Object oriented programming (OOP) is all about thinking in terms of objects. Let’s dig deeper.
You will learn
- What Is Structured Programming?
- What Is Object Oriented Programming?
- How is Object Oriented Programming different from Structured Programming?
- How can you think in terms of objects - state and responsibility?
- We look at a few examples of designing object oriented programs.
Before we discuss OOP, let us first look at structured programming.
What Is Structured Programming?
If you have ever done any programming in languages such as C and Pascal, then you have done what is called procedural, or structured programming. Such programming involves thinking in terms of procedures (or methods/functions). If you have a problem to solve, you split the logic of the solution into a sequence of multiple procedures, as the steps. You would start thinking about what functions need to be written.
Example: Flight Problem
Suppose the problem at hand is flying from one city to another. The different steps involved in that would take the form of a sequence of procedures as shown below:
// Global Data
fly() {
travelToairport();
findCheckInCounter();
checkIn();
passSecurityCheck();
waitForBoardingCall();
boardTheFlight();
wishTheAirHostess();
takeOff();
haveFun();
landing();
}
We are looking to combine the functions that we write, to solve the stated problem.
What Is Object Oriented Programming?
Object Oriented Programming (OOP) brings a new thought process to the table. OOP focuses instead on the actors in the system called objects. It focuses on:
- The data that these objects contain
- The actions that can be performed on them
If this sounds complex to you, then you are not alone!
Every new programmer who is introduced to OOP feels pretty much the same way.
How would OOP approach the problem of taking a flight from one city to another?
Example: Flight Problem Revisited
Lets take a step by step approach:
Step-1 : Identify Objects
We first think about the different objects involved in the solution.
- Aeroplane
- Airhostess
- Passenger
In addition to these, we could have more objects such as:
- Cab
- Airport
- Co-passengers
- Pilot
and many more.
Step-2
Once you have identified the objects of the system, you next determine the data an object would contains and actions that can be performed on it.
Aeroplane
- Data : airline, make, type, position
- Actions : takeOff(), land(), cruise()
Airhostess
- Data : name, address
- Actions : wish(), serve()
Passenger
- Data : name, address
- Actions : takeCab(), checkIn(), walk(), smile()
Of course, there could be a lot more data and actions in each of the objects that we have elaborated on, above.
In summary, structured programming is only concerned about identifying procedures, and combining them to form a solution. In contrast, OOP focuses on the objects involves, and deals with their individual data and actions.
Understanding OOP Terminology
Let’s now deal with a few standard terms that are used, when dealing with OOP.
Class
A class is nothing but a template used to create objects within a program. A class allows you to define the data that can be stored inside the object, as well as what actions can be performed on them. What you see below is the definition of a simple class, named Planet:
class Planet {
name, location, distanceFromSun //state
revolve(), rotate() // behavior
}
Object
An object is defined as an instance of a class. For example, earth and venus are instances of the Planet class. Here is how you go about creating Planet instances:
Planet earth = new Planet();
Planet venus = new Planet();
You can have other instances as well. If Planet defined the attributes of a planet, then earth and venus are live instances of planets.
State
The data that an object might contain is also referred to as its state. These are represented by the member variables inside the class.
The state of an object can change over a period of time.
The position of an Aeroplane at this point of time, would be different from what it will be after say, an hour’s time. Similarly, the distance of the earth from the Sun changes with the passage of time.
Behavior
The actions that can be performed on an object are referred to as its behavior. This translates to the methods that can be defined inside a class.
Let’s Try Some Exercises
Let’s now apply what we have learned so far, by applying OOPs to a couple of exercises.
Exercise 1 : Online Shopping System
Think about the different things that are involved in creating an online shopping system. Make sure to focus on their data, and enumerate what actions can be performed on them.
Exercise 2 : Person
Think about the different things that are related to a Person. Make sure to focus on the data that such a class stores, and enumerate what actions can be performed on a Person.
Solutions To Exercises
Exercise 1 : Online Shopping System
Customer
- Data : name, address
- Actions : login(), logout(), selectProduct(product)
Shopping Cart
- Data : items
- Actions : addItem(item), removeItem(item)
Product
- Data : name, price, quantityAvailable
- Actions : order(), changePrice()
Exercise 2 : Person
- Data - name, address, hobbies, work
- Actions - walk(), run(), sleep(), eat(), drink()
The idea behind these exercises was to get you thinking about applying concepts in OOP.
Summary
In this article, we had a introductory look at object oriented programming, or OOP. We first saw the approach taken by structured programming, that focuses on procedures. OOP brings a different approach by focusing on objects involved, and their data and actions. We introduced some OOP terminology, such as class, object, state and behavior. Finally, we explored a couple of exercises to try and apply the simple concepts of OOP that we saw here.


By Patricia Martínez Sastre, Ilena Peng, Luiz Fernando Toledo and Joel Konopo
Photos by Patricia Martínez Sastre | Charts by Ilena Peng
They know that to make money, they need to work fast
They know that at any moment, their bikes may be stolen
They know that each day, they are risking their lives
So, tell us, how much do you know about the people who bring warm food to your doorstep whenever you are hungover, feeling sick or just dead tired? Honestly, tell us. How much do you know about the challenges they face? And more importantly, how do you treat them?
Since the start of the pandemic, usage of on-demand delivery apps has proliferated mainly thanks to a growing immigrant workforce. Young men from Central America, South Asia, and West Africa make up the vast majority of these laborers, who the apps classify as independent contractors.
New York City's 80,000 food delivery drivers, who were considered essential workers during the pandemic, now feel little or nothing has changed since the eruption of Covid-19. They say they have returned to being invisible in a bustling city where they regularly face dangers on the road, as well as from anonymous burglars and disrespectful customers.
This is their story. Follow them.
Every day, thousands of food couriers gallop the streets of New York City in order to satisfy the food cravings of eager customers. Often, they work for more than six hours a day, more than six days a week. Whether they are offering their services to apps like UberEats, Caviar, Grubhub or DoorDash, they are considered independent workers with no health insurance, workers’ compensation or paid leave, and a salary that varies depending on the number of deliveries they are able to fulfill.
On average, the workers make up to $2,345 per month, a recent study by the Workers’ Justice Project and The Worker Institute of Cornell University found, which means an hourly net pay of about $12.21, including tips. Leaving tips aside, their average net pay drops to $7.87, the same study said, well below the minimum wage.
37-year-old Sergio Solano, originally from Mexico, treks from the Bronx to Midtown at least five days a week to work as an app-based delivery worker. He has done this job for more than 15 years, first catering for buffets and parties, and more recently for delivery apps. He doesn't have a personified boss, but said the pressure to respond to an algorithm can be even higher.
Solano said these apps allow workers to make a living and provide for their families, but also added that there are many safety issues ordinary people aren't aware of when they order a delivery. There are also start-up and logistical costs, like purchasing tires, extra batteries and portable phone chargers.
| Expenses | Amount |
|---|---|
| Bike | $1800 |
| Extra bike battery | $600 |
| Repairing flat tires | $20-25 |
| Changing a pair of flat tires | $80 |
| Changing brakes and oil each month | $15 |
| Food (Snack, lunch, water and juice) | $30-35 per day |
Based on Sergio Solano's estimates of his costs
On Thursday, July 20, 2022, Solano biked 31.3 miles over the course of 4.5 hours. This is where he went and what he earned.
Food couriers are classified according to the percentage of orders they accept, whether those orders are delivered on time and how customers rate them, Solano said. Workers who do better tend to get more and higher paid orders. Those who perform "poorly" in the eyes of a platform can even be banned from using specific apps. In prioritizing speed over almost anything else, this situation can push deliveristas into extremely dangerous situations on two wheels, according to cycling safety advocates like Kevin Daloia.
"It is simple. To break down the time barrier means they will make more money," Daloia said. "But it is a physical job, so when they finish their 8 to 10 hour shifts, they are tired when they come home and unfortunately, that tends to be the time [when] lots of them are hit and getting into crashes."
Roughly half of deliveristas have been involved in an accident or crash while doing a delivery, according to the WJP-Cornell study in which 500 food couriers were surveyed. At least twelve workers have been killed on their bikes so far this year, according to an unofficial count Solano shared, compared to nine last year and seven in 2020.
"During rush hours, it is dangerous and it can be disastrous to drive on the street," Solano said. "In the bicycle lane, there are people with scooters, motorcycles, people crossing, etc. and there are more accidents."
"The fault [when a crash happens] can also be ours," he added. "The car wants to pass and so do you - and it hits you. Road stress affects both parties, both the delivery person and the driver."
Solano added that medical expenses come from the workers' own pockets.
In order to create awareness of the risks and to help injured deliveristas who need to rush to the hospital leaving their bikes behind, Solano and other co-workers created in the end of 2020 a Facebook page for food couriers to post announcements about numerous bike thefts, accidents, campaigns for free helmets and funerals. A total of 60 traffic accidents were also reported in the Facebook group.
In roughly a year and a half, 330 thefts have been reported on their page, "El Diario de los Deliveryboys en la Gran Manzana" — which translates to "The Diary of the Deliveryboys in the Big Apple" in English — with a significant increase over the last months.
54% of the respondents to the WJP-Cornell survey reported having experienced bike theft. About 30% of them said to have also been physically assaulted during the robbery.
Ana Flores, whose real name has been changed to preserve her identity, moved from Mexico to the USA in 2019 as an asylum seeker. On July 21, she was buying bread and butter in Queens after a full day delivering food when her scooter was stolen. Flores said it took her about 7 minutes to pay at Target and get out again to the street. Her motorcycle was already gone.
Flores, who typically works for UberEats, doesn't know when she will be able to get back to work. She doesn't have a lot of hope that the NYPD will be able to recover the scooter she is still paying for in installments. "This happens daily, it is not an isolated case," she said. "The robbery has become so widespread, there is no control."
Usually late at night, some food delivery workers are ambushed by robbers with knives or guns, or brutally beaten up while their $2,000 electric bikes get stolen, as The Verge has reported. Because of this danger, some bikers have been patrolling Willis Avenue Bridge, which connects Manhattan and the Bronx, for months in order to help other workers cross the bridge safely.
Even when deliveries are completed safely, it is common for workers to face threatening, discriminatory and even violent treatment from customers, who also have the ability to affect their earnings by tipping less, giving them low ratings or filing a report to delivery companies if they are dissatisfied with the delivery. Reports like these could result in the delivery worker being immediately terminated with the apps they work for.
"In most cases, they are forced to accept the harassment because they do not want the restaurant or customers filing a complaint against them," explained Andrew Wolf, a professor of sociology at the City University of New York who has studied the app-based food delivery industry.
Flores said that she has encountered naked customers at least twice while working for UberEats. She said she complained, only to get reported and have her account temporarily deactivated. "I won't let a client disrespect me just to have a good score," she said.
Sergio has also encountered clients high on drugs. He also said some customers are aggressive if the delivery worker arrives late, even if the reason for their delay was related to the restaurants' capacity to dispatch all their orders on time.
Food couriers have also been advocating for more protections, both in terms of basic working rights and infrastructure changes, like better access to protected lanes that could help save their lives.
Last year, NYC approved a legislation package that would allow food delivery workers to have restroom access at partnering restaurants starting in 2023, something many of them say is still not happening now. The new legislation would also establish a minimum payment per trip and make apps disclose their tipping policies.
Flores said having access to a restroom is doubly crucial for women, especially when they are on duty and have their monthly period - an extra challenge in a predominantly male profession, where only 4% of women working as delivery workers, according to the WJP-Cornell study. Just the other day, Flores said, a Pizza Hut didn't allow her to use their bathroom.
"You are away from home, you drink water and sometimes you just need to go somewhere and wash your face and freshen up," she said. "There comes a time when you get dizzy from going up, down stairs, taking off and putting on your helmet, etc."
Former mayor Bill de Blasio has promised to install 30 miles of protected bike lanes each year as part of Vision Zero, a citywide initiative to eliminate death and serious injuries from traffic incidents.
This measure could be critical, given that between 2014 and 2019, 90% of fatalities on bikes happened on streets without bike lanes, according to the NYC Department of Transportation.
"Bicycle lanes create better conditions for drivers, bicyclists and pedestrians", said Shawn Garcia, the Bronx and Uptown organizer for the non-profit Transportation Alternatives. "And for delivery workers is a different conversation because we are not just talking about recreational use but about something tied to someone's livelihood."
The city has been slow to implement this solution, and advocates and scholars report that while protected lanes have grown in the last years in specific areas in Manhattan and Queens, boroughs like the Bronx — where a significant number of food delivery drivers live— continue to be neglected.
Only 6% of New York City’s on-street protected bike lanes are in the Bronx, compared to 75% in Manhattan and Queens, according to DOT data, even though roughly an equal percentage of residents in every borough ride bikes. Central Harlem is also the area with the least amount of bike infrastructure of all Manhattan.
"We want to see more because if we don't have a bike lane, we would get into the bus lane even though we know it's not allowed," Solano said. He added that being in the bus lane both raises the risk of being hit by a car and of receiving a ticket.
Delivery has become a part of the American lifestyle, even for items that are small or trivial. But those who bring these items often do so with few protections and low pay in a physically demanding job.
"Not only do we bring food to those who need it, complete a route, invest in energy, gasoline, a telephone, etc. but we are also risking our lives," Flores said. "And all that for two or three dollars... Of course, there are some six and seven-dollar races, but the system overall is very unfair."


Trader Veronica:
Well then, how about this item?
Buy equipment for Fighters.
Buy equipment for Wizards.
Buy a Shadow item.


vBocx.js
vBocx.js is designed using CSS and JavaScript to create alertboxes, promptboxes and confirmboxes. It can be customized with respect to background, foreground and position.
Include
vBocx.js can be included via Downloaded Files.
You can download vBocx.js by clicking Download option in the menu or You can visit our Bitbucket page.
or
Via Content Delivery Network(CDN),
You can download vBocx.js by clicking Download option in the menu or You can visit our Bitbucket page.
or
Via Content Delivery Network(CDN),
Include the CDNs in your html file.
Refer the below example.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>Refer the below example.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Test File</title>
<link rel='stylesheet'<EMAIL_ADDRESS><link href='' rel='stylesheet'>
</head>
<body>
<script<EMAIL_ADDRESS><script>
var vBocx = new vBocx();
vBocx.alert('top', 'success', 'I am vBocx.js success alert !', 3000);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Note: Include both the CDNs.


Deprecated
This service is included for legacy use and will be removed in a future release
See also:
Resources
- localPath
(method)
Deprecated
This resource is included for legacy use and will be removed in a future release
description
Details
| Full Path |
url |
|
| Accept |
consumes |
| Content-Type |
produces |
| Java Method |
java method signature |
| See Also |
|
Parameter Guide
No parameters
| Name |
Type |
Description |
|
Request Body |
|
(See
)
Default Value:
|
Request Schema
XSD | Example XML | Example XML (Minimal)
Response Schema
XSD | Example XML
curl template


| KRAs | Weight | Target(Actual) | Target(Stretch) | Average | Performance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{score.goal}} | {{score.weight}} | {{score.actual}} | {{score.stretch}} | {{score.average}} | {{score.performance}} |
| KRAs | Weight | Target(Actual) | Target(Stretch) | Average | Performance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{score.goal}} | {{score.weight}} | {{score.actual}} | {{score.stretch}} | {{score.average}} | {{score.performance}} |


This is a title!
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit
Cigarettes!
Man alive!
- Slippers
- Shoes
- Bathrobe
- Coffee
This is some text that's in a pre block! Let's see what happens when it's rendered! What about now, since we're on a new line?


This section of the manual explains in detail how to add an Editize field to a form on a PHP-equipped Web site.
Upgrading?
For information on updating an existing Editize installation to a new release, see below.
Before integrating Editize into your Content Management System (CMS), you should first install it on your Web server and try out one or more of the sample scripts. Once you have verified that the samples work, you can proceed to use Editize anywhere you like on your site.
Your first step should be to copy or upload the contents of the php
folder of the Editize distribution to a folder on your Web server.
If you use your own computer as a Web server for development purposes, copy
the files in the php
folder to a folder in your Web root.
 A file in this directory should be accessible with a URL such ashttp://www.yoursite.com/editize/filename
. Upload all of the files in thephp
folder of the Editize distributon to this new folder on your Website.Example 2: Installing on your local test server
If you use Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) as a Web server on your Windows computer, the Web root folder isC:\Inetpub\wwwroot
by default. If you use Apache, the Web root folder isC:\Apache\htdocs
by default. Crate a new folder callededitize
in your Web root folder. Copy all of the files in thephp
folder of the Editize distribution to this new folder on your Website.
The folder where you place the Editize files on your server must not be password protected. None of these files is a security risk, so you don't need to worry about them being publicly accessible.
Here's a list of the files in the php
folder with an explanation
of what each one does:
editize.jar |
The Editize Java library file. This contains the Editize applet. |
editize.php |
The Editize API for PHP. This PHP library will generate the HTML and JavaScript code neccessary to display the Editize applet on almost any browser or operating system. |
kunststoff.jar |
The Kunststoff Look & Feel. Improves the look of the Editize user interface dramatically, but adds 43KB of Java files for users' browsers to download the first time they visit your site. If you delete this file, Editize will simply run without any visual enhancements, and will load quicker over slow modem connections. |
osx.html |
A small Web page containing JavaScript that Editize uses automatically to behave like a form field on Internet Explorer for Mac OS X. |
index.php * |
A sample PHP script that demonstrates how to create Editize form fields compatible with most browsers. |
imglist.php * |
A sample PHP script that will list the images in a given directory of your Web server for Editize to use as an image list. |
* Files marked with an asterix are sample scripts only, and are not required for Editize to function on your server.
The Editize folder on your server contains a couple of sample scripts for you to try out. Each of these scripts contains a form with an Editize field in it. When you submit the form, the script should display the HTML document you created in Editize, and allow you to load it back into the original form to edit further.
Open your Web browser and type the URL to load the index.php
script in the Editize folder on your Web server into the address
field.
Example 1: Running the sample on your Web Host
If your Web site is hosted by a Web hosting company, the Editize files should now be in a folder in the root of your Web site (e.g.http://www.yoursite.com/editize/
). To load theindex.php
sample script, typehttp://www.yoursite.com/editize/index.php
into your browser's address field.Example 2: Running the sample on your local test server
If you've placed the Editize files in a folder on your local test server, you should be able to run the index.php test script by simply typinghttp://localhost/editize/index.php
into your browser's address field.
Have a play with the sample form, submit a document, and then re-open it for editing. If you run into any problems, see the Troubleshooting section of this manual. Otherwise, you're good to go!
You can add the following code to the top of any PHP script to load the Editize API for PHP:
<?php require_once('path/to/editize.php'); ?>
For instance, if you placed the Editize files including editize.php
in a the C:\Inetpub\wwwroot\editize
folder on your server, you
can simply type:
<?php require_once('c:/Inetpub/wwwroot/editize/editize.php');
?>
You can now add Editize fields to any form in this page.
As mentioned above, Editize is designed as a drop-in replacement for the HTML <textarea> tag. We will therefore explain how to use it by comparing it with that tag.
Here is a typical HTML form containing a <textarea> tag:
<form action="..." method="post"> <textarea name="example"> This is the document that the textarea will contain initially. </textarea> <input type="submit" value="Submit" /> </form>
The PHP API for Editize is designed so that you can simply replace
the <textarea>
tag with some brief code to put an Editize
field in its place.
To quickly obtain the code to add an Editize to a form in your Web site, use the Code Generator to generate it automatically. Alternatively, read on to learn how to write the code yourself.
Here is an example of the simplest means to invoke Editize as a form field:
<form action="..." method="post"> <?php $ed = new Editize(); $ed->name = 'example'; $ed->display('
This is the document that Editize will edit.
'); ?> <input type="submit" value="Submit" /> </form>
The meaning of the 3 lines of PHP code should be fairly apparent to experienced
PHP developers. The first line creates an Editize
object, which
will do all the work of generating the HTML and JavaScript code to display the
Editize applet as a form field.
The second line sets the name
property of the object, which is
equivalent to the name
attribute of a <textarea>
tag. You should always specify a field name in this way when you use Editize,
although if you don't a default of editize
will be used.
Finally, the third line displays the Editize field; that is, it outputs
all of the HTML and JavaScript code to place the Editize field in
the page at that point. In this example, we have passed the initial document
to be displayed (the equivalent of the contents of the <textarea>
tag) to the display
method, though Editize will default
to a blank document if you don't pass a document to it.
The Editize applet is very configurable. You can customize the formatting applied by the various styles and tools available, and even specify that certain features should be disabled entirely if they are not appropriate for your environment.
By default, the Editize API for PHP enables all of Editize's formatting tools with default format settings. This section demonstrates how to use the properties supported by the Editize API for PHP to modify these defaults.
To set the values of properties, simply specify them as you did for the name
attribute in the simple example above. For instance, to create an Editize
field with a base font of 12-pixel Verdana, you would use the following code:
<form action="..." method="post"> <?php $ed = new Editize; $ed->name = 'example'; $ed->basefontface = 'Verdana'; // SETS THE FONT FACE $ed->basefontsize = 12; // SETS THE FONT SIZE $ed->display('
This is the document that Editize will edit.
'); ?> <input type="submit" value="Submit" /> </form>
Note that you have to set all the properties you want before you call the
display
method.
A list of all supported properties with examples for each is provided in the Reference section of this manual, or you can use the Code Generator to select all the properties you want from a list and have the code generated for you automatically.
By default, the Insert Image tool in Editize will prompt the user for the URL of the image he or she wishes to insert. Since it can be fairly tedious to hand-type the URL for every image, Editize also provides a method to specify a list of images that users may quickly choose from.
The imglisturl
property lets you set a URL from which Editize
will download a list of images to present it to the user in the Insert
Image dialog. The given URL may refer to a server-side script (e.g. to provide
an up-to-date list of images stored in a content management system). If a
static list of images is all that you need, you can simply point Editize
to a text file of the required format residing on your server.
The documentation for imglisturl
in the Reference section of this manual explains
the required format of the image list. A sample script written in PHP called
imglist.php
that produces a list of all the images in a given
directory and its subdirectories is provided in the php
folder
of this distribution.
The following browsers do not support the standard for JavaScript-to-Java communication, upon which Editize relies:
Editize therefore uses an alternative submission method on these browsers. As a side effect, when the form is submitted using an HTML submit button (<input type="submit">
), that submit button's value is not submitted to the server for processing along with the rest of the form data.
To make HTML submit buttons submit correctly in all supported browsers, you must include the following PHP code immediately after the closing </form>
tag for the form that contains your Editize field(s):
<?php $ed->endForm(); ?>
The endForm
method of the Editize API shown here outputs some additional HTML and JavaScript code that makes HTML submit buttons work correctly alongside the Editize fields in your form. This code must occur in the page after your form, which is why it must be output separately using this method.
On top of this, Netscape 4.x by default is not supported by the Editize API for PHP, as it contains bugs that prevent this alternative submission method from working properly. By default, Editize fields will be displayed as standard <textarea>
fields in Netscape 4.x.
To run Editize in Netscape 4.x, you need to use the endForm
method as described above, and you must additionally set the ns4support
property of your Editize field(s) to TRUE
:
$ed->ns4support = TRUE;
Remember, although the call to endForm
goes after your closing </form>
tag, you must set the ns4support
property along with your other Editize field properties before calling display
.
The index.php
sample script included in the php
folder of this archive uses the above techniques to provide maximum browser compatibility.
Refer to the documentation for endForm
and ns4support
in the Reference section of this manual for further
details.
In most cases, all you need to do to upgrade to a new release of Editize is to upload the new versions of editize.jar
, editize.php
, osx.html
, and optionally kunststoff.jar
over the old versions already on your server. It is very important that you replace all of these files, as changes made to one in a particular release often rely on changes made to another.
Occasionally, we add new features to Editize. Very occasionally, we change the way the APIs work. In both of these cases, you may need to make some changes to the page(s) on your site(s) that use Editize to make the new version work the way you expect it to. Always read the Revision History for the new release to find out when such changes are made.


DeepSAC
Deep Learning Model for Sequential Application of Chemotherapeutics
DeepSAC
Pertubation
IC50
Cell Line
Under Construction...
Under Construction...


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PACKAGE_NAME
- Static variable in class authoringEnvironment.
SubclassEnumerator
parseAndLoadGame(File)
- Method in class gameplayer.
GameLoader
PauseScreen
- Class in
gameplayer
PauseScreen()
- Constructor for class gameplayer.
PauseScreen
pauseTime()
- Method in class gameElements.
Time
Pistol
- Class in
spriteProperties
Created by davidyan on 4/9/16.
Pistol()
- Constructor for class spriteProperties.
Pistol
Pistol(String)
- Constructor for class spriteProperties.
Pistol
playernameProperty()
- Method in class highscoretable.
HighScore
PlayerSpritesTab
- Class in
authoringEnvironment.itemWindow
PlayerSpritesTab()
- Constructor for class authoringEnvironment.itemWindow.
PlayerSpritesTab
PlayGameWindow
- Class in
authoringEnvironment
PlayGameWindow()
- Constructor for class authoringEnvironment.
PlayGameWindow
PlayMenu
- Class in
authoringEnvironment.authoringToolbar
PlayMenu(String)
- Constructor for class authoringEnvironment.authoringToolbar.
PlayMenu
PlayScreen
- Class in
gameplayer
PlayScreen(File)
- Constructor for class gameplayer.
PlayScreen
PointsCollision
- Class in
gameElements
PointsCollision()
- Constructor for class gameElements.
PointsCollision
PointsGoal
- Class in
gameElements
PointsGoal(GoalProperties)
- Constructor for class gameElements.
PointsGoal
populateEditingFromSave(List<LevelModel>)
- Method in class authoringEnvironment.mainWindow.
GameMakerWindow
populateTab(List<ViewSprite>)
- Method in class authoringEnvironment.itemWindow.
AbstractItemTab
this adds the sprites to the tab
PowerUpCollision
- Class in
gameElements
PowerUpCollision()
- Constructor for class gameElements.
PowerUpCollision
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This site will give you a brief background of how the internet works.
The Internet is, formally, "... a loosely-organized international collaboration of autonomous, interconnected networks, supports host-to-host communication through voluntary adherence to open protocols and procedures defined by Internet Standards." A more casual definition is, "A collection of multiple different pieces of computer and non-computer equipment talking to one another by means of a communications network either wired or wireless."
Most people that use the internet every single day have no idea where it came from or how it works! In the 1970's, Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf began working on the design of what we now call the internet. It actually came out of another project called ARPANET, or "Advanced Research Projects Agency Network". This was a project for the government in which Paul Baran was trying to develop a communications network that would actually survive a nuclear attack. They had the idea of breaking messages into blocks and sending them as fast as possible in every direction through the mesh network. They built a nationwide network, and it worked!
There is no one person or entity that is in control of the internet. The internet is made up of a large number of independently owned networks and there is no central control. All operators are motivated to assure that there is connectivity to all ends of the network which ensures for great utility.
This website will teach you about the tangible components that make up the internet and will describe how they work. Please read and enjoy!
Learn more


Katie Mischik
and
Patrick Stankard
Home
Photos
Venue
Venue
Syndicated Bar Theater Kitchen
40 Bogart Street
Brooklyn, NY 11206
Website
Directions


+++ title = "Tinguely machine: video" slug = "tinguely-machine-video" date = 2007-12-02T12:00:00+10:00 tags = ["video", "art", "museums", "abstract"] locations = ["switzerland/basel"] draft = false summary = """
When uncle Mark and I visited the Tinguely museum in Basel today, we saw some extraordinary mechanical artwork in action. The largest of Tinguely's machines, in particular, was quite a sight to behold. Check out the video.
""" +++When uncle Mark and I visited the Tinguely museum in Basel today, we saw some extraordinary mechanical artwork in action. The largest of Tinguely's machines, in particular, was quite a sight to behold. Check out the video.
Big contraption in action at the Tinguely museum.


Pat's Salmon Cookies: Sales Data
Home Page
Adding new location
Location name
Minimum Customers Per Hour
Maximum Customers Per Hour
Average Sold Cookies Per Hour


Run For Big Hop
Run For Big Hop
Your Strava activity.
=
This tool only works if calorie data is included in your Strava tracking. In order to enable calorie metrics, you usually just need to tell Strava how much you weigh in your account settings. Sorry about that.
If other issues persist, tell me via my gmail.
Consider this a fan project by a web developer who has both an unhealthy love of Pittsburgh's East End Brewing Company's Big Hop and a healthy love of running and cycling. Connect with the creator on LinkedIn!
The app uses data from each of your latest recorded activities and determines about how many 12 oz. Big Hops worth of calories you burned.
It's using a 174 calorie estimate I found somewhere online . . . if one of the brewers would like to correct me on that, please do!


We propose to evolve the Lively kernel into a system for user-directed distributed computing. We will:
Incorporate the Uni-Tea model to allow ubiquitous sharing of distributed objects;
Use the Caja capability language, which is a subset of JavaScript, to make this sharing secure;
Define a way for our objects to interoperate, at a fine-grained level, with existing Web pages and Web browsing workflows; and
Empower the end-user, make the system more responsive and live, and have a whole lot of fun.
The Lively Kernel is an implementation of a self-modifying, visually rich graphical system, in the tradition of Smalltalk and Squeak, in pure JavaScript. It runs in most Web browsers without modification, using the browser's native SVG support for rendering. The user interface is modeled after the Morphic GUI toolkit.
The Uni-Tea model is a conceptual framework for distributed objects that abstracts over most common distribution strategies. Each distributed object, or unum, is represented in each address space from which it is accessible by a local object called a presence:
The unum is the emergent behavior of all the presences acting together. The state and code of each presence is faulted into the host address space via a number of mechanisms, such as:
Bootstrapping, whereby the presence is hard-coded into a program to permit communication with some pre-arranged unum;
Receiving the presence of the unum in the payload of a remote message; or
Resolving an identifier via some previously agreed-upon name resolution mechanism. (Such a mechanism will itself likely culminate in receiving the presence in the payload of a remote message.)
Each unum may possess references to other una. In this case, at least one presence of the possessor unum contains a presence of the unum referred to. In other words, una compose, and we can treat the presence of one unum as an entry point into an entire object graph:
Each presence is responsible for implementing a protocol such that the contract of the unum as a whole is honored. For example:
If the unum guarantees global serializability of all its operations, it might achieve this by choosing a master copy (presence), to which all other presences forward requests. These presences might, in turn, return a promise or future for the result of each request, to be satisfied when the resulting network roundtrip is complete.
Another unum may reserve the right to serve queries using local, possibly stale data. Some presences could then serve requests synchronously and without a network roundtrip.
Yet another unum might withhold some confidential state from a presence because it does not trust the environment in which the presence is hosted.
A fine-grained capability security substrate is a necessary component of a mobile code framework such as we are proposing. The Google Caja project defines a fail-stop subset of the JavaScript language within which language level capability security may be enforced. Caja is currently implemented by translating ("cajoling") Caja code to JavaScript, adding run-time checks where necessary. This strategy allows Caja to run on existing JavaScript engines and, specifically, allows us to port Lively to Caja with no loss of ubiquitous, zero-install availability.
Given an unum which is bound to a name via some naming service, it is possible for a Web service to construct an HTTP URL for that unum. The default response from the URL is a Web page containing some bootstrap JavaScript content. When this page is loaded into a browser, it will initialize a Lively interpreter containing a presence of the unum:
Users can now bookmark and share references to this unum's URL
using exising Web tools. And HTML authors may now embed a presence
directly into any existing Web content using an
iframe
:
Given the necessary JavaScript libraries available easily,
e.g., in a manner that can be included as simple
script
elements, programmers can embed an unum into an
existing Web application without having to rewrite the rest of their
application:
In this setting, we can expose the API of the unum to the enclosing JavaScript, allowing the two codebases to interoperate. And, since each Lively Kernel world can be represented as just another unum, access to a world is a simple matter of providing access to its unum using any of the techniques mentioned previously. A useful side effect is that Lively worlds can be shared between users, or used from multiple sites by the same user, without any special programming:
The OpenSocial project, among others, is building an ecosystem of gadgets. A gadget is a small JavaScript and HTML application which may be hosted in a third party Web page container:
A gadget is known by the URL to its gadget spec, which is an XML file with the following format:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <Module> <ModulePrefs title="hello world example"/> <Content type="html"><![CDATA[
Hello world!

  ]]></Content> </Module>
Note that the area inside the Content
tag is
essentially a Web page fragment, containing scripts and literal
content. Similarly to the manner in which we hosted an unum as a Web
page, we could host it as a gadget spec, building its content
dynamically; thus a gadget spec URL like
http://abowman.googlepages.com/penguins.xml
which, from
the point of view of OpenSocial, is the analogue of a "class" or an
"application", would in our case represent a specific unum
instance implemented by shipping mobile code, composed on the
fly as needed, to the client.
To accomplish this, we would need to ensure that the gadget container provides enough authority to the gadget thus instantiated, to allow the contained unum to run its protocols.
We would like to support clipboard operations (drag and drop, and copy and paste) applied to the identity of an unum. In so doing, we will need to translate its identifier to pass through clipboard channels that are unaware of Lively una. We will need to consider at least the following cases:
Transfer within the same world is trivial. Since we have full access to the same JavaScript context, we can share direct object references.
Two worlds running in separate JavaScript contexts must exchange unum identifiers using some mechanism that the native environment can support. We need to investigate drag and drop between separate browser windows. Can we override platform copy-paste behavior from JavaScript so that it seems to work (e.g., ⌘-C and ⌘-V on the Mac; Ctrl-C and Ctrl-V on a PC).
When we copy an unum's identity to a native bookmarks context expecting an HTTP URL, we can transorm the identity to a URL that wraps the unum in a Web page with a JavaScript shim, as discussed earlier. We would also have to intercept the clipboard events so that the URL is transferred properly. If an unum is "hosted" by some remote server, it can negotiate with its server for a suitable URL. In the general case, however, e.g. if an unum is materialized purely by the collaboration of equal peers, it is not clear how such a URL would be generated.
When we copy a URL from a native bookmarks context to a world, we need to "unwrap" the URL to obtain a native representation of the unum's identity. This is actually a hard problem because we assume that each unum could have a different way of doing the forward encoding, from its identity into a URL. A solution could be to require each unum's URL to respond to some special HTTP request, which would return the unum's identity in a more native form.
We may simplify interoperability betwen a bookmarks context and Lively by defining a standard (though pehaps optional) "hosted unum" protocol allowing uniform access from either a plain browser, returning a container Web page with JavaScript shims containing a presence, or from within a Lively application, returning information that would directly instantiate a presence of the unum.
One complication is that the JavaScript shims which make una accessible from Web pages run with full authority in JavaScript, making them part of the user's trusted computing base (TCB). This is not acceptable if the Web service that generates the shims is in a different trust domain from some of the una that are (recursively) embedded in the resulting presence. We can solve this in a quasi-centralized fashion if we define two orthogonal components:
An internal Lively unum protocol, that always uses Caja and enforces object capability rules; and
A protocol for secular Web gateways that translate from Lively unum references to HTTP Web pages and back.
A user could then choose a trusted gateway, implicitly adding that to their TCB; individual una would not be able to choose the gateway on behalf of the user. This leaves open an attack vector where a user shares an unum URL (using the native clipboard) with another user, where the shared URL points to a compromised Lively gateway.
The unum model does not require a model/view separation (though that may be useful for other purposes). Specifically, a presence of an unum may be a Morph. For the right implementation of the platform's GUI library, the presence will come to acquire pointers to native GUI objects (such as SVG DOM nodes) as a natural consequence of being unmarshaled at a destination and added to a scene graph.
Being able to make distributed references to Morphs is useful, but we must still solve some conceptual problems:
If a user drags and drops a Morph displaying some document into a target, are they gesturing with the Morph, or with some underlying "model object" representing the document's implementation?
If we respond to the previous question by building a scheme whereby (some) Morph gestures always refer to the underlying "model", how do we recover the utility of gesturing using the Morph itself (e.g., to construct a compound view) without confusing a user with too many affordances?
How may we build a principled yet usable framework that permits multiple views of an object (e.g., an "Outline" and "Presentation" view of a document)? Can, or should, this framework permit third parties to provide view Morphs for common data types?
Initiatives such as the Google Gears Database, Dojo Storage, and HTML5 persistent storage provide native persistence in the browser. This allows applications to continue to work offline, and cache their data for better performance.
Using these advances to build Web applications that cache their state correctly is still very hard. The unum model is a step in the right direction, providing an abstraction -- and possible hooks for a framework -- where remote objects can cache their code and data and synchronize with servers.
JavaScript class patterns rely on the use of the
prototype
property of an object. This mechanism is both
too powerful and not powerful enough:
Too powerful — Anyone with access to a
function can change its prototype
property, and
therefore the entire class hierarchy created when that function is
used with new
to construct objects, and anyone with
access to an object's internal [[prototype]]
object can change its behavior at will by replacing properties. By
allowing any external client to change its class structure at will,
an object's invariants are at risk, and the result of
instanceof
is not a stable predictor of an object's
progeny.
Not powerful enough — The
[[prototype]]
of an object is fixed at
construction time so, in contrast with all the mutability elsewhere,
this aspect of the object remains strangely rigid.
For a secure runtime, we need strong encapsulation and invariants. For long term orthogonal persistence, we need to change the static aspects (typically, the code) of live objects from within the system. We reconcile these goals via a two step process.
We recommend that Lively adopt Cajita, which is
essentially the JavaScript language without this
,
new
or the use of prototype
s -- essentially
an object oriented Scheme. An example of a constructor for a class
Point
in Cajita looks like the following:
function makePoint(x, y) { return caja.freeze({ getX: function() { return x; } getY: function() { return y; } toString: function() { return "(" + x + "," + y + ")"; } }); }
All objects are closures with a simple structure; inheritance is
accomplished by chaining initializers prior to freeze
ing
the result.
We believe that, for de novo code, Cajita presents the best fit for a simple, orthogonal capability language within JavaScript. Its "everything is an object" model contrasts with the commonly accepted JavaScript practice of simulating the "import" of a large number of names (e.g., "classes") into the global namespace and using them as static references, even though they are actually first-class, mutable objects. Cajita works well for building small modules of mobile code that are loaded in isolation, since Cajita programs work the same way independently of whether some external functionality is provided as an explicit parameter or "imported" via some mechanism.
Consider a Cajita program that returns a random point. It could be
coded as a function that takes a Math
module as an
explicit parameter:
function makeRandomPoint(math) { return makePoint(math.random(), math.random()); }
or it could be given a capability to import modules:
function makeRandomPoint(importer) { var math = importer.import("Math"); return makePoint(math.random(), math.random()); }
but in either case, everything is a direct object reference. The alternative in Java might look like:
import java.lang.Math; public class RandomPoint { public static String makeRandomPoint() { return new Point(Math.random(), Math.random()); } }
where the reference to import
is effectively a call to
the classloader mechanism to import the code. This call is, however,
"out of band" from the viewpoint of the code; it is not an explicit
message to any object, and it does not return a first class object, so
its behavior cannot easily be customized from within the language (and
the customary classloader histrionics do not qualify).
An approach to recover the generalizations possible with a class-like system is computational refraction as presented in this message by Mark Miller.


“All our dreams can come true, if we have the courage to pursue them. If you can dream it, you can do it. It's kind of fun to do the impossible..”
— Walt Disney
Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17, 1955. It is the only theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the only attraction on the property; its name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s. Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit; however, he soon realized that the proposed site was too small. After hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Disney bought a 160-acre (65 ha) site near Anaheim in 1953. Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a special televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17, 1955.
The concept for Disneyland began when Walt Disney was visiting Griffith Park in Los Angeles with his daughters Diane and Sharon. While watching them ride the merry-go-round, he came up with the idea of a place where adults and their children could go and have fun together, though his dream lay dormant for many years. He may have also been influenced by his father's memories of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago (his father worked at the Exposition). The Midway Plaisance there included a set of attractions representing various countries from around the world and others representing various periods of man; it also included many rides including the first Ferris wheel, a "sky" ride, a passenger train that circled the perimeter, and a Wild West Show. Another likely influence was Benton Harbor, Michigan's nationally famous House of David's Eden Springs Park. Disney visited the park and ultimately bought one of the older miniature trains originally used there; the colony had the largest miniature railway setup in the world at the time. The earliest documented draft of Disney's plans was sent as a memo to studio production designer Dick Kelsey on August 31, 1948, where it was referred to as a "Mickey Mouse Park", based on notes Walt made during his and Ward Kimball's trip to Chicago Railroad Fair the same month, with a two-day stop in Henry Ford's Museum and Greenfield Village, a place with attractions like a Main Street and steamboat rides, which he had visited eight years earlier.


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Participate on these super-cool events to get to know more about your
favourite characters and books.
Grab a chance to win exciting prices in the process!!!
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Lorem ipsum dolor, sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Illo explicabo, magnam at vitae porro animi assumenda placeat aspernatur, iusto quidem alias, nihil ea! Quisquam odit quae nisi quam labore quo.
Lorem ipsum dolor, sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Illo explicabo, magnam at vitae porro animi assumenda placeat aspernatur, iusto quidem alias, nihil ea! Quisquam odit quae nisi quam labore quo.
We've all got them, haven't we? Those little reading quirks, the
books we didn't like but everybody else loved, the pages we dog-ear.
Some of us even read the last page of a book first (which is totally
wrong!). I thought it'd be fun to share my fifty bookish
confessions...
1. I’ve never read a classic novel.
2. It’s the cover that draws me in to most books. If I don’t like
the cover, chances are I won’t choose to read the book inside.
Harsh, but true.
3. I shed a tear at books which aren’t even meant to be sad. So hand
me a book that is meant to make me cry and…
4. I was once the
only blogger at a book launch where the publicist for some reason
told everyone there, whilst introducing me, that I’d read and
reviewed all these books I hadn’t even heard of. I spent the rest of
the evening awkwardly discussing these books I ‘loved’ but didn’t
actually know existed.
5. I love collecting paperbacks but I prefer reading ebooks.
6. The first book signing I ever went to was Harlan Coben’s. I was
so nervous but he was lovely, and afterwards I tweeted a photo of me
with the book he signed for me which won me a mountain of his
previous books, signed, which in turn won me masses of brownie
points from my mum.
7. I’ve never loaned a book from a library. I like owning books, I’d
never be able to give one back.
8. I sacrificed my wardrobe for more book storage. Priorities.
9. I’ve skipped two book launches because by the time I got to my
hotel, I was too engrossed in my books to put them down. (The Memory
Book and Three Amazing Things About You).
10. I don’t often
re-read books but I’ve re-read Beyond Grace’s Rainbow by Carmel
Harrington about ten times because I loved it that much.
11.
My favourite type of books are actually psychological thrillers but
I’ve found most of this year’s psychological thrillers a bit
disappointing.
12. I daren’t count but I own well over a
thousand unread books.
13. I can’t read more than one book at
a time.
14. Up until about two and a half years ago, I barely
read a thing. If it wasn’t for my mum so animatedly discussing the
books she was reading with me, and treating me to a book every time
we went shopping, I’d probably be doing something much less
rewarding now. Like socialising.
15. I try not to ever give up
on a book and rarely do, even though I know I should.
16. I hate being asked what my favourite book is, or who my
favourite author is. How long have you got?
17.  I spend 50% of the time reading
them trying to barely turn the pages or the spine, so they look near
perfect when I’m finished.
18. Most of my book shopping is done online unless I spend a couple
of days in London, where I end up bringing home around ten or
fifteen new books. One of my London shopping trips...
19. I always carry my Kindle and a paperback with me, even if I’m
only going to the shop and know for sure I won’t have chance to read
either.
20. I struggle to read when I’m travelling because I’m
so easily distracted.
So what are you waiting for..?


VOLUNTEER SIGN-UP
A sign-up app for volunteers and volunteer coordinators
Stephanie Krause
January 5, 2016
Stephanie Krause
January 5, 2016
Time for a live demo!
Questions?


---
layout: post
title: I got entangled with english AD.
date: '2005-08-28T12:23:00.000Z'
author: tknv
tags:
modified_time: '2006-11-05T19:53:46.915Z'
blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11459759.post-112523317046437652
blogger_orig_url: http://phichyudebow.blogspot.com/2005/08/i-got-entangled-with-english-ad.html
---
I saw same put up on big road,the interesting push me get there.
Asking old man,you must come early morning.
There is no FRANG(western people) and the suburbs,too.
It is for who?
Maybe workers,students use it.
But why they make english AD?
Still I want to ride a boat.
at BAN KHEA


Provides a class that implements the Ganglia gmetric command in 100% java.
Package Specification
Related Documentation
For a description of Ganglia, please see:
Ganglia project homepage


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This is an open source bot that will help you stay coordinated and focussed. Essentially you can run standups with it and then review your objectives throughout the day.
The Bot will work with:
To try out a demo of the application click the Skype icon (bottom right). You will need a skype account for this to work.
Check out the code on GitHub - contributions welcome.
Here's an example of the kind of conversation we hope to enable with Cynosure. At present this is not really how things work. As I type the conversation is more Question and Answer than conversation. This example is included to illustrate what is planned, you can see what the current status is by looking for and labels.
Start a standup
My main responsibility is to run your standup for you.
My commands:
‘start standup’ : Starts a new standup or continues and existing one.
‘Add to .’ : Add a single item to one of the available groups in the current standup.
‘Promote from .’ : Promote a single item from one of the available groups to the next “higher” group in the current standup.
‘Promote from .’ : Promote a single item from one of the available groups to the next “higher” group in the current standup.
‘Remove|Demote from .’ : Demotes a single item from one of the available groups in the next “lower” group in the current standup.
‘Delete from .’ : Deletes a single item from the current standup.
‘standup summary’ : Display a summary of the current standup.
‘help’ : Get hints on what is possible with this bot.
Start a standup
DONE
None
FOCUSSING ON
None
BARRIERS
None
BACKLOG
None
Add write an example conversation for Cynosure to commitments.
DONE
None
FOCUSSING ON
BARRIERS
None
BACKLOG
None
Add create CSS for rendering Cynosure conversations in documentation to backlog.
DONE
None
FOCUSSING ON
BARRIERS
None
BACKLOG
Add learn how to implement the example conversation using LUIS to backlog.
DONE
None
FOCUSSING ON
BARRIERS
None
BACKLOG
Promote 1 from backlog.
DONE
None
FOCUSSING ON
BARRIERS
None
BACKLOG
Promote all from today.
DONE
FOCUSSING ON
none
BARRIERS
None
BACKLOG
Add unit testing for Cynosure to needs.
DONE
FOCUSSING ON
none
BARRIERS
BACKLOG
Can remove need but unable to give thanks.
Remove 1 from needs, with thanks to Jane
DONE
FOCUSSING ON
None
BARRIERS
None
BACKLOG
Add write test script for example conversation to today.
DONE
FOCUSSING ON
BARRIERS
None
BACKLOG
Report
Doesn't show last updated time.
Your standup report was updated seconds ago and reads:
DONE
FOCUSSING ON
BARRIERS
None
BACKLOG
This is the dev version of the bot, be prepared for bugs.


--- name: floatingLabel component: itemFloatingLabel --- Text Input: Floating Label Name Profession Favorite Song


1.2.x (git)
1.2.1 2011-06-20
=== Bugfixes * find_email now allows with_subject and with_text to be either a String or Regexp. Issue #67. (Curtis Miller)
1.2.0 2011-06-16
=== New features * [he|she] options for steps. (Dan Croak) * cc_to RSpec matcher. (Arie on github) * Check both html and text parts of multipart emails in Cucumber step. (Charles Barbier) * delivery_method is not set by email_spec to allow for SMTP (e.g. MockSMTP) delivery (Donald Piret) === Bugfixes * delivered_to matcher now compares both sender name and email address. (Jason Garber) * find_email now matches with_subject and with_text containing text with regex sensitive characters. Issue #31. (Curtis Miller) * current_email_address to work outside of the context of Cucumber. (Szymon Przybył)
1.1.1 2010-12-29
* Require "action_mailer" to avoid deprecation warnings. (Ryan Bigg) * Relaxes pessimistic version dependency on RSpec. (GH-41 Dan Pickett)
1.1.0 2010-12-20
=== Bugfixes * anchor tags are no longer ignored when clicking links in emails (Anders Törnqist and Nicklas Ramhöj) * set_current_email handles cases where To to blank but may contain CC, or BCC recipients (Murray Steele) * Doc fixes (Florent Guilleux)
1.0 2010-07-31 Rails 3.0 Release
This release makes email-spec compatible with Rails 3 and RSpec 2.x. IMPORTANT: As of 1.0 email-spec is no longer backwards compatible wit Rails 2.x. I will be maintaining a 0.6 branch on github/rubygems for Rails 2 compatibility if anyone wants new features backported. This was truly a community effort and I appreciate all of time and effort donated by those involved. Specifically: * Maxim Chernyak for the initial conversion work to Rails 3 * Tim Harper for ironing out various matcher bugs * Patrick Muldoon for doing a fantastic job of cleaning up the features and specs. He also fixed the DelayedJob support and worked through all the bundler issues the project was facing. === Bugfixes * Further checks for older DelayedJob versions to fix compatibility issues. (Andrea Longhi and others)
0.6.2 2010-03-21
=== New features * New reply_to matcher. (David Balatero)
0.6.1 2010-03-17
=== New features * Ability to click image links via the image alt tag. (Tim Harper)
0.6.0 2010-03-05
=== New features * Ability to open a list of attachments on an email (with corresponding steps and EmailViewer support). (Kieran Pilkington) === Bugfixes * Spelling mistake in steps. (Ben Mabey) * Delayed Job background processor fixes * Narrow delayed job collisions with other apps defining Delayed constant. (Kieran Pilkington) * Fix compatibility with earlier versions of DelayedJob (Michael Baumgarten and Kieran Pilkington) === Changes * Deprecated steps were removed. (Kieran Pilkington) === Bugfixes
0.5.0 2010-02-22
=== New features * "should receive <x> emails with subject <the_subject>" step definition (Balint Erdi) * "should receive an email with the following body:" step definition (Ben Mabey) * Debugging steps that tie into EmailViewer: (Ben Mabey) * "save and open current email" * "save and open all text emails" * "save and open all html emails" * "save and open all raw emails" === Bugfixes * Gracefully handle cases where emails do not have a 'to' value. (Kieran Pilkington) === Bugfixes
0.4.0 2010-01-07
=== New features * Added support for action_mailer_cache_delivery plugin. (Dan Dofter) You must use the fork at: http://github.com/liangzan/action_mailer_cache_delivery === Bugfixes * be_delivered_from matcher now compares both sender name and email address. (Dan Dofter)
0.3.8 2009-12-23
=== Bugfixes * Guard against cc and bcc fields being nil for ActionMailer. (Piotr Sarnacki)
0.3.7 2009-12-17
=== New features * Matchers are now Ruby 1.9 compatible. (John Dewey)
0.3.6 2009-12-16
=== New features * Cucumber steps for be_delivered_from, have_header matchers. (Joseph Holsten) * Explicit regular expression steps. i.e. "I should see /foo/ in the email body" (Joseph Holsten)
0.3.5 2009-09-30 The Pony Release!
=== New features * Support for Pony mailer library. (Rob Holland)
0.3.4 2009-09-26
Bugfixes
* Typo and logic fixes for DeliverFrom matcher. (Yury Kotlyarov) == 0.3.3 2009-09-18 === New features * DeliverFrom matcher. i.e. email.should deliver_from(blah) or email.should be_delivered_from(blah) (Diego Carrion) == 0.3.2 2009-09-10 === New features * Support for delayed_job. (Kieran Pilkington) == 0.3.1 2009-08-19
This release is a general refactoring of the steps and helpers. The example rails app was also updated to use the lateset rails and webrat. It also takes advantages and the newer step definistions including the new third-person forms.
Some of the generated steps are being removed in favor of some of the newer ones. The older ones will remain until 0.4.0 but will issue deprecation warnings.
Big shoutout to Kieran Pilkington who did the majority of work for this release.
== 0.3.0 2009-08-13 === New features * New helper #last_email_address which returns the last address used by email-spec for that scenario. (Ben Mabey) * Steps now support third person language. (Kieran P) * "[email] should receive ... " now supports "an" instead of just an integer. (Kieran Pilkington) With these changes, the following is now possible: Then<EMAIL_ADDRESS>should receive an email When they open the email Then they should see "Account has been created" in the subject * Additional default steps (Balint Erdi) * Then /^I should not receive any emails?$/ * When %r{^"([^"]*?)" opens? the email$} do |address| === Bugfixes == 0.2.1 2009-5-29 === New Features * BCC RSpec matcher. (Josh Nichols) === Bugfixes * Include BCCed and CCed messsages in the mailbox. (Jakub Kosiński)
0.2.0 2009-6-08
No changes. Bumping version for RubyForge release.
== 0.1.4 2009-5-29 === Bugfixes * Require deliveries in the helpers so it doesn't blow up with RSpec. (Craig Webster) == 0.1.3 2009-4-15 === Bugfixes * Fixed regular expressions in genertaed steps. (Ben Mabey) * World semantics changed in cucumber (<IP_ADDRESS>), email_spec now uses the new API. (Hector Morales) == 0.1.2 2009-4-05 === New features === Bugfixes * Actually added the renamed generators to the gem so people could use it! D'oh! (Ben Mabey) * You can either use "./script generate email_spec" or "rubigen rails email_spec" * Removed Rake tasks from example application to prevent conflicts when used as a plugin. (Ben Mabey) == 0.1.1 2009-3-26 === New features * Switched dir structure over to support rubigen. (Dr. Nic) === Bugfixes == 0.1.0 2009-3-25 === New features * Change Rakefile to run all specs and features, as well as prepare the db (Mischa Fierer) * Allow for array to be passed into deliver_to matcher. (Diego Carrion) * Added matcher for checking if a collision of emails includes an email with a particular subject (Luke Melia, Noah Davis) * Introduced hook to convert objects to email addresses (Luke Melia and Lee Bankewitz) This allows you, in your step matcher, to say something like: maillbox_for(some_user) Use it in your cucumber env.rb like so: EmailSpec::AddressConverter.instance.conversion do |input| if input.is_a?(User) input.email else input end end
Bugfixes
* Revert parse_email_for_link helper method to allow for text links as well as explicit link finding. (Mischa Fierer) * Isolated variances between using email-spec with an ARMailer project. (Luke Melia)
0.0.9 2009-2-15
=== New features * have_body_text, have_header matchers (Luke Melia) * EmailViewer - opens all sent emails in a given scenario when the environment variables are set. (Luke Melia) * Added compatibility with using ARMailer in test mode. (Luke Melia) === Bugfixes * set_current_email now works with multiple addresses in To field. (Brian McManus, Ben Mabey)
0.0.7 2009-1-20
=== New features * have_subject matcher (Ben Mabey)
0.0.6 2008-12-23
=== New features * Improved RSpec documentation and refactorings. (Ben Mabey) === Bugfixes * Removed sample app Rake Tasks to have it play nice with environments that use Cucumber as plugin- not gem. (Ben Mabey, Ivor- on github)
0.0.5 2008-12-18
* Initial release - see this post for full history and contributors: http://www.benmabey.com/2008/12/18/github-rocks/


this software is property of CAIRS Solutions
This documentation presumes that you already have DHTMLX Suite PRO version and CAIRS Framework installed on your system.
1 - To install, place the following Javascript and CSS files at the <head></head> section of your page
<!-- DHTMLX --> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../auxiliary/dhtmlxfull3.5/dhtmlx.css" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../../auxiliary/dhtmlxfull3.5/dhtmlx.js" charset="ISO-8859-1"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/json2.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="model/emailcomponent_Model.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="controller/emailcomponent.js"></script>
Now the Email component is already installed on your system.
To use the component just call the emailcomponent.start() method inside your application.
emailcomponent.start( { uid : "86081" ,application_path : "http://test.myadoptionportal.com/modules/MAPemailcomponent/" ,dhtmlx_codebase_path : "http://test.myadoptionportal.com/auxiliary/dhtmlxfull3.5/" ,contactid : "86081" ,agencyid: 25 ,useWindow : true ,parentDIVId : '' } );


You are about to get a tutorial on how to host a Color Run!
Find a great venue and organization to help fundraise money for. For example, TKE's philanthropy is St. Jude Children's Research Hospital!
Start making connections to build with other organizations on campus. We got the amazing support from EOP and other orgs on campus!
Try to reach out to nearby businesses for donations and sponsorships. TKE was able to recieve close to $3,000 in donations for the event!
Buy Color Powder, Runner Bibs, T-Shirts, Water, and have music to entertain your participants!
Create an Eventbrite page to sell your tickets online and be able to monitor guests count to make an accurate purchase of materials!
Set up the night before to avoid having to set up the day of, saves you time and stress! Also try to clean up after the event!
Have a group of supporting volunteers to help the event run smoothly!
Enjoy the Run and fundraise as much as you can. We fundraised $5,044!


DotNet developer with a 1 Year freelancing experience.I can develop eﬀective android app and websites at local and global level.My greatest strength is creativity which i think is the key to success for my career.
Currentl I am working as a Dotnet Internee in the well known organization of Lahore W Group of Technologies.It's a Japan based company.
CGPA: 3.23
Marks : 75%
Marks : 85%


Module shaystack.providers.db_haystack_interface
Private extension of haystack implementation to add the link with DB.
Expand source code
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Abstract interface
# See the accompanying LICENSE file.
# (C) 2021 Engie Digital
#
# vim: set ts=4 sts=4 et tw=78 sw=4 si:
"""
Private extension of haystack implementation to add the link with DB.
"""
from abc import abstractmethod
from datetime import datetime
from typing import Optional
from . import HaystackInterface
from ..grid import Grid
class DBHaystackInterface(HaystackInterface):
"""
Extension of HaystackInterface to add methods to manages database.
"""
@abstractmethod
def create_db(self) -> None:
"""
Create the database and schema.
"""
@abstractmethod
def purge_db(self) -> None:
""" Purge the current database. """
@abstractmethod
def import_data(self,
source_uri: str,
customer_id: str = '',
reset: bool = False,
version: Optional[datetime] = None
) -> None:
"""
Import source URI to destination URI.
Args:
source_uri: The source URI.
customer_id: The current customer id to inject in each records.
reset: Remove all the current data before import the grid.
version: The associated version time.
"""
@abstractmethod
def import_ts(self,
source_uri: str,
customer_id: str = '',
version: Optional[datetime] = None
):
"""
Import only TS.
Args:
source_uri: The source URI.
customer_id: The current customer id to inject in each records.
version: version to save
"""
@abstractmethod
def update_grid(self,
diff_grid: Grid,
version: Optional[datetime],
customer_id: Optional[str],
now: Optional[datetime] = None) -> None:
"""Import the diff_grid inside the database.
Args:
diff_grid: The difference to apply in database.
version: The version to save.
customer_id: The customer id to insert in each row.
now: The pseudo 'now' datetime.
"""
@abstractmethod
def read_grid(self,
customer_id: str = '',
version: Optional[datetime] = None) -> Grid:
"""
Read all haystack data for a specific customer, from the database and return a Grid.
Args:
customer_id: The customer_id date to read
version: version to load
Returns:
A grid with all data for a customer
"""
Classes
class DBHaystackInterface (envs: Dict[str, str])
-
Extension of HaystackInterface to add methods to manages database.
Expand source code
class DBHaystackInterface(HaystackInterface): """ Extension of HaystackInterface to add methods to manages database. """ @abstractmethod def create_db(self) -> None: """ Create the database and schema. """ @abstractmethod def purge_db(self) -> None: """ Purge the current database. """ @abstractmethod def import_data(self, source_uri: str, customer_id: str = '', reset: bool = False, version: Optional[datetime] = None ) -> None: """ Import source URI to destination URI. Args: source_uri: The source URI. customer_id: The current customer id to inject in each records. reset: Remove all the current data before import the grid. version: The associated version time. """ @abstractmethod def import_ts(self, source_uri: str, customer_id: str = '', version: Optional[datetime] = None ): """ Import only TS. Args: source_uri: The source URI. customer_id: The current customer id to inject in each records. version: version to save """ @abstractmethod def update_grid(self, diff_grid: Grid, version: Optional[datetime], customer_id: Optional[str], now: Optional[datetime] = None) -> None: """Import the diff_grid inside the database. Args: diff_grid: The difference to apply in database. version: The version to save. customer_id: The customer id to insert in each row. now: The pseudo 'now' datetime. """ @abstractmethod def read_grid(self, customer_id: str = '', version: Optional[datetime] = None) -> Grid: """ Read all haystack data for a specific customer, from the database and return a Grid. Args: customer_id: The customer_id date to read version: version to load Returns: A grid with all data for a customer """
Ancestors
- HaystackInterface
- abc.ABC
Subclasses
Methods
def create_db(self) ‑> NoneType
-
Create the database and schema.
Expand source code
@abstractmethod def create_db(self) -> None: """ Create the database and schema. """
def import_data(self, source_uri: str, customer_id: str = '', reset: bool = False, version: Union[datetime.datetime, NoneType] = None) ‑> NoneType
-
Import source URI to destination URI.
Args
source_uri
- The source URI.
customer_id
- The current customer id to inject in each records.
reset
- Remove all the current data before import the grid.
version
- The associated version time.
Expand source code
@abstractmethod def import_data(self, source_uri: str, customer_id: str = '', reset: bool = False, version: Optional[datetime] = None ) -> None: """ Import source URI to destination URI. Args: source_uri: The source URI. customer_id: The current customer id to inject in each records. reset: Remove all the current data before import the grid. version: The associated version time. """
def import_ts(self, source_uri: str, customer_id: str = '', version: Union[datetime.datetime, NoneType] = None)
-
Import only TS.
Args
source_uri
- The source URI.
customer_id
- The current customer id to inject in each records.
version
- version to save
Expand source code
@abstractmethod def import_ts(self, source_uri: str, customer_id: str = '', version: Optional[datetime] = None ): """ Import only TS. Args: source_uri: The source URI. customer_id: The current customer id to inject in each records. version: version to save """
def purge_db(self) ‑> NoneType
-
Purge the current database.
Expand source code
@abstractmethod def purge_db(self) -> None: """ Purge the current database. """
def read_grid(self, customer_id: str = '', version: Union[datetime.datetime, NoneType] = None) ‑> shaystack.grid.Grid
-
Read all haystack data for a specific customer, from the database and return a Grid.
Args
customer_id
- The customer_id date to read
version
- version to load
Returns
A grid with all data for a customer
Expand source code
@abstractmethod def read_grid(self, customer_id: str = '', version: Optional[datetime] = None) -> Grid: """ Read all haystack data for a specific customer, from the database and return a Grid. Args: customer_id: The customer_id date to read version: version to load Returns: A grid with all data for a customer """
def update_grid(self, diff_grid: shaystack.grid.Grid, version: Union[datetime.datetime, NoneType], customer_id: Union[str, NoneType], now: Union[datetime.datetime, NoneType] = None) ‑> NoneType
-
Import the diff_grid inside the database.
Args
diff_grid
- The difference to apply in database.
version
- The version to save.
customer_id
- The customer id to insert in each row.
now
- The pseudo 'now' datetime.
Expand source code
@abstractmethod def update_grid(self, diff_grid: Grid, version: Optional[datetime], customer_id: Optional[str], now: Optional[datetime] = None) -> None: """Import the diff_grid inside the database. Args: diff_grid: The difference to apply in database. version: The version to save. customer_id: The customer id to insert in each row. now: The pseudo 'now' datetime. """
Inherited members


public class ActionUpdaterTerran_SCV extends ActionUpdaterWorker
AvailableActionsTerran_SCV
instance.| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
private FollowActionTerran_SCV |
followActionTerran_SCV |
private RepairActionBuilding |
repairActionBuilding |
private RepairActionUnit |
repairActionUnit |
playerUnit
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
ActionUpdaterTerran_SCV(PlayerUnit playerUnit) |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
private bwapi.Unit |
getClosestFollowableUnit()
Function for finding the closest Unit whose UnitType matches one of the
listed ones in the
PlayerUnitTerran_SCV 's List of repairable
UnitTypes. |
private java.util.List<bwapi.Unit> |
getDamagedUnitsInConfidenceRange()
Function for extracting all damaged Player Units from the Collection of
Units in the executing Unit's confidence range.
|
private bwapi.Unit |
getRepairActionTargetBuilding()
Function for finding a target to repair (Building) that is not already
mapped to another worker Unit in the executing Unit's confidence range.
|
private bwapi.Unit |
getRepairActionTargetUnit()
Function for finding a target to repair (Unit) that is not already mapped
to another worker Unit in the executing Unit's confidence range.
|
protected void |
init()
Function used for retrieving the references to the different actions.
|
private java.util.List<bwapi.Unit> |
sortByDistance(java.util.List<bwapi.Unit> list,
bwapi.Unit executingUnit)
Function for sorting a List containing Units references based on their
distance towards another provided one in an ascending order based on
their distance towards it.
|
void |
update(PlayerUnit playerUnit)
General update function which gets called when the implementing classes
should update their corresponding values / references.
|
attackMoveToNearestKnownUnitConfiguration, initScoutBaseLocationActionInstance
attackUnitActionConfiguration, initAttackMoveAction
getActionFromInstance
private FollowActionTerran_SCV followActionTerran_SCV
private RepairActionUnit repairActionUnit
private RepairActionBuilding repairActionBuilding
public ActionUpdaterTerran_SCV(PlayerUnit playerUnit)
public void update(PlayerUnit playerUnit)
Updater
update
in interface Updater
update
in class ActionUpdaterWorker
playerUnit
- the PlayerUnit whose properties may change.private bwapi.Unit getClosestFollowableUnit()
PlayerUnitTerran_SCV
's List of repairable
UnitTypes. Only these types of Units are the ones that a worker may
follow.private java.util.List<bwapi.Unit> sortByDistance(java.util.List<bwapi.Unit> list, bwapi.Unit executingUnit)
list
- the List of Units that is going to be sorted.executingUnit
- the reference Unit to which the Units in the sorting List are
calculating their distance to.private bwapi.Unit getRepairActionTargetUnit()
private bwapi.Unit getRepairActionTargetBuilding()
private java.util.List<bwapi.Unit> getDamagedUnitsInConfidenceRange()
protected void init()
ActionUpdaterGeneral
init
in class ActionUpdaterWorker


It is a demo of the VCells algorithm described in VCells: Simple and Efficient Superpixels Using Edge-Weighted Centroidal Voronoi Tessellations, TPAMI 34(6), 1241-1247" by Jie Wang and Xiaoqiang Wang.
You can also have a try with your own images.
The source code can be downloaded in GitHub Page.


DOUBLE
DOG
DARE
Score Board
Player's Past Dares
All Past Dares
Rules
Sort
Created by
Mars Howard
Turn Player:
Score:
Shots:
PLAY
SHOT
PASS
Welcome To Double Dog Dare
Enter in all the players one at a time in the box, when finished hit the play button below.


While all the information may not be here, please do check out our communication channels on Discord™ and Telegram™ for more infomation found at the header or at the bottom of the page.
UniDex does have its own token on the ETH mainnet offering some benefits for holders or traders on the platform. The UNIDX token can be used to save on platform fees, get trading fee rebates, or even be rewarded with a percentage of the fees UniDex makes. There is no BEP20 token for UNIDX at the current moment.
The token exists on the ETH mainnet with the contract address - 0x95b3497bBcCcc46a8F45F5Cf54b0878b39f8D96C. There is no BEP20 Token for UniDex at the current moment.
All liquidity exists on Uniswap at the current moment and can be traded on UniDex or directly on Uniswap.
There is no staking required or offered for the UNIDX token. Instead, holders simply hold in their wallet and be automagically airdropped reward. Its that simple! just hold and earn as platform volume grows. You can learn more about the process here on our docs.
UniDex targets traders who want a more informative and data driven trading experince. While our interface is designed for more experienced traders, our liquidity engine still provides any trader big or small, with the best returns on the market. We are a platform for traders for any chain, financial instrument, or style of trading.
We had our inital closed beta starting from December 6th, then moved to open beta on the 25th of January. We've been expanding since in terms of offerings and UX updates.
You're right, aggregation is a great tool for trading and efficeny. However, we apply a no-bias method for sourcing liquidity and trade routes. So while platforms like 0x provides better returns compared to 1inch 7/10 times. We fill that 30% gap and always source the best aggreagtor, liquidity source, or engine to trade from. Knowing youll always get the best return due to constantly adopting any new aggregator, DEX, or liquidity protocol. UniDex provides an unfair edge in the market for traders.
We condcuted our pre-sale Nov 6, 2020 with a presale price of 0.00002 ETH per UNIDX token. We raised around $25,000 and all unsold tokens have been burned. UniDex currently has no capital backers, however open to the oppertunity. If you would like to discuss more then contract us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Krunal Amin, the founder of the project, started UniDex as cryptocurrency markets were lacking in the tools and techology provided to traders that are standard in traditional markets like stocks and forex. Since then we've expanded our team in multiple positions and are still looking to grow. Let us know in our communication channels or email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for avaliable oppertunites.
You can use our contact us form at the top or reach out to us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>directly.
Once you connect your wallet you just need the native currency to conduct swaps on the platform. For example, if you are trading on the BSC mainnet, then you just need bnb to trade any BEP20 token.
Vist the app to get started. Video coming soon.
Your wallet may vary, but using your wallets network selector and connecting to the appropriate network will let you get started to trade on speific non cross-chain protocols.
 Rewards are sent the othe address holding the UNIDX which excludes CEX exchanges unless partnered and made specially for.
Chat with the team, or others in the community!
© 2021 UniDex All rights reserved


VITA SA - Admin Site Calendar Reset
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Back to Site Calendar
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Season First Date
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About


According to an article in the New York Times, "Let Us Now Praise the Great Men of Junk Food", "The history of junk food is a largely American tale: It has been around for hundreds of years, in many parts of the world, but no one has done a better job inventing so many varieties of it, branding it, mass-producing it, making people rich off it and, of course, eating it." Cracker Jack, the candy-coated popcorn-and-peanuts confection, is credited as the first popular name brand junk food; it was created in Chicago, registered in 1896, and became the best-selling candy in the world 20 years later.
Health food is a marketing term to suggest human health effects beyond a normal healthy diet required for human nutrition. Foods marketed as health foods may be part of one or more categories, such as natural foods, organic foods, whole foods, vegetarian foods or dietary supplements. These products may be sold in health food stores or in the health food or organic sections of grocery stores. While there is no precise definition for "health food", the United States Food and Drug Administration monitors and warns food manufacturers against labeling foods as having specific health effects when no evidence exists to support such statements.
The practice can be traced to Indus Valley Civilization in 3300-1300 BCE in the Indian subcontinent, particularly in northern and western ancient India. Early vegetarians included Indian philosophers such as Mahavira and Acharya Kundakunda, the Tamil poet Valluvar, the Indian emperors Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka; Greek philosophers such as Empedocles, Theophrastus, Plutarch, Plotinus, and Porphyry; and the Roman poet Ovid and the playwright Seneca the Younger. The Greek sage Pythagoras may have advocated an early form of strict vegetarianism, but his life is so obscure that it is disputed whether he ever advocated any form of vegetarianism at all. He almost certainly prohibited his followers from eating beans and from wearing woolen garments. Eudoxus of Cnidus, a student of Archytas and Plato, writes that "Pythagoras was distinguished by such purity and so avoided killing and killers that he not only abstained from animal foods, but even kept his distance from cooks and hunters". One of the earliest known vegans was the Arab poet al-Ma arri. Their arguments were based on health, the transmigration of souls, animal welfare, and the view-espoused by Porphyry in De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium that if humans deserve justice, then so do animals. Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th-century England and the United States. A minority of vegetarians avoided animal food entirely. In 1813, the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley published A Vindication of Natural Diet, advocating "abstinence from animal food and spirituous liquors", and in 1815, William Lambe, a London physician, stated that his "water and vegetable diet" could cure anything from tuberculosis to acne. Lambe called animal food a "habitual irritation", and argued that "milk eating and flesh-eating are but branches of a common system and they must stand or fall together". Sylvester Graham's meatless Graham diet—mostly fruit, vegetables, water, and bread made at home with stoneground flour—became popular as a health remedy in the 1830s in the United States. Several vegan communities were established around this time. In Massachusetts, Amos Bronson Alcott, father of the novelist Louisa May Alcott, opened the Temple School in 1834 and Fruitlands in 1844, and in England, James Pierrepont Greaves founded the Concordium, a vegan community at Alcott House on Ham Common, in 1838.


CSS is used to style and lay out web pages — for example, to alter the font, colour, size and spacing of your content, split it into multiple columns, or add animations and other decorative features. This module gets you started on the path to CSS mastery with the basics of how it works, including selectors and properties, writing CSS rules, applying CSS to HTML, how to specify length, colour, and other units in CSS, cascade and inheritance, and debugging CSS.
Before starting this module, you should have:
- Basic familiarity with using computers, and using the Web passively (i.e. just looking at it, consuming the content.)
- A basic work environment set up as detailed in Installing basic software, and an understanding of how to create and manage files, as detailed in Dealing with files.
- Basic familiarity with HTML, as discussed in the Introduction to HTML module.
Web browsers apply CSS rules to a document to affect how they are displayed. A CSS rule is formed from:
- A set of properties, which have values set to update how the HTML content is displayed, for example I want my element's width to be 50% of its parent element, and its background to be red.
- A selector, which selects the element(s) you want to apply the updated property values to. For example, I want to apply my CSS rule to all the paragraphs in my HTML document.
A set of CSS rules contained within a stylesheet determines how a webpage should look. You will learn a lot more about what CSS syntax looks like in the next article of the module — CSS Syntax.
The above descriptions may or may not have made sense, so let's make sure things are clear by presenting a quick example. First of all, let's take a simple HTML document, containing an
 and a
 (notice that a stylesheet is applied to the HTML using a <link> element):
<!DOCTYPE html>

<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>My CSS experiment</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</lthead>

Hello World!

This is my first CSS example

Now let's look at a very simple CSS example containing two rules:
h1 {
color: blue;
background-color: yellow;
border: 1px solid black;
}
p {
color: red;
}
The first rule starts with an h1 selector, which means that it will apply its property values to the
 element. It contains three properties and their values (each property/value pair is called a declaration):
- The first one sets the text color to blue.
- The second sets the background color to yellow.
- The third one puts a border around the header that is 1 pixel wide, solid (not dotted, or dashed, etc.), and colored black.
The second rule starts with a p selector, which means that it will apply its property values to the
 element. It contains one declaration, which sets the text color to red.
In a web browser, the code above would produce the following output:
In CSS, selectors are used to target the HTML elements on our web pages that we want to style. There are a wide variety of CSS selectors available, allowing for fine grained precision when selecting elements to style. In the next few articles we'll run through the different types in great detail, seeing how they work.
Selectors can be divided into the following categories:
- Simple selectors: Match one or more elements based on element type, class, or id.
- Attribute selectors: Match one or more elements based on their attributes/attribute values.
- Pseudo-classes: Match one or more elements that exist in a certain state, such as an element that is being hovered over by the mouse pointer, or a checkbox that is currently disabled or checked, or an element that is the first child of its parent in the DOM tree.
- Pseudo-elements: Match one or more parts of content that are in a certain position in relation to an element, for example the first word of each paragraph, or generated content appearing just before an element.
- Combinators: These are not exactly selectors themselves, but ways of combining two or more selectors in useful ways for very specific selections. So for example, you could select only paragraphs that are direct descendants of divs, or paragraphs that come directly after headings.
- Multiple selectors: Again, these are not separate selectors; the idea is that you can put multiple selectors on the same CSS rule, separated by commas, to apply a single set of declarations to all the elements selected by those selectors.
A CSS pseudo-class is a keyword added to the end of a selector, preceded by a colon (:), which is used to specify that you want to style the selected element but only when it is in a certain state. For example, you might want to style a link element only when it is being hovered over by the mouse pointer, or a checkbox when it is disabled or checked, or an element that is the first child of its parent in the DOM tree.
- :checked
- :enabled
- :hover
- :nth-child()
- :required
- :valid
We will not dig into every pseudo-class right now, it is not the objective of the Learning Area to teach you everything in exhaustive detail. You'll certainly come across some of these in more detail later, where appropriate.
For now, let's just see a simple example of how to use these. First, an HTML snippet:
Mozilla Developer Network
Then, some CSS rules:
/* These styles will style our link
in all states */
a {
color: blue;
font-weight: bold;
}
/* We want visited links to be the same color
as non visited links */
a:visited {
color: blue;
}
/* We highlight the link when it is
hovered (mouse), activated
or focused (keyboard) */
a:hover,
a:active,
a:focus {
color: darkred;
text-decoration: none;
}
Now let's play with the link we just styled!
Mozilla Developer Network
Pseudo-elements are very much like pseudo-classes, but they have differences. They are keywords, this time preceded by two colons (::), that can be added to the end of selectors to select a certain part of an element
- : :after
- : :before
- : :first-letter
- : :first-line
- : :selection
- : :backdrop
They all have some very specific behaviors and interesting features, but digging into them all in detail is beyond our scope for now.
Here we'll just show a simple CSS example that selects the space just after all absolute links and adds an arrow in that space:

CSS defined in the MDN glossary.

HTML defined in the MDN glossary.

Let's add this CSS rule:
/* All elements with an attribute "href", which values
start with "http", will be added an arrow after its
content (to indicate it's an external link) */
[href^=http]::after {
content: '⤴';
}
We get this result:
You've covered a lot in this module, so it must feel good to have reached the end! The final step before you move on is to attempt the assessment for the module — this involves a number of related exercises that must be completed in order to create the final design — a business card/gamer card/social media profile
To get this assessment started, you should:
- Go and grab the HTML file for the exercise, and the associated image file, and save them in a new directory on your local computer. If you want to use your own image file and fill your own name in, you are welcome to — just make sure the image is square.
- Grab the CSS resources text file — this contains a set of raw selectors and rulesets that you'll need to study and combine to answer part of this assessment.
- All the documentation in this page is taken from MDN Web Docs.