There was no thorough answer concerning Python3
time, so I made an answer here.
As provided in other answers, there are 4 basic
scopes, the LEGB, for Local, Enclosing, Global
and Builtin. In addition to those, there is a
special scope, the class body,
which does not comprise an enclosing scope for
methods defined within the class; any
assignments within the class body make the
variable from there on be bound in the class
body.
Especially, no block statement,
besides def
and class
,
create a variable scope. In Python 2 the list
comprehension does not create a variable scope,
however in Python 3 the loop variable is created
in a new scope.
To demonstrate the peculiarities of the class
body
x = 0
class X(object):
y = x
x = x + 1 # x is now a variable
z = x
def method(self):
print(self.x) # -> 1
print(x) # -> 0, the global x
print(y) # -> NameError: global name 'y' is not defined
inst = X()
print(inst.x, inst.y, inst.z, x) # -> (1, 0, 1, 0)
Thus unlike in function body, you can reassign
the variable to the same name in class body, to
get a class variable with the same name; further
lookups on this name resolve
to the class variable instead.
One of the greater surprises to many newcomers to
Python is that a for
loop does not
create a variable scope. In Python 2 the list
comprehensions do not create a scope either
(while generators and dict comprehensions do!)
Instead they leak the value in the function or
the global scope:
>>> [ i for i in range(5) ]
>>> i
4
The comprehensions can be used as a cunning (or
awful if you will) way to make modifiable
variables within lambda expressions in Python 2
- a lambda expression does create a variable
scope, like the def
statement
would, but within lambda no statements are
allowed. Assignment being a statement in Python
means that no variable assignments in lambda are
allowed, but a list comprehension is an
expression...
This behaviour has been fixed in Python 3 - no
comprehension expressions or generators leak
variables.
The global really means the module scope; the
main python module is the __main__
;
all imported modules are accessible through the
sys.modules
variable; to get access
to __main__
one can use sys.modules['__main__']
,
or import __main__
; it is perfectly
acceptable to access and assign attributes
there; they will show up as variables in the
global scope of the main module.
If a name is ever assigned to in the current
scope (except in the class scope), it will be
considered belonging to that scope, otherwise it
will be considered to belonging to any enclosing
scope that assigns to the variable (it might not
be assigned yet, or not at all), or finally the
global scope. If the variable is considered
local, but it is not set yet, or has been
deleted, reading the variable value will result
in UnboundLocalError
, which is a
subclass of NameError
.
x = 5
def foobar()
print(x) # UnboundLocalError!
x += 1 # assignment here makes x a local variable!
The scope can declare that it explicitly wants to
modify the global (module scope) variable, with
the global keyword:
x = 5
def foobar():
global x
print(x) # -> 5
x += 1
foobar()
print(x) # -> 6
This also is possible even if it was shadowed in
enclosing scope:
x = 5
y = 13
def make_closure():
x = 42
y = 911
def func():
global x # sees the global value
print(x, y)
x += 1
return func
func = make_closure()
func() # -> print 5 911
print(x, y) # -> 6 13
In python 2 there is no easy way to modify the
value in the enclosing scope; usually this is
simulated by having a mutable value, such as a
list with length of 1:
def make_closure():
value = [0]
def get_next_value():
value[0] += 1
return value[0]
return get_next_value
get_next = make_closure()
print(get_next()) # -> 1
print(get_next()) # -> 2
However in python 3, the nonlocal
comes to rescue:
def make_closure():
value = 0
def get_next_value():
nonlocal value
value += 1
return value
return get_next_value
get_next = make_closure() # identical behavior to the previous example.
Any variable that is not deemed to be local to
the current scope, or any enclosing scope, is a
global variable. A global name is looked up in
the module global dictionary; if not found, the
global is then looked up from the builtins
module; the name of the module was changed from
python 2 to python 3; in python 2 it was __builtin__
and in python 3 it is now called
builtins
. If you assign to an
attribute of builtins module, it will be visible
thereafter to any module as a readable global
variable, unless that module shadows them with
its own global variable with the same name.
Reading the builtin module can also be useful;
suppose that you want the python 3 style print
function in some parts of file, but other parts
of file still use the print
statement, if your python version is >= 2.6,
you can get the new style function as:
import __builtin__
print3 = __builtin__.__dict__['print']
The from __future__ import
print_function
actually does not import
the print
function anywhere in
Python 2 - instead it just disables the parsing
rules for print
statement in the
current module, handling print
like
any other variable identifier, and thus allowing
the print
the function be looked up
in the builtins.


#include <biogas_evaluation.h>
|
| virtual std::vector< std::vector< T > > | eval (const std::vector< EVarManager< T >> &v, const std::vector< T > &target, ErrorCode &e, std::string message="")=0 |
| |
| ErrorCode | load_target (std::vector< T > &t, std::vector< T > &d)=0 |
| |
|
std::vector< std::vector< T > > | eval_specific (const std::vector< EVarManager< T >> &v, const std::vector< T > &_target_times, std::string folder_name, ErrorCode &e, std::string message="")=0 |
| |
|
virtual void | r_i (const std::vector< T > &x, const std::vector< T > &y, std::vector< T > &result, int stride)=0 |
| |
|
virtual T | s (const std::vector< T > &x, const std::vector< T > &y)=0 |
| |
|
| Evaluation (const Evaluation &rhs)=delete |
| |
template<class T, ConfigComputation M, ConfigOutput O>
class co::BiogasEvaluation< T, M, O >
This class represents how problems of the UG4 biogas_app kind are evaluated. This specific example servers as an interface. For an implementation of this interface see BiogasEvaluation<T,ConfigComputation::Local,ConfigOutput::File>.
◆ eval()
template<class T , ConfigComputation M, ConfigOutput O>
| virtual std::vector<std::vector<T> > co::BiogasEvaluation< T, M, O >::eval |
( |
const std::vector< EVarManager< T >> & |
v, |
|
|
const std::vector< T > & |
target, |
|
|
ErrorCode & |
e, |
|
|
std::string |
message = "" |
|
) |
| |
|
pure virtual |
Abstract class that represents evaluations of the objective function f(t). Target is needed as the parameter because the output vector might be tailored towards target as seen in tailor_array in biogas_evaluation.h. The output is a vector of vectors as each EVarManager v may need multiple evaluations (as done in derivative.h). The template parameter T represents the numeric datatype (such as EFloat64) underlying the problem.
- Parameters
-
| [in,out] | v | Vector containing variables managed by an EVarManager. |
| [in,out] | target | Vector containing values of the target. These are usually time values which are needed to tailor the time values of the simulation to experimental data. |
| [in] | e | Error code that can be used to query if evaluation was successful |
| [in] | message | message to be displayed (or written to file) during evaluation |
- Returns
- Vector of vectors collecting evaluations for each variable pair in EVarManager.
- See also
- BiogasEvaluation<T,ConfigComputation::Local,ConfigOutput::File> For a specific implementation.
Implements co::Evaluation< T, M, O >.
◆ load_target()
template<class T , ConfigComputation M, ConfigOutput O>
Abstract class that represents how problem data is loaded (like experimental data etc.). The data is saved in two containers. The first represent time data (the t values in a problem of the form f(t)) and the second codomain data (the function values resulting from f(t)). If the problem also includes spatial domain data x (like f(t,x)) a new function should probably be created that also saves this spatial data. The template parameter T represents the numeric datatype (such as EFloat64) underlying the problem.
- Parameters
-
| [in,out] | t | Vector storing the time values of the problem. |
| [in,out] | d | Vector representing data of the problem (everything but time column) |
- Returns
- Error enum indicating the success of the loading operation.
- See also
- BiogasEvaluation<T,ConfigComputation::Local> For a specific implementation.
Implements co::Evaluation< T, M, O >.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


I couldn't believe what Wedding Planner allowed me to do. With just one download and 15 minutes of work, I was able to charge an extra 15% margins on top of my already exhorbitant prices.
 I barely have to even speak to the client anymore, and I still get paid the same!
- Bryan Lamesauce
"You miss 100% of the shots you don't take"
- Wayne Gretzky
- Michael Scott


Name: {{user.name}}
Registration Date: {{user.regDate}}
Institution: {{user.company}}
Email: {{user.email}}
UID: {{user.uid}}
Submit
Delete
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Behrouz Boochani welcomed to freedom in New Zealand as he arrives at Auckland airport – video
by David FannerAfter six years forcibly held by Australia’s offshore processing regime in Papua New Guinea, most of it incarcerated on Manus Island, the Kurdish Iranian journalist and refugee advocate Behrouz Boochani arrives in New Zealand. Boochani flew into Auckland via a convoluted route, with a one-month visa, and hopes to live in the US, which has accepted him for resettlement. 'I think this is the first time that I feel happy that I survived,' Boochani said. Asked how freedom felt, he said: 'I think I should have a smoke first.'


Skipole WSGI generator.
skipole is a WSGI application generator.
skilift is an associated python package which helps the development of an application.
Typically a developer's PC would have both the skilift and the skipole Python packages installed. Skilift can be used to generate a web site, it includes a development web server and provides a web admin interface, which together with your own code and the skipole functions, enables the developer to create a wsgi application.
Once created, your application and its support files can be moved to your deployment server, which also needs a WSGI compatible web server, and the skipole package.
The deployment server does not need the skilift application.
The developer supplies appropriate python functions to receive data and populate the widget parameters.
Skipole requires python 3.6 or later. It would normally be installed with pip, usually into a virtual environment.
If you are using Debian, you may need the Python3 version of pip to obtain packages from Pypi.
apt-get install python3-pip
If you need further information on pip and virtual environments, try:https://packaging.python.org/guides/installing-using-pip-and-virtual-environments/
Then install skipole and skilift from pypi with:
python3 -m pip install skipole
python3 -m pip install skilift
The framework is used to create a project, this consists of a number of template pages and Responders that together with your own code will produce a wsgi application. Responders are objects which call your functions, which populate widget fields in a template page.
To create a new project you would normally run:
python3 -m skilift myproj /path/to/projectfiles
You should replace 'myproj' with your preferred name for a new project. A projectfiles directory will be created with your new project 'myproj' within it.
You would then run:
python3 /path/to/projectfiles/myproj.py
Then connect with a browser to localhost:8000 to view the project, and call localhost:8000/skiadmin to open an administrative site.
The main admin page.
Typically you use these skiadmin web pages to create and populate your project templates with widgets, and set up the responders to accept an incoming call and route data from the call to your own code. Your code sets data into a Python object, which populates the widget fields of a target template page which is then returned to the caller.
Examples of the widgets available can be seen at:
As well as 'template' pages, JSON pages can be created and returned to the client browser. These can be used to update certain widget fields via javascript rather than refreshing entire pages.
Multiple 'responder' types are available, to handle cookies and incoming data.
To deploy your final application on a web server of your choice, you would edit myproj.py to remove skilift and the development server, and also remove the code which adds the skiadmin project.
You would normally copy the projectfiles directory to your web server, and then the module:
/path/to/projectfiles/myproj.py
could be imported to create the WSGI application.
Deploying a web server with the application depends on your server, usually the web server has some means of importing myproj.py, and running 'application'. The link:
gives a number of examples.


DOWNLOAD AND INSTALL
This software is implemented in C and it requires the following libraries:
- Openmp: To parallelize the software.
- ATLAS: Linear algebra package with standard routines.
Download
You can download LIBIRWLS:
- Directly from this link
- From the Github repository hosting service using the git command line:
/Users/robedm/
- git clone git://github.com/RobeDM/LIBIRWLS.git
Install
If you have any installation problem you can se an example of a correct installation for Ubuntu here. If that doesn't solve you problem, please, report the issue here.
Linux, Unix
Dependencies
- Ubuntu, Debian, Slackware and other linux distributions using the Advanced Package Tools:
The Advanced Package Tool, or APT, is a free software user interface that works with core libraries to handle the installation and removal of software on some Linux distributions. If gcc is not installed, use the following command line:
/Users/robedm/
- sudo apt-get install build-essential
To install the linear algebra routines use the following command line:
/Users/robedm/
- sudo apt-get install libatlas-base-dev
- If you have any Linux or Unix distribution with no apt-get support you need to download ATLAS from the official repository and install it following the instructions that are detailed in the file INSTALL.txt. If you are impatient, for a basic installation on a 64 bits computer, this is the basic outline:
/Users/robedm/
- tar -xvjf atlas3.10.2.tar.bz2
- cd ATLAS
- mkdir my_build_dir
- cd my_build_dir
- ../configure -b 64 --prefix=/installation/directory # Tell the installation directory
- make # tune and compile library
- make check # perform sanity tests
- make ptcheck # checks of threaded code for multiprocessor systems
- make time # provide performance summary as % of clock rate
- make install # copy the library in the installation directory
Compiling
You need to run make in the library folder to build LIBIRWLS. If you have installed atlas using apt-get:
If you have manually installed ATLAS, you must tell the installation directory.
/Users/robedm/
- cd LIBIRWLS
- make ATLASDIR=/installation/directory
Windows
LIBIRWLS contains windows static executable files that were precompiled for 64bits instances. These executables are static so no extra packages are needed.
The source code has been precompiled for windows and executable files are in the "windows" folder.
Mac OS X
Compiling
The default compiler installed in OS X is clang. It currently doesn't work with openmp. We can install gcc using Homebrew or Macports:
- Homebrew: Install homebrew using the following command line:
/usr/bin/ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"
and then install gcc using the command line:
brew install gcc --without-multilib
- Macports: Install macports and then install gcc using the following command line:
sudo port install gcc49
Dependencies
OS X has its own accelerated algebra standard routines. The name of this library is veclib and it is composed by two files:
- libBLAS.dylib
- libLAPACK.dylib
These files are in the directory:
/System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/
This library will look for the library in that directory. Check that both files are there. If they are in a diferent path, look for them using the command "find" and note the folder for the next step:
/Users/robedm/
- sudo find / -name "libBLAS.dylib"
Compiling
You must use the make command using the following parameters:
- OSX: A boolean variable that indicates that you are using OS X operating system.
- CC: The path of the gcc compiler that you have installed (macports install software under the path /opt/local/bin/ and homebrew under /usr/local/Cellar/).
- VECLIBDIR: To path of veclib if it is not in the default directory.
Then you can use the make command, for example:
- If you have installed gcc 6 using Homebrew:
/Users/robedm/
- cd LIBIRWLS
- make OSX=1 CC=/usr/local/Cellar/gcc/6.2.0/bin/gcc-6
- If you have installed gcc 6 using Homebrew and veclib is in a different directory called /veclib/directory then:
/Users/robedm/
- cd LIBIRWLS
- make OSX=1 CC=/usr/local/Cellar/gcc/6.2.0/bin/gcc-6 VECLIBDIR=/veclib/directory


| Class Summary |
|
ContentResource
|
This class represent a general text resource that
may have been retrieved from any number of possible
sources.
*
|
|
Resource
|
This class represent a general text resource that
may have been retrieved from any number of possible
sources.
*
|
|
ResourceCacheImpl
|
Default implementation of the resource cache for the default
ResourceManager.
*
|
|
ResourceFactory
|
Class responsible for instantiating Resource objects,
given name and type.
*
|
|
ResourceManagerImpl
|
Class to manage the text resource for the Velocity
Runtime.
*
|


- AllocateViewID
- CloseConnection
- connections
- connectionTesterIP
- connectionTesterPort
- Connect
- DestroyPlayerObjects
- Destroy
- Disconnect
- GetAveragePing
- GetLastPing
- HavePublicAddress
- incomingPassword
- InitializeSecurity
- InitializeServer
- Instantiate
- isClient
- isMessageQueueRunning
- isServer
- logLevel
- maxConnections
- minimumAllocatableViewIDs
- natFacilitatorIP
- natFacilitatorPort
- OnConnectedToServer
- OnDisconnectedFromServer
- OnFailedToConnectToM...
- OnFailedToConnect
- OnNetworkInstantiate
- OnPlayerConnected
- OnPlayerDisconnected
- OnSerializeNetworkView
- OnServerInitialized
- peerType
- player
- proxyIP
- proxyPassword
- proxyPort
- RemoveRPCsInGroup
- RemoveRPCs
- sendRate
- SetLevelPrefix
- SetReceivingEnabled
- SetSendingEnabled
- TestConnectionNAT
- TestConnection
- time
- useProxy
Network.AllocateViewID 分配网络视图ID
static function AllocateViewID () : NetworkViewID
Description描述
Query for the next available network view ID number and allocate it (reserve).
查询下一个可用的网络视图ID号并分配它（保留）。
This number can then be assigned to the network view of an instantiated object. The example below demonstrates a simple method to do this. Note that for this to work there must be a NetworkView attached to the object which has this script and it must have the script as its observed property. There must be a Cube prefab present also with a NetworkView which watches something (like the Transform of the Cube). The cubePrefab variable in the script must be set to that cube prefab. This is the simplest method of using AllocateViewID intelligently. This get more complicated if there were more than one NetworkView attached to the Cube which is to be instantiated.
这个数字可以被分配到一个实例化物体的网络视图。下面的例子演示了一个简单的方法来做到这一点。注意，为了使其可正常工作，必须有一个NetworkView附加到有这个脚本的物体，并这个脚本作为它的观察属性。必须有一个Cube预设，带有一个NetworkView监视某些东西（如Cube的Transform）。脚本中的cubePrefab变量必须设置为cube预设。使用智能的AllocateViewID是最简单的方法。如果有超过一个NetworkView附加在初始化的Cube上着将变得更复杂。
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;
public class example : MonoBehaviour {
public Transform cubePrefab;
void OnGUI() {
if (GUILayout.Button("SpawnBox")) {
NetworkViewID viewID = Network.AllocateViewID();
networkView.RPC("SpawnBox", RPCMode.AllBuffered, viewID, transform.position);
}
}
[RPC]
void SpawnBox(NetworkViewID viewID, Vector3 location) {
Transform clone;
clone = Instantiate(cubePrefab, location, Quaternion.identity) as Transform;
NetworkView nView;
nView = clone.GetComponent<NetworkView>();
nView.viewID = viewID;
}
}
var cubePrefab : Transform;
function OnGUI () {
if (GUILayout.Button("SpawnBox")) {
var viewID = Network.AllocateViewID();
networkView.RPC("SpawnBox",
RPCMode.AllBuffered,
viewID,
transform.position);
}
}
@RPC
function SpawnBox (viewID : NetworkViewID, location : Vector3) {
// Instantate the prefab locally
//实例化本地预设
var clone : Transform;
clone = Instantiate(cubePrefab, location, Quaternion.identity) as Transform;
var nView : NetworkView;
nView = clone.GetComponent(NetworkView);
nView.viewID = viewID;
}


Web Browser: The course CPSC2713 in Auburn University is intended to give us a hands-on experience with an object-oriented visual programming language. We started from a single buttom to the whole software. By the end of this course we successfully developed a three-tier, graphical, event-driven desktop application, a web browser, using an object-oriented language (C#) while incorporating essential software construction methodologies.
Hardcoded Websites: The course CPSC5203 Web Development I and CPSC5203 Web Developemt II in Auburn University covers the concepts and practice necessary for creating Internet content. The course provides a technical overview of the Internet environment and the structure of the World Wide Web. The technical segment will focus on the design and implementation of an effective web site with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.


This test illustrates dashed stroke support for canvas renderer. The gfx implementation uses the native implementation
if it is provided by the browser, or a custom implementation otherwise.
The left drawing uses the Canvas renderer. The right drawing uses the SVG Renderer for reference purpose.


ENDURANCE
Reviewed by Harvey Karten, Ph.D. Disney Pictures Director: Leslie Woodhead Writer: Leslie Woodhead Cast: Haile Gebrselassie, Shawanness Gebrselassie, Gebrselassie Bekele
If you lived in Manhattan and decided to run from West Fourth Street in Greenwich Village to West 125 Street in Harlem, how would you negotiate the trip? Would you go full speed ahead? Begin fast, then slow down, finally speed up to the wire? An even more important question: would you even make it to your destination? This six-mile journey is more or less the distance that an Olympic runner has to cover in a long-distance marathon, whose standard length is 10,000 meters. To cover this tract of land, an athlete needs both speed and endurance, but running, like any more complex sport, requires training. In the movie "Endurance," director Leslie Woodhead takes us into the legs, lungs and mind of Haile Gebrselassie, considered by at least one major periodical on the sport to be the greatest long-distance racer of all time. "Endurance" is a solid work that avoids both the talking-heads tedium of a documentary and the rah-rah Hollywood histrionics of an action-packed sports drama like "Pre." A docudrama, the film features Haile Gebrselassie as himself, his real-life father Bekele Gebrselassie and wife playing themselves, with his sister in the role of his mother, his nephew as the athlete in his pre-pubescent days, and his first cousin playing his dad during Gebrselassie's youth.
The film alternates between Atlanta, the home of the 1966 Olympics, and the Ethiopian village of Asela. As we in a Western audience takes in Ivan Strasburg's sharply focused camerawork, we can't help feeling conflicted as we marvel at the Spartan beauty of the African countryside while feeling compassion for the hardscrabble lives of its residents. Young Haile could not be blamed for being more interested in running the six miles to school each day than in doing his share of the family chores on his farm. He lives in a one- room mud hut that houses the twelve human members of his family and apparently some oxen and goats as well. To maintain this questionable life style requires hard work by all. One contingent must set out regularly with donkeys to make the three-hour trip to a source of drinking water while others till the fields with human and animal labor rather than with the modern technology so common in the West. Haile's dad wants the boy to work in an office as a lawyer or a clerk, an understandable aspiration given the bodily requirements of farming, but Haile wants only to run and at the age of 17 disobeys his father by moving to the capital, Addis Ababa, to take part in a national training program.
While the film's subject is the sport of long-distance running, its real star is the African people who perform their rituals before a camera as though they were professional actors. When Haile's mother (Shawanness Gerbrselassie) falls ill in the field while carrying a heavy pitcher of water, she is transported to the hospital on a makeshift stretcher and carried to a rickety public bus for transportation to the hospital. At her funeral, her friends and neighbors gather around the hut to chant "Cry for your mother" and shed genuine tears as though they were participating in the death rites of one of their own loved ones. (When these local people were asked behind the scenes how they managed to conjure the tears, they said simply that they imagined the dead person to be one of their own, dear relatives--an example of method acting, Ethiopian style.)
Thanks to some elegant tracking shots, we see Haile running like a cheetah across the parched land of his birth, the only sounds coming from the hyped-up, exciting beats of the soundtrack featuring ethnic Ethiopian songs of all varieties. He seems equally at ease when winning the gold medal he took at the '96 Olympics in Atlanta, the sounds of heavy breathing coming from the soundtrack rather than from his own mouth.
The film is framed by the great athletic event with an unfortunate opening spotlighting the movie's star sitting on a hill in his native land speaking in halting English rather than his native Amharic. Strangely, he uses the annoying verbal tic "you know" five or six times, unusual when you consider that he was not brought up in an English-speaking society that considers this mannerism almost a rite of passage. Some of the dialogue comes across as stilted, as when Haile's dad asks him to remain and seek an office job only to have the young man respond, in effect, "I am going. Goodbye." But we must remember that this is a docudrama, not a feature film, and should be grateful that we are not forced to endure a talking-heads documentary. "Endurance" crosses the finish line at an appropriate 83 minutes, a movie which makes up for its relative deficiency of conflict and setbacks by its bold, stirring meditation on the lives of people in one of the world's poorest countries.
Rated G. Running Time: 83 minutes. (C) 1999 Harvey Karten
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


function duplicateCount(text){
let counter = {}
Array.from(text.toLowerCase()).forEach(c => counter[c] ? counter[c] += 1 : counter[c] = 1);
return Object.values(counter).filter(a => a > 1).length;
}
Write a function that will return the count of distinct case-insensitive alphabetic characters and numeric digits that occur more than once in the input string. The input string can be assumed to contain only alphabets (both uppercase and lowercase) and numeric digits.
"abcde" -> 0 # no characters repeats more than once
"aabbcde" -> 2 # 'a' and 'b'
"aabBcde" -> 2 # 'a' occurs twice and 'b' twice (`b` and `B`)
"indivisibility" -> 1 # 'i' occurs six times
"Indivisibilities" -> 2 # 'i' occurs seven times and 's' occurs twice
"aA11" -> 2 # 'a' and '1'
"ABBA" -> 2 # 'A' and 'B' each occur twice
function duplicateCount(text){
let counter = {}
Array.from(text.toLowerCase()).forEach(c => counter[c] ? counter[c] += 1 : counter[c] = 1);
return Object.values(counter).filter(a => a > 1).length;
}


Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action most popularly refers to the set of policies that are aimed at increasing the representation of ethnic and social minorities in employment or eduation. Affirmative action encourages equal opportunity in society and takes into accoun factors such as race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or national origin. The presence of affirmative action addresses existing discrimination and works to help eradicate it through its implementation.
Proposition 209
Proposition 209 (also known as the California Civil Rights Initiative) is a California ballot proposition which was passed in November 1996. This proposition prevented public California institutions from considering race, sex, gender, religion, sexual orientation, or national origin during admissions. Proponents stated that under Prop 209, "preferential treatment" would not be given to any individual or group on the basis of the aforementioned criteria.
Contact
For more information, contact Jordan Medina, Advocacy Coordinator (2012-2013) at pass.advocacy@gmail.com.


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Harvests and Other Events
Before signing up for an event, please be sure that you and each person signing up has registered previously on the Volunteers page. If you have already registered as a volunteer you do not have to do so again. Each adult must sign up separately for events. To sign up for an event, click on the 'Sign up for this event' button. Once you sign up, you will receive a confirmation email with the exact address and detailed information about the event. If the roster is full, your name will be added to a waiting list and you will receive an email if anyone ahead of you cancels their spot.
|
FARMERS MARKET Thursday, Jan 9, 7:30 PM |
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|---|---|---|---|
| General location: San Luis Obispo | |||
| Total volunteers needed | Number on roster | Number on waiting list | |
| 2 | 1 | 0 | |
| This is a market collection in downtown SLO at the Thursday night Farmers Market! Please do not sign up for this glean unless you have been trained specifically for the SLO Farmer's Market. | |||
| Getting there: You will see the harvest address after signing up. |
|
kiwifruits Friday, Jan 10, 9:00 AM |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| General location: Nipomo | |||
| Total volunteers needed | Number on roster | Number on waiting list | |
| 20 | 11 | 0 | |
| This is a harvest of kiwis from a private farm in Nipomo- Adults and teens only, please! | |||
| Getting there: You will see the harvest address after signing up. |
|
tangerines Saturday, Jan 11, 9:00 AM |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| General location: Arroyo Grande | |||
| Total volunteers needed | Number on roster | Number on waiting list | |
| 4 | 4 | 1 | |
| This is a neighborhood harvest of tangerines at a home in Arroyo Grande. Ladders and pole pickers may be necessary to reach all of the fruit. Ladder-friendly Adults and teens only. | |||
| Getting there: You will see the harvest address after signing up. |
|
kiwifruits Monday, Jan 13, 9:00 AM |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| General location: Nipomo | |||
| Total volunteers needed | Number on roster | Number on waiting list | |
| 20 | 1 | 0 | |
| This is a harvest of kiwis from a private farm in Nipomo- Adults and teens only, please! | |||
| Getting there: You will see the harvest address after signing up. |
|
apples Tuesday, Jan 14, 9:00 AM |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| General location: SLO, See Canyon | |||
| Total volunteers needed | Number on roster | Number on waiting list | |
| 20 | 1 | 0 | |
| This is an apple glean at an orchard in See Canyon- read special instructions about where to meet after signing up. Adults and teens only, please! | |||
| Getting there: You will see the harvest address after signing up. |
|
FARMERS MARKET Thursday, Jan 16, 7:30 PM |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| General location: San Luis Obispo | |||
| Total volunteers needed | Number on roster | Number on waiting list | |
| 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| This is a market collection in downtown SLO at the Thursday night Farmers Market! Please do not sign up for this glean unless you have been trained specifically for the SLO Farmer's Market. | |||
| Getting there: You will see the harvest address after signing up. |
|
kiwifruits Friday, Jan 17, 9:00 AM |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| General location: Nipomo | |||
| Total volunteers needed | Number on roster | Number on waiting list | |
| 20 | 1 | 0 | |
| This is a harvest of kiwis from a private farm in Nipomo- Adults and teens only, please! | |||
| Getting there: You will see the harvest address after signing up. |
|
FARMERS MARKET Thursday, Jan 23, 7:30 PM |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| General location: San Luis Obispo | |||
| Total volunteers needed | Number on roster | Number on waiting list | |
| 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| This is a market collection in downtown SLO at the Thursday night Farmers Market! Please do not sign up for this glean unless you have been trained specifically for the SLO Farmer's Market. | |||
| Getting there: You will see the harvest address after signing up. |
|
FARMERS MARKET Thursday, Jan 30, 7:30 PM |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| General location: San Luis Obispo | |||
| Total volunteers needed | Number on roster | Number on waiting list | |
| 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| This is a market collection in downtown SLO at the Thursday night Farmers Market! Please do not sign up for this glean unless you have been trained specifically for the SLO Farmer's Market. | |||
| Getting there: You will see the harvest address after signing up. |
| To get the latest news and updates about GleanSLO, visit our Facebook page. |
| Year | Pounds of food that would otherwise have gone to waste |
|---|---|
| 2020 | 1,589 |
| 2019 | 229,095 |
| 2018 | 231,377 |
| 2017 | 279,830 |
| 2016 | 243,312 |
| 2015 | 209,013 |
| 2014 | 200,092 |
| 2013 | 212,109 |
| 2012 | 99,165 |
| 2011 | 37,988 |
| 2010 | 22,000 |


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Which kinds of influencers are you following these days? And on Tiktok, Instagram or Twitter? Or Linkedin maybe? Do you ever take a step back and ask what sort of tangible effect they’re having on your life or mindset? Or are you still in denial thinking the answer to that question is ‘none’.
Regardless, influencers are getting smarter and more and more frequent - with that comes the inevitable monetization of their content. After all, do you really think anyone consistently and intentionally providing significant insight into their life is not benefitting from that financially? So yes, there’s the standard brand partnership monetization, and then there’s one step further. With the rise of tools like Squarespace and SHopify, it is now easier than ever for influencers to create a guide or course of sorts and market it to their following. A trend I’m also seeing is the rise of influencers’ inclination to make their following gravitate towards that of a cult following.
The more obsessed a following is with their leader, the more they’re likely to follow that person’s advice. If the person’s advice is to “buy their course”, or in some cases that I’m seeing lately, their “merch” - well then a good portion of them likely will.
I’ll be the first to admit that I’ve bought a couple of these personal courses - the merch I will be avoiding like the plague, as a seasoned shopper with more experience than I care to admit. Courses I’ve bought include one about monetizing your social media following, another about starting your own personal business, and a course for getting started in the fashion industry. That last one was non influencer related, although I found out about it through an instagram ad.
Am I the only one following influencers of a certain niche with the vaguest wishful thinking that just following them will have a correlated effect on me? For example, if I’m curious about starting a side hustle, will I click the red (+) icon on a tiktok influencer who pops up on my feed showing her numbers of profit for each month of the year? Or maybe a personal stylist telling me how to organize my closet to improve my ability to dress myself? Perhaps I’m more gullible than the average human scrolling on these apps, although a large part of me thinks that I’m not so unique and there may be others with these same thoughts.
Let’s talk about this “merch” I’ve been seeing splashed over tiktok by a couple influencers with followings of 500K+ people. I mention the follow count because I think it’s safe to say with a following of this size you’ve established your personal brand, have a devoted following and are already benefiting quite largely from brand partnerships. I think on average that merch (I’ve seen two examples rip but could find more if pressured!) will be a basic sweatsuit with some sort of punchline you’ll recognize if you have followed that particular influencer previously. For example, if said influencer will have had a particularly viral series, perhaps the merch will resonate with said series.
Highlight
The more obsessed a following is with their leader, the more they’re likely to follow that person’s advice.
“Am I the only one following influencers of a certain niche with the vaguest wishful thinking that just following them will have a correlated effect on me? ” — RM
I’m going to say something here and it’s going to be controversial! Do we really need to be putting more mindless sweatsuits into the world? Look, I will be the first to applaud these influencers who have built their following with a speed and vengeance that most of us can only hope to do with anything - and I mean that as a wannabe influencer myself. HOWEVER, that does not mean you need to create a merch line of basic crewnecks and sweats. Since I am out here critiquing, I suppose it’s only right to propose a few solutions to the problem at hand. Problem being overconsumption.
To the influencer specializing in photography and feel good antics, might we focus on directing that energy towards a non profit for mental health or some sort of product that resolves an issue in the photography / at home influencer space (if the intent is further monetization of your brand). To me, this would provide tangible value in a space that could be lacking.
To the corporate jokester influencer, perhaps a guide for purposeful corporate world navigation. This is a bit overdone but with a mastered tone of someone dominating this space, it could be something good. Since podcasts are all the rage, I think this would be perfect for someone with a legitimate brand already established around their personality and sense of humor.
Look, if you’re wildly successful in an emerging space such as social media, it really isn’t up to me on how you utilize that success. Utilizing your platform at all should be applauded if anything. But besides the fact that we should not be promoting overconsumption in a fashion industry still largely dominated by fast fashion, I genuinely think working on a product that relates closely to your brand will provide further dividends in the future and has a better opportunity cost than a basic merch line. Dare I say, the world has been there done that. Think profitability, and if that’s not the focus what is? Contributing value to your followers? In that case my point is proven twofold.
Let me provide an example of a product I’ve seen by an influencer that I think provides value to her following as well as potential profit for the future of her brand. Let’s look at @EMMAROSEALGER, the founder of a new tech app called “The Scout App” where influencers can share their location in cities around the world for other influencers to use as photo ops. This is a pioneering product and is increasingly relevant in a world where digital nomad / fashion blogger / travel influencers are no longer an anomaly. I think this is a smart use of her brand and following.
Back to the courses that I have fell for. I think the real issue is that I buy the course with the same philosophy as when I buy that silk dress I imagine myself rocking at some “black tie event” that I’ll surely attend this year. Don’t know when I’ll really wear it but it’s gorgeous, so I’ll make it happen. Similarly, I don’t know when I’ll find the time or motivation to take this course but if I buy it surely I will make it happen. Or will the course sit collecting digital dust in my email inbox until the subject itself is deprecated from the industry (in the case of social media influencer marketing).
Let’s look at this scenario - I want to start my own business. As for what that business will be, well I’m simply not sure.  Have I been duped, or am I just being a loyal follower? What even is a loyal follower, and is there any reason for me to be one? It’s not like the person I’m following is loyal to me? Or are they? Regardless, those questions are rarely to be asked let alone answered. So what am I really doing here? It’s been around two months since I bought said guide, and for some reason I just haven’t found the time or energy within myself to even open it despite having spent a pretty penny on it.
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Carlos Quimbay
Cicero, IL 60804Full Stack Web and Hybrid Mobile Applications Developer
Full stack web and hybrid mobile applications developer specializing in full stack JavaScript application and architectures. Experienced in all stages of the development life cycle, well versed in numerous programming languages.
- Hands-on experience leading all stages of system development efforts, including requirements in definition design, architecture, testing and support.
- Outstanding leadership abilities; able to coordinate and direct all phases of project-based efforts.
Core Competencies
- Java Development
- Android Development
- Full Stack Development
- Hybrid Mobile Development
- Server Side Development
Certifications and Technical Proficiencies
- Certifications: Agile Certified Scrum Master - Scrum Allience
- Platforms: Linux, Spring Framework, MEAN, NodeJS, Angular, Ionic
- Databases: MySQL, MongoDB
- Tools: Netbeans, Eclipse, VS Code, SSH, Gulp, Git
- Languages: Java SE, Java EE, C++, HTML, CSS, SASS, JavaScript, ES6, SQL, TypeScript
Professional Experience
accenture - Chicago, IL \2019 - Present\
Application Developer Associate.
Business Analyst
- Work with health care industry company on new document filing system integration.
- Attend and conduct daily stand up meetings.
- Collaborate on design and creation of business processes workflows and business architecture diagrams.
Walgreens - Deerfield, IL \2012 - 2013\
Electronics Technician
Bench Technician
- Conducted repair of photo computer equipment.
- Performed service maintenance to POS receipt printers.
Education
MicroTrain Technologies - Chicago, IL 2019
Agile Full Stack Web and Hybrid Mobile Application Development
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana - Bogota, Colombia 2019
Bachelor in Science - Systems Engineering
DeVry University - Chicago, IL 2008
Bachelor in Science - Electronics Engineering Technology


APROPOS(1) Manual pager utils APROPOS(1) NAME apropos - search the manual page names and descriptions SYNOPSIS apropos [-dalhvV] [-e|-w|-r] [-s list] [-m system[,...]] [-M path] [-L locale] [-C file] keyword ... DESCRIPTION Each manual page has a short description available within it. apropos searches the descriptions for instances of keyword. keyword is usually a regular expression, as if (-r) was used, or may con‐ tain wildcards (-w), or match the exact keyword (-e). Using these options, it may be necessary to quote the keyword or escape (\) the spe‐ cial characters to stop the shell from interpreting them. The standard matching rules allow matches to be made against the page name and word boundaries in the description. The database searched by apropos is updated by the mandb program. Depending on your installation, this may be run by a periodic cron job, or may need to be run manually after new manual pages have been installed. OPTIONS -d, --debug Print debugging information. -v, --verbose Print verbose warning messages. -r, --regex Interpret each keyword as a regular expression. This is the default behaviour. Each keyword will be matched against the page names and the descriptions independently. It can match any part of either. The match is not limited to word boundaries. -w, --wildcard Interpret each keyword as a pattern containing shell style wild‐ cards. Each keyword will be matched against the page names and the descriptions independently. If --exact is also used, a match will only be found if an expanded keyword matches an entire description or page name. Otherwise the keyword is also allowed to match on word boundaries in the description. -e, --exact Each keyword will be exactly matched against the page names and the descriptions. -a, --and Only display items that match all the supplied keywords. The default is to display items that match any keyword. -l, --long Do not trim output to the terminal width. Normally, output will be truncated to the terminal width to avoid ugly results from poorly-written NAME sections. -s list, --sections list, --section list Search only the given manual sections. list is a colon- or comma- separated list of sections. If an entry in list is a simple sec‐ tion, for example "3", then the displayed list of descriptions will include pages in sections "3", "3perl", "3x", and so on; while if an entry in list has an extension, for example "3perl", then the list will only include pages in that exact part of the manual section. -m system[,...], --systems=system[,...] If this system has access to other operating system's manual page descriptions, they can be searched using this option. To search NewOS's manual page descriptions, use the option -m NewOS. The system specified can be a combination of comma-delimited oper‐ ating system names. To include a search of the native operating system's whatis descriptions, include the system name man in the argument string. This option will override the $SYSTEM environ‐ ment variable. -M path, --manpath=path Specify an alternate set of colon-delimited manual page hierar‐ chies to search. By default, apropos uses the $MANPATH environ‐ ment variable, unless it is empty or unset, in which case it will determine an appropriate manpath based on your $PATH environment variable. This option overrides the contents of $MANPATH. -L locale, --locale=locale apropos will normally determine your current locale by a call to the C function setlocale(3) which interrogates various environment variables, possibly including $LC_MESSAGES and $LANG. To tempo‐ rarily override the determined value, use this option to supply a locale string directly to apropos. Note that it will not take effect until the search for pages actually begins. Output such as the help message will always be displayed in the initially deter‐ mined locale. -C file, --config-file=file Use this user configuration file rather than the default of ~/.manpath. -h, --help Print a help message and exit. -V, --version Display version information. EXIT STATUS 0 Successful program execution. 1 Usage, syntax or configuration file error. 2 Operational error. 16 Nothing was found that matched the criteria specified. ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM If $SYSTEM is set, it will have the same effect as if it had been specified as the argument to the -m option. MANPATH If $MANPATH is set, its value is interpreted as the colon-delim‐ ited manual page hierarchy search path to use. MANWIDTH If $MANWIDTH is set, its value is used as the terminal width (see the --long option). If it is not set, the terminal width will be calculated using an ioctl(2) if available, the value of $COLUMNS, or falling back to 80 characters if all else fails. POSIXLY_CORRECT If $POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, even to a null value, the default apropos search will be as an extended regex (-r). Nowadays, this is the default behaviour anyway. FILES /usr/share/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag) A traditional global index database cache. /var/cache/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag) An FHS compliant global index database cache. /usr/share/man/.../whatis A traditional whatis text database. SEE ALSO man(1), whatis(1), mandb(8) AUTHOR Wilf. (G.Wilford@ee.surrey.ac.uk). Fabrizio Polacco (fpolacco@debian.org). Colin Watson (cjwatson@debian.org). 2.6.2 2012-06-18 APROPOS(1)


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The dhomer package provides easy access to South Carolina data that may impact social determinants of health.
This package contains several datasets provided by the EPA, HRSA, SC DHEC, SLED, USDA, Esri, and other sites (to be specified). The data is preprocessed into a common format to support spatial analysis.
For purposes of this project, social determinants of health can be categorized and the datasets can be classified into the following: Economic Stability, Education, Social and Community Context, Health and Healthcare, and Natural and Built Environment.
The data sets are:
Economic Stability:
- South Carolina Food Deserts- The USDA’s Food Access Research Atlas includes data on census tracts considered to be low-income, low-access food deserts based on measures of supermarket accessibility. The processed file includes census tracts deemed to be food deserts, including geographic and demographic information for each tract.
- SC County Typology Codes- The USDA’s determination of each county in South Carolina’s economic dependence and other social characteristics which overlap with the county’s economy. The processed file includes the county characteristics, GEOID, latitude/longitude, and county centroids.
Education:
- SC Public Schools- The NCED’s published database of public elementary and secondary schools in South Carolina. The processed file includes the school name, identifiers, GEOID, latitude/longitude, and census tract centroids.
- SC Public Libraries- This dataset includes the locations and important details regarding all of the public libraries and library outlets in South Carolina. The processed dataset includes name, identifiers, details about functionality and capabilities, GEOID, latitude/longitude, and census tract centroids.
Social and Community Context:
- South Carolina 2019 Violent Crime Statistics- The South Carolina Law Enforcement Division compiles South Carolina crime statistics annually into a report titled “Crime In South Carolina.” The processed file includes their statistics for violent crime (number of crimes, crime rate, and clearance rate) by county in the year 2019 with county geography information.
- South Carolina 2019 Property Crime Statistics- The South Carolina Law Enforcement Division compiles South Carolina crime statistics annually into a report titled “Crime In South Carolina.” The processed file includes their statistics for property crime (number of crimes, crime rate, and clearance rate) by county in the year 2019 with county geography information.
- South Carolina Recreational Areas- A catalog of recreational areas in South Carolina, categorized into beaches, golf courses, and park and recreation areas. The processed file includes the area name, categorization, GEOID, latitude/longitude, and census tract centroids.
- Social Vulnerability Index- The CDC and ATSDR consider several census variables in order to determine the social vulnerability of each census tract in the United States in order to assess the areas in greatest need following natural disasters. The processed file includes all of the reference data used to make the determination, as well as the overall SVI score.
- Percent of Households Without Internet Access- The CDC’s estimates for percentage of households within each census tract that does not have reliable access to internet based on the ACS, American Factfinder, and US Census Bureau statistics. The processed file includes the census tract, estimates, GEOID, latitude/longitude, and census tract centroids.
- Percent of Housing Units Without Access to a Vehicle- The CDC’s estimates for percentage of housing units within each census tract that do not have access to a vehicle. The processed file includes the census tract, estimates, GEOID, latitude/longitude, and census tract centroids.
- South Carolina Farmer’s and Roadside Markets- SCDHEC compiled a list of farmer’s and roadside markets in South Carolina which provide fresh produce to their communities. The data includes the market name, location, months of operation, contact information, latitudes/longitudes, GEOIDs, and census tract centroids.
Health and Healthcare:
- South Carolina Free Clinics- Free clinics provide medical care to the impoverished and uninsured residents of South Carolina. The data includes the clinic names, addresses, latitudes/longitudes, GEOIDs, and census tract centroids.
- South Carolina Pharmacies- A list of the pharmacies in South Carolina. The data includes the pharmacy names, locations, National Provider Identifer (NPI), details on the pharmacy services and pharmacists, contact information, latitudes/longitudes, GEOIDs, and census tract centroids.
- South Carolina Health Facilities- SC DHEC compiled a list of licensed health facilities according to their records. The data includes a variety of health services, including their categorization, facility names, facility locations, contact information, latitudes/longitudes, GEOIDs, and census tract centroids.
Natural and Built Environment:
- US EPA South Carolina Brownfield Sites- Brownfield sites are previously developed sites whose contaminants prevent redevelopment. The data includes the site names, addresses, latitudes/longitudes, GEOIDs, and census tract centroids.
- US EPA Contaminants of Concern- The US EPA compiled a list of uniquely difficult contaminants to clean in the environment. The list includes the site where the contaminant is found, the location, the contaminant found, details about cleanup efforts, latitudes/longitudes, GEOIDs, and census tract centroids.
- US EPA South Carolina Superfund Sites- Superfund sites are contaminated sites identified by the US EPA and has allocated funds towards cleaning. The data includes the site names, locations, latitudes/longitudes, GEOIDs, and census tract centroids.
- National Walkability Index for South Carolina Block Groups- The US EPA’s National Walkability Index scores each block group in the United States based on its relative walkability. The processed file includes only South Carolina scores with geographic, geometric, and census information.
- Average Percent of Impervious Land Due to Development- This CDC dataset is comprised of tract-level estimates for the percentage of land within the tract that is impervious to water due to development. The processed dataset includes location data such as FIPS code, GEOID, and centroid latitude/longitude, as well as the percentage value.
- Toxic Release Inventory Form R and Form A Submissions- Published by the EPA, this dataset includes all of the sites that submitted a Form R or Form A as part of the Toxic Release Inventory program, indicating some level of toxic chemical release into the environment compulsory with the site’s functioning. The processed dataset includes the site name and identifiers, the chemicals being released, where and how much is being released, GEOID, latitude/longitude, and census tract centroids.
- Intermodal Public Transit Terminals- Compiled in the Homeland Infrastructure Foundation-Level Data open database, this dataset includes information on transit terminals for various modes of public transportation. The processed dataset includes terminal information, details on the mode of transportation provided, GEOID, latitude/longitude, and census tract centroids.
- SC Protected Areas- This dataset includes information on lands and waters throughout South Carolina that are protected from development. The processed dataset marks every point along the perimeter of each protected area polygon and is labeled with information regarding the area, the ownership and management of the area, the conservation efforts there, GEOID, latitude/longitude, and census tract centroids.
Installing dhomer
Install from github
Resources
Contributor Code of Conduct
Please note that this project is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct. By participating in this project you agree to abide by its terms.


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For published studies, this command calculates (1) how much bias there must be in an estimate to invalidate/sustain an inference; (2) the impact of an omitted variable necessary to invalidate/sustain an inference for a regression coefficient.
pkonfound(est_eff, std_err, n_obs, n_covariates = 1, alpha = 0.05, tails = 2, nu = 0, to_return = "print")
| est_eff | the estimated effect (such as an unstandardized beta coefficient or a group mean difference) |
|---|---|
| std_err | the standard error of the estimate of the unstandardized regression coefficient |
| n_obs | the number of observations in the sample |
| n_covariates | the number of covariates in the regression model |
| alpha | probability of rejecting the null hypothesis (defaults to 0.05) |
| tails | integer whether hypothesis testing is one-tailed (1) or two-tailed (2; defaults to 2) |
| nu | what hypothesis to be tested; defaults to testing whether est_eff is significantly different from 0 |
| to_return | whether to return a data.frame (by specifying this argument to equal "raw_output" for use in other analyses) or a plot ("plot"); default is to print ("print") the output to the console; can specify a vector of output to return |
prints the bias and the number of cases that would have to be replaced with cases for which there is no effect to invalidate the inference
pkonfound(2, .4, 100, 3)#> Percent Bias Necessary to Invalidate the Inference: #> To invalidate an inference, 60.3% of the estimate would have to be due to bias. This is based on a threshold of 0.794 for statistical significance (alpha = 0.05). #> To invalidate an inference, 60 observations would have to be replaced with cases for which the effect is 0. #> #> Impact Threshold for a Confounding Variable: #> An omitted variable would have to be correlated at 0.568 with the outcome and at 0.568 with the predictor of interest (conditioning on observed covariates) to invalidate an inference based on a threshold of 0.201 for statistical significance (alpha = 0.05). #> Correspondingly the impact of an omitted variable (as defined in Frank 2000) must be 0.568 X 0.568 = 0.323 to invalidate an inference.#>#>pkonfound(-2.2, .65, 200, 3)#> Percent Bias Necessary to Invalidate the Inference: #> To invalidate an inference, 41.732% of the estimate would have to be due to bias. This is based on a threshold of -1.282 for statistical significance (alpha = 0.05). #> To invalidate an inference, 83 observations would have to be replaced with cases for which the effect is 0. #> #> Impact Threshold for a Confounding Variable: #> An omitted variable would have to be correlated at 0.334 with the outcome and at 0.334 with the predictor of interest (conditioning on observed covariates) to invalidate an inference based on a threshold of -0.14 for statistical significance (alpha = 0.05). #> Correspondingly the impact of an omitted variable (as defined in Frank 2000) must be 0.334 X 0.334 = 0.112 to invalidate an inference.#>#>pkonfound(.5, 3, 200, 3)#> Percent Bias Necessary to Invalidate the Inference: #> To sustain an inference, 91.549% of the estimate would have to be due to bias. This is based on a threshold of 5.916 for statistical significance (alpha = 0.05). #> To sustain an inference, 183 of the cases with 0 effect would have to be replaced with cases at the threshold of inference. #> #> Impact Threshold for a Confounding Variable: #> An omitted variable would have to be correlated at 0.335 with the outcome and at 0.335 with the predictor of interest (conditioning on observed covariates) to sustain an inference based on a threshold of 5.916 for statistical significance (alpha = 0.05). #> Correspondingly the impact of an omitted variable (as defined in Frank 2000) must be 0.335 X 0.335 = 0.112 to sustain an inference.#>#>pkonfound(2, .4, 100, 3, to_return = "thresh_plot")pkonfound(2, .4, 100, 3, to_return = "corr_plot")pkonfound_output <- pkonfound(2, .4, 200, 3, to_return = c("raw_output", "thresh_plot", "corr_plot"))#> Percent Bias Necessary to Invalidate the Inference: #> To invalidate an inference, 60.557% of the estimate would have to be due to bias. This is based on a threshold of 0.789 for statistical significance (alpha = 0.05). #> To invalidate an inference, 121 observations would have to be replaced with cases for which the effect is 0. #> #> Impact Threshold for a Confounding Variable: #> An omitted variable would have to be correlated at 0.479 with the outcome and at 0.479 with the predictor of interest (conditioning on observed covariates) to invalidate an inference based on a threshold of 0.14 for statistical significance (alpha = 0.05). #> Correspondingly the impact of an omitted variable (as defined in Frank 2000) must be 0.479 X 0.479 = 0.229 to invalidate an inference. #>#>summary(pkonfound_output)#> Created 3 forms of output. To access type: #> #> pkonfound_output$raw_output #> pkonfound_output$thresh_plot #> pkonfound_output$corr_plotpkonfound_output$raw_output#> # A tibble: 1 x 8 #> action inference percent_bias_to… replace_null_ca… unstd_beta beta_threshhold #> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> #> 1 to_in… reject_n… 60.6 121 2 0.789 #> # … with 2 more variables: omitted_variable_corr <dbl>, itcv <dbl>pkonfound_output$thresh_plotpkonfound_output$corr_plot


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