Background: The health impacts of climate change are an issue of growing concern in the Pacific region. Prior to 2010, no formal, structured, evidence-based approach had been used to identify the most significant health risks posed by climate change in Pacific island countries. During 2010 and 2011, the World Health Organization supported the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) in performing a climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessment. This paper summarizes the priority climate-sensitive health risks in FSM, with a focus on diarrheal disease, its link with climatic variables and the implications of climate change.
Methods: The vulnerability and adaptation assessment process included a review of the literature, extensive stakeholder consultations, ranking of climate-sensitive health risks, and analysis of the available long-term data on climate and climate-sensitive infectious diseases in FSM, which involved examination of health information data from the four state hospitals in FSM between 2000 and 2010; along with each state’s rainfall, temperature and El Niño-Southern Oscillation data. Generalized linear Poisson regression models were used to demonstrate associations between monthly climate variables and cases of climate-sensitive diseases at differing temporal lags.
Results: Infectious diseases were among the highest priority climate-sensitive health risks identified in FSM, particularly diarrheal diseases, vector-borne diseases and leptospirosis. Correlation with climate data demonstrated significant associations between monthly maximum temperature and monthly outpatient cases of diarrheal disease in Pohnpei and Kosrae at a lag of one month and 0 to 3 months, respectively; no such associations were observed in Chuuk or Yap. Significant correlations between disease incidence and El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycles were demonstrated in Kosrae state.
Conclusions: Analysis of the available data demonstrated significant associations between climate variables and climate-sensitive infectious diseases. This information should prove useful in implementing health system and community adaptation strategies to avoid the most serious impacts of climate change on health in FSM.
Pacific island countries (PICs) are among the most vulnerable in the world to the effects of climate change, including the likely detrimental impacts on human health [ 1 , 2 ]. These impacts are significant, measurable and far-reaching: it is estimated that over the last decade, between 100,000 and 200,000 deaths annually worldwide were attributable to the effects of climate change [ 3 ]. In the Pacific region, growing concern about climate change and health led to the formulation of the Regional Framework for Action to Protect Human Health from Effects of Climate Change in the Asia-Pacific Region by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008 [ 4 ] and prompted the Pacific island Health Ministers to prioritize action on climate change and health at their biennial meeting in 2009 [ 5 ]. These regional mandates provided the impetus for an ambitious program of work, led by the WHO South Pacific office, with support from the WHO Western Pacific Regional Office and funding from the governments of the Republic of Korea and Japan, to assess the vulnerability of PICs to the impact of climate change on health and plan appropriate adaptation strategies to minimize these risks.
The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) was one of eleven countries involved in this WHO-supported climate change and health project in the Pacific. FSM is a small island developing state in the northern Pacific, comprised of four states – Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae (see Map 1).
A summary of key population and health indicators for FSM is provided in Table 1 .
The key climate change phenomena expected to occur in FSM include [ 6 ]: accelerating sea-level rise and ocean acidification; increasing air and sea-surface temperatures; more very hot days; altered rainfall patterns (with more extreme rainfall events and decreased drought frequency); and possibly more severe typhoons.
In FSM, prior to the commencement of the WHO project, climate change and health considerations had been included in several key high-level national policy frameworks, including the Nationwide Climate Change Policy (2009), the Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the National Strategic Development Plan for 2003–2023. This previous work noted that climate variability and change, including sea-level rise, are important determinants of health and are of growing concern in FSM (as is the case in all Pacific Island countries), with the impacts expected to be mostly adverse. However, these preceding efforts toward health vulnerability assessments lacked formal health sector and expert technical input.
Thus, the purpose of this project was to assess more formally the key climate-sensitive health risks for FSM, based on a review of the relevant literature, in-country consultations and analysis of available climate and health data, and to provide an evidence-based framework for climate change and health adaptation, as the health sector’s contribution towards national adaptation planning (or HNAP).
This paper summarizes the methodology and results of this climate change and health vulnerability assessment for FSM, with a focus on climate-sensitive infectious diseases, which were ranked as the highest priority climate-sensitive health risks in FSM as a result of this assessment process. The paper also provides an insight into the scientific basis for implementation of adaptation strategies to reduce or avoid the most serious impacts of climate change on the burden of these diseases in FSM.
The process for assessing FSM’s vulnerabilities and planning adaptation strategies related to the health impacts of climate change broadly followed the guidelines set out by WHO and others [ 7 – 11 ]. These steps are summarized in Box 1 .
In FSM, this process incorporated both qualitative and quantitative elements. These included stakeholder consultations, community surveys, expert consensus and analysis of the available climate and health data to describe, in some detail, the relationships between climate variables and climate-sensitive diseases in each country.
The climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessment process in FSM commenced in 2010, with a project—led by the Department of Health and Social Affairs and supported by WHO—aimed at improving understanding of the relationship between climate and disease in the four States of FSM and compiling a National Climate Change and Health Action Plan (NCCHAP). This project involved a WHO team assisting the Department of Health and Social Affairs over three distinct phases of work between 2010 and 2011, with the participation of multiple in-country partners including, inter alia, the Office for Environment and Emergency Management (OEEM), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Weather Service Office (WSO).
The first phase of the project was a regional plenary meeting, conducted in Pohnpei in early 2010, which included representatives from the neighbouring countries of Palau and the Republic of the Marshall Islands who were conducting similar WHO-supported national vulnerability and adaptation assessment projects.
In the first and second phases of the project, a review of health sector reports and data, combined with extensive consultation with stakeholders in FSM and the guidance of the WHO team of experts, revealed a list of priority climate-sensitive health risks of concern in the country. These climate-sensitive health risks were then ranked according to a “likelihood versus impact” matrix, which has proved useful in environmental health impact assessments elsewhere, including in the context of climate change and health [ 12 , 13 ]—see Table 2 below.
The actors involved in the participatory action process of consensus-building regarding the priority climate-sensitive health risks in FSM are listed in Table 3 .
The process of prioritization of climate-sensitive health risks of concern in FSM placed an emphasis on infectious diseases, which were thus the focus of the quantitative analysis that followed.
The climate-sensitive disease data from the four State hospital records (inpatient and outpatient) between 2003 and 2010 were collected from the Health Information Department. Hospital records include sex, age and diagnosis coded by the International Classification of Diseases, version 10 (ICD-10). These records represent the most complete health datasets available on a routinely collected basis in FSM, apart from a complementary, Pacific-wide syndromic surveillance system (specific to for four categories of communicable disease) overseen by WHO. Thus it is assumed that these represent close to all of the reported cases; the proportion of unreported cases is unknown.
Weather data were collected from the WSO. The individual patient data were collated into daily all-cause and cause-specific counts and combined with daily weather data, with this study focusing on the aforementioned priority climate-sensitive infectious diseases.
Time series distribution of monthly average of the daily number of inpatients and outpatients in each state were plotted along with weather data. Monthly averages of daily maximum temperatures were computed; these and total monthly rainfall were used for the subsequent analyses. Time series analysis of the three climate-sensitive infectious diseases deemed to be the highest risk were then performed [dengue fever (ICD-10: A90-A91), diarrheal illness (ICD-10: A00-A09) and leptospirosis (ICD-10: A27)].
The association with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a source of inter-annual climate variability, was also examined for each disease category. The strength of the ENSO was measured by sea-surface temperature anomalies in the Niño 3 region (NINO3) in the Pacific Ocean, which were derived from NOAA Climate Prediction Center data (http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov).
Generalized linear Poisson regression models allowing for over-dispersion were used to examine the relationship between weather variables (temperature and rainfall) and NINO3 variability and the number of cause-specific patient presentations at different monthly lags (0, 1, 2 and 3 months), with a focus on outpatients. This analytical technique was selected based on historical and scientific precedents for its use in comparable studies [ 14 ]. To identify the broad shape of any association, we fitted natural cubic splines (3df) to the weather variables and NINO3. The temperature, rainfall and NINO3 terms were separately incorporated into the model. As there was no clear seasonal trends observed in disease incidence, seasonality was not controlled in the model. Overall association for each disease-weather pattern was tested using Wald test. Any missing data was treated as missing; no interpolation has been conducted to fill the missing values. All statistical analyses were carried out using Stata 10.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas).
The results of the vulnerability assessment were then used to compile a hierarchy of adaptation strategies for the health sector, and all of this information was collated into the FSM National Climate Change and Health Action Plan (NCCHAP), which was presented at the inaugural FSM Climate Change and Health Symposium in Pohnpei in December 2011.
The key findings and recommendations from the FSM NCCHAP and the companion documents for the other ten PICs included in the WHO-led project have subsequently been synthesized into a forthcoming WHO report on climate change and health in the Pacific region, which will be launched in late 2014.
Review of the relevant data and extensive consultation with stakeholders, primarily from government departments, in FSM between 2010 and 2011, in combination with a review of the literature (the specific methodology and results of which are not shown here) and the expert opinions of the WHO consultant team, yielded the following table of climate-sensitive health vulnerabilities (Table 4 ), ranked according to their risk (in terms of likelihood versus impact—see Table 2 above).
While allowing for the fact that the list in Table 4 is based on a combination of health information review, consultation and expert consensus, this nevertheless indicates that the predominant climate-sensitive health risks of concern in FSM are likely to be infective in nature. The process of quantitative analysis therefore focused on three categories of climate-sensitive infectious diseases: diarrheal illness, vector-borne diseases and leptospirosis. This analysis was attempted despite the paucity of relevant health data, as this was the express mandate of the climate change and health vulnerability assessment project, as well as being the preferred methodological approach of WHO and the project partners in FSM.
Time series of monthly average of daily dengue, diarrhea and leptospirosis inpatients showed no obvious trend or seasonality (the results for Pohnpei state are shown in Fig. 1).
As can be seen from Figure 1, there were substantial gaps in the data for all three disease categories, as was the case for the other three states. This apparently reflects intermittent lapses in health information capacity within the Department of Health and Social Affairs in each of the states over the period.
There were also generally low rates of dengue fever and leptospirosis in all four states, with less than 0.5 cases occurring on average per day (i.e. approximately <15 cases per month) in each state. It should be noted that, while diarrheal disease and leptospirosis are considered endemic in FSM, dengue fever typically occurs in infrequent but severe epidemics [ 15 , 16 ]. Given these very small numerators, along with the infeasibility of aggregating all the cases for correlation with climate variables given the significantly asynchronous meteorological patterns between states, no further environmental epidemiological analysis of dengue fever and leptospirosis was undertaken in this study.
There may be an apparent threshold effect for increased cases of diarrheal illness in Pohnpei at a lag of one month following monthly maximum temperatures of ≥ 32–33°C (see Fig. 2b).
The corresponding analysis for Kosrae state showed a similar effect of high temperature (> 32°C) at lags of 0 and 1 month, although the relationship was weaker than that observed for Pohnpei. In addition, a negative relationship between temperature and diarrhea cases was observed in Kosrae below 31°C (see Fig. 3). It is possible that different pathogens contribute to the two curves or slopes of this apparently U-shaped relationship.
The analysis was repeated for rainfall, but no significant relationship was found in any of the four states (results not shown).
Diarrheal illness was also correlated with NINO3 at different monthly lags, with an apparently statistically significant, roughly U-shaped relationship demonstrated for Kosrae (Fig. 4), but no statistically significant results were found for the other three states.
This study revealed that the principal health risks posed by climate change in FSM include a number of climate-sensitive infectious diseases. Of these, diarrheal disease has been shown to be associated with climatic factors such as temperature and the ENSO index in at least two of the states of FSM.
The following discussion therefore focuses on climate-sensitive infectious diseases, particularly diarrheal disease, given the high level of priority given to these issues in the climate change and health vulnerability assessment for FSM.
Some important notes on the abovementioned categories of “climate-sensitive health risks” are as follows: with respect to vector-borne diseases, the only long-term data available for analysis was for dengue fever, which has been known to exist in FSM since at least the early 1990s [ 15 ], despite the fact that, at least in recent years, FSM has been plagued by other arboviruses including Zika virus [ 17 ] and chikungunya. FSM has also long been considered endemic for lymphatic filariasis, although the burden of this disease is decreasing, as elsewhere in the Pacific, due to mass drug administration and vector control programs [ 18 ]. FSM is not currently one of the PICs considered endemic for malaria; while the possibility remains that will climate change will affect the geographic range of the malaria vector, causing intrusion into non-endemic countries, this is currently considered to be a relatively low risk for FSM.
Secondly, “diarrheal illness” is a broad category of disease which obviously is not limited to infectious pathogens; nor are the infectious aetiologies limited to those transmitted via food and water (i.e. the modes of transmission considered most likely to be sensitive to environmental perturbations). Nevertheless, given the significant burden of disease due to diarrheal illness in FSM, particularly in children under five [ 19 ] and the strong evidence linking diarrheal illness to climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall, ENSO cycles and hydrometeorological disasters in the Pacific region and elsewhere in the world [ 20 – 25 ], it was considered justifiable to aggregate diarrheal illnesses for the purposes of this analysis.
As a final note, the category of “respiratory disease” was not included in this study focusing on climate-sensitive infectious diseases due to the fact that, while it may be assumed that this category includes respiratory infections (both acute illness like influenza and pneumonia, and chronic infections such as tuberculosis), it also includes non-infectious illnesses such as asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease. The latter constitute a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in FSM, particularly in adults [ 19 ], and while obstructive airways diseases, including asthma, may certainly be considered sensitive to changes in climate [ 26 – 28 ], as a non-communicable disease (NCD) it has not been included in this infectious disease-focused paper. The same principle applies to skin diseases: it was not deemed feasible or useful to attempt to differentiate infectious and non-infectious skin disorders for the purposes of this paper.
The outcomes of the climate change and health vulnerability assessment in FSM are broadly consistent with those of other PICs [ 12 , 29 , 30 ], with relatively high priorities given to climate-sensitive infectious diseases, but concern was also raised regarding the prospect of climate change-induced impacts on NCDs, malnutrition, ciguatera, mental health, the health consequences of extreme weather events and disruptions to health and social services.
A summary of the overall climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessment process and key findings for FSM and thirteen other PICs can be found in a forthcoming WHO report entitled “Human Health and Climate Change in Pacific Small Island States”, to be launched in late 2014.
With respect to climate-sensitive infectious diseases and their relationship with climate in the context of FSM, the paucity of relevant disease data limited opportunities for the analysis described above and efforts to demonstrate statistically significant associations between climate variables and the burden of the pre-eminent diseases of concern in FSM (diarrheal illness, vector-borne diseases and leptospirosis).
Nevertheless, there is abundant evidence from elsewhere in the region and around the world supporting the “climate-sensitivity” of these diseases and vindicating their inclusion among the highest priority climate-sensitive health risks in FSM, despite the fact that dengue fever and leptospirosis currently represent relatively small burdens of disease in the country.
Vector-borne diseases in general, and dengue fever in particular, have been shown to be exquisitely sensitive to hydrometeorological phenomena, including temperature, rainfall, humidity and ENSO [ 31 – 37 ], including in the Pacific region [ 38 , 39 ], where recent attention has shifted towards the potential for climate-based early warning systems to minimize the impact of dengue fever epidemics [ 40 ].
In the case of leptospirosis, the links with ecological and meteorological factors are also relatively well-established [ 41 – 43 ], the burden of disease in FSM is becoming more clear [ 44 ], and the potential for early warning systems is gaining attention in the Pacific.
There is a similarly strong case to be made for the climate-sensitivity of diarrheal illness, as pointed out above. Although the pathways by which factors such as temperature, rainfall, ENSO and extreme events may affect the multiple pathogens causing infectious diarrhea create a complex aetiological picture [ 20 , 24 , 45 – 49 ], as shown by our results, a significant association can be observed between climatic factors such as temperature and the incidence of diarrheal disease, at least in Pohnpei and Kosrae states. This is relevant in FSM, and neighbouring Micronesian countries where both food- and water-borne pathogens have been known to cause large outbreaks of diarrheal illness in recent years [ 50 , 51 ].
The lack of robust, long-term data on these three categories of climate-sensitive infectious diseases limited the extent to which detailed “exposure-response” models could be constructed for each of the four states. Additionally, the heterogeneity of the climate-disease relationships precluded, at least in part, the potential for aggregation and/or averaging at the national level. Nevertheless, it was still deemed useful to consider, at least in a general, qualitative sense, the current and likely increased future climate change-attributable burden of these climate-sensitive infectious diseases in FSM, with respect to the opportunity for implementation of various adaptation strategies at the local, state and national levels.
The recommendations for health sector adaptation in relation to these three high-priority climate-sensitive infectious diseases in FSM include:
community education and health promotion campaigns (e.g. on preventive behaviours such as protection against mosquito bites or contact with contaminated water and soil, including the risk inherent in cultural practices such as communal consumption of sakau [kava]);
distribution of household equipment such as mosquito nets, safe water storage containers and water testing and treatment kits;
increased recruitment and training of public and environmental health officers in the areas of water and food safety, animal health, vector surveillance and outbreak response;
expansion of public and environmental health surveillance and control activities to outer islands (currently neglected due to lack of sufficient resources);
policy, legislative and regulatory measures targeting water and food safety, mosquito control (particularly habitat eradication) and improved hygiene and management of domestic livestock (particularly pigs);
scale-up of diagnostic capacity, including improved microbiological capabilities, and increased use of rapid test kits for dengue fever and leptospirosis;
health professional capacity-building in the fields of diagnosis, management and prevention of these climate-sensitive infectious diseases, as well as in applied environmental epidemiological techniques and the use of environmental health indicators in relation to climate and health [ 52 ];
increased research on the epidemiology, burden of disease and climate-sensitivity of infectious diseases in FSM and elsewhere in Micronesia and the wider Pacific region; and
consideration of the use of climate-based early warning systems for infectious diseases in FSM.
The latter recommendation regarding climate-based early warning systems (CBEWS) is common in the literature on climate change and health adaptation [ 53 – 57 ]. In FSM, this process is clearly impeded by the abovementioned data and model constraints. However, even with the limited data and models available for infectious diseases in FSM, it may be possible to construct a CBEWS for diarrheal disease based on the analysis and results described in this paper.
With reference to Figure 4, for example, it can be seen that the relative risk (RR) of diarrheal incidence in Pohnpei appears to increase beyond a temperature threshold of approximately 32.5 degrees Celsius in the previous month. It thus could prove feasible for a collaboration between the WSO and Pohnpei Department of Health Services to establish a mechanism for the issuing of alerts when the average maximum temperature in a given month, or four-week sliding window, reaches 32.5 degrees, which triggers a “surge” response of public and environmental health interventions targeting, for example, water and food safety and community health promotion. The efficacy of such interventions could then be analyzed epidemiologically, and the exposure-response models updated, as the time-series of climate and disease data is extended over time.
Apropos of the latter recommendation, it should also be pointed out that all of the analyses and models discussed above could and should be updated over time, and the NCCHAP—including the theory and assumptions contained within it—should undergo similar reiterations to incorporate contemporary data and improved knowledge of the associations and implications of climate change and the high-priority climate-sensitive infectious diseases in FSM.
Infectious diseases were identified as among the highest priority climate-sensitive health risks of concern in FSM as part of the national climate change and health vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning process. Specifically, diarrheal disease, dengue fever (and other vector-borne diseases) and leptospirosis were considered to represent high risks with respect to future climate change-attributable burdens of disease in FSM.
Analysis of the available data on historical climate and cases of infectious diseases, although limited, yielded some potentially useful associations between climate variables and diarrheal disease in particular, which may have application in the context of a climate-based early warning system and the potential for public and environmental health interventions to limit the impact of near-term epidemics.
Adaptation strategies recommended in the FSM National Climate Change and Health Action Plan similarly prioritize climate-sensitive infectious diseases; successful implementation of any number of these measures may reduce or avert the most severe detrimental effects of climate change on these and other infectious diseases and their impact on the health of communities in FSM and the wider Micronesia and Pacific regions.
The authors wish to acknowledge the invaluable contributions of Mr Kamal Khatri and Dr Vita Skilling, and the support from the Governments of Japan and Korea in providing the funding for this project.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Number of dengue, diarrhea and leptospirosis outpatients per month and weather variables (total rainfall and average temperature) in Pohnpei
Relationship between relative risk (RR) of diarrhea scaled to the mean monthly number of outpatients in Ponhpei and maximum temperature (shown as a 3 d.f. natural cubic spline) at lags of 0, 1, 2 and 3 months. The center line in each graph shows the estimated spline curve, and the upper and lower lines represent the 95% confidence limits. P-values represent the level of significance of the association between diarrhea and temperature.
Relationship between relative risk (RR) of diarrhea scaled to the mean monthly number of outpatients in Kosrae and maximum temperature (shown as a 3 d.f. natural cubic spline) at lags of 0, 1, 2 and 3 months. The center line in each graph shows the estimated spline curve, and the upper and lower lines represent the 95% confidence limits. P-values represent the level of significance of the association between diarrhea and temperature.
Relationship between relative risk (RR) of diarrhea scaled to the mean monthly number of outpatients in Kosrae and Nino3 (shown as a 3 d.f. natural cubic spline) at lags of 0, 1, 2 and 3 months. The center line in each graph shows the estimated spline curve, and the upper and lower lines represent the 95% confidence limits. P-values represent the level of significance of the association between diarrhea and Nino3.
Federated States of Micronesia (source:
Key population and health indicators for FSM
| Indicator | Total |
|---|---|
| Land area a (square kilometres) | 704.6 - Chuuk: 127 - Kosrae: 110 - Pohnpei: 345 - Yap: 118 |
|
|
|
| Population – total and distribution b | 102 624 - Chuuk: 49% - Kosrae: 8% - Pohnpei: 32% - Yap: 11% |
|
|
|
| Key health indicators b - life expectancy (at birth) - infant mortality rate - under 5 mortality rate | 69 13.5/1000 live births 39/1000 live births |
|
|
|
| Leading causes of morbidity (inpatient) b | Hypertension Diarrhea/gastroenteritis Diabetes mellitus Skin disorders Urinary tract infection |
|
|
|
| Leading causes of mortality b | Myocardial infarction Diabetes mellitus Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Cerebrovascular accident |
|
|
|
| Top three communicable disease categories (burden of disease, by incidence) b | Acute upper respiratory infections Influenza-like illness Diarrhea/gastroenteritis |
|
|
|
| Top three non-communicable diseases (burden of disease, by prevalence) b | Hypertension Diabetes mellitus Cardiovascular disease |
Sources: a) FSM Government website (http://www.fsmgov.org/info/geog.html)
b) WHO Country Health Information Profile for FSM (2011) (http://www.wpro.who.int/countries/fsm/17MICtab2011_finaldraft.pdf?ua=1)
Steps in assessing vulnerability and adaptation (Source: Kovats et al., 2003 [ 11 ]).
| 1. | Determine the scope of the assessment |
| 2. | Describe the current distribution and burden of climate-sensitive diseases |
| 3. | Identify and describe current strategies, policies and measures that reduce the burden of climate-sensitive diseases |
| 4. | Review the health implications of the potential impact of climate variability and change on other sectors |
| 5. | Estimate the future potential health impact using scenarios of future climate change, population growth and other factors and describe the uncertainty |
| 6. | Synthesise the results and draft a scientific assessment report |
| 7. | Identify additional adaptation policies and measures to reduce potential negative health effects, including procedures for evaluation after implementation |
Matrix used to assess climate-sensitive health risks in FSM, in terms of their likelihood and impact
| Likelihood | Impact (Considering consequence and coping
capacity)
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insignificant | Minor | Moderate | Major | Catastrophic | |
| Almost Certain | Medium | Medium | High | Extreme | Extreme |
| Likely | Low | Medium | High | High | Extreme |
| Possible | Low | Medium | Medium | High | High |
| Unlikely | Low | Low | Medium | Medium | Medium |
| Rare | Low | Low | Low | Low | Medium |
Actors involved in participatory decision-making process in FSM
| Actors | FSM |
|---|---|
| Coordination | Office for the Environment and Emergency Management Department of Health and Social Affairs WHO |
| Participation | Environmental Protection Agency Weather Service Office Department of Resources and Development Department of Agriculture State health and environment services Island Food Community* |
* Non-governmental organization (NGO)
List of climate change and health vulnerabilities in FSM
| Climate-sensitive disease | Risk (likelihood versus impact) |
|---|---|
| Diarrheal diseases (water- and food-borne) | High |
| Vector-borne diseases (principally arboviruses such as dengue fever)* | High |
| Zoonoses (primarily leptospirosis) | High |
| Malnutrition | High |
| Non-communicable diseases | Medium |
| Mental health | Medium |
| Respiratory diseases | Medium |
| Skin disease | Medium |
| Poverty and socio-economic disadvantage | Medium |
| Traumatic injuries and deaths | Low |
| Ciguatera** | Low |
* Lymphatic filariasis and malaria were also considered under the heading of vector-borne diseases, but were deemed to represent significantly lower risks than arboviruses in the context of climate change in FSM (see below).
** Ciguatera is a toxidrome caused by a dinoflagellate organism which bio-accumulates in the marine food chain. Humans typically contract ciguatera through consumption of contaminated reef fish.


 For example, if a customer is created and subscribed to a paid plan with a setup fee, the customer is created and the credit card is validated and then a transaction is run for the amount of the setup fee. If the transaction fails, there will be an embedded error with information about the failed transaction.
Determine whether or not the response doc contains embedded errors
Get a nested array representation of the response doc
Get a JSON encoded string representation of the response doc
Recursive method to traverse the dom and produce an array
Inherited From DOMDocument (Internal Class)
constructor __construct ( [$version = ], [$encoding = ] )
adoptNode ( $source )
appendChild ( $newChild )
C14N ( [$exclusive = ], [$with_comments = ], [$xpath = ], [$ns_prefixes = ] )
C14NFile ( $uri, [$exclusive = ], [$with_comments = ], [$xpath = ], [$ns_prefixes = ] )
cloneNode ( $deep )
compareDocumentPosition ( $other )
createAttribute ( $name )
createAttributeNS ( $namespaceURI, $qualifiedName )
createCDATASection ( $data )
createComment ( $data )
createDocumentFragment ( )
createElement ( $tagName, [$value = ] )
createElementNS ( $namespaceURI, $qualifiedName, [$value = ] )
createEntityReference ( $name )
createProcessingInstruction ( $target, $data )
createTextNode ( $data )
getElementById ( $elementId )
getElementsByTagName ( $tagName )
getElementsByTagNameNS ( $namespaceURI, $localName )
getFeature ( $feature, $version )
getLineNo ( )
getNodePath ( )
getUserData ( $key )
hasAttributes ( )
hasChildNodes ( )
importNode ( $importedNode, $deep )
insertBefore ( $newChild, [$refChild = ] )
isDefaultNamespace ( $namespaceURI )
isEqualNode ( $arg )
isSameNode ( $other )
isSupported ( $feature, $version )
load ( $source, [$options = ] )
loadHTML ( $source )
loadHTMLFile ( $source )
loadXML ( $source, [$options = ] )
lookupNamespaceUri ( $prefix )
lookupPrefix ( $namespaceURI )
normalize ( )
normalizeDocument ( )
registerNodeClass ( $baseClass, $extendedClass )
relaxNGValidate ( $filename )
relaxNGValidateSource ( $source )
removeChild ( $oldChild )
renameNode ( $node, $namespaceURI, $qualifiedName )
replaceChild ( $newChild, $oldChild )
save ( $file )
saveHTML ( )
saveHTMLFile ( $file )
saveXML ( [$node = ] )
schemaValidate ( $filename )
schemaValidateSource ( $source )
setUserData ( $key, $data, $handler )
validate ( )
xinclude ( [$options = ] )
Documentation generated on Tue, 09 Nov 2010 21:39:57 +0000 by phpDocumentor 1.4.3


--- layout: post permalink: 1040return.html Tags: Array NameOfCoupon: 1040 Return Cash Back Summary: See our 1040 Return Coupon Code, 1040 Return Rebate, 1040 Return Promo Code, 1040 Return Discount, 1040 Return Coupon Cash Back Rebate here. MetaKeywords: 1040 Return Coupon Code, 1040 Return Rebate, 1040 Return Promo Code, 1040 Return Cash Back Rebate, 1040 Return Discount, 1040 Return Coupon Image: images/15699.gif LinkURL: http://www.shareasale.com/r.cfm?b=108389&u=412002&m=15699 affiliate_url_link: http://www.icouponblog.com/jane.php?id=1927 thesis_readmore: See the 1040 Return Coupon thesis_thumb: http://www.icouponblog.com/tn.php?merchantURL=1040Return.com Title: Save 10% - 1040 Return Coupon Code for 1040Return.com. 1040 Return Rebate & Discount thesis_description: Our 1040 Return Discount Coupon Code for 1040Return.com. We have the best 1040 Return Rebate anywhere. thesis_keywords: 1040 Return, 1040 Return Coupon Code, 1040 Return Discount, 1040 Return Rebate product_name: 1040 Return hop_url: http://www.icouponblog.com/hop.php?id=1927 ---
1040Return.com provides customers the opportunity to file their taxes online, hassle free. It is a great service which is listed on the IRS website as safe and secure. As an IRS authorized e-file provider and partner, 1040Return.com shares the IRS mission to increase e-file income tax filing. It is a website you can trust. It is secure and your information is not sold. Use our discount coupon to save money. a
Filing tax on 1040Return.com is simple and easy. It is user friendly and very accurate as the computer catches all errors prior to transmission so filing errors is eliminated. Your online tax information is protected through the use of ssl encryption. There is also free online tech support for any questions or concerns. Filing is very fast through 1040Return.com. Get your tax refunds soon when you use 1040Return.com to file your tax-returns.
1040Return.com is an excellent tax e-filer. It provides customers with all the needed tax forms. There are no hidden costs. And it is easy to use. You only have to fill in the data once; 1040Return.com will fill in the data automatically on the other forms if needed. Check out 1040Return.com, you will love the experience and the ease with which you can file your taxes online. Don’t forget to use our money saving coupons!


Transfer assets
Refresh
Source wallet
Select the account to transfer assets from:
There was an error when attempting to retrieve current balances for
. Is Neo Express running?
The
account does not contain any assets.
Transfer amount
The
account contains the following assets:
Select an asset and enter the amount to transfer:
Destination wallet
Select the account to receive the assets:
Transfer
Assets transferred
The transfer was made in the following transaction:
OK


users_helper.rb
Hipposoft 2008
Support functions for views related to User objects. See controllers/users_controller.rb for more.
03-Jan-2008 (ADH): Created.
Return list actions appropriate for the given user
# File app/helpers/users_helper.rb, line 170 def userhelp_actions( user ) actions = [ 'edit' ] actions.push( 'delete' ) unless user.admin? or not @current_user.admin? actions.push( 'show' ) return actions end
Output HTML for the given form and user which produces a selection list allowing the user's 'active' flag to be changed. It is assumed that the caller has permission to edit the user in this way.
# File app/helpers/users_helper.rb, line 80 def userhelp_active_selector( form, user ) return apphelp_select( form, :active, [ [ 'Active', true ], [ 'Deactivated', false ] ], false ) end
Output HTML for the given control panel form (fields_for…) and user which lets the user choose the default customer associated with new projects.
The including template should use appropriate container tags for the output (e.g. a paragraph or table cell).
# File app/helpers/users_helper.rb, line 131 def userhelp_default_customer_selector( cp, user ) customers = Customer.active unless( customers.empty? ) output = apphelp_collection_select( cp, :customer_id, customers, :id, :title, false ) if( user.restricted? ) output << "\n\n" output << " <p>\n".html_safe() output << " This list is only relevant to users with a\n" output << " privileged account type because normal users\n" output << " cannot create new tasks.\n" output << " </p>".html_safe() end else output = " There are no active customers. Please\n" output << " #{ link_to( 'create at least one', new_customer_path() ) }.".html_safe() end return output.html_safe() end
Output HTML for the given user's control panel editing section within a wider user editing form, which lets the user choose the default project associated with new tasks.
The including template should use appropriate container tags for the output (e.g. a paragraph or table cell).
# File app/helpers/users_helper.rb, line 99 def userhelp_default_project_selector( user ) unless( Project.active.count.zero? ) output = apphelp_project_selector( 'control_panel_project_id', 'control_panel[project_id]', user.control_panel.nil? ? nil : user.control_panel.project_id, true ) if( user.restricted? ) output << "\n\n" output << " <p>\n".html_safe() output << " This list is only relevant to users with a\n" output << " privileged account type because normal users\n" output << " cannot create new tasks.\n" output << " </p>".html_safe() end else output = " There are no active projects. Please\n" output << " #{ link_to( 'create at least one', new_project_path() ) }.".html_safe() end return output.html_safe() end
List view helper - format the given user's e-mail address as a link; do so using auto_link so we don't have to worry about malformed addresses. That's the main reason for doing this in a helper rather than manually, within the model.
# File app/helpers/users_helper.rb, line 158 def userhelp_email( user ) return auto_link( h( user.email ) ) end
As above, but for the user's identity URL
# File app/helpers/users_helper.rb, line 164 def userhelp_identity_url( user ) return auto_link( h( user.identity_url ) ) end
Output HTML for the given form and user which produces a selection list allowing the user account type to be chosen. It is assumed that the caller has permission to edit the user in this way.
The including template should use appropriate container tags for the output (e.g. a paragraph or table cell).
# File app/helpers/users_helper.rb, line 20 def userhelp_user_type_selector( form, user ) if ( @current_user.id == user.id and user.admin? ) # You can't change your own account type if you are an administrator. # This is an easy way to prevent all administrators losing privilege, # leaving no administrator in the system. output = " Administrators cannot change account type. If you\n" output << " want to stop being an administrator, first assign\n" output << " administrative rights to another account, then\n" output << " have that user change your account type for you." elsif ( not @current_user.admin? and user.admin? ) # If the editing account is administrative but the user is not, # then the account type can't be changed (managers can only assign # privilege up to manager). output = " Administrator. Only another administrator can change\n" output << " this user's account type.\n" else # OK, this is your account and you're not an administrator, or # it is someone else's account and they're not an administrator. if ( @current_user.admin? ) warn = false options = [ [ 'Normal', User::USER_TYPE_NORMAL ], [ 'Manager', User::USER_TYPE_MANAGER ], [ 'Administrator', User::USER_TYPE_ADMIN ] ] else warn = true options = [ [ 'Normal', User::USER_TYPE_NORMAL ], [ 'Manager', User::USER_TYPE_MANAGER ] ] end output = apphelp_select( form, :user_type, options, false ) if ( warn and @current_user.id == user.id ) output << "\n\n" output << " <p>\n".html_safe() output << " Note that if you revoke your own account privileges,\n" output << " you will need the help of another manager or an\n" output << " administrator if you want to restore them later.\n" output << " </p>".html_safe() end end return output.html_safe() end


NEW AUDIT FORM
1. AUDIT MANAGEMENT DATA
Reference Number
Audit Title
Audit Type
Audit
Inspection
Ad-hoc inspection
Follow-up
Change
Unannounced
Other
Audit Start Date
Audit End Date
Auditee
Place
Follow-up reference number
Change reference number
Audit team leader
Audit team members
Auditee participants
2. AUDIT SCOPE
Field Name
--
Field Value
3. DOCUMENT REVIEW
Field Name
--
Field Value
Save audit


Has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart.
Farafina is set to publish debut novel, Of Women and Frogs, by Bisi Adjapon, in December 2018. Of Women and Frogs is the coming-of-age story of Esi, a feisty half-Nigerian girl growing up in post-colonial Ghana, with occasional visits to her maternal family in Lagos.
Welcome To Ake Arts & Books Festival About Ake Festival Ake Arts & Book Festival is four days of cultural immersion. As is always the case, Ake Arts and Book Festival aims to showcase the very best of contemporary African literature, poetry, music, art, film, and theatre.
A Walk in the Burb For the first time ever, in a suburb where cars whiz around curves and race to beat red lights, I walked to the library and bank. If I'd worn shorts and sneakers, jogging in place at intersections while waiting for the light to change, people would have thought, "Oh, she's exercising."
<"A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine."
I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world.
J. W. Goethe CEO
Then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing.
G. W. John Co-founder
© 2018 Bisi Adjapon. All rights reserved


Defines | |||
| #define | J_START | ||
| Joypad bits. More... | |||
| #define | M_DRAWING | ||
| Screen modes. More... | |||
| #define | M_NO_SCROLL | ||
| Set this in addition to the others to disable scrolling If scrolling is disabled, the cursor returns to (0,0). | |||
| #define | M_NO_INTERP | ||
| Set this to disable \n interpretation. | |||
| #define | S_PALETTE | ||
| If this is set, sprite colours come from OBJ1PAL. More... | |||
| #define | S_FLIPX | ||
| If set the sprite will be flipped horizontally. | |||
| #define | S_FLIPY | ||
| If set the sprite will be flipped vertically. | |||
| #define | S_PRIORITY | ||
| If this bit is clear, then the sprite will be displayed ontop of the background and window. | |||
| #define | VBL_IFLAG | ||
| Vertical blank interrupt. More... | |||
| #define | LCD_IFLAG | ||
| Interrupt when triggered by the STAT register. More... | |||
| #define | TIM_IFLAG | ||
| Interrupt when the timer TIMA overflows. | |||
| #define | SIO_IFLAG | ||
| Occurs when the serial transfer has completed. | |||
| #define | JOY_IFLAG | ||
| Occurs on a transition of the keypad. | |||
| #define | SCREENWIDTH | ||
| Width of the visible screen in pixels. | |||
| #define | SCREENHEIGHT | ||
| Height of the visible screen in pixels. | |||
| #define | DMG_TYPE | ||
| Original GB or Super GB. | |||
| #define | MGB_TYPE | ||
| Pocket GB or Super GB 2. | |||
| #define | CGB_TYPE | ||
| Color GB. | |||
| #define | IO_IDLE | ||
| IO is completed. | |||
| #define | IO_SENDING | ||
| Sending data. | |||
| #define | IO_RECEIVING | ||
| Receiving data. | |||
| #define | IO_ERROR | ||
| Error. | |||
| #define | SWITCH_ROM_MBC1 (b) | ||
| Switches the upper 16k bank of the 32k rom to bank rombank using the MBC1 controller. More... | |||
| #define | SWITCH_RAM_MBC1 (b) | ||
| #define | SWITCH_ROM_MBC5 (b) | ||
| MBC5. | |||
| #define | SWITCH_RAM_MBC5 (b) | ||
| #define | DISPLAY_ON | ||
| Turns the display back on. More... | |||
| #define | DISPLAY_OFF | ||
| Turns the display off immediatly. More... | |||
| #define | SHOW_BKG | ||
| Turns on the background layer. More... | |||
| #define | HIDE_BKG | ||
| Turns off the background layer. More... | |||
| #define | SHOW_WIN | ||
| Turns on the window layer Sets bit 5 of the LCDC register to 1. | |||
| #define | HIDE_WIN | ||
| Turns off the window layer. More... | |||
| #define | SHOW_SPRITES | ||
| Turns on the sprites layer. More... | |||
| #define | HIDE_SPRITES | ||
| Turns off the sprites layer. More... | |||
| #define | SPRITES_8x16 | ||
| Sets sprite size to 8x16 pixels, two tiles one above the other. More... | |||
| #define | SPRITES_8x8 | ||
| Sets sprite size to 8x8 pixels, one tile. More... | |||
Typedefs | |||
| typedef void (* | int_handler )(void) NONBANKED | ||
| Interrupt handlers. | |||
Functions | |||
| void | remove_VBL (int_handler h) NONBANKED | ||
| The remove functions will remove any interrupt handler. More... | |||
| void | remove_LCD (int_handler h) NONBANKED | ||
| void | remove_TIM (int_handler h) NONBANKED | ||
| void | remove_SIO (int_handler h) NONBANKED | ||
| void | remove_JOY (int_handler h) NONBANKED | ||
| void | add_VBL (int_handler h) NONBANKED | ||
| Adds a V-blank interrupt handler. More... | |||
| void | add_LCD (int_handler h) NONBANKED | ||
| Adds a LCD interrupt handler. More... | |||
| void | add_TIM (int_handler h) NONBANKED | ||
| Adds a timer interrupt handler. More... | |||
| void | add_SIO (int_handler h) NONBANKED | ||
| Adds a serial transmit complete interrupt handler. More... | |||
| void | add_JOY (int_handler h) NONBANKED | ||
| Adds a pad tranisition interrupt handler. More... | |||
| void | mode (UINT8 m) NONBANKED | ||
| Set the current mode - one of M_* defined above. | |||
| UINT8 | get_mode (void) NONBANKED | ||
| Returns the current mode. | |||
| void | send_byte (void) | ||
| Send byte in _io_out to the serial port. | |||
| void | receive_byte (void) | ||
| Receive byte from the serial port in _io_in. | |||
| void | delay (UINT16 d) NONBANKED | ||
| Delays the given number of milliseconds. More... | |||
| UINT8 | joypad (void) NONBANKED | ||
| Reads and returns the current state of the joypad. More... | |||
| UINT8 | waitpad (UINT8 mask) NONBANKED | ||
| Waits until all the keys given in mask are pressed. More... | |||
| void | waitpadup (void) NONBANKED | ||
| Waits for the pad and all buttons to be released. | |||
| void | enable_interrupts (void) NONBANKED | ||
| Enables unmasked interrupts. More... | |||
| void | disable_interrupts (void) NONBANKED | ||
| Disables interrupts. More... | |||
| void | set_interrupts (UINT8 flags) NONBANKED | ||
| Clears any pending interrupts and sets the interrupt mask register IO to flags. More... | |||
| void | reset (void) NONBANKED | ||
| Performs a warm reset by reloading the CPU value then jumping to the start of crt0 (0x0150). | |||
| void | wait_vbl_done (void) NONBANKED | ||
| Waits for the vertical blank interrupt (VBL) to finish. More... | |||
| void | display_off (void) NONBANKED | ||
| Turns the display off. More... | |||
| void | hiramcpy (UINT8 dst, const void *src, UINT8 n) NONBANKED | ||
| Copies data from somewhere in the lower address space to part of hi-ram. More... | |||
| void | set_bkg_data (UINT8 first_tile, UINT8 nb_tiles, unsigned char *data) NONBANKED | ||
| Sets the tile patterns in the Background Tile Pattern table. More... | |||
| void | set_bkg_tiles (UINT8 x, UINT8 y, UINT8 w, UINT8 h, unsigned char *tiles) NONBANKED | ||
| Sets the tiles in the background tile table. More... | |||
| void | get_bkg_tiles (UINT8 x, UINT8 y, UINT8 w, UINT8 h, unsigned char *tiles) NONBANKED | ||
| void | move_bkg (UINT8 x, UINT8 y) NONBANKED | ||
| Moves the background layer to the position specified in x and y in pixels. More... | |||
| void | scroll_bkg (INT8 x, INT8 y) NONBANKED | ||
| Moves the background relative to it's current position. More... | |||
| void | set_win_data (UINT8 first_tile, UINT8 nb_tiles, unsigned char *data) NONBANKED | ||
| Sets the window tile data. More... | |||
| void | set_win_tiles (UINT8 x, UINT8 y, UINT8 w, UINT8 h, unsigned char *tiles) NONBANKED | ||
| Sets the tiles in the win tile table. More... | |||
| void | get_win_tiles (UINT8 x, UINT8 y, UINT8 w, UINT8 h, unsigned char *tiles) NONBANKED | ||
| void | move_win (UINT8 x, UINT8 y) NONBANKED | ||
| Moves the window layer to the position specified in x and y in pixels. More... | |||
| void | scroll_win (INT8 x, INT8 y) NONBANKED | ||
| Move the window relative to its current position. More... | |||
| void | set_sprite_data (UINT8 first_tile, UINT8 nb_tiles, unsigned char *data) NONBANKED | ||
| Sets the tile patterns in the Sprite Tile Pattern table. More... | |||
| void | get_sprite_data (UINT8 first_tile, UINT8 nb_tiles, unsigned char *data) NONBANKED | ||
| void | set_sprite_tile (UINT8 nb, UINT8 tile) NONBANKED | ||
| Sets sprite n to display tile number t, from the sprite tile data. More... | |||
| UINT8 | get_sprite_tile (UINT8 nb) NONBANKED | ||
| void | set_sprite_prop (UINT8 nb, UINT8 prop) NONBANKED | ||
| Sets the property of sprite n to those defined in p. More... | |||
| UINT8 | get_sprite_prop (UINT8 nb) NONBANKED | ||
| void | move_sprite (UINT8 nb, UINT8 x, UINT8 y) NONBANKED | ||
| Moves the given sprite to the given position on the screen. More... | |||
| void | scroll_sprite (INT8 nb, INT8 x, INT8 y) NONBANKED | ||
| Moves the given sprite relative to its current position. | |||
| void | set_data (unsigned char *vram_addr, unsigned char *data, UINT16 len) NONBANKED | ||
| void | get_data (unsigned char *data, unsigned char *vram_addr, UINT16 len) NONBANKED | ||
| void | set_tiles (UINT8 x, UINT8 y, UINT8 w, UINT8 h, unsigned char *vram_addr, unsigned char *tiles) NONBANKED | ||
| void | get_tiles (UINT8 x, UINT8 y, UINT8 w, UINT8 h, unsigned char *tiles, unsigned char *vram_addr) NONBANKED | ||
Variables | |||
| UINT8 | _cpu | ||
| GB type (GB, PGB, CGB). | |||
| UINT16 | sys_time | ||
| Time in VBL periods (60Hz). | |||
| UINT8 | _io_status | ||
| An OR of IO_*. | |||
| UINT8 | _io_in | ||
| Byte just read. | |||
| UINT8 | _io_out | ||
| Write the byte to send here before calling send_byte(). More... |
| #define J_START () |
Joypad bits.
A logical OR of these is used in the wait_pad and joypad functions. For example, to see if the B button is pressed try
UINT8 keys; keys = joypad(); if (keys & J_B) { ... }
| #define M_DRAWING () |
Screen modes.
Normally used by internal functions only.
| #define S_PALETTE () |
If this is set, sprite colours come from OBJ1PAL.
Else they come from OBJ0PAL.
| #define VBL_IFLAG () |
Vertical blank interrupt.
Occurs at the start of the vertical blank. During this period the video ram may be freely accessed.
| #define LCD_IFLAG () |
Interrupt when triggered by the STAT register.
See the Pan doc.
| #define SWITCH_ROM_MBC1 (b) |
Switches the upper 16k bank of the 32k rom to bank rombank using the MBC1 controller.
By default the upper 16k bank is 1. Make sure the rom you compile has more than just bank 0 and bank 1, a 32k rom. This is done by feeding lcc.exe the following switches:
-Wl-yt# where # is the type of cartridge. 1 for ROM+MBC1.
-Wl-yo# where # is the number of rom banks. 2,4,8,16,32.
| #define DISPLAY_ON () |
| #define DISPLAY_OFF () |
| #define SHOW_BKG () |
Turns on the background layer.
Sets bit 0 of the LCDC register to 1.
| #define HIDE_BKG () |
Turns off the background layer.
Sets bit 0 of the LCDC register to 0.
| #define HIDE_WIN () |
Turns off the window layer.
Clears bit 5 of the LCDC register to 0.
| #define SHOW_SPRITES () |
Turns on the sprites layer.
Sets bit 1 of the LCDC register to 1.
| #define HIDE_SPRITES () |
Turns off the sprites layer.
Clears bit 1 of the LCDC register to 0.
| #define SPRITES_8x16 () |
Sets sprite size to 8x16 pixels, two tiles one above the other.
Sets bit 2 of the LCDC register to 1.
| #define SPRITES_8x8 () |
Sets sprite size to 8x8 pixels, one tile.
Clears bit 2 of the LCDC register to 0.
| void remove_VBL (int_handler h) |
The remove functions will remove any interrupt handler.
A handler of NULL will cause bad things to happen.
| void add_VBL (int_handler h) |
Adds a V-blank interrupt handler.
The handler 'h' will be called whenever a V-blank interrupt occurs. Up to 4 handlers may be added, with the last added being called last. If the remove_VBL function is to be called, only three may be added.
| void add_LCD (int_handler h) |
Adds a LCD interrupt handler.
Called when the LCD interrupt occurs, which is normally when LY_REG == LYC_REG.
From pan/k0Pa: There are various reasons for this interrupt to occur as described by the STAT register ($FF40). One very popular reason is to indicate to the user when the video hardware is about to redraw a given LCD line. This can be useful for dynamically controlling the SCX/ SCY registers ($FF43/$FF42) to perform special video effects.
| void add_TIM (int_handler h) |
Adds a timer interrupt handler.
From pan/k0Pa: This interrupt occurs when the TIMA register ($FF05) changes from $FF to $00.
| void add_SIO (int_handler h) |
Adds a serial transmit complete interrupt handler.
From pan/k0Pa: This interrupt occurs when a serial transfer has completed on the game link port.
| void add_JOY (int_handler h) |
Adds a pad tranisition interrupt handler.
From pan/k0Pa: This interrupt occurs on a transition of any of the keypad input lines from high to low. Due to the fact that keypad "bounce" is virtually always present, software should expect this interrupt to occur one or more times for every button press and one or more times for every button release.
| void delay (UINT16 d) |
Delays the given number of milliseconds.
Uses no timers or interrupts, and can be called with interrupts disabled (why nobody knows :)
| UINT8 joypad (void) |
Reads and returns the current state of the joypad.
Follows Nintendo's guidelines for reading the pad. Return value is an OR of J_*
| UINT8 waitpad (UINT8 mask) |
Waits until all the keys given in mask are pressed.
Normally only used for checking one key, but it will support many, even J_LEFT at the same time as J_RIGHT :)
| void enable_interrupts (void) |
| void disable_interrupts (void) |
Disables interrupts.
This function may be called as many times as you like; however the first call to enable_interrupts will re-enable them.
| void set_interrupts (UINT8 flags) |
Clears any pending interrupts and sets the interrupt mask register IO to flags.
| flags | A logical OR of *_IFLAGS |
| void wait_vbl_done (void) |
Waits for the vertical blank interrupt (VBL) to finish.
This can be used to sync animation with the screen re-draw. If VBL interrupt is disabled, this function will never return. If the screen is off this function returns immediatly.
| void display_off (void) |
Turns the display off.
Waits until the VBL interrupt before turning the display off.
| void hiramcpy (UINT8 dst, const void * src, UINT8 n) |
Copies data from somewhere in the lower address space to part of hi-ram.
| dst | Offset in high ram (0xFF00 and above) to copy to. |
| src | Area to copy from |
| n | Number of bytes to copy. |
| void set_bkg_data (UINT8 first_tile, UINT8 nb_tiles, unsigned char * data) |
Sets the tile patterns in the Background Tile Pattern table.
Starting with the tile pattern x and carrying on for n number of tile patterns.Taking the values starting from the pointer data. Note that patterns 128-255 overlap with patterns 128-255 of the sprite Tile Pattern table.
GBC: Depending on the VBK_REG this determines which bank of Background tile patterns are written to. VBK_REG=0 indicates the first bank, and VBK_REG=1 indicates the second.
| first_tile | Range 0 - 255 |
| nb_tiles | Range 0 - 255 |
| void set_bkg_tiles (UINT8 x, UINT8 y, UINT8 w, UINT8 h, unsigned char * tiles) |
Sets the tiles in the background tile table.
Starting at position x,y in tiles and writing across for w tiles and down for h tiles. Taking the values starting from the pointer data.
For the GBC, also see the pan/k00Pa section on VBK_REG.
| x | Range 0 - 31 |
| y | Range 0 - 31 |
| w | Range 0 - 31 |
| h | Range 0 - 31 |
| data | Pointer to an unsigned char. Usually the first element in an array. |
| void move_bkg (UINT8 x, UINT8 y) |
Moves the background layer to the position specified in x and y in pixels.
Where 0,0 is the top left corner of the GB screen. You'll notice the screen wraps around in all 4 directions, and is always under the window layer.
| void scroll_bkg (INT8 x, INT8 y) |
| void set_win_data (UINT8 first_tile, UINT8 nb_tiles, unsigned char * data) |
Sets the window tile data.
This is the same as set_bkg_data, as both the window layer and background layer share the same Tile Patterns.
| void set_win_tiles (UINT8 x, UINT8 y, UINT8 w, UINT8 h, unsigned char * tiles) |
Sets the tiles in the win tile table.
Starting at position x,y in tiles and writing across for w tiles and down for h tiles. Taking the values starting from the pointer data. Note that patterns 128-255 overlap with patterns 128-255 of the sprite Tile Pattern table.
GBC only. Depending on the VBK_REG this determines if you're setting the tile numbers VBK_REG=0; or the attributes for those tiles VBK_REG=1;. The bits in the attributes are defined as: Bit 7 - Priority flag. When this is set, it puts the tile above the sprites with colour 0 being transparent. 0: below sprites, 1: above sprites Note SHOW_BKG needs to be set for these priorities to take place. Bit 6 - Vertical flip. Dictates which way up the tile is drawn vertically. 0: normal, 1: upside down. Bit 5 - Horizontal flip. Dictates which way up the tile is drawn horizontally. 0: normal, 1:back to front. Bit 4 - Not used. Bit 3 - Character Bank specification. Dictates from which bank of Background Tile Patterns the tile is taken. 0: Bank 0, 1: Bank 1 Bit 2 - See bit 0. Bit 1 - See bit 0. Bit 0 - Bits 0-2 indicate which of the 7 BKG colour palettes the tile is assigned.
| x | Range 0 - 31 |
| y | Range 0 - 31 |
| w | Range 0 - 31 |
| h | Range 0 - 31 |
| void move_win (UINT8 x, UINT8 y) |
Moves the window layer to the position specified in x and y in pixels.
Where 7,0 is the top left corner of the GB screen. The window is locked to the bottom right corner, and is always over the background layer.
| void scroll_win (INT8 x, INT8 y) |
| void set_sprite_data (UINT8 first_tile, UINT8 nb_tiles, unsigned char * data) |
Sets the tile patterns in the Sprite Tile Pattern table.
Starting with the tile pattern x and carrying on for n number of tile patterns.Taking the values starting from the pointer data. Note that patterns 128-255 overlap with patterns 128-255 of the Background Tile Pattern table.
GBC only. Depending on the VBK_REG this determines which bank of Background tile patterns are written to. VBK_REG=0 indicates the first bank, and VBK_REG=1 indicates the second.
| void set_sprite_tile (UINT8 nb, UINT8 tile) |
Sets sprite n to display tile number t, from the sprite tile data.
If the GB is in 8x16 sprite mode then it will display the next tile, t+1, below the first tile.
| nb | Sprite number, range 0 - 39 |
| void set_sprite_prop (UINT8 nb, UINT8 prop) |
Sets the property of sprite n to those defined in p.
Where the bits in p represent: Bit 7 - Priority flag. When this is set the sprites appear behind the background and window layer. 0: infront, 1: behind. Bit 6 - GBC only. Vertical flip. Dictates which way up the sprite is drawn vertically. 0: normal, 1:upside down. Bit 5 - GBC only. Horizontal flip. Dictates which way up the sprite is drawn horizontally. 0: normal, 1:back to front. Bit 4 - DMG only. Assigns either one of the two b/w palettes to the sprite. 0: OBJ palette 0, 1: OBJ palette 1. Bit 3 - GBC only. Dictates from which bank of Sprite Tile Patterns the tile is taken. 0: Bank 0, 1: Bank 1 Bit 2 - See bit 0. Bit 1 - See bit 0. Bit 0 - GBC only. Bits 0-2 indicate which of the 7 OBJ colour palettes the sprite is assigned.
| nb | Sprite number, range 0 - 39 |
| void move_sprite (UINT8 nb, UINT8 x, UINT8 y) |
Moves the given sprite to the given position on the screen.
Dont forget that the top left visible pixel on the screen is at (8,16). To put sprite 0 at the top left, use move_sprite(0, 8, 16);
| UINT8 _io_out |


Elephant in the cloud - data analysis using Amazon Elastic MapReduce
Paweł Sołtysek
Amazon Elastic MapReduce (EMR)
EMR ACCESS INTERFACES
- Web console
- AWS SDK
- REST API
- Command line (CLI)
Nodes general classification
- Master (always 1)
- Slave (0 or more)
Exercise 1
Create simple cluster
Exercise 2
List cluster details
Exercise 3
Add plain MapReduce step
Exercise 4
Terminate cluster
Exercise 5
Create transient cluster with Cascading step
Exercise 6
Create cluster with Scalding step
Nodes detailed classification
Exercise 7
Create Hive cluster with sample step
Exercise 8
Create Impala cluster
Exercise 9
Run sample query against Impala via JDBC
Exercise 10
Scale out cluster
Exercise 11
Scale in cluster


On the Activate or deactivate services page, you can activate or deactivate marketable services. If you are logged in as a supplier, the page lists all services you have defined. If you are logged in as a broker or reseller, the page lists all services you are authorized to offer.
If a service is activated, it is available for subscription to customers. If a service is deactivated, it is not available to customers and the supplier can change its definition and price model. Existing subscriptions to the service are not affected by a deactivation.
The following prerequisites must be fulfilled for activating a marketable service:
To activate or deactivate a service:
For a service that has been deactivated by the marketplace owner, the check box in the Active column is hidden. It is displayed again as soon as the marketplace owner reactivates the service.


This site is built on JavaScript.
Please see the instructions on
how to enable JavaScript
in your web browser.


Lunch with Cora and Amber. Life is sweet, even when it's crazy. 8/28/2008, 1:02:44 PM Favs: 0 Retweets: 0 link


Meet Spack
A modern solution using Blockchain-powered Machine Learning.
Meet Spack
A modern solution using Blockchain-powered Machine Learning.
Blockchain
Using van-guarde technlogies with Blockchain.
Machine Learning
Don't learn. Make the machine learn for you.
Procedural generation
Generation after generation, quality unmatched.
Your email
Your name
Your message


Code Co-op doesn't support sub-projects yet (it's on out to-do list). Instead, create a parent directory which will contain a sub-directory for each of your desired "sub-projects". Set up a separate co-op project for each "sub-project" in its corresponing sub-directory. Note: Do not create a project with the parent directory as its root!
Ask new members to create a similar tree structure and join each of the projects separately, selecting the correct subdirectories as their roots.


This 140 Years of UO web map allows users to interactively visualize the history of current campus buildings of the University of Oregon and learn how these buildings come together to where they are today. The UO Libraries website provides such rich information that it requires multiple platforms to dynamically envision the data effectively.
Using open-source geospatial and non-geospatial technologies, such as Leaflet, jQuery and other JavaScript libraries, this web map is made available to any internet user. Even if you are not familiar with the University of Oregon area, this web map allows you to virtually navigate around campus to access the rich history of U of O's architecture.
To use the map, click on the web map link in the navigation bar and explore! If you have any questions or suggestions, feel free to send me an e-mail at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>This web map is developed by Rudy Omri ,
a graduate student in the Department of Geography, University of Oregon.
Data sources, libraries and external links:
University of Oregon Libraries: The Architecture of the University of Oregon
University of Oregon Area Studies
UO InfoGraphics Lab
Leaflet, Mapbox, Stamen, OpenStreetMap and CartoDB
Photos of buildings courtesy of Wikipedia.


I am a senior at The University of Alabama studying Computer Science and Mathematics. Hackathons are the best.
I enjoy developing websites, with Flask, and iOS apps. I always enjoy learning new frameworks and technologies.
In my free time I like to juggle, play disc golf, and read.


Card
Demo ⎘
Code sample

Sailing the white sky

The Star Citizen sub-project called “Starmap” has been in the works for almost as long as the game itself. As in most games, players need a way to visualize the universe they’re in, and a lot of in-game options were explored.

Read full story


|
Bullet Collision Detection & Physics Library
|
Public Member Functions | |
| PoolArray (int size) | |
| ~PoolArray () | |
| T * | init () |
Public Attributes | |
| PoolArray< T > * | next |
Private Attributes | |
| T * | array |
| int | size |
Definition at line 666 of file btConvexHullComputer.cpp.
|
inline |
Definition at line 675 of file btConvexHullComputer.cpp.
|
inline |
Definition at line 680 of file btConvexHullComputer.cpp.
|
inline |
Definition at line 685 of file btConvexHullComputer.cpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 669 of file btConvexHullComputer.cpp.
| PoolArray<T>* btConvexHullInternal::PoolArray< T >::next |
Definition at line 673 of file btConvexHullComputer.cpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 670 of file btConvexHullComputer.cpp.


About me.
I'm a humanitarian data scientist interested in how we can use machine learning and human centered design in emergency response.
Over the course of the past decade I've worked with the Red Cross, UN, NGOs, and governments in conflict and disaster relief in the Middle East, Latin America, and Caribbean.
My work has ranged from multi-sector needs assessments, ICT4D project management, and digital transformation, to GIS mapping, machine learning, and NLP algorithms.
Skill stack.
Development:
HTML | CSS | Git | SharePoint | SQL | WordPress
Data Science:
R | Python | Scikit-Learn | TensorFlow | Keras | NLP Methodology
Assessment & Mapping:
SPSS | Excel | OpenStreetMap | QGIS | ArcGIS | Adobe Creative Suite | PowerBI


CYCLO (1996) A film review by Martin Rich Copyright 1996 Martin Rich
Vietnam, in the context of films, is usually associated with the proliferation of Vietnam war films. But 'Cyclo', and the same director's earlier 'The Scent of Green Papaya', portray a very different view of Vietnam. Tran Anh Hung's films concentrate on everyday life in Vietnam, before (in the case of 'Papaya'), and since (in the case of 'Cyclo') the war.
Both films share the same acute observation of the dynamics of a family. Both share the same slow, deliberate, development of their themes. Where 'Papaya' was a gentle chronicle of the development of a family, 'Cyclo' shows an altogether les pleasant side of life. Its central character is the driver of a rickshaw taxi, who is innocent and well-meaning but is gradually drawn into petty crime and corruption. In tha background, the contrasts between the affluent, the poor, and the sleazy in present-day Vietnam are brutally portrayed. The sound of the motorcycle engine that powers the rickshaw, runs in the background almost continuously, and helps to convey the noisy, dusty, feel of a city in the far East.
Despite the film's gentle pace, its message is planted firmly in the viewers' minds. There is some violence, but, more powerful than the violence, there are scenes where characters look on impassively, at the most cold-blooded treatment of others. It doesn't make comfortable watching, but does record how easily people can be brutalised. Vietnam is developing now as a destination for tourism, and a country on the edge of the affluent Pacific Rim. Far as 'Cyclo' is from the stuff of mainstream cinema, it is a salutary reminder that Vietnam remains a troubled land.
-- Martin Rich City University Business School<EMAIL_ADDRESS>http://www.city.ac.uk/~sf309/home.html
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Key Features:
The app is currently available as a PWA (with a limited feature set) at:
bugman-staging.firebaseapp.com
The original prototype achieved a great trial run with it's minimum features. This expanded into some experimental features for data sets in a beta trial.
Although fully capable, the web app environment is restrictive, especially on iOS. This led to a native approach using Qt/QML. Soon to be released, the full native version features photo support, data sets, and bundled zip exports.
The original prototype web-app is available
here.
The latest web-app is available
here.
Gwilyn Saunders/Ben Parslow
Copyright © 2020


Almost there ... some final touch before creating your newly mix. Hoorayy!
{# Select one of the groups #} {% include 'base/mixes/groups.html' with container='finish' skip_target='#personalize' %} {# Then show selected groups criterias #} {#% include 'base/mixes/selected.html' with container='finish' %#} {# Configure the criterias value and save #} {% include 'base/mixes/criteria.html' with container='finish' %}


Generic information about various exceptions¶
Note
The content of this page is generated by running
what.py located in the tests/
directory.
This needs to be done explicitly, independently of updating the
documentation using Sphinx.
This file contains the generic information provided by
Friendly-traceback about built-in exceptions.
By “generic information” we mean the information provided using
what()
in a friendly console.
Some exceptions will never be seen by users of Friendly-traceback.
For example, SystemExit
and KeyboardInterrupt
are never
intercepted by Friendly-traceback. Furthermore, exceptions such as
GeneratorExit
, FloatingPointError
, and
StopAsyncIteration
, would likely never be seen.
FloatingPointError
is actually
not used by Python.
BaseException
, Exception
, and ArithmeticError
are base classes which
are also not normally seen: some derived classes are normally used instead.
Information compiled using Friendly version: 0.3.150, Python version: 3.8.10
Exceptions¶
ArithmeticError¶
`ArithmeticError` is the base class for those built-in exceptions
that are raised for various arithmetic errors.
It is unusual that you are seeing this exception;
normally, a more specific exception should have been raised.
AssertionError¶
In Python, the keyword `assert` is used in statements of the form
`assert condition`, to confirm that `condition` is not `False`,
nor equivalent to `False` such as an empty list, etc.
If `condition` is `False` or equivalent, an `AssertionError` is raised.
AttributeError¶
An `AttributeError` occurs when the code contains something like
`object.x`
and `x` is not a method or attribute (variable) belonging to `object`.
BaseException¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
BlockingIOError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
BrokenPipeError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
BufferError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
ChildProcessError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
ConnectionAbortedError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
ConnectionError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
ConnectionRefusedError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
ConnectionResetError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
EOFError¶
An `EOFError` is raised when the `input()` function hits
an end-of-file condition (EOF) without reading any data.
EnvironmentError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
Exception¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
FileExistsError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
FileNotFoundError¶
A `FileNotFoundError` exception indicates that you
are trying to open a file that cannot be found by Python.
This could be because you misspelled the name of the file.
FloatingPointError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
GeneratorExit¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
IOError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
ImportError¶
An `ImportError` exception indicates that a certain object could not
be imported from a module or package. Most often, this is
because the name of the object is not spelled correctly.
IndentationError¶
An `IndentationError` occurs when a given line of code is
not indented (aligned vertically with other lines) as expected.
IndexError¶
An `IndexError` occurs when you try to get an item from a list,
a tuple, or a similar object (sequence), and use an index which
does not exist; typically, this happens because the index you give
is greater than the length of the sequence.
InterruptedError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
IsADirectoryError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
KeyError¶
A `KeyError` is raised when a value is not found as a
key in a Python dict or in a similar object.
KeyboardInterrupt¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
LookupError¶
`LookupError` is the base class for the exceptions that are raised
when a key or index used on a mapping or sequence is invalid.
It can also be raised directly by codecs.lookup().
MemoryError¶
Like the name indicates, a `MemoryError` occurs when Python
runs out of memory. This can happen if you create an object
that is too big, like a list with too many items.
ModuleNotFoundError¶
A `ModuleNotFoundError` exception indicates that you
are trying to import a module that cannot be found by Python.
This could be because you misspelled the name of the module
or because it is not installed on your computer.
NameError¶
A `NameError` exception indicates that a variable or
function name is not known to Python.
Most often, this is because there is a spelling mistake.
However, sometimes it is because the name is used
before being defined or given a value.
NotADirectoryError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
NotImplementedError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
OSError¶
An `OSError` exception is usually raised by the Operating System
to indicate that an operation is not allowed or that
a resource is not available.
OverflowError¶
An `OverflowError` is raised when the result of an arithmetic operation
is too large to be handled by the computer's processor.
PermissionError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
ProcessLookupError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
RecursionError¶
A `RecursionError` is raised when a function calls itself,
directly or indirectly, too many times.
It almost always indicates that you made an error in your code
and that your program would never stop.
ReferenceError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
RuntimeError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
StopAsyncIteration¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
StopIteration¶
`StopIteration` is raised to indicate that an iterator has no more
item to provide when its `__next__` method is called by
the `next()` builtin function.
SyntaxError¶
A `SyntaxError` occurs when Python cannot understand your code.
SystemError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
SystemExit¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
TabError¶
A `TabError` indicates that you have used both spaces
and tab characters to indent your code.
This is not allowed in Python.
Indenting your code means to have block of codes aligned vertically
by inserting either spaces or tab characters at the beginning of lines.
Python's recommendation is to always use spaces to indent your code.
TimeoutError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
TypeError¶
A `TypeError` is usually caused by trying
to combine two incompatible types of objects,
by calling a function with the wrong type of object,
or by trying to do an operation not allowed on a given type of object.
UnboundLocalError¶
In Python, variables that are used inside a function are known as
local variables. Before they are used, they must be assigned a value.
A variable that is used before it is assigned a value is assumed to
be defined outside that function; it is known as a `global`
(or sometimes `nonlocal`) variable. You cannot assign a value to such
a global variable inside a function without first indicating to
Python that this is a global variable, otherwise you will see
an `UnboundLocalError`.
UnicodeDecodeError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
UnicodeEncodeError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
UnicodeError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
UnicodeTranslateError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
ValueError¶
A `ValueError` indicates that a function or an operation
received an argument of the right type, but an inappropriate value.
WindowsError¶
No information is known about this exception.
Please report this example to https://github.com/aroberge/friendly/issues.
If you are using a REPL, use `www('bug')` to do so.
If you are using the Friendly console, use `www()` to
do an Internet search for this particular case.
ZeroDivisionError¶
A `ZeroDivisionError` occurs when you are attempting to divide a value
by zero either directly or by using some other mathematical operation.
Warnings¶
BytesWarning¶
No information is available about this warning.
DeprecationWarning¶
No information is available about this warning.
FutureWarning¶
No information is available about this warning.
ImportWarning¶
No information is available about this warning.
PendingDeprecationWarning¶
No information is available about this warning.
ResourceWarning¶
No information is available about this warning.
RuntimeWarning¶
No information is available about this warning.
SyntaxWarning¶
No information is available about this warning.
UnicodeWarning¶
No information is available about this warning.
UserWarning¶
No information is available about this warning.
Warning¶
No information is available about this warning.


Tomb Raider is a third person action adventure game where the player takes on the role of the archaeologist, Laura Croft. As Laura you must make your way through various tombs (hence the name "Tomb Raider") in search of an artefact called The Scion, which comes in three pieces. With each piece, Laura receives visions about where the next piece is located and more information on her employer (for this game), Jacqueline Natla, owner of Natla Technologies. Again we won't spoil too much about this to encourage people to find out for themselves, preferably by playing it.


// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity >=0.6.0 <0.8.0;
import "./IBeacon.sol";
import "../access/Ownable.sol";
import "../utils/Address.sol";
/**
* @dev This contract is used in conjunction with one or more instances of {BeaconProxy} to determine their
* implementation contract, which is where they will delegate all function calls.
*
* An owner is able to change the implementation the beacon points to, thus upgrading the proxies that use this beacon.
*/
contract UpgradeableBeacon is IBeacon, Ownable {
address private _implementation;
/**
* @dev Emitted when the implementation returned by the beacon is changed.
*/
event Upgraded(address indexed implementation);
/**
* @dev Sets the address of the initial implementation, and the deployer account as the owner who can upgrade the
* beacon.
*/
constructor(address implementation_) public {
_setImplementation(implementation_);
}
/**
* @dev Returns the current implementation address.
*/
function implementation() public view override returns (address) {
return _implementation;
}
/**
* @dev Upgrades the beacon to a new implementation.
*
* Emits an {Upgraded} event.
*
* Requirements:
*
* - msg.sender must be the owner of the contract.
* - `newImplementation` must be a contract.
*/
function upgradeTo(address newImplementation) public onlyOwner {
_setImplementation(newImplementation);
emit Upgraded(newImplementation);
}
/**
* @dev Sets the implementation contract address for this beacon
*
* Requirements:
*
* - `newImplementation` must be a contract.
*/
function _setImplementation(address newImplementation) private {
require(Address.isContract(newImplementation), "UpgradeableBeacon: implementation is not a contract");
_implementation = newImplementation;
}
}
|


--- layout: post date: 2007-06-20 time: "10:00:00" authors: ["Greg Wilson"] title: "Software Carpentry Screencasts by Chris Lasher" tags: ["Content"] ---
Chris Lasher, a grad student at the University of Virginia Virginia Tech (sorry, sorry), has posted some screencasts about version control based on the Software Carpentry notes at ShowMeDo.com; a second series about using the shell should be up shortly. It's just plain cool to see the material picked up and carried forward in ways I wouldn't even have thought of a couple of years ago.
Later: now there's Bioscreencast.com, the Journal of Visual Experiments, and others — the world moves on.


Hey there! I’m a designer and researcher with experience designing products and services for public sector organisations, start-ups and not-for-profits.
I'm currently working as a UX consultant at SPARCK, where I help public organisations adopt an user-centric approach to create better services and products that work for everyone. I have experience dealing with the challenges of building design at scale, helping lead the work on designs systems In my spare time I do this...
Some fun facts about me
Thanks for reading!


I *Trust* MIT
Here. Sure, sure, MIT is well known for their high-tech education, blah, blah, blah. What I think is *much* cooler is that MIT's Open Courseware project has also put up a large number of courses from the Sloan School of Management, where I can learn all kinds of investing, finance, marketing and business basics from folks that aren't trying to upsell me.
I wish MIT provided discussion forums so that I could talk with other students "taking" the OCW courses when I was or MIT students or faculty that didn't mind answering questions, but just having the materials up is *huge*.
I think I'll start with 15.433...