---
layout: js-documentation
title: Ink.UI.Tabs_1
description: Display tabbed content
site_root: ../
---
All samples are using The Tabs Component offers a simple way to build a tab-separated layout, allowing you to offer multiple content panes in the same space with intuitive navigation.
This component requires your markup to have: When the user clicks in the links inside You can disable some (or all) tabs by passing an array for the selector
options
options.preventUrlChange
options.active
options.onBeforeChange
options.onChange
options.menuSelector
options.contentSelector
options.triggerEventsOnLoad
Gets the currently active section (Each section contains content for a tab, and must have an Ink.requireModules
, please read how to use it at Ink.requireModules section
Ink.UI.Tabs class
tabs-nav
class, to contain links.href="#ID_OF_SECTION"
id
attributes and the tabs-content
class.tabs-nav
, the tab with the corresponding ID is then activated. The active tab when the tab component is initialized has its hash in the browser URL. If there is no hash, then the active
option kicks in. Otherwise, Tabs will fall back to showing the tab corresponding to the first link.disabled
option, or by adding the ink-disabled
class to tab links.
Method name
Description
new Tabs(selector, [options])
Constructor
.activeContentTab()
Gets the currently active section
.activeMenuLink()
Gets the currently active Menu link (the links which the user clicks on to change tabs)
.activeTab()
Returns the active tab id
.changeTab(selector)
Changes the active tab
.destroy()
Unregisters the component and removes its markup
.disable(selector)
Disables the desired tab
.enable(selector)
Enables the desired tab
new Ink.UI.Tabs(selector, [options])
Accepts
{% include js_samples/Ink_UI_Tabs_1.html %}
.activeContentTab()
method
id
attribute)
Gets the currently active Menu link (the links which the user clicks on to change tabs)
Returns the active tab id
Changes the active tab
Pass a selector/element identifying what tab you want
selector
Selector of the desired tab or the link that links to itUnregisters the component and removes its markup
Disables the desired tab
selector
the id of the desired tab or the link that links to itEnables the desired tab
selector
The id of the desired tab or the link that links to it


Click on the button to toggle between showing and hiding content.
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum


"Hey, jerkwad, you're going the wrong way! The Enchanted Meadow is in that spooky cave, and the deadly Manticore is in that happy meadow! Can't you read?"
— Dean Toadblatt, The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy
The racecourse or other path is marked off by arrows. Either a villain or a prankster mucks things up by flipping the sign so the arrows point the other way. Can also include incidents where someone who, with honest intentions, by mistake thinks the sign is wrong and "fixes" it, whereupon Hilarity Ensues. Very often causes a Wrong Turn at Albuquerque.
See also: Rules of the Road, and Dick Dastardly Stops to Cheat, as this is one of the ways he does it.
Examples:
open/close all folders
Advertising
- A '90s French Cheerios commercial had the hare doing this to send the tortoise into a much longer, windier path, but the cereal give so much strength and speed that the tortoise wins the race anyway.
Anime & Manga
- Bashin and Striker do this in ep. 11 of Battle Spirits Shonen Toppa Bashin to try and lure My Sunshine to the Battle Spirits Center.
- Dragon Ball had an episode where Bulma was fleeing from General Blue through an abandoned pirate hideout. She came to an intersection and drew an arrow on the ground in dust to tell Goku which way she went, but Blue got to it first and changed it to point the opposite direction.
- El-Hazard: The Magnificent World: Subverted that while Jinnai sabotages a sign to get the heroes going onto a dangerous path, Mr. Fujisawa knows all along they are taking the tough path, but takes it anyway because he relishes the challenge.
- In Magical Play, Zucchini switches a sign with arrows pointing to "Town" and "Desert." However, since the sign was one large board, he does this by flipping it upside down, words and all. The main characters still fall for it.
- In the Ranma ½ anime, Ranma, Genma and Happōsai travel back in time. Happōsai reverses a sign pointing to Jusenkyō so the past selves will go the wrong way. But a bag thrown by past Genma reverses it again. It wouldn't have worked anyway, because the whole thing takes place inside Ranma's dream.
- In GO-GO Tamagotchi! episode 34, where several Tamagotchis participate in a race through various single biome planets, the Spacy Brothers attempt to throw off the other racers by reversing an arrow sign pointing to which direction the racers should go. Himespetchi, Neenetchi, and Oyajitchi, who run a drink stand for the racers, catch on to the trick.
- Transformers Cybertron: Ransack does this in episode 15, "Detour."
- Wowser: Used twice in the episode "Motor Maze To The Market" by Ratso, in order to lead Wowser and Bob on a high speed chase in an underground railroad shaft.
- Yu-Gi-Oh!. The Marik-brainwashed Bandit Keith has set up arrows to lure Yugi into a trap. Yami Bakura flips the arrows around so Yugi's friends can't follow.
Asian Animation
- Oye Golu: In "Cycle Race", one of the bullies rotates an arrow sign to lead Adi the wrong way during the bicycle race. Not that he cares, since he goes on to help people instead.
Comic Books
- In "Two-Way Gem Caper" in Batman #164, a crook does this to misdirect the tour bus of the Hootenay Hotshots as part of a needlessly complicated plan to steal a jewel from a museum.
- Mortadelo y Filemón: Mortadelo does this at the end of "Los mercenarios", to lead a squad of mercenaries to the country that hired them, instead of their intended destination.
- Reggie does this to Richie on a ski trail in one Richie Rich comic. The twist is that the wind has already blown the arrows around, so Reggie actually sends Richie down the right trail and himself down the dangerous slope.
Comic Strips
- In one FoxTrot sequence, Jason and Marcus strike out into the wilds of suburbia in search of adventure (wearing pith helmets, no less). Along their way they encounter the streets of "Maple" and "Oak;" Maple Street is lined with oak trees and Oak Street is lined with maples. Helpfully, they decide to switch the street signs around to correct the error, but wind up attracting the attention of the police in the process.
Eastern Animation
- One of the Shapoklyak's pranks in Cheburashka.
Films — Animation
- Listed as one of the things Stitch is programmed to do in Lilo & Stitch, along with backing up sewers and stealing everyone's left shoe.
- This is one of the dirty tricks the three bullies in Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown pull during the raft race.
Films — Live-Action
- In Ace of Aces, a Bavarian celebrational cart pulled by oxen inadvertently causes a road sign reversal just as protagonist Jo Cavalier is driving a Jewish family, the Rosenblums, down South, directly leading them to Hitler's house in Berchtesgaden instead of the Austrian border.
- In The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland, Huxley's henchmen turn the arrow on the sign that leads to Huxley's Castle in the opposite direction to trap Elmo in a cave.
- Battle of the Bulge (1965). During the attack, German infiltrators switch the road signs around, making it appear that the road to Malmedy leads to Ambleve. The U.S. troops going to Ambleve follow the sign and are captured by the Germans, leading to the Malmedy Massacre.
- Something similar in intention is done by a British villager in the beginning of Disney's Bedknobs and Broomsticks. He's painting out the signposts in order to confuse any possible invading Nazis.
- The reedited-for-TV version of Blazing Saddles includes a scene that was originally left on the cutting room floor. While Bart and the Waco Kid are being chased by the villains, the duo come to an arrow-sign mounted on a post, smack it so that it starts spinning in circles, and run on. The villains ride up, wait for the sign to finish spinning, and charge off in the indicated direction.
- Czechs are shown reversing street signs in an effort to confuse the Soviets in Czechoslovakia 1968.
- In the Disney movie Diamonds on Wheels, the crooks attempt to waylay one of the cars competing in a rally by removing the real arrows and laying new ones for the driver to follow.
- Played for Laughs in Jurassic Park when Nedry was attempting to leave the island, but in his haste, drove over the road sign showing the way to the docks. Nedry spins it like a roulette wheel and follows where it lands.
- Labyrinth: Sarah draws arrows on the ground to show which path she's already taken. When she's not looking, goblins flip and turn the tiles with the arrows on them, so she loses her way.
- The Little Rascals movie: Porky pushed the race track arrow from right to straight.
- A Reversed Road Sign to Sainte-Mère-Église briefly confuses invading Allied forces in The Longest Day, until an American officer sees through the trick and orders the sign cut down.
- The Love Bug:
- In the first movie of the series, some road sign spoofing sends all the following racers into a mine.
- Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo. The misdirecting arrow sends our heroes onto a very narrow cliff edge and almost causes them to die via avalanche.
- In Preservation, Mike and Sean insist of going hiking off trail over Wit's objections. Mike paints trail markers (a smiley face) on trees as they go to mark the way back. However, when he and Wit are fleeing the hunters trying to find their way back to the main trail, they find the hunters have painted the same symbol on all of the trees in the surrounding area: meaning they have no way of knowing which way to go.
- In Quick Change, the three bank robbers must get to Kennedy Airport as soon as possible. They inadvertently exit the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway and traverse an unfamiliar Brooklyn neighborhood where the road signs are being replaced by city workers. When they ask which way the original signs were pointing, the workers respond by showing them the arrow spinning freely on the plate, saying they have no idea either. This scene is even funnier if one has ever tried to get back onto the BQE.
- In Summer Holiday, Stella forces Jerry to edit a French sign so that the London bus is stuck up a mountain.
- Done by the Red Feathers in Troop Beverly Hills.
- Two Thousand Maniacs! gets its plot going with a fake diversion sign.
Literature
- Alex Rider:
- In Stormbreaker, a new sign is posted on the footpath to Port Tallon to send Alex into an ambush.
- In Skeleton Key, General Sarov rigs a second set of runway lights, which causes a plane to crash into a swamp while attempting to take off.
- In the third series of Deltora Quest the main characters are caught out by one of these.
- Done to spring a trap in "Dolan's Cadillac", by Stephen King. Though it's removing a sign so he drives into a construction zone's hole rather than reversing it; the protagonist notes the man he wants to trap wouldn't have fallen for the latter.
- The very first trick Macha and Bodhb try to pull on Pidge in The Hounds of the Morrigan. It's much eerier than the usual examples, because, of course, they have magic.
- James Bond does this during the car chase scene in the novel version of On Her Majesty's Secret Service.
Live-Action TV
- The 'removing road signs to confuse invading troops' version happens in All Creatures Great and Small. A local tells the soldier who is removing a sign that, if he wants to confuse the Germans, he should leave that particular sign up as it has been pointing the wrong way for years.
- In the Amazing Stories episode "Mummy Daddy", an actor playing the role of the Mummy in a horror film receives a phone call that his wife has gone into labour. On the way to the maternity hospital, he is mistaken for a real Mummy by superstitious villagers. They start shooting at him, and one of the shots spins the road sign for the maternity hospital.
- This is one of the pranks De Plaaggeest plays on Bassie & Adriaan. Because of it, the two accidentally set up their tent on a soccer field rather than the camping place they were looking for.
- Doesn't involve arrows or directional signs, but in an episode of Corner Gas, Oscar changes a sign warning about a pothole in the road to one warning about a speed bump that was built over it by flipping the sign upside down. He tries to do it again when they go back to the pothole at the end of the episode (because it "looks more natural"), but it won't hold in place, so he says they have to build the speed bump again.
- CSI: A variation in "Anatomy of a Lye".  However, his alteration causes her to be trapped in the mountains during a flash flood and she drowns.
- In the 1960s live-action Dennis the Menace, Dennis mistakenly believes the street sign at the corner is reversed, so he turns it, whereupon a swimming pool company goes to the wrong house and basically destroys Mr. Wilson's backyard.
- Doctor Who: The Master does this to delay the Doctor's journey to the town of Devil's End in "The Daemons".
- Frontier Circus: In "Winter Quarters", horse thieves move one of Tony's trail markers to send the circus up the wrong trail and strand them on top of a mountain.
- In the series finale of Grange Hill, a boy does this with the arrow of a sign saying something like "Year 7s this way".
- Hank Zipzer: In "Open Day", Mr. Joy is attempting to shut down the music department. As part of this, he exiles Mr. Rock and Emily to the music room for the duration of Open Day; ostensibly so they can explain the music curriculum to visiting parents. He then takes down all of the signs pointing to the music room to ensure that no parents find their way there.
- In Hi-de-Hi!, Ted does this in order to stop Clive's relatives from getting to the church to prevent Clive and Gladys' wedding.
- In Home and Away, a guy on the race turns the arrow around and his competitor (who is already going the wrong way) just follows it.
- JAG: A sign marking an entrance into the Free Fire Zone in "Desert Son" has been knocked down, which nearly gets Harm and Meg killed.
- On Kenan & Kel, Kel accidentally knocks down the arrow in a restaurant pointing to the bathrooms and puts it back up the wrong way, causing everyone who was looking for the bathroom to end up getting trapped in the restaurant's walk-in freezer instead.
- Robbie Rotten does this in "Little Pink Riding Hood" on LazyTown to trick Stephanie into getting lost in a forest.
- Done in The Legend of Dick and Dom Wacky Racing episode "The Cabbage Ball Run".
- Ethel does it in the Lucy Desi Comedy Hour episode "Lucy Hunts Uranium." When everyone gets into a madcap race back to town to claim the money for the uranium they've discovered, Ethel moves a detour sign to throw off the Ricardos.
- This is an important plot point in an episode of Mathnet. George Frankly had two invitations to a mystery weekend at The Qualms, a quaint inn in the woods, where he would essentially be roleplaying as Sherlock Holmes. While making their way there, he and partner Pat Tuesday fail to notice that the wind blew the sign in a different direction until later. The butler informs them that they're not at the inn they thought they were, meaning that the kidnappings they thought were part of the roleplay are in fact real.
- In the M.I. High episode "The Others", Blane foils the government agents testing the team by swapping the signs pointing to the library and the cafeteria.
- The Janitor does this to JD during his birthday triathlon in Scrubs. JD ends up biking uncontrollably down a near-vertical hill.
- The wind blowing a road sign around is how Miranda and Skye Sailendra end up in the remote town of Barren Barren in the first episode of Snake Tales.
- Thunderbirds: In "Move And You're Dead", the bridge Alan and Grandma get stranded on is not officially opened to traffic yet. Alan's rivals temporarily remove the roadsigns in order to lure the two onto the bridge, and return them afterwards to keep other cars from reaching the bridge.
- The 2007 To the Manor Born 25th Anniversary special.
- Gang members do this in The Wire. It's not played for laughs at all because it confuses a group of cops and prevents them from coming to the aid of one of their own when she gets shot.
Theme Parks
- The "plot" of Popeye & Bluto's Bilge-Rat Barges at Universal's Islands of Adventure begins with Bluto switching signs so that the riders go down some "dangerous" rapids instead of the idyllic river. A thorough soaking ensues.
Video Games
- In Outta This Kingdom Zircon flips the sign leading to McDuckus Cheetus so it points to the Cold Lands instead.
Web Comics
- In a MLP-based webcomic Friendship is Dragons the trope is subverted and defied; in its version of the story Rainbow Dash doesn't flip the sign, but tricks Applejack into believing she did. Applejack tries to defy the trope and ends up going the wrong way anyway.
Western Animation
- Occurs in the first episode of 101 Dalmatians: The Series to lure Cruella away from the three main puppies she's chasing after in her car.
- In the first episode of Around the World in 80 Days, Fix does this to prevent Fog and Passepartout from reaching Buckingham Palace.
- In "It's Wrong to Cheat" from Bali, after Bali's friend Tito suggests cheating on a game during Bali's birthday party, Bali has an Imagine Spot in which he's in a boat race and he his friends initially lose to another racer who cheats by doing this, but then ends up losing after an on-camera review of the race shows his cheating. Back at Bali's, Bali tells Tito that he only wants to win if they play fairly. And they do.
- Blaze and the Monster Machines: Crusher pulls off this trick in "Race to Eagle Rock" and "Deep Sea Grand Prix". Blaze falls for it both times, but it's the latter that he actually realizes he went the wrong way.
- In an episode of The Busy World of Richard Scarry, an inadequately supported sign flips and sends people looking for a stall selling corn into the middle of a cornfield, causing them to become Lost in the Maize.
- In the first episode of Camp Lakebottom, Jordan does this to send the bus carrying McGee, Gretchen and Squirt to Camp Lakebottom instead of Camp Sunnysmiles.
- Subverted in the Courage the Cowardly Dog episode "Cajun Granny Stew", where he does this to try trick a fox (who has kidnapped Muriel) into driving into some rocks. The Fox doesn't buy it, and runs over the sign and Courage (who wisely decided to stand directly behind the sign). Subverted again when the fox immediately falls off a cliff.
- Danger Mouse: In "The Invasion of Colonel K", Baron Greenback switches the signs inside Colonel K's body (It Makes Just As Much Sense In Context) so that DM and Penfold end up travelling to the lungs rather than the brain.
- In an episode of Danger Rangers about pedestrian safety, a kid does this during a race in a failed attempt at cheating.
- Dennis the Menace and Gnasher: Dennis does this to temporarily confuse the Greytowers Prep triathlete (who is already cheating). It delays him long enough for Gnasher to disable his bike.
- In "Parade Problem" on Ella the Elephant, one of these kicks off the problem described in the title. An unwitting seagull reverses a sign, causing a delivery van with frozen bananas to go the wrong way.
- Subverted in Family Guy. Peter looks as if he's going to do this in the episode "Chitty Chitty Death Bang," in order to get the circus parade to come to Stewie's birthday party. Instead, he beans the parade leader with the sign and takes his place.
- The Duke employs this in an episode of Gawayn in order to send the questers off in the wrong direction.
Rex: That is the lamest plan ever! You're gonna get them lost?! How exciting...
- In the Harry Potter parody of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, when sabotaging Gunderstank. Billy spins the signs when Grim leads a field trip, so the signs are reversed yet upside down.
- Inspector Gadget: In "Monster Lake", Dr. Claw swaps a road sign to send the Gadgetmobile plunging off a cliff.
- In Little Red Riding Rabbit, the wolf does this to send Red on the long way to Grandma's house.
- In "You're My Hero" from Mack & Moxy, the villain Shellfish Sheldon switches a sign with two directions, one that leads to the "town square" and the other to "very deep pit," causing the heroes to end up in the very deep pit, leading to a lesson about calling 911. This is probably the closest Sheldon actually comes to succeeding on the show, as he actually manages to get the "Great Helpee," but the heroes manage to get it back from him before it hatches. Then Sheldon has to call 911 because he ended up in the very deep pit.
- In the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episode "Fall Weather Friends," Rainbow Dash flips the sign marking the path for the Running of the Leaves, sending Applejack off the track. She hastily flips it back when she hears Twilight Sparkle coming, to keep from being caught.
- The New Adventures of Superman: In "The Prankster", Superman switches a pair of signs to cause the Prankster to drive his scooter into a river.
- A vintage Popeye cartoon had him and Bluto in a car race - Bluto moves the letters around on a sign reading "Route D" to read "Detour", sending Popeye up a long, twisty mountain road.
- In the Robot Chicken spoof of The Cannonball Run, Sherriff Roscoe P. Coltrane does this to trick, "them Duke Boys," possibly as an homage to the actual show, The Dukes of Hazzard.
- Rocky and Bullwinkle:
- Used by Boris Badenov in one of the openings (see it towards the end of this video). However, instead of rotating the entire arrow he's able to remove the arrowhead from one end and attach it to the other instead.
- And, during the Upsidaisium arc, Boris and Natasha decide to switch the sign pointing to a 900-foot cliff with the one pointing to the mountain to which they (and the heroes) are going. The catch is that they come up with this plan independently, and cancel each other's efforts out. Boris and Natasha fall down the cliff (non-fatally), while Rocky and Bullwinkle continue on without noticing at all.
- Happens in an episode of Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics. The cheaters mistakenly switch the signs back, resulting in disgust from their teammates (although they DO get a 50 point bonus for "chivalry" because the judges think they did it to help their opponents).
- Scooby-Doo:
- Done to lure the Mystery Machine into a trap in Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster.
- Dracula does this to send Shaggy and Scooby into the tar pits in Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf.
- Totally subverted in Die Sendung mit der Maus. An arrow in the mountains points to...wherever, we'll never know, the slope is far to steep for the free-climbing mouse and elephant. The mouse solves it pragmatically by turning the arrow around to point to the earth and make an impromptu picnic.
- In "Down on the Farm" from the 2007 revamp of the 2003 Strawberry Shortcake, Purple Pie Man reverses the arrows on the signs that Strawberry Shortcake made the country fair to save Caramel Corn's farm. However, Huckleberry Pie spots it and they reverse the arrows in time to hold the fair.
- A non-racing version occurs in one episode of Strawberry Shortcake's Berry Bitty Adventures. While trying to deliver a package, Strawberry encounters a sign that tells her the way to go, only for a breeze to flip the markers, knocking off the one she needs.
- In the Sofia the First episode "Enchanted Science Fair", Amber turns an arrow pointing to the top of the mountain (where a flower all the kids need grows) to keep the others from following, but when Sofia and James come to it, James switches it back, thinking he's doing the same thing.
- Superfriends 1973-74 episode "The Fantastic Frerps". King Plasto diverts a shipment of raw plastic from the real GREPS building to his imitation building by changing a road sign.
- Taz-Mania: In "Road to Tazmania", a spy does this to send Hugh, Drew and Taz to the Spy Mart.
- At the beginning of the Tiny Toon Adventures episode, "High Toon", Beaky Buzzard sits above two signs, one leading to the amusement park, AcmeLand, and the other to No Man's Land, otherwise known as Prairie Junction. Beaky sneezes and switches the signs around, and as a result, Buster and Babs, who are on their way to AcmeLand, go to Prairie Gulch, which at first, they think is the Wild West section of the park.
- In an episode of the Viva Piñata cartoon, the heroes flip a road sign to get the bad guy off their trail and send him towards a volcano. Of course, as he's driving a really slow forklift, it takes him 50 years to actually reach the volcano.
 Not surprising since, as has been mentioned elsewhere, Wacky Races (ahem) borrowed a lot of Road Runner gags.
- Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner: Wile E. Coyote tries this a few times with the Road Runner and a detour sign. The gag being that the way the Road Runner goes turns safe, while Wile E.'s way turns out to be the one with the road out... cue whistling sound...
Real Life
- During the War of 1812, "Walnut St." in Washington DC was changed to "Tunlaw St." to confuse the British.
- There's a sign the wrong way near Monument Tube station in London, implying that Cannon Street is to the East.
- Mentioned in The Longest Day entry above, the switching (or removal) of signs did regularly happen in WWII. In fact it was one of neutral Ireland's main defenses. Road signs were arranged so that following them would lead the invaders in a big circle. Still practiced by some locals today, though that's more so that they can troll the tourists who get lost and stop to ask for directions.
- Also during WWII, in the Battle of the Bulge, the Germans devised Operation Greif, intended to confuse Allied troop movements by doing things like reversing road signs, placing phony minefield warnings, and giving wrong verbal directions to any Allied units they encountered.
- Similar tactics were used inside Britain, in case of Nazi invasion. Road signs were routinely removed, often confusing domestic military units traveling through the countryside. This was often made worse by the fact that villagers would be very suspicious of any stranger asking for directions while using the "wrong" accent — i.e., one that marked him as from out of town.
- During the Prague Spring, the inhabitants of Prague removed or painted over street names to confuse the invading Red Army.


/a-no baj-jæn/
Translated from tagalog (the official language of the Philippines) to english, it means, "what is that?" Which is hopefully a question
this website can answer. Below, upload an image to see what the content in image
is when translated to tagalog.


RANN: Fast Nearest Neighbour Search (Wraps ANN Library) Using L2
Metric
Finds the k nearest neighbours for every point in a given dataset
in O(N log N) time using Arya and Mount's ANN library (v1.1.3). There is
support for approximate as well as exact searches, fixed radius searches
and 'bd' as well as 'kd' trees. The distance is computed using the L2
(Euclidean) metric. Please see package 'RANN.L1' for the same
functionality using the L1 (Manhattan, taxicab) metric.
Downloads:
Reverse dependencies:
| Reverse depends: |
BRISC, celestial, McSpatial, RapidPolygonLookup, RWBP, saasCNV, spNNGP, StatMatch |
| Reverse imports: |
ck37r, evtclass, gjam, insect, ldbod, lidR, miceExt, nngeo, ProbitSpatial, RsimMosaic, Seurat, spatialEco, unbalanced |
| Reverse suggests: |
adespatial, caret, dimRed, flacco, fscaret, LICORS, nabor, recipes, spdep |
Linking:
Please use the canonical form
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=RANN
to link to this page.


I've been thinking more about PHP after my last post. Here's another post along the same lines. In summary, there's a kind of admission on all sides that PHP lets people with no programming skill program, producing bad software, but actually producing. Some people think that's okay, some don't; I definitely believe that is okay, even if it doesn't lead to the technical decisions I want.
But PHP is still a horrible language. It's okay that PHP mixes HTML and code. It is okay that some of its data structures are sloppy, like arrays. It's okay that it's not very object oriented. But some things aren't okay.
PHP was not designed by good language designers. I don't even think it was designed by people interested in language design. Which is strange in a way, because there's far more people interested in language design than there is room for languages. But maybe it took bad (or at least disinterested) language designers to create something that didn't overthink the problem, so that they approached the design much like beginning programmers would eventually approach the language itself.
But you don't have to be disinterested to create an a language or environment good for beginners.
So it makes me think; what could really be the better PHP? Something that flows more comfortably towards "good" web programming practice (e.g., MVC), but doesn't require those practices. Something that suggests techniques to users, even very primitive techniques that seem entirely obvious to an experience programmer.
I think the active page model is a good place to start, allowing a gradual move from static HTML to dynamic. I think databases should be considered from the start, because that's just obvious and universal at this point. I imagine something like ezSqlObject (even though I don't think that code is maintained anymore, and I probably wouldn't base it directly on SQLObject). You have an object that represents your database, attributes that represent tables, etc. There is no "model"; database access is procedural.
To allow better flow to MVC, you should be able to mix the active pages with Python code, and you should be able to put a block of Python code at the top of your page. Code reloading must happen totally transparently and reliably.
It needs to be a multiprocess server, not threads (maybe one process and multiple interpreters); this is one of the big features of PHP. It needs to have a complete server setup. PHP gets by with nearly everyone using Apache, and it does well -- the constraint is a feature. Less to think about.
To be really like the PHP process model, the only current option for Python is to use CGI. This is not actually realistic. But I think it is possible, given the appropriate monitoring and isolation to get nearly as reliable a system. That means a really reliable master process, with subprocesses that are monitored and managed. The only Python system I know that really does this is SkunkWeb, though a complete system would probably be more extensive still.
Errors should initially display as simply as possible, possibly allowing you to dig in. I imagine some notion of "library" versus "application" code (probably based on package), and the most minimal error message shows the outermost frame of application code. From there you can expand, but most errors are trivial and can be best detected with this separation. This is true of experienced users too, and certainly it's a UI principle that we could stand to use elsewhere; but it's especially true for new users, and the intimidation of a full traceback is a problem.
We should build other tools into the system, like code editing. This doesn't mean storing code in a database ala Zope, it just means one less bit of overhead to getting started. Figuring out how to handle editing is a significant overhead. The TurboGears toolbox is an example of providing good through-the-web tools; these should just be tools, not frameworks. No frameworks!
For the actual pages, what template? I'd probably suggest Cheetah or Spyce. Though I mention Django in the previous post, it is not powerful enough to be used without Python code, nor does it allow the flow from HTML, to simple page, to complex page, to MVC; it's missing a step.
I also think that the template should be textual, not markup-based. People will be editing these pages in their text form; maybe you can edit markup-based templates using WYSIWYG tools, but you certainly can't add all the logic you need to make a dynamic site. Like Django, it only really works when used in concert with a "real" programmer. If you are editing text, you should be working on the text level. Spyce, unlike Cheetah, is really targetted at exactly this model; that said, Cheetah is entirely capable of this model. So it's a toss-up to me. They both do a good job of embedding Python into markup, which is not easy. Myghty is also usable in this same way, but I find it rather complex.
I think an object explorer would also be a very nice tool, but I won't go into the design. It would be a very interested project, though. Think of live objects. The multiprocess thing makes this hard, though. Maybe it's good to expect a single-process non-concurrent development mode.
Another important key will be a rich library of routines for typical web programming tasks. That's the thing I praise so much in the PHP post; Python supports this well, but there isn't really such a library just for web programming. It can't be a framework, it shouldn't be very object oriented. I think namespaces are completely okay (you don't have to be quite as flat as PHP), but import management is problematic.
I think Pylons is going in a good direction in terms of these routines. First is the WebHelpers module (with no particular attachment to Pylons or Myghty, except being codeveloped). The other thing they are doing is a per-application module where you import all your helpers (by default just the WebHelpers package, but you can add imports there). Everything imported into this special module is available as a global variable in your pages. I think this is a good way of balancing explicitness with easy and casual availability of simple routines. The initial set of imports should be fairly rich.
Anyway, there's a simple outline. I don't think any one part of it requires anything too radical -- except for the process model (and reloading goes with that). That part is hard, but very very important. We can't clone PHP to achieve that -- mod_python is not really equivalent to mod_php. And using Apache as the app server works in PHP because their standard library is entirely in C.
Since Python is a capable language for writing library code, this is not an option; most of the standard library is already written in Python. There's other similar aspects to PHP we can't clone -- mod_php is much much closer to Python CGI than to mod_python, in my opinion. I think for Python to make this work we need more flexibility than we can get being embedded in Apache.
Anyway, there's some thoughts for ya'.
I strongly agree that a dirt-simple DB layer would be a plus. Advanced ORMs like SQLAlchemy have their place, but are probably too much for most beginning Spyce users to handle. Most other ORMs have the kind of complexity that comes from several iterations of feature creep, without SQLAlchemy's power. There's definitely room for a tool that designs for simplicity and sticks with that design even in the face of temptation to add just one more feature. Such a tool could probably be built fairly easily on top of SQLAlchemy's introspection layer. No need to re-invent the wheel.
But, I disagree that multiple, short-lived processes is the way to go: one of the leading causes of bad PHP code is the tendency to stuff all kinds of crap into session objects, because that's the only easy way to persist things between requests. (At the extreme end of this, I've seen 10MB session blobs in the database.) A single multithreaded server simplifies this greatly, e.g. with Spyce's pool module. (Multiple, long-lived processes, of course, offer the worst of both worlds from this perspective: no state reset between requests, AND no simple persistence -- because your user might not get the same process with his next request.) Scalability is a separate problem, really; by the time you have more traffic than you can handle with a single threaded server, you should either have a clue or be able to hire someone who does. :)
(Amusing captcha, btw. :)
A multiprocess server isn't so much about performance, it's about reliability and some better predictability (not perfect if you aren't throwing away all state, but at least better). And in part about architecture. Putting stuff into a session isn't particularly worse than putting stuff into a global variable. Better, really; at least you are being explicit about the storage you are doing. I already abhor losing any information on server restart -- I always regret it later -- so I don't put anything valuable in memory. If it's too hard to do otherwise, then that is something to be fixed, it's not that we should use the poor man's persistence of threading and global state.
# Ian Bicking
"I already abhor losing any information on server restart -- I always regret it later -- so I don't put anything valuable in memory."
For my applications, there always seems to be all kinds of temporary crap that I'd like in memory to avoid recomputing, but that I can always auto-re-derive from my normalized data on a restart. I guess either we're writing different kinds of apps, or we're not really disagreeing, or a little of both -- what I keep in memory isn't "valuable," either, but I do enough of it that if the only caching API I had were a session-based one, my code would suck.
(This isn't really about premature optimization, either; I could point at any number of pages where doing a dozen queries to set things up once a day or once a server restart is okay, but doing it once per page load is unacceptable with any number of users.)
PHPs main use is simplicity. Isn't python supposed to be simple?
The simplest program, is edit a file called helloworld.php and put this in it. <? echo "hello world"; ?> Upload helloworld.php to your host.

PHP has much better documentation than python. Yes, user comments do work. Yes a searchable documentation is useful. The PHP documentation has better structure, and a common style which is followed for all of its parts. You will see examples for every function.
Some language features are better than python ones. Its array combines lists, and dict functionality. They even preserve order, which is a common need. It has a familiar syntax to C/C++/java/C# programmers. The syntax is a reason why some people do not use python. Which is silly. but eh.
Of course PHP can be used with MVC style as well. Where you do not mix your code and html. Lots of major programs do not mix code and html in php land. Check out the various open source applications available. I'd be suprised if you found even one that mixed html and code.
PHP can also be used threaded, and not part of apache at all. Running as fcgi processes. It can also be run from the command line, and from cgi.
A windows installer for a python web server would go a long way towards getting designers able to use it. I think that is one of plones reasons for success. Having a usable WSGI server that is in standard python would be great.
Have fun!
>Its array combines lists, and dict functionality. They even preserve order, which is a common need.<
Yes, it's a common need, every week people ask how to sort a dict. Unsorted dicts are probably faster then ordered ones, that probably have to be implemented as some kind of trees (to avoid wasting memory). Around there are some odict (ordered dict) implementations for Python, but maybe they aren't used much. Putting one of such refined implementations inside the collections module of the standard library (Hettinger can probably do something like this in few days) can help, but probably not much. Changing the Python dicts to ordered ones can (probably) be done without breaking old python programs, but such change can probably slow down all the CPython (but I don't know much), so I don't know how much good it can be.
Having a mixed list and dict functionality can be a positive thing for a scripting language that has to be used for quick programming tasks, but probably it's not useful for Python now... I don't know.
# bearophile
About the documentation
Agreed, agreed, agreed. It's one of the thing which really needs improvement at the python Web site. The documentation is just not usable for people with little understanding of programming. The step is really too high to be able to start programming because of the documentation.
Take for example Module Email in Python http://docs.python.org/lib/module-email.html
And compare to Module Mail in PHP http://jp2.php.net/manual/function.mail.php
What is more useful for a beginner? Attracting more beginners to Python will help to reach the mass limit for having a python ecology on Web sites. :) Documentation is one of the key thing.
Better doc, more people more people, progress in libraries and hosting services supporting python.
I love python, but it's very difficult to use at the start.
Interesting. I just got back from mashupcamp. There I was talking with a developer of one of the big php apps. I said something to the effect of "the language design of php was an afterthought". (Note to me, not a good thing to do to a php developer). He made some rather offensive comment about python programmers and then said he'd have a complete application done just by configuring exisitng parts of their solution in less than 30 minutes. (Which is probably true, and the only thing that really exists in python similarly would by plone). Fine he had a point, php makes web programming easy (for easy things). I said something about PHP5 fixing some of the warts and he said that no one would move to php5 because "objects are a bad thing in web programming, just look at java". Another php developer who was chatting with us kind of gasped...
One more quick story. I was in a screen scraping session given by Adrian Holovarty (of Django fame) and someone walked in and asked if php made web programming easy. Adrian just kind of grinned. I found it quite humorous....
Great post as always. Coming myself from PHP (in terms of web programming) I can relate to a lot of this. Now I'm involved into Zope (3) a lot, so I guess that should tell you something too :).
Several times you try to compare mod_python to mod_php. I think a better comparison would be mod_python vs. mod_perl. Both of those modules are about writing Apache handlers in the respective languages. mod_php isn't really about writing specific handlers but about a new type of page.
I'm not quite comfortable with your aiming at CGI. With WSGI and paste (after all, that's your invention :)) I think we can offer more flexibility. A mod_python WSGI handler is available, setting it up (especially with paste) is a no-brainer. I hear your saying "the constraint is a feature". I still think that it can be just as easy with an obvious default option while still providing a choice for other servers platforms.
I find the idea of having a Pythonic PHP-like web tool that a) works without threads, b) has a simple web toolbox like PHP (but better organized), c) easy database access and d) a decent way to do sensible HTML templating with the ability to add Python scripting in between (ZPT has that in a fully XML-wellformed manner) very appealing. Building it isn't probably the real challenge even. Making it scale (not in a performance sense but in a size and complexity of project sense) is. In Zope we have the problem that we want to scale down (perhaps to something similar to what you're suggesting) so that people can get familiar with Zope on a small scale and then work their way up. Similarly, your "Better PHP" would have to be able to scale up eventually when people decide to extend their apps, make them reusable, etc.
My reference to CGI is merely to acknowledge that it is the only current system that really is fully like PHP; but it's not a practical way forward for Python. It just doesn't scale to complex code -- it scales well for lots and lots of users, but for large codebases it performs badly. PHP's CGI-like model might be part of why object-oriented code is not very well valued there -- PHP punishes large codebases more than Python. (Which is why I noted PHP doesn't have a built-in large codebase like Python does in the standard library.)
I would just like to see a single preferred, really good process and server model for Python; not to the exclusion of anything else, but something we can point people to as a good starting point. There's a handful of issues that need to be solved on that level that haven't been solved yet (like reloading), and it just needs to be done right. WSGI is still very handy, particularly because it means that building that server isn't a prerequesite for work on other levels, and that it won't invalidate that other work in the future. WSGI allows diversity, but because it means we can make more granular decisions it also means we should eventually start consolidating around certain best-of-breed pieces at some of the levels of the stack that can now be chosen independently of other parts. In this case there's no server that I think is good enough currently, but we're close, and it would be a good thing to tackle at this time. And the result should perform every bit as well as CGI in all the ways CGI performs well.

"And using Apache as the app server works in PHP because their standard library is entirely in C."
Really good point which I'd never considered before. That's basically the answer to my grief here: http://www.procata.com/blog/archives/2005/09/29/why-isnt-php-the-natural-successor-to-java/#comment-11143
Although PHP is easy to learn, when you really get intimate with it (particularily where you start doing security audits of code), it smells much more like scaling is the primary objective and that the target developer is a C programmer with a patch mindset.
There are people doing serious stuff with PHP and it's worth looking at to see where this model "fails" or gets hard. A big one is reducing initialization to only the stuff that's specific to a given request, given that it's going to be chucked out again at the end of the request. PHP makes it possible but it's hard to do - it's worth looking at this: http://www.sitepoint.com/blogs/2004/05/05/lazy-php-part-3/ - this has later become: http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wact/wact/framework/di/di.inc.php?view=auto
On the DB front, why not forget ORM for a momentand try something else? For example (WACT again - Jeff is a smart guy) this: http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wact/wact/framework/db/db.inc.php?view=auto - the API makes getting common data structures for web pages easy e.g.;
$numusers = DBC::getOneValue('SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users'); $options = DBC::getOneColumnAsArray('SELECT user FROM users'); foreach ( $options as $option ) { // draw HTML select options } $user = DBC::FindRecord('SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 2'); echo $user['name'];etc.
It's slightly dubious who columns automatically get massaged into native PHP types but think it's a whole lot less dubious and a great deal easier to learn than something "ORMish" like;:
sales_figures = shop.find('OUTER JOIN sales.id GROUP BY sales.region')
Rene Dudfield's comment on the documentation I agree with strongly. Python has complete static documentation but comments can dramatically improve things, such as illustrating less common use cases. To my mind the way to go there would be integration with a wiki (easiest using static content) - pydoc generates wiki output. Like what you did with commentary BTW - perhaps that's a better solution.
Another angle is rather than appealing to users, appeal to shared hosts. If you can solve the security problems with PHP's model (which are significant -see http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/modperl/modperl/86096) you might have something shared hosts would adopt. (OK - demand is still needed but). I'm tempted to say twisted here - combine it with a "complete package" of email server etc.
On the DB front, why not forget ORM for a momentand try something else?
Yes, I can see the benefit of that. The DB-API is not too bad, but it can also be needlessly verbose for many cases, and even just a thin wrapper would help. Especially for people who are already very comfortable with SQL. Not that a super-simple ORM would be without purpose; I still think it just feels much nicer in many cases. But a super-simple ORM would also not be entirely sufficient for even fairly simple situations, and such a thing should also work comfortably alongside explicit SQL.
Security is an interesting problem. I think it would be nice to have a trusted (high priviledge) parent process that creates lower-priviledge subprocesses. It would be adaptive, so if user X had a lot of activity and several active processes, but then user Y's scripts got some use, we'd just kill the user X processes.  Similarly you cull old processes, and processes that are not responding in a timely manner, or maybe those that are taking up too much memory. Though memory seems hard to track -- since PHP throws everything away memory this isn't as big a deal there. Simply culling all processes after some set number of requests would help. Processes would still have to "warm up" -- responding to their first request rather slowly. But in terms of scaling that doesn't seem too bad, and in terms of user experience an occassional slow request isn't the end of the world.
With threads, you simply don't have this kind of control. Dealing with dead threads and other nuisances is a real pain in the butt, and there's simply no good solution. At least with multiple processes you have a chance. There's always the Windows issue -- I really don't know what the process situation is like there. There's no fork, but is it unworkable to simply spawn processes the hard way?
It also seems like keeping it separate from Apache opens up a lot of flexibility -- if for no other reason than it's easier to do this work in Python than in C. (Though I suppose you could implement it in mod_python, even though mod_python wouldn't actually be running any user code... I'm not sure what the benefits would be, but it seems like an interesting strategy).
As I think more about this, I realize this is all what FastCGI does. Every single feature I describe here, I think. Maybe what is needed is simply a really good, well specified implementation of the full FastCGI featureset.
# Ian Bicking
re: FASTCGI
You would be better served to consider SCGI. Go to http://www.fastcgi.com/dist/ and check out the last-modified dates. The most recent stable release was Jan 19, 2003. The most recent SNAPSHOT is April 14, 2004. Contrast this with SCGI ( last release Feb 2, 2006 ) http://www.mems-exchange.org/software/scgi/scgi-1.10.tar.gz/scgi-1.10/CHANGES SCGI is vibrant and python-centric. mod_scgi is robust and stable for Apache 1.3x and 2.0x scgi_server.py is small, well-written, and easily extensible.
re: threads You are absolutely right
re: per-user processes This is problematic. You will need a master-process with root-privileges to fork/setuid all these lower-privileged process. This is a big security hole unless you do it exactly right ( Note the apparent deadend of the apache2 perchild mpm. ) This program will be talking to the internet. Running as root is hubris. It would be better to serve all requests for all hosts as one unprivileged user.
re: PHP I loathe PHP, but I believe that one of PHP's greatest virtues is as follows: Consider an apache server with 200 virtual-hosts. Each virtual host has 100 php-scripts. The run-time cost of these 20,000 php-scripts is only that whatever pages the server is currently serving. If the request rate is 1 page/second or less the load-average is 0-0-0. It doesn't matter whether there are 100 virtual-hosts or 1. It doesn't matter whether there are 20,000 distinct php-scripts available or 1.
A tomcat installation with 20,000 distinct .jsp pages by comparison would be in swap-storm standing still.
Most python web-application frameworks tend to favor the tomcat model. They work great for complex apps on a dedicated machine.
Providing simple and robust dynamic web-pages for scores of unrelated virtual-hosts with low resource utilization, not so much.
re: FASTCGI
You would be better served to consider SCGI. Go to http://www.fastcgi.com/dist/ and check out the last-modified dates. The most recent stable release was Jan 19, 2003. The most recent SNAPSHOT is April 14, 2004. Contrast this with SCGI ( last release Feb 2, 2006 ) http://www.mems-exchange.org/software/scgi/scgi-1.10.tar.gz/scgi-1.10/CHANGES SCGI is vibrant and python-centric. mod_scgi is robust and stable for Apache 1.3x and 2.0x scgi_server.py is small, well-written, and easily extensible.
re: threads You are absolutely right
re: per-user processes This is problematic. You will need a master-process with root-privileges to fork/setuid all these lower-privileged process. This is a big security hole unless you do it exactly right ( Note the apparent deadend of the apache2 perchild mpm. ) This program will be talking to the internet. Running as root is hubris. It would be better to serve all requests for all hosts as one unprivileged user.
re: PHP I loathe PHP, but I believe that one of PHP's greatest virtues is as follows: Consider an apache server with 200 virtual-hosts. Each virtual host has 100 php-scripts. The run-time cost of these 20,000 php-scripts is only that whatever pages the server is currently serving. If the request rate is 1 page/second or less the load-average is 0-0-0. It doesn't matter whether there are 100 virtual-hosts or 1. It doesn't matter whether there are 20,000 distinct php-scripts available or 1.
A tomcat installation with 20,000 distinct .jsp pages by comparison would be in swap-storm standing still.
Most python web-application frameworks tend to favor the tomcat model. They work great for complex apps on a dedicated machine.
Providing simple and robust dynamic web-pages for scores of unrelated virtual-hosts with low resource utilization, not so much.
re: FASTCGI
You would be better served to consider SCGI. Go to www.fastcgi.com/dist/ and check out the last-modified dates. The most recent stable release was Jan 19, 2003. The most recent SNAPSHOT is April 14, 2004. Contrast this with SCGI ( last release Feb 2, 2006 ) www.mems-exchange.org/software/scgi/scgi-1.10.tar.gz/scgi-1.10/CHANGES SCGI is vibrant and python-centric. mod_scgi is robust and stable for Apache 1.3x and 2.0x scgi_server.py is small, well-written, and easily extensible.
re: threads You are absolutely right
re: per-user processes This is problematic. You will need a master-process with root-privileges to fork/setuid all these lower-privileged process. This is a big security hole unless you do it exactly right ( Note the apparent deadend of the apache2 perchild mpm. ) This program will be talking to the internet. Running as root is hubris. It would be better to serve all requests for all hosts as one unprivileged user.
re: PHP I loathe PHP, but I believe that one of PHP's greatest virtues is as follows: Consider an apache server with 200 virtual-hosts. Each virtual host has 100 php-scripts. The run-time cost of these 20,000 php-scripts is only that whatever pages the server is currently serving. If the request rate is 1 page/second or less the load-average is 0-0-0. It doesn't matter whether there are 100 virtual-hosts or 1. It doesn't matter whether there are 20,000 distinct php-scripts available or 1.
A tomcat installation with 20,000 distinct .jsp pages by comparison would be in swap-storm standing still.
Most python web-application frameworks tend to favor the tomcat model. They work great for complex apps on a dedicated machine.
Providing simple and robust dynamic web-pages for scores of unrelated virtual-hosts with low resource utilization, not so much.
"PHP was not designed by good language designers. I don't even think it was designed by people interested in language design."
PHP wasn't designed, period. It was a bunch of ad-hoc functions and features that weren't expected to gain such a widespread acceptance (it originally stood for "Personal Home Pages", not "Enterprise Web Sites" -- lest we forget).
By the time people started approaching it from a language-design angle, it was too late -- there was the hobgoblin of backwards-compatibility. Just look at the inelegance and overlap of strpos(), stripos(), strrpos(), strstr(), stristr(), substr(), etc.
Exactly. I talked with the designer of PHP, Rasmus Lerdorf, sometime around 2001 or 2002 at one of our LUG meetings. Very bright guy, and impressed upon us that PHP was truly an organically grown language. It started as a Perl app, later rewritten to C. Rather than butcher the history, I'll point you off to http://us2.php.net/history.
Colubrid now features a php like application in the SVN Version. Just for fun, but it behaves really like php :)
http://wsgiarea.pocoo.org/repos/colubrid/trunk/examples/cgilike/
btw. The problem is not the syntax or missing template language. The problem is the distribution.
If would be better to have a central mod-wsgi which hosting providers can configure like this:
[server] execution = /usr/bin/flupsrvThe flupsrv would look like that:
#!/usr/bin/env python import sys from flup.server.fcgi import WSGIServer
mname, fname = sys.argv[1].rsplit(':', 1) module = __import__(mname, locals(), globals(), ['']) cls = getattr(module, fname)
WSGIServer(cls).run()
And the user only has to create a nice small .htaccess with the following content:
SetHandler wsgi-application myapplication:appOr something as simple like that
I love Python. But my first choice for web development is still PHP. Briefly, here's why:
$> apt-get install php $> echo '<?php session_start(); $_SESSION["world"] = "world"; $world = htmlspecialchars($_SESSION["world"]); echo "Hello $world"; ?>' > /var/www/html/test.phpLoad up browser to test.php. Done. (did this from memory, syntax might not be correct, but you get the idea -- installs in one line, built in support for sessions (that use cookies OR urls), built in functions for common web chores, everything can go in one php file for quick prototyping.)
# sjbrown


class RouteCollection implements Countable, IteratorAggregate
Methods
| Route |
add(Route $route)
Add a Route instance to the collection. |
|
| Route |
match(Request $request)
Find the first route matching a given request. |
|
| bool |
hasNamedRoute(string $name)
Deterine if the route collection contains a given named route. |
|
| Route|null |
getByName(string $name)
Get a route instance by its name. |
|
| Route|null |
getByAction(string $action)
Get a route instance by its controller action. |
|
| array |
getRoutes()
Get all of the routes in the collection. |
|
| ArrayIterator |
getIterator()
Get an iterator for the items. |
|
| int |
count()
Count the number of items in the collection. |
Details
at line 46
public Route
add(Route $route)
Add a Route instance to the collection.
at line 106
public Route
match(Request $request)
Find the first route matching a given request.
at line 197
public bool
hasNamedRoute(string $name)
Deterine if the route collection contains a given named route.
at line 208
public Route|null
getByName(string $name)
Get a route instance by its name.
at line 219
public Route|null
getByAction(string $action)
Get a route instance by its controller action.
at line 229
public array
getRoutes()
Get all of the routes in the collection.
at line 239
public ArrayIterator
getIterator()
Get an iterator for the items.
at line 249
public int
count()
Count the number of items in the collection.


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The 27 wildest national costumes from the 2019 Miss Universe pageant
by Samantha Grindell- The 2019 Miss Universe pageant was held at Tyler Perry Studios in Atlanta, Georgia, on Sunday.
- During the national costume portion of the competition, which was filmed two days ahead of the live show, each contestant sported an outfit that represented her country.
- Many of the costumes were elaborate and avant-garde, with the majority of contestants sporting large back pieces.
- For instance, Miss Brazil wore a sparkly soccer uniform and gold wings, while Miss Vietnam carried a giant spoon as part of her ensemble.
- Visit Insider’s homepage for more stories.
Sylvie Silva, Miss Portugal, wore a red and green swimsuit with a cape and headdress in the same colors.
At just 20 years old, Silva is launching her career in landscape architecture, as well as working to fight climate change through the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation.
Zozibini Tunzi, the 2019 Miss Universe, sported a multi-colored three-dimensional accessory made of love letters to the women of South Africa.
Miss South Africa at the 2019 Miss Universe pageant.
Patrick Prather/Miss Universe
The 26-year-old winner hopes to use her platform to fight sexism and gender-based violence. Tunzi also advocates for natural beauty, according to the Miss Universe website.
Fiona Tenuta Vanerio of Uruguay sparkled in a bejeweled bodice and a gold back piece that looked like the sun.
The 21-year-old is passionate about rehabilitating wildlife, rock and roll music, and learning new languages.
Hoàng Thùy of Vietnam honored her country with a large hat and oversized spoon, which she paired with a sparkly ombre jumpsuit.
The 27-year-old founded Women Empowerment (WE), a nonprofit. She’s also a model and has walked on runways around the world.
Shweta Sekhon, Miss Malaysia, sported a multi-colored floral ensemble that featured a dessert table.
The 22-year-old model and hockey player works with charitable organizations to end poverty.
Viewers thought Sekhon won the costume competition because of an interview she did with host Steve Harvey during the show, but Miss Philippines actually had the best costume of the competition.
Shanel Ifill from Barbados wore a rainbow back piece that looked like feathers, which she paired with a multi-colored bodysuit and gold headpiece.
The 20-year-old is a law student at the University of the West Indies, and she hopes to become a human rights attorney. She also works with a charity that helps children with scoliosis, as she received treatment for the condition as a child.
Gazini Ganados, Miss Philippines, won the costume competition in this silver dress, which featured matching bird accessories.
The 23-year-old works with organizations to help create eco-friendly buildings.
Ketlin Lottermann, Miss Paraguay, sported a multi-colored dress with a rainbow back piece, elaborate crown, and cheetah-print gloves.
The 26-year-old is an orthopedic physiotherapist.
Alyssa Boston, Miss Canada, wore a medical marijuana-inspired outfit that featured a large, leaf-shaped back piece, as well as a green staff.
The 24-year-old works on the marketing team for an auto-part company. Boston also advocates for mental health through her work with the Canadian Mental Health Association, as well as a social-media campaign she launched called #TalkAboutME.
Shubila Stanton, Miss Tanzania, wore a cross between a gown and armor for the costume portion of the competition.
The 23-year-old is dedicated to combating climate change.

The 20-year-old is both a lawyer and a volunteer firefighter. She works with the Santa Clara HIV Foundation, and she founded Head of Household, another charitable organization.
Bria Smith, Miss British Virgin Islands 2019, looked like a moving plant in a sparkly gown paired with a train made of flowers.
The 26-year-old is a speech communications adjunct lecturer for H. Lavity Stoutt Community College in her home country, and she also advocates for the cultural and historical preservation of the British Virgin Islands.
Somnang Alyna, Miss Cambodia, wore an outfit inspired by Princess Indra Devi, which featured a back piece made of floating people.
At just 18 years old, Alyna has donated school supplies to over 15,000 students at more than 50 different schools through her work with the charitable organization, NagaWorld Kind Hearts.
Cheslie Kryst, Miss USA, channeled Sandra Bullock in an ensemble modeled after the Statue of Liberty, complete with gold-tipped wings and a torch.
The 28-year-old is a lawyer by trade, but she also works with the Dress for Success organization and runs a blog named White Collar Glam.
Julia Horta of Brazil paid tribute to her country’s passion for athletics through a sparkly soccer uniform, which she paired with an elaborate back piece.
The 25-year-old, who has a degree in journalism, is an ambassador for Smile Train and Plano de Menina.
Barbora Hodačová of the Czech Republic wore a blue bodice and red train with three-dimensional gold-leaf embellishments on her back.
The 24-year-old is studying law at Charles University in Prague, and she works with Drops of Hope, a foundation that supports children with cancer.
Zuleika Soler, Miss El Salvador, wore a mermaid-style dress embroidered with a beach landscape, as well as an arc-shaped back piece in rainbow colors.
The 25-year-old studied communications and art in college. Today, she works with an organization that helps impoverished children improve their creative thinking skills.
Lora Asenova, Miss Bulgaria, wore a baby-pink ensemble that featured a floral bodice and headpiece.
The 25-year-old holds a bachelor’s degree in computer science and a master’s degree in e-business from Bulgaria’s Sofia University. Asenova also volunteers with animal shelters.
Anastasiia Subbota of Ukraine wore an all-green outfit, complete with a round back accessory and bird headpiece.
The 26-year-old is a model and activist. She works with organizations that advocate for children, veterans, and those coping with mental health issues.
Priya Serrao of Australia wore an ombre gown that looked like it was made of scales.
Serrao, 27, is a policy adviser for the Melbourne government and works with multiple organizations, including the United Nations Development Program in East Timor.
She is also the first Indian-Australian to be named Miss Australia.
From Panama, Mehr Eliezer’s ensemble looked like armor, complete with spikes protruding from the bottom of her bodice and back.
The 22-year-old advocates for LGBTQ youth and those living with HIV and AIDS. She also volunteers on behalf of immigrants, refugees, and young professionals.
Mariana Jesica Varela of Argentina completed her bejeweled silver outfit with a crown and white wings.
The 23-year-old uses her platform to end gender-based violence and bring awareness to equality worldwide.

The 26-year-old got her master’s degree in public health.
Tarea Sturrup from the Bahamas looked like a parrot in a floor-length gown and feathered cape.
The 24-year-old advocates for mental health awareness and small business owners. Sturrup also raised money to support Hurricane Dorian survivors.
Paola Chacón Fuentes, Miss Costa Rica, wore a mosaic-patterned dress that flowed into a bright, circular back piece.
Fuentes, 28, is getting her degree in business administration. She also works with an organization that helps the homeless and those living in poverty.
Vichitta Phonevilay, Miss Laos, walked the runway inside of an ornate elephant puppet.
The 23-year-old advocates for education in rural areas.

The 20-year-old is the very first Miss Bangladesh. She studies physics at the University of Dhaka, volunteers with the elderly, and plants trees to help the environment.


Super Mario 64 Land, an Enormous Fan-Made Mario Game, is Out Now
by Luke PlunkettSuperstar Mario modder Kaze Emanuar, whose work we’ve featured here a tonne, has a huge new project out: Super Mario 64 Land, an all-new Mario game based on Super Mario 64 that adds new levels, new bosses, new powerups and new music.
There’s a catch – it’s technically a mod for Super Mario 64, not a full standalone executable, so you’ll need a ROM to play it – but whatever, that’s an easy workaround.
Here’s a trailer, showing off how it introduces more contemporary Mario items into the N64 engine, like 3D World’s catsuit:
There are download and installation instructions in the video’s description.


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Project Goals: Create a single page application (spa) using skills I've learned with HTML , CSS and Javascript. What I used: Jade , JQuery , Bootstrap and Grunt. Have fun!
Lessons Learned: Don't bite off more than you can chew. Read the docs. Read the docs. Read the docs. Pick a subject that you are interested in.


events
— Events Used in PyModbus¶
API Documentation¶
Modbus Remote Events¶
An event byte returned by the Get Communications Event Log function can be any one of four types. The type is defined by bit 7 (the high-order bit) in each byte. It may be further defined by bit 6.
-
class
pymodbus.events.
RemoteReceiveEvent
(**kwargs)[source]¶ Remote device MODBUS Receive Event
The remote device stores this type of event byte when a query message is received. It is stored before the remote device processes the message. This event is defined by bit 7 set to logic ‘1’. The other bits will be set to a logic ‘1’ if the corresponding condition is TRUE. The bit layout is:
Bit Contents ---------------------------------- 0 Not Used 2 Not Used 3 Not Used 4 Character Overrun 5 Currently in Listen Only Mode 6 Broadcast Receive 7 1
-
class
pymodbus.events.
RemoteSendEvent
(**kwargs)[source]¶ Remote device MODBUS Send Event
The remote device stores this type of event byte when it finishes processing a request message. It is stored if the remote device returned a normal or exception response, or no response.
This event is defined by bit 7 set to a logic ‘0’, with bit 6 set to a ‘1’. The other bits will be set to a logic ‘1’ if the corresponding condition is TRUE. The bit layout is:
Bit Contents ----------------------------------------------------------- 0 Read Exception Sent (Exception Codes 1-3) 1 Slave Abort Exception Sent (Exception Code 4) 2 Slave Busy Exception Sent (Exception Codes 5-6) 3 Slave Program NAK Exception Sent (Exception Code 7) 4 Write Timeout Error Occurred 5 Currently in Listen Only Mode 6 1 7 0
-
class
pymodbus.events.
EnteredListenModeEvent
[source]¶ Remote device Entered Listen Only Mode
The remote device stores this type of event byte when it enters the Listen Only Mode. The event is defined by a content of 04 hex.
-
class
pymodbus.events.
CommunicationRestartEvent
[source]¶ Remote device Initiated Communication Restart
The remote device stores this type of event byte when its communications port is restarted. The remote device can be restarted by the Diagnostics function (code 08), with sub-function Restart Communications Option (code 00 01).
That function also places the remote device into a ‘Continue on Error’ or ‘Stop on Error’ mode. If the remote device is placed into ‘Continue on Error’ mode, the event byte is added to the existing event log. If the remote device is placed into ‘Stop on Error’ mode, the byte is added to the log and the rest of the log is cleared to zeros.
The event is defined by a content of zero.


{% load static %}
| Time | Course professor | Subject | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-11.30 | Dr.Mohamed Abdallah | Electronic health | Monday 26/4/2021 |
| 10-11.30 | Dr.Bn Billa Tawfiq | Expert systems | Thusday 27/4/2021 |
| 10-11 | Dr.Bn Billa Tawfiq | Geographic information systems | Wednesday 28/4/2021 |
| 10-11.30 | Dr.Osama Farouq | Data warehouses | Thusday 4/5/2021 |
| 10-11 | Dr.Hossam Refaat | Distributed databases | Wednseday 5/5/2021 |