Jhon Cena
Lorem ipsum dolor sit.
Best wishes
Elegancy Over The Table
Special moments
For The Sweet Baby
Enjoy The Surprise
Enjoy Sweet Chocolate
Sweet Flavors
Discover The New Flavors
Feel on the clouds
Best Selected Ingredients
Bite The Cake
Chocolate Cover
Different designs
Made with Love
Sweet Inside
Star War Model
Cover With chocolate
Different flavors
Different Designs


Use RcppEigen to fit least trimmed squares regression models with an L1 penalty in order to obtain sparse models.
| Version: | 0.2.0 |
| Depends: | robustHD (≥ 0.4.0) |
| Imports: | Rcpp (≥ 0.9.10), RcppEigen (≥ 0.2.0) |
| LinkingTo: | Rcpp, RcppEigen |
| Suggests: | mvtnorm |
| Published: | 2013-12-10 |
| Author: | Andreas Alfons [aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: | Andreas Alfons <alfons at ese.eur.nl> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| NeedsCompilation: | yes |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | sparseLTSEigen results |
| Reference manual: | sparseLTSEigen.pdf |
| Package source: | sparseLTSEigen_0.2.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: sparseLTSEigen_0.2.0.zip, r-release: sparseLTSEigen_0.2.0.zip, r-oldrel: sparseLTSEigen_0.2.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: sparseLTSEigen_0.2.0.tgz, r-oldrel: sparseLTSEigen_0.2.0.tgz |
| Old sources: | sparseLTSEigen archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=sparseLTSEigen to link to this page.


We aggregated based on the description which mentions like a Male reported or a Female reported or 2 kids reported or an adult reported etc.. Both male and female categories are merged into Adult Category.
Please note the data covered is 9.1 percent of the whole data (~65000 rows).


More Featured in
Jack Blogger
It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using 'Content here, content here', making it look


I've been getting a lot of outreach from the various blockchains/crypto to explore powering our ecosystem - so which do you work with and would recommend for high TPS and volume?
Likes
190
He has a nice bag of followers it seems
jl777c25-Jul-18 05:53 PM
I think blocktivity showing KMD with 10% of BTC activity and more than BCH was noteworthy
CryptoNinjaa25-Jul-18 05:53 PM
Have you seen the avi stat too?
alot of room to grow
Gordon Komodo25-Jul-18 05:55 PM
he is the CEO of Razer, love their products.(edited)
So I've been recommended to look at @Ripple @KomodoWorld @Omise @DigiByteCoin @orbs_network @OSTdotcom - anyone else I should look at for high TPV and TPS payments?
Likes
106
Gordon Komodo25-Jul-18 05:56 PM
I think he is probably planning for VR token
Hollowman900025-Jul-18 05:57 PM
Spent that time searching twatter and @CryptoNinjaa busted it out right away
Well, whoever the tech shills are
Wine and dine time
CryptoNinjaa25-Jul-18 05:57 PM
jl777c25-Jul-18 05:58 PM
150btc binance volume in last half hour
2
CryptoNinjaa25-Jul-18 05:58 PM
Crazy out no where. the rewards on that chunk will be epic
Hollowman900025-Jul-18 05:58 PM
James is buying on binance
CryptoNinjaa25-Jul-18 05:59 PM
Wink twice if its you
Theres no way Jl sold his sole and proved his chicken
jl777c25-Jul-18 06:00 PM
i havent used a centralized exchange in several years


In 1937 a woman in Dundalk was sentenced to prison for kissing in public
by IrishCentral StaffUnder Eamon De Valera's "Vice Act" a Glaswegian woman was sentenced to prison for kissing a local man. The young man got away with just a fine!
It's hard to conceive nowadays but in 1937 a Glaswegian woman was imprisoned for "kissing a boyfriend in public".
Julia Clarke, from Glasgow, had kissed a local boy on church property in Blackrock, in County Louth. The local vigilance committee was "shocked" and the Dundalk court “so scandalized that, although Miss Clarke already had returned home to Glasgow, they passed the sentence with a view to keeping her out of the country forever”.
While Clarke was actually sentenced to prison time the local boy in question was only fined, due to donate £2 to the St. Vincent de Paul Society. Thankful Clarke's sentence could not be enforced unless she returned to the scene of the crime.
Clarke was the first woman sentenced under Eamon de Valera's "Vice Act".
Here's a newspaper clipping on the crime from the time:
However, thankfully, Clarke, who was filmed by British Pathe, after sentencing doesn't seem that bothered by her charges.
The Britsh Pathe footage is described as "C/U of a woman laughing. She is Julia Clarke. According to the narrator she has been sentenced to a month's imprisonment by the Irish Free State after kissing a boy friend at Blackrock [sic]."
In what's now a long-forgotten Ireland, the "Vice Act" of 1935 was a law "to make further and better provision for the protection of young girls and the suppression of brothels and prostitution, and for those and other purposes to amend the law relating to sexual offences”, according to Irish Legal Heritage.
This infamous "Vice Act" also made it illegal for the sale or import of contraceptives in Ireland.
Read more: Was the ghost of St. Oliver Plunkett captured on video?


JavaScript Projects
Projects written in JavaScript and HTML, usually using the Canvas API
Tanks JS [WIP]*
Two-player combat game based on Battle Tanks
Details | Play!
*Work In Progress (WIP)
Let's Make a Space Game
Follow my video dev blog as I build a space shooter
Github Project Page | Watch it here
Code Highlighter
A simple JS script for highlighting key elements in C, CSS, HTML, JS, or Ruby code.


|
Drake
|
Serializer is specific to a single LcmMessage type, and translates between LCM message bytes and drake::Value<LcmMessage> objects.
| LcmMessage | message type to serialize, e.g., lcmt_drake_signal. |
#include <drake/systems/lcm/serializer.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| Serializer () | |
| ~Serializer () override | |
| std::unique_ptr< AbstractValue > | CreateDefaultValue () const override |
| Creates a value-initialized (zeroed) instance of the message object. More... | |
| void | Deserialize (const void *message_bytes, int message_length, AbstractValue *abstract_value) const override |
| Translates LCM message bytes into a drake::AbstractValue object. More... | |
| void | Serialize (const AbstractValue &abstract_value, std::vector< uint8_t > *message_bytes) const override |
| Translates a drake::AbstractValue object into LCM message bytes. More... | |
Does not allow copy, move, or assignment | |
| Serializer (const Serializer &)=delete | |
| Serializer & | operator= (const Serializer &)=delete |
| Serializer (Serializer &&)=delete | |
| Serializer & | operator= (Serializer &&)=delete |
| Public Member Functions inherited from SerializerInterface | |
| virtual | ~SerializerInterface () |
| SerializerInterface (const SerializerInterface &)=delete | |
| SerializerInterface & | operator= (const SerializerInterface &)=delete |
| SerializerInterface (SerializerInterface &&)=delete | |
| SerializerInterface & | operator= (SerializerInterface &&)=delete |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from SerializerInterface | |
| SerializerInterface () | |
|
delete |
|
delete |
| Serializer | ( | ) |
|
override |
|
overridevirtual |
Creates a value-initialized (zeroed) instance of the message object.
The result can be used as the output object filled in by Deserialize.
Implements SerializerInterface.
|
overridevirtual |
Translates LCM message bytes into a drake::AbstractValue object.
Implements SerializerInterface.
|
delete |
|
delete |
|
overridevirtual |
Translates a drake::AbstractValue object into LCM message bytes.
Implements SerializerInterface.


clear Note that this site completely built on top of modern JavaScript.
So it's necessary to use a modern browser.


No container is running for the current user.
Please select any project from the list and click on "Run" to launch new container"


For MHS Byte Club
- supervises the club and get everyone together to plan projects and activities
- oversees meetings, helps select and supervise projects, and communicates about local coding events to club members
- helps oversee meetings when Kenny is absent, helps supervise proects, and communicates club information throughout the student body
- monitors club membership and keeps records of club events
- monitors club membership and keeps records of club events
- updates the club webpage and works with Rygar to communicate club information throughout the student body
Notable Graduated Members
- founder of this Awesome programming club, and helps with activities and projects we do
- helped Raphael in the beginning of the club and used to help with club projects and activities
- helped Chris C. and Raphael start up this club from the beginning and also used to help with club projects and activities
- was decent but worked only on projects others gave him


List all users who are members of an organization. If the authenticated user is also a member of this organization then both concealed and public members will be returned.
GET /orgs/:org/members
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
filter |
string |
Filter members returned in the list. Can be one of: * 2fa_disabled - Members without
two-factor authentication
enabled. Available for organization owners.* all -
All members the authenticated user can see.Default: all
|
role |
string |
Filter members returned by their role. Can be one of: * all - All members of the organization, regardless of
role.* admin - Organization owners.* member - Non-owner organization members.
Default: all
|
Status: 200 OK
Link: <https://api.github.com/resource?page=2>; rel="next",
<https://api.github.com/resource?page=5>; rel="last"
[
{
"login": "octocat",
"id": 1,
"node_id": "MDQ6VXNlcjE=",
"avatar_url": "https://github.com/images/error/octocat_happy.gif",
"gravatar_id": "",
"url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat",
"html_url": "https://github.com/octocat",
"followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/followers",
"following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/following{/other_user}",
"gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/gists{/gist_id}",
"starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/starred{/owner}{/repo}",
"subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/subscriptions",
"organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/orgs",
"repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/repos",
"events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/events{/privacy}",
"received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/received_events",
"type": "User",
"site_admin": false
}
]
Status: 302 Found
Location: https://api.github.com/orgs/github/public_members


Hello all!
everybody who can understand german should read this topic here:
http://www.pytal.de/topic,0,0,11512,9999#l
all others should continious at this point.
i have created my new template for my ooold blog.
for more details please check this topic:
http://getbblog.com/viewtopic.php?f=15&p=1715#p1715
now i have two problems:
1.) Display: Inline; and Vertical-align: middle;
Why didn't work the vertical-align definition for the black box with the radius on the left, bottom side? currently its not included but the problem is the same. the same happens if i use for the mother element "display: inline;"
2.) the content boxes in the middle (i give them a background color in different greys, so you can see them better), one of them, the right one, have the picture included.
if i use by the picture right: xxx px; it didn't make a different as i would use left: xxx px;. whats wrong here? if i write left or right... always it will be placed from the left side.
hope you can help me a little bit :-S
didn't work with HTML and CSS for a long time and myybe i have forgotten some points...


Fairest isle of all the earth! A sensorial experience that will feed your spirit with flavours she has gathered from the earth, the sea and her people. Born of Volcanic origin, the Island of Saint Lucia offers a burst of natural splendour with every turn.  Saint Lucia is the perfect destination. Whether you are adventure seeker, environmentalist, dive enthusiast, a yogi, lovers seeking that ultimate romance experience or in need of a private getaway she will inspire your stories and fill them with joy.
There is a broad array of exciting and exotic activities available on St. Lucia. The island's steep coastlines and lovely reefs offer excellent snorkeling and scuba diving. The rainforest preserves of St. Lucia's mountainous interior are one of the Caribbean's finest locales for hiking and birdwatching. Of course, the island also possesses excellent facilities for golf, tennis, sailing, and a host of other leisure pursuits. Not to be missed is St. Lucia's Soufriere volcano, the world's only drive-in volcanic crater.
We are happy to help you plan your next trip!


{% extends 'base/layout.html' %} {% load bootstrap3 static ddm %} {% block extrahead %} {{ block.super }} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Current leading options
Users who have completed the most scores
Criteria whos importance users are least consistent about
Criteria whos importance users are most consistent about
Criteria that score the most variably across options
Criteria that score the most consistently across options


I.Sicily Github/Zenodo Uploader
Github OAuth Token
Github Repository
Github Repository Owner
Zenodo OAuth Token
Use Zenodo Sandbox
Rebuild Bibliography Cache from Zotero
Get Inscription List from Github
select all
deselect all
Upload Selected Records to Zenodo
Failed Inscriptions
Published Inscriptions


The Beer Concierge
HTML | CSS | JS
Web application search based on Hotels and Breweries from any city in the world. This application worked on API calls for Hotel and Breweries.
HTML | CSS | JS
Web application search based on Hotels and Breweries from any city in the world. This application worked on API calls for Hotel and Breweries.
HTML | CSS | JS
Web application search based on current and five day forecast weather from the city in the US. This application worked on API calls for the current weather and five day forecast weather.
Handlebars | CSS | JS | Node | Express | MySQL
Burger logger web application which allows you to add burgers and then devour them.
Handlebars | CSS | Bootstrap | JS | Node | Express | Sequelize-MySQL | Socket.IO | Moment.js | Heroku/JawsDB
Online messaging tool which allows you to join/add a chatroom and have realtime conversations with other users online.


This Version was downloaded from hosting services to create a non-dynamic html- and js-only site.
See the Static Version page for Närvarokollen.
This is the continuously developed version, in active use by visitors.
See the Live Remote Version page for Närvarokollen.
This is the original wireframe and mockup for Närvarokollen, provided to you by design shaman “@papplo”
Download it print-pdf (4mb pdf).


This alias can't be defined and used in the same parsing unit. Use a function instead.
function checksum() {
type md5 && alias md5sum=md5
md5sum "$@" # This calls `md5sum`, not `md5`
}
function checksum() {
type md5 && md5sum() { md5 "$@"; }
md5sum "$@" # Now this would call `md5` when applicable
}
Alias expansion happens at parse time, which means to have an effect, the alias
command must be executed not just before the alias is invoked, but before the invocation is parsed.
A shell will parse commands until it has a complete set of commands followed by a linefeed. This includes compound commands like { brace; groups; }
and while loops; do true; done
. Here are some examples:
# A single command followed by a linefeed is one unit
unit 1
# These commands are in the same parsing unit because
# there is no line feed between them
unit 2; unit 2;
# These commands are in the same parsing unit because
# they are part of the same top level brace group
{
unit 3
unit 3
}
# These commands are in the same parsing unit because
# there is no linefeed between the groups.
{
unit 4
}; {
unit 4
}
Any alias defined in a command in unit 1
would not take effect until unit 2
and beyond. Similarly, an alias defined in unit 2 will only take effect in unit 3 and 4.
In the problematic example, the alias is defined and used in a function. Since a function definition is a single compound command, it's considered a single parsing unit. The alias would therefore not have an effect (this is true even if the function is invoked twice, because it's only parsed once).
Does this sound confusing and counter-intuitive? It is. Save yourself the trouble and always use functions instead of aliases.
If the flagged commands are not expected to use the alias, you can ignore this error. ShellCheck may incorrectly flag this if the alias definition and usage were in different branches of an if
statement.
You can [[ignore]] this warning with a directive. All warnings may always be disabled either before the relevant command or before any outer compound commands, but in this case it's especially useful:
# shellcheck disable=SC2262 # Option A, before compound command
if true
then
# shellcheck disable=SC2262 # Option B, before alias command
alias foo=bar
# With either Option A or B, this SC2263 message is auto-suppressed
foo
fi


IPHM is a single-page webapp that visualizes global IPv6 geolocation data in a interactive heatmap. As the map pans and zooms, the new visual latitude/longitude bounding box is calculated, the server is queried for IP data within it, and the client renders the heatmap.
IPHM also publicly exposes its API, returning a .json of IPv6 data within a given geographical bounding box.


--- title: Seven-Son Flower - Heptacodium miconiodes date: 2011-11-16 00:00:00 -06:00 categories: - whats-blooming layout: post blog-banner: whats-blooming-now-fall.jpg post-date: November 16, 2011 post-time: 1:54 PM blog-image: wbn-default.jpg ---
One truly magnificent tree at Red Butte Garden is the Seven-Son Flower (Heptacodium miconioides).
Seven-Son Flower Heptacodium miconioides
This fountain-shaped tree has something to show off in every season. Spring and summer brings a dense covering of oval leaves making it a great living screen, though late summer is when the real magic begins.
Heptacodium miconioides flower cluster
Whorls of fragrant white flower clusters begin popping open at the end of summer. Each cluster contains seven flowers which gives this tree its name.
Heptacodium miconioides fruit
Flowering can last almost a month and after pollination, the sepals elongate and change from green to dark pink to become part of the incredibly showy fruit.
Heptacodium miconioides exfoliating bark
During the winter, the Seven-Son Flower still provides interest because as the trees become more mature and the trunks become thicker, the tan outer bark exfoliates to reveal an attractive inner bark.
Although it can be trained as a single-trunk tree, at Red Butte we prefer to grow the multi-trunked form and we have three stunning examples of multi-trunked trees in our Fragrance Garden. Because of the year round interest this tree brings, be sure to visit the garden each season and see how magnificent it is in person.


Abstract
This specification defines a simple JSON format and well-known URL for firewalls and other devices to discover what IP addresses, ports, and related transports a given cloud service uses.
Introduction
Simple Port and Address Discovery (SPAD) allows a web application to inform others of what ports and IP addresses it uses so that things like firewalls can correctly re-configure themselves as the ports and addresses change. Applications are identified by a domain name which is used to form a URL in a well-known location where a client can do an HTTPS REST call to get a JSON file that describes information about what addresses and transports the service uses.
Terminology
In this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 and indicate requirement levels for compliant implementations.
RAML is defined at https://github.com/raml-org.
JSON Schema is defined at http://json-schema.org/. Further information is available in .
Examples
To figure out what IP addresses are used by the service example.com, the first step is to form the query URL by constructing an endpoint at ".well-known/spad/v0/spad".
Then an HTTPS GET query is sent to that URL.
curl https://example.com/.well-known/spad/v0/spad
The response would be a JSON result that could look like
{
"domain": "example.com",
"services": [
{
"name": "example-service",
"validTill": "Fri 11 Nov 2016 22:20:08 UTC",
"flows": [
{
"ips": [
"<IP_ADDRESS>"
],
"port": 443,
"protocol": "https"
}
]
}
]
}
The example above indicates that the "example.com" application has a single service with a single flow that uses only HTTPS to connect to port 443 on the IP address "<IP_ADDRESS>". This SPAD information is not valid after "Fri 11 Nov 2016 22:20:08 UTC" and a new SPAD file should be retrieved before that point in time.
The following shows a more complex example result for an application that uses two flows. One is TLS to the SIP port of a server with a v4 and v6 address. The TLS connection will have a name of example.com in the SNI. The other flow is media sent over UDP to port 5004 on a few different ip addresses. If devices in the network are capable of re-marking DSCP, the desired marking is "AF41".
{
"domain": "example.com",
"services": [
{
"name": "voice-example",
"validTill": "Fri 11 Nov 2016 22:20:08 UTC",
"flows": [
{
"ips": [
"<IP_ADDRESS>",
"2001:db8::1"
],
"port": 5061,
"name": "example.com",
"protocol": "tls"
},
{
"ips": [
"<IP_ADDRESS>",
"2001:db8::2"
],
"port": 5004,
"protocol": "udp",
"qos": "AF41"
}
]
}
]
}
RAML
The RAML specification for the API is:
#%RAML 0.8
title: SPAD
version: v0
protocols: [ HTTPS ]
baseUri: https://example.com/.well-known/spad/{version}
mediaType: application/json
schemas:
- spad.json: !include spad-schema.json
documentation:
- title: Overview
content: !include overview.md
/transports:
description: Transports used by this service
get:
description: Retrieve the spad
responses:
200:
description: Return SPAD file -
see https://fluffy.github.io/spad/schemas/
body:
application/json:
schema: spad.json
example: !include example1.json
Schemas
The JSON returned in a response MUST correspond to the following JSON schema:
{
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
"type": "object",
"title": "SPAD schema.",
"properties": {
"domain": {
"type": "string",
"title": "TODO"
},
"services": {
"type": "array",
"items": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"name": {
"type": "string",
"title": "name of service"
},
"validTill": {
"type": "string",
"title": "Expiry time for this SPAD file"
},
"flows": {
"type": "array",
"uniqueItems": false,
"title": "Transport List",
"description": "List of transports used by the
application.",
"items": {
"type": "object",
"title": "Flow",
"properties": {
"ips": {
"type": "array",
"uniqueItems": false,
"title": "IP addresses list",
"items": {
"type": "string",
"title": "IPv4 or v6 address"
}
},
"port": {
"type": "integer",
"maximum": 65535,
"minimum": 1,
"title": "port",
"description": "Destination ports
used by the transport protocol."
},
"name": {
"type": "string",
"title": "DNS name",
"description": "DNS name that will
be used to connect to."
},
"qos": {
"type": "string",
"title": "DSCP",
"description": "Differentiated
Services Code Point to use.",
"enum": [
"CS1",
"DF",
"EF",
"AF11",
"AF21",
"AF41",
"AF42",
"AF43",
"AF31",
"AF32",
"AF33"
]
},
"protocols": {
"title": "Transport Protocol List",
"description": "Protocols used.",
"type": "string",
"title": "protocol",
"enum": [
"udp",
"tcp",
"http",
"tls",
"https",
"quic"
]
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
},
"required": [
"domain",
"services"
]
}
IANA Considerations
TODO - register well known URL usage
Security Considerations
TODO - explain importance of HTTPS
Discuss merging with existing ACL
Acknowledgements
TODO - add acknowledgments
Development of this Specification
Specification Style
The specification style is "less is more." If a reasonable developer who is fully up on modern web development practices could figure out how write an interoperable implementation after looking at some examples and code and asking a few questions, well that's good enough for us. If you can find it on Wikipedia, we don't need to explain it here.
The build chain allows for an internet draft to be produced from separate parts: a basic draft skeleton that includes narrative text; examples; an API specification; and a schema. Markdown is used for text. RAML and JSON Schema are used to describe the API. Examples play a central role in the specification. The build chain has the goal of being simple and obvious with no black magic.
Following Discussion
We welcome all contributions. Discussion takes place in a few places:
We discuss specific issues on the appropriate issues list in Github. If you don't want to use Github to follow these discussions, you can subscribe to the issue announce list.
Our mailing list is used for confirmation of consensus.
Resolving Issues
Consensus for the resolution of an issue can be established through discussion on the issues list. Once a resolution is found, the issue will be labeled as editor-ready
. The editor will then write a pull request suggesting the specific changes to make to resolve the issue. Consensus to adopt the change will be judged on the mailing list. Once a pull request has consensus, the editor will merge it and close the issue.
Pull Requests
We welcome pull requests, both for editorial suggestions and to resolve open issues. In the latter case, please identify the relevant issue.
Please do not use a pull request to open a new design issue; it may not be noticed.
Published Versions
The web site at (https://coopdanger.github.io/spad/) provides an overview of the specification that is focused on a developer audience. However, all the key information to implement the specification that is used to generate the web site is also used to generate and internet draft that can be found at draft-jennings-dispatch-spad-v0.
Periodically the information on the master is branched to a versioned draft branch and the content of that branch is used to produce an updated version of the internet draft. A typical cadence for this is monthly so that the draft can receive broader review.
When the work is at a good point to form a stable version of the API, it is progressed through the IETF publication process with the goal of publishing an RFC. Once approved, the text of the RFC is used to form a released version of the API. The first version would be v1. The current working pre-standard version is always referred to as v0. The API includes the version in the URL so that developers can implement to a specific non-changing specification. Future versions attempt, but do not guarantee, to be backwards-compatible with the previous version.


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block page_title %} Money Claims Prototype {% endblock %} {% block proposition_header %} {% set my_account="2" %} {% include "includes/propositional_navigation.html" %} {% endblock %} {% block content %} {% include "includes/phase_banner_beta.html" %} Back {{formData | safe}} You can only use mediation if: you are willing to be flexible and listen to Jan Clark's position you have enough information about the claim to be able to discuss it in detail you can set aside a period of 3 hours for the one-hour call You need to agree to all of these for the free mediation. {% include 'prototypes/prototype-oct-2018/includes/contact.html' %} {% endblock %}
You need to agree to all of these for the free mediation.


Startup System
Complete your character and get ready for our world!
You can't be seen, invisible mode is activated.
You can't move until you complete startup system.
Give me the power of Spellhowler!
Give me the power of Spectral Master!
Give me the power of Shillien Elder!


An ADT is a form of:
Abstraction
Metaphor
Simile
Programming
Design
What does the "A" stand for in ADT?


|
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| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
public interface ServerDataProvider
Applications using the JCoServer functionality, i.e. applications that provide a function module in Java that is invoked by an ABAP program, need to manage the server configuration parameters. ServerDataProvider is the interface to be implemented by an infrastructure component within such applications. It is not the responsibility of the business application logic to provide and register such an implementation. A business application is only providing the implementation of the function module.
The ServerDataProvider provides server configurations to the JCo runtime. The JCo runtime uses the registered instance to get all server configuration information.
Note:
JCoServerFactory
,
the data will be updated. Please check out the ServerDataEventListener
in order to find out more about the
reaction of the JCo runtime to the events.| mandatory parameters | |
| jco.server.gwhost | The gateway host at which the JCoServer should be registered |
| jco.server.gwserv | The gateway service to be used for registering at the gateway, i.e. the symbolic service name or the port number |
| jco.server.progid | The program ID for registering and identifying the JCoServer at the gateway |
| jco.server.connection_count | The number of server connections to register at the gateway |
| optional parameters | |
| jco.server.saprouter | SAP router string to use for registering at a gateway that is located behind a firewall |
| jco.server.max_startup_delay | The maximum time (in seconds) between two startup attempts in case of failures |
| jco.server.repository_destination | Destination name for obtaining the default JCoRepository |
| jco.server.repository_map | Mapping rule for destination names from ABAP system IDs and clients in order to obtain a matching JCoRepository depending on the incoming RFC requests |
| jco.server.trace | RFC trace flag; 1: enabled, 0: disabled (default) |
| jco.server.worker_thread_count | The maximum number of worker threads used by the JCoServer |
| jco.server.worker_thread_min_count | The minimum number of worker threads used by the JCoServer |
| SNC parameters (only required if snc_mode is on) | |
| jco.server.snc_mode | Secure Network Communications (SNC) mode; 1: on, 0: off (default) |
| jco.server.snc_qop | SNC quality of protection; valid values: 1, 2, 3, 8 (default), 9 |
| jco.server.snc_myname | SNC name of the JCoServer. Overrides the default SNC name. For example: p:CN=JCoServer, O=ACompany, C=EN |
| jco.server.snc_lib | Full path to the library which provides the SNC service; default: value from JCo middleware property jco.middleware.snc_lib |
| informational parameters (irrelevant for the JCo library) | |
| jco.server.application | Associated or owning application name (may be used for configuration management purposes) |
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
static java.lang.String |
JCO_APPLICATION
Associated or owning application name for the configuration. |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_CONNECTION_COUNT
The number of server connections to register at the gateway. |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_GWHOST
Gateway host on which the server should be registered |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_GWSERV
Gateway service to be used for registering at the gateway. |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_MAX_STARTUP_DELAY
The maximum time (in seconds) between two startup attempts in case of failures. |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_PROGID
Program ID for registering and identifying the JCoServer at the gateway. |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_REP_DEST
Destination name for obtaining the default JCoRepository. |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_REP_MAP
Mapping rule for destination names from ABAP system IDs and clients in order to obtain a matching JCoRepository depending on the incoming RFC requests. |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_SAPROUTER
SAP router string to use for registering at a gateway that is located behind a firewall and hence can only be reached via a SAProuter. |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_SNC_LIBRARY
Full path to the library which provides the SNC service. |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_SNC_MODE
Secure Network Communications (SNC) mode. |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_SNC_MYNAME
SNC name of the JCoServer. |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_SNC_QOP
SNC quality of protection. Valid values: 1: Authentication only 2: Authentication and integrity protection 3: Authentication, integrity and privacy protection (encryption) 8: Global default configuration (usually: 3) 9: Maximum protection |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_TRACE
RFC trace flag. |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_WORKER_THREAD_COUNT
The maximum number of worker threads used by the JCoServer. |
static java.lang.String |
JCO_WORKER_THREAD_MIN_COUNT
The minimum number of worker threads used by the JCo server. |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
java.util.Properties |
getServerProperties(java.lang.String serverName)
This method shall return a properties object that contains a subset of the supported properties mentioned above which represent the configuration of the given JCoServer in your server configuration repository. |
void |
setServerDataEventListener(ServerDataEventListener eventListener)
This method sets a ServerDataEventListener implemented by JCo that processes the
fired events within the JCo runtime. |
boolean |
supportsEvents()
Returns true if the implementation can support ServerDataEvents that allow a better integration into the JCo runtime management. |
| Field Detail |
|---|
static final java.lang.String JCO_GWHOST
static final java.lang.String JCO_GWSERV
sapgw05
a lookup of the corresponding
port number in etc/services
is done. In case of port numbers being specified directly
no such lookup is performed and no additional entry in etc/services
is required.
static final java.lang.String JCO_PROGID
static final java.lang.String JCO_TRACE
static final java.lang.String JCO_SNC_MODE
static final java.lang.String JCO_SNC_MYNAME
p:CN=JCoServer, O=ACompany, C=EN
static final java.lang.String JCO_SNC_QOP
static final java.lang.String JCO_SNC_LIBRARY
jco.middleware.snc_lib
is used insteadm, which is
not set per default.
static final java.lang.String JCO_MAX_STARTUP_DELAY
jco.middleware.max_startup_delay
is used instead, whose default is 3600 seconds (= 60 minutes).
static final java.lang.String JCO_SAPROUTER
/H/hostname_firewall1/H/hostname_firewall2
static final java.lang.String JCO_REP_DEST
static final java.lang.String JCO_REP_MAP
Since JCo 3.0.5 a JCoServer can support more than one repository. Additionally to the default JCO_REP_DEST repository, applications can define particular repository destinations for a particular ABAP system SID and client combination. For example, it is possible to use the DDIC from system ABC client 000 for calls from system ABC client 000 and the DDIC from system ABC client 100 for calls from client 100, and the DDIC in system XYZ for calls originating from system XYZ. For calls from other systems the system specified by JCO_REP_DEST will be used, which is serving as default repository. With specifying a client the scope for the DDIC to be used can be limited to specific clients within an ABAP system. All other clients from that system will then use the specified destination for the same system without client limitation or if this is not defined, the default repository destination JCO_REP_DEST will be used.
Repository map definition:
jco.server.repository_map=<single_map>(';'<single_map>)* <single_map> := <SID>['('<CLIENT>')'](,<SID>['('<CLIENT>')'])*=<DESTINATION> where ... <single_map> is a single repository mapping expression <SID> is the system ID of the SAP ABAP backend (or 'EXTERN' in case of external RFC client programs) <CLIENT> is the client of the SAP ABAP backend <DESTINATION> is the destination that should be used for DDIC queries if a call is coming from SAP ABAP backend <SID> and - if specified - from client <CLIENT>The following example demonstrates how you can use the destination DEFAULT_DEST for all DDIC queries except for calls from PRD. If a call is sent from PRD client 100 or client 200 the destination PRD_DDIC_100 should be used, for all other clients in PRD system the destination PRD_DDIC_000.
jco.server.repository_destination=DEFAULT_DEST jco.server.repository_map=PRD(100),PRD(200)=PRD_DDIC_100;PRD=PRD_DDIC_000Of course you should not forget to define all referenced destinations: DEFAULT_DEST, PRD_DDIC_100 and PRD_DDIC_000.
static final java.lang.String JCO_CONNECTION_COUNT
ServerDataProvider
implementation supports events, you can adjust the number of registered connections at runtime
by firing the update event.
static final java.lang.String JCO_WORKER_THREAD_COUNT
JCO_WORKER_THREAD_MIN_COUNT
worker threads.
Further threads are then started on demand until this maximum is reached.ServerDataProvider
implementation supports events, you can adjust the maximum
number of worker threads at runtime by firing the update event.
Note: The maximum number of worker threads must not exceed 99 threads.
static final java.lang.String JCO_WORKER_THREAD_MIN_COUNT
ServerDataProvider
implementation supports events, you can adjust the minimum
number of worker threads at runtime by firing the update event.
static final java.lang.String JCO_APPLICATION
| Method Detail |
|---|
java.util.Properties getServerProperties(java.lang.String serverName) throws DataProviderException
null
means that the server configuration is not
available. In this case a JCoException with the key JCO_ERROR_RESOURCE will be thrown.
The implementation may throw a DataProviderException
in order to signal an internal error
like a severe technical issue that prevents returning the requested properties data. As a consequence
the method JCoServerFactory.getServer()
will then throw a JCoException
with an
appropriate key to the JCo application.
serverName
- the name of the JCoServer for which the provider should return the properties
null
if the server configuration was not found
DataProviderException
- if an internal error occurred or a severe configuration error
was detected.boolean supportsEvents()
false
.
If you're not sure about the ability that your ServerDataProvider
can guarantee to fire
all events you may return false
to be on the safe side.
If the implementation can support ServerDataEvents, the JCo runtime will set a
ServerDataEventListener
that is implemented by JCo.
setServerDataEventListener(ServerDataEventListener)
void setServerDataEventListener(ServerDataEventListener eventListener)
ServerDataEventListener
implemented by JCo that processes the
fired events within the JCo runtime.
ServerDataEventListener
instance.
eventListener
- the ServerDataEventListener
to which configuration events
need to be fired
|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


Xiaomi Mi Note 10, Mi Note 10 Pro and Redmi Note 8T arrive in Europe
by Pranob MehrotraXiaomi announced a new camera-centric lineup of smartphones earlier this year in China. As part of the lineup, the company first released the Xiaomi Mi CC9 and the Mi CC9e. Even though the Mi CC series was restricted to China, the phones were rebranded and released in international markets. The Mi CC9 was released in Europe under the Mi 9 Lite moniker, while the Mi CC9e made its way to Europe and India as the Mi A3. Adding on to the lineup, Xiaomi recently released the Mi CC9 Pro and Mi CC9 Pro Premium Edition in China. Now, these devices are headed to Europe as the Mi Note 10 and Mi Note 10 Pro, along with the budget-friendly Redmi Note 8T.
Specifications: Xiaomi Mi Note 10 Series
| Specification | Mi Note 10 Series |
|---|---|
| Dimensions and Weight | • 157.8 mm × 74.2 mm × 9.67 mm • 208g |
| Display | • 6.47″ FHD+ curved OLED • 19:9 • Waterdrop notch • Corning Gorilla Glass 5 |
| SoC | Qualcomm Snapdragon 730G: • 8nm FinFET • 2x performance Kryo 470 cores + • 6x efficiency Kryo 470 cores (Up to 2.2GHz) • Adreno 618 |
| RAM and Storage | • 6GB + 128GB • 8GB + 256GB — (Mi Note 10 Pro) |
| Battery | 5,260 mAh |
| USB & Charging | • USB Type-C • Fast Charging up to 30W |
| Rear Camera | • Primary: • 108MP Samsung ISOCELL Bright HMX S5KHMX • 1/1.33″ • f/1.69 • 1.6μm • OIS • Secondary: • 20MP Sony IMX350 super wide-angle • 117° field of view • f/2.2 • Tertiary: • 5MP OV08A10 telephoto • f/2.0 • 5x optical zoom, 10x hybrid zoom, 50x digital zoom • OIS • Quaternary: • 12MP Samsung S5K2L7 dedicated portrait camera • f/2.0 • 1.4μm • Quinary: • Dedicated macro sensor • 1.5cm minimum focus distance • f/2.4 • Quad-LED flash |
| Front Camera | 32MP |
| Additional Features | • In-Display Fingerprint Sensor • 3.5mm headphone jack • IR Blaster • Hi-Res Audio • NFC |
| Android Version | MIUI 11 based on Android 9 Pie |
The all-new Xiaomi Mi Note 10 and Mi Note 10 Pro feature a penta-camera setup on the back, with the primary camera making use of the 108MP Samsung ISOCELL Bright HMX sensor. The main advantage of this new sensor is that it’s physically quite large, 1/1.33″ to be exact, which will allow the camera to capture more light in dimly lit conditions. The sensor makes use of pixel binning by default and combines four pixels into one to output a 27MP shot. However, you do get the option to capture full-resolution 108MP shots. The main difference between the Mi note 10 and the Mi Note 10 Pro is that the non-pro variant makes use of a 7 piece (7P) lens setup, while the Pro variant uses an 8P lens setup.
Along with the 108MP primary sensor, the Mi Note 10 duo features a 5MP telephoto camera which boasts of 5x optical zoom along with OIS. The camera is also capable of 10x hybrid zoom and 50x digital zoom, which will allow you to capture subjects that are quite far away. These two cameras are accompanied by a 20MP wide-angle camera, a 12 MP camera for portrait shots, and a dedicated macro camera. The Mi Note 10 will also support video capture in 4K resolution at 30fps on the ultra-wide lens and 960fps slow-mo using the macro lens. The penta-camera array is complemented by a quad-LED flash. Up on the front, the devices feature a 32MP selfie shooter within the waterdrop notch.
The Mi Note 10 duo features a 6.43-inch OLED panel that’s curved on the edges, however, it’s quite subtle when compared to the waterfall display on the Huawei Mate 30 Pro. The devices pack Qualcomm’s Snapdragon 730g chipset, along with up to 8GB of RAM and 256GB of internal storage. It’s worth noting that the Mi Note 10 Pro will only be available in the 8GB/256GB configuration.
Powering the devices is a 5,260mAh battery that includes fast-charging support up to 30W. While that’s quite impressive in itself, Xiaomi claims that its fast charging technology works better than 40W fast charging as it doesn’t slow down the charging speed at higher percentages. With the 30W charging brick, you’ll be able to charge the device up to 58 percent in just half an hour, while a full charge to 100 percent takes 65 minutes. The phones also retain other essential features like NFC, IR Blaster, and a 3.5mm headphone jack. The Mi Note 10 will be available in three color options — Aurora Green, Glacier White, and Midnight Black.
Pricing and Availability: Xiaomi Mi Note 10 Series
As expected, the Mi Note 10 will be slightly more expensive in Europe. The Mi Note 10 has been priced at €549 (~$608) for the 6GB/128GB variant, while the Mi Note 10 Pro has been priced at €649 (~$719) for the 8GB/256GB variant. As far as the availability is concerned, the Mi Note 10 series will be up for pre-order in Germany starting November 11th. It will go on sale in Italy and Spain starting November 15th, while the French will have to wait until November 18th to purchase the device. The devices will also make their way to the UK, Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, however, Xiaomi hasn’t announced the exact release date for these regions.
Specifications: Redmi Note 8T
| Specifications | Redmi Note 8T |
|---|---|
| Display | • 6.3″ FHD+ (2340 x 1080) LCD • 19.5:9 • Waterdrop notch • 90% screen-to-body ratio |
| SoC | Qualcomm Snapdragon 665: • 4x Kryo 260 @ 2.2GHz • 4x Kryo 260 @ 1.8GHz • Adreno 610 GPU |
| RAM & Storage | • 4GB + 64GB |
| Battery | 4000 mAh |
| USB & Charging | • Type-C • 18W charging |
| Connectivity & Extras | • Wi-Fi AC • 2×2 MIMO • Bluetooth 5.0 • AptX HD • LDAC • A-GPS • 3.5mm headphone jack • Rear fingerprint scanner • IR Blaster • NFC |
| Rear Camera | • 48MP Samsung ISOCELL, f/1.8, 0.8μm • 8MP, wide-angle, 1.12μm • 2MP, macro, 1.75μm • 2MP, depth sensor, 1.75μm |
| Front Camera | 13MP |
| Android Version | MIUI 11 based on Android 9 Pie |
The Redmi Note 8T making its way to Europe is a slightly upgraded version of the Redmi Note 8 that was launched in India earlier this year. While pretty much all the specifications remain the same, the Redmi Note 8T also includes NFC support, which was missing in the Redmi Note 8. The budget-friendly device is powered by Qualcomm’s mid-range Snapdragon 665 chip, along with 4GB of RAM and 64GB of internal storage. The device features a 6.3-inch FHD+ display with a waterdrop notch and 90% screen-to-body ratio.
The Redmi Note 8 is no slouch in the camera department either, featuring a quad-camera setup on the back. The camera array includes a 48MP Samsung ISOCELL primary sensor with an f/1.8 aperture, an 8MP wide-angle lens, a 2MP macro camera, and a 2MP sensor for depth perception. Up on the front, the device packs in a 13MP selfie shooter housed within the notch. The device is backed by an impressive 4,000mAh battery with support for 18W fast-charging via USB Type-C.
Pricing and Availability: Xiaomi Redmi Note 8T
The Redmi Note 8T has been priced at €199 (~$220) for the 4GB/64GB variant and will be available for purchase in Spain and Italy starting November 8th. The device will make its way to France starting November 13th and while Xiaomi has announced that it will be released in the UK, Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, the company hasn’t revealed the exact date for the release.


--- layout: post title: Ruby on Rails Tutorial Chapter 8 ("Sign in, sign out") is now available published: true ---
Get busy signing in and signing out with Chapter 8 of the Ruby on Rails Tutorial book.


| Opcode/Instruction | Op/En | 64/32bit Mode Support | CPUID Feature Flag | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C6 F8 ib XABORT imm8 | A | V/V | RTM | Causes an RTM abort if in RTM execution |
| Op/En | Operand 1 | Operand2 | Operand3 | Operand4 |
| A | imm8 | NA | NA | NA |
XABORT forces an RTM abort. Following an RTM abort, the logical processor resumes execution at the fallback address computed through the outermost XBEGIN instruction. The EAX register is updated to reflect an XABORT instruction caused the abort, and the imm8 argument will be provided in bits 31:24 of EAX.
IF RTM_ACTIVE = 0 THEN Treat as NOP; ELSE GOTO RTM_ABORT_PROCESSING; FI; (* For any RTM abort condition encountered during RTM execution *) RTM_ABORT_PROCESSING: Restore architectural register state; Discard memory updates performed in transaction; Update EAX with status and XABORT argument; RTM_NEST_COUNT ← 0; RTM_ACTIVE ← 0; IF 64-bit Mode THEN RIP ← fallbackRIP; ELSE EIP ← fallbackEIP; FI; END
None
XABORT: void _xabort( unsigned int);
None
| #UD | CPUID.(EAX=7, ECX=0):EBX.RTM[bit 11] = 0. |
| If LOCK prefix is used. |


Indian Prime Minister had a warm welcome in US
Tata group to launch a new car in a month
Lakshmi Mittal signed an MOU with the australian government
Mukesh Ambani to invest 10000 crores in Godavari Basin
1. Agile Learner
2. Micro Focus
3. Smaya
4. Smarak
5. Krishnapatnam Port


org.flixel.FlxSprite
- type
- class
- extends
- FlxObject
The main "game object" class, the sprite is a FlxObject
with a bunch of graphics options and abilities, like animation and stamping.
Constructor
- Parameters:
X
- The initial X position of the sprite.
Y
- The initial Y position of the sprite.
SimpleGraphic
- The graphic you want to display (OPTIONAL - for simple stuff only, do NOT use for animated images!).
- Parameters:
Name
- What this animation should be called (e.g. "run").
Frames
- An array of numbers indicating what frames to play in what order (e.g. 1, 2, 3).
FrameRate
- The speed in frames per second that the animation should play at (e.g. 40 fps).
Looped
- Whether or not the animation is looped or just plays once.
- Parameters:
AnimationCallback
- A function that has 3 parameters: a string name, a uint frame number, and a uint frame index.
- Returns:
- The node (a
FlxPoint
object) we are aiming for next.
- Parameters:
AdjustPosition
- Adjusts the actual X and Y position just once to match the offset change. Default is false.
- Parameters:
Camera
- Which camera to draw the debug visuals to.
- Parameters:
Force
- Force the frame to redraw, even if its not flagged as necessary.
- Parameters:
StartX
- X coordinate of the line's start point.
StartY
- Y coordinate of the line's start point.
EndX
- X coordinate of the line's end point.
EndY
- Y coordinate of the line's end point.
Color
- The line's color.
Thickness
- How thick the line is in pixels (default value is 1).
- Parameters:
Color
- The color with which to fill the graphic, format 0xAARRGGBB.
- Parameters:
Duration
- How many seconds to flicker for.
- Parameters:
Path
- The FlxPath
you want this object to follow.
Speed
- How fast to travel along the path in pixels per second.
Mode
- Optional, controls the behavior of the object following the path using the path behavior constants. Can use multiple flags at once, for example PATH_YOYO|PATH_HORIZONTAL_ONLY will make an object move back and forth along the X axis of the path only.
AutoRotate
- Automatically point the object toward the next node. Assumes the graphic is pointing upward. Default behavior is false, or no automatic rotation.
StopWhenFinished
- Automatically stop the player from moving once they have reached the final node in the path. Default is "false" just so it won't conflict with code written for previous versions.
- Returns:
- Whether the object is flickering or not.
- Parameters:
Frame
- The frame you want to display.
- Returns:
- A
FlxPoint
object containing the midpoint of this object in world coordinates.
- Parameters:
Camera
- Specify which game camera you want. If null getScreenXY() will just grab the first global camera.
Point
- Takes a FlxPoint
object and assigns the post-scrolled X and Y values of this object to it.
- Returns:
- The
Point
you passed in, or a new Point
if you didn't pass one, containing the screen X and Y position of this object.
- Parameters:
Damage
- How much health to take away (use a negative number to give a health bonus).
- Parameters:
Direction
- Any of the collision flags (e.g. LEFT, FLOOR, etc).
- Returns:
- Whether the object is touching an object in (any of) the specified direction(s) this frame.
- Parameters:
Direction
- Any of the collision flags (e.g. LEFT, FLOOR, etc).
- Returns:
- Whether the object just landed on (any of) the specified surface(s) this frame.
- Parameters:
Sprite
- The FlxSprite from which you want to load graphic data
AutoBuffer
- Use this parameter when loading graphic from FlxSprite with "rotated" graphic (graphic loaded with loadRotatedGraphic() method). It should have the same value as you passed to loadRotatedGraphic() method for original FlxSprite.
- Returns:
- This FlxSprite instance (nice for chaining stuff together, if you're into that).
- Parameters:
Graphic
- The image you want to use.
Animated
- Whether the Graphic parameter is a single sprite or a row of sprites.
Reverse
- Whether you need this class to generate horizontally flipped versions of the animation frames.
Width
- Optional, specify the width of your sprite (helps FlxSprite figure out what to do with non-square sprites or sprite sheets).
Height
- Optional, specify the height of your sprite (helps FlxSprite figure out what to do with non-square sprites or sprite sheets).
Unique
- Optional, whether the graphic should be a unique instance in the graphics cache. Default is false.
- Returns:
- This FlxSprite instance (nice for chaining stuff together, if you're into that).
- Parameters:
Graphic
- The image you want to rotate and stamp.
Rotations
- The number of rotation frames the final sprite should have. For small sprites this can be quite a large number (360 even) without any problems.
Frame
- If the Graphic has a single row of square animation frames on it, you can specify which of the frames you want to use here. Default is -1, or "use whole graphic."
AntiAliasing
- Whether to use high quality rotations when creating the graphic. Default is false.
AutoBuffer
- Whether to automatically increase the image size to accomodate rotated corners. Default is false. Will create frames that are 150% larger on each axis than the original frame or graphic.
- Returns:
- This FlxSprite instance (nice for chaining stuff together, if you're into that).
- Parameters:
Width
- The width of the sprite you want to generate.
Height
- The height of the sprite you want to generate.
Color
- Specifies the color of the generated block.
Unique
- Whether the graphic should be a unique instance in the graphics cache. Default is false.
Key
- Optional parameter - specify a string key to identify this graphic in the cache. Trumps Unique flag.
- Returns:
- This FlxSprite instance (nice for chaining stuff together, if you're into that).
- Parameters:
Camera
- Specify which game camera you want. If null getScreenXY() will just grab the first global camera.
- Returns:
- Whether the object is on screen or not.
- Parameters:
ObjectOrGroup
- The object or group being tested.
InScreenSpace
- Whether to take scroll factors into account when checking for overlap. Default is false, or "only compare in world space."
Camera
- Specify which game camera you want. If null getScreenXY() will just grab the first global camera.
- Returns:
- Whether or not the two objects overlap.
- Parameters:
X
- The X position you want to check. Pretends this object (the caller, not the parameter) is located here.
Y
- The Y position you want to check. Pretends this object (the caller, not the parameter) is located here.
ObjectOrGroup
- The object or group being tested.
InScreenSpace
- Whether to take scroll factors into account when checking for overlap. Default is false, or "only compare in world space."
Camera
- Specify which game camera you want. If null getScreenXY() will just grab the first global camera.
- Returns:
- Whether or not the two objects overlap.
- Parameters:
Point
- The point in world space you want to check.
InScreenSpace
- Whether to take scroll factors into account when checking for overlap.
Camera
- Specify which game camera you want. If null getScreenXY() will just grab the first global camera.
- Returns:
- Whether or not the point overlaps this object.
- Parameters:
Point
- The point in world space you want to check.
Mask
- Used in the pixel hit test to determine what counts as solid.
Camera
- Specify which game camera you want. If null getScreenXY() will just grab the first global camera.
- Returns:
- Whether or not the point overlaps this object.
- Parameters:
AnimName
- The string name of the animation you want to play.
Force
- Whether to force the animation to restart.
- Parameters:
X
- The new X position of this object.
Y
- The new Y position of this object.
- Parameters:
Brush
- The image you want to use as a brush or stamp or pen or whatever.
X
- The X coordinate of the brush's top left corner on this sprite.
Y
- They Y coordinate of the brush's top left corner on this sprite.
- Parameters:
DestroyPath
- Tells this function whether to call destroy on the path object. Default value is false.
FlxSprite
at the specified position. Optionally can load a simple, one-frame graphic instead.


WPSKit
WPSKit contains various tidbits of Swift code for iOS and Mac apps. This library is used at White Peak Software in in-house and client projects. WPSKit is licensed under the MIT license unless stated differently in the individual source files.
Support, Bugs and Feature requests
There is absolutely no support offered for this library. You’re on your own. If you want to submit a feature request, please do so via the issue tracker on github. Please note, however, new features will only be added if and when there is a need for the feature at White Peak Software. The primary goal of this library is to support White Peak Software projects, and a feature you deem as a must have
might not be a must have for White Peak Software.
If you want to submit a bug report, please do so via the issue tracker. Include a diagnosis of the problem and a suggested fix (in code) with the report. If you’re using WPSKit, you’re a developer - so I expect you to do your homework and provide a fix along with each bug report. You can also submit pull requests or patches.
Please don’t submit bug reports without fixes!
License
The MIT License
Copyright © 2016 White Peak Software Inc
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the Software
), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.


Honey Bees
Bee Hive
Bees
Reference
By
Pleasedontforgetmypassword
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/h/honeybee/
https://www.britannica.com/animal/honeybee
https://www.thoughtco.com/fascinating-facts-about-honey-bees-4165293
https://www.natgeokids.com/za/discover/animals/insects/honey-bees/
https://www.benefits-of-honey.com/honey-bee-facts.html
https://www.orkin.com/stinging-pests/bees/honey-bees
https://honeybee.org.au/education/wonderful-world-of-honey/how-bees-make-honey/
https://animalcorner.org/animals/honey-bee/
https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/honey-bee/
https://www.everythingabout.net/articles/biology/animals/arthropods/insects/bees/honey_bee/
https://animalsake.com/honey-bees-habitat
https://animalsadda.com/honey-bee-facts-pictures-habitat-characteristics/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee
https://www.everythingabout.net/articles/biology/animals/arthropods/insects/bees/honey_bee/
https://animalsake.com/honey-bees-habitat
https://animalsadda.com/honey-bee-facts-pictures-habitat-characteristics/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee
https://www.everythingabout.net/articles/biology/animals/arthropods/insects/bees/honey_bee/
https://animalsake.com/honey-bees-habitat
https://animalsadda.com/honey-bee-facts-pictures-habitat-characteristics/
Contact
hankhillbuddy@gmail.com


?6
7
8
9
10
ã
XT
v
The
New
York
copyright
reserved
Botanical
Garden
FLORA
OF
PUERTO
RICO
UNIVERSIDAD
DE
PUERTO
RICO
-
RIO
PIEDRAS
(UPRRP)
Manilkara
bidentata
(A.
DC.)
A.
Chev.
LUQUILLO:
Bo.
Sabana,
Caribbean
National
Forest,
along
abandoned
road
to
Rio
del
Cristal.
Second-growth
forest.
Dominants:
Gonzalagunia
hirsuta,
Palicourea
croceoides.
Piper
glabrescens,
Psychotria
berteriana
&
brachiata
(along
trail);
Cyathea
spp.,
Prestoea
montana
(in
woods).
Elev.
250-350
m.
Tree
(12
Ç).
Green
fr,
white
sap.
F.
Axelrod
5815
1
Mar
1993
SAPOTACEAE
Yo^
BOTANICAL
QARDfit*.
01029005
Legend -
Level of confidence that token is an accurately-transcribed word
extremely low
very low
low
undetermined
medium
high
very high


For this project we had to create a code in order to make lights work on a bread bourd connected to an Arduino. The main issue was creating code for different color lights, so we had to make 3 diferent code for 3 different lights. The last thing we did with the Arduino was a button function. With this feature, we wuld push the button and the light would go on. There were many key components for making a code work and I enjoyed doing this project.


Create a new folder to store data, with an associated data access group.
Only you will have access to this data until you add colleagues to the data access group.
{% elseif type == "webapp" %}Lorem ipsum copy about webapp buckets
{% endif %}{% extends "layouts/one-column.html" %} {% set page_title = "Create new secure data storage folder" %} {% set breadcrumbs = [{text: 'Home', url: '/'}, {text: page_title}] %} {% block main_column %} {% if error and not error.error %}
Create a new folder to store data, with an associated data access group.
Only you will have access to this data until you add colleagues to the data access group.
{% elseif type == "webapp" %}Lorem ipsum copy about webapp buckets
{% endif %}


Hello There!
Goodbye!
Dropdown
something
something
something
Slide Dropdown
something
something
something
First Name
Last Name
Address
Zipcode


Chapter 2 The R Environment
Chapter Overview
In this first chapter, you will get familiar with the basics of using R. You will learn:
- how to use R as a basic calculator
- some basic object types
- some basic data classes
- some basic data structures
- how to read in data
- how to produce basic data summaries
- how to write out data
- how to write your own functions
Before You Begin
Before you start this chapter, you should make sure you have read and done everything in the Overview pertaining to preparing your computer for working through this book.
2.1 The R Studio Interface
When you open up RStudio for the first time, you will see three panes: the left-hand side is the console where results from executed commands are printed, and the two panes on the right are for additional information to help you code more efficiently - don’t worry too much about what these are at the moment. For now, focus your attention on the console.
2.1.1 Write Some Simple Code
To start off, you will use R as a simple calculator. Type these commands (not the lines with ##
, those are output5) one at a time and hit CTRL + ENTER to run it. The spaces don’t matter at all, they are used here for clarity and for styling. To learn more about standard R code styling, check out the section in Wickham (2015) on it6.
## [1] 6
## [1] 3
Notice that when you run each line, it prints the command and the output to the console.
R is an object oriented language, which means that you fill objects with data and do things with them. Make an object called x
that stores the result of the calculation 3 + 3
(type this and run using CTRL + ENTER):
Notice that running this line did not return a value as before. This is because in that line you are assigning a value to the object x
. You can view the contents of x
by typing its name alone and running just that:
## [1] 6
When used this way, the =
sign denotes assignment of the value on the right-hand side to an object with the name on the left-hand side. The <-
serves this same purpose so in this context the two are interchangeable:
You can highlight smaller sections of a line to run as well. For example after creating y
above, press the up arrow to see the line you just ran, highlight just the y
, and press CTRL + ENTER. From this point forward, the verb “run” means execute some code using CTRL + ENTER.
You can use your objects together to make a new object:
Here are some things to note about object names:
- Object names can contain any of the following:
- letters
- numbers
- the
.
or_
symbols
- Object names must start with a letter, not a number or symbol and cannot contain spaces
- As a general rule, avoid naming your objects things that already have names in R, e.g.,
data()
,mean()
,sum()
,sd()
, etc. - Capitalization matters:
A
anda
are two different objects - Keep your names short with abbreviations or shorthand
2.2 Saving Your Code: Scripts
If you closed R at this moment, your work would be lost. Running code in the console like you have just done does not save a record of your work. To save R code, you must use what is called a script, which is a plain-text file with the extension .R
. To create a new script file, go to File > New File > R Script, or use the keyboard shortcut CTRL + SHIFT + N. A new pane will open called the source pane - this is where you will edit your code and save your progress. R Scripts are a key feature of reproducible research with R, given that if they are well-written they can present a complete road map of your statistical analysis and workflow.
2.3 The Working Directory
Keeping things organized is essential to efficient use of R. For this book, you should have a separate subfolder for your scripts in each chapter. Create a subfolder called C:/Users/YOU/Documents/R-Book/Chapter1
and save your Ch1.R
script there.
Part of keeping your work organized in R is making sure you know where R is looking for your files. One way to facilitate this is to use a working directory. This is the location (i.e., folder) on your computer that your current R session will “talk to” by default. R will read files from and write files to the working directory by default. Because you’ll likely be visiting it often, it should probably be somewhere that is easy to remember and not too deeply buried in your computer’s file system.
To set the working directory to C:/Users/YOU/Documents/R-Book/Chapter1
, you have three options:
Go to Session > Set Working Directory > Source File Location. This will set the working directory to the location of the file that is currently open in your source pane.
Go to Session > Set Working Directory > Choose Directory. This will open an interactive file selection window to allow you to navigate to the desired directory.
Use code. In the console, you can type
setwd("C:/Users/YOU/Documents/R-Book/Chapter1")
. If at any point you want to know where your current working directory is set to, you can either look at the top of the console pane, which shows the full path or by runninggetwd()
in the console. Note the use of/
rather than\
for file paths in R. If you are using a Mac, omitC:
from your directory name.
The main benefits of using a working directory are:
- Files are read from and written to a consistent and predictable place every time
- Everything for your analysis is organized into one place on your computer
- You don’t have to continuously type file paths to your work. If
file.txt
is a file in your current working directory, you can reference it your R session using"file.txt"
rather than with"C:/Users/YOU/Documents/R-Book/Chapter1/file.txt"
each time.
Note that while it is generally good practice to keep your data in the working directory, this is not recommended for this book. You will be using the same data files in multiple chapters, so it will help if they are all stored in one location. More details on this later (Section 2.8).
2.4 R Object Types
R has a variety of object types that you will need to become familiar with.
2.4.1 Functions
Much of your work in R will involve functions. A function is called using the syntax:
Here, fun()
is the function name and arg1
and arg2
are called arguments. Functions take input in the form of the arguments, do some task with them, then return some output. The parentheses are a sure sign that fun()
is a function.
The syntax above passes the function two arguments by name: all functions have arguments, all arguments have names, and there is always a default order to the arguments. If you memorize the argument order of functions you use frequently, you don’t have to specify the argument names:
would give the same result as the command above in which the argument names were specified.
Here’s a real example:
## [1] 1
The function is print()
, the argument is x
, and the value you have supplied the argument is the object z
. The task that print()
does is to print the value of z
to the console.
R has a ton of built-in documentation to help you learn how to use a function. Take a look at the help file for the mean()
function. Run ?mean
in the console: a window on the right-hand side of the R Studio interface should open. The help file tells you what goes into a function and what comes out. For more complex functions it also tells you what all of the options (i.e., arguments) can do. Help files can be a bit intimidating to interpret at first, but they are all organized the same and once you learn their layout you will know where to go to find the information you’re looking for.
2.4.2 Vectors
Vectors are one of the most common data structures. A vector is a set of numbers going in only one dimension. Each position in a vector is called an element, and the number of elements is called the length of the vector. Here are some ways to make some vectors with different elements, all of length five:
# this is a comment. R will ignore all text on a line after a #
# the ; means run everything after it on a new line
# count up by 1
month = 2:6; month
## [1] 2 3 4 5 6
## [1] 1 3 5 7 9
## [1] 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018
The [1]
that shows up is an element position, more on this later (see Section 2.7). If you wish to know how many elements are in a vector, use length()
:
## [1] 5
You can also create a vector “by-hand” using the c()
function7:
## [1] 4 7 8 10 15
## [1] "F11" "S28" "S30" "S8" "S11"
Note the difference between the numeric and character vectors. The terms “numeric” and “character”" represent data classes, which specify the type of data the vector is holding:
- A numeric vector stores numbers. You can do math with numeric vectors
- A character vector stores what are essentially letters. You can’t do math with letters. A character vector is easy to spot because the elements will be wrapped with quotes8.
A vector can only hold one data class at a time:
## [1] "1" "2" "3" "a"
Notice how all the elements now have quotes around them. The numbers have been coerced to characters9. If you attempt to calculate the sum of your vector:
## Error in sum(v): invalid 'type' (character) of argument
you would find that it is impossible in its current form.
2.4.3 Matrices
Matrices act just like vectors, but they have two dimensions, i.e., they have both rows and columns. An easy way to make a matrix is by combining vectors you have already made:
# combine vectors by column (each vector will become a column)
m1 = cbind(month, day, year, number); m1
## month day year number
## [1,] 2 1 2018 4
## [2,] 3 3 2018 7
## [3,] 4 5 2018 8
## [4,] 5 7 2018 10
## [5,] 6 9 2018 15
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
## month 2 3 4 5 6
## day 1 3 5 7 9
## year 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018
## number 4 7 8 10 15
Just like vectors, matrices can hold only one data class (note the coercion of numbers to characters):
## month day year number pond
## [1,] "2" "1" "2018" "4" "F11"
## [2,] "3" "3" "2018" "7" "S28"
## [3,] "4" "5" "2018" "8" "S30"
## [4,] "5" "7" "2018" "10" "S8"
## [5,] "6" "9" "2018" "15" "S11"
Each vector should have the same length.
2.4.4 Data Frames
Many data sets you will work with require storing different data classes in different columns, which would rule out the use of a matrix. This is where data frames come in:
## month day year number pond
## 1 2 1 2018 4 F11
## 2 3 3 2018 7 S28
## 3 4 5 2018 8 S30
## 4 5 7 2018 10 S8
## 5 6 9 2018 15 S11
Notice the lack of quotation marks which indicates that all variables (i.e., columns) are stored as their original data class.
It is important to know what kind of object type you are using, since R treats them differently. For example, some functions can only use a certain object type. The same holds true for data classes (numeric vs. character). You can quickly determine what kind of object you are dealing with by using the class()
function:
## [1] "numeric"
## [1] "character"
## [1] "matrix"
## [1] "data.frame"
2.5 Factors
At this point, it is worthwhile to introduce an additional data class: factors. Notice the data class of the pond
variable in df1
:
## [1] "factor"
The character vector pond
was coerced to a factor when you placed it in the data frame. A vector with a factor class is like a character vector in that you see letters and that you can’t do math on it. However, a factor has additional properties: in particular, it is a grouping variable. See what happens when you print the pond
variable:
## [1] F11 S28 S30 S8 S11
## Levels: F11 S11 S28 S30 S8
A factor has levels, with each level being a subcategory of the factor. You can see the unique levels of your factor by running:
## [1] "F11" "S11" "S28" "S30" "S8"
Additionally, factor levels have an assigned order (even if the levels are totally nominal), which will become important in Chapter ?? when you learn how to fit linear models to groups of data, in which one level is the “reference” group that all other groups are compared to (see Section ?? for more details).
If you run into errors about R expecting character vectors, it may be because they are actually stored as factors. When you make a data frame, you’ll often have the option to turn off the automatic factor coercion. For example:
data.frame(month, day, year, number, pond, stringsAsFactors = F)
read.csv("streams.csv", stringsAsFactors = F) # see below for details on read.csv
will result in character vectors remaining that way as opposed to being coerced to factors. This can be preferable if you are doing many string manipulations, as character vectors are often easier to work with than factors.
2.6 Vector Math
R does vectorized calculations. This means that if supplied with two numeric vectors of equal length and a mathematical operator, R will perform the calculation on each pair of elements. For example, if you wanted to add the two vectors day
and month
, then you would just run:
## [1] 3 6 9 12 15
Look at the contents of both day
and month
again to make sure you see what R did. You typically should ensure that the vectors you are doing math with are of equal lengths.
You could do the same calculation to each element of a vector (e.g., divide each element by 2) with:
## [1] 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5
2.7 Data Subsets/Queries
This is perhaps the most important and versatile skill to know in R. Say you have an object with data in it and you want to use it for analysis, but you don’t want the whole data set: just a few rows or just a few columns, or perhaps you need just a single element from a vector. This section is devoted to ways you can extract certain parts of data objects (the terms query and subset are often used interchangeably to describe this task). There are three main methods:
- By Index – This method allows you to pull out specific rows/columns by their location in an object. However, you must know exactly where in the object the desired data are. An index is a location of an element in a data object, like the element position or the position of a specific row or column. The syntax for subsetting a vector by index is
vector[element]
and for a matrix it ismatrix[row,column]
. Here are some examples:
## [1] 1 3 5 7 9
## [1] 5
## month day year number
## [1,] 2 1 2018 4
## [2,] 3 3 2018 7
## [3,] 4 5 2018 8
## [4,] 5 7 2018 10
## [5,] 6 9 2018 15
## number
## 4
## month day year number pond
## 1 2 1 2018 4 F11
## 2 3 3 2018 7 S28
## 3 4 5 2018 8 S30
## 4 5 7 2018 10 S8
## 5 6 9 2018 15 S11
## [1] 2 3 4 5 6
Note this last line: the [,1]
says “keep all the rows, but take only the first column”.
Here is another example:
## month day year number
## [1,] 2 1 2018 4
## [2,] 3 3 2018 7
## [3,] 4 5 2018 8
## [4,] 5 7 2018 10
## [5,] 6 9 2018 15
## month day year number
## [1,] 2 1 2018 4
## [2,] 3 3 2018 7
## [3,] 5 7 2018 10
Notice how you can pass a vector of row indices here to exclude the 3rd and 5th rows.
2. By name – This method allows you to pull out a specific column of data based on what the column name is. Of course, the column must have a name first. The name method uses the $
operator:
## [1] 2 3 4 5 6
You can combine these two methods:
## [1] 4
## year month
## 1 2018 2
## 2 2018 3
## 3 2018 4
## 4 2018 5
## 5 2018 6
The $
method is useful because it can be used to add columns to a data frame:
## month day year number pond dm
## 1 2 1 2018 4 F11 3
## 2 3 3 2018 7 S28 6
## 3 4 5 2018 8 S30 9
## 4 5 7 2018 10 S8 12
## 5 6 9 2018 15 S11 15
- Logical Subsetting – This is perhaps the most flexible method, but requires more explaining. It is described in Section 2.11.
Exercise 1A
Take a break to apply what you’ve learned so far to enter the data found in Table 2.1 into R by hand and do some basic data subsets.
The solutions to this exercise are found at the end of this book (here). You are strongly recommended to make a good attempt at completing this exercise on your own and only look at the solutions when you are truly stumped.
| Lake | Area | Time | Fish |
|---|---|---|---|
| Big | 100 | 1000 | 643 |
| Small | 25 | 1200 | 203 |
| Square | 45 | 1400 | 109 |
| Circle | 30 | 1600 | 15 |
- Create a new file in your working directory called
Ex_1A.R
. - Enter these data into vectors. Call the vectors whatever you would like. Should you enter the data as vectors by rows, or by columns? (Hint: remember the properties of vectors).
- Combine your vectors into a data frame. Why should you use a data frame instead of a matrix?
- Subset all of the data from Small Lake.
- Subset the area for all of the lakes.
- Subset the number of fish for Big and Square lakes.
- You realize that you sampled 209 fish at Square Lake, not 109. Fix the mistake. There are two ways to do this, can you think of them both? Which do you think is better?
- Save your script. Close R and re-open your script to see that it was saved.
2.8 Read External Data Files
It is rare that you will enter data by hand as you did in Exercise 1A. Often, you have a data set that you wish to analyze or manipulate that is stored in a spreadsheet. R has several ways to read information from data files and in this book, you will be using a common and simple method: reading in .csv
files. .csv
files are data files that separate columns with commas10. If your data are in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, you can save your spreadsheet file as a .csv
file (File > Save As > Save as Type> CSV (Comma Delimited)). Several dialog boxes will open asking if you are sure you want to save it as a .csv
file.
The syntax for reading in a .csv
file is:
Make sure your working directory is set to the location of your current file, which should be in the location C:/Users/YOU/Documents/R-Book/Chapter 1
. According to the instructions on acquiring the data, you should have placed all of the data files for this book (downloaded from the GitHub repository) in the location C:/Users/YOU/Documents/R-Book/Data
. If you have done this already and your working directory is set to the location of the Ch1.R
script, you can simply run:
The ../
tells R to look up one directory from the working directory for a folder called Data
, then within that, look for a file called streams.csv
.
If you do not get an error, congratulations! However, if you get an error that looks like this:
## Warning in file(file, "rt"): cannot open file 'streams.csv': No such file
## or directory
## Error in file(file, "rt"): cannot open the connection
then fear not. This must be among the most common errors encountered by R users world-wide. It simply means the file you told R to look for doesn’t exist where you told R to find it. Here is a trouble-shooting guide to this error:
- The exact case and spelling matters, as do the quotes and
.csv
at the end. Ensure the file name is typed correctly. - Check what files are in the path you are specifying: run
dir("../Data")
. This will return a vector with the names of the files located in theData
directory (which is one folder up from your working directory). Is the file you told R was there truly in there? Is your working directory set to where you thought it was?
A simpler method is to put the data file in your working directory, in which case it can be read into R using dat = read.csv("streams.csv")
. This method is not recommended for this book, because you will be using the same data files in multiple chapters, and it will help if they are all located in the same location.
If you did not get any errors, then the data are in the object you named (dat
) and that object is a data frame. Do not proceed until you are able to get read.csv
to run successfully.
A few things to note about reading in .csv
files:
- R will assume the first row are column headers by default.
- If there is a space in one of the header cells, a
"."
will be inserted. For example, the column headerTotal Length
would becomeTotal.Length
. - R brings in
.csv
files in as data frames by default. - If a record (i.e., cell) is truly missing and you want R to treat it that way (i.e., as an
NA
), you have three options:- Hard code an
NA
into that cell in your.csv
file - Leave that cell completely empty in your
.csv
file - Enter in some other character (e.g.,
"."
) alone in all cells that are meant to be coded asNA
in R and use thena.strings = "."
argument ofread.csv()
.
- Hard code an
- If at some point you did “Clear Contents” in Microsoft Excel to delete rows or columns from your
.csv
file, these “deleted” rows/columns will be read in as allNAs
, which can be annoying. To remove this problem, open the.csv
file in Excel, then highlight and delete the rows/columns in question and save the file. Read it back into R again usingread.csv()
. - If even a single character is found in a numeric column in
FileName.csv
, the entire column will be coerced to a character/factor data class after it is read in (i.e., no more math with data on that column until you remove the character). A common error is to have a#VALUE!
record left over from an invalid Excel function result. You must remove all of these occurrences in order to use that column as numeric. Characters include anything other than a number ([0-9]) and a period when used as a decimal. None of these characters:!?[]\/@#$%^&*()<>_-+=[a-z];[A-Z]
should never be found in a column you wish to do math with (e.g., take the mean of that column). This is an incredibly common problem!
2.9 Explore the Data Set
Have a look at the data. You could just run dat
to view the contents of the object, but it will show the whole thing, which may be undesirable if the data set is large. To view the first handful of rows, run head(dat)
or the last handful of rows with tail(dat)
.
You will now use some basic functions to explore the simulated streams data before any analysis. The summary()
function is very useful for getting a coarse look at how R has interpreted the data frame:
## state stream_width flow
## Alabama :5 Min. :17.65 Min. : 28.75
## Florida :5 1st Qu.:46.09 1st Qu.: 65.50
## Georgia :5 Median :61.80 Median : 95.64
## Tennessee:5 Mean :60.88 Mean : 91.49
## 3rd Qu.:79.34 3rd Qu.:120.55
## Max. :94.65 Max. :149.54
## NA's :1
You can see the spread of the numeric data and see the different levels of the factor (state
) as well as how many records belong to each level. Note that there is one NA
in the variable called flow
.
To count the number of elements in a variable (or any vector), remember the length()
function:
## [1] 20
Note that R counts missing values as elements as well:
## [1] 20
To get the dimensions of an object with more than one dimension (i.e., a data frame or matrix) you can use the dim()
function. This returns a vector with two elements: the first number is the number of rows and the second is the number of columns. If you only want one of these, use the nrow()
or ncol()
functions (but remember, only for objects with more than one dimension; vectors don’t have rows or columns!).
## [1] 20 3
## [1] 20
## [1] 3
You can extract the names of the variables (i.e., columns) in the data frame using colnames()
:
## [1] "state" "stream_width" "flow"
Calculate the mean of all the stream_width
records:
## [1] 60.8845
Calculate the mean of all of the flow
records:
## [1] NA
mean()
returned an NA
because there is an NA
in the data for this variable. The way to tell R to ignore this NA
is by including the argument na.rm = TRUE
in the mean()
function (separate arguments are always separated by commas). This is a logical argument, meaning that it asks a question. It says “do you want to remove NAs
before calculating the mean?” TRUE
means “yes” and FALSE
means “no.” TRUE
and FALSE
can be abbreviated as T
and F
, respectively. Many of R’s functions have the na.rm
argument (e.g. mean()
, sd()
, var()
, min()
, max()
, sum()
, etc. - most anything that collapses a vector into one number).
## [1] 91.49053
which is the same as (i.e., the definition of the mean with the NA
removed):
## [1] 91.49053
What if you need to apply a function to more than one variable at a time? One of the easiest ways to do this (though as with most things in R, there are many) is by using the apply()
function. This function applies the same summary function to individual subsets of a data object at a time then returns the individual summaries all at once:
## stream_width flow
## 581.1693 1337.3853
The first argument is the data object to which you want to apply the function. The second argument (the number 2
) specifies that you want to apply the function to columns, 1
would tell R to apply it to rows. The FUN
argument specifies what function you wish to apply to each of the columns; here you are calculating the variance which takes the na.rm = T
argument. This use of apply()
alone is very powerful and can help you get around having to write the dreaded for()
loop (introduced in Chapter 3).
There is a whole family of -apply()
functions, the base apply()
is the most basic but a more sophisticated one is tapply()
, which applies a function based on some grouping variable (a factor). Calculate the mean stream width separated by state:
## Alabama Florida Georgia Tennessee
## 53.664 63.588 54.996 71.290
The first argument is the variable to which you want to apply the mean
function, the second is the grouping variable, and the third is what function you wish to apply. Try to commit this command to memory given this is a pretty common task.
If you want a data frame as output, you can use the aggregate
function to do the same thing:
## state x
## 1 Alabama 53.664
## 2 Florida 63.588
## 3 Georgia 54.996
## 4 Tennessee 71.290
2.10 Logical/Boolean Operators
To be an efficient and capable programmer in any language, you will need to become familiar with how to implement numerical logic, i.e., the Boolean operators. These are very useful because they always return a TRUE
or a FALSE
, off of which program-based decisions can be made (e.g., whether to operate a given subroutine, whether to keep certain rows, whether to print the output, etc.).
Define a simple object: x = 5
. Note that this will write over what was previously stored in the object x
. Suppose you want to ask some questions of the new object x
and have the answer printed to the console as a TRUE
for “yes” and a FALSE
for “no”. Below are the common Boolean operators and their usage in R.
Equality
To ask if x
is exactly equal to 5, you run:
## [1] TRUE
Note the use of the double ==
to denote equality as opposed to the single =
as used in assignment (e.g., x = 5
) or in argument specification (e.g., mean(dat$flow, na.rm = T)
).
Inequalities
To ask if x
is not equal to 5, you run:
## [1] FALSE
The !
is the logical not in R, and can be used to flip the direction of any T
to a F
or vice versa.
To ask if x
is less than 5, you run:
## [1] FALSE
To ask if x
is less than or equal to 5, you run:
## [1] TRUE
Greater than works the same way, though with the >
symbol replaced.
In
Suppose you want to ask which elements of one vector are also found within another vector:
## [1] FALSE
## [1] TRUE
## [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE
%in%
is a very useful operator in R that is not one of the traditional Boolean operators.
And
Suppose you have two conditions, and you want to know if both are met. For this you would use and by running:
## [1] TRUE
which asks if x
is between 4 and 6.
2.11 Logical Subsetting
A critical use of logical/Boolean operators is in the subsetting of data objects. You can use a logical vector (i.e., one made of only TRUE
and FALSE
elements) to tell R to extract only those elements corresponding to the TRUE
records. For example:
## [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE
## [12] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [1] 120.48 123.78 95.64 95.82 120.06 135.63 120.61 111.34 149.54 131.22
gives all of the flow
values for which stream_width
is greater than 60.
To extract all of the data from Alabama, you would run:
## state stream_width flow
## 1 Alabama 81.68 120.48
## 2 Alabama 57.76 85.90
## 3 Alabama 48.32 73.38
## 4 Alabama 31.63 46.55
## 5 Alabama 48.93 80.91
To exclude all of the data from Alabama, you would run:
You will be frequently revisiting this skill throughout the workshop.
2.12 if()
, else
, and ifelse()
You can tell R to do something if the result of a question is TRUE
. This is a typical if-then statement:
## [1] "x is equal to 5"
This says “if x
equals 5, then print the phrase ‘x is equal to 5’ to the console”. If the logical returns a FALSE
, then this command does nothing. To see this, change the ==
to a !=
and re-run:
Notice that because x
does equal 5, running this line has no effect.
You can tell R to do multiple things if the logical is TRUE
by using curly braces:
## [1] "x is equal to 5"
## [1] "you dummy, x is supposed to be 6"
You can always use curly braces to extend code across multiple lines whereas it may have been intended to go on one line.
If you want R to do something if the logical is FALSE
, you would use the else
command:
## [1] "x is not greater than 5"
Or extend this same thing to multiple lines:
The if()
function is useful, but it can only respond to one question at a time. If you supply it with a vector of length greater than 1, it will give a warning:
# vector from -5 to 5, excluding zero
xs = c(-5:-1, 1:5)
# attempt a logical decision
if (xs < 0) print("negative") else print("positive")
## Warning in if (xs < 0) print("negative") else print("positive"): the
## condition has length > 1 and only the first element will be used
## [1] "negative"
Warnings are different than errors in that something still happens, but it tells you that it might not be what you wanted, whereas an error stops R altogether. In short, this warning is telling you that you passed if()
a logical vector with more than 1 element, and that it can only use one element so it’s picking the first one. Because the first element of xs
is -5, xs < 0
evaluated to TRUE
, and you got a "negative"
printed along with the warning.
To respond to multiple questions at once, you must use ifelse()
. This function is similar, but it combines the if()
and else
syntax into one useful function function:
## [1] "negative" "negative" "negative" "negative" "negative" "positive"
## [7] "positive" "positive" "positive" "positive"
The syntax is ifelse(condition, do_if_TRUE, do_if_FALSE)
. You can cbind()
the output with xs
to verify it worked:
## xs
## [1,] "-5" "negative"
## [2,] "-4" "negative"
## [3,] "-3" "negative"
## [4,] "-2" "negative"
## [5,] "-1" "negative"
## [6,] "1" "positive"
## [7,] "2" "positive"
## [8,] "3" "positive"
## [9,] "4" "positive"
## [10,] "5" "positive"
Use ifelse()
to create a new variable in dat
that indicates whether a stream is big or small depending on whether stream_width
is greater or less than 50:
## state stream_width flow size_cat
## 1 Alabama 81.68 120.48 big
## 2 Alabama 57.76 85.90 big
## 3 Alabama 48.32 73.38 small
## 4 Alabama 31.63 46.55 small
## 5 Alabama 48.93 80.91 small
## 6 Georgia 39.42 57.63 small
This says “make a new variable in the data frame dat
called size_cat
and assign each row a ‘big’ if stream_width
is greater than 50 and a ‘small’ if less than 50”.
One neat thing about ifelse()
is that you can nest multiple statements inside another11. What if you wanted three categories: ‘small’, ‘medium’, and ‘large’?
dat$size_cat_fine = ifelse(dat$stream_width <= 40, "small",
ifelse(dat$stream_width > 40 & dat$stream_width <= 70, "medium", "big")); head(dat)
## state stream_width flow size_cat size_cat_fine
## 1 Alabama 81.68 120.48 big big
## 2 Alabama 57.76 85.90 big medium
## 3 Alabama 48.32 73.38 small medium
## 4 Alabama 31.63 46.55 small small
## 5 Alabama 48.93 80.91 small medium
## 6 Georgia 39.42 57.63 small small
If the first condition is TRUE
, then it will give that row a “small”. If not, it will start another ifelse()
to ask if the stream_width
is greater than 40 and less than or equal to 70. If so, it will give it a “medium”, if not it will get a “big”. Not all function nesting examples are this complex, but this is a neat example. Without ifelse()
, you would have to use as many if()
statements as there are elements in dat$stream_width
.
2.13 Writing Output Files
2.13.1 .csv
Files
Now that you have made some new variables in your data frame, you may want to save this work in the form of a new .csv
file. To do this, you can use the write.csv
function:
The first argument is the data frame (or matrix) to write, the second is what you want to call it (don’t forget the .csv
!), and row.names = F
tells R to not include the row names (because they are just numbers in this case). R puts the file in your working directory unless you tell it otherwise. To put it somewhere else, type in the path with the new file name at the end (e.g., C:/Users/YOU/Documents/R-Book/Data/updated_streams.csv
.
2.13.2 Saving R Objects
If all you care about is the data frame dat
as interpreted by R (not a share-able file like the .csv
method), then you can save the object dat
(in its current state) then load it in to a future R session. You can save the new data frame using:
Then try removing the dat
object from your current session (rm(dat)
) and loading it back in using:
2.14 User-Defined Functions
Sometimes you may want R to carry out a specific task, but there is no built-in function to do it. In these cases, you can write your own functions. Function writing makes R incredibly flexible, though you will only get a small taste of this topic here. You will see more examples in later Chapters, particularly in Chapter 3.
First, you must think of a name for your function (e.g., myfun
). Then, you specify that you want the object myfun()
to be a function by using using the function()
function. Then, in parentheses, you specify any arguments that you want to use within the function to carry out the specific task. Open and closed curly braces specify the start and end of your function body, i.e., the code that specifies how it uses the arguments to do its job.
Here’s the general syntax for specifying your own function:
myfun = function(arg1) {
# function body goes here
# use arg1 to do something
# return something as last step
}
As an example, write a general function to take any number x
to any power y
:
After typing and running the function code (power()
is an object that must be assigned), try using it:
## [1] 125
Remember, you can nest or embed functions:
## [1] 625
This is the equivalent of \((5^2)^2\).
Exercise 1B
In this exercise, you will be using what you learned in Chapter 1 to summarize data from a hypothetical pond experiment.
Pretend that you added nutrients to mesocosoms and counted the densities of four different zooplankton taxa. In this experiment, there were two ponds, two treatments per pond, and five replicates of each treatment. The data are located in the data file ponds.csv
(see the instructions on acquiring and organizing the data files for this book. There is one error in the data set. After you download the data and place it in the appropriate directory, make sure you open this file and fix it before you bring it into R. Refer back to the information about reading in data (Section 2.8) to make sure you find the error.
Create a new R script in your working directory for this chapter called Ex1B.R
and use that script to complete this exercise.
The solutions to this exercise are found at the end of this book (here). You are strongly recommended to make a good attempt at completing this exercise on your own and only look at the solutions when you are truly stumped.
- Read in the data to R and assign it to an object.
- Calculate some basic summary statistics of your data using the
summary()
function. - Calculate the mean chlorophyll a for each pond (Hint: pond is a grouping variable)
- Calculate the mean number of Chaoborus for each treatment in each pond using
tapply()
. (Hint: You can group by two variables with:tapply(dat$var, list(dat$grp1, dat$grp2), fun)
. - Use the more general
apply()
function to calculate the variance for each zooplankton taxa found only in pond S-28. - Create a new variable called
prod
in the data frame that represents the quantity of chlorophyll a in each replicate. If the chlorophyll a in the replicate is greater than 30 give it a “high”, otherwise give it a “low”. (Hint: are you asking R to respond to one question or multiple questions? How should this change the strategy you use?)
Exercise 1B Bonus
- Use
?table
to figure out how you can usetable()
to count how many observations of high and low there were in each treatment (Hint:table
will have only two arguments.). - Create a new function called
product()
that multiplies any two numbers you specify. - Modify your function to print a message to the console and return the value
if()
it meets a condition and to print another message and not return the value if it doesn’t.
References
Wickham, Hadley. 2015. Advanced R. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Florida: Chapman; Hall/CRC. https://adv-r.hadley.nz/.