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THE CROW: CITY OF ANGELS A film review by Bryant Frazer Copyright 1996 Bryant Frazer
Directed by Tim Pope Written by David S. Goyer Cinematography by Jean-Yves Escoffier Production Design by Alex McDowell Costume Design by Kirsten Everberg Starring Vincent Perez and Mia Kirshner USA, 1996
GRADE: D+
"There will be another," the ads for this sequel proclaimed, and why not?
True, Brandon Lee is dead, but there would be no reason for him to appear in a followup to 1994's The Crow, anyway. The idea of spinning artist James O'Barr's original comic book series into a sequel franchise revolves around the notion that a different startled soul would come back from the dead in each movie, taking its own righteous vengeance against the world. Given that basic framework, the story could move in any number of directions.
Of course, it doesn't. Stubbornly, The Crow: City of Angels backtracks to the beginning of the previous film, when Lee's Eric Draven found himself drawn back out of his grave to do a Charles Bronson on the thugs who tortured him and his girlfriend to death. I remember the first film primarily as a harrowing exercise in brutality. In flashback, we see the most excruciating crimes exacted on Eric and his lover, and then we watch in real-time as Eric pays each perpetrator back in kind. It's loud and repetitive, true, a sadist's delight -- but it's also horrifying and fascinating.
City of Angels gives us more of the same, but less skillfully. There's an audience guaranteed for a film like this, although bad reviews and poor word-of-mouth will likely ensure that it won't be much of a success. In fact, Miramax subsidiary Dimension Films was so fearful of the critical reaction to this picture that reviewers were shut out of advance screenings. (I've never understood the reasoning behind this tactic, since good notices have never been key to the success of movies like The Crow.) So much for any confidence in the worthiness of their followup.
This time, Ashe (French-accented actor Vincent Perez) is retrieved from his watery death (he and his young son were shackled together, shot, and then thrown off a pier) by the crow who serves as his link between the worlds of the living and the dead. Perez might have some screen presence if he's given something to do with himself, but here he's simply thrown in front of the camera as a pretty face. At first, he's shivery and frightened, but he quickly recovers from the shock of his own death and becomes a badass biker from beyond the grave. He's befriended by Sarah (Mia Kirshner), presumably an older version of the child who narrated the first film. Kirshner, so beguiling in Exotica, is here an exquisitely photographed blank. Tattooed with angels' wings, Sarah is just about as lovely as women come, but she serves no purpose, not even as seductress.
The gang of punks who killed Ashe are ostensibly commanded by Judah (Richard Brooks), but a far more interesting choice as leader would have been Iggy Pop, who plays a gaunt fellow named Curve. Iggy, all bones, veins, and drawl, is the only one who seems to have shared in the aesthetic of ruin that defines this film. Like all good things here, he's dispatched too soon and without much imagination. In the meantime, we're subjected to tedious glimpses of Judah's compound, where bondage is the order of the day and hot wax is poured over naked bodies in S&M fantasies that would seem shy of the cutting edge even if they weren't distinctly secondhand. Even the soundtrack is tired. More than anything I've seen from Hollywood lately, City of Angels smacks baldly of product -- it's a movie with a lousy script but a great look.
Critics have been quick to fault the direction of MTV veteran Tim Pope, but his work isn't that bad per se. He's got a good eye, and some intriguing visual ideas -- if anything, this movie has a few too many scenes of ridiculously striking imagery. His major stylistic failing is that he can't seem to direct an action scene, and the quick, nonsensical cutting that ensues is reminiscent of a low budget kung fu movie. But as director, he must also shoulder the blame for the little screenplay that wasn't, the performers who couldn't, and an apparent lack of ideas on the parts of everyone involved. Who bought David S. Goyer's anemic script, anyway? The producers of this Crow were either too dim to realize their story was doomed to be a hollow rehash, or too cynical to figure their audience would know the difference.
DEEP FOCUS: Movie Reviews by Bryant Frazer http://www.panix.com/bfrazer/flicker/<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


| SWAPON(2) | Linux Programmer's Manual | SWAPON(2) |
int swapon(const char *path, int
swapflags);
int swapoff(const char *path);
If the SWAP_FLAG_PREFER flag is specified in the swapon() swapflags argument, the new swap area will have a higher priority than default. The priority is encoded within swapflags as:
(prio << SWAP_FLAG_PRIO_SHIFT) & SWAP_FLAG_PRIO_MASK
If the SWAP_FLAG_DISCARD flag is specified in the swapon() swapflags argument, freed swap pages will be discarded before they are reused, if the swap device supports the discard or trim operation. (This may improve performance on some Solid State Devices, but often it does not.) See also NOTES.
These functions may be used only by a privileged process (one having the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability).
All priorities set with swapflags are high-priority, higher than default. They may have any nonnegative value chosen by the caller. Higher numbers mean higher priority.
Swap pages are allocated from areas in priority order, highest priority first. For areas with different priorities, a higher-priority area is exhausted before using a lower-priority area. If two or more areas have the same priority, and it is the highest priority available, pages are allocated on a round-robin basis between them.
As of Linux 1.3.6, the kernel usually follows these rules, but there are exceptions.
There is an upper limit on the number of swap files that may be used, defined by the kernel constant MAX_SWAPFILES. Before kernel 2.4.10, MAX_SWAPFILES has the value 8; since kernel 2.4.10, it has the value 32. Since kernel 2.6.18, the limit is decreased by 2 (thus: 30) if the kernel is built with the CONFIG_MIGRATION option (which reserves two swap table entries for the page migration features of mbind(2) and migrate_pages(2)). Since kernel 2.6.32, the limit is further decreased by 1 if the kernel is built with the CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE option.
Discard of swap pages was introduced in kernel 2.6.29, then made conditional on the SWAP_FLAG_DISCARD flag in kernel 2.6.36, which still discards the entire swap area when swapon() is called, even if that flag bit is not set.
| 2017-09-15 | Linux |


These are our selection guidelines
Overview
- One recruitment test at the beginning of every semester
- First screening round - Online Quiz
- First shortlist
- Second screening round - Contest on Codechef
- Final shortlist
Shortlist Criteria
-
Candidates are divided based on the year of graduation.
- Example 1: BTech 2017, BArch 2016, MTech 2019, MCA 2018 etc.
- Example 2: BTech 2018, BArch 2017, MTech 2020, MCA 2019 etc.
- From each year a maximum of 12 members (4 teams of 3 members each ) will be present at any time in the
campus-chapter.
- one team (consisting of 3 members ) from the non-CSE background from each year is selected for sure.
- All the other 9 members out of 12 are exclusively selected based on their merit and the vacancy after the two
screening rounds
- Within an equivalent class priority of selection is based on rank in the respective contest only.
- Candidates with more attempts left for ICPC are given more importance over the other candidates.
- Codechef and chapter members have the authority to rule out a candidate if they sense that candidate has been
involved in malpractice during one of the two contests.
What we consider
- Candidate's logical ability
- Competitive Programming skills
- motivation to work for the club
we don't
Consider any priorities for selecting the rest 9 members out of 12 members from each year ( open to all the
candidates from respective divisions regardless of branch of study ) .
Announcement
- Poster, Google Form, Email.
- All the information regarding screening rounds will be notified to candidates before the events.
First screening round - Online Quiz
- An online Quiz to judge the candidate's logical reasoning
First shortlist
- At least twice the required number of candidates are shortlisted after the First screening round.
- Email Notification and confirmation.
Second screening round - Contest on Codechef
- A Codechef contest will be conducted by the chapter members to judge a candidate's competitive programming
skills.
Final shortlist
- Shortlist of the exact required number of Candidates after the second screening round. All the shortlisted
candidates are monitored for 2 weeks wherein we check their interest in Competitive Programming and their
participation in CodeChef, Codeforces, etc .also all the candidates must participate in weekly ICPC mirrors with
their team.
- Email Notification and confirmation.
- A short interview to judge interest in CP may involve checking activity on coding platforms.
- In case a candidate is not available or rejected then the next candidate in the rank list is given
preference.
- We repeat we don't consider anything other than logical skills( through online Quiz ) , CP skills ( through
contest
and interview ) , motivation to work for the club.
- Final shortlist is announced after the 2-week monitoring program.
- Candidates selected from first year will stay provisional till 2nd semester.
- The members become inactive from competitive programming will be expelled from the club.


Codes
- What is it?
-
Way of telling computers to do certain things.
- Java
-
Made by James Gosling. Creates "class" files that is interpreted when called.
- JavaScript
-
NOT JAVA. Made by Brendan Eich. Nothing about Java. Not even similar to Java. Interpreted when called.
- Python
-
Made by Guido van Rossum. Made because Rossum was bored. Interpreted when called.
- C
-
Made by Dennis Ritchie. Made to make UNIX. Creates programs that is run without any interpretation when called.


1. Run npm run example in project root. 2. Visit this page and open the console. 3. Add and remove query paramters from the url.


| knit_rd {knitr} | R Documentation |
Run examples in a package and insert output into the examples code;
knit_rd_all()
is a wrapper around knit_rd()
to build static
HTML help pages for all packages under the ‘html’ directory of them.
knit_rd(pkg, links = tools::findHTMLlinks(), frame = TRUE) knit_rd_all()
pkg |
Package name. |
links |
A character vector of links to be passed to
|
frame |
Boolean: whether to put a navigation frame on the left of the index page. |
All HTML pages corresponding to topics in the package are written under the current working directory. An ‘index.html’ is also written as a table of content.
Ideally the html pages should be put under the ‘html’ directory of
an installed package which can be found via system.file('html',
package = 'your_package_name')
, otherwise some links may not work (e.g.
the link to the DESCRITION file).
library(knitr) ## Not run: knit_rd("maps") knit_rd("rpart") setwd(system.file("html", package = "ggplot2")) knit_rd("ggplot2") # time-consuming! knit_rd_all() # this may take really long time if you have many packages installed ## End(Not run)


This post contains a detailed guide on how to produce a streamchart
to explore the appearances of the most popular characters in Chris
Claremont’s X-Men comics with ggstream
. This blogpost
contains step-by-step explanations together with useful tricks to
customize up to the smallest detail of a visualization.
This page showcases the work of Cédric Scherer, built for the TidyTuesday initiative. You can find the original code on his github repository here
Thanks to him for accepting sharing his work here! 🙏🙏 Thanks also to Tomás Capretto who help writing down the blogpost!
As a teaser, here is the plot we’re gonna try building:
Let’s start by loading the packages needed to build the figure. They
are all great packages and today’s chart wouldn’t be possible without
them. But
ggstream
is the one that brings streamplots to ggplot2
and
deserves to be highlighted in this little introduction.
# Load packages
library(tidyverse)
library(fuzzyjoin)
library(ggstream)
library(colorspace)
library(ggtext)
library(cowplot)
Next, we set the theme for the plot. This theme is built on top of
theme_minimal()
and uses the font
"Reem Kufi"
. Don’t know how to make custom fonts work in
R
? Have a look at
this guide
especially made for you!
theme_set(theme_minimal(base_family = "Reem Kufi", base_size = 12))
theme_update(
plot.title = element_text(
size = 25,
face = "bold",
hjust = .5,
margin = margin(10, 0, 30, 0)
),plot.caption = element_text(
size = 9,
color = "grey40",
hjust = .5,
margin = margin(20, 0, 5, 0)
),axis.text.y = element_blank(),
axis.title = element_blank(),
plot.background = element_rect(fill = "grey88", color = NA),
panel.background = element_rect(fill = NA, color = NA),
panel.grid = element_blank(),
panel.spacing.y = unit(0, "lines"),
strip.text.y = element_blank(),
legend.position = "bottom",
legend.text = element_text(size = 9, color = "grey40"),
legend.box.margin = margin(t = 30),
legend.background = element_rect(
color = "grey40",
size = .3,
fill = "grey95"
),legend.key.height = unit(.25, "lines"),
legend.key.width = unit(2.5, "lines"),
plot.margin = margin(rep(20, 4))
)
This guide shows how to create a highly customized and beautiful streamchart to visualize the number of appearences of the most popular characters in Chris Claremont’s sixteen-year run on Uncanny X-Men.
The original source of data for this week are the
Claremont Run Project and
Malcom Barret who put
these datasets into a the R package
cleremontrun. This guide uses the character_visualization
dataset
released for the
TidyTuesday
initiative on the week of 2021-06-30. You can find the original
announcement and more information about the data
here. Thank you all for making this possible!
<- readr::read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/master/data/2020/2020-06-30/character_visualization.csv') df_char_vis
The following is a data frame that ranks the most popular X-Men characters according to this source. Today’s chart is based on the top 5 most popular characters.
<- tibble(
df_best_chars rank = 1:10,
char_popular = c("Wolverine", "Magneto",
"Nightcrawler", "Gambit",
"Storm", "Colossus",
"Phoenix", "Professor X",
"Iceman", "Rogue")
)
The "character"
column in
df_char_vis
contains more information than just the name
of the characters In the next chunk,
regex_inner_join()
from the
fuzzyjoin
package automatically uses regular expressions
to merge df_char_vis
and df_best_chars
into
df_best_stream
. This dataset contains the number of
appearences per issue by character, costume, and type of appearence.
<- df_char_vis %>%
df_best_stream regex_inner_join(df_best_chars, by = c(character = "char_popular")) %>%
group_by(character, char_popular, costume, rank, issue) %>%
summarize_if(is.numeric, sum, na.rm = TRUE) %>%
ungroup() %>%
filter(rank <= 5) %>% # Keep top 5 characters
filter(issue < 281)
The following step isn’t strictly necessary, but it’s a cool trick to make the start and end of the stream smoother.
<- df_best_stream %>%
df_smooth group_by(character, char_popular, costume, rank) %>%
slice(1:4) %>%
mutate(
issue = c(
min(df_best_stream$issue) - 20,
min(df_best_stream$issue) - 5,
max(df_best_stream$issue) + 5,
max(df_best_stream$issue) + 20
),speech = c(0, .001, .001, 0),
thought = c(0, .001, .001, 0),
narrative = c(0, .001, .001, 0),
depicted = c(0, .001, .001, 0)
)
The data is pivoted into a long format. A new variable,
char_costume
, contains both the name of the character and
the costume (costumed or casual).
## factor levels for type of appearance
<- c("depicted", "speech", "thought", "narrative")
levels
## factorized data in long format
<- df_best_stream %>%
df_best_stream_fct bind_rows(df_smooth) %>%
mutate(
costume = if_else(costume == "Costume", "costumed", "casual"),
char_costume = if_else(
== "Storm",
char_popular ::glue("{char_popular} ({costume})"),
glue::glue("{char_popular} ({costume}) ")
glue
),char_costume = fct_reorder(char_costume, rank)
%>%
) pivot_longer(
cols = speech:depicted,
names_to = "parameter",
values_to = "value"
%>%
) mutate(parameter = factor(parameter, levels = levels))
And finally, we define the color palette and some data that will be useful when adding annotations to the plot.
# Define the color palette
<- c(
pal "#FFB400", lighten("#FFB400", .25, space = "HLS"),
"#C20008", lighten("#C20008", .2, space = "HLS"),
"#13AFEF", lighten("#13AFEF", .25, space = "HLS"),
"#8E038E", lighten("#8E038E", .2, space = "HLS"),
"#595A52", lighten("#595A52", .15, space = "HLS")
)
# These are going to be labels added to each panel
<- tibble(
labels issue = 78,
value = c(-21, -19, -14, -11),
parameter = factor(levels, levels = levels),
label = c("Depicted", "Speech\nBubbles", "Thought\nBubbles", "Narrative\nStatements")
)
# These are going to be the text annotations
# If you wonder about the '**' or the '' within the text, let me tell you
# this is just Markdown syntax used by the ggtext library to make custom text
# annotations very easy!
<- tibble(
texts issue = c(295, 80, 245, 127, 196),
value = c(-35, 35, 30, 57, 55),
parameter = c("depicted", "depicted", "thought", "speech", "speech"),
text = c(
'**Gambit** was introduced for the first time in issue #266 called "Gambit: Out of the Frying Pan"— nevertheless, he is the **4th most popular X-Men character**!',
'**Wolverine is the most popular X-Men** and has a regular presence in the X-Men comics between 1975 and 1991.',
'**Storm** is by far the most thoughtful of the five most popular X-Men characters, especially in issues #220, #223 and #265. Storm **ranks 5th**.',
"**Magneto** was ranked by IGN as the *Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time*. And even though he only appears from time to time he **ranks 2nd**—
4 ranks higher than his friend and opponent Professor X!",
'The **3rd most popular X-men character Nightcrawler** gets injured during the "Mutant Massacre" and fell into a coma after an attack from Riptide in issue #211.'
),char_popular = c("Gambit", "Wolverine", "Storm", "Magneto", "Nightcrawler"),
costume = "costumed",
vjust = c(.5, .5, .4, .36, .38)
%>%
) mutate(
parameter = factor(parameter, levels = levels),
char_costume = if_else(
== "Storm",
char_popular ::glue("{char_popular} ({costume})"),
glue::glue("{char_popular} ({costume}) ")
glue
),char_costume = factor(char_costume, levels = levels(df_best_stream_fct$char_costume))
)
Thanks to ggstream
, it’s quite simple to build a
streamchart in ggplot2
. All we need to use is the
geom_stream()
function. On top of that, this first
version also sets the color scales and uses
facet_grid()
to obtain one stream per type of appearence.
<- df_best_stream_fct %>%
g ggplot(
aes(
issue, value, color = char_costume,
fill = char_costume
)+
) geom_stream(
geom = "contour",
color = "white",
size = 1.25,
bw = .45 # Controls smoothness
+
) geom_stream(
geom = "polygon",
bw = .45,
size = 0
+
) scale_color_manual(
expand = c(0, 0),
values = pal,
guide = "none"
+
) scale_fill_manual(
values = pal,
name = NULL
+
) facet_grid( ## needs facet_grid for space argument
~ .,
parameter scales = "free_y",
space = "free"
)
g
Note geom_stream()
is used twice above. The first time,
it adds a white contour to each area. As a result, when the second
stream is added on top, only the outermost contour line remains,
creating a very nice highlighting effect. Nice trick!
The plot above looks really well, but it’s so minimalistic in its annotations that it misses the opportunity to share important information. The next step is to add labels and text to make this chart more insightful.
<- g +
g geom_vline(
data = tibble(x = c(97, seq(125, 250, by = 25), 280)),
aes(xintercept = x),
inherit.aes = FALSE,
color = "grey88",
size = .5,
linetype = "dotted"
+
) annotate(
"rect",
xmin = -Inf, xmax = 78,
ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf,
fill = "grey88"
+
) annotate(
"rect",
xmin = 299, xmax = Inf,
ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf,
fill = "grey88"
+
) # Appearence type label on each panel
geom_text(
data = labels,
aes(issue, value, label = label),
family = "Reem Kufi",
inherit.aes = FALSE,
size = 4.7,
color = "grey25",
fontface = "bold",
lineheight = .85,
hjust = 0
+
) # Add informative text
# geom_textbox comes with the great ggtext library.
geom_textbox(
data = texts,
aes(
issue, value, label = text,
color = char_costume,
color = after_scale(darken(color, .12, space = "HLS")),
vjust = vjust
),family = "Reem Kufi",
size = 2.7,
fill = "grey95",
maxwidth = unit(7.25, "lines"),
hjust = .5
+
) # Customize labels of the horizontal axis
scale_x_continuous(
limits = c(74, NA),
breaks = c(94, seq(125, 250, by = 25), 280),
labels = glue::glue("Issue\n#{c(97, seq(125, 250, by = 25), 280)}"),
position = "top"
+
) scale_y_continuous(expand = c(.03, .03)) +
# This clip="off" is very important. It allows to have annotations anywhere
# in the plot, no matter they are not within the extent of
# the corresponding panel.
coord_cartesian(clip = "off")
g
Those annotations are definetely a game changer!
There’s been tremendous progress since the first chart. The last step
is to add a very cool title that will make this marvelous even more
attractive. The function draw_image()
from the
cowplot
library makes it really easy to add an image on top of the plot. Ready
to finish this up? Let’s go!
<- g +
g labs(
title = "Appearance of the Five Most Popular X-Men Characters in Chris Claremont's Comics",
caption = "Visualization by Cédric Scherer • Data by Claremont Run Project via Malcom Barret • Popularity Scores by ranker.com • Logo by Comicraft"
)
<- ggdraw(g) +
g # It works with only the path to the file! :)
draw_image(
"img/fromTheWeb/uncannyxmen.png",
x = .84, y = .955,
width = .1,
hjust = .5,
vjust = .5
) g
And finally, if you want to export this streamchart in a high quality
format, it’s good to use ggsave
with the
agg_png
device from the
ragg
library.
ggsave("img/fromTheWeb/streamchart-xmen.png", g,
width = 16, height = 13, device = ragg::agg_png)
Here we are, with a very highly customized plot showcasing the
possibilities offered by the tidyverse and other packages like
ggstream
, ggtext
, and many others. Thanks
again to Cédric for providing this chart example!


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XML overuse? (was Re: Python to XML to Python conversion)
Clark C . Evans
cce at clarkevans.com
Tue Jul 16 20:27:12 CEST 2002
On Tue, Jul 16, 2002 at 03:18:30PM +0200, holger krekel wrote:
| Huaiyu Zhu wrote:
| > The basic idea is quite simple: consider a data structure as a tree; denote
| > the type of branching at each node; indent the subtrees. It appears to me
| > that indentation is easier to handle than quotes and escapes. Here's a
| > simple example:
|
| It does and it's very interesting. It does sound a lot like
| http://yaml.org to me, though (They even have an RFC).
| Don't you think YAML might be a superset of your ideas?
Yes, Steve Howell even has a python implementation of it...
http://yaml.org/python/PyYaml_14jul2002.tgz
I'm sure he'd love your comments/contributions.
| Let me add some random thoughts/questions about your/yaml's scheme
| (i hope i am not missing something obvious):
|
| - how is a binary data-stream's size determined? What about
| open-ended streams? Embedding of arbitrary data-streams
| is very useful (IMO).
In YAML, we have a built-in BASE64 type which hopefully most
implementations will support. As for handling embedded streams,
this works as long as they are indented properly and only use
printable characters (see specification).
| - somehow your and yaml's scheme remind me of todays wiki techniques.
| E.g. Wikis have methods of sequence-detection (bullets ...) and they
| have a commitment to readability. Of course, they are generally more
| concerned with graphical views than with beeing a concise persistence
| scheme.
Yes; Ward Cunningham's WikiWiki is a very cool concept and I'm sure
we borrowed from it sub-conciously.
| - Is there a canonical conversion between XML and your scheme/YAML?
| Shouldn't be too hard, anyway...
http://yaml.org/xml.html
| - how do you express external addresses akin XPATH?
| Ideas:
| - Mappings are easy, just take the 'key'.
| - Sequences are easy (take the sequence number) but not very robust
| to deletions and insertions of items.
| - tag-names (IDs) which can be associated with any item might be interesting.
| readability is likely to suffer, probably.
I'm toying with making IDs a "special" key so that a YPATH
like mechanism would work well... similar to XPATH/XSLT's "keys()"
| btw, I wonder whether some form of your and/or YAML's ideas should play a
| role in the new persistence-SIG. While the actual persistence mappings
| are not in the focus there are certainly some interesting connections
| between the two areas.
One of our other members, Brian Ingerson, is working on getting
YAML into the core of Parrot (http://parrot-code.org)
| this sure is useful. Especially for me since i work with a (perl-)
| friend on a project which needs to address the persistence-question. And
| we want to have it interoperable, simple and fast. I guess looking
| at YAML might avoid that you have to dig too much into old harddisks :-)
Also, there is a Perl implementation of YAML sited in the
downloads section of the website written by Brian Ingerson.
Having more members would be great! We could use more implementations,
and generic YAML tools (like YAML-DIFF)
Best,
;) Clark
--
Clark C. Evans Axista, Inc.
http://www.axista.com<PHONE_NUMBER>
XCOLLA Collaborative Project Management Software
More information about the Python-list
mailing list


JAWBREAKER (1999) by John Sylva Rating: D+
http://twowebmasters.cjb.net (COMING SOON!)
>From writer and director Darren Stein comes Jawbreaker, the poorly told tale of what can happen when an innocent birthday prank goes wrong.  Courtney Shane, played by Rose McGowan, holds the title of meanest, most disrespectful soul in the school. Everyone hates her, but everyone envies her due to her popularity. Courtney is the "leader" of her clique, which also includes Julie, played by Rebecca Gayheart, Liz Purr, played by Charlotte Roldan, and Marcie, played by Julie Benz are the other three in the group. It is Liz's seventeenth birthday, and Julie, Courtney, and Marcie concur that they will play a seemingly innocent prank on her, but the prank results in the death of Liz.
 And also just like in other teen directed movies, one of the four don't agree with hiding it, this time that character being Julie. And finally, just like in other teen movies, there is a witness outside the group trying to hide the truth. This time that character being Fern Mayo (Judy Greer), who is subject to many cracks from Courtney's group, as well as the entire school. >From here, Jawbreaker turns into a predictable tale of revenge, bad morals, and at least trying to do the right thing.
Not only is the script weak, on a whole the acting is horrid thanks to a large amount of the main cast. Judy Greer is undeniably awful as her one dimensional, annoying character, as she overacts every line she has. Also on the bad side of acting is Julie Benz, almost falling to the annoying factor that Greer delivers.
On the positive side of acting, Rose McGowan performs well here, but doesn't match her wickedly clever performance as "Tatum", in 1996's Scream. McGowan's role is annoying, but this only adds to the film.  Faring even better than McGowan is Rebecca Gayheart, who is always exceptionally believable as her roles. When the script feeds her a one or two dimensional character, she turns it into three, always putting strong emotion and power into her roles. Gayheart isn't given as much to do here as she was in 1998's Urban Legend, but you can still get a strong taste of her acting skills in Jawbreaker.
Jawbreaker drifts and mianders different sub plots throughout, hardly throwing anything for the viewer to get absorbed in. We get way off of the topic of the jawbreaker incident, and get into things that don't have anything to do with the actual film. The beginning and ending are strong, it's just the middle that needs a lot of help. During the body of the movie, it is undeniably repetitive, never progressing towards a conclusion. Nothing to grab the viewer's interest is around, and the same, extremely annoying song plays over and over again.
Jawbreaker tries to get off on the same time of humor used in the 1995 film Clueless, but falls flat.  All in all, a horrible disappointment.
The Bottom Line: The tagline reads, "Even the sweetest candies are sour as death inside." Yes, that is too true. No matter how good this film may have looked, it fails to deliver.
Film reviewed November 28th, 1999.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


APPEND
SourceAPPEND appends a new item to an array and returns a new array with a given element. If uniqueOnly
is set to true, then will add the item only if it’s unique.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
arr |
Any[] |
Target array. | |
item |
Any |
Target value to add. |
Returns Any[]
New array.
FIRST
SourceFIRST returns a first element from a given array.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
arr |
Any[] |
Target array. |
Returns Any
First element in a given array.
FLATTEN
SourceFLATTEN turns an array of arrays into a flat array. All array elements in array will be expanded in the result array. Non-array elements are added as they are. The function will recurse into sub-arrays up to the specified depth. Duplicates will not be removed.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
arr |
Any[] |
Target array. | |
depth |
Int |
Depth level. |
Returns Any[]
Flat array.
INTERSECTION
SourceINTERSECTION return the intersection of all arrays specified. The result is an array of values that occur in all arguments. The element order is random. Duplicates are removed.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
arrays |
Any[], repeated |
An arbitrary number of arrays as multiple arguments (at least 2). |
Returns Any[]
A single array with only the elements, which exist in all provided arrays.
LAST
SourceLAST returns the last element of an array.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
array |
Any[] |
The target array. |
Returns Any
Last element of an array.
MINUS
SourceMINUS return the difference of all arrays specified. The order of the result array is undefined and should not be relied on. Duplicates will be removed.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
arrays |
Any[], repeated |
An arbitrary number of arrays as multiple arguments (at least 2). |
Returns Any[]
An array of values that occur in the first array, but not in any of the subsequent arrays.
NTH
SourceNTH returns the element of an array at a given position. It is the same as anyArray[position] for positive positions, but does not support negative positions. If position is negative or beyond the upper bound of the array, then NONE will be returned.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
array |
Any[] |
An array with elements of arbitrary type. | |
index |
Int |
Position of desired element in array, positions start at 0. |
Returns Any
The array element at the given position.
OUTERSECTION
SourceOUTERSECTION return the values that occur only once across all arrays specified. The element order is random.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
arrays |
Any[], repeated |
An arbitrary number of arrays as multiple arguments (at least 2). |
Returns Any[]
A single array with only the elements that exist only once across all provided arrays.
POP
SourcePOP returns a new array without last element.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
array |
Any[] |
Target array. |
Returns Any[]
Copy of an array without last element.
POSITION
SourcePOSITION returns a value indicating whether an element is contained in array. Optionally returns its position.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
array |
Any[] |
The source array. | |
value |
Any |
The target value. | |
position |
Boolean |
False |
Boolean value which indicates whether to return item’s position. |
Returns Boolean
Int
A value indicating whether an element is contained in array.
PUSH
SourcePUSH create a new array with appended value.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
array |
Any[] |
Source array. | |
value |
Any |
Target value. | |
unique |
Boolean |
False |
Read indicating whether to do uniqueness check. |
Returns Any[]
A new array with appended value.
REMOVE_NTH
SourceREMOVE_NTH returns a new array without an element by a given position.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
array |
Any[] |
Source array. | |
position |
Int |
Target element position. |
Returns Any[]
A new array without an element by a given position.
REMOVE_VALUE
SourceREMOVE_VALUE returns a new array with removed all occurrences of value in a given array. Optionally with a limit to the number of removals.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
array |
Any[] |
Source array. | |
value |
Any |
Target value. | |
limit |
Int |
A limit to the number of removals. |
Returns Any[]
A new array with removed all occurrences of value in a given array.
REMOVE_VALUES
SourceREMOVE_VALUES returns a new array with removed all occurrences of values in a given array.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
array |
Any[] |
Source array. | |
values |
Any[] |
Target values. |
Returns Any[]
A new array with removed all occurrences of values in a given array.
SHIFT
SourceSHIFT returns a new array without the first element.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
array |
Any[] |
Target array. |
Returns Any[]
Copy of an array without the first element.
SLICE
SourceSLICE returns a new sliced array.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
array |
Any[] |
Source array. | |
start |
Int |
Start position of extraction. | |
length |
Int |
Read indicating how many elements to extract. |
Returns Any[]
Sliced array.
SORTED
SourceSORTED sorts all elements in anyArray. The function will use the default comparison order for FQL value types.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
array |
Any[] |
Target array. |
Returns Any[]
Sorted array.
SORTED_UNIQUE
SourceSORTED_UNIQUE sorts all elements in anyArray. The function will use the default comparison order for FQL value types. Additionally, the values in the result array will be made unique
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
array |
Any[] |
Target array. |
Returns Any[]
Sorted array.
UNION
SourceUNION returns the union of all passed arrays.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
arrays |
Any[], repeated |
List of arrays to combine. |
Returns Any[]
All array elements combined in a single array, in any order.
UNION_DISTINCT
SourceUNION_DISTINCT returns the union of all passed arrays with unique values.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
arrays |
Any[], repeated |
List of arrays to combine. |
Returns Any[]
All unique array elements combined in a single array, in any order.
UNIQUE
SourceUNIQUE returns all unique elements from a given array.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
array |
Any[] |
Target array. |
Returns Any[]
New array without duplicates.
UNSHIFT
SourceUNSHIFT prepends value to a given array.
| Argument | Type | Default value | Description |
array |
Any[] |
Target array. | |
value |
Any |
Target value to prepend. | |
unique |
Boolean |
False |
Optional value indicating whether a value must be unique to be prepended. default is false. |
Returns Any[]
New array with prepended value.


| Sr | Fieldname | Type | Label | Options |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | publish |
Check | Publish Items to Hub | |
| 2 | section_break_2 |
Section Break | ||
| 3 | publish_pricing |
Check | Publish Pricing | |
| 4 | publish_availability |
Check | Publish Availability | |
| 5 | column_break_5 |
Column Break | ||
| 6 | sync_now |
Button | Sync Now |
sync |
| 7 | section_break_6 |
Section Break | ||
| 8 | seller_name |
Data | Seller Name | |
| 9 | seller_country |
Link | Seller Country | Country |
| 10 | seller_email |
Data | Seller Email |
|
| 11 | column_break_10 |
Column Break | ||
| 12 | seller_city |
Data | Seller City | |
| 13 | seller_website |
Data | Seller Website | |
| 14 | section_break_13 |
Section Break | ||
| 15 | seller_description |
Text Editor | Seller Description | |
| 16 | name_token |
Data | Name Token | |
| 17 | access_token |
Data | Access Token |
Inherits from frappe.model.document.Document
No docs
Set publish_in_hub
=1 for all Sales Items
Register at hub.erpnext.com, save name_token
and access_token
Sync items with hub.erpnext.com
Unpublish from hub.erpnext.com
Update details at hub.erpnext.com
No docs


NBA Live 95 edit is a project that adds the current (2014-15) NBA rosters to NBA live 95. The created tools allow anyone to edit the game and add their own players.
NBA Live 95 edit consists of tools to pull NBA stats and edit player appearances, spreadsheets with formulas to compute player skill values, and a program to modify the ROM itself.
NBA 95 Edit Github


Features You Need
Record Workouts
Log workouts in seconds. Keep track of all of your Personal Records for when you hit that big lift.
Set Goals
Stay focused by setting step, weight and activity goals.
Push Your Progress
A few quick entries and your workout is logged and compared against prior workouts to track your progress.

Log all your workouts and Personal Records for when you hit that big lift
View your progress for each movement.


Kimono's Tier List
Add wives for Kimono
Hide List
Kimono's wives:
Change list description
Kim Hyuna
Kim Yerim
Chang Seungyeon
Jung Wheein
Add Wife


TFC MFG
Principles
- People
Our people—skilled, experienced, and dedicated—are the
foundation of our success. We are open and honest, working together to share and
achieve our vision.
- Integrity
We operate with integrity in everything we do. We
keep our commitments, building trust with each other and our customers.
- Value
Our value starts with quality products delivered on time
at a fair price. We increase supply chain efficiency through integration and program
management. By creating value for our customers, we return value for our
shareholders.
- Customer Satisfaction
Our customers' satisfaction is our
ultimate metric of success. We strive to continuously raise our performance for
them.
The TFC commitment and quality
- Providing products that satisfy customers needs
- Complying with all applicable requirments
- Continually improve the effectivness of the quality system
- Pursue stabilished quality objectives
- Have 99.5 % quality rating and 95% on time delivery
Some Of Our Happy Clinets
Boeing
Cessna
Honeywell
Tata


Sample Text 1
Sample Text 2
Sample Text 3
Sample Text 4
Sample Text 5
Sample Text 6
Sample Text 7
Sample Text 8
Sample Text 9
Sample Text 10


PuREST JSON is a library for connecting Puredata (Pd) to HTTP services and encoding and decoding JSON data.
The library can issue HTTP statements, so consumation of RESTful services is possible, e.g. CouchDB.
Basic Information for Users
Usage examples
- Using JSON data as pitch generator
- Using Pd as Twitter Client
- Previewing and downloading samples from Freesound.org
Detailed Documentation for Objects
- [json decode] and [json encode]: JSON Data in Pd
- [rest] and [oauth]: Making HTTP Requests
- [urlparams]: Creating Query Strings


{% extends "global/Page.html" %} {% load staticfiles otree_tags %} {% block title %} Phase II: Choosing offers {% endblock %} {% block content %}
| Offer Made By | Proposed Coalition | {% if not earned %}Share party A (received {{ resources_player_A }} seats) {% if player.position == 'A' %} This is you {% endif %} | Share party B (received {{ resources_player_B }} seats) {% if player.position == 'B' %} This is you {% endif %} | Share party C (received {{ resources_player_C }} seats) {% if player.position == 'C' %} This is you {% endif %} | {% elif earned %}Share party A (earned {{ resources_player_A }} seats) {% if player.position == 'A' %} This is you {% endif %} | Share party B (earned {{ resources_player_B }} seats) {% if player.position == 'B' %} This is you {% endif %} | Share party C (earned {{ resources_player_C }} seats) {% if player.position == 'C' %} This is you {% endif %} | {% endif %} {% for p in group.get_players %}
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party {{ p.position }} {% if p == player %} (This is you) {% endif %} | {{ p.proposed_coalition }} | {% if p.allocate_to_player_A > 0 %}$ {{ p.allocate_to_player_A }} million{% endif %} | {% if p.allocate_to_player_B > 0 %}$ {{ p.allocate_to_player_B }} million{% endif %} | {% if p.allocate_to_player_C > 0 %}$ {{ p.allocate_to_player_C }} million{% endif %} |
Select the coalition you want to form:


Register - GoMaR
Register
Having a fancy dinner?
Don't know what to do and what not?
Let's get you started!
Choose a username:
Choose a password:
Email adress:


Discography
Hurry Up, We're dreaming
Saturday = Youth
Intro
Midnight City
Reunion
Where The Boats Go
Wait
Raconte moi une histoire
A Train To Pluton
Claudia Lewis
This Bright Flash
When Will You Come Home?
Soon, My Friend
Midnight city
Intro
Midnight City
Reunion
Where The Boats Go
Wait
Raconte moi une histoire
A Train To Pluton
Claudia Lewis
This Bright Flash
When Will You Come Home?
Soon, My Friend
Reunion
Intro
Midnight City
Reunion
Where The Boats Go
Wait
Raconte moi une histoire
A Train To Pluton
Claudia Lewis
This Bright Flash
When Will You Come Home?
Soon, My Friend


Task
-->
The key is included in a comment just before this sentence.
You could of course just 'View source' to find it, but you are not going to want to do that for
every single page you view. The comments tool makes it quick and easy to see when there are comments on any page.


10
1 Ask for rain from Yahweh in the time of the spring rain—
Yahweh who makes thunderstorms!—and
he will provide rain showers for them,
and plants in the fields for mankind.
2 For household idols speak falsely; the diviners envision a lie;
they tell deceitful dreams and give empty comfort,
so they wander like sheep and suffer because there is no shepherd.
3 My wrath burns against the shepherds; it is the male goats—the leaders—that I will punish; Yahweh of hosts will also attend to his flock, the house of Judah, and make them like his war horse in battle!
4 From them will come the cornerstone; from them will come the tent peg; from them will come the war bow; from them will come every leader.
5 They will be like warriors who trample their enemies into the mud of the streets in battle; they will make war, for Yahweh is with them, and they will shame those who ride warhorses.
6 "I will strengthen the house of Judah and save the house of Joseph; for I will restore them and have mercy on them. They will be as though I had not cast them off, for I am Yahweh their God, and I will respond to them.
7 Then Ephraim will be like a warrior, and their hearts will rejoice as with wine; their children will see and rejoice. Their heart will rejoice in me!
8 I will whistle for them and gather them, for I will rescue them, and they will become as great as they previously were!
9 I sowed them among the peoples, but they will remember me in distant countries, so they and their children will live and return.
10 For I will restore them from the land of Egypt and gather them from Assyria. I will bring them to the land of Gilead and Lebanon until there is no more room for them.
11 I will pass through the sea of their affliction; I will strike the waves of that sea and will dry up all the depths of the Nile. The majesty of Assyria will be brought down, and the scepter of Egypt will go away from the Egyptians.
12 I will strengthen them in myself, and they will walk in my name." This is Yahweh's declaration.


The WebACS is fully accessible via keyboard. The following sections describe the usage in the different parts of the ACS.
After jumping to the menu with CTRL-0, the menu tabs can be switched by using the arrow keys. Once the desired tab is active, the menu items can be reached via the Tab key. When one of the component menus in the Components tab is selected, it can also be navigated by using the arrow keys.
After jumping to the model panel with CTRL-1, the arrow keys can be used to switch between the models.
After jumping to the model designer with CTRL-2, the user can enter keyboard mode by pressing Enter. Now the components can be navigated by using the arrow keys or moved by using Shift-Arrow.
Pressing the Space bar activates port mode, thus enabling the user to navigate the ports of the selected component via the arrow keys. Pressing Shift-Space on an output port starts drawing a new channel. The user must then navigate to a matching input port on another component and press Shift-Space there to complete the channel. Esc ends port mode.
When in port mode, the user can activate channel mode by pressing the Space bar again. Now the channels connected to the selected port can be navigated using the arrow keys. Esc ends channel mode.
After jumping to the GUI Designer with CTRL-3, the user can enter keyboard mode by pressing Enter. Then the user can navigate the elements by using the arrow keys. Shift-arrow keys moves the selected element, Alt-arrow keys resizes the selected element.
After jumping to the List View with CTRL-4, the user can enter keyboard mode by pressing Enter. Then the user can navigate the elements by using the arrow keys. Space activates port mode, so that the ports of the selected components can be navigated by using the arrow keys. Esc ends port mode.
When in port mode, the user can activate channel mode by pressing the Space bar again. Now the channels connected to the selected port can be navigated using the arrow keys. Esc ends channel mode.
After jumping to the Property Editor with CTRL-5, the user can switch the tabs of the Property Editor by using the arrow keys. All other elements can be reached by using the Tab key in the same way as on any website.


The workshop aims to bring together researchers investigating methods and applications in evolving deep learning. Particularly, the methods focus on effective and efficient representations, search mechanisms and optimization techniques. Authors are invited to submit their original and unpublished work to this workshop. Topics of interest include but are not limited to:
The workshop proceedings will be published by ACM ICPS and made available in the ACM Digital Library. We expect all submissions to be of high-quality, original, and must not have been submitted for publication elsewhere.
Please use the new 2017 Master Article Template and User Guide given by ACM when preparing your submissions. If you are using LaTeX, please use the "sigconf" style. All papers should not exceed 8 pages in length.
Submissions must be made as PDF documents via the EasyChair online submission system.
Submissions must be made as PDF documents via the EasyChair online submission system.


**[ Please open this site only in 'Google Chrome' browser. ]
1. Can I use CCTV Live on my mobile device?
: Yes, CCTV Live is compatible for mobile devices using only 'google chrome' browser.
It allows you to access remote cameras from mobile devices such as cell phones and tablets. CCTV Live supports Android devices.
Although it is recommended to use 'google chrome' browser in mobile devices.
Google Chrome mobile is available free at Google Play Store
2. How can I verify if CCTV Live will work on my device?
: To verify CCTV Live support, please open this
link
in Google Chrome. If your device supports CCTV Live you will see video from your webcam.
3. What should I use: Firefox or Google Chrome?
CCTV Live works only on "Google Chrome" browsers well.
4. I have limited Internet bandwidth. Will CCTV Live impact other Internet users in my home?
: No, CCTV Live will not impact Internet users in your home because it needs only upload bandwidth.
5. What is the required upload bandwidth?
: The upload bandwidth depends on video resolution as well as video quality based on webcam you used.
6. I have old computer. Will it work with CCTV Live?
: Yes, CCTV Live has very small hardware requirements.
7. How long the transmission is maintained after I start webcam?
: The standard life time for transmission depends on system ideal time. The transmission may be closed earlier if there is power outage or failure of your Internet access.
8. I have multiple webcams. How can I select one for CCTV Live (Google Chrome)?
: CCTV Live supports multiple camera connection, Connect all cameras to your system before opening CCTV Live, CCTV Live will autoamtically detect all camera devices.


This record stores the general information about the set of scenarios on a worksheet.
Record Data
|
Offset |
Name |
Size |
Contents |
|
4 |
csct |
2 |
Number of scenarios |
|
6 |
isctCur |
2 |
Index of the current scenario |
|
8 |
isctShown |
2 |
Index of the last displayed scenario |
|
10 |
irefRslt |
2 |
Number of reference areas in the following scenario result array |
|
12 |
rgref |
var |
Scenario result array (see the following table) |
Each reference area in the scenario result array contains the fields listed in the following table.
|
Offset |
Name |
Size |
Contents |
|
0 |
rwFirst |
2 |
First row |
|
2 |
rwLast |
2 |
Last row |
|
4 |
colFirst |
1 |
First column |
|
5 |
colLast |
1 |
Last column |


Soldier El:
Hey, I'm injured here! Ask a healthy soldier and leave me alone! It's bad enought that I couldn't sleep because of a nightmare.
"Orbyu sent me."


This is a color guessing game. On top, the RGB color code of a randomly picked color is displayed, for example RGB(123, 231, 213). You have to guess which of the squares below uses this color.
You can switch between Easy and Hard mode. Easy mode gives 3 squares to choose from, Hard mode gives 6. Switching the mode starts a new game.
RGB is a color model used on computer screens. Each color is composed of three components, Red, Green and Blue. Each component is given as a number between 0 and 255. 0 means total absence of that component, 255 means the component is present in its fullest intensity. This gives over 16.7 million combinations. Read more about RGB on Wikipedia.
If all three components are 0, no color is present and gives black. If all three components are 255, the intensity is at maximum and gives white.
A few examples:
I made this game as a project in the Web Developer Bootcamp course (Section 15: Color Game Project) by Colt Steele on Udemy.
Uses Raleway from Google Fonts.
Ver 1.1 (5 Oct 2017)


Added properties
1
Bought or rented properties
2
Chat
Latest sales/rents
-
ApartmentBudvaSold200.000
-
StudioBarRent500/month
-
PenthouseTivatSold500.000
-
GaradgeBudvaRent150/month


ABOUT PPC LUBRICANTS
A Heritage of Specializing in Lubricants
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
PPC now has Bulk Delievery/Squirt Fill capabilities for DEF
AUTOMOTIVE
The Automotive Market requires a different set of tools in order to succeed. PPC Lubricants offers various programs that are customized to each customer in...
COMMERICAL
PPC Lubricants has been in business of supporting the Commercial market for over 40 years! The most important thing that we have learned is that...
INDUSTRIAL
Regardless of the industrial market segment that you operate in: Metal, Forestry, Goas or Power Production, Foods, Plastics of almost any other field, your lubricant...
DIESEL EXHAUST FLUID
As governmental regulations on emissions from diesel engines become more severe, it has forced behicle manufacturers to evaluate and adopt new technologies in order to...


500 error
Oops! It seems like the server encountered an error !
Please try again later. (Error: 500)
Take me to Home Page


--- title: Sentiments weight: 3 chapter: true ---
To capture the attitudes for each tweet we obtained in the prior section, several sentiment analyzers were chosen. These analyzers check (for each tweet) each word against a predefined lexicon, that contains words and their respective sentiment scores. From the number of scores obtained by the analyzer for each tweet, one final sum of scores gets calculated. The following sentiment lexica were used to compute the sentiments for each tweet:
Each lexicon is applied to the preprocessed text of each tweet to calculate the sentiment scores. Finally all sentiments of a time window of 24 hours to 45 minutes before a game got aggregated to one representative sentiment score which then is used for the correlation analysis. To capture different facets of expressiveness, we generated three different aggregates:
The results of the sentiment analysis are displayed in the Sentiment Analysis subpage.


Echo
menu
Home
User
Home
User
List of users who have been successfully login
Name
Month Login (2017)
Number of Login
Alvin
January
15
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Charge Blade Techniques and Formulas
Contents
SAED shortcuts
Guard FAQ
Guard Points
Offensive Guard FAQ
Motion Values
Phial Damage Calculation
# (S)AED Shortcuts
You better not be pressing O/B/RMB 3 times in Axe mode to use SAED.. here are all the ways to perform Amped Elemental Discharge (AED), or Super Amped Elemental Discharge (SAED) when your shield is charged.
# Sword Mode: Shield Thrust
[video width="400" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/stripedypaper/stripedypaper.github.io/master/media/2020/saed-shield-thrust.webm" loop="true"]
PS4: (Sword mode) Any attack > △ + O > △ + O
Xbox: (Sword mode) Any attack > Y + B > Y + B
PC: (Sword mode) Any attack > LMB + RMB > LMB + RMB
# Sword Mode: Block Reaction
[video width="400" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/stripedypaper/stripedypaper.github.io/master/media/saed-block.webm" loop="true"]
PS4: (Sword mode) Block an attack* > △ + O
Xbox: (Sword mode) Block an attack* > Y + B
PC: (Sword mode) Block an attack* > LMB + RMB
*If the attack was too powerful, your character will slide a long distance and you will be unable to SAED. Block knockback can be decreased by charging your shield, blocking with Guard Points instead of R2/RT/Ctrl, and getting the Guard skill (all three effects stacking).
# Axe Mode: Jumping (Morph) Slash
[video width="400" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/stripedypaper/stripedypaper.github.io/master/media/saed-aerial.webm" loop="true"]
PS4: (Sword mode) Airborne > R2 > △ + O / (Axe mode) Airborne > △ > △ + O
Xbox: (Sword mode) Airborne > RT > Y + B / (Axe mode) Airborne > Y > Y + B
PC: (Sword mode) Airborne > Ctrl > LMB + RMB / (Axe mode) Airborne > LMB > LMB + RMB
# Axe Mode: from Idle
[video width="400" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/stripedypaper/stripedypaper.github.io/master/media/saed-axe.webm" loop="true"]
PS4: (Axe mode) △ + O
Xbox: (Axe mode) Y + B
PC: (Axe mode) LMB + RMB
# Axe Mode: Overhead Slash
[video width="400" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/stripedypaper/stripedypaper.github.io/master/media/saed-axe-overhead.webm" loop="true"]
PS4: (Sword mode) R2 + △ > △ + O / (Sheathed) R2 > △ + O / (Axe mode) ↑ + △ > △ + O
Xbox: (Sword mode) RT + Y > Y + B / (Sheathed) RT > Y + B / (Axe mode) ↑ + Y > Y + B
PC: (Sword mode) Ctrl + LMB > LMB + RMB / (Sheathed) Ctrl > LMB + RMB / (Axe mode) ↑ + LMB > LMB + RMB
# Axe Mode: Elemental Discharge II
[video width="400" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/stripedypaper/stripedypaper.github.io/master/media/saed-ed2.webm" loop="true"]
PS4: (Sword mode) R2 + △ > O > O / (Sheathed) R2 > O > O / (Axe mode) O > O > O
Xbox: (Sword mode) RT + Y > B > B / (Sheathed) RT > B > B / (Axe mode) B > B > B
PC: (Sword mode) Ctrl + LMB > RMB > RMB / (Sheathed) Ctrl > RMB > RMB / (Axe mode) RMB > RMB > RMB
# Guard FAQ
TL;DR
- You need some Guard to be able to GP AED/SAED all attacks
- Guard stacks with red shield and guard points
- Red shield and guard points are each equivalent to 2 points of Guard
- Guard skill caps at 5 but you DO still benefit from red shield and GP at Guard 5
- (you can be at "Total Guard 9" with Guard 5, red shield, GP)
- Total Guard 2, 4, 6, and 8 are the same as 1, 3, 5, 7 (Guard has breakpoints at odd numbers)
- Guard 1 is enough for about 4/5 of monsters
- Guard 3 is enough for basically every monster except Rajang
- Guard 5 is comfy as you can be equal to Guard 3 without using guard points
Q: Why use Guard on CB?
In sword mode, Charge Blade can counter with (S)AED after blocking an attack. Depending on the strength of the attack, when blocking your character will go into one of three recoil animations: small, medium, or large knockback.
There are three ways to reduce block recoil received by monster attacks and thus make it easier to counter attacks: increasing Guard skill, charging your shield, and blocking using guard points instead of holding the block button. As it turns out, even if you always use guard points and keep your shield charged there are many attacks that still deal large knockback, so in practice at least 1 Guard skill is recommended for general purpose builds.
Q: How does Guard skill stack with charged shield and guard points?
An easy way to explain this is that charged shield and guard points are each equal to 2 points of Guard. However, adding these to your Guard skill your "total Guard" CAN exceed the max skill level of Guard which is 5. Contrary to what anyone may say you DO still benefit from charged shield and guard points when at Guard 5.
Another important thing is that only odd numbers (and zero) matter when considering Guard. Having Guard 2 means you will receive the same knockback from all attacks as Guard 1. Here are some examples:
Guard 0 = Guard 0
Guard 1 = Guard 1
Guard 1 + charged shield = Guard 3
Guard 0 + charged shield + GP = Guard 4 = Guard 3
Guard 1 + charged shield + GP = Guard 5
Guard 5 + charged shield + GP = Guard 9
It's important to note here that for example, if you receive medium knockback with Guard 1, it doesn't necessarily mean you will receive small knockback with Guard 3. Behind the scenes every monster attack has a "knockback power" (some number from 0 to 100) and your recoil received is a function of that number and your total guard power. So for example (using made up numbers) if you have total guard 5, monster attacks with knockback between 40 and 70 are medium knockback. If you have total guard 7, monster attacks with knockback between 60 and 90 are medium. You can see that an attack of 50 would be medium with guard 5 and small with guard 7, but an attack of 65 would be medium for both. For more detailed numbers, see here.
Q: How much Guard do I need?
I don't have a comprehensive list of monsters and how much Guard you need to be able to GP all of their attacks with medium knockback. What I can say is 1 is enough for ~80% of monsters and 3 is enough for ~95% of monsters, IF you are GPing every attack (in vanilla world Guard 1 was enough for 99% of monsters). 5 is only required for a very small number of monsters (such as Rajang) but it is nice to have because Guard 5 regular block is equivalent to Guard 3 GP, so you can play a bit comfier and activate Offensive Guard with less effort. Guard 5 also can be attained with a single charm (Ironside Charm V).
# Guard Points
# What is a Guard Point?
At certain points during some attacks, your character will have their shield facing forward in front of them. These points in the attack animation are called Guard Points and your character is considering to be blocking during them. For a full list of attacks with Guard Points and their timing, keep scrolling down.
# Why should I use Guard Points?
Blocking using Guard Points instead of regular blocking using R2/RT/Ctrl has several benefits.

Notes:
By far the most commonly used Guard Point. Can be linked to from any Sword mode attack and even from blocking, but not from Charge Phials. If linked to from Condensed Elemental Slash (Sword Charge), the Guard Point window is delayed.
# Sword: Spinning Slash
[video width="400" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/stripedypaper/stripedypaper.github.io/master/media/gp-roundslash.webm" loop="true"]
PS4: (Sword mode) Action* > △
Xbox: (Sword mode) Action* > Y
PC: (Sword mode) Action* > LMB
*Actions that link into Spinning Slash:
- Rising Slash
- Charged Double Slash
- Condensed Elemental Slash
- Jumping Slash
- Sidestep (attack + left/right evade)
Timing:
After the character finishes turning, lasting for about 1 second.
# Sword: Sliding Slash
[video width="400" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/stripedypaper/stripedypaper.github.io/master/media/gp-slide.webm" loop="true"]
PS4: (Sword mode) Any attack > Direction + O
Xbox: (Sword mode) Any attack > Direction + B
PC: (Sword mode) Any attack > Direction + RMB
Timing:
After the character finishes the spinning slash, lasting for about 1 second.
# Axe: Morph Slash
[video width="400" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/stripedypaper/stripedypaper.github.io/master/media/gp-unmorph.webm" loop="true"]
PS4: (Axe mode) R2
Xbox: (Axe mode) RT
PC: (Axe mode) Ctrl
Timing:
After the character finishes turning, lasting for about 1 second.
# Axe: Draw Attack
[video width="400" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/stripedypaper/stripedypaper.github.io/master/media/gp-draw.webm" loop="true"]
PS4: (Sheathed) R2
Xbox: (Sheathed) RT
PC: (Sheathed) Ctrl
Timing:
As soon as the attack begins, lasting for about 0.25 seconds.
# Axe: Savage Axe Slash
Video TBA
PS4: SAED > L2
Xbox: SAED > LT
PC: ?
Timing:
As soon as the attack begins, lasting for about 0.25 seconds.
Keep in mind you can only use the attack after the startup of SAED which is about 1 second.
# Offensive Guard FAQ
Why use Offensive Guard on Charge Blade?
As a block and counter-based weapon, Offensive Guard is a strong option for Charge Blade once you have all your other core skills, giving 15% bonus attack at max level for a short time (~10 seconds). With Guard Points, Charge Blade has an easy way to access blocking by canceling out of ending lag of other attacks (something that Lance can also do but Gunlance cannot do). The bonus attack from Offensive Guard also increases your damage with Impact Phials by a substantial amount.
How do you activate Offensive Guard?
You must block a monster's attack (other players and barrel bombs cannot trigger it), and the attack must be blocked within about 0.5 seconds of entering blocking state. This means that if you start holding block (or enter a guard point) and you are hit within 0.5 seconds it will trigger, and if you are hit after 0.5 seconds it will not trigger. There is another peculiarity with these rules which will be covered below.
Sometimes I block within 0.5 seconds and Offensive Guard does not trigger
You may notice this happens when you are standing (not attacking) waiting for a monster to hit you, then you input BLOCK followed by ATTACK with the goal of doing an Axe morph guard point, then mysteriously OG does not trigger. The issue with this is that Offensive Guard window ends when you enter a new blocking state. If you held BLOCK for a brief moment before pressing ATTACK to perform the morph, your player will have transitioned from idle to regular block (when you pressed BLOCK), then regular block to guard point (when you pressed ATTACK). Because there were two blocking states, Offensive Guard was only eligible to be triggered during the first blocking state (when BLOCK was held down before pressing ATTACK).
What this means is if you want to trigger Offensive Guard from an Axe Morph from idle, you must perform a perfect input and not hold BLOCK briefly before the morph. If you have time, you can do a weak slash chained into Axe Morph, which works because even if you hold BLOCK before pressing ATTACK, you won't do a regular block as long as you input ATTACK before the ending lag of weak slash is over.
# Motion Values
Sword: Weak Slash - 12
Sword: Rising Slash - 15
Sword: Roundslash - 30
Sword: Advancing Slash - 20
Sword: Double Slash - 27 + 18
Sword: Double Slash (Hold too long) - 13
Sword: Shield Thrust - 12 + 8
Sword: Sliding Slash - 30
Axe: Morph to Sword (Roundslash) - 30
Axe: Elemental Roundslash - 30
Sword: Condensed Element Slash - 60
Sword: Morph to Axe - 50
Axe: Draw Attack - 50
Axe: Rising Slash - 38
Axe: Overhead - 48
Axe: Dash Slam - 52
Axe: Element Discharge 1 - 25
Axe: Element Discharge 2 - 20 + 66
Axe: Amped Element Discharge - 82
Axe: Amped Element Discharge (Impact, with Savage Axe buff) - 92
Axe: Amped Element Discharge (Power Element, with Savage Axe buff) - 82 with 1.4x elemental modifier
Axe: Super Amped Element Discharge - 15 + 82 + 66
Axe: Super Amped Element Discharge (Impact, with Savage Axe buff) - 25 + 102 + 76
Axe: Super Amped Element Discharge (Power Element, with Savage Axe buff) - 15 + 82 + 66 with 1.2x, 1.35x, 1.2x elemental modifier
Axe: Savage Axe Slash - 30
Axe: Jumping Attack - 55
Clutch Claw Attack - 10 + 10 + 48 + 6 * X
(unsure which hits count as Axe mode)
Savage Axe additional hit (Impact, AED & SAED) - 11 with 0.2x elemental modifier
Savage Axe additional hit (Impact, all other axe moves) - 9 with 0.2x elemental modifier
Savage Axe additional hit (Power Element, AED & SAED) - 5 with 1.2x elemental modifier
Savage Axe additional hit (Power Element, all other axe moves) - 5 with 0.8x elemental modifier
*All Axe mode attacks have 10% higher motion value with charged shield. NOT phial explosions, see next section.
*All Axe mode attacks (with the exceptions of SAED 3rd hit and possibly Dash Slam) deal 3% extra damage on a clean hit, i.e with the head of the axe.
# Phial Damage Calculation
Impact Phial Motion Values (Uncharged Shield)
| Attack |
Phial Motion Value |
Explosions |
Phials spent |
| Element Discharge 1 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
| Element Discharge 2 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
| Amped Element Discharge |
9 |
3 |
1 |
| Charged Sword Mini Explosion |
2 |
1 |
0 |
Impact Phial Motion Values (Charged Shield)
| Attack |
Phial Motion Value |
Explosions |
Phials spent |
| Element Discharge 1 |
4.8 |
1 |
1 |
| Element Discharge 2 |
4.8 |
2 |
1 |
| Amped Element Discharge |
10.8 |
3 |
1 |
| Super Amped Element Discharge |
25 |
X |
X |
| Charged Sword Mini Explosion |
2 |
1 |
0 |
| Guard Point Mini Explosion |
4.8 |
1 |
0 |
Power Element Phial Motion Values (Uncharged Shield)
Patch 10.11
| Attack |
Phial Motion Value |
Explosions |
Phials spent |
| Element Discharge 1 |
20 |
1 |
1 |
| Element Discharge 2 |
20 |
2 |
1 |
| Amped Element Discharge |
50 |
3 |
1 |
| Charged Sword Mini Explosion |
15 |
1 |
0 |
Power Element Phial Motion Values (Charged Shield)
| Attack |
Phial Motion Value |
Explosions |
Phials spent |
| Element Discharge 1 |
26 |
1 |
1 |
| Element Discharge 2 |
26 |
2 |
1 |
| Amped Element Discharge |
65 |
3 |
1 |
| Super Amped Element Discharge |
90 |
X |
X |
| Charged Sword Mini Explosion |
15 |
1 |
0 |
| Guard Point Mini Explosion |
26 |
1 |
0 |
Impact Phial Damage Calculation
MV / 100 * (A * C * F + B * 0.5) * D * E * G
MV: Motion value of phial attack
A: True raw attack from weapon only, including augments, excluding decorations on weapon
B: True raw attack from all other sources (power talon, food, attack boost skill, elementless, etc)
C: Artillery modifier, 1.3 for level 3 Artillery
D: HR modifier, ? for MR, 1.2 for HR or 1.0 for LR
E: Enrage modifier. 1.0 if the monster is not enraged, higher/lower if the monster is enraged (varies by monster).
F: Felyne Bombardier, 1.15 if present
G: Quest defense modifier
Power Element Phial Damage Calculation
MV / 100 * HZ * ELE * D * E * G
MV: Motion value of phial attack
HZ: Elemental hitzone of the part you're hitting
ELE: Elemental attack as displayed in stat screen
D: HR modifier, ? for MR, 1.2 for HR or 1.0 for LR
E: Enrage modifier. 1.0 if the monster is not enraged, higher/lower if the monster is enraged (varies by monster).
G: Quest defense modifier, usually 1.0 but can be higher for investigations


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This package is designed to implement the PRML classifier and PRML filter proposed by Chen and Tokdar (2019).
prml_filter()
calculate Bayes factor of Poisson versus Poisson mixtures.prml_classifier()
calculate posterior probabilities under each Poisson mixtures hypotheses.prml_classifier_f()
calculate posterior probabilities under each Poisson mixtures hypotheses and density estimation of mixing density.prml_tests()
output the result of PRML classifier prml_classifier()
as well as PRML filter prml_filter()
prml_tests_f()
output the result of PRML classifier prml_classifier_f()
as well as PRML filter prml_filter()
For real data anlaysis, we only need to use function prml_tests()
, which take the \(\{Y^A,Y^B,Y^{AB}\}\) as input. \(\{Y^A,Y^B,Y^{AB}\}\) represent spike count data coming from the repeated trials under condition \(\{A,B,AB\}\) (single-stimulus trial A, B and dual-stimuli trial AB). We provide a sample code on
prml_tests()
;If you want to obtain density estimation of the mixing density, replace prml_tests()
with prml_tests_f()
in the sample code. See Articles for details.


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The astropy.io.fits package provides access to FITS files. FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) is a portable file standard widely used in the astronomy community to store images and tables.
This section provides a quick introduction of using astropy.io.fits. The goal is to demonstrate the package’s basic features without getting into too much detail. If you are a first time user or have never used Astropy or PyFITS, this is where you should start.
Once the astropy.io.fits package is loaded using the standard convention[1], we can open an existing FITS file:
>>> from astropy.io import fits
>>> hdulist = fits.open('input.fits')
The open() function has several optional arguments which will be discussed in a later chapter. The default mode, as in the above example, is “readonly”. The open function returns an object called an HDUList which is a list-like collection of HDU objects. An HDU (Header Data Unit) is the highest level component of the FITS file structure, consisting of a header and (typically) a data array or table.
After the above open call, hdulist[0] is the primary HDU, hdulist[1] is the first extension HDU, etc (if there are any extensions), and so on. It should be noted that Astropy is using zero-based indexing when referring to HDUs and header cards, though the FITS standard (which was designed with FORTRAN in mind) uses one-based indexing.
The HDUList has a useful method HDUList.info(), which summarizes the content of the opened FITS file:
>>> hdulist.info()
Filename: test1.fits
No. Name Type Cards Dimensions Format
0 PRIMARY PrimaryHDU 220 () int16
1 SCI ImageHDU 61 (800, 800) float32
2 SCI ImageHDU 61 (800, 800) float32
3 SCI ImageHDU 61 (800, 800) float32
4 SCI ImageHDU 61 (800, 800) float32
After you are done with the opened file, close it with the HDUList.close() method:
>>> hdulist.close()
The headers will still be accessible after the HDUList is closed. The data may or may not be accessible depending on whether the data are touched and if they are memory-mapped, see later chapters for detail.
The open() function supports a memmap=True argument that allows the array data of each HDU to be accessed with mmap, rather than being read into memory all at once. This is particularly useful for working with very large arrays that cannot fit entirely into physical memory.
This has minimal impact on smaller files as well, though some operations, such as reading the array data sequentially, may incur some additional overhead. On 32-bit systems arrays larger than 2-3 GB cannot be mmap’d (which is fine, because by that point you’re likely to run out of physical memory anyways), but 64-bit systems are much less limited in this respect.
As mentioned earlier, each element of an HDUList is an HDU object with .header and .data attributes, which can be used to access the header and data portions of the HDU.
For those unfamiliar with FITS headers, they consist of a list of 80 byte “cards”, where a card contains a keyword, a value, and a comment. The keyword and comment must both be strings, whereas the value can be a string or an integer, floating point number, complex number, or True/False. Keywords are usually unique within a header, except in a few special cases.
The header attribute is a Header instance, another Astropy object. To get the value associated with a header keyword, simply do (a la Python dicts):
>>> hdulist[0].header['targname']
'NGC121'
to get the value of the keyword targname, which is a string ‘NGC121’.
Although keyword names are always in upper case inside the FITS file, specifying a keyword name with Astropy is case-insensitive, for the user’s convenience. If the specified keyword name does not exist, it will raise a KeyError exception.
We can also get the keyword value by indexing (a la Python lists):
>>> hdulist[0].header[27]
96
This example returns the 28th (like Python lists, it is 0-indexed) keyword’s value–an integer–96.
Similarly, it is easy to update a keyword’s value in Astropy, either through keyword name or index:
>>> prihdr = hdulist[0].header
>>> prihdr['targname'] = 'NGC121-a'
>>> prihdr[27] = 99
Please note however that almost all application code should update header values via their keyword name and not via their positional index. This is because most FITS keywords may appear at any position in the header.
It is also possible to update both the value and comment associated with a keyword by assigning them as a tuple:
>>> prihdr = hdulist[0].header
>>> prihdr['targname'] = ('NGC121-a', 'the observation target')
>>> prihdr['targname']
'NGC121-a'
>>> prihdr.comments['targname']
'the observation target'
Like a dict, one may also use the above syntax to add a new keyword/value pair (and optionally a comment as well). In this case the new card is appended to the end of the header (unless it’s a commentary keyword such as COMMENT or HISTORY, in which case it is appended after the last card with that keyword).
Another way to either update an existing card or append a new one is to use the Header.set() method:
>>> prihdr.set('observer', 'Edwin Hubble')
Comment or history records are added like normal cards, though in their case a new card is always created, rather than updating an existing HISTORY or COMMENT card:
>>> prihdr['history'] = 'I updated this file 2/26/09'
>>> prihdr['comment'] = 'Edwin Hubble really knew his stuff'
>>> prihdr['comment'] = 'I like using HST observations'
>>> prihdr['history']
I updated this file 2/26/09
>>> prihdr['comment']
Edwin Hubble really knew his stuff
I like using HST observations
Note: Be careful not to confuse COMMENT cards with the comment value for normal cards.
To update existing COMMENT or HISTORY cards, reference them by index:
>>> prihdr['history'][0] = 'I updated this file on 2/27/09'
>>> prihdr['history']
I updated this file on 2/27/09
>>> prihdr['comment'][1] = 'I like using JWST observations'
>>> prihdr['comment']
Edwin Hubble really knew his stuff
I like using JWST observations
To see the entire header as it appears in the FITS file (with the END card and padding stripped), simply enter the header object by itself, or print repr(header):
>>> header
SIMPLE = T / file does conform to FITS standard
BITPIX = 16 / number of bits per data pixel
NAXIS = 0 / number of data axes
all cards are shown...
>>> print repr(header)
identical...
Entering simply print header will also work, but may not be very legible on most displays, as this displays the header as it is written in the FITS file itself, which means there are no linebreaks between cards. This is a common confusion in new users.
It’s also possible to view a slice of the header:
>>> header[:2]
SIMPLE = T / file does conform to FITS standard
BITPIX = 16 / number of bits per data pixel
Only the first two cards are shown above.
To get a list of all keywords, use the Header.keys() method just as you would with a dict:
>>> prihdr.keys()
['SIMPLE', 'BITPIX', 'NAXIS', ...]
If an HDU’s data is an image, the data attribute of the HDU object will return a numpy ndarray object. Refer to the numpy documentation for details on manipulating these numerical arrays.
>>> scidata = hdulist[1].data
Here, scidata points to the data object in the second HDU (the first HDU, hdulist[0], being the primary HDU) which corresponds to the ‘SCI’ extension. Alternatively, you can access the extension by its extension name (specified in the EXTNAME keyword):
>>> scidata = hdulist['SCI'].data
If there is more than one extension with the same EXTNAME, the EXTVER value needs to be specified along with the EXTNAME as a tuple; e.g.:
>>> scidata = hdulist['sci',2].data
Note that the EXTNAME is also case-insensitive.
The returned numpy object has many attributes and methods for a user to get information about the array, e.g.
>>> scidata.shape
(800, 800)
>>> scidata.dtype.name
'float32'
Since image data is a numpy object, we can slice it, view it, and perform mathematical operations on it. To see the pixel value at x=5, y=2:
>>> print scidata[1, 4]
Note that, like C (and unlike FORTRAN), Python is 0-indexed and the indices have the slowest axis first and fastest changing axis last; i.e. for a 2-D image, the fast axis (X-axis) which corresponds to the FITS NAXIS1 keyword, is the second index. Similarly, the 1-indexed sub-section of x=11 to 20 (inclusive) and y=31 to 40 (inclusive) would be given in Python as:
>>> scidata[30:40, 10:20]
To update the value of a pixel or a sub-section:
>>> scidata[30:40, 10:20] = scidata[1, 4] = 999
This example changes the values of both the pixel [1, 4] and the sub-section [30:40, 10:20] to the new value of 999. See the Numpy documentation for more details on Python-style array indexing and slicing.
The next example of array manipulation is to convert the image data from counts to flux:
>>> photflam = hdulist[1].header['photflam']
>>> exptime = prihdr['exptime']
>>> scidata *= photflam / exptime
Note that performing an operation like this on an entire image requires holding the entire image in memory. This example performs the multiplication in-place so that no copies are made, but the original image must first be able to fit in main memory. For most observations this should not be an issue on modern personal computers.
If at this point you want to preserve all the changes you made and write it to a new file, you can use the HDUList.writeto() method (see below).
If you are familiar with numpy recarray (record array) objects, you will find the table data is basically a record array with some extra properties. But familiarity with record arrays is not a prerequisite for this guide.
Like images, the data portion of a FITS table extension is in the .data attribute:
>>> hdulist = fits.open('table.fits')
>>> tbdata = hdulist[1].data # assuming the first extension is a table
To see the first row of the table:
>>> print tbdata[0]
(1, 'abc', 3.7000002861022949, 0)
Each row in the table is a FITS_record object which looks like a (Python) tuple containing elements of heterogeneous data types. In this example: an integer, a string, a floating point number, and a Boolean value. So the table data are just an array of such records. More commonly, a user is likely to access the data in a column-wise way. This is accomplished by using the field() method. To get the first column (or “field” in Numpy parlance–it is used here interchangeably with “column”) of the table, use:
>>> tbdata.field(0)
array([1, 2])
A numpy object with the data type of the specified field is returned.
Like header keywords, a field can be referred either by index, as above, or by name:
>>> tbdata.field('id')
array([1, 2])
When accessing a column by name, dict-like access is also possible (and even preferable):
>>> tbdata['id']
array([1, 2])
In most cases it is preferable to access columns by their name, as the column name is entirely independent of its physical order in the table. As with header keywords, column names are case-insensitive.
But how do we know what columns we have in a table? First, let’s introduce another attribute of the table HDU: the columns attribute:
>>> cols = hdulist[1].columns
This attribute is a ColDefs (column definitions) object. If we use the ColDefs.info() method:
>>> cols.info()
name:
['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4']
format:
['1J', '3A', '1E', '1L']
unit:
['', '', '', '']
null:
[-2147483647, '', '', '']
bscale:
['', '', 3, '']
bzero:
['', '', 0.40000000000000002, '']
disp:
['I11', 'A3', 'G15.7', 'L6']
start:
['', '', '', '']
dim:
['', '', '', '']
it will show the attributes of all columns in the table, such as their names, formats, bscales, bzeros, etc. We can also get these properties individually; e.g.
>>> cols.names
['ID', 'name', 'mag', 'flag']
returns a (Python) list of field names.
Since each field is a numpy object, we’ll have the entire arsenal of numpy tools to use. We can reassign (update) the values:
>>> tbdata.field('flag')[:] = 0
As mentioned earlier, after a user opened a file, made a few changes to either header or data, the user can use HDUList.writeto() to save the changes. This takes the version of headers and data in memory and writes them to a new FITS file on disk. Subsequent operations can be performed to the data in memory and written out to yet another different file, all without recopying the original data to (more) memory.
>>> hdulist.writeto('newimage.fits')
will write the current content of hdulist to a new disk file newfile.fits. If a file was opened with the update mode, the HDUList.flush() method can also be used to write all the changes made since open(), back to the original file. The close() method will do the same for a FITS file opened with update mode:
>>> f = fits.open('original.fits', mode='update')
... # making changes in data and/or header
>>> f.flush() # changes are written back to original.fits
So far we have demonstrated how to read and update an existing FITS file. But how about creating a new FITS file from scratch? Such tasks are very easy in Astropy for an image HDU. We’ll first demonstrate how to create a FITS file consisting only the primary HDU with image data.
First, we create a numpy object for the data part:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> n = np.arange(100.0) # a simple sequence of floats from 0.0 to 99.9
Next, we create a PrimaryHDU object to encapsulate the data:
>>> hdu = fits.PrimaryHDU(n)
We then create a HDUList to contain the newly created primary HDU, and write to a new file:
>>> hdulist = fits.HDUList([hdu])
>>> hdulist.writeto('new.fits')
That’s it! In fact, Astropy even provides a shortcut for the last two lines to accomplish the same behavior:
>>> hdu.writeto('new.fits')
This will write a single HDU to a FITS file without having to manually encapsulate it in an HDUList object first.
To create a table HDU is a little more involved than image HDU, because a table’s structure needs more information. First of all, tables can only be an extension HDU, not a primary. There are two kinds of FITS table extensions: ASCII and binary. We’ll use binary table examples here.
To create a table from scratch, we need to define columns first, by constructing the Column objects and their data. Suppose we have two columns, the first containing strings, and the second containing floating point numbers:
>>> from astropy.io import fits
>>> import numpy as np
>>> a1 = np.array(['NGC1001', 'NGC1002', 'NGC1003'])
>>> a2 = np.array([11.1, 12.3, 15.2])
>>> col1 = fits.Column(name='target', format='20A', array=a1)
>>> col2 = fits.Column(name='V_mag', format='E', array=a2)
Next, create a ColDefs (column-definitions) object for all columns:
>>> cols = fits.ColDefs([col1, col2])
Now, create a new binary table HDU object by using the new_table() function:
>>> tbhdu = fits.new_table(cols)
This function returns (in this case) a BinTableHDU.
Of course, you can do this more concisely without creating intermediate variables for the individual columns and without manually creating a ColDefs object:
>>> from astropy.io import fits
>>> tbhdu = fits.new_table(
... fits.ColDefs([fits.Column(name='target', format='20A', array=a1),
... fits.Column(name='V_mag', format='E', array=a2)]))
Now you may write this new table HDU directly to a FITS file like so:
>>> hdu = fits.PrimaryHDU(n)
This shortcut will automatically create a minimal primary HDU with no data and prepend it to the table HDU to create a valid FITS file. If you require additional data or header keywords in the primary HDU you may still create a PrimaryHDU object and build up the FITS file manually using an HDUList.
For example, first create a new Header object to encapsulate any keywords you want to include in the primary HDU, then as before create a PrimaryHDU:
>>> prihdr = fits.Header()
>>> prihdr['OBSERVER'] = 'Edwin Hubble'
>>> prihdr['COMMENT'] = "Here's some commentary about this FITS file."
>>> prihdu = fits.PrimaryHDU(header=prihdr)
When we create a new primary HDU with a custom header as in the above example, this will automatically include any additional header keywords that are required by the FITS format (keywords such as SIMPLE and NAXIS for example). In general, PyFITS users should not have to manually manage such keywords, and should only create and modify observation-specific informational keywords.
We then create a HDUList containing both the primary HDU and the newly created table extension, and write to a new file:
>>> thdulist = fits.HDUList([prihdu, tbhdu])
>>> thdulist.writeto('table.fits')
Alternatively, we can append the table to the HDU list we already created in the image file section:
>>> hdulist.append(tbhdu)
>>> hdulist.writeto('image_and_table.fits')
So far, we have covered the most basic features of astropy.io.fits. In the following chapters we’ll show more advanced examples and explain options in each class and method.
astropy.io.fits also provides several high level (“convenience”) functions. Such a convenience function is a “canned” operation to achieve one simple task. By using these “convenience” functions, a user does not have to worry about opening or closing a file, all the housekeeping is done implicitly.
Warning
These functions are useful for interactive Python sessions and simple analysis scripts, but should not be used for application code, as they are highly inefficient. For example, each call to getval() requires re-parsing the entire FITS file. Code that makes repeated use of these functions should instead open the file with pyfits.open() and access the data structures directly.
The first of these functions is getheader(), to get the header of an HDU. Here are several examples of getting the header. Only the file name is required for this function. The rest of the arguments are optional and flexible to specify which HDU the user wants to access:
>>> from astropy.io.fits import getheader
>>> getheader('in.fits') # get default HDU (=0), i.e. primary HDU's header
>>> getheader('in.fits', 0) # get primary HDU's header
>>> getheader('in.fits', 2) # the second extension
>>> getheader('in.fits', 'sci') # the first HDU with EXTNAME='SCI'
>>> getheader('in.fits', 'sci', 2) # HDU with EXTNAME='SCI' and EXTVER=2
>>> getheader('in.fits', ('sci', 2)) # use a tuple to do the same
>>> getheader('in.fits', ext=2) # the second extension
>>> getheader('in.fits', extname='sci') # first HDU with EXTNAME='SCI'
>>> getheader('in.fits', extname='sci', extver=2)
Ambiguous specifications will raise an exception:
>>> getheader('in.fits', ext=('sci', 1), extname='err', extver=2)
...
TypeError: Redundant/conflicting extension arguments(s): {'ext': ('sci',
1), 'args': (), 'extver': 2, 'extname': 'err'}
After you get the header, you can access the information in it, such as getting and modifying a keyword value:
>>> from astropy.io.fits import getheader
>>> hdr = getheader('in.fits', 1) # get first extension's header
>>> filter = hdr['filter'] # get the value of the keyword "filter'
>>> val = hdr[10] # get the 11th keyword's value
>>> hdr['filter'] = 'FW555' # change the keyword value
For the header keywords, the header is like a dictionary, as well as a list. The user can access the keywords either by name or by numeric index, as explained earlier in this chapter.
If a user only needs to read one keyword, the getval() function can further simplify to just one call, instead of two as shown in the above examples:
>>> from astropy.io.fits import getval
>>> flt = getval('in.fits', 'filter', 1) # get 1st extension's keyword
# FILTER's value
>>> val = getval('in.fits', 10, 'sci', 2) # get the 2nd sci extension's
# 11th keyword's value
The function getdata() gets the data of an HDU. Similar to getheader(), it only requires the input FITS file name while the extension is specified through the optional arguments. It does have one extra optional argument header. If header is set to True, this function will return both data and header, otherwise only data is returned:
>>> from astropy.io.fits import getdata
>>> dat = getdata('in.fits', 'sci', 3) # get 3rd sci extension's data
... # get 1st extension's data and header
>>> data, hdr = getdata('in.fits', 1, header=True)
The functions introduced above are for reading. The next few functions demonstrate convenience functions for writing:
>>> fits.writeto('out.fits', data, header)
The writeto() function uses the provided data and an optional header to write to an output FITS file.
>>> fits.append('out.fits', data, header)
The append() function will use the provided data and the optional header to append to an existing FITS file. If the specified output file does not exist, it will create one.
>>> from astropy.io.fits import update
>>> update(file, dat, hdr, 'sci') # update the 'sci' extension
>>> update(file, dat, 3) # update the 3rd extension
>>> update(file, dat, hdr, 3) # update the 3rd extension
>>> update(file, dat, 'sci', 2) # update the 2nd SCI extension
>>> update(file, dat, 3, header=hdr) # update the 3rd extension
>>> update(file, dat, header=hdr, ext=5) # update the 5th extension
The update() function will update the specified extension with the input data/header. The 3rd argument can be the header associated with the data. If the 3rd argument is not a header, it (and other positional arguments) are assumed to be the extension specification(s). Header and extension specs can also be keyword arguments.
Finally, the info() function will print out information of the specified FITS file:
>>> fits.info('test0.fits')
Filename: test0.fits
No. Name Type Cards Dimensions Format
0 PRIMARY PrimaryHDU 138 () Int16
1 SCI ImageHDU 61 (400, 400) Int16
2 SCI ImageHDU 61 (400, 400) Int16
3 SCI ImageHDU 61 (400, 400) Int16
4 SCI ImageHDU 61 (400, 400) Int16
This is one of the most useful convenience functions for getting an overview of what a given file contains without looking at any of the details.
Footnotes
| [1] | For legacy code only that already depends on PyFITS, it’s acceptable to continue using “from astropy.io import fits as pyfits”. |


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