Prism is awesome out of the box, but it’s even awesomer when it’s customized to your own needs. This section will help you write new language definitions, plugins and all-around Prism hacking.
Every language is defined as a set of tokens, which are expressed as regular expressions. For example, this is the language definition for JSON:
At its core, a language definition is just a JavaScript object, and a token is just an entry of the language definition. The simplest language definition is an empty object:
Prism.languages['some-language'] = { };
Unfortunately, an empty language definition isn't very useful, so let's add a token. The simplest way to express a token is using a regular expression literal:
Prism.languages['some-language'] = {
'token-name': /regex/,
};
Alternatively, an object literal can also be used. With this notation, the regular expression describing the token is the pattern
property of the object:
Prism.languages['some-language'] = {
'token-name': {
pattern: /regex/
},
};
So far, the functionality is exactly the same between the regex and object notations. However, the object notation allows for additional options. More on that later.
The name of a token can theoretically be any string that is also a valid CSS class, but there are some guidelines to follow. More on that later.
Language definitions can have any number of tokens, but the name of each token must be unique:
Prism.languages['some-language'] = {
'token-1': /I love regexes!/,
'token-2': /regex/,
};
Prism will match tokens against the input text one after the other, in order, and tokens cannot overlap with the matches of previous tokens. So in the above example, token-2
will not match the substring "regex" inside of matches of token-1
. More information about Prism's matching algorithm later.
Lastly, in many languages, there are multiple different ways of declaring the same constructs (e.g. comments, strings, ...) and sometimes it is difficult or unpractical to match all of them with one single regular expression. To add multiple regular expressions for one token name, an array can be used:
Prism.languages['some-language'] = {
'token-name': [
/regex 1/,
/regex 2/,
{ pattern: /regex 3/ }
],
};
Note: An array cannot be used in the pattern
property.
Instead of using just plain regular expressions, Prism also supports an object notation for tokens. This notation enables the following options:
pattern: RegExp
This is the only required option. It holds the regular expression of the token.
lookbehind: boolean
This option mitigates JavaScript's poor browser support for lookbehinds. When set to true
, the first capturing group in the pattern
regex is discarded when matching this token, so it effectively functions as a lookbehind.
For an example of this, check out how the C-like language definition finds class-name
tokens:
Prism.languages.clike = {
// ...
'class-name': {
pattern: /(\b(?:class|extends|implements|instanceof|interface|new|trait)\s+)\w+/i,
lookbehind: true
}
};
greedy: boolean
This option enables greedy matching for the token. For more information, see the section about the matching algorithm.
alias: string | string[]
This option can be used to define one or more aliases for the token. The result will be that the styles of the token name and the alias(es) are combined. This can be useful to combine the styling of a standard token, which is already supported by most of the themes, with a more precise token name. For more information on this topic, see granular highlighting.
E.g. the token name latex-equation
is not supported by most themes, but it will be highlighted the same as a string in the following example:
Prism.languages.latex = {
// ...
'latex-equation': {
pattern: /\$.*?\$/,
alias: 'string'
}
};
inside: Grammar
This option accepts another object literal, with tokens that are allowed to be nested in this token. All tokens in the inside
grammar will be encapsulated by this token. This makes it easier to define certain languages.
For an example of nested tokens, check out the url
token in the CSS language definition:
Prism.languages.css = {
// ...
'url': {
// e.g. url(https://example.com)
pattern: /\burl\(.*?\)/i,
inside: {
'function': /^url/i,
'punctuation': /^\(|\)$/
}
}
};
The inside
option can also be used to create recursive languages. This is useful for languages where one token can contain arbitrary expressions, e.g. languages with a string interpolation syntax.
For example, here is how JavaScript implements template string interpolation:
Prism.languages.javascript = {
// ...
'template-string': {
pattern: /`(?:\\.|\$\{[^{}]*\}|(?!\$\{)[^\\`])*`/,
inside: {
'interpolation': {
pattern: /\$\{[^{}]*\}/,
inside: {
'punctuation': /^\$\{|\}$/,
'expression': {
pattern: /[\s\S]+/,
inside: null // see below
}
}
}
}
}
};
Prism.languages.javascript['template-string'].inside['interpolation'].inside['expression'].inside = Prism.languages.javascript;
Be careful when creating recursive grammars as they might lead to infinite recursion which will cause a stack overflow.
The name of a token determines the semantic meaning of matched text of the token. Tokens can capture anything from simple language constructs, like comments, to more complex ones, like template string interpolation expressions. Token names differentiate these language constructs.
A token name can theoretically be any string that is a valid CSS class name. However, in practice, it makes sense for token names to follow some rules. In Prism's code, we enforce that all token names use kebab case (foo-bar
) and contain only lower-case ASCII letters, digits, and hyphen characters. E.g. class-name
is allowed but Class_name
is not.
Prism also defines some standard tokens names that should be used for most tokens.
Prism's themes assign color (and other styles) to tokens based on their name (and aliases). This means that the language definition does not control the color of tokens, themes do.
However, themes only support a limited number of known token names. If a theme does not know a particular token name, no styles will be applied. While different themes may support different token names, all themes are guaranteed to support Prism's standard tokens. Standard tokens as special token names with specific semantic meanings. They are the common ground all language definitions and themes agree on and must follow. Standard tokens should be preferred when choosing token names.
While standard tokens should be the preferred choice, they are also quite general. This is by design as they have to apply to a large number and variety of different languages, but sometimes more fine-grained tokenization (and subsequent highlighting) is desirable.
Granular highlighting is a method of choosing token names to enable fine control for themes, while also ensuring compatibility with all themes.
Let's look at an example. Say we had a language that supported both decimal and binary literals for numbers, and we wanted to give binary number special highlighting. We might implement it like this:
Prism.languages['my-language'] = {
// ...
'number': /\b\d+(?:\.\d+)?\b/,
'binary-number': /\b0b[01]+\b/,
};
But this has a problem. binary-number
is not a standard token, so almost no theme is going to given binary numbers any color.
The solution to this problem is to use an alias:
Prism.languages['my-language'] = {
// ...
'number': /\b\d+(?:\.\d+)?\b/,
'binary-number': {
pattern: /\b0b[01]+\b/,
alias: 'number'
},
};
Aliases allow themes to apply the styles of multiple names to one token. This means that themes that do support the binary-number
token name can assign a special color, and themes don't support it will fallback to their usual color for numbers.
This is granular highlighting: using a non-standard token name and a standard token as an alias.
The job of Prism's matching algorithm is to produce a token stream given a language definition and some text. A token stream is Prism's representation of (partially or fully) tokenized text and is implemented as a list of strings (representing literal text) and tokens (representing tokenized text).
Note: The word "token" is ambiguous here. We use "token" to refer to both the entry of a language definition (as described in above sections) and a Token object inside a token stream. Which type of "token" is meant can be inferred from context.
The simplified token stream notation will be used in this section. Briefly, the notation uses JSON to represent a token stream. E.g. ["foo ", ["keyword", "bar"], " baz"]
is the simplified token stream notation for the token stream that starts with the string foo
, is followed by a token of type keyword
and text bar
, and ends with the string baz
.
Back to the matching algorithm: Prism's matching algorithm is a hybrid with two modes: first-come, first-served (FCFS) matching and greedy matching.
This is Prism default matching mode. All tokens are matched one after the other, in order, tokens cannot overlap, and tokens cannot match text that is already matched by previous tokens.
The algorithm itself is quite simple. Let's say we wanted to tokenize the JS code max(3, 5, exp2(7));
and that function tokens had already been processed. The current token stream would be:
[
["function", "max"],
"(3, 5, ",
["function", "exp2"],
"(7));"
]
Next, we would tokenize numbers with the token 'number': /[0-9]+/
.
FCFS matching will go through all strings in the current token stream to find matches for the number regex. The first string is "(3, 5, "
, so the match 3
is found. A new token is created for 3
and inserted into the token stream to replace the matching text. The token stream is now:
[
["function", "max"],
"(",
["number", "3"],
", 5, ",
["function", "exp2"],
"(7));"
]
Now, the algorithm goes to the next string ", 5, "
and finds another match. A new token is created for 5
and the token stream is now:
[
["function", "max"],
"(",
["number", "3"],
", ",
["number", "5"],
", ",
["function", "exp2"],
"(7));"
]
The next string is ", "
and no matches are found. The string after that is "(7));"
and a new token is create for 7
:
[
["function", "max"],
"(",
["number", "3"],
", ",
["number", "5"],
", ",
["function", "exp2"],
"(",
["number", "7"],
"));"
]
The last string to check is "));"
and no matches are found. The number token has now been processed and the algorithm will go process the next token in the language definition.
Notice how FCFS matching did not find the 2
in exp2
. Since FCFS matching completely ignores existing tokens in the token stream, the number regex cannot see already-tokenized text. This is a very useful property. In the above example, 2
is a part of the function name exp2
, so highlighting it as a number would be incorrect.
Greedy matching is very similar to FCFS matching. All tokens are matched in order and tokens cannot overlap. The defining difference is that greedy tokens can match the text of previous tokens.
Let's look at an example to see why greedy matching is useful and how it works conceptually. A very simplified version of JavaScript's comment and string syntax might be implemented like this:
Prism.languages.javascript = {
'comment': /\/\/.*/,
'string': /'(?:\\.|[^\\\r\n])*'/
};
To understand why greedy matching is useful, let's look at how FCFS matching would tokenize the text 'http://example.com'
:
FCFS matching starts with the token stream ["'http://example.com'"]
and tries to find matches for 'comment': /\/\/.*/
. The match //example.com'
is found and inserted into the token stream:
[
"'http:",
["comment", "//example.com'"]
]
Then FCFS matching will search for matches for 'string': /'(?:\\.|[^'\\\r\n])*'/
. The first string of the token stream, "'http:"
, does not match the string regex, so the token stream remains unchanged. The string token has now been processed and the above token stream is the final result.
Obviously, this is bad. The code 'http://example.com'
is clearly just a string containing a URL, but FCFS matching doesn't understand this.
An obvious, but incorrect, fix might be to swap the order of comment
and string
. This would fix 'http://example.com'
. However, the problem was merely moved. Comments like // it's my co-worker's code
(note the two single quotes) will now be tokenized incorrectly.
This is the problem greedy matching solves. Let's make the tokens greedy and then see how this affects the result:
Prism.languages.javascript = {
'comment': {
pattern: /\/\/.*/,
greedy: true
},
'string': {
pattern: /'(?:\\.|[^'\\\r\n])*'/,
greedy: true
}
};
While the actual greedy matching algorithm is quite complex and littered with subtle edge cases, its effect quite simple: a list of greedy tokens will behave as if they were matched by a single regex. This is how greedy matching works conceptually and how you should think about greedy tokens.
This means that the greedy comment and string tokens will behave like the following language definition, but the combined token will result in the correct token names of the original greedy tokens:
Prism.languages.javascript = {
'comment-or-string': /\/\/.*|'(?:\\.|[^'\\\r\n])*'/
};
In the above example, 'http://example.com'
will be matched by /\/\/.*|'(?:\\.|[^'\\\r\n])*'/
completely. Since the '(?:\\.|[^'\\\r\n])*'
part of the regex caused the match, a token of type string
will be created and the following token stream will be produced:
[
["string", "'http://example.com'"]
]
Similarly, the tokenization will also be correct for the // it's my co-worker's code
example.
When deciding whether a token should be greedy, use the following guide lines:
Most tokens are not greedy.
Most tokens in most languages are not greedy, because they don't need to be. Typically only the comment, string, and regex literal tokens need to be greedy. All other tokens can use FCFS matching.
Generally, a token should only be greedy if it can contain the start of another token.
All tokens before a greedy token should also be greedy.
Greedy matching works subtly differently if there are non-greedy tokens before a greedy token. This typically leads to subtle and hard-to-catch bugs that sometimes take years to uncover.
To make sure that greedy matching works as expected, the greedy tokens should be the first tokens of a language.
Greedy tokens come in groups.
If a language definition contains only a single greedy token, then the greedy token shouldn't be greedy. As explained above, greedy matching conceptually combines the regexes of all greedy tokens into one. If there is only one greedy token, greedy matching will behave like FCFS matching.
Prism also provides some useful function for creating and modifying language definitions. Prism.languages.insertBefore
can be used to modify existing languages definitions. Prism.languages.extend
is useful for when your language is very similar to another existing language.
The rest
property in language definitions is special. Prism expects this property to be another language definition instead of a token. The tokens of the grammar in the rest
property will be appended to the end of the language definition with the rest
property. It can be thought of as a built-in object spread operator.
This is useful for referring to tokens defined elsewhere. However, the rest
property should be used sparingly. When referencing another language, it is typically better to encapsulate the text of the language into a token and use the inside
property instead.
This section will explain the usual workflow of creating a new language definition.
As an example, we will create the language definition of the fictional Foo's Binary, Artistic Robots™ language or just Foo Bar for short.
Create a new file components/prism-foo-bar.js
.
In this example, we choose foo-bar
as the id of the new language. The language id has to be unique and should work well with the language-xxxx
CSS class name Prism uses to refer to language definitions. Your language id should ideally match the regular expression /^[a-z][a-z\d]*(?:-[a-z][a-z\d]*)*$/
.
Edit components.json
to register the new language by adding it to the languages
object. (Please note that all language entries are sorted alphabetically by title.)
Our new entry for this example will look like this:
"foo-bar": {
"title": "Foo Bar",
"owner": "Your GitHub name"
}
If your language definition depends any other languages, you have to specify this here as well by adding a "require"
property. E.g. "require": "clike"
, or "require": ["markup", "css"]
. For more information on dependencies read the declaring dependencies section.
Note: Any changes made to components.json
require a rebuild (see step 3).
Rebuild Prism by running npm run build
.
This will make your language available to the test page, or more precise: your local version of it. You can open your local test.html
page in any browser, select your language, and see how your language definition highlights any code you input.
Note: You have to reload the test page to apply changes made to prism-foo-bar.js
but you don't have to rebuild Prism itself. However, if you change components.json
(e.g. because you added a dependency) then these changes will not show up on the test page until you rebuild Prism.
Write the language definition.
The above section already explains the makeup of language definitions.
Adding aliases.
Aliases for are useful if your language is known under more than just one name or there are very common abbreviations for your language (e.g. JS for JavaScript). Keep in mind that aliases are very similar to language ids in that they also have to be unique (i.e. there cannot be an alias which is the same as another alias of language id) and work as CSS class names.
In this example, we will register the alias foo
for foo-bar
because Foo Bar code is stored in .foo
files.
To add the alias, we add this line at the end of prism-foo-bar.js
:
Prism.languages.foo = Prism.languages['foo-bar'];
Aliases also have to be registered in components.json
by adding the alias
property to the language entry. In this example, the updated entry will look like this:
"foo-bar": {
"title": "Foo Bar",
"alias": "foo",
"owner": "Your GitHub name"
}
Note: alias
can also be a string array if you need to register multiple aliases.
Using aliasTitles
, it's also possible to give aliases specific titles. In this example, this won't be necessary but a good example as to where this is useful is the markup language:
"markup": {
"title": "Markup",
"alias": ["html", "xml", "svg", "mathml"],
"aliasTitles": {
"html": "HTML",
"xml": "XML",
"svg": "SVG",
"mathml": "MathML"
},
"option": "default"
}
Adding tests.
Create a folder tests/languages/foo-bar/
. This is where your test files will live. The test format and how to run tests is described here.
You should add a test for every major feature of your language. Test files should test the common case and certain edge cases (if any). Good examples are the tests of the JavaScript language.
You can use this template for new .test
files:
The code to test.
----------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------
Brief description.
For every test file:
Add the code to test and a brief description.
Verify that your language definition correctly highlights the test code. This can be done using your local version of the test page.
Note: Using the Show tokens options, you see the token stream your language definition created.
Once you carefully checked that the test case is handled correctly (i.e. by using the test page), run the following command:
npm run test:languages -- --language=foo-bar --accept
This command will take the token stream your language definition currently produces and inserted into the test file. The empty space between the two lines separating the code and the description of test case will be replaced with a simplified version of the token stream.
Carefully check that the inserted token stream JSON is what you expect.
npm run test:languages -- --language=foo-bar
to verify that the test passes.Add an example page.
Create a new file examples/prism-foo-bar.html
. This will be the template containing the example markup. Just look at other examples to see how these files are structured.
We don't have any rules as to what counts as an example, so a single Full example section where you present the highlighting of the major features of the language is enough.
Run npm test
to check that all tests pass, not just your language tests.
This will usually pass without problems. If you can't get all the tests to pass, skip this step.
Run npm run build
again.
Your language definition is now ready!
Languages and plugins can depend on each other, so Prism has its own dependency system to declare and resolve dependencies.
You declare a dependency by adding a property to the entry of your language or plugin in the components.json
file. The name of the property will be dependency kind and its value will be the component id of the dependee. If multiple languages or plugins are depended upon then you can also declare an array of component ids.
In the following example, we will use the require
dependency kind to declare that a fictional language Foo depends on the JavaScript language and that another fictional language Bar depends on both JavaScript and CSS.
{
"languages": {
"javascript": { "title": "JavaScript" },
"css": { "title": "CSS" },
...,
"foo": {
"title": "Foo",
"require": "javascript"
},
"bar": {
"title": "Bar",
"require": ["css", "javascript"]
}
}
}
There are 3 kinds of dependencies:
require
modify
.
This kind of dependency is most useful if you e.g. extend another language or dependee as an embedded language (e.g. like PHP is embedded in HTML).
optional
require
dependencies which also guarantee that the dependees are loaded, optional
dependencies only guarantee the order of loaded components. modify
instead.
This kind of dependency is useful if you have embedded languages but you want to give the users a choice as to whether they want to include the embedded language. By using optional
dependencies, users can better control the bundle size of Prism by only including the languages they need.
E.g. HTTP can highlight JSON and XML payloads but it doesn't force the user to include these languages.
modify
optional
dependency which also declares that the depender might modify the dependees.
This kind of dependency is useful if your language modifies another language (e.g. by adding tokens).
E.g. CSS Extras adds new tokens to the CSS language.
To summarize the properties of the different dependency kinds:
| Non-optional | Optional | |
|---|---|---|
| Read only | require |
optional |
| Modifiable | modify |
Note: You can declare a component as both require
and modify
We consider the dependencies of components an implementation detail, so they may change from release to release. Prism will usually resolve dependencies for you automatically. So you won't have to worry about dependency loading if you download a bundle or use the loadLanguages
function in NodeJS, the AutoLoader, or our Babel plugin.
If you have to resolve dependencies yourself, use the getLoader
function exported by dependencies.js
. Example:
const getLoader = require('prismjs/dependencies');
const components = require('prismjs/components');
const componentsToLoad = ['markup', 'css', 'php'];
const loadedComponents = ['clike', 'javascript'];
const loader = getLoader(components, componentsToLoad, loadedComponents);
loader.load(id => {
require(`prismjs/components/prism-${id}.min.js`);
});
For more details on the getLoader
API, check out the inline documentation.
Prism’s plugin architecture is fairly simple. To add a callback, you use Prism.hooks.add(hookname, callback)
.
hookname
is a string with the hook id, that uniquely identifies the hook your code should run at.
callback
is a function that accepts one parameter: an object with various variables that can be modified, since objects in JavaScript are passed by reference.
For example, here’s a plugin from the Markup language definition that adds a tooltip to entity tokens which shows the actual character encoded:
Prism.hooks.add('wrap', function(env) {
if (env.token === 'entity') {
env.attributes['title'] = env.content.replace(/&/, '&');
}
});
Of course, to understand which hooks to use you would have to read Prism’s source. Imagine where you would add your code and then find the appropriate hook. If there is no hook you can use, you may request one to be added, detailing why you need it there.
All public and stable parts of Prism's API are documented here.


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[dscrdeql] <AndronicusBass-Founder>
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[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> freeze your arse off....literally
[dscrdeql] <!!! Thorth !!!>
[dscrdeql] <AndronicusBass-Founder> I called it the couch regime
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> hey @!!! Thorth !!!
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> thanks for the awesome coffee
[dscrdeql] <!!! Thorth !!!> hey hey (edited)
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> just the way I like it
[dscrdeql] <!!! Thorth !!!> thanks for that big
[dscrdeql] <!!! Thorth !!!>
[dscrdeql] <AndronicusBass-Founder> I read an article last year on ABC about a study that cold can help with weightloss
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> here's one a made specially for you
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> I would have thought cold would have the opposite effect
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> but it makes sense
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> because your body has to generate heat to heat you up
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> that burns calories
[dscrdeql] <jellysmash> like some ppl that jump in a bath full of ice
[dscrdeql] <!!! Thorth !!!>
[dscrdeql] <!!! Thorth !!!> 10x
[dscrdeql] <!!! Thorth !!!> i really need it... i have to update some server and application
[dscrdeql] <!!! Thorth !!!> and i have to pay attention
[dscrdeql] <AndronicusBass-Founder> 4 cups is good or 2-3 double strength cups
[dscrdeql] <!!! Thorth !!!> hehe in my best day i drink like 6-7 big cups.. of strong coffeee
[dscrdeql] <!!! Thorth !!!> i'm kinda addicted
[dscrdeql] <SwimedDragon> Good morning everyone
[dscrdeql] <AndronicusBass-Founder> and drum and bass gets me pumped,
[dscrdeql] <AndronicusBass-Founder> Hi @SwimedDragon


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CmdMessenger
3.0
CmdMessenger is a serial port messaging library for the .Net / Mono Platform.
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Connection manager for Bluetooth devices. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| BluetoothConnectionManager (BluetoothTransport bluetoothTransport, CmdMessenger cmdMessenger, int challengeCommandId, int responseCommandId) | |
| Connection manager for Bluetooth devices. | |
| void | ThorougScanForDevices () |
| bool | PairDevice (BluetoothDeviceInfo device) |
| bool | TryConnection (BluetoothAddress bluetoothAddress, int timeOut) |
| bool | TryConnection (BluetoothDeviceInfo bluetoothDeviceInfo, int timeOut) |
| bool | TryConnection (int timeOut) |
| bool | SingleScan () |
| bool | QuickScan () |
| bool | ThoroughScan () |
| bool | NewDevicesScan () |
| BluetoothConnectionManager (BluetoothTransport bluetoothTransport, CmdMessenger cmdMessenger, int challengeCommandId, int responseCommandId) | |
| void | SetControlToInvokeOn (Control controlToInvokeOn) |
| Sets a control to invoke on. | |
| void | StartScan () |
| Start scanning for devices. | |
| void | StopScan () |
| Stop scanning for devices. | |
| void | ThorougScanForDevices () |
| bool | PairDevice (BluetoothDeviceInfo device) |
| bool | TryConnection (BluetoothAddress bluetoothAddress, int timeOut) |
| bool | TryConnection (BluetoothDeviceInfo bluetoothDeviceInfo, int timeOut) |
| bool | TryConnection (int timeOut) |
| bool | ArduinoAvailable (int timeOut) |
| Check if Arduino is available. | |
| bool | ArduinoAvailable (int timeOut, int tries) |
| bool | Disconnect () |
| Disconnect from Arduino. | |
| bool | SingleScan () |
| bool | QuickScan () |
| bool | ThoroughScan () |
| bool | NewDevicesScan () |
| void | StartWatchDog (long watchdogTimeOut) |
| void | StopWatchDog () |
| Stop watchdog. | |
| void | Dispose () |
Protected Member Functions | |
| override void | DoWorkScan () |
| virtual void | Dispose (bool disposing) |
Properties | |
| bool | Connected [get, set] |
Events | |
| EventHandler | ConnectionTimeout |
| EventHandler | ConnectionFound |
|
EventHandler < ConnectionManagerProgressEventArgs > | Progress |
Connection manager for Bluetooth devices.
| CommandMessenger.Bluetooth.BluetoothConnectionManager.BluetoothConnectionManager | ( | BluetoothTransport | bluetoothTransport, |
| CmdMessenger | cmdMessenger, | ||
| int | challengeCommandId, | ||
| int | responseCommandId | ||
| ) |
Connection manager for Bluetooth devices.
| bool CommandMessenger.Bluetooth.BluetoothConnectionManager.ArduinoAvailable | ( | int | timeOut | ) |
Check if Arduino is available.
| timeOut | timout for waiting on response |
Reimplemented from CommandMessenger.ConnectionManager.
Disconnect from Arduino.
Reimplemented from CommandMessenger.ConnectionManager.
| void CommandMessenger.Bluetooth.BluetoothConnectionManager.SetControlToInvokeOn | ( | Control | controlToInvokeOn | ) |
Sets a control to invoke on.
| controlToInvokeOn | The control to invoke on. |
Reimplemented from CommandMessenger.ConnectionManager.
Start scanning for devices.
Reimplemented from CommandMessenger.ConnectionManager.
Stop scanning for devices.
Reimplemented from CommandMessenger.ConnectionManager.
Stop watchdog.
Reimplemented from CommandMessenger.ConnectionManager.


{% extends "public/base.html" %} {% block main %}
{{ message }}
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INTRO
N2O as an embeddable framework provides two exports for loop entrance.
API
The n2o_proto protocol loop is compatible with cowboy and emqttd versions of N2O. The main purpose of this API is to embed N2O into your functional endpoint. In other cases it's called automatically by configuration.
The stream function is dedicated for cowboy version of n2o.
The info function is dedicated for emqttd version of n2o.
The raw protocol chain processing without using filtering. You can intercept all messages from stream/3 and info/3 by setting filter function in sys.config.


Kawhi's Clippers stay hot against Pelicans as Doncic erupts in Houston
The Los Angeles Clippers won again on Sunday, while Luka Doncic led the Dallas Mavericks past the Houston Rockets.
by The42 TeamTHE LOS ANGELES Clippers extended their winning streak to five games after Kawhi Leonard and Paul George helped inspire a 134-109 win over the New Orleans Pelicans.
Leonard had 26 points, six assists and four rebounds, while George put up 18 points and five rebounds for the in-form Clippers (12-5) in the NBA on Sunday.
While all eyes were on the star Clippers recruits, Montrezl Harrell led the way with 34 points and 12 rebounds off the bench in Los Angeles.
Brandon Ingram had 24 points and eight rebounds for the visiting Pelicans (6-11).
Luka Doncic enjoyed a mammoth performance against the Houston Rockets, posting 41 points and 10 assists for the Dallas Mavericks in a 137-123 win. It saw Doncic join Russell Westbrook, James Harden and Michael Jordan as the only players since the 1983-84 season with at least four consecutive games of 30 or more points and 10-plus assists.
Spencer Dinwiddie had 30 points in the absence of Kyrie Irving as the Brooklyn Nets held on to beat the New York Knicks 103-101.
Rockets big man Clint Capela joined Dennis Rodman (1992-93 and 1994-95) as the only players since 1976 to record 19-plus rebounds in seven consecutive games. Capela put up 21 points and 22 rebounds in Houston.
After winning eight in a row, the Rockets are in a slump. Houston have dropped three consecutive games. While Harden had 32 points and 11 assists, he was two of 15 from three-point range. As a team, the Rockets managed just 10 of 44 from beyond the arc.
Sunday’s NBA results
- Dallas Mavericks 137-123 Houston Rockets
- Brooklyn Nets 103-101 New York Knicks
- Sacramento Kings 113-106 Washington Wizards
- Denver Nuggets 116-104 Phoenix Suns
- Los Angeles Clippers 134-109 New Orleans Pelicans


--- layout: default title: "Decaf Compiler" description: "Developed a Compiler for Decaf (a subset of C programming language) which uses Bison / Flex as frontend and LLVM as backend" quote: "If you need something, all you need to do is ask" ---
Developed a Compiler for Decaf (a subset of C programming language) which uses Bison / Flex as frontend and LLVM as backend. While parsing, an abstract syntax tree is built which generates the LLVM Bitcode upon traversal. The LLVM interpreter generates assembly code from the Bitcode, which is then compiled using g++/gcc/clang/clang++ to generate the executable binary.


1.3.2. moha.posthf.cc.ccsd¶
Functions
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Init empty T1 (ts) and T2 (td) arrays and make denominator arrays Dai, Dabij |
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Classes
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class
moha.posthf.cc.ccsd.
CCSDSolver
(ham, wfn, hf_results, maxiter=100, E_conv=1e-08)[source]¶ The coupled cluster singles and double solver.
- ham
Chemical Hamiltonian.
- wfn
Hartree Fock wavefunction.
- hf_resultsdict
Hartree Fock calculation results.
- maxiterint
Maximum numer of iteration.
- E_convfloat
Energy for convergence.
- __init__(self,ham,wfn,hf_results)
Initialize the solver.
- kernel(self)
Kernel of the solver.
- assign_hamiltonian(self,ham)
Assign the chemical Hamiltonian to the solver.
- assign_wavefunction(self,wfn)
Assign the Hartree Fock wavefunction to the solver.
- assign_hartree_fock_results(self,hf_results)
Assign the Hartree Fock calculation results to the solver.
- assign_maximum_iteration(self,maxiter)
Assign the maximum number of iteration to the solver.
- assign_energy_convergence(self,E_conv)
Assign the energy for convergence to the solver.
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assign_energy_convergence
(E_conv)[source]¶ Assign the energy for convergence to the solver.
- E_convfloat
Energy for convergence.
- TypeError
If Energy for convergence is not an integer.
- ValueError
If Energy for convergence is not a positive number.
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assign_hamiltonian
(ham)[source]¶ Assign the chemical Hamiltonian to the solver.
- ham
Chemical Hamiltonian.
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assign_hartree_fock_results
(hf_results)[source]¶ Assign the Hartree Fock calculation results to the solver.
- hf_resultsdict
Hartree Fock calculation results.
- TypeError
If Hartree Fock calculation results is not a dictionary.
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assign_maximum_iteration
(maxiter)[source]¶ Assign the maximum number of iteration to the solver.
- maxiterint
Maximum numer of iteration.
- TypeError
If maximum number of iteration is not an integer.
- ValueError
If maximum number of iteration is not a positive number.


From https://github.com/astronexus/HYG-Database
- id: The database primary key.
- hip: The star's ID in the Hipparcos catalog, if known.
- hd: The star's ID in the Henry Draper catalog, if known.
- hr: The star's ID in the Harvard Revised catalog, which is the same as its number in the Yale Bright Star
Catalog.
- gl: The star's ID in the third edition of the Gliese Catalog of Nearby Stars.
- bf: The Bayer / Flamsteed designation, primarily from the Fifth Edition of the Yale Bright Star Catalog. This is
a combination of the two designations. The Flamsteed number, if present, is given first; then a three-letter
abbreviation for the Bayer Greek letter; the Bayer superscript number, if present; and finally, the three-letter
constellation abbreviation. Thus Alpha Andromedae has the field value "21Alp And", and Kappa1 Sculptoris (no
Flamsteed number) has "Kap1Scl".
- ra, dec: The star's right ascension and declination, for epoch and equinox 2000.0.
- proper: A common name for the star, such as "Barnard's Star" or "Sirius". I have taken these names primarily
from the Hipparcos project's web site, which lists representative names for the 150 brightest stars and many of
the 150 closest stars. I have added a few names to this list. Most of the additions are designations from catalogs
mostly now forgotten (e.g., Lalande, Groombridge, and Gould ["G."]) except for certain nearby stars which are
still best known by these designations.
- dist: The star's distance in parsecs, the most common unit in astrometry. To convert parsecs to light years,
multiply by 3.262. A value >= 10000000 indicates missing or dubious (e.g., negative) parallax data in Hipparcos.
- pmra, pmdec: The star's proper motion in right ascension and declination, in milliarcseconds per year.
- rv: The star's radial velocity in km/sec, where known.
- mag: The star's apparent visual magnitude.
- absmag: The star's absolute visual magnitude (its apparent magnitude from a distance of 10 parsecs).
- spect: The star's spectral type, if known.
- ci: The star's color index (blue magnitude - visual magnitude), where known.
- x,y,z: The Cartesian coordinates of the star, in a system based on the equatorial coordinates as seen from
Earth. +X is in the direction of the vernal equinox (at epoch 2000), +Z towards the north celestial pole, and +Y
in the direction of R.A. 6 hours, declination 0 degrees.
- vx,vy,vz: The Cartesian velocity components of the star, in the same coordinate system described immediately
above. They are determined from the proper motion and the radial velocity (when known). The velocity unit is
parsecs per year; these are small values (around 1 millionth of a parsec per year), but they enormously simplify
calculations using parsecs as base units for celestial mapping.
- rarad, decrad, pmrarad, prdecrad: The positions in radians, and proper motions in radians per year.
- bayer: The Bayer designation as a distinct value
- flam: The Flamsteed number as a distinct value
- con: The standard constellation abbreviation
- comp, comp_primary, base: Identifies a star in a multiple star system. comp = ID of companion star, comp_primary
= ID of primary star for this component, and base = catalog ID or name for this multi-star system. Currently only
used for Gliese stars.
- lum: Star's luminosity as a multiple of Solar luminosity.
- var: Star's standard variable star designation, when known.
- var_min, var_max: Star's approximate magnitude range, for variables. This value is based on the Hp magnitudes
for the range in the original Hipparcos catalog, adjusted to the V magnitude scale to match the "mag" field."
[x] {{ 'COMMON.CLOSE' | translate }}


XMSG("Please provide a UNC path to key file (if a key file is needed). The key file needs to be compliant to OpenSSH standard (i.e. no .ppk file)!")
When uploading Blobs, this field contains the filename on the server after upload.
Applies only if incoming data are paths to files.
Provide a path (absolute or UNC) to where files are moved after upload.


What is remote working?
Remote working or telecommuting allows employees to operate outside of a traditional office environment. Remote work is based on the concept that work doesn’t need to be done in a specific place in order to be completed successfully.
Essentially, it allows employees to work in a variety of places, unrestricted by the need to be in a designated office space.
There has been a cultural shift in what society deems to be an appropriate workplace, and remote working (also known as telecommuting) has recently capitalised on that newfound freedom.
Twenty years ago, we, as a society, would never have dreamt that as many people would be working from home as they do now, and in recent months, even more so. According to the 2018 Future Workforce report, 63% of US companies now have remote workers.
With the constant evolution of technology buoying this shift, remote workers are increasingly supported in managing their workload and in staying connected with their remote teammates. This support ranges from project management programmes, calendar assistants and communication tools, all designed to help remote workers to feel connected and supported.
The bottom line is that remote working is the way of the future; it is removing the need for costly commutes, vacant office spaces and a stationary culture. All the key aspects of working in an office can still be achieved when working remotely.
Why do we need remote working?
The traditional office is starting to feel the competition as remote working continues to rise in popularity, supported by the increased use of remote video calls, outsourcing and employees choosing to work in coffee shops or abroad.
Why? Well, there’s a myriad of reasons that support the benefits of telecommuting instead of having a specific place of work.
For starters, reports show that remote workers are less stressed, that they feel empowered to work in a way that suits them and that in turn suits the business. It was reported in the Remote Work Survey that "50% of employees that were asked, of whom are allowed to work from home, said working from home reduces sick days."
It also helps increase productivity, for both employer and employee, lessens commuting and therefore carbon production, and reduces overhead costs for the company.
To top it all off, there are multiple reports of how remote working can greatly improve employee health and wellbeing; by removing their commute, decreasing their travel spend and allowing more personal time for the employee to spend on their own development.
Without the requirement of a physical commute, telecommuters can spend more time on themselves, to exercise or spend more time with their family which can positively impact on their health and wellbeing, making them happier, healthier and more productive at work.
What are the benefits of remote working?
The benefits of remote working are numerous to both employer and employee. We have highlighted some of the benefits of working from home for the employee above.
So what about the employer?
There is a great financial benefit to employers encouraging more telecommuting in their organisations. Hubspot reported that they estimated savings of over $100k per year because of a decreased need for leasing fees, in-house IT, utilities and other expenses.
If more employees are working remotely, this brings a definite decrease in the need for office space, car parking, utilities and potentially catering too.
Additionally, by adopting a remote working policy, employers find themselves ranking as the most desired of this generation. Making the choice to allow the option of working from home, gives employers access to a whole new, modern workforce.
It also increases the possibilities of hiring. When you aren’t trying to find employees who live within a 30 mile radius of your head office, companies gain access to the top talent, no matter where they are based.
The benefit of this to the employee is that they are no longer limited to a handful of companies who operate where they live. By adopting remote working, they could have the opportunity to work anywhere. This allows top talent to find the best fit for them, regardless of location.
And finally, retention. Giving employees the flexibility and autonomy to work from anywhere means they are less likely to quit their jobs when life becomes turbulent; moving house, going abroad, becoming a parent etc. None of these scenarios need to have a significant impact on their working lives if working remotely.
For the company, this means that retention levels go up and the need for hiring new replacements goes down, thus saving them time and money.
What are the physical practicalities of working remotely?
The considerations for the physical side of working remotely is vast. There are a lot of things to consider, from whether you are working in a dedicated home office, setting up shop at your dining room table every day, or choosing a new coffee shop to frequent regularly.
Starting from the top, the key things that you need to have as a remote worker are:-
- A laptop or computer
- Access to your work server or work files on said device
- Stable and reliable internet connection
- Somewhere to work that is safe
- Headset or headphones and microphone
Where you choose to work is very important too. Many remote workers soon learn what works best for them, but it is important to try several scenarios to work out which one empowers you to be at your best.
For some it is a standing desk in a quiet room in their house. For others, it is a dedicated home office, with a desk chair and desk. For others, it will be their kitchen counter or dining room table.
The key points to remember about any home working is that comfort and ergonomics are still very important. Wherever you choose to do your remote work, it is hugely important that you cater to your physical and emotional needs.
If you find working from home isolating, consider working elsewhere for a few hours. Some remote workers feel the need for people around them and find working in a coffee shop or café can help boost their productivity.
The Buffer State of Remote Work 2018 report stated that when asked where they primarily work from, 78% of remote workers said they use their home as their primary place of work. 9% said they use the office as their primary place of work, coworking spaces came in at 7%, and cafes at 5%.
Remote and homeworkers are all different; find what works best for you. If you prefer silence, embrace it. If you prefer bustle around you, experiment with listening to music, or the radio, to break up those long periods of quiet, and of course, remember that your teammates and colleagues are only an instant message/phone call away.
What about technical challenges of remote working?
There is always the potential for technical challenges to arise when working remotely. It’s easy to get lost in the technological jungle and sometimes the tech simply won’t work. This can be frustrating and debilitating for remote workers, but it can always be overcome.
Many remote workers love technology and make good use of it. They love to get their teeth into a new app, or platform that makes working remotely even better. If you want to be successful as a telecommuter, you must learn to embrace technology for all its highs and lows.
This applies not only to the equipment, for example your laptop, tablet or smartphone, but also learning to embrace the myriad of different tools available for these devices, through apps and software.
Before using an app or tool, be sure to investigate whether you actually need it; do your research and determine whether this additional piece of technology will enrich your remote working experience or not.
In terms of the physical tech challenges or internet going down, or having IT issues, use other means of communication to reach out to your teammates for advice on what to do next. You should never feel like you are suffering alone.
While you may not know the answer, there is a high likelihood that someone in your team does and will be able to help you.
Is remote working isolating and lonely?
Especially at present, with the world heading into mass social isolation and self-quarantine, loneliness and a general disconnection with other human beings is inevitable. Humans are, by nature, social beings and the feel of being cut off from one another can be very challenging.
It is also one of the main concerns about working remotely.
21% of remote workers named “loneliness” as their biggest struggle when working remotely, and 21% said collaborating/communicating was their biggest struggle.
However, many would argue that if done correctly, remote working doesn’t need to be an isolating experience.
With the constant development of increased internet communication, instant messenger and video calls, there is no reason for remote workers to feel isolated.
Platforms such as Microsoft Teams, Slack, Yammer and WhatsApp to name a few, act as fantastic methods of effective communication between team members throughout the working day.
If remote workers still crave that face-to-face contact however, there are other options open to them. A co-working space is a popular choice for telecommuters who need more face-to-face interaction, or even those who just want the chance to get together in a physical collaborative space.
There are plenty of other ways in which to prevent those feelings of loneliness and isolation from creeping in. We wrote a more in-depth blog about this here.
Our world is hyper-connected; we are fortunate to be more connected to one another on a global scale than we have ever been. There is no excuse to be lonely in today’s world when platforms like Zoom and FaceTime exist. So, reach out, and bridge that gap, whenever you need company.
What about the impact remote working has on mental health?
Like the above, there are also concerns that working remotely can cause an impact on an employees’ mental health, particularly if they feel like they are cut off from the rest of their teams.
Many people suggest that telecommuting helps them to form much healthier habits than working in an office. Going out for a run or walk first thing rather than making their usual commute, eating healthier as they can prepare real meals rather than takeaway or fast food, and even finding that their daily snacking habits are much improved thanks to working remotely.
Our colleague Abi wrote a blog on working remotely and mental health; in it, she offers some tips and ideas on how to manage it, while working from home, in order to be at your best. You can find it here.
It is also important to bear in mind that although you are working remotely, you are not working alone. As covered above, there are so many ways in which team members can stay connected to one another, providing both professional and emotional support to their colleagues as required.
It is also important to remember that not all talk needs to be work-related. When working while co-located, employees do not hesitate to have a chat in the kitchen about what they did last night, a recent movie they have seen or what their weekend plans are. Why should working remotely be any different?
Take those moments of non-work related conversation online, through instant messaging, video calls or just sending each other a fun GIF or emoji; it’s great to stay in touch and communicate with one another, which helps to make everyone who is working remotely feel valued and included.
What are some tips for remote working as a team?
For any team, remote or co-located, a feeling of being ‘in it together’ is vital. When you are in the same office, able to see one another across desks, that feeling of togetherness comes quite naturally.
It can become as natural when working remotely too, it just requires a little more effort in the beginning.
So, here are some tips for how to pull together as a team when working remotely.
-
Say hello every morning
Dropping a simple hello or good morning into your company’s chat platform of choice is a great way to get started. Not only does it let everyone know you are signed on and are now working, but it is the online equivalent of walking into your office. It takes 2 seconds to do and once it becomes a habit, you will wonder how you did without it.
-
Check in with each other
Throughout the day, when co-located, it is relatively simple to glance up and get a quick update on how your colleague’s day is going. When working remotely, the likelihood of making accidental eye contact is highly unlikely, so you have to make this happen.
Make a point of asking your teammates throughout the day how they are getting on. This gives them the chance to update you, ask for help or even share a success with you.
-
Share the wins!
This is very important and furthers our point above. Share the wins. Whether it’s through a celebratory GIF in the team chat or via a more formal email around to the team, let them know when something has gone right. This way, they feel included in your celebration and you feel good for having shared it. This works as a great boost to team morale!
-
Say when you are going on lunch
A little thing that can make all the difference. Letting people know when you are going on lunch not only gives them the heads up that you aren’t going to be available for a little while, but also makes them feel included in your day. Perhaps you’d like to schedule a virtual lunch together, by eating your meals while on a video chat, just to catch up and reconnect visually with your remote team.
-
Keep your diary up to date with your start and finishing times
It is very easy when in an office to see when people are starting and finishing, but when working remotely, this can be more difficult. Keep your calendar up to date with your movements, then everyone will know when you are due to be online and when not to bother you. Team transparency in communication is key.
Conclusion
Remote working is an asset to the modern worker and should be embraced as great working practice.
It has its challenges, but with the constant improvement of technology and rise of increased connectivity, there are many ways to telecommute while being more connected to one another than ever before.
Done correctly, remote working can enrich and improve many employees’ lives, their physical health and mental health and wellbeing.
It offers huge positives for companies through cost saving, reduced real estate requirements and has a huge positive mpact on the environment.
The secret to successful remote working is always communication, transparency and support. If you need help with any of those things, get in touch with us today.
We’d love to help you.


Want to travel and meet new amazing people at the same time?
You have come to the right place! Come and join our vibrant community of fun, friendly, and outgoing individuals and let's discover together amazing places and enjoy amazing moments worth remembering!
Mina Helmutt - travel blogger and buddy since 2016
Aside from traveling, our second most favorite thing is taking photos of our escapades with our buddies. We love capturing those special moments and making them mementos of our journey.
Come and be a part of us!


{% load otree %}
In this experiment there will be four games, each will be played in multiple rounds. The first five rounds in each game are trial rounds just to familiarize you with the logic of the game. The points collected during trial rounds will not affect your actual earnings. After playing five trial rounds the real game will start. The real game has 30 rounds (from Round 6 to Round 35). Therefore, there will be 140 rounds in total. Each round will take about one minute.
In each round you will make a decision against a randomly picked opponent who is also participating in the experiment. Your earnings will depend on the decisions that you and the other player make. At the end of each game, the computer will randomly pick three of the rounds to determine your earnings. We will repeat this process in all four games. Therefore, your total earnings will be the sum of your points in randomly picked rounds in four games. Your total earnings will be converted to real money (10 KZT per point) at the end of the experiment if you complete all four games.
You will receive the instructions for each game before the first round of that game. Please read them carefully.