Most J programs contain no loops equivalent to while and for in C. J does contain while. and for. constructs, but they carry a performance penalty and are a wise choice only when the body of the loop is a time-consuming operation. You are just going to have to learn to learn to code without loops.
I think this is the most intimidating thing about learning J--more intimidating even than programs that look like a three-year-old with a particular fondness for periods and colons was set before the keyboard. You have developed a solid understanding of loops, and can hardly think of programming without using them. But J is a revolutionary language, and all that is solid melts into air: you will find that most of your loops disappear altogether, and the rest are replaced by small gestures to the interpreter indicating your intentions.
Come, let us see how it can be done. I promise, if you code in J for 6 months, you will no longer think in loops, and if you stay with it for 2 years, you will see that looping code was an artifact of early programming languages, ready to be displayed in museums along with vacuum tubes, delay lines, and punched cards. Remember, in the 1960s programmers laughed at the idea of programming without gotos!
You are not used to classifying loops according to their function, but I am going to do so as a way of introducting J's primitives. We will treat the subject of loopless iteration in 7 scattered chapters, showing how to replace different variants of loops:
Loops where each iteration of the loop performs the same operation on different data;
Loops that apply an operation between all the items of an array, for example finding the largest item;
Loops where the operation to be performed on each cell is different;
Loops that are applied to regularly-defined subsets of the data;
Loops that are applied to subsets of the data defined irregularly;
Loops that accumulate information between iterations of the loop;
Loops that implement finite-state machines.
The simplest case is the most important, and we start with a few experiments.
2 + 3 4 5
5 6 7
The verb dyad + is addition, and we have our first example of an implicit loop: the left argument 2 was added to each atom in the right argument.
1 2 3 + 4 5 6
5 7 9
And look! If each operand is a list, the respective items are added. We wonder if the behavior of 2 + 3 4 5 was because items of the shorter operand are repeated cyclically:
1 2 + 4 5 6
|length error
| 1 2 +4 5 6
Evidently not. A 'length error' means that the operands to + did not 'agree' (and you get an error if you try to add them). We will shortly understand exactly what this means.
i. 2 3
0 1 2
3 4 5
A reminder of what monad i. does.
0 100 + i. 2 3
0 1 2
103 104 105
Whoa! The atoms of the left operand were applied to rows of the right operand. Interesting. This seems to be some kind of nested implicit loop.
Let's learn a couple of more verbs, monad #. and monad #: . Monad #: creates the binary representation of an integer (i. e. a list of 0s and 1s), and monad #. is its inverse, creating the integer from the binary representation. For the longest time I couldn't remember which was which, but at last I saw the mnemonic: the verb with the single dot (#.) creates an atom from a list; the verb with multiple dots (#:) creates a list from an atom:
#: 5
1 0 1
#. 1 0 1
5
Yes, they seem to perform as advertised. They can be applied to arrays:
]a =. #: 5 9
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
Look: the result is not a rank-1 list, but rather a rank-2 array, where each item has the binary representation of one operand value (and notice, an extra leading zero was added to the representation of 5). The little trick with ]a =. will be explained later, but for now just think of ]a =. as 'assign to a and display the result'. With a assigned, we have:
#. a
5 9
This seems to be the desired result, but on reflection we are puzzled: how did the interpreter know to apply #. to each 1-cell rather than to each 0-cell? Contrast this result with the result of the verb monad +:, which means 'multiply by 2':
+: a
0 2 0 2
2 0 0 2
Evidently the verbs themselves have some attribute that affects the rank of cell they are applied to. It's time for us to stop experimenting and learn what that attribute is.
Every verb has a rank--the rank of the cells to which it is applied. If the rank of the verb's operand is smaller than the rank of the verb, the verb is applied to the entire operand and it is up to the author of the verb to ensure that it produces a meaningful result in that case.
Dyads have a rank for each operand, not necessarily the same.
A verb's rank can be infinite (_), in which case the verb is always applied to the operand in its entirety. In other words, if a verb has infinite rank for an operand, that operand is always processed as a single cell (having the rank of the operand).
If you don't know the rank of a verb, you don't know the verb. Using a verb of unknown rank is like wiring in a power-supply of unknown voltage--it will do something when you plug it in; it might even work; but if the voltage is wrong it will destroy what it's connected to. Avoid embarrassment! Know the rank of the verbs you use.
The definition page of each J verb gives the ranks of the verbs defined on the page, right at the top of the page after the name of the verb. Since most pages define both a monad and a dyad, you will usually find 3 numbers: the first is the rank of the monad, the other two are the left and right rank of the dyad. For example, click up the page for #: and you will see
#: _ 1 0
which means that monad #: has infinite rank, while dyad #: has left rank 1 and right rank 0. For any verb, including user-written verbs, you can ask the interpreter the rank by typing verbname b. 0 :
#: b. 0
_ 1 0
Verb Execution--How Rank Is Used (Monads)
The implicit looping in J results from the interplay of verb rank and noun rank. For monads, it goes like this:
1. Figure out the rank r of the cells that will be operated on; this will be the smaller of the rank of the verb and the rank of the operand. For the important case of a verb infinite rank, according to this rule r will be the rank of the operand, which is another way of saying that the verb applies to the operand in its entirety.
Find the frame f of the operand with respect to cells of rank r.
Think of the operand as an array with shape f made up of cells of rank r. Apply the verb to each r-cell, replacing each cell with the result of the verb. Obviously, this will yield an array of shape f whose items have the shape of the result of applying the verb to an r-cell.
Let's look at some simple examples:
i. 2 2
0 1
2 3
This will be the right operand.
+: i. 2 2
0 2
4 6
The steps to get this result are:
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The verb rank is 0 and the noun rank is 2, so we will be applying the verb to 0-cells. The frame f is 2 2 |
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Think of the operand as a 2x2 array of 0-cells: |
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The verb is applied to each cell: |
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Since each result is an atom, i. e. a 0-cell, the result is a 2x2 array of 0-cells, i. e. an array of shape 2 2 |
0 2 4 6 |
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Figure 1. Execution of +: i. 2 2 |
Another example:
]a =. 2 2 4 $ 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
This is a rank-3 array.
#. a
3 1
4 2
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The verb rank is 1 and the noun rank is 3, so we will be applying the verb to 1-cells. The frame f is 2 2 |
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Think of the operand as a 2x2 array of 1-cells: |
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The verb is applied to each cell: |
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Since each result is an atom, i. e. a 0-cell, the result is a 2x2 array of 0-cells, i. e. an array of shape 2 2 |
3 1 4 2 |
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Figure 2. Execution of #. 2 2 4 $ 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 |
Controlling Verb Execution By Specifying a Rank
The implicit loops we have used so far are interesting, but they are not powerful enough for our mission of replacing all explicit loops. To understand the deficiency and its remedy, consider the new verb monad +/, which creates the total of the items of its operand (just think of it as 'monad SumItems'). Monad +/ has infinite rank: its rank is _ (infinity), which means, if you work through the description above, that it always works on its entire operand as a single cell. Its action is to take the total of the items, which are the _1-cells of the operand:
+/ 1 2 3
6
The result was 1 + 2 + 3, as expected.
i. 2 3
0 1 2
3 4 5
+/ i. 2 3
3 5 7
The result was 0 1 2 + 3 4 5, as expected (remember that the items are added, and the items of i. 2 3 are 1-cells). Adding together a pair of 1-cells adds the respective atoms, as we will soon learn in detail.
This application of monad +/ to a rank-2 array corresponds to the C code fragment:
for(j = 0;j<3;++j)sum[j] = 0;
for(i = 0;i<2;++i)
for(j = 0;j<3;++j)sum[j] += array[i][j];
Suppose we wanted to add up the items of each row, as in the C code fragment
for(i = 0;i<2;++i) {
sum[i] = 0;
for(j = 0;j<3;++j)sum[i] += array[i][j];
}
to produce the result 3 12? How can we do it in J? What we have learned so far is not enough, but if we had a way to make monad +/ apply to 1-cells--if we could make monad +/ have rank 1 rather than rank _--our problem would be solved: the implicit looping would cause each row to be summed and the results collected.
You will not be surprised to learn that J does indeed provide a way to apply monad +/ on 1-cells. That way is the rank conjunction " . (Remember that in J, " is not a paired quote character, but just a single primitive with a defined function).
We will learn all about conjunctions later on--the syntax is a little different than for verbs--but for now, we'll try to understand this " . It's used like this:
u"n
to produce a new verb that is u applied to n-cells individually. This is a simple idea, but its ramifications spread wide. As a first example:
+/"1 i. 2 3
3 12
This is what we were looking for. It happened this way:
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The verb rank is 1 and the noun rank is 2, so we will be applying the verb to 1-cells. The frame f is 2 |
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Think of the operand as a list of 2 1-cells: |
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The verb monad +/ is applied to each cell: |
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Since each result is an atom, i. e. a 0-cell, the result is a list of 2 0-cells, i. e. an array of shape 2 |
3 12 |
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Figure 3. Execution of +/"1 i. 2 3 |
Here are some more examples using a rank-3 array as data:
i. 2 3 4
0 1 2 3
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23
+/"1 i. 2 3 4
6 22 38
54 70 86
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The verb rank is 1 and the noun rank is 3, so we will be applying the verb to 1-cells. The frame f is 2 3 |
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Think of the operand as a 2x3 array of 1-cells: |
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The verb monad +/ is applied to each cell: |
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Since each result is an atom, i. e. a 0-cell, the result is a 2x3 array of 0-cells, i. e. an array of shape 2 3 |
6 22 38 54 70 86 |
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Figure 4. Execution of +/"1 i. 2 3 4 |
+/"2 i. 2 3 4
12 15 18 21
48 51 54 57
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The verb rank is 2 and the noun rank is 3, so we will be applying the verb to 2-cells. The frame f is 2 |
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Think of the operand as a list of 2 2-cells: |
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The verb monad +/ is applied to each cell. As we have learned, this sums the items, making each result a rank-1 list |
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Since each result is a rank-1 list, i. e. a 1-cell, the result is a list of 2 1-cells, i. e. an array of shape 2 4 |
12 15 18 21 48 51 54 57 |
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Figure 5. Execution of +/"2 i. 2 3 4 |
+/"3 i. 2 3 4
12 14 16 18
20 22 24 26
28 30 32 34
The verb is applied to the single 3-cell. Its items, which are 2-cells, are added, leaving a single 2-cell as the result.
How about i."0 (2 2 2)--can you figure out what that will produce? (Notice I put parentheses around the numeric list 2 2 2 so that the rank 0 wouldn't be treated as part of the list)
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The verb rank is 0 and the noun rank is 1, so we will be applying the verb to 0-cells. The frame f is 3 |
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Think of the operand as a list of 3 0-cells (i. e. atoms): |
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The verb monad i. is applied to each cell: |
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Since each result is a list, i. e. a 1-cell, the result is a list of 3 1-cells each with shape 2, i. e. an array of shape 3 2 |
0 1 0 1 0 1 |
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Figure 6. Execution of i."0 (2 2 2) |
i."0 (2 2 2)
0 1
0 1
0 1
If you worked through that last example i."0 (2 2 2), it might have occurred to you that the shape of each result cell depended on the value of the operand cell, and that if those cells had not been identical, there would be some rough edges showing when it came time at the end to join the dissimilar result cells together.  That can indeed happen. If it does, then just before the cells are joined together to make the final result, the interpreter will bulk up the smaller results to bring them up to the shape of the largest. First, if the ranks of the results are not identical, each result will have leading axes of length 1 added as needed to bring all the results up to the same rank (e. g. if one result has shape 2 5 and another has shape 5, the second will be converted to shape 1 5, leaving the data unchanged). Then, if the lengths of the axes are not identical, the interpreter will extend each axis to the maximum length found at that axis in any result: this requires adding atoms, called fills, which are always 0 for numeric results and ' ' for literal results. Example:
i."0 (0 1 2 3)
0 0 0 NB. original result was empty list; 3 fills added
0 0 0 NB. original result was 0; 2 fills added
0 1 0 NB. original result was 0 1; 1 fill added
0 1 2 NB. this was the longest result, no fill added
fndisplay--A Utility for Understanding Evaluation
J contains a script that we will use to expose the workings of evaluation. You define verbs which, instead of operating on their operands, accumulate character strings indicating what operations were being performed. This gives you a way of seeing the operations at different cells rather than just the results.
Start by loading the script:
load 'system/packages/misc/fndisplay.ijs'
Then, select the type of display you want. We will be using
setfnform 'J'
Then, give the names of the verbs you want to use. If you want to assign a rank, you may do so by appending "r to the name:
defverbs 'SumItems plus"0'
Optionally, define any names you want to use as nouns. The value assigned to the noun is the noun's name:
defnouns 'x y'
You are free to use other nouns in expressions, but they will be replaced by their values.
With these definitions, you can explore J's evaluations:
x (plus) y
+--------+
|x plus y|
+--------+
The result of the evaluation is a description of the evaluation that was performed. The result is displayed in a box so that a sentence with multiple evaluations shows each in its proper place:
SumItems"1 i. 2 3
+--------------+--------------+
|SumItems 0 1 2|SumItems 3 4 5|
+--------------+--------------+
Here we see that SumItems was applied twice, once on each 1-cell.
fndisplay cannot produce a valid result in cases where the rank of a verb is smaller than the rank of the result-cells of the preceding verb, because then the operation would be performed on part of a result cell, and the result cell is just a descriptive string which cannot be meaningfully subdivided.
In this book, if we give an example that starts with defverbs it is implied that load fndisplay and setfnform 'J' have been executed.
If you prefer to see the order of evaluation expressed in functional form like that used in C, you may issue setfnform 'math' before you execute your sentences:
setfnform 'math'
1 plus 2 plus y
+-----------------+
|plus(1,plus(2,y))|
+-----------------+
Recall that we defined the _1-cell of a noun n to be the cells with rank one less than the rank of n, and similarly for other negative ranks. If a verb is defined with negative rank r, it means as usual that the verb will apply to r-cells if possible; but with r negative the rank of those r-cells will depend on the rank of the operand. After the interpreter decides what rank of cell the verb will be applied to, verbs with negative rank are processed just like verbs of positive rank.
+/ "_1 i. 3
0 1 2
The operand has rank 1, so the _1-cells are atoms. Applying monad SumItems on each one has no effect. The sentence is equivalent to +/ "0 i. 2 3 .
+/ "_1 i. 2 3
3 12
The operand has rank 2, so this expression totals the items in each 1-cell. The sentence is equivalent to +/ "1 i. 2 3 .
+/ "_2 i. 2 2 3
3 12
21 30
The operand has rank 3, so this totals the items in each 1-cell, leaving a 2x2 array of totals. The sentence is equivalent to +/ "1 i. 2 2 3 .
Rank Makes Verbs Automatically Extensible
We have been focusing so closely on shapes, cells, and frames that we haven't paid attention to one of the great benefits of assigning a rank to a verb: extensibility. When you give a verb the rank r, you only have to write the verb to perform correctly on cells of rank ≤r. Your verb will also automatically work on operands with rank >r: J will apply the verb on all the r-cells and collect the results using the frame.
If you write a verb to find the length of a vector, and give that verb the rank 1:
len =: verb : '%: +/ *: y' "1 NB. %: sqrt *: square
you can use it to take the length of a single vector:
len 3 4 5
7.07107
or two vectors:
len i. 4 3
2.23607 7.07107 12.2066 17.3781
or a 2x4 array of vectors:
len i. 2 4 3
2.23607 7.07107 12.2066 17.3781
22.561 27.7489 32.9393 38.1314
All is grist that comes to this mill!
Verb Execution--How Rank Is Used (Dyads)
We are at last ready to understand the implicit looping that is performed when J processes a dyadic verb. Because a dyadic verb has two ranks (one for each operand), and these two verb ranks interact with each other as well as with the ranks of the operands themselves, you should not read further until you thoroughly understand what we have covered already.
We have learned that the rank conjunction u"n is used to specify the rank of a verb. Since each verb has the potential of being invoked monadically or dyadically, the rank conjunction must specify the ranks for both valences. This requires 3 ranks, since the monad has a single rank and the dyad a left and a right rank. The ranks n may comprise from 1 to 3 items: if 3 ranks are given they are, in order, the monad's rank, the dyad's left rank, and the dyad's right rank. If two ranks are given, the first is the dyad's left rank and the second is used for the dyad's right rank and the rank of the monad. If there is only one item in the list, it is used for all ranks. So, v"0 1 has monad rank 1, dyad left rank 0, and dyad right rank 1 . As usual, J primitives themselves have the ranks shown in the Dictionary.
Processing of a dyad follows the same overall plan as for monads, except that with two operands there are two cell-sizes (call them lr and rr) and two frames (call them lf and rf). If the left and right frames are identical, the operation can be simply described: the lr-cells of the left operand match one-to-one with the rr-cells of the right operand; the dyad is applied to those matched pairs of cells, producing a result for each pair; those results are collected as an array with frame lf. We illustrate this case with an example:
(i. 2 2) + i. 2 2
0 2
4 6
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The verb has left rank 0, and the left operand has rank 2, so the operation will be applied to 0-cells of the left operand. The verb has right rank 0, and the right operand has rank 2, so the operation will be applied to 0-cells of the right operand. The left frame is 2 2, the right frame is 2 2 . |
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Think of the left operand as a 2x2 array of 0-cells, and the right operand as a 2x2 array of 0-cells: |
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The corresponding left and right operand cells are paired: |
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The operation dyad + is performed on each pair of cells: |
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Since each result is an atom, and the frame is 2 2, the result is an array with shape 2 2 |
0 2 4 6 |
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Figure 7. Execution of (i. 2 2) + i. 2 2 |
Using fndisplay, we have
load'system\packages\misc\fndisplay.ijs'
setfnform 'J'
defverbs 'plus"0'
(i. 2 2) plus i. 2 2
+--------+--------+
|0 plus 0|1 plus 1|
+--------+--------+
|2 plus 2|3 plus 3|
+--------+--------+
As you can see, we were correct when we asserted that the sum of two cells of the same shape is taken by adding their respective items.
Concatenating Lists: Dyad , (Append)
For a second example we will introduce a new verb, dyad , (the verb is the comma character). x , y creates an array whose leading items are the items of x and whose trailing items are the items of y; in other words, it concatenates x and y .
1 2 3 , 6
1 2 3 6
1 2 3 , 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
4 , 6
4 6
1 2 3 , 0$6
1 2 3
(i. 2 3) , (i. 3 3)
0 1 2
3 4 5
0 1 2
3 4 5
6 7 8
In the last example the items of x and y are 3-element lists, so x , y is a list of 3-element lists, containing the items of x followed by the items of y .
Dyad , has infinite rank, which means that it applies to its operands in their entirety and so its detailed operation is defined not by the implicit looping we have been learning, but instead by the definition of the verb in the Dictionary. The discussion given above describes the operation of dyad , when the operands have identically-shaped items (items, mind you--the shapes of x and y may differ, if one has more items than the other). In a later chapter we will learn about x , y when the items have different shapes; for now we will be dealing with operands that are scalars and lists, for both of which the items are scalars.
Now see if you can figure out what (i. 3 3) ,"1 0 i. 3 will do before reading the explanation that follows:
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The verb (dyad ,"1 0) has left rank 1, and the left operand has rank 2, so the operation will be applied to 1-cells of the left operand. The verb has right rank 0, and the right operand has rank 1, so the operation will be applied to 0-cells of the right operand. The left frame is 3, the right frame is 3 . |
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Think of the left operand as a list of 3 1-cells, and the right operand as a list of 3 0-cells: |
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The corresponding left and right operand cells are paired: |
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The operation dyad , is performed on each pair of cells: |
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Since each result is a 1-cell of shape 4, and the frame is 3, the result is an array with shape 3 4 |
0 1 2 0 3 4 5 1 6 7 8 2 |
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Figure 8. Execution of (i. 3 3) ,"1 0 i. 3 |
defverbs 'comma'
(i. 3 3) comma"1 0 i. 3
+-------------+-------------+-------------+
|0 1 2 comma 0|3 4 5 comma 1|6 7 8 comma 2|
+-------------+-------------+-------------+
(i. 3 3) ,"1 0 i. 3
0 1 2 0
3 4 5 1
6 7 8 2
When Dyad Frames Differ: Operand Agreement
The processing of dyads has an extra step not present for monads, namely the pairing of corresponding cells of the left and right operands. As long as the frames lf and rf are the same, as in the examples so far, this is straightforward. If the frames are different, J may still be able to pair left and right cells, using another level of implicit looping, one that provides considerable additional programming power. The formal description is not easy to follow, so you might want to skim over it and read it in detail after you have studied the subsequent examples.
J requires that one of the frames be a prefix of the other (if the frames are identical, each is a prefix of the other and all the following reduces to the simple case we have studied). The common frame cf is the part of the frames that is identical, namely the shorter of the two frames; its length is designated rcf. Processing starts by working on cells of each operand that have cf as the frame (we will call these the (-rcf)-cells, with the understanding that if rcf is 0, the (-rcf)-cells are the operands in their entirety). Considering the (-rcf)-cells, we see that for the operand with the shorter frame, these cells have exactly the rank that the verb operates on, while for the operand with the longer frame, each (-rcf)-cell contains multiple operand cells.
First, the (-rcf)-cells of the two operands are paired one-to-one (always possible, because they have the same frame), leaving each shorter-frame operand cell paired with a longer-frame (-rcf)-cell. Then, the longer-frame (-rcf)-cells are broken up into operand cells, with each operand cell being paired with a copy of the shorter-frame operand cell that was paired with the (-rcf)-cell (an equivalent statement is that the cells of the shorter-frame operand are replicated to match the surplus frame of the longer-frame operand). This completes the pairing of operand cells, and the operation is then performed on the paired operand cells, and collected using the longer frame. Maybe some examples will help.
100 200 + i. 2 3
100 101 102
203 204 205
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The verb (dyad +) has left rank 0, and the left operand has rank 1, so the operation will be applied to 0-cells of the left operand. The verb has right rank 0, and the right operand has rank 2, so the operation will be applied to 0-cells of the right operand. The left frame is 2, the right frame is 2 3 . |
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The common frame is 2, with length 1, so think of each operand as a list of 2 _1-cells |
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The _1-cells of the operands are paired: |
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The longer-frame operand (the right one) is broken up into operand 0-cells, each being paired with a copy of the shorter-frame operand cell. Each paired _1-cell becomes a row of paired operand cells: |
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The operation dyad + is performed on each pair of cells: |
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Since each result is an atom, and the longer frame is 2 3, the result is an array with shape 2 3 |
100 101 102 203 204 205 |
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Figure 9. Execution of 100 200 + i. 2 3 |
defverbs 'plus"0'
100 200 plus i. 2 3
+----------+----------+----------+
|100 plus 0|100 plus 1|100 plus 2|
+----------+----------+----------+
|200 plus 3|200 plus 4|200 plus 5|
+----------+----------+----------+
The simplest and most common case of different-length frames is when the shorter frame is of zero length; in other words, when one of the operands has only one cell. In that case, the single cell is replicated to match every cell of the longer operand. An easy way to force an operand to be viewed as a single cell is to make the verb have infinite rank for that operand. This is not a special case--the behavior follows from the rules already given--but it's worth an example:
'abc' ,"_ 0 'defg'
abcd
abce
abcf
abcg
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The verb (dyad ,"_ 0) has left rank _, and the left operand has rank 1, so the operation will be applied to 1-cells of the left operand. The verb has right rank 0, and the right operand has rank 1, so the operation will be applied to 0-cells of the right operand. The left frame is (empty), the right frame is 4 . |
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The common frame is (empty), with length 0, so take each operand in its entirety: |
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The cells of the operands are paired: |
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The longer-frame operand (the right one) is broken up into operand 0-cells, each being paired with a copy of the shorter-frame operand cell: |
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The operation dyad , is performed on each pair of cells: |
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Since each result is a 1-cell with length 4, and the longer frame is 4, the result is an array with shape 4 4 |
abcd abce abcf abcg |
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Figure 10. Execution of 'abc' ,"_ 0 'defg' |
defverbs 'comma'
'abc' comma"_ 0 'defg'
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|abc comma d|abc comma e|abc comma f|abc comma g|
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
You must thoroughly understand this example, where one operand has only one cell, because it occurs frequently. The handling of the general case of dissimilar frames is uncommon enough that you do not need to understand it perfectly right now--you'll know when you need it, and you can sweat out the solution the first few times. Here are a few observations that may help when that time comes:
It is always entire cells of the operand with the shorter frame that are replicated. A cell is never tampered with; nothing inside a cell will be replicated. And, it is not the entire shorter-frame operand that is replicated, but cells singly, to match the surplus frame of the other operand.
This fact, that single operand cells are replicated, is implied by the decision that the shorter frame must be a prefix of the longer frame: the single cell is the only unit that can be replicated, since the surplus frame is at the end of the frame rather than the beginning. Take a moment to see that this was a good design decision. Why should the following fail?
1 2 3 + i. 2 3
|length error
| 1 2 3 +i.2 3
The 'length error' means that the operands do not agree, because the frame-prefix rule is not met. Your first thought might be that adding a 3-item list to an array of 2 3-item lists should be something that a fancy language like J would do without complaining. If so, think more deeply. J does give you a way to add lists together--just tell J to apply the verb to lists:
1 2 3 +"1 i. 2 3
1 3 5
4 6 8
When you have operands in which one shape is a suffix of the other, as in this example, you handle them by making the verb have the rank of the lower-rank operand. That single operand cell will then be paired with all the cells of the other operand.
By requiring dissimilar frames to match at the beginning, J gives you more control over implicit looping, because each different verb-rank causes different operand cells to be paired. If dissimilar frames matched at the end, the pairing of operand cells would be the same regardless of verb-rank.
Order of Execution in Implied Loops
Whenever a verb is applied to an operand whose rank is higher than the verb's rank, an implied loop is created, as we have discussed above. The order in which the verb is applied to the cells is undefined. The order used on one machine may not be that used on another one, and the ordering may not be predictable at all. If your verb has side effects, you must insure that they do not depend on the order of execution.
Current versions of the interpreter apply the verb to cells in order, but that may change in future releases.
Nested Loops
As we have seen, looping is implicit whenever a verb is applied. If the frames are different, cells of the shorter-frame operand are replicated to match the cells of the longer-frame operand; that's one loop, or more depending on the difference in the lengths of frame. Then, the verb is applied to each pair of cells, which is another set of loops.
When you create a verb v"r with ranks r, you are controlling the looping. You are interposing the rank r into the operation, causing the loops to operate with respect to the r-frame and the r-cells of the operand. But the ranks of the original verb v are still applicable: they come into play when 'the verb is applied to each pair of cells'. Each time the verb v is applied to a pair of cells, another suite of loops is applied, this time using the ranks of v. If the ranks of v are not less than r, in other words if the r-cells are individual cells of the verb v, this second suite of loops will have no effect; but if the ranks of v are less than r, they will come into play. You can use nested ranks to produce the effect of nested loops in C.
Try to figure out what this sentence will produce:
100 200 300 +"0"0 _ (1 2 3 4)
The verb is executed as (+"0)"0 _ . This is of the form v"r where v is +"0 and r is 0 _ . So each 0-cell of 100 200 300 is paired with the entire 1 2 3 4, and +"0 is executed between each pair. The first pair is 100 paired with 1 2 3 4, and +"0 causes the 100 to be replicated, after which the scalars are added, producing 101 102 103 104 . The other parts of the operands are processed equivalently, so the result is
100 200 300 +"0"0 _ (1 2 3 4)
101 102 103 104
201 202 203 204
301 302 303 304
Because the rank of + is 0 0, + and +"0 are equivalent, and I could have written +"0 _ with the same result. Ignore that--it's just accidental that the verb that's easiest to understand has rank 0. The important point is that you can create nested loops using nested ranks. Understand the following results, and you will be well on your way to taking the Loopless Pledge:
100 200 +"0"_ 0 (1 2 3) NB. See the difference!
101 201
102 202
103 203
'ab' ,"0"0 _ 'def'
ad
ae
af
bd
be
bf
'ab' ,"0"_ 0 'def'
ad
bd
ae
be
af
bf
As the preceding section shows, you must not fall into the error of thinking that v"r is 'v with the rank changed to r'. It is not. Nothing can ever change the rank of the verb v--v"r is a new verb that has the rank r. Consider the verb v"1"2,which is parsed as (v"1)"2 . If v"r changed the rank of v, it would follow that v"1"2 would be 'v with the rank changed to 1 and then to 2', i. e. identical to v"2 . But it is not: actually, v"1"2 applies v"1 on the 2-cells of the operand, while v"2 applies v on those same cells--and we have seen that v and v"1 are very different verbs:
+/"1"2 i. 2 3 4
6 22 38
54 70 86
+/"2 i. 2 3 4
12 15 18 21
48 51 54 57
Summing the 2-cells (+/"2) is not the same as summing the 1-cells within each 2-cell (+/"1"2). Make sure you see why.
Ah, you may say, but +/"1"2 is equivalent to +/"1 . You are right for the monadic case, but not for the dyadic:
(i. 3 4) +"1"2 i. 2 3 4
0 2 4 6
8 10 12 14
16 18 20 22
12 14 16 18
20 22 24 26
28 30 32 34
(i. 3 4) +"1 i. 2 3 4
|length error
| (i.3 4) +"1 i.2 3 4
Dyad +"1"2 is executed as (+"1)"2, i. e. it has rank 2. So, there is only one 2-cell of the left operand i. 3 4, and that cell is replicated to match the shape of the right operand. The operands then agree, and the 1-cells can be added. Trying to add the 1-cells directly with +"1 fails, because the frames of the operands with respect to 1-cells do not agree.
The situation becomes even more complicated if the assigned left and right ranks are not the same. My advice to you is simple: remember that u"r is a new verb that executes u on r-cells.


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What is Python?
If you are completely new to computer programming, you might be wondering what Python is. Python is a programming language. Programming languages are simply a special way of giving computers sets of instructions to execute. You are probably familiar with some of the most common programming languages like Java or PHP.
Why is Python a Great Choice for you?
Is Python easy to learn? Yes! The commands and syntax (rules for how code must be laid out) in Python are relatively simple compared to some other programming languages.
How Can I Learn Python?
Kindly purchase some books and watch online tutorials on YouTube. "Tutorials will be coming soon on the platorm" - Toddler Developer


Before Change
def featurize_setup():
fpaths = []
dest_paths = []
fnames = ["asas_training_subset_classes_with_metadata.dat",
"asas_training_subset.tar.gz", "testfeature1.py"]
for fname in fnames:
fpaths.append(pjoin(DATA_DIR, fname))
for fpath in fpaths:
shutil.copy(fpath, config["paths"]["upload_folder"])
dest_paths.append(pjoin(config["paths"]["upload_folder"], os.path.basename(fpath)))
return dest_paths
def delete_entries_by_table(table_name):
conn = fa.g.rdb_conn
After Change
for fname in TS_FILES + [CUSTOM_SCRIPT]:
fpath = pjoin(DATA_DIR, fname)
shutil.copy(fpath, config["paths"]["upload_folder"])
rdb.table("datasets").insert({"id": "ds1", "projkey": "111",
"name": "Test dataset", "created": "111",
"ts_filenames": ts_paths}).run(fa.g.rdb_conn)
return ts_paths, custom_script_path


Bazel web status server
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NOLOGIN
Section: Maintenance Commands (8)Index Return to Main Contents
BSD mandoc
NAME
nologin - politely refuse a loginSYNOPSIS
nologinDESCRIPTION
nologin displays a message that an account is not available and exits non-zero. It is intended as a replacement shell field for accounts that have been disabled.If the file /etc/nologin.txt exists, nologin displays its contents to the user instead of the default message.
SEE ALSO
login(1)HISTORY
The nologin command appeared in BSD 4.4
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:34:28 GMT, December 24, 2015


This is an EPICS areaDetector driver for CMOS detectors from Andor Technology. It has been tested on the Andor Neo sCMOS camera with 3-tap Camera Link interface, but should work with other cameras (e.g. Zyla) as well. The driver is supported on 32-bit and 64- bit Linux and 32-bit and 64-bit Windows. The driver is called "Andor3" because it is built with Version 3 of the Andor Software Development Kit (SDK). This version of the SDK is required to work with the Andor sCMOS cameras, and currently does not work with the Andor CCD cameras.
The driver provides access to essentially all of the features of the Andor sCMOS cameras:
This driver inherits from ADDriver. It implements many of the parameters in asynNDArrayDriver.h and in ADArrayDriver.h. It also implements a number of parameters that are specific to the Andor detectors. The andor3 class documentation describes this class in detail.
This document does not attempt to explain the meaning of the Andor-specific parameters. The Andor Software Development Kit documentation provides this detailed information. Andor does not allow me to redistribute the SDK documentation as part of areaDetector. It must be obtained from Andor's Web site.
The Andor3 SDK is very well designed. Camera parameters (e.g. exposure time, binning) are called "features". Features can be integer, float, bool, string, or enum. Each feature can be queried to determine if it is implemented on the current detector. In addition:
The areaDetector driver uses these features. All of the enum menus are built dynamically at iocInit, they are not preset in the template file. This ensures that the enum choices match the actual capabilities of the current camera. Whenever an integer or float parameter is changed it is checked to ensure it is within the current valid bounds for that feature. The feature callback is used to ensure that the current EPICS readback value of that parameter matches the actual camera value, without requiring the driver to poll.
areaDetector includes the header and library files required to build the andor3 driver on any Linux or Windows computer. However, it does not include the shareable libraries, DLLs or drivers to actually run a detector. Those must be obtained from Andor, either by purchasing their SDK or their Solis application software. On Windows the path to the directory containing the Andor DLLs from the SDK or Solis must be added to the PATH environment variable when running the areaDetector IOC. On Linux the path to the directory containing the Andor shareable libraries from the SDK must be added to the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable when running the areaDetector IOC.
Note: Linux drivers and Bitflow based camera may require the removal of files /usr/local/lib/libatusb*. These files sometime interfere with Bitflow based cameras on Linux (per Andor).
The following table describes how the Andor driver implements some of the standard driver parameters.
| Implementation of Parameters in asynNDArrayDriver.h and ADDriver.h, and EPICS Record Definitions in ADBase.template and NDFile.template | ||
| Parameter index variable | EPICS record name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ADTriggerMode |
$(P)$(R)TriggerMode $(P)$(R)TriggerMode_RBV |
Sets the trigger mode for the detector. Options for the Neo are:
|
| ADImageMode |
$(P)$(R)ImageMode $(P)$(R)ImageMode_RBV |
Sets the image mode for the detector. Options are:
|
| ADNumExposures |
$(P)$(R)NumExposures $(P)$(R)NumExposures_RBV |
Sets the number of accumulations per image. This is performed in Andor's driver, not on the chip. |
| ADNumImages |
$(P)$(R)NumImages $(P)$(R)NumImages_RBV |
Sets the number of images to take when ImageMode=Fixed. |
| ADAcquirePeriod |
$(P)$(R)AcquirePeriod $(P)$(R)AcquirePeriod_RBV |
Sets the FrameRate (=1./AcquirePeriod). The FrameRate can also be set directly. The minimum AcquirePeriod (maximum FrameRate) depends on a number of other parameters, including the A3Binning, SizeX, SizeY, ReadoutRate, A3ShutterMode, PixelEncoding, and Overlap. |
| NDDataType |
$(P)$(R)DataType $(P)$(R)DataType_RBV |
The data type for the image data. Allowed values are:
|
| ADTemperature |
$(P)$(R)Temperature $(P)$(R)Temperature_RBV |
Sets the setpoint temperature of the camera. |
| ADTemperatureActual | $(P)$(R)TemperatureActual | Reads the actual temperature of the camera. |
The Andor driver implements the following parameters in addition to those in asynNDArrayDriver.h and ADDriver.h.
| Parameter Definitions in andor3.cpp and EPICS Record Definitions in andor3.template | ||||||
| Parameter index variable | asyn interface | Access | Description | drvInfo string | EPICS record name | EPICS record type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Version information | ||||||
| Andor3SerialNumber | asynOctet | R/O | Camera serial number | A3_SERIAL_NUMBER | SerialNumber | stringin |
| Andor3FirmwareVersion | asynOctet | R/O | Camera firmware version | A3_FIRMWARE_VERSION | FirmwareVersion | stringin |
| Andor3SoftwareVersion | asynOctet | R/O | SDK software version | A3_SOFTWARE_VERSION | SoftwareVersion | stringin |
| Andor3ControllerID | asynOctet | R/O | Camera controller ID | A3_CONTROLLER_ID | ControllerID | stringin |
| Cooling control and status | ||||||
| Andor3SensorCooling | asynInt32 | R/W | Turn the sensor cooler on and off | A3_SENSOR_COOLING |
SensorCooling SensorCooling_RBV |
bo bi |
| Andor3TempStatus | asynInt32 | R/O |
Temperature status. Values and strings on the Neo are:
|
A3_TEMP_STATUS | TempStatus_RBV | mbbi |
| Andor3TempControl | asynInt32 | R/W |
Temperature setpoint value in degrees C. On the cooled cameras (e.g. Neo) the temperature
is set to discrete values, rather than continuously with the Temperature record,
because the firmware does pixel corrections for specific temperatures. Choices on
the Neo are:
|
A3_TEMP_CONTROL |
TempControl TempControl_RBV |
mbbo mbbi |
| Andor3FanSpeed | asynInt32 | R/W |
Fan speed. Choices on the Neo are:
|
A3_FAN_SPEED |
FanSpeed FanSpeed_RBV |
mbbo mbbi |
| Readout control and status | ||||||
| Andor3ShutterMode | asynInt32 | R/W |
Selects the shutter mode. Choices for the Neo are:
|
A3_SHUTTER_MODE |
A3ShutterMode A3ShutterMode_RBV |
mbbo mbbi |
| Andor3FrameRate | asynFloat64 | R/W |
Frame rate. This is the reciprocal of ADAcquirePeriod, and is the units used to
control the Andor cameras. There are two limitations on the frame rate:
|
A3_FRAME_RATE |
FrameRate FrameRate_RBV |
ao ai |
| Andor3TransferRate | asynFloat64 | R/O | The maximum transfer rate in frames/s of the interface (e.g. CameraLink card). This is the maximum sustained FrameRate which can be achieved. | A3_TRANSFER_RATE | TransferRate | ai |
| Andor3PreAmpGain | asynInt32 | R/W |
Controls the pre-amp gain and readout mode. Choices for the Neo are:
|
A3_PRE_AMP_GAIN |
PreAmpGain PreAmpGain_RBV |
mbbo mbbi |
| Andor3PixelEncoding | asynInt32 | R/W |
Controls the pixel encoding. Choices for the Neo are:
|
A3_PIXEL_ENCODING |
PixelEncoding PixelEncoding_RBV |
mbbo mbbi |
| Andor3ReadoutRate | asynInt32 | R/W |
Controls the ADC readout rate. Choices for the Neo are:
|
A3_READOUT_RATE |
ReadoutRate ReadoutRate_RBV |
mbbo mbbi |
| Andor3ReadoutTime | asynFloat64 | R/O | The readout time from the sensor into camera RAM. | A3_READOUT_TIME | ReadoutTime | ai |
| Andor3Overlap | asynInt32 | R/W | Controls whether acquisition and readout are overlapped. Choices are 0 (No) and 1 (Yes). On the Neo if Overlap=Yes then the minimum exposure time is limited to about 10 ms. If Overlap=No then the minimum exposure time is 9 microseconds. | A3_OVERLAP |
Overlap Overlap_RBV |
bo bi |
| Andor3NoiseFilter | asynInt32 | R/W | Controls whether the firmware applies the Spurious Noise Filter. Choices are 0 (No) and 1 (Yes). | A3_NOISE_FILTER |
NoiseFilter NoiseFilter_RBV |
bo bi |
| Trigger control | ||||||
| Andor3SoftwareTrigger | asynInt32 | R/W | Writing 1 to this record generates a software trigger if TriggerMode=Software. | A3_SOFTWARE_TRIGGER | SoftwareTrigger | bo |
| Area-Of-Interest (AOI) Control | ||||||
| Andor3FullAOIControl | asynInt32 | R/O | Indicates whether this camera supports full AOI control. This is Yes for the Neo. | A3_FULL_AOI_CONTROL | FullAOIControl | bi |
| Andor3Binning | asynInt32 | R/W |
Controls the binning. The binning on the sCMOS camera is done in firmware and only
certain preset values are allowed. Choices for the Neo are:
|
A3_BINNING |
A3Binning A3Binning_RBV |
mbbo mbbi |
ColorMode, ReverseX, and ReverseY are currently not supported.
If any of the parameters set are out of range the driver will set them to the minimum or maximum allowed value for that parameter. The _RBV value will indicate the actual value in effect.
The Andor3 driver is created with the andor3Config command, either from C/C++ or from the EPICS IOC shell.
int andor3Config(const char *portName, int cameraId, int maxBuffers, size_t maxMemory, int priority, int stackSize, int maxFrames)
For details on the meaning of the parameters to this function refer to the detailed documentation on the andor3Config function in the andor3.cpp documentation and in the documentation for the constructor for the andor3 class. The maxFrames parameter controls the number of frame buffers the driver queues to the SDK when acquiring data. The default value is 10. Increasing this number will allow the SDK to transfer images from the camera at the full interface speed even when the driver is not reading them that quickly. This will help to prevent frames from filling the camera RAM when operating close to the maximum interface transfer rate (=TransferRate).
There an example IOC boot directory and startup script (iocBoot/iocAndor3/st.cmd) provided with areaDetector.
The following shows the MEDM screen that is used to control the Andor detector. Note that the general purpose screen ADBase.adl can be used, but it exposes a few controls that are not applicable to the Andor, and lacks some fields that are important for the Andor.
Andor3.adl
is the main screen used to control the Andor driver.
There is currently no way to query the driver to know how much memory remains in the on-board RAM. When the RAM fills up the camera stops acquiring images.


This paragraph is for General English
This paragraph is for US English
This paragraph is for British English
This paragraph is for Australian English
This paragraph is for Spanish
This paragraph is for French


The Emperor's New Groove (2000) David Spade, John Goodman, Eartha Kitt, Patrick Warburton, Wendie Malick, Kellyann Kelso, Eli Russell Linnetz. Screenplay by David Reynolds. Story by Chris Williams and Mark Dindal, based on an original story by Roger Allers and Matthew Jacobs. Directed by Mark Dindal. 79 minutes. Rated G, 3 stars (out of five stars)
Review by Ed Johnson-Ott, NUVO Newsweekly www.nuvo.com Archive reviews at http://us.imdb.com/ReviewsBy?Edward+Johnson-Ott To receive reviews by e-mail at no charge, send subscription requests to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>with the word "subscribe" in the subject line.
I cringed while watching the first trailer for Disney's animated feature, "The Emperor's New Groove." The title was dreadful, sounding like something concocted by a grandmother trying to be hip. Then there was the art. When I was little, there were two kind of cartoons: the cutesy-pie, parent-friendly Disney stuff and the edgier, anti-authority Warner Brothers fare. The drawings in the "Emperor" commercial looked like they were stolen from a latter day, cut-rate Warner Brothers feature. But what really got me was the voice of the lead character. It only took one word for my internal alarm bells to go off as I recognized the smug tones of David Spade.
David Spade, the sarcastic troll from "Saturday Night Live." David Spade, the smarmy creep who periodically appeared on "Weekend Update" doing commentary on Hollywood figures, taking cheap shots at easy targets – as if the talent-impaired twerp was in a position to pass judgment on anybody. David Spade, who dared to strut around acting superior in Chris Farley movies before making "Lost & Found," his own wretched feature film. How can there be atheists in a world where David Spade parleys snideness into a career, thus offering proof that there truly is a Devil who trade favors for souls?
I went into the screening of "The Emperor's New Groove" expecting the worst, but emerged with a smile. By Disney standards, the art is weak. The drawing style and comic sensibilities are indeed ripped off from Warner Brothers. And David Spade is in virtually every one of the production's 79 minutes. But despite it all, "The Emperor's New Groove" is fun, almost solely due to inspired casting of the voices behind the drawings, including, much as I hate to admit it, David Spade.
The project went through major changes. Originally titled "Kingdom of the Sun," it was to have been a typically lavish Disney musical, a grand romantic comedy in which the emperor was but a supporting player. Somewhere along the developmental course, the production lost its main concept, lead characters and a handful of songs by Sting (a couple of his tunes remain; one at the beginning and the other over the closing credits).
The revised version tells a simple tale. Kuzco (Spade), the bratty, arrogant young emperor of an Inca-like empire, is targeted for assassination by his advisor, the wicked Yzma (Eartha Kitt). But Yzma and Kronk (Patrick Warburton), her chronically preoccupied assistant, grab the wrong bottle and, instead of poisoning their leader, they turn him into a llama. Kuzco runs for his life and ends up with Pacha (John Goodman), a gentle soul from a peasant village. Due to his belief in the goodness of the human heart, Pacha agrees to help Kuzco avoid Yzma, return to the castle and regain his throne.
The film starts off slow, with Spade oozing sarcasm during a torturous opening monologue. In stark contrast to most Disney offerings, the drawings feature almost no background details. As a result, the characters initially come off like figures doing stand-up comedy on an animated stage (Oddly enough, just as I noted the production's broad, Las Vegas feel, one of the film's two songs began, crooned by none other than Tom Jones). In addition to the lack of background details, the empire is also noticeably underpopulated. Including soldiers and villagers, I counted less than thirty people in the whole movie. Perhaps the bulk of the population recognized the voice of their leader and moved.
After the set-up and song, the production soon turns into a buddy comedy, with Kuzco and Pacha squabbling and then bonding, while Yzma and Kronk try to track them down. Most of the slapstick works, although the writers toss in two ancient, unwelcome gags about male intimacy, one involving mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, the other a simple hug. Both times, two guys get close, then panic and bolt away from each other, muttering macho phrases while skittering about nervously. Not only do the jokes reinforce homophobia, but they are also lame recreations of the legendary pillow scene in "Planes, Trains and Automobiles."
Thankfully, the casting is light years better than those scenes. As the cruel, immature emperor Kuzco, Spade is, of course, perfect. John Goodman, meanwhile, lends his warm, deep tones to the gentle giant Pacha. Because of the character's innocent nature, Goodman gets relatively few one-liners, but he proves a welcome balm to Spade's acidity.
As is the norm in cartoons, the villains get the best lines. Eartha Kitt is excellent as the wicked Yzma, upping the metallic edge of her voice to great effect, managing to give even her quietest line readings the sense of a coiled snake ready to strike. But even the remarkable Eartha gets upstaged by Patrick Warburton, who casually steals the movie as Kronk, a lovable henchman more interested in emulating Martha Stewart than doing evil. Warburton delighted audiences as David Puddy on "Seinfeld" and corporate-shark-turned-hobo Johnny Johnson on "NewsRadio," and he underplays his lines here beautifully. The man has a unique gift for comedy and is destined for greatness.
Disney clearly invested little effort on "The Emperor's New Groove," but the film is still a minor success, courtesy of Warburton, Kitt, Goodman… and Spade. If the movie turns out to be a hit, I hope the company is smart enough to send large bonus checks to the foursome. And if they decide to give each of the others a bigger cut than Spade, that's fine with me too.
© 2000 Ed Johnson-Ott
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{% extends 'tutor/base.html' %} {% load static %} {% load bootstrap4 %} {% load crispy_forms_tags %} {% load render_table from django_tables2 %} {% bootstrap_css %}
Please limit the following jobs to sessions you can start within a maximum time of 30 min.
If you are no longer able to fulfill a job, please cancel it so that another tutor may be able to service the client.
| Student | Subject | Course | Phone Number | Meeting Location | Notes | Session | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {% if job.customer_profile != None %} {{ job.customer_profile.first_name }} {{ job.customer_profile.last_name }} {% else %} Not Assigned {% endif %} | {{ job.subject }} | {{ job.course }} | {% if job.customer_profile != None %} {{ job.customer_profile.email_addr }} {% else %} - {% endif %} | {% if job.customer_profile != None %} {{ job.customer_profile.phone_number }} {% else %} - {% endif %} | {{ job.location }} | {{ job.notes }} | Begin Cancel | ||
| No jobs confirmed |


[viewBag] title = "Chairman message" url = "/chairman-message" layout = "static-layout" is_hidden = 0 navigation_hidden = 0 ==
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|
JSON for C++
|
The string class. More...
#include <json_string.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| string () | |
| String. | |
| string (const wchar_t *json) | |
| String. More... | |
| string (const string &other) | |
| String. More... | |
| virtual | ~string () override=default |
| ~string | |
| virtual value * | clone () const override |
| clone More... | |
| virtual value_t | type () const noexceptoverride |
| type More... | |
| value & | operator= (const string &s) |
| operator = More... | |
| const wchar_t * | get () const |
| value More... | |
| virtual size_t | str_length () const noexceptoverride |
| strLength More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from format::leaf | |
| leaf () | |
| Leaf. | |
| leaf (const wchar_t *json) | |
| Leaf. More... | |
| leaf (json *parent) | |
| Leaf. More... | |
| leaf (const leaf &other)=default | |
| Leaf. More... | |
| virtual | ~leaf () override=default |
| ~Leaf | |
| virtual size_t | length () const noexceptfinaloverride |
| size More... | |
| iterator | begin () |
| begin More... | |
| iterator | end () |
| end More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from format::value | |
| value () | |
| Value. | |
| value (const wchar_t *) | |
| json_value More... | |
| value (const value &other) | |
| value More... | |
| virtual | ~value () |
| ~Value | |
| value & | operator[] (const wchar_t *key) |
| operator [] More... | |
| value & | operator[] (size_t index) |
| operator [] More... | |
| value & | operator= (value *v) |
| operator = More... | |
| value & | operator= (const value &v) |
| operator = More... | |
| value & | operator= (const undefined &u) |
| operator = More... | |
| value & | operator= (const wchar_t *json_text) |
| operator = More... | |
| value & | operator= (double d) |
| operator = More... | |
| value & | operator= (bool b) |
| operator = More... | |
| value & | operator= (std::nullptr_t) |
| operator = More... | |
| bool | operator== (value_t t) const noexcept |
| operator == More... | |
| bool | operator== (const value &v) const noexcept |
| operator == More... | |
| const wchar_t * | key () const noexcept |
| key More... | |
| size_t | index () const noexcept |
| index More... | |
| const wchar_t * | stringify () noexcept |
| stringify More... | |
| const wchar_t * | get () const |
| value More... | |
| json * | parent () const |
| parent More... | |
Protected Member Functions | |
| string (json *parent, size_t charc) | |
| string More... | |
| virtual const wchar_t * | _parse (const wchar_t *json) override |
| parse More... | |
| virtual void | _clear () override |
| _copy More... | |
| virtual value * | _clone (const value &nv) override |
| _clone More... | |
| value & | _assign (const string &nv) |
| assign More... | |
| virtual const wchar_t * | _to_string (wchar_t *=0) const override |
| strValue More... | |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from format::leaf | |
| virtual value & | _at (const wchar_t *) finaloverride |
| _at More... | |
| virtual value & | _at (size_t) finaloverride |
| _at More... | |
| virtual value & | _assign (value *, value *) finaloverride |
| assign More... | |
| virtual value & | _erase (const value &) noexceptfinaloverride |
| _erase More... | |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from format::value | |
| value & | _assign (value *nv) |
| _assign More... | |
| value & | _assign (const value &nv) |
| assign More... | |
| virtual value & | _assign (value *, value *)=0 |
| _assign More... | |
| value & | _assign (const undefined &) noexcept |
| _assign More... | |
| void | _set_key (const wchar_t *key, size_t charc) noexcept |
| _set_key More... | |
| void | _set_index (const size_t &index) noexcept |
| _set_index More... | |
| void | _set_parent (json *parent) noexcept |
| setParent More... | |
| value (json *parent) | |
| value More... | |
| virtual value * | _clone (const value &other)=0 |
| _clone Called by copy constructor More... | |
| const wchar_t * | _look_ahead () noexcept |
| _look_ahead Move read pointer to next non-white space character | |
| long int | _string (wchar_t &endc) const noexcept |
| _string Read in string. If no opening quote, return 0. If no closing quote or unescaped unicode control character (0-31) met, return number characters read as a negative value. For example "\"xx"" = -3
Else return number of characters read + 2 (quotes). For example ""xxx"" = 5 More... | |
| value::_literal | _is_literal (const int _try=0) const noexcept |
| _is_literal Detect if _readp points to "true", "false" or "null". More... | |
| virtual value & | _erase (const value &v) noexcept=0 |
| _erase More... | |
Protected Attributes | |
| const wchar_t * | _startp |
| _startp | |
| size_t | _charc |
| _charc | |
| std::wstring | _string_value [2] |
| _value | |
| Protected Attributes inherited from format::value | |
| const wchar_t * | _readp |
| _readp | |
| json * | _parent |
| _parent | |
| const wchar_t * | _key |
| _key | |
| size_t | _index |
| _index | |
Friends | |
| string * | __call_string (json *parent, size_t charc) |
| call_string More... | |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Public Types inherited from format::value | |
| enum | value_t { no_value_t = 0, undefined_t, object_t, array_t, string_t, number_t, boolean_t, null_t } |
| The otype enum. | |
| Protected Types inherited from format::value | |
| enum | _sc { begin_object = '{', end_object = '}', begin_array = '[', end_array = ']', name_separator = ':', value_separator = ',', double_quote = 34 } |
| The _sc enum Structural characters. | |
| enum | _ws { tab = 9, lf = 10, cr = 13, space = 32 } |
| The _ws enum White space characters. | |
| enum | _literal { no_literal = 0, true_value = 1, false_value = 2, null_value = 3 } |
| The literal enum. | |
| Static Protected Member Functions inherited from format::value | |
| static wchar_t * | _str_append (wchar_t *dst, const wchar_t *src, size_t charc) noexcept |
| _str_append Copy src to dst. Move dst right after the last copied character. More... | |
| Static Protected Attributes inherited from format::value | |
| static const struct format::value::literal_value | __ltr_value [3] |
The string class.
| format::string::string | ( | const wchar_t * | json | ) |
String.
| json |
| format::string::string | ( | const string & | other | ) |
String.
| other |
|
protected |
string
| parent | |
| charc |
|
protected |
assign
| nv |
|
inlineoverrideprotectedvirtual |
|
overrideprotectedvirtual |
|
overrideprotectedvirtual |
|
overrideprotectedvirtual |
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
| const wchar_t * format::string::get | ( | ) | const |
value
|
inlineoverridevirtualnoexcept |
|
inlineoverridevirtualnoexcept |
call_string
| parent | |
| charc |


Phonetic cyrillic on QWERTY keyboard
Here is a little test, mapping latin characters on a keyboard to their phonetically equivalent characters in a cyrillic script, as used in Russian.
This demoes UTF-8 unicode, handling of keyboard events, and adding, modifying and deleting elements from the tree.
Click buttons or type on keyboard:


SUBROUTINE CPBSTF( UPLO, N, KD, AB, LDAB, INFO ) * * -- LAPACK routine (version 3.1) -- * Univ. of Tennessee, Univ. of California Berkeley and NAG Ltd.. * November 2006 * * .. Scalar Arguments .. CHARACTER UPLO INTEGER INFO, KD, LDAB, N * .. * .. Array Arguments .. COMPLEX AB( LDAB, * ) * .. * * Purpose * ======= * * CPBSTF computes a split Cholesky factorization of a complex * Hermitian positive definite band matrix A. * * This routine is designed to be used in conjunction with CHBGST. * * The factorization has the form A = S**H*S where S is a band matrix * of the same bandwidth as A and the following structure: * * S = ( U ) * ( M L ) * * where U is upper triangular of order m = (n+kd)/2, and L is lower * triangular of order n-m. * * Arguments * ========= * * UPLO (input) CHARACTER*1 * = 'U': Upper triangle of A is stored; * = 'L': Lower triangle of A is stored. * * N (input) INTEGER * The order of the matrix A. N >= 0. * * KD (input) INTEGER * The number of superdiagonals of the matrix A if UPLO = 'U', * or the number of subdiagonals if UPLO = 'L'. KD >= 0. * * AB (input/output) COMPLEX array, dimension (LDAB,N) * On entry, the upper or lower triangle of the Hermitian band * matrix A, stored in the first kd+1 rows of the array. The * j-th column of A is stored in the j-th column of the array AB * as follows: * if UPLO = 'U', AB(kd+1+i-j,j) = A(i,j) for max(1,j-kd)<=i<=j; * if UPLO = 'L', AB(1+i-j,j) = A(i,j) for j<=i<=min(n,j+kd). * * On exit, if INFO = 0, the factor S from the split Cholesky * factorization A = S**H*S. See Further Details. * * LDAB (input) INTEGER * The leading dimension of the array AB. LDAB >= KD+1. * * INFO (output) INTEGER * = 0: successful exit * < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value * > 0: if INFO = i, the factorization could not be completed, * because the updated element a(i,i) was negative; the * matrix A is not positive definite. * * Further Details * =============== * * The band storage scheme is illustrated by the following example, when * N = 7, KD = 2: * * S = ( s11 s12 s13 ) * ( s22 s23 s24 ) * ( s33 s34 ) * ( s44 ) * ( s53 s54 s55 ) * ( s64 s65 s66 ) * ( s75 s76 s77 ) * * If UPLO = 'U', the array AB holds: * * on entry: on exit: * * * * a13 a24 a35 a46 a57 * * s13 s24 s53' s64' s75' * * a12 a23 a34 a45 a56 a67 * s12 s23 s34 s54' s65' s76' * a11 a22 a33 a44 a55 a66 a77 s11 s22 s33 s44 s55 s66 s77 * * If UPLO = 'L', the array AB holds: * * on entry: on exit: * * a11 a22 a33 a44 a55 a66 a77 s11 s22 s33 s44 s55 s66 s77 * a21 a32 a43 a54 a65 a76 * s12' s23' s34' s54 s65 s76 * * a31 a42 a53 a64 a64 * * s13' s24' s53 s64 s75 * * * * Array elements marked * are not used by the routine; s12' denotes * conjg(s12); the diagonal elements of S are real. * * ===================================================================== * * .. Parameters .. REAL ONE, ZERO PARAMETER ( ONE = 1.0E+0, ZERO = 0.0E+0 ) * .. * .. Local Scalars .. LOGICAL UPPER INTEGER J, KLD, KM, M REAL AJJ * .. * .. External Functions .. LOGICAL LSAME EXTERNAL LSAME * .. * .. External Subroutines .. EXTERNAL CHER, CLACGV, CSSCAL, XERBLA * .. * .. Intrinsic Functions .. INTRINSIC MAX, MIN, REAL, SQRT * .. * .. Executable Statements .. * * Test the input parameters. * INFO = 0 UPPER = LSAME( UPLO, 'U' ) IF( .NOT.UPPER .AND. .NOT.LSAME( UPLO, 'L' ) ) THEN INFO = -1 ELSE IF( N.LT.0 ) THEN INFO = -2 ELSE IF( KD.LT.0 ) THEN INFO = -3 ELSE IF( LDAB.LT.KD+1 ) THEN INFO = -5 END IF IF( INFO.NE.0 ) THEN CALL XERBLA( 'CPBSTF', -INFO ) RETURN END IF * * Quick return if possible * IF( N.EQ.0 ) $ RETURN * KLD = MAX( 1, LDAB-1 ) * * Set the splitting point m. * M = ( N+KD ) / 2 * IF( UPPER ) THEN * * Factorize A(m+1:n,m+1:n) as L**H*L, and update A(1:m,1:m). * DO 10 J = N, M + 1, -1 * * Compute s(j,j) and test for non-positive-definiteness. * AJJ = REAL( AB( KD+1, J ) ) IF( AJJ.LE.ZERO ) THEN AB( KD+1, J ) = AJJ GO TO 50 END IF AJJ = SQRT( AJJ ) AB( KD+1, J ) = AJJ KM = MIN( J-1, KD ) * * Compute elements j-km:j-1 of the j-th column and update the * the leading submatrix within the band. * CALL CSSCAL( KM, ONE / AJJ, AB( KD+1-KM, J ), 1 ) CALL CHER( 'Upper', KM, -ONE, AB( KD+1-KM, J ), 1, $ AB( KD+1, J-KM ), KLD ) 10 CONTINUE * * Factorize the updated submatrix A(1:m,1:m) as U**H*U. * DO 20 J = 1, M * * Compute s(j,j) and test for non-positive-definiteness. * AJJ = REAL( AB( KD+1, J ) ) IF( AJJ.LE.ZERO ) THEN AB( KD+1, J ) = AJJ GO TO 50 END IF AJJ = SQRT( AJJ ) AB( KD+1, J ) = AJJ KM = MIN( KD, M-J ) * * Compute elements j+1:j+km of the j-th row and update the * trailing submatrix within the band. * IF( KM.GT.0 ) THEN CALL CSSCAL( KM, ONE / AJJ, AB( KD, J+1 ), KLD ) CALL CLACGV( KM, AB( KD, J+1 ), KLD ) CALL CHER( 'Upper', KM, -ONE, AB( KD, J+1 ), KLD, $ AB( KD+1, J+1 ), KLD ) CALL CLACGV( KM, AB( KD, J+1 ), KLD ) END IF 20 CONTINUE ELSE * * Factorize A(m+1:n,m+1:n) as L**H*L, and update A(1:m,1:m). * DO 30 J = N, M + 1, -1 * * Compute s(j,j) and test for non-positive-definiteness. * AJJ = REAL( AB( 1, J ) ) IF( AJJ.LE.ZERO ) THEN AB( 1, J ) = AJJ GO TO 50 END IF AJJ = SQRT( AJJ ) AB( 1, J ) = AJJ KM = MIN( J-1, KD ) * * Compute elements j-km:j-1 of the j-th row and update the * trailing submatrix within the band. * CALL CSSCAL( KM, ONE / AJJ, AB( KM+1, J-KM ), KLD ) CALL CLACGV( KM, AB( KM+1, J-KM ), KLD ) CALL CHER( 'Lower', KM, -ONE, AB( KM+1, J-KM ), KLD, $ AB( 1, J-KM ), KLD ) CALL CLACGV( KM, AB( KM+1, J-KM ), KLD ) 30 CONTINUE * * Factorize the updated submatrix A(1:m,1:m) as U**H*U. * DO 40 J = 1, M * * Compute s(j,j) and test for non-positive-definiteness. * AJJ = REAL( AB( 1, J ) ) IF( AJJ.LE.ZERO ) THEN AB( 1, J ) = AJJ GO TO 50 END IF AJJ = SQRT( AJJ ) AB( 1, J ) = AJJ KM = MIN( KD, M-J ) * * Compute elements j+1:j+km of the j-th column and update the * trailing submatrix within the band. * IF( KM.GT.0 ) THEN CALL CSSCAL( KM, ONE / AJJ, AB( 2, J ), 1 ) CALL CHER( 'Lower', KM, -ONE, AB( 2, J ), 1, $ AB( 1, J+1 ), KLD ) END IF 40 CONTINUE END IF RETURN * 50 CONTINUE INFO = J RETURN * * End of CPBSTF * END


this control provides a mechanism to create an arbitrary shaped polygon on the
Google Map. Whenever you changed the polygon (adding a new node, resizing the sides,
relocate the polygon on the Map), the updated GeoPoints would be displayed.
Once you have finalized the geopolygon, press the "GO" button and only
the documents / taxis within the polygon would be retrieved. Also do note that
the center point in the "Set my Location" control is not required for this case
as we are not performing a Geo-distance Query in general.
GET nyc_taxi_hub_2016_11/_search
{
"size": 1000,
"query": {
"bool": {
"filter": {
"geo_polygon": {
"pickup_location.location": {
"points": [
{
"lat": 40.713912509089006,
"lon": -73.96585615180663
},
{
"lat": 40.71443296785091,
"lon": -73.97980726264649
},
{
"lat": 40.702771782289894,
"lon": -73.98778951667481
},
{
"lat": 40.69345138914582,
"lon": -74.0050414850586
},
{
"lat": 40.689676782088625,
"lon": -73.98004148505856
},
{
"lat": 40.69410216185461,
"lon": -73.96568449042968
}
]
}
}
}
}
}
}
Now we get back the 1st 1000 documents (taxis) based on the GeoPoints of
the provided polygon. The field we use to calculate the distance is
based on
pickup_location.location which is a
geo_point data-type.
You can see that the Google Map has been expanded / shrinken to the best viewport
to display all documents / hits satisfied the search conditions
(within the polygon provided).
Cool! In this section, we have covered and run through
Geo-Polygon Query.
By now, you know how to run a Geo-Polygon Query and get back all documents /
taxis within an arbitrary shape on the Google Map. Again, do feel free to
look in the code on how to integrate with the Google Map APIs to create
polygon plotting features
.


Have an API-related project or business in mind? Here are the top 15 services you need to successfully design, build and launch your API - gathered into one free bundle. We've selected the best complementary services of the industry and worked with those companies to create an incredible welcome offer worth $12, 500. It is free and limited to the first 1,000 sign-ups.
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Are you interested in learning more about GitHub's API and opportunities to build on top of the GitHub platform? Reach out to us here -<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Get your app in front of our 13 million users by listing on our integration directory - github.com/integrations
You want to know more on API serverless architecture in your API journey? Download the latest Industry report on API Serverless Architecture, sponsored by Restlet, another great platform for APIs.
This API deployment guide breaks out many of the common API companies, and API tools while also looking to identify some of the common building blocks employed by leading API providers, in support of API deployment across organizations of all shapes and sizes. This research is conducted by API Evangelist and is the just aspect of a modern API lifecycle, one that includes over 50 stops, from API design to deprecation, with deployment being just one area you should be considering
There’s an entire “API-first” movement in development circles that most people don’t understand or even realize why. In this pratical approach to API design book, James Higginbotham and Dr Keith Casey start by discussing the what an API is, why you might need one, and follow up with the how to build one, following state of the art principles and feedbacks from the field.


Index of /ammon/sliders
Parent Directory
anything_slider/
full_slider/
interactive_content/
nivoslider/
parallax_slider/
piecemaker/
roundabout/
wowslider/


To Use:
Type a username and click Log in. If input turns green you are ready to receive/place a call.
In a separate browser window, log in with a different username, and place a call to the first.


2. The waving shadow
<
>
Laika is dreaming the Cosmic dream. To enter it, you must first say goodbye to all memories of Earth.
click when the hand is waving
restart


The Best Blog ever
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Oct 7, 2020
Was a good day...
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I was so busy...
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do not forget!
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The Beagle is a breed of hound.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound, similar in appearance to foxhound.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The beagle is a scent hound.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare. The beagle is employed as detection dog.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare. The beagle is employed as detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare. The beagle is employed as detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world. The beagle is intelligent.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare. The beagle is employed as detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world. The beagle is intelligent but single-minded.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare. The beagle is employed as detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world. The beagle is intelligent but single-minded. It is a popular pet.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare. The beagle is employed as detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world. The beagle is intelligent but single-minded. It is a popular pet due to its size, good temper, and lack of inherited health problems.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare. The beagle is employed as detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world. The beagle is intelligent but single-minded. It is a popular pet due to its size, good temper, and lack of inherited health problems. Beagle-type dogs have existed for 2,500 years.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare. The beagle is employed as detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world. The beagle is intelligent but single-minded. It is a popular pet due to its size, good temper, and lack of inherited health problems. Although beagle-type dogs have existed for 2,500 years, the modern breed was developed in Great Britain.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare. The beagle is employed as detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world. The beagle is intelligent but single-minded. It is a popular pet due to its size, good temper, and lack of inherited health problems. Although beagle-type dogs have existed for 2,500 years, the modern breed was developed in Great Britain around the 1830s from several breeds.
The Beagle is a breed of small hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare. The beagle is employed as detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world. The beagle is intelligent but single-minded. It is a popular pet due to its size, good temper, and lack of inherited health problems. Although beagle-type dogs have existed for 2,500 years, the modern breed was developed in Great Britain around the 1830s from several breeds, including the Talbot Hound, the North Country Beagle, the Southern Hound, and possibly the Harrier.


Hello.
MultyTool Version
Electron Version
Chromium Version
Node Version
These things you need to pay attention to exist
copy examplemodule
rename in moduleInfo and folder name (might remove this step with more logic stuffs later)
select in-app
start coding.
rename in moduleInfo and folder name (might remove this step with more logic stuffs later)
select in-app
start coding.
const MultyTool = require(__dirname+'/../../globalFunction.js');
Notify reader that code below only works with the above loaded.
Toasts
Toasts are a way to notify the user of something happening.
MultyTool.app.sendToast(toastType, toastContent, toastTimeout);
Toast types are info (blue) confirmation (green) warning (yellow) and error (red), types are not case-sensitive and will result in a gray unmarked toast if the type is unknown, you can use this to make custom toasts.The content of the toast will be displayed within the toast, regular hmtl markup works here, meaning you can use things like br create line breaks.
ToastTimeout is an optional value and defines how long the toast should stay on screen for in ms, the default value is 3500, resulting in 3.5 seconds of display-time. This default value may change.
header
text
i am code
test

more code in code
//em text
mark text
Small text
s text
i text
b text
u text
MultyTool runs on (a to github) Electron (/a), this means you can utilize Electron-specific functions and tools.
Some of the more common functions are taken care of with the global functions multytool provides, they provide easier access and some general improvements.
Some of the more common functions are taken care of with the global functions multytool provides, they provide easier access and some general improvements.
(INFO) Mousetrap is pre-installed with MultyTool, all you need to use it is the code below to include it.
Mousetrap on npm
include Mousetrap in your module
Mousetrap on npm
include Mousetrap in your module
const Mousetrap = require('mousetrap');
Default code to reload the page when F5, ctrl/command+R is pressed. (command is ctrl on mac)
Mousetrap.bind(['command+r', 'ctrl+r', 'f5'], () => {
window.location.reload();
});
(INFO) Tone is pre-installed with MultyTool, all you need to use it is the code below to include it.
Tone on npm
include Tone in your module
Tone on npm
include Tone in your module
const Tone = require('tone');


Everybody loves images. They are bright, colorful, they might be dog, cat, or a person. Even text sometimes strives to be an image.
|\_/| | @ @ Woof! | <> _ | _/\------____ ((| |)) | `--' | ____|_ ___| |___.' /_/_____/____/_______|
But once you have more than one image, you can't help making a transition between them. Or is it just me? 🤔
Jokes aside, image transitions are all over the web. They can be animated with CSS, SVG, WebGL. But of course, the most efficient way to work with graphics in the browser – is using Graphics Processor, or GPU. And the the best way to do this is WebGL, with shaders written in GLSL.
I will be using THREE.js framework for my transitions. It doesnt really matter what library to use, it could have been amazing Pixi.js, or simple (but not so straightforward) native WebGL. I've used native WebGL in my previous tutorial, so this time i will try THREE.js. It also seems most beginner friendly to me. So dont blame me for overhead size.
Three.js uses concepts of Camera, Scene and Objects.  There is a template for that kind of object PlaneBufferGeometry:
To cover the whole screen with a plane you need a little bit of geometry. Camera has a fov(field of view), and plane has a size. So with some calculations you can get it to fill your whole screen:
camera.fov = 2*(180/Math.PI)*Math.atan(PlaneSize/(2*CameraDistance));
Looks complicated, but its just getting the angle(fov), knowing all the distances here:
That is actually the end of 3D part, everything else will be happening in 2D.
In case you are not yet familiar with this language i highly advise you to check out wonderful Book Of Shaders.
So, we have a plane and we have a fragment shader attached to it, that calculates each pixels color.
How do we make a transition? The simplest one done with shader looks like this:
void main() { vec4 image1 = texture2D(texture1,uv); vec4 image2 = texture2D(texture2,uv); gl_FragColor = mix(image1, image2, progress); }
Where progress
, is some number between 0 and 1, indicating progress of animation.
With that kind code you will get the simplest fade transition between images. But that's not that cool, right?
Usually all transitions are based on changing so called UVs, or the way texture is wrapped on plane. So for instance multiplying UV: scales the image. Adding some number: just shifts image on a plane.
UVs are nothing magical, think of it as a coordinate system for pixels on a plane:
Let's start with a basic code:
gl_FragColor = texture2D(texture,uv);
Which just shows an image on a screen. Now what if we change that a bit:
gl_FragColor = texture2D(texture,fract(uv + uv));
By taking fractional part, we make sure, all the values stay within 0-1 range. And if UV was from 0 to 1, doubled it is from 0 to 2, so we should see fractional part chaning from 0 to 1, and from 0 to 1 again!
And thats what you get, repeated image. Now lets try something different, substracting UV and using progress for animation:
gl_FragColor = texture2D(texture, uv - uv * vec2(1.,0) * progress * 0.5);
First, we make sure we are only chaning one axis of UV, by multplying it with vec2(1.,0). So when progress is 0, it should be default image, let's see:
So now we can stretch the image!
Now let's combine those two effects into one.
gl_FragColor = texture2D(uTextureOne, uv - fract(uv * vec2(5.,0.)) * progress * 0.1 );
So basically, we do stretching repeated 5 times now. And we could use any number instead of 5.
Much better! Now if we add another image, we could get one of my demos!
Cool isnt it? Just two simple arithmetic operations, and you have a cool transition effect.
That's just one way of changing UVs, check out all the other demos, and try to guess whats the math behind them! And try to come up with your own unique animation, share it with me! And have a nice day =).
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