. - We can tag the words in Emma by each lexicon, and see if they agree. ] .pull-right[ ```r nrc_pn <- get_sentiments("nrc") %>% filter(sentiment %in% c("positive", "negative")) emma_nrc <- tidy_books %>% filter(book == "Emma") %>% inner_join(nrc_pn) emma_bing <- tidy_books %>% filter(book == "Emma") %>% inner_join(get_sentiments("bing")) emma_afinn <- tidy_books %>% filter(book == "Emma") %>% inner_join(get_sentiments("afinn")) ``` ] --- # Comparing lexicons ```r emma_nrc ## # A tibble: 13,944 x 5 ## book linenumber chapter word sentiment ## <fct> <int> <int> <chr> <chr> ## 1 Emma 15 1 clever positive ## 2 Emma 16 1 happy positive ## 3 Emma 16 1 blessings positive ## 4 Emma 17 1 existence positive ## 5 Emma 18 1 distress negative ## 6 Emma 21 1 marriage positive ## 7 Emma 22 1 mistress negative ## 8 Emma 22 1 mother negative ## 9 Emma 22 1 mother positive ## 10 Emma 23 1 indistinct negative ## # … with 13,934 more rows ``` --- # Comparing lexicons ```r emma_afinn ## # A tibble: 10,901 x 5 ## book linenumber chapter word value ## <fct> <int> <int> <chr> <dbl> ## 1 Emma 15 1 clever 2 ## 2 Emma 15 1 rich 2 ## 3 Emma 15 1 comfortable 2 ## 4 Emma 16 1 happy 3 ## 5 Emma 16 1 best 3 ## 6 Emma 18 1 distress -2 ## 7 Emma 20 1 affectionate 3 ## 8 Emma 22 1 died -3 ## 9 Emma 24 1 excellent 3 ## 10 Emma 25 1 fallen -2 ## # … with 10,891 more rows ``` --- # Comparing lexicons ```r emma_nrc %>% count(sentiment) %>% mutate(n / sum(n)) ## # A tibble: 2 x 3 ## sentiment n `n/sum(n)` ## <chr> <int> <dbl> ## 1 negative 4473 0.321 ## 2 positive 9471 0.679 emma_bing %>% count(sentiment) %>% mutate(n / sum(n)) ## # A tibble: 2 x 3 ## sentiment n `n/sum(n)` ## <chr> <int> <dbl> ## 1 negative 4809 0.402 ## 2 positive 7157 0.598 ``` --- # Comparing lexicons ```r emma_afinn %>% mutate(sentiment = ifelse(value > 0, "positive", "negative")) %>% count(sentiment) %>% mutate(n / sum(n)) ## # A tibble: 2 x 3 ## sentiment n `n/sum(n)` ## <chr> <int> <dbl> ## 1 negative 4429 0.406 ## 2 positive 6472 0.594 ``` --- class: transition # Your Turn: Sentiment of Austen - What are the most common "anger" words used in Emma? - What are the most common "surprise" words used in Emma? - Which book is the most positive? negative? - Using your choice of lexicon (nrc, bing, or afinn) compute the proportion of positive words in each of Austen's books. --- # Lab exercise: The Simpsons Data from the popular animated TV series, The Simpsons, has been made available on [kaggle](https://www.kaggle.com/wcukierski/the-simpsons-by-the-data/data). - `simpsons_script_lines.csv`: Contains the text spoken during each episode (including details about which character said it and where) - `simpsons_characters.csv`: Contains character names and a character id --- # Lab exercise (bonus) Origin of Species - Downloading books from gutenberg - Using tf-idf to look at how editions of the Darwin's book have changed --- background-image: url(images/bg1.jpg) background-size: cover class: hide-slide-number split-70 count: false .column.shade_black[.content[

 # That's it! .bottom_abs.width100[ Lecturer: Nicholas Tierney & Stuart Lee Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics

<EMAIL_ADDRESS>May 2020 ]
 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.  ]]

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| PostgreSQL 9.5.19 Documentation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Prev | Up | Appendix E. Release Notes | Next |
Release date: 2016-01-07
Major enhancements in PostgreSQL 9.5 include:
Allow INSERTs that would generate constraint conflicts to be turned into UPDATEs or ignored
Add GROUP BY analysis features GROUPING SETS, CUBE and ROLLUP
Create mechanisms for tracking the progress of replication, including methods for identifying the origin of individual changes during logical replication
Add Block Range Indexes (BRIN)
Substantial performance improvements for sorting
Substantial performance improvements for multi-CPU machines
The above items are explained in more detail in the sections below.
A dump/restore using pg_dumpall, or use of pg_upgrade, is required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release.
Version 9.5 contains a number of changes that may affect compatibility with previous releases. Observe the following incompatibilities:
Adjust operator precedence to match the SQL standard (Tom Lane)
The precedence of <=, >= and <> has been reduced to match that of <, > and =. The precedence of IS tests (e.g., x IS NULL) has been reduced to be just below these six comparison operators. Also, multi-keyword operators beginning with NOT now have the precedence of their base operator (for example, NOT BETWEEN now has the same precedence as BETWEEN) whereas before they had inconsistent precedence, behaving like NOT with respect to their left operand but like their base operator with respect to their right operand. The new configuration parameter operator_precedence_warning can be enabled to warn about queries in which these precedence changes result in different parsing choices.
Change pg_ctl's default shutdown mode from smart to fast (Bruce Momjian)
This means the default behavior will be to forcibly cancel existing database sessions, not simply wait for them to exit.
Use assignment cast behavior for data type conversions in PL/pgSQL assignments, rather than converting to and from text (Tom Lane)
This change causes conversions of Booleans to strings to produce true or false, not t or f. Other type conversions may succeed in more cases than before; for example, assigning a numeric value 3.9 to an integer variable will now assign 4 rather than failing. If no assignment-grade cast is defined for the particular source and destination types, PL/pgSQL will fall back to its old I/O conversion behavior.
Allow characters in server command-line options to be escaped with a backslash (Andres Freund)
Formerly, spaces in the options string always separated options, so there was no way to include a space in an option value. Including a backslash in an option value now requires writing \\.
Change the default value of the GSSAPI include_realm parameter to 1, so that by default the realm is not removed from a GSS or SSPI principal name (Stephen Frost)
Replace configuration parameter checkpoint_segments with min_wal_size and max_wal_size (Heikki Linnakangas)
If you previously adjusted checkpoint_segments, the following formula will give you an approximately equivalent setting:
max_wal_size = (3 * checkpoint_segments) * 16MB
Note that the default setting for max_wal_size is much higher than the default checkpoint_segments used to be, so adjusting it might no longer be necessary.
Control the Linux OOM killer via new environment variables PG_OOM_ADJUST_FILE and PG_OOM_ADJUST_VALUE, instead of compile-time options LINUX_OOM_SCORE_ADJ and LINUX_OOM_ADJ (Gurjeet Singh)
Decommission server configuration parameter ssl_renegotiation_limit, which was deprecated in earlier releases (Andres Freund)
While SSL renegotiation is a good idea in theory, it has caused enough bugs to be considered a net negative in practice, and it is due to be removed from future versions of the relevant standards. We have therefore removed support for it from PostgreSQL. The ssl_renegotiation_limit parameter still exists, but cannot be set to anything but zero (disabled). It's not documented anymore, either.
Remove server configuration parameter autocommit, which was already deprecated and non-operational (Tom Lane)
Remove the pg_authid catalog's rolcatupdate field, as it had no usefulness (Adam Brightwell)
The pg_stat_replication system view's sent field is now NULL, not zero, when it has no valid value (Magnus Hagander)
Allow json and jsonb array extraction operators to accept negative subscripts, which count from the end of JSON arrays (Peter Geoghegan, Andrew Dunstan)
Previously, these operators returned NULL for negative subscripts.
Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between PostgreSQL 9.5 and the previous major release.
Add Block Range Indexes (BRIN) (Álvaro Herrera)
BRIN indexes store only summary data (such as minimum and maximum values) for ranges of heap blocks. They are therefore very compact and cheap to update; but if the data is naturally clustered, they can still provide substantial speedup of searches.

Allow GiST indexes to perform index-only scans (Anastasia Lubennikova, Heikki Linnakangas, Andreas Karlsson)
Add configuration parameter gin_pending_list_limit to control the size of GIN pending lists (Fujii Masao)
This value can also be set on a per-index basis as an index storage parameter. Previously the pending-list size was controlled by work_mem, which was awkward because appropriate values for work_mem are often much too large for this purpose.
Issue a warning during the creation of hash indexes because they are not crash-safe (Bruce Momjian)
Improve the speed of sorting of varchar, text, and numeric fields via "abbreviated" keys (Peter Geoghegan, Andrew Gierth, Robert Haas)
Extend the infrastructure that allows sorting to be performed by inlined, non-SQL-callable comparison functions to cover CREATE INDEX, REINDEX, and CLUSTER (Peter Geoghegan)
Improve performance of hash joins (Tomas Vondra, Robert Haas)
Improve concurrency of shared buffer replacement (Robert Haas, Amit Kapila, Andres Freund)
Reduce the number of page locks and pins during index scans (Kevin Grittner)
The primary benefit of this is to allow index vacuums to be blocked less often.
Make per-backend tracking of buffer pins more memory-efficient (Andres Freund)
Improve lock scalability (Andres Freund)
This particularly addresses scalability problems when running on systems with multiple CPU sockets.
Allow the optimizer to remove unnecessary references to left-joined subqueries (David Rowley)
Allow pushdown of query restrictions into subqueries with window functions, where appropriate (David Rowley)
Allow a non-leakproof function to be pushed down into a security barrier view if the function does not receive any view output columns (Dean Rasheed)
Teach the planner to use statistics obtained from an expression index on a boolean-returning function, when a matching function call appears in WHERE (Tom Lane)
Make ANALYZE compute basic statistics (null fraction and average column width) even for columns whose data type lacks an equality function (Oleksandr Shulgin)
Speed up CRC (cyclic redundancy check) computations and switch to CRC-32C (Abhijit Menon-Sen, Heikki Linnakangas)
Improve bitmap index scan performance (Teodor Sigaev, Tom Lane)
Speed up CREATE INDEX by avoiding unnecessary memory copies (Robert Haas)
Increase the number of buffer mapping partitions (Amit Kapila, Andres Freund, Robert Haas)
This improves performance for highly concurrent workloads.
Add per-table autovacuum logging control via new log_autovacuum_min_duration storage parameter (Michael Paquier)
Add new configuration parameter cluster_name (Thomas Munro)
This string, typically set in postgresql.conf, allows clients to identify the cluster. This name also appears in the process title of all server processes, allowing for easier identification of processes belonging to the same cluster.
Prevent non-superusers from changing log_disconnections on connection startup (Fujii Masao)
Check "Subject Alternative Names" in SSL server certificates, if present (Alexey Klyukin)
When they are present, this replaces checks against the certificate's "Common Name".
Add system view pg_stat_ssl to report SSL connection information (Magnus Hagander)
Add libpq functions to return SSL information in an implementation-independent way (Heikki Linnakangas)
While PQgetssl()
can
still be used to call OpenSSL functions, it is now
considered deprecated because future versions
of libpq might support other SSL
implementations. When possible, use the new
functions PQsslAttribute()
, PQsslAttributeNames()
,
and PQsslInUse()
to obtain SSL information in
an SSL-implementation-independent way.
Make libpq honor any OpenSSL thread callbacks (Jan Urbanski)
Previously they were overwritten.
Replace configuration parameter checkpoint_segments with min_wal_size and max_wal_size (Heikki Linnakangas)
This change allows the allocation of a large number of WAL files without keeping them after they are no longer needed. Therefore the default for max_wal_size has been set to 1GB, much larger than the old default for checkpoint_segments. Also note that standby servers perform restartpoints to try to limit their WAL space consumption to max_wal_size; previously they did not pay any attention to checkpoint_segments.
Control the Linux OOM killer via new environment variables PG_OOM_ADJUST_FILE and PG_OOM_ADJUST_VALUE (Gurjeet Singh)
The previous OOM control infrastructure involved compile-time options LINUX_OOM_SCORE_ADJ and LINUX_OOM_ADJ, which are no longer supported. The new behavior is available in all builds.
Allow recording of transaction commit time stamps when configuration parameter track_commit_timestamp is enabled (Álvaro Herrera, Petr Jelínek)
Time stamp information can be accessed using functions pg_xact_commit_timestamp()
and pg_last_committed_xact()
.
Allow local_preload_libraries to be set by ALTER ROLE SET (Peter Eisentraut, Kyotaro Horiguchi)
Allow autovacuum workers to respond to configuration parameter changes during a run (Michael Paquier)
Make configuration parameter debug_assertions read-only (Andres Freund)
This means that assertions can no longer be turned off if they were enabled at compile time, allowing for more efficient code optimization. This change also removes the postgres -A option.
Allow setting effective_io_concurrency on systems where it has no effect (Peter Eisentraut)
Add system view pg_file_settings to show the contents of the server's configuration files (Sawada Masahiko)
Add pending_restart to the system view pg_settings to indicate a change has been made but will not take effect until a database restart (Peter Eisentraut)
Allow ALTER SYSTEM values to be reset with ALTER SYSTEM RESET (Vik Fearing)
This command removes the specified setting from postgresql.auto.conf.
Create mechanisms for tracking the progress of replication, including methods for identifying the origin of individual changes during logical replication (Andres Freund)
This is helpful when implementing replication solutions.
Rework truncation of the multixact commit log to be properly WAL-logged (Andres Freund)
This makes things substantially simpler and more robust.
Add recovery.conf parameter recovery_target_action to control post-recovery activity (Petr Jelínek)
This replaces the old parameter pause_at_recovery_target.
Add new archive_mode value always to allow standbys to always archive received WAL files (Fujii Masao)
Add configuration parameter wal_retrieve_retry_interval to control WAL read retry after failure (Alexey Vasiliev, Michael Paquier)
This is particularly helpful for warm standbys.
Allow compression of full-page images stored in WAL (Rahila Syed, Michael Paquier)
This feature reduces WAL volume, at the cost of more CPU time spent on WAL logging and WAL replay. It is controlled by a new configuration parameter wal_compression, which currently is off by default.
Archive WAL files with suffix .partial during standby promotion (Heikki Linnakangas)
Add configuration parameter log_replication_commands to log replication commands (Fujii Masao)
By default, replication commands, e.g. IDENTIFY_SYSTEM, are not logged, even when log_statement is set to all.
Report the processes holding replication slots in pg_replication_slots (Craig Ringer)
The new output column is active_pid.
Allow recovery.conf's primary_conninfo setting to use connection URIs, e.g. postgres:// (Alexander Shulgin)
Allow INSERTs that would generate constraint conflicts to be turned into UPDATEs or ignored (Peter Geoghegan, Heikki Linnakangas, Andres Freund)
The syntax is INSERT ... ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING/UPDATE. This is the Postgres implementation of the popular UPSERT command.
Add GROUP BY analysis features GROUPING SETS, CUBE and ROLLUP (Andrew Gierth, Atri Sharma)
Allow setting multiple target columns in an UPDATE from the result of a single sub-SELECT (Tom Lane)
This is accomplished using the syntax UPDATE tab SET (col1, col2, ...) = (SELECT ...).
Add SELECT option SKIP LOCKED to skip locked rows (Thomas Munro)
This does not throw an error for locked rows like NOWAIT does.
Add SELECT option TABLESAMPLE to return a subset of a table (Petr Jelínek)
This feature supports the SQL-standard table sampling methods. In addition, there are provisions for user-defined table sampling methods.
Suggest possible matches for mistyped column names (Peter Geoghegan, Robert Haas)
Add more details about sort ordering in EXPLAIN output (Marius Timmer, Lukas Kreft, Arne Scheffer)
Details include COLLATE, DESC, USING, and NULLS FIRST/LAST.
Make VACUUM log the number of pages skipped due to pins (Jim Nasby)
Make TRUNCATE properly update the pg_stat* tuple counters (Alexander Shulgin)
Allow REINDEX to reindex an entire schema using the SCHEMA option (Sawada Masahiko)
Add VERBOSE option to REINDEX (Sawada Masahiko)
Prevent REINDEX DATABASE and SCHEMA from outputting object names, unless VERBOSE is used (Simon Riggs)
Remove obsolete FORCE option from REINDEX (Fujii Masao)
Add row-level security control (Craig Ringer, KaiGai Kohei, Adam Brightwell, Dean Rasheed, Stephen Frost)
This feature allows row-by-row control over which users can add, modify, or even see rows in a table. This is controlled by new commands CREATE/ALTER/DROP POLICY and ALTER TABLE ... ENABLE/DISABLE ROW SECURITY.
Allow changing of the WAL logging status of a table after creation with ALTER TABLE ... SET LOGGED / UNLOGGED (Fabrízio de Royes Mello)
Add IF NOT EXISTS clause to CREATE TABLE AS, CREATE INDEX, CREATE SEQUENCE, and CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW (Fabrízio de Royes Mello)
Add support for IF EXISTS to ALTER TABLE ... RENAME CONSTRAINT (Bruce Momjian)
Allow some DDL commands to accept CURRENT_USER or SESSION_USER, meaning the current user or session user, in place of a specific user name (Kyotaro Horiguchi, Álvaro Herrera)
This feature is now supported in ALTER USER, ALTER GROUP, ALTER ROLE, GRANT, and ALTER object OWNER TO commands.
Support comments on domain constraints (Álvaro Herrera)
Reduce lock levels of some create and alter trigger and foreign key commands (Simon Riggs, Andreas Karlsson)
Allow LOCK TABLE ... ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE for those with INSERT privileges on the target table (Stephen Frost)
Previously this command required UPDATE, DELETE, or TRUNCATE privileges.
Apply table and domain CHECK constraints in order by name (Tom Lane)
The previous ordering was indeterminate.
Allow CREATE/ALTER DATABASE to manipulate datistemplate and datallowconn (Vik Fearing)
This allows these per-database settings to be changed without manually modifying the pg_database system catalog.
Add support for IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA (Ronan Dunklau, Michael Paquier, Tom Lane)
This command allows automatic creation of local foreign tables that match the structure of existing tables on a remote server.
Allow CHECK constraints to be placed on foreign tables (Shigeru Hanada, Etsuro Fujita)
Such constraints are assumed to be enforced on the remote server, and are not enforced locally. However, they are assumed to hold for purposes of query optimization, such as constraint exclusion.
Allow foreign tables to participate in inheritance (Shigeru Hanada, Etsuro Fujita)
To let this work naturally, foreign tables are now allowed to have check constraints marked as not valid, and to set storage and OID characteristics, even though these operations are effectively no-ops for a foreign table.
Allow foreign data wrappers and custom scans to implement join pushdown (KaiGai Kohei)
Whenever a ddl_command_end event trigger is installed, capture details of DDL activity for it to inspect (Álvaro Herrera)
This information is available through a set-returning function pg_event_trigger_ddl_commands()
,
or by inspection of C data structures if that function doesn't
provide enough detail.
Allow event triggers on table rewrites caused by ALTER TABLE (Dimitri Fontaine)
Add event trigger support for database-level COMMENT, SECURITY LABEL, and GRANT/REVOKE (Álvaro Herrera)
Add columns to the output of pg_event_trigger_dropped_objects
(Álvaro Herrera)
This allows simpler processing of delete operations.
Allow the xml data type to accept empty or all-whitespace content values (Peter Eisentraut)
This is required by the SQL/XML specification.
Allow macaddr input using the format xxxx-xxxx-xxxx (Herwin Weststrate)
Disallow non-SQL-standard syntax for interval with both precision and field specifications (Bruce Momjian)
Per the standard, such type specifications should be written as, for example, INTERVAL MINUTE TO SECOND(2). PostgreSQL formerly allowed this to be written as INTERVAL(2) MINUTE TO SECOND, but it must now be written in the standard way.
Add selectivity estimators for inet/cidr operators and improve estimators for text search functions (Emre Hasegeli, Tom Lane)
Add data types regrole and regnamespace to simplify entering and pretty-printing the OID of a role or namespace (Kyotaro Horiguchi)
Add jsonb functions jsonb_set()
and jsonb_pretty()
(Dmitry Dolgov, Andrew Dunstan, Petr Jelínek)
Add jsonb generator functions to_jsonb()
,
jsonb_object()
,
jsonb_build_object()
,
jsonb_build_array()
,
jsonb_agg()
,
and jsonb_object_agg()
(Andrew Dunstan)
Equivalent functions already existed for type json.
Reduce casting requirements to/from json and jsonb (Tom Lane)
Allow text, text array, and integer values to be subtracted from jsonb documents (Dmitry Dolgov, Andrew Dunstan)
Add jsonb || operator (Dmitry Dolgov, Andrew Dunstan)
Add json_strip_nulls()
and jsonb_strip_nulls()
functions to remove JSON null values from documents
(Andrew Dunstan)
Add generate_series()
for numeric values (Plato Malugin)
Allow array_agg()
and
ARRAY()
to take arrays as inputs (Ali Akbar, Tom Lane)
Add functions array_position()
and array_positions()
to return subscripts of array values (Pavel Stehule)
Add a point-to-polygon distance operator <-> (Alexander Korotkov)
Allow multibyte characters as escapes in SIMILAR TO and SUBSTRING (Jeff Davis)
Previously, only a single-byte character was allowed as an escape.
Add a width_bucket()
variant that supports any sortable data type and non-uniform bucket
widths (Petr Jelínek)
Add an optional missing_ok argument to pg_read_file()
and related functions (Michael Paquier, Heikki Linnakangas)
Allow => to specify named parameters in function calls (Pavel Stehule)
Previously only := could be used. This requires removing the possibility for => to be a user-defined operator. Creation of user-defined => operators has been issuing warnings since PostgreSQL 9.0.
Add POSIX-compliant rounding for platforms that use PostgreSQL-supplied rounding functions (Pedro Gimeno Fortea)
Add function pg_get_object_address()
to return OIDs that uniquely
identify an object, and function pg_identify_object_as_address()
to return object information based on OIDs (Álvaro
Herrera)
Loosen security checks for viewing queries in pg_stat_activity,
executing pg_cancel_backend()
,
and executing pg_terminate_backend()
(Stephen Frost)
Previously, only the specific role owning the target session could perform these operations; now membership in that role is sufficient.
Add pg_stat_get_snapshot_timestamp()
to output the time stamp of the statistics snapshot (Matt Kelly)
This represents the last time the snapshot file was written to the file system.
Add mxid_age()
to compute multi-xid age (Bruce Momjian)
Improve support for composite types in PL/Python (Ed Behn, Ronan Dunklau)
This allows PL/Python functions to return arrays of composite types.
Reduce lossiness of PL/Python floating-point value conversions (Marko Kreen)
Allow specification of conversion routines between SQL data types and data types of procedural languages (Peter Eisentraut)
This change adds new commands CREATE/DROP TRANSFORM. This also adds optional transformations between the hstore and ltree types to/from PL/Perl and PL/Python.
Move pg_archivecleanup, pg_test_fsync, pg_test_timing, and pg_xlogdump from contrib to src/bin (Peter Eisentraut)
This should result in these programs being installed by default in most installations.
Add pg_rewind, which allows re-synchronizing a master server after failback (Heikki Linnakangas)
Allow pg_receivexlog to manage physical replication slots (Michael Paquier)
This is controlled via new --create-slot and --drop-slot options.
Allow pg_receivexlog to synchronously flush WAL to storage using new --synchronous option (Furuya Osamu, Fujii Masao)
Without this, WAL files are fsync'ed only on close.
Allow vacuumdb to vacuum in parallel using new --jobs option (Dilip Kumar)
In vacuumdb, do not prompt for the same password repeatedly when multiple connections are necessary (Haribabu Kommi, Michael Paquier)
Add --verbose option to reindexdb (Sawada Masahiko)
Make pg_basebackup use a tablespace mapping file when using tar format, to support symbolic links and file paths of 100+ characters in length on MS Windows (Amit Kapila)
Add pg_xlogdump option --stats to display summary statistics (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
Allow psql to produce AsciiDoc output (Szymon Guz)
Add an errors mode that displays only failed commands to psql's ECHO variable (Pavel Stehule)
This behavior can also be selected with psql's -b option.
Provide separate column, header, and border linestyle control in psql's unicode linestyle (Pavel Stehule)
Single or double lines are supported; the default is single.
Add new option %l in psql's PROMPT variables to display the current multiline statement line number (Sawada Masahiko)
Add \pset option pager_min_lines to control pager invocation (Andrew Dunstan)
Improve psql line counting used when deciding to invoke the pager (Andrew Dunstan)
psql now fails if the file specified by an --output or --log-file switch cannot be written (Tom Lane, Daniel Vérité)
Previously, it effectively ignored the switch in such cases.
Add psql tab completion when setting the search_path variable (Jeff Janes)
Currently only the first schema can be tab-completed.
Improve psql's tab completion for triggers and rules (Andreas Karlsson)
Add psql \? help sections variables and options (Pavel Stehule)
\? variables shows psql's special variables and \? options shows the command-line options. \? commands shows the meta-commands, which is the traditional output and remains the default. These help displays can also be obtained with the command-line option --help=section.
Show tablespace size in psql's \db+ (Fabrízio de Royes Mello)
Show data type owners in psql's \dT+ (Magnus Hagander)
Allow psql's \watch to output \timing information (Fujii Masao)
Also prevent --echo-hidden from echoing \watch queries, since that is generally unwanted.
Make psql's \sf and \ef commands honor ECHO_HIDDEN (Andrew Dunstan)
Improve psql tab completion for \set, \unset, and :variable names (Pavel Stehule)
Allow tab completion of role names in psql \c commands (Ian Barwick)
Allow pg_dump to share a snapshot taken by another session using --snapshot (Simon Riggs, Michael Paquier)
The remote snapshot must have been exported by
pg_export_snapshot()
or logical replication slot
creation. This can be used to share a consistent snapshot
across multiple pg_dump processes.
Support table sizes exceeding 8GB in tar archive format (Tom Lane)
The POSIX standard for tar format does not allow elements of a tar archive to exceed 8GB, but most modern implementations of tar support an extension that does allow it. Use the extension format when necessary, rather than failing.
Make pg_dump always print the server and pg_dump versions (Jing Wang)
Previously, version information was only printed in --verbose mode.
Remove the long-ignored -i/--ignore-version option from pg_dump, pg_dumpall, and pg_restore (Fujii Masao)
Support multiple pg_ctl -o options, concatenating their values (Bruce Momjian)
Allow control of pg_ctl's event source logging on MS Windows (MauMau)
This only controls pg_ctl, not the server, which has separate settings in postgresql.conf.
If the server's listen address is set to a wildcard value (<IP_ADDRESS> in IPv4 or :: in IPv6), connect via the loopback address rather than trying to use the wildcard address literally (Kondo Yuta)
This fix primarily affects Windows, since on other platforms pg_ctl will prefer to use a Unix-domain socket.
Move pg_upgrade from contrib to src/bin (Peter Eisentraut)
In connection with this change, the functionality previously provided by the pg_upgrade_support module has been moved into the core server.
Support multiple pg_upgrade -o/-O options, concatenating their values (Bruce Momjian)
Improve database collation comparisons in pg_upgrade (Heikki Linnakangas)
Remove support for upgrading from 8.3 clusters (Bruce Momjian)
Move pgbench from contrib to src/bin (Peter Eisentraut)
Fix calculation of TPS number "excluding connections establishing" (Tatsuo Ishii, Fabien Coelho)
The overhead for connection establishment was miscalculated whenever the number of pgbench threads was less than the number of client connections. Although this is clearly a bug, we won't back-patch it into pre-9.5 branches since it makes TPS numbers not comparable to previous results.
Allow counting of pgbench transactions that take over a specified amount of time (Fabien Coelho)
This is controlled by a new --latency-limit option.
Allow pgbench to generate Gaussian/exponential distributions using \setrandom (Kondo Mitsumasa, Fabien Coelho)
Allow pgbench's \set command to handle arithmetic expressions containing more than one operator, and add % (modulo) to the set of operators it supports (Robert Haas, Fabien Coelho)
Simplify WAL record format (Heikki Linnakangas)
This allows external tools to more easily track what blocks are modified.
Improve the representation of transaction commit and abort WAL records (Andres Freund)
Add atomic memory operations API (Andres Freund)
Allow custom path and scan methods (KaiGai Kohei, Tom Lane)
This allows extensions greater control over the optimizer and executor.
Allow foreign data wrappers to do post-filter locking (Etsuro Fujita)
Foreign tables can now take part in INSERT ... ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING queries (Peter Geoghegan, Heikki Linnakangas, Andres Freund)
Foreign data wrappers must be modified to handle this. INSERT ... ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE is not supported on foreign tables.
Improve hash_create()
's API for selecting
simple-binary-key hash functions (Teodor Sigaev, Tom Lane)
Improve parallel execution infrastructure (Robert Haas, Amit Kapila, Noah Misch, Rushabh Lathia, Jeevan Chalke)
Remove Alpha (CPU) and Tru64 (OS) ports (Andres Freund)
Remove swap-byte-based spinlock implementation for ARMv5 and earlier CPUs (Robert Haas)
ARMv5's weak memory ordering made this locking implementation unsafe. Spinlock support is still possible on newer gcc implementations with atomics support.
Generate an error when excessively long (100+ character) file paths are written to tar files (Peter Eisentraut)
Tar does not support such overly-long paths.
Change index operator class for columns pg_seclabel.provider and pg_shseclabel.provider to be text_pattern_ops (Tom Lane)
This avoids possible problems with these indexes when different databases of a cluster have different default collations.
Change the spinlock primitives to function as compiler barriers (Robert Haas)
Allow higher-precision time stamp resolution on Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, and later Windows systems (Craig Ringer)
Install shared libraries to bin in MS Windows (Peter Eisentraut, Michael Paquier)
Install src/test/modules together with contrib on MSVC builds (Michael Paquier)
Allow configure's --with-extra-version option to be honored by the MSVC build (Michael Paquier)
Pass PGFILEDESC into MSVC contrib builds (Michael Paquier)
Add icons to all MSVC-built binaries and version information to all MS Windows binaries (Noah Misch)
MinGW already had such icons.
Add optional-argument support to the internal
getopt_long()
implementation (Michael Paquier,
Andres Freund)
This is used by the MSVC build.
Add statistics for minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation times to pg_stat_statements (Mitsumasa Kondo, Andrew Dunstan)
Add pgcrypto function
pgp_armor_headers()
to extract PGP
armor headers (Marko Tiikkaja, Heikki Linnakangas)
Allow empty replacement strings in unaccent (Mohammad Alhashash)
This is useful in languages where diacritic signs are represented as separate characters.
Allow multicharacter source strings in unaccent (Tom Lane)
This could be useful in languages where diacritic signs are represented as separate characters. It also allows more complex unaccent dictionaries.
Add contrib modules tsm_system_rows and tsm_system_time to allow additional table sampling methods (Petr Jelínek)
Add GIN index inspection functions to pageinspect (Heikki Linnakangas, Peter Geoghegan, Michael Paquier)
Add information about buffer pins to pg_buffercache display (Andres Freund)
Allow pgstattuple
to report approximate answers with less overhead using
pgstattuple_approx()
(Abhijit Menon-Sen)
Move dummy_seclabel, test_shm_mq, test_parser, and worker_spi from contrib to src/test/modules (Álvaro Herrera)
These modules are only meant for server testing, so they do not need to be built or installed when packaging PostgreSQL.


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An R wrapper to the overly complicated 'Bitmoji' API allowing users to access and plot various comic strips using their personalized 'Bitstrips' avatar (<https://www.bitmoji.com/>).
| Version: | 0.0.2 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.10) |
| Imports: | getPass, graphics, grDevices, httr, jsonlite, png, RCurl |
| Suggests: | knitr, rmarkdown |
| Published: | 2018-09-30 |
| Author: | Brandon Greenwell [aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: | Brandon Greenwell <greenwell.brandon at gmail.com> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/bgreenwell/RBitmoji/issues |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| URL: | https://github.com/bgreenwell/RBitmoji |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | README NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | RBitmoji results |
| Reference manual: | RBitmoji.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Vignette Title |
| Package source: | RBitmoji_0.0.2.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: RBitmoji_0.0.2.zip, r-release: RBitmoji_0.0.2.zip, r-oldrel: RBitmoji_0.0.2.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: RBitmoji_0.0.2.tgz, r-oldrel: RBitmoji_0.0.2.tgz |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=RBitmoji to link to this page.


import_app_rds.Rd
Import rds output from anem-app
import_app_rds(path, params = NULL, gen_well_images = TRUE)
| path | Path to rds file downloaded from web |
|---|---|
| params | List objected loaded from the rds files |
| gen_well_images | Boolean value. If |
Returns a list containing aquifer
, wells
, and particles
that
were input into the web application.
The rds files downloaded from the web application contain the raw data and map click information needed for the app. This function converts those raw values to UTM coordinates for processing with the R package.
Either path
or params
should be supplied to the function. If both
are specified, only path
will be used.
# using built in package data app <- import_app_rds(params=anem_app_scenario)#>#>#>#>#># using RDS file file <- tempfile("anem_app_scenario.rds") saveRDS(anem_app_scenario,file) app <- import_app_rds(file)#>#>#>#>#>#' # view the data gridded <- get_gridded_hydrodynamics(app$wells,app$aquifer,c(80,80),c(8,8)) library(ggplot2) ggplot() + geom_raster(data=gridded$head,aes(x,y,fill=head_m)) + geom_segment(data=gridded$flow,aes(x,y,xend=x2,yend=y2), arrow = arrow(ends="last",type="closed",length=unit(1,"mm")),color="black") + geom_segment(data=app$aquifer$bounds,aes(x1,y1,xend=x2,yend=y2,linetype=bound_type)) + coord_equal()


{{ partial "header.html" . }}
{{ partial "singletop.html" . }}Hi! I'm Fox Mulder, currently special agent at the FBI, where I work in the X-Files division. My expertise is the paranormal and government conspiracies.
{{ .Description }}
I almost got solid proof of extra-terrestrial life yesterday, but the military came in at the last moment. I'm sure it wasn't a coincidence.
More News


Blackhawks D Adam Boqvist set to debut
by The Associated PressEL SEGUNDO, Calif. (AP) — The sputtering Chicago Blackhawks could take a look at another one of their top prospects when they face the Los Angeles Kings on Saturday.
Adam Boqvist practiced alongside Duncan Keith on Friday and worked with the team’s second power-play unit. The 19-year-old defenseman was selected by Chicago with the No. 8 pick in last year’s draft and was recalled from the minors on Thursday.
Blackhawks coach Jeremy Colliton would not guarantee Boqvist would make his NHL debut against the Kings, but added: “The lineup today is probably pretty close to what you were going to see tomorrow, but I just hate to commit to that.”
“He’s a dynamic player, great skater,” Colliton said of Boqvist. “That mobility can be a benefit to us, and we just want to see where’s he’s at. He’s got the potential to be on the power play and provide an element there, and our power play hasn’t been good.”
Boqvist could become the second top prospect to debut for the Blackhawks in the past two weeks. Kirby Dach, the No. 3 overall pick in the 2019 draft, has one goal and one assist in six games after making his NHL debut on Oct. 20.
“Of course it was a dream come true to get the call,” Boqvist said. “I didn’t expect it, but it’s nice to be here now.”
Advertising
Boqvist played with Keith, a 15-year veteran, each of the past two preseasons. Colliton believes Keith will be able to help the 5-foot-11 Boqvist, a native of Falun, Sweden, get up to speed quickly.
“It’s not necessarily set in stone, but it’s one way to get some familiarity right away, some comfort for Boqvist because they have played together in the past,” Colliton said.
The Blackhawks are 1-4-1 in their past six games. Their only win in that span was against the Kings, 5-1 on Sunday.
___
More AP NHL: https://apnews.com/NHL and https://twitter.com/AP_Sports
___
More AP NHL: https://apnews.com/NHL and https://twitter.com/AP_Sports
The Associated Press


Introduction
What’s the template? If you ask me to describe it, I will imagine it as the bone of the question structure. If we have a question, like
What is the elephant lifesapn?
if we mark the word “elephant” as a variable placeholder “Species”, and mak the lifespan as the property “ageRange”, then what can we get?
dbo:Species;;;what is <A> lifespan;select ?a where { <A> dbo:ageRange ?a };select distinct(?a) where { ?a dbo:ageRange [] }
Yeah, here is the immitative syntactical silhouette of a question or sentence.
The templates are so important!
It is the base that we get our training data in the NSpM model.
OK, we go to the experiment now.
The templates about the ontology of species in DBpedia can be found here, and these are the generated training data.
Experiments Records
I used the Species data that had been generated in previous step, and get the records like this:
| Dataset | Examples per template | Training size | Average examples per instance |
|---|---|---|---|
| dbo:Species | 39 | 12000 | 307.69 |
The experimentation for dbo:Species was also conducted on a virtual cloud server with the GPU of GTX1080, 480GB SSD, and E5-2690 v3 24-core CPU of 64G, with basical setting for both comparative groups were Ubuntu 16 system with TensorFlow 1.3.0. The testing for the NMT model at was mainly displayed at three different times, i.e. at the 2,000th, 1,000th, and 12,000th iteration.
| Dataset | BLEU 2k steps | BLEU 10k steps | BLEU 12k steps |
|---|---|---|---|
| dbo:Species | 60.2 (May 25 07:24:53 2019) | 84.3 (May 25 08:39:16 2019) | 89.2 (May 25 08:54:56 2019) |
Analyses
However, I saught a problem, you see the dev bleu and the test bleu don’t match What’s the problem? The training has been interrupted a few times when the previous training steps displays the bleu dev is approaching 60 while the external bleu test records it still as 0. I have restarted the training several times, but it goes on to be like that. Maybe it was because the number of global steps was still below 2k steps? Here will show a piece of the record:
External evaluation, global step 1000
decoding to output /data/DBPEDIA/neural-qa/data/annotations_Species/output/output_dev.
2019-05-25 07:20:16.906704: W tensorflow/core/framework/op_kernel.cc:1192] Out of range: End of sequence
[[Node: IteratorGetNext = IteratorGetNext[output_shapes=[[?,?], [?]], output_types=[DT_INT32, DT_INT32], _device="/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/cpu:0"](Iterator)]]
2019-05-25 07:20:16.906708: W tensorflow/core/framework/op_kernel.cc:1192] Out of range: End of sequence
[[Node: IteratorGetNext = IteratorGetNext[output_shapes=[[?,?], [?]], output_types=[DT_INT32, DT_INT32], _device="/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/cpu:0"](Iterator)]]
done, num sentences 1200, time 1s, Sat May 25 07:20:16 2019.
bleu dev: 59.3
saving hparams to /data/DBPEDIA/neural-qa/data/annotations_Species/output/hparams
External evaluation, global step 1000
decoding to output /data/DBPEDIA/neural-qa/data/annotations_Species/output/output_test.
2019-05-25 07:20:18.993003: W tensorflow/core/framework/op_kernel.cc:1192] Out of range: End of sequence
[[Node: IteratorGetNext = IteratorGetNext[output_shapes=[[?,?], [?]], output_types=[DT_INT32, DT_INT32], _device="/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/cpu:0"](Iterator)]]
2019-05-25 07:20:18.993082: W tensorflow/core/framework/op_kernel.cc:1192] Out of range: End of sequence
[[Node: IteratorGetNext = IteratorGetNext[output_shapes=[[?,?], [?]], output_types=[DT_INT32, DT_INT32], _device="/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/cpu:0"](Iterator)]]
done, num sentences 0, time 0s, Sat May 25 07:20:18 2019.
bleu test: 0.0
saving hparams to /data/DBPEDIA/neural-qa/data/annotations_Species/output/hparams
How to fix the ZeroDivisionError?
We found that the log shows 0 sentences in test set, as a result this turns out to be zero. So, we should change the argument values while spliting the data_.* files into train_., dev_., and test_.* . It should trace back to the NSpM/split_in_train_dev_test.py file, and I think it was due to percentage that it set:
TRAINING_PERCENTAGE = 90
TEST_PERCENTAGE = 0
DEV_PERCENTAGE = 10
Here we can see the developper tried to build the datasets based on the 10-fold cross-validation method. However, it is neglect about he situation where the number of total training templates might not be numerous enough.
How to better the spliting?
If the test set contains zero sentence, it is possible to try selecting 10 percent from the training data and 10 percent from the testing data to manually build one after generating and a check. The the ratio would be
TRAINING_PERCENTAGE : TEST_PERCENTAGE : DEV_PERCENTAGE = 90 : 10 : 10
with
TEST _fromTRAINING : TEST_fromDEV = 9 : 1
TEST _fromTRAINING + TEST_fromDEV = TEST_PERCENTAGE
**We can see the training results here.


--- layout: post title: "Invariance, Causality, and Robust Deep Learning" subtitle: "Why do Neural networks fail to generalize to new environments, and how can this be fixed?" date: 2021-05-09 10:40:13 -0400 background: '/img/grey.png' ---
Most machine learning problems have an invariant structure. Image classification tasks, for example, are usually invariant to translation, rotation, scale, viewpoint, illumination etc.
Read complete article here.


Name of the link on the Branch Quick Links dashboard page.
Short Link Text ex: nbc.app.link/LinkName
Where do you want to link to?
Which Show is this link associated with?
Which year is this link associated with?
Where will you post this link?
Where will this link be posted?
Specifies a title to show if the link is posted on social media.
Specifies a description to show if the link is posted on social media.
Specifies an image to show if the link is posted on social media.
Specifies a video to show if the link is posted on social media.
Specifies a url to serve as the canonical identifier of the og info.
Specifies a type of og content (ie article, book, etc.).
This will override the default utm campaign generated from the above selections.
This will override the default utm source generated from the above selections.
This will allow this link to appear in the Branch Dashboard.


hp
Businessmodel of HP
Customer Segments
HP has a mass market business model, with no significant differentiation between customers. Its customer segments are consumers, small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs), and large enterprises, including organizations in the education, health, and government sectors.
Value Proposition
HP offers three primary value propositions: innovation, accessibility, and brand/status.
The company has built innovation into its culture. It has been responsible for many industry “firsts”, ranging from scientific calculators to laser printers. In addition to the R&D groups it operates within individual business segments, it maintains HP Labs, facilities dedicated to brainstorming and developing groundbreaking technology solutions.
The company has placed a strong emphasis on product accessibility. It maintains a specific policy that says it is “committed to providing products and services that are accessible for people with disabilities,“ a part of its diversity imperative. It designs the offerings to be used on a standalone basis or in conjunction with assistive devices. Examples of HP’s efforts include designing switches, buttons, and controls to enable ease of access and using effective contrast levels on product text.
The company has a powerful brand. It was one of the first personal computer providers, so it is well-established. It was also the top PC manufacturer in the world for six years (2007 to 2013). Finally, it has received many honors from prestigious sources, including recognition as one of the “World’s Most Valuable Brands” (Forbes), one of the “Best Global Brands” (Interbrand), one of the “Top 100 Most Powerful Brands” (CoreBrand), and one of the “50 Most Innovative Companies” (BCG).
Channels
HP’s main channels for individual consumers and SMBs are its website and major retailers (e.g., Best Buy) at which it sells its products. For large enterprises, it assigns a dedicated account manager for purchases. Other channels it uses include resellers and independent software vendors (ISVs).
Customer Relationships
HP’s customer relationship is primarily of a self-service nature. Customers utilize its products and services while having limited interaction with employees. The company’s website includes various self-help resources, including videos and answers to commonly asked questions. That said, there is a community component in the form of forums where peers lend advice and a personal assistance element in the form of phone and live chat support, and training and certification programs.
Key Activities
HP’s business model entails designing and developing its products and services. It utilizes outsourced manufacturers (OMs) for the production of its offerings in an effort to reduce costs and time-to-market; they are primarily located in Asia.
Key Partners
HP maintains the following key partnerships:
- Retail chains that sell its products through their brick-and-mortar outlets or websites
- Resellers that sell its products and services to specific customer groups
- Distribution partners that supply its products to resellers
- Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) that incorporate its products/services into their own solutions and then sell the combined offering
- Independent software vendors (ISVs) that sell its products and services to their clients
- Systems integrators that offer their expertise in the sale of its products and services
- Advisory firms that offer IT and management consulting services utilizing HP products/services ### Key Resources
HP’s main resource is its engineering staff, whose members engage in significant research and development efforts to produce regular new innovations. An important physical resource is its group of HP Labs. The company places a high priority on its intellectual property, and as of October 2015 it has over 18,000 patents. Lastly, its customer service staff members are essential for support.
Cost Structure
HP has a cost-driven structure, aiming to minimize expenses through low-price value propositions. Its biggest cost driver is cost of products, a variable expense. Other major drivers are cost of services (a variable cost), selling/administrative costs (fixed cost), and research and development costs (fixed).
Revenue Streams
HP has three revenue streams:
Products – The company generates revenue from the sale of hardware and software products.
Services – The company generates revenue from maintenance and support contracts, as well as well as the sale of outsourcing services.
Licensing – The company generates revenue from the sale of perpetual software licenses.


@* * Copyright 2023 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import models.forms.DecisionFormData @import views.html.forms.components.input_checkbox @import views.html.forms.components.input_text @( formData: Form[Case], value: Boolean = true, )(implicit messages: Messages) @conditionalInput = @{Html(s"""


Navigate business buying decisions with confidence
Verified Reviews
Read unbiased reviews conducted by Clutch analysts.
Navigate business buying decisions with confidence
Verified Reviews
Read unbiased reviews conducted by Clutch analysts.
Navigate business buying decisions with confidence
Verified Reviews
Read unbiased reviews conducted by Clutch analysts.


Display/edit an image. Default image is provided by the "field" attribute, which is the image id field. If an image has been dropped on the slotImage, this
image takes precedence. Either "width" or "height" must be specified. If only "width" or only "height" is given, the original width/height ratio is usually
maintained.
field - name of the object field that returns the id of the image.
width - width of the image, in pixels. At least one of width, height must be given.
height - height of the image, in pixels. At least one of width, height must be given.


--- layout: home --- What's on tap at Coworkrs? See something out of date? Update this page Or fork it on Github.
Or fork it on Github.


Home > JavaScript Questions > What will the code below output to the console and why?
var myObject = {
foo: "bar",
func: function() {
var self = this;
console.log("outer func: this.foo = " + this.foo);
console.log("outer func: self.foo = " + self.foo);
(function() {
console.log("inner func: this.foo = " + this.foo);
console.log("inner func: self.foo = " + self.foo);
}());
}
};
myObject.func();
The above code will output the following to the console:
outer func: this.foo = bar
outer func: self.foo = bar
inner func: this.foo = undefined
inner func: self.foo = bar
In the outer function, both this
and self
refer to myObject and therefore
both can properly reference and access foo
.
In the inner function, though, this
no longer refers to myObject
. As a
result, this.foo
is undefined in the inner function, whereas the reference
to the local variable self
remains in scope and is accessible there.


Homepage
Pat's Salmon Cookie Stand
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Minimum Customers
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Average Cookie Sales
Add New Store


An example of using a pivot table to analyse bigrams in extracts of the Voynich Manuscript. Note the following:
Decide on your morphemes before running the analysis. This is very important e.g. if your think that 'qo' should be treated as a unit then include it in the list.
The pivot table is similar to that commonly used in Excel. You can drag and drop fields between rows, columns and filters. The other options are for an aggreagator (how the data is calculated) and a renderer (e.g. simple table, or heatmap).
The analysis here is presented as a heatmap/ count which clearly shows which morpheme pairs are more frequently found than others.
Try using the pre-set title filters (dicers) to filter the data down to more specific parts of the manuscript. You can analyse currier-A vs -B bigram frequencies and also see how labels differ from non-labels etc.
Try using the filters on the row and column dimensions (slicers) to narrow down the bigram pairs for analysis. E.g. you can just select the gallow morphemes to see if there is an interesting feature in a particular manuscript section.


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@(title: String, court: Court, nearby: List[Court], players: com.avaje.ebean.Page[Player], reviewCount: Integer, playerCount: Integer)
@import courts.CourtMain
@scripts = {
}
@CourtMain(title, court, nearby, reviewCount, playerCount, scripts) {
Others Following this Court
@if(players.getList.isEmpty) {
No Players
} else {
@for((player, index) <- players.getList.zipWithIndex){
@if(index % 2 == 0) {
}
@if(index % 2 == 1 || index == players.getList.size()-1){
}
}
}
@if(players.hasNext) {
}
}


Stories from Around the World
by FCIT
“Hans, Who Made the Princess Laugh”
by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen
Additional Information
- Year Published: 0
- Language: English
- Country of Origin: Norway
- Source: Hamilton Wright Mabie, ed., Folk Tales Every Child Should Know
-
Readability:
- Flesch–Kincaid Level: 6.8
- Word Count: 2,107
- Genre: Fairy Tale/Folk Tale
- ✎ Cite This
Downloads
Once upon a time there was a king, who had a daughter, and she was so lovely that the reports of her beauty went far and wide; but she was so melancholy that she never laughed, and besides she was so grand and proud that she said “No” to all who came to woo her—she would not have any of them, were they ever so fine, whether they were princes or noblemen.
The king was tired of this whim of hers long ago, and thought she ought to get married like other people; there was nothing she need wait for—she was old enough and she would not be any richer either, for she was to have half the kingdom, which she inherited after her mother.
So he made known every Sunday after the service, from the steps outside the church, that he that could make his daughter laugh should have both her and half the kingdom. But if there were any one who tried and could not make her laugh, he would have three red stripes cut out of his back and salt rubbed into them—and, sad to relate, there were many sore backs in that kingdom. Lovers from south and from north, from east and from west, came to try their luck—they thought it was an easy thing to make a princess laugh. They were a queer lot altogether, but for all their cleverness and for all the tricks and pranks they played, the princess was just as serious and immovable as ever.
But close to the palace lived a man who had three sons, and they had also heard that the king had made known that he who could make the princess laugh should have her and half the kingdom.
The eldest of the brothers wanted to try first, and away he went; and when he came to the palace, he told the king he wouldn’t mind trying to make the princess laugh.
“Yes, yes! That’s all very well,” said the king; “but I am afraid it’s of very little use, my man. There have been many here to try their luck, but my daughter is just as sad, and I am afraid it is no good trying. I do not like to see any more suffer on that account.”
But the lad thought he would try anyhow. It couldn’t be such a difficult thing to make a princess laugh at him, for had not everybody, both grand and simple, laughed so many a time at him when he served as soldier and went through his drill under Sergeant Nils.
So he went out on the terrace outside the princess’s windows and began drilling just as if Sergeant Nils himself were there. But all in vain! The princess sat just as serious and immovable as before, and so they took him and cut three broad, red stripes out of his back and sent him home.
He had no sooner arrived home than his second brother wanted to set out and try his luck. He was a schoolmaster, and a funny figure he was altogether. He had one leg shorter than the other, and limped terribly when he walked. One moment he was no bigger than a boy, but the next moment when he raised himself up on his long leg he was as big and tall as a giant—and besides he was great at preaching.
When he came to the palace, and said that he wanted to make the princess laugh, the king thought that it was not so unlikely that he might; “but I pity you, if you don’t succeed,” said the king, “for we cut the stripes broader and broader for every one that tries.”
So the schoolmaster went out on the terrace, and took his place outside the princess’s window, where he began preaching and chanting imitating seven of the parsons, and reading and singing just like seven of the clerks whom they had had in the parish.
The king laughed at the schoolmaster till he was obliged to hold on to the door-post, and the princess was just on the point of smiling, but suddenly she was as sad and immovable as ever, and so it fared no better with Paul the schoolmaster than with Peter the soldier—for Peter and Paul were their names, you must know!
So they took Paul and cut three red stripes out of his back, put salt into them, and sent him home again.
Well, the youngest brother thought he would have a try next. His name was Hans. But the brothers laughed and made fun of him, and showed him their sore backs. Besides, the father would not give him leave to go, for he said it was no use his trying, who had so little sense; all he could do was to sit in a corner on the hearth, like a cat, rooting about in the ashes and cutting chips. But Hans would not give in—he begged and prayed so long, till they got tired of his whimpering, and so he got leave to go to the king’s palace and try his luck.
When he arrived at the palace he did not say he had come to try to make the princess laugh, but asked if he could get a situation there. No, they had no situation for him; but Hans was not so easily put off—they might want one to carry wood and water for the kitchenmaid in such a big place as that, he said. Yes, the king thought so too, and to get rid of the lad he gave him leave to remain there and carry wood and water for the kitchenmaid.
One day, when he was going to fetch water from the brook, he saw a big fish in the water just under an old root of a fir-tree, which the current had carried all the soil away from. He put his bucket quietly under the fish and caught it. As he was going home to the palace, he met an old woman leading a golden goose.
“Good day, grandmother!” said Hans. “That’s a fine bird you have got there; and such splendid feathers too! He shines a long way off. If one had such feathers, one needn’t be chopping firewood.”
The woman thought just as much of the fish which Hans had in the bucket, and said if Hans would give her the fish he should have the golden goose; and this goose was such that if any one touched it he would be sticking fast to it if he only said: “If you’ll come along, then hang on.”
Yes, Hans would willingly exchange on those terms. “A bird is as good as a fish any day,” he said to himself. “If it is as you say, I might use it instead of a fish-hook,” he said to the woman, and felt greatly pleased with the possession of the goose.
He had not gone far before he met another old woman. When she saw the splendid golden goose, she must go and stroke it. She made herself so friendly and spoke so nicely to Hans, and asked him to let her stroke that lovely golden goose of his.
“Oh, yes!” said Hans, “but you mustn’t pluck off any of its feathers!”
Just as she stroked the bird, Hans said: “If you’ll come along, then hang on!”
The woman pulled and tore, but she had to hang on, whether she would or no, and Hans walked on, as if he only had the goose with him.
When he had gone some distance, he met a man who had a spite against the woman for a trick she had played upon him. When he saw that she fought so hard to get free and seemed to hang on so fast, he thought he might safely venture to pay her off for the grudge he owed her, and so he gave her a kick.
“If you’ll come along, then hang on!” said Hans, and the man had to hang on and limp along on one leg, whether he would or no; and when he tried to tear himself loose, he made it still worse for himself, for he was very nearly falling on his back whenever he struggled to get free.
So on they went till they came in the neighborhood of the palace. There they met the king’s smith; he was on his way to the smithy, and had a large pair of tongs in his hand. This smith was a merry fellow, and was always full of mad pranks and tricks, and when he saw this procession coming jumping and limping along, he began laughing till he was bent in two, but suddenly he said:
“This must be a new flock of geese for the princess: but who can tell which is goose and which is gander? I suppose it must be the gander toddling on in front. Goosey, goosey!” he called, and pretended to be strewing corn out of his hands as when feeding geese.
But they did not stop. The woman and the man only looked in great rage at the smith for making game of them. So said the smith: “It would be great fun to see if I could stop the whole flock, many as they are!”—He was a strong man, and seized the old man with his tongs from behind in his trousers, and the man shouted and struggled hard, but Hans said:
“If you’ll come along, then hang on!”
And so the smith had to hang on too. He bent his back and stuck his heels in the ground when they went up a hill and tried to get away, but it was of no use; he stuck on to the other as if he had been screwed fast in the great vise in the smithy, and whether he liked it or not, he had to dance along with the others.
When they came near the palace, the farm-dog ran against them and barked at them, as if they were a gang of tramps, and when the princess came to look out of her window to see what was the matter, and saw this procession, she burst out laughing. But Hans was not satisfied with that. “Just wait a bit, and she will laugh still louder very soon,” he said, and made a tour round the palace with his followers.
When they came past the kitchen, the door was open and the cook was just boiling porridge, but when she saw Hans and his train after him, she rushed out of the door with the porridge-stick in one hand and a big ladle full of boiling porridge in the other, and she laughed till her sides shook; but when she saw the smith there as well, she thought she would have burst with laughter. When she had had a regular good laugh, she looked at the golden goose again and thought it was so lovely that she must stroke it.
“Hans, Hans!” she cried, and ran after him with the ladle in her hand; “just let me stroke that lovely bird of yours.”
“Rather let her stroke me!” said the smith.
“Very well,” said Hans.
But when the cook heard this, she got very angry. “What is it you say!” she cried, and gave the smith a smack with the ladle.
“If you’ll come along, then hang on!” said Hans, and so she stuck fast to the others too, and for all her scolding and all her tearing and pulling, she had to limp along with them.
And when they came past the princess’s window again, she was still there waiting for them, but when she saw that they had got hold of the cook too, with the ladle and porridge-stick, she laughed till the king had to hold her up. So Hans got the princess and half the kingdom, and they had a wedding which was heard of far and wide.


Being an aunt is the best! You get to spoil your nieces and nephews and enjoy a lot of cuteness without the real responsibility of having your own child.
An aunt who might be even more excited than I am . . .


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---
title: Matthew Mirman
position: PhD Student
image: matthew_mirman.jpg
email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>office: CAB H 85.2
website: https://www.mirman.com/
phone: +41798815363
cv:
---
Job Search
I will be graduating in early 2022, and on the market for jobs. I'm open to research opportunities in either academia or industry,
and happy to discuss freelancing and any potential big ideas you might have.
Research Interests
Programming Language Design and Analysis, Machine Learning, AI Security, AI Safety, AI Trustworthiness, Program Synthesis, Computational Geometry,
Formal Logic, ML Foundations.
Publications
{% include get-publications.html filter="person" key="Mirman" %}
Education
- ETH Zurich, January 2017
PhD Candidate in Computer Science
- CMU - SCS , August 2012 – May 2014
MSCS in Computer Science
- CMU - SCS , August 2009 – May 2012
BS in Computer Science


This section provides information on the API resource that allow a client to manage application aliases and SSL certificates for OpenShift applications.
The table below describes each parameter associated with an OpenShift application with aliases and SSL certificates added.
| Name | Description |
| id | Name of application alias. |
| certificate_added_at | The date and time when the SSL certificate was added. |
| has_private_ssl_certificate | Indicates whether an SSL certificate has been added to the specified application. |


#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a[2][2][2];
int m;
cout<<"enter the value of array";
for(int i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<2;j++)
{
for(int k=0;k<2;k++)
{
cin>>m;
a[i][j][k]=m;
}
}
}
int *p;
p=a; // why we can't assign the base adress of array to pointer
You cannot assign it for same reason that you cannot do following:
1 2
double d;
int* p = &d;
Type mismatch.
Rules cor conversions tells us that array of T can be converted to pointer to T.
You are trying to assign a to int pointer, so for this conversion to be correct a should be array of ints.
But it is not. It is an array which contains inside another arrays which contains arrays of ints.
It can be converted only to pointer to array of arrays of ints. Which is uncompatible with pointer to int.


Strongly connected
问题描述 :
Give a simple directed graph with N nodes and M edges. Please tell me the maximum number of the edges you can add that the graph is still a simple directed graph. Also, after you add these edges, this graph must NOT be strongly connected.

A strongly connected digraph is a directed graph in which it is possible to reach any node starting from any other node by traversing edges in the direction(s) in which they point.

A strongly connected digraph is a directed graph in which it is possible to reach any node starting from any other node by traversing edges in the direction(s) in which they point.
输入:
The first line of date is an integer T, which is the number of the text cases.
Then T cases follow, each case starts of two numbers N and M, 1<=N<=100000, 1<=M<=100000, representing the number of nodes and the number of edges, then M lines follow. Each line contains two integers x and y, means that there is a edge from x to y.
Then T cases follow, each case starts of two numbers N and M, 1<=N<=100000, 1<=M<=100000, representing the number of nodes and the number of edges, then M lines follow. Each line contains two integers x and y, means that there is a edge from x to y.
输出:
The first line of date is an integer T, which is the number of the text cases.
Then T cases follow, each case starts of two numbers N and M, 1<=N<=100000, 1<=M<=100000, representing the number of nodes and the number of edges, then M lines follow. Each line contains two integers x and y, means that there is a edge from x to y.
Then T cases follow, each case starts of two numbers N and M, 1<=N<=100000, 1<=M<=100000, representing the number of nodes and the number of edges, then M lines follow. Each line contains two integers x and y, means that there is a edge from x to y.
样例输入:
3 3 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 3 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 6 6 1 2 2 3 3 1 4 5 5 6 6 4
样例输出:
Case 1: -1 Case 2: 1 Case 3: 15
题意：
给你一个有向图，问你最多能添加多少条边使得这个图依然不是强联通的。
做法：
1，求出图中的所有强连通分量
2，把上述的强连通分量缩成一个点。
3，问题现在变成问一个完全图，最少需要去除多少条边使得这个图不强联通，
那么肯定是去除所有强联通分量中含有点数最少的点的所有进边。
#include<stdio.h> #include<iostream> #include<algorithm> #include<string.h> #include<stack> #include<vector> using namespace std; #define maxn 100005 #define mem(a,b) memset(a,b,sizeof(a)); vector<int>q[maxn]; stack<int>qq; int times; int nums; int num[maxn]; int dnf[maxn]; int low[maxn]; int out[maxn]; int in[maxn]; int sum[maxn]; int instack[maxn]; void tarjan(int x) { dnf[x]=low[x]=times++; instack[x]=1; qq.push(x); int i; for(i=0;i<q[x].size();i++) { int y=q[x][i]; if(!dnf[y]) { tarjan(y); low[x]=min(low[x],low[y]); } else if(instack[y]) { low[x]=min(low[x],dnf[y]); } } if(dnf[x]==low[x]) { int y=-1; while(y!=x) { y=qq.top(); qq.pop(); num[y]=nums; instack[y]=0; sum[nums]++; } nums++; } //cout<<x<<" "<<low[x]<<" "<<dnf[x]<<endl; } int main() { // freopen("1004.in","r",stdin); int T,cas,i,j,n,m; cin>>T; for(cas=1;cas<=T;cas++) { cin>>n>>m; for(i=1;i<=n;i++)q[i].clear(); while(!qq.empty())qq.pop(); mem(in,0); mem(out,0); mem(dnf,0); mem(low,0); mem(num,0); mem(sum,0); mem(instack,0); nums=0; int x,y; for(i=0;i<m;i++) { scanf("%d%d",&x,&y); q[x].push_back(y); } for(i=1;i<=n;i++) if(!dnf[i])tarjan(i); if(nums==1) { printf("Case %d: -1\n",cas); continue; } for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { for(j=0;j<q[i].size();j++) { if(num[i]!=num[q[i][j]]) { out[num[i]]++; in[num[q[i][j]]]++; } } } int maxx=maxn; for(i=0;i<nums;i++) { if(in[i]==0||out[i]==0) { if(sum[i]<maxx)maxx=sum[i]; } } __int64 ss; ss=0; ss =(__int64)n*(n-1); ss-=(__int64)m; ss-=(__int64)maxx*(n-maxx); printf("Case %d: %I64d\n",cas,ss); } return 0; }
版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，未经博主允许不得转载。
参考：http://blog.csdn.net/rowanhaoa/article/details/9786625
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UD version 2
This is the workspace that was used for preliminary discussions of v2 of the universal guidelines in August-September 2016. It is now preserved mainly for archival purposes. The current v2 draft, can be found here.
Deadlines (revised 2016-10-17):
- 2016-10-17: Draft guidelines made available for feedback
- 2016-12-01: Guidelines fixed for spring release and CoNLL shared task
Some quick links:
The main issues
- Core dependents. The distinction between core dependents and the rest is fundamental to the whole taxonomy. Having specific and cross-linguistically consistent guidelines for core dependents is therefore crucial for putting the whole enterprise on a solid footing. This involves clarifying the treatment of (among other things) double objects, reflexives, expletives, copula constructions and valency-changing operations. Relevant reports from the Uppsala meeting include: copula, clitics.
- Functional labels.
Cross-linguistic guidelines for the use of the functional labels such as
aux
,det
,cop
. There is currently a lot of variation around this. Representing lexical heads promotes cross-linguistic parallelism, but only if we can agree on what lexical heads are. - Tokenization (or perhaps better, word segmentation). We need to be able to handle the whole spectrum from multitoken words in Vietnamese to multiword tokens in Turkish. Ideally, we should also set up more substantial criteria for when to split tokens into words and vice versa. On this issue, there is a relevant paper dealing with the Turkish case. See also the report from the Uppsala meeting: tokenization.
- Enhanced dependencies. Having a first version of the guidelines for enhanced dependencies is important not just for its own sake, but also because it has implications for the basic dependencies. If we know that something can be captured in the enhanced dependencies, we don’t need to clutter the basic dependencies with this information. Examples of constructions that can benefit from this are control verbs and light verb constructions. In this connection, it would also be relevant to discuss what language-specific subtypes can and cannot be used for. We seem to have a lot of inconsistencies here. Report from Uppsala meeting: future.
- Ellipsis. There seems to be a consensus that we should get rid of the remnant relation, but it is still unclear what we should put in its place. See the report from the Uppsala meeting here: ellipsis. Conceivably, the enhanced dependencies could be put to use here as well.
- Part-of-speech tags and their relation to syntax. To what extent should the part-of-speech tag be predictable from the syntactic relation and vice versa? For example, does “det” imply “DET” (rather than “PRON”) or does “DET” imply “det” (or both or neither)? Coming up with a more consistent set of principles for making these decisions will be important to achieve (better) cross-language consistency.
- Features. Check the language-specific features and values defined so far in our treebanks. Add new values to existing features where necessary. Do we need entire new features as well? Evidentiality perhaps?
- Coordination. We may want to revise the guidelines for coordination and similar constructions. (See report from the Uppsala meeting: coordination and a position paper)
- CoNLL-U. The definition of the CoNLL-U format may have to be revised in the light of decisions about tokenization (see above). In addition, we should standardize comments for sentence ids, etc.
Proposed revisions
- Remove u-dep/nsubjpass, u-dep/csubjpass, and u-dep/auxpass from the list of universal relations. Discussion
- Require language-specific subtypes to be used for true syntactic subtypes, not cross-classification of syntax/semantics. Discussion
- Remove u-dep/remnant from universal relations. Use promotion + enhanced representation to annotate ellipsis. Discussion
- New general principles for form vs. function in POS assignment, and new proposal for categorizing the pronominal words. Discussion


◆ basePermissionCheck()
| basePermissionCheck |
( |
array |
$viewingUser | ) |
|
Performs the base, global permission check before checking for records. This can be bypassed on a per-content basis if needed.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- bool
◆ getCanonicalPaths()
◆ getData()
Gets the sitemap data for an entry. Can either return an array with keys: loc (required, canonical URL), lastmod (unix timestamp, last modification time), priority (0.0-1.0, higher value more important), changefreq (daily/weekly/etc value), image (array with sub-options for image sitemap) Or may return an array of multiple such arrays.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- array
◆ getPhraseKey()
Key of the phrase that represents this content type.
- Parameters
-
| string | $key | Name of content type pointing to this handler |
- Returns
- string
◆ getRecords()
| getRecords |
( |
|
$previousLast, |
|
|
|
$limit, |
|
|
array |
$viewingUser |
|
) |
| |
|
abstract |
Gets the next batch of records to possibly add to the sitemap. Should start from one beyond the previous last value, if the process is interruptable. If uninterruptable, must return all records for the type at once. Otherwise, return an empty array to signal completion.
- Parameters
-
| string | int | $previousLast | |
| int | $limit | Maximum number of records to fetch (mostly for memory limits) |
| array | $viewingUser | Sitemap context user (should always be guest) |
- Returns
- array Array of records
◆ isIncluded()
| isIncluded |
( |
array |
$entry, |
|
|
array |
$viewingUser |
|
) |
| |
|
abstract |
Determine if a particular record should be included in the sitemap.
- Parameters
-
| array | $entry | |
| array | $viewingUser | |
- Returns
- boolean
◆ isInterruptable()
Should return true if the process can be interrupted at any record and picked up from there in another request. Types with potentially large amounts of content must allow this to be true.
- Returns
- boolean
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:
- C:/Users/Michel/Desktop/test/xf/library/XenForo/SitemapHandler/Abstract.php


In a way analogous to iostreams, manipulators are actions that can be pushed onto the buffer. In the case of MPIbuf, four manipulators are defined, send, isend and bcast, and mark that allows a message to be composed and sent on one line, eg:
MPIbuf() << i << j << send(p,tag); MPIbuf() << i << j << isend(p,tag); MPIbuf() << i << j << bcast(0);
mark is used for separating the data items to be scattered.


USD/JPY consolidates in below 200-DMA
by Ross J Burland- Trade and Brexit keep markets on edge, Yen consolidates on lower US dollar and yields.
- Hong Kong thrown into the mix dampening positive trade deal prospects.
USD/JPY is currently trading at 108.54 within a range of 108.38/57 in Asia, supported on the 50-day moving average (DMA) with bullish attempts capped by the 200-DMA. Trade wars and Brexit remain the key themes, although there has been a lack of fundamental developments in those respects and markets are moving into a phase of consolidation as investors insist on further catalysts before making a move.
The start of the week's news from CNBC whereby Chinese officials require scaling back in tariffs is keeping investor son high alert and underpinning the risk-off profile in markets. The latest developments come with the US Senate which has approved the Hong Kong human rights bill and is sending it to the House of Representatives.
Brexit TV debate conclusions were mixed in the polls
Elsewhere, Brexit was a focus with the first f a series of Live TV debates hosted by ITV at the start of the Asian session. The debate concluded with mixed polls. A snap ITV Twitter poll put Corbyn in the lead by a huge percentage as follows (there were 29,665 votes):
- 78% Jermy Corbyn won.
- 22% said Johnson won.
Meanwhile, and to the contrary, a YouGov / Sky News snap chat Poll arrived as follows:
- Johnson 51%
- Corbyn 49%
- Excluding don’t knows
- Just over 1,600 respondents
Indeed, major polls have the Tory party in with a double-digit lead which is supportive of a risk-on climate considering Johnson seems to have a majority of the Tory party backing his deal.
Meanwhile, Fedspeak came with New York Federal Reserve president Williams who said that the economy is in a “good place”. With respect to yields, the US 2-year treasury yields roundtripped between 1.59% to 1.62% while the 10-years initially climbed from 1.80% to 1.83% but were then sent back to 1.78%.
USD/JPY levels
Valeria Bednarik, the Chief Analyst at FXStreet, notes that the USD/JPY pair consolidates below the 20- and the 200-day SMAs, having hit a daily low of 108.45:
"The technical picture has turned slightly bearish according to the 4-hour chart, with indicators crossing into negative ground although lacking bearish strength. Immediate support is seen at 108.44, 200-period SMA in 4-hour chart, followed by 108.23, last week’s low. However, only a break below 107.70, 100-day SMA, could tilt the longer-term bias to the downside."


Co-founder, Microsoft
Worth $ 13 billion
"Now all of us would get together and just hope we were right that the PC would become a big thing"
William Henry "Bill" Gates was born on October 28, 1955. He is an American business magnate, philanthropist, investor, computer programmer, and inventor. Gates is the former chief executive and chairman of Microsoft, the world's largest personal computer software company, wich he co-founded with Paul Allen.
At age 13 Gates took an interest in programming the General Electric system used at school in BASIC, and was excused from math classes to pursue his interest. He wrote his first computer program on this machine. While in hingschool he met his buddy Paul Allen
In 1973, Gates enroll at Harvard College where he met Steve Ballmer, who would later succeed Gates as CEO of Microsoft. In his sophomore year, Gates devised an algorithm for pancake sorting as a solution to one of a series of unsolved problems presented in a combinatorics class. Gate's solution held the record as the fastes version for over thirty years.
Gates did not have a definite study plan while a student at Harvard and spent a lot of time using the school's computers. He remained in contact with Paul Allen.
The following year Gates saw the release of the MITS Altair 8800 based on the Intel 8080 CPU, and Gates and Allen waw this as the opportunity to star their own computer software company.
"Paul showed that to me and then okay, here was a company that would be needing software"
After reading the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics that demostrated the Altair 8800, Gates contacted MITS to inform them that he and others were working on a BASIC interpreter for the platform. MITS president agreed to meet them for a demo, and the demostration was a success and resulted in a deal with MITS to distribute the interpreter as Altair BASIC.
"We realised that things were starting to happen, and just because we'd had a vision for a long time of where this chip could go, what it could mean, that didn't mean the industry was going to wait for us while I stayed and finished my degree at Harvard"
After the demo succeeded, Bill forgot about finishing university. Afraid of
missing his chance to dominate the new idustry, he joined Allen in what was then
the center of the world microcomputing research -- among the sleezy bars and gas
stations of Albuquerque, New Mexico. They would work all night long, and there were
days when Bill Gates would be sleeping on the floor in the software lab.
On November 26, 1976, the trade name "Microsoft" was registered with the Office of
the Secretary of the state of New Mexico. Microsoft became independent of MITS in
late 1976, and it continued to develop programing language software for various
systems.


Create an X, Y points layer from CSV
- Prepare a table containing rows that include at least fields for: Unique ID, Feature Name, Latitude, and Longitude.
- Lat & Long values should be in decimal degree format (NOT degrees, minutes, seconds, format)
Example of row with correct Lat & Long values:
23, Berlin, 52.500556, 13.398889In the preceding example, 23 = unique ID for Berlin, Berlin = Placename, 52.500556 = Lat, 13.398889 = Long
- Save this table in Comma Seperated Values format (CSV)
- From Manage Layers Toolbar, use the Add Delimited Text Layer tool and select the CSV file to generate a points layer.
- Save the points layer to a Shapefile (or other format) for geoprocessing.
1. Tabular data can be developed in various spreadsheet applications. We reccommend LibreOffice for it's handling of specific language character set encodings.
2. For our example, we downloaded the County File of Jamaican Placename Features from USGS Global Names Service Country Files
Download from: USGS Country Files.
3. After saving the country file jm.zip to your working folder, double-click the .zip file to extract the contents. The complete set of placename features is in the file jm.txt. To make things simpler, we will use only the Populated Place features in jm_populatedplaces_p.txt, but we MUST first rename it to something like: jm.csv
4. After you have renamed the file to jm.csv, launch LibreOffice, and the Calc spreadsheet application
5. From the CALC application (not from WRITER or the default LibreOffice Suite!) click on the menu item File > Open and browse to your UNZIPPED and RENAMED file jm.csv then click OPEN
1. Set Character Set for your import file to Unicode UTF-8, USGS Country Files are UTF-8
2. Set the Separator (Delimiter) options. For this case check TAB delimiter.
3. Uncheck COMMA delimiter. (This prevents unexpected commas from creating new columns.)
4. If the fields seem to be delimited properly in the preview, click OK.
5. Currently QGIS imports CSV as UTF-8 Encoding. If you are using ANY OTHER encoding, create TWO tables: one for the LAT LONG import, and one to join the other character set attributes to the resulting points layer (see JOINS for details on how to accomplish the second JOIN process).
6. In the example shown below, the placenames are in UTF-8 encoding, so it is not necessary to create a second table. If the names were in Arabic (CP1256 encoding) for example, you should split the placename column into a second table (which MUST also have a column of unique Identifiers, which will serve as the JOIN ID)
7. In the jm.csv example, and for all GNS Country files, the UNIQUE ID field is "UNI" or Unique Name ID. Make sure you know which field contains your JOIN ID, and keep in mind that it must be a unique value for each row.
1. When the .csv is opened in LibreOffice, browse the table to check for possible import errors.
2. If the table looks okay, SAVE it as native OpenOffice format jm.ods
1. Make sure to Format the Cells for your Lat Long values with enough decimal places, so that saving to CSV does not trim off your most accurate values.
2. Then RESAVE the data as the .csv for importing to qgis, like jm_import.csv
3. The dialog will allow you to EXPLICITLY set the Encoding (change it to Unicode UTF8) and the Delimiter (change it to $). By using a $ delimiter, you can avoid errors caused by stray commas that might be in the cells
Because the x, y values you want to import must be in Decimal Degrees, be sure to RESET the CRS to plain WGS 84 (EPSG: 4326)
Go to Manage Layers Toolbar and click on the large COMMA icon to launch the ADD DELIMITED TEXT LAYER dialog.
1. Browse to the CSV FILENAME you want to import, jm_import.csv
2. Set the Encoding, in this case UTF-8
3. Unset Comma delimiter, and choose CUSTOM DELIMITERS, (for the example type our $ delimiter into the OTHER DELIMITERS box)
4. If the correct delimiter is set, the preview window at the bottom will be correctly parsed into columns
5. Set the checkbox to accept the first line of the .csv file as the FIELD NAMES.
6. Now you want to set the Point Coordinates parameter, and make sure the X field and Y field values have been designated.
7. In the case of USGS Country Files, set the X field = LONG, and the Y field = LAT
8. X is generally used for the "horizontal" or degrees East and West of Longitude, while Y is use for the "vertical" degrees North and South of Latitude.
9. When the preview looks okay and you have set your X, Y fields, hit OK
10. You will be prompted to specify the Coordinate Reference System (or projection) for the imported x, y coordinates.
1. In the case of plain decimal degrees, click on the option WGS84, also called EPSG:4326. If you don't see this available under "Recently Used" options, then put your cursor into the FILTER form and type "WGS" into the form. Select EPSG:4326 from the results.
2. Note: WGS 84 Pseudo Mercator is a specialized projection which is equivalent to the so-called Google Spherical Mercator. You don't want to use this EPSG:3857 for loading decimal degree points from .csv. EPSG:3857 is really only appropriate for adding Google and other basemaps with the OpenLayers Plugin.
3. With the correct CRS selected, hit Okay, and the points should appear as a new data layer in the QGIS Layer List and the Map View.
1. The imported x, y values will now be converted to point features (in WGS84 coordinate system)
2. Right-click on the layer to Open the Attribute Table, and make sure the tabular data was imported
3. Check the Number of Features on the top bar of the attribute to make sure all were mapped
Note: you may encounter problems if the field delimiters (such as COMMAS) have been used within the fields and wrappers such as Double-quotes were not used in the original CSV file. Sometimes it may be necessary to massage the .csv file in order to eliminate uses of the cell delimiters within FIELDS.
Usually this can be accomplished by adjusting the EXPORT to CSV settings in Libre Office and saving out to a new version of the .csv file with specific field delimiters (SEPARATED BY) and text wrapper (TEXT DELIMITER) settings.
In other words, if commas in your text are a problem, use a custom delimiter like SEPARATED BY = $ and use the TEXT DELIMITER = ", then export to a new .csv file and try to add the layer to QGIS again using those settings. That is the full procedure described above.
Usually this can be accomplished by adjusting the EXPORT to CSV settings in Libre Office and saving out to a new version of the .csv file with specific field delimiters (SEPARATED BY) and text wrapper (TEXT DELIMITER) settings.
In other words, if commas in your text are a problem, use a custom delimiter like SEPARATED BY = $ and use the TEXT DELIMITER = ", then export to a new .csv file and try to add the layer to QGIS again using those settings. That is the full procedure described above.
After importing from CSV, you should always right click on the layer and SAVE AS a SHAPEFILE for further use.
After exporting to SHP, right click to remove the DELIMITED TEXT LAYER (jm_import.csv) from the Layer List.
By default the SHP layer will be added on TOP of the CSV import layer. Even though they have the same layer name, you can safely remove the CSV layer (the bottom layer).
The new SHP layer should already have been added to the Layer List. Or you can always use the ADD VECTOR layer tool to add your new Shapefile (jm_places.shp).
Now you should be able to run spatial analysis tools and other operations on the Shapefile, which would not have been possible using the .csv file added as delimited text layer.
Proceed to Add WMS Layer Instructions