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The Asset Pipeline
This guide covers the asset pipeline.
After reading this guide, you will know:
- What the asset pipeline is and what it does.
- How to properly organize your application assets.
- The benefits of the asset pipeline.
- How to add a pre-processor to the pipeline.
- How to package assets with a gem.
What is the Asset Pipeline?
The asset pipeline provides a framework to handle the delivery of JavaScript and CSS assets. This is done by leveraging technologies like HTTP/2 and techniques like concatenation and minification. Finally, it allows your application to be automatically combined with assets from other gems.
The asset pipeline is implemented by the importmap-rails, sprockets and sprockets-rails gems, and is enabled by default. You can disable it while creating a new application by
passing the --skip-asset-pipeline
option.
$ rails new appname --skip-asset-pipeline
NOTE: This guide is focusing on the default asset pipeline using only sprockets
for CSS and importmap-rails
for JavaScript processing. The main limitation of those two is that there is no support for transpiling so you can't use things like Babel
, Typescript
, Sass
, React JSX format
or TailwindCSS
. We encourage you to read the Alternative Libraries section if you need transpiling for your JavaScript/CSS.
Main Features
The asset pipeline's first feature is inserting a SHA256 fingerprinting into each filename so that the file is cached by the web browser and CDN. This fingerprint is automatically updated when you change the file contents, which invalidates the cache.
The second feature of the asset pipeline is to use import maps when serving JavaScript files. This lets you build modern applications using Javascript libraries made for ES modules (ESM) without the need for transpiling and bundling. In turn, this eliminates the need for Webpack, yarn, node or any other part of the JavaScript toolchain.
The third feature of the asset pipeline is to concatenate all CSS files into
one main .css
file, which is then minified or compressed.
As you'll learn later in this guide, you can customize this strategy to group
files any way you like. In production, Rails inserts a SHA256 fingerprint into
each filename so that the file is cached by the web browser. You can invalidate
the cache by altering this fingerprint, which happens automatically whenever you
change the file contents.
The fourth feature of the asset pipeline is it allows coding assets via a higher-level language for CSS.
What is Fingerprinting and Why Should I Care?
Fingerprinting is a technique that makes the name of a file dependent on the contents of the file. When the file contents change, the filename is also changed. For static or infrequently changed content, this provides an easy way to tell whether two versions of a file are identical, even across different servers or deployment dates.
When a filename is unique and based on its content, HTTP headers can be set to encourage caches everywhere (whether at CDNs, at ISPs, in networking equipment, or in web browsers) to keep their own copy of the content. When the content is updated, the fingerprint will change. This will cause the remote clients to request a new copy of the content. This is generally known as cache busting.
The technique Sprockets uses for fingerprinting is to insert a hash of the
content into the name, usually at the end. For example a CSS file global.css
global-908e25f4bf641868d8683022a5b62f54.css
This is the strategy adopted by the Rails asset pipeline.
Fingerprinting is enabled by default for both the development and production
environments. You can enable or disable it in your configuration through the
config.assets.digest
option.
What are Import Maps and Why Should I Care?
Import maps let you import JavaScript modules using logical names that map to versioned/digested files – directly from the browser. So you can build modern JavaScript applications using JavaScript libraries made for ES modules (ESM) without the need for transpiling or bundling.
With this approach, you'll ship many small JavaScript files instead of one big JavaScript file. Thanks to HTTP/2 that no longer carries a material performance penalty during the initial transport, and in fact offers substantial benefits over the long run due to better caching dynamics.
How to use Import Maps as Javascript Asset Pipeline
Import Maps are the default Javascript processor, the logic of generating import maps is handled by the importmap-rails
gem.
WARNING: Import maps are used only for Javascript files and can not be used for CSS delivery. Check the Sprockets section to learn about CSS.
You can find detailed usage instructions on the Gem homepage, but it's important to understand the basics of importmap-rails
.
How it works
Import maps are essentially a string substitution for what is referred to as "bare module specifiers". They allow you to standardize the names of JavaScript module imports.
Take for example such an import definition, it won't work without an import map:
import React from "react"
You would have to define it like this to make it work:
import React from<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Here comes the import map, we define the react
name to be pinned to the<EMAIL_ADDRESS>address. With such information our browser accepts the simplified import React from "react"
definition. Think of import map as about an alias for the library source address.
Usage
With importmap-rails
you create the importmap configuration file pinning the library path to a name:
# config/importmap.rb
pin "application"
pin "react", to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>All of the configured import maps should be attached in <head>
element of your application by adding <%= javascript_importmap_tags %>
. The javascript_importmap_tags
renders a bunch of scripts in the head
element:
- JSON with all configured import maps:
<script type="importmap">
{
"imports": {
"application": "/assets/application-39f16dc3f3....js"
"react"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>}
}
</script>
Es-module-shims
acting as polyfill ensuring support forimport maps
on older browsers:
<script src="/assets/es-module-shims.min" async="async" data-turbo-track="reload"></script>
- Entrypoint for loading JavaScript from
app/javascript/application.js
:
<script type="module">import "application"</script>
Using npm packages via JavaScript CDNs
You can use the ./bin/importmap
command that's added as part of the importmap-rails
install to pin, unpin, or update npm packages in your import map. The binstub uses JSPM.org
.
It works like so:
./bin/importmap pin react react-dom
Pinning "react" to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Pinning "react-dom" to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Pinning "object-assign" to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Pinning "scheduler" to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>./bin/importmap json
{
"imports": {
"application": "/assets/application-37f365cbecf1fa2810a8303f4b6571676fa1f9c56c248528bc14ddb857531b95.js",
"react"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"react-dom"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"object-assign"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"scheduler"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>}
}
As you can see, the two packages react and react-dom resolve to a total of four dependencies, when resolved via the jspm default.
Now you can use these in your application.js
entrypoint like you would any other module:
import React from "react"
import ReactDOM from "react-dom"
You can also designate a specific version to pin:
./bin/importmap pin<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Pinning "react" to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Pinning "object-assign" to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Or even remove pins:
./bin/importmap unpin react
Unpinning "react"
Unpinning "object-assign"
You can control the environment of the package for packages with separate "production" (the default) and "development" builds:
./bin/importmap pin react --env development
Pinning "react" to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Pinning "object-assign" to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>You can also pick an alternative, supported CDN provider when pinning, like unpkg
or jsdelivr
(jspm
is the default):
./bin/importmap pin react --from jsdelivr
Pinning "react" to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Remember, though, that if you switch a pin from one provider to another, you may have to clean up dependencies added by the first provider that isn't used by the second provider.
Run ./bin/importmap
to see all options.
Note that this command is merely a convenience wrapper to resolving logical package names to CDN URLs. You can also just lookup the CDN URLs yourself, and then pin those. For example, if you wanted to use Skypack for React, you could just add the following to config/importmap.rb
:
pin "react", to: "https://cdn.skypack.dev/react"
Preloading pinned modules
To avoid the waterfall effect where the browser has to load one file after another before it can get to the deepest nested import, importmap-rails supports modulepreload links. Pinned modules can be preloaded by appending preload: true
to the pin.
It's a good idea to preload libraries or frameworks that are used throughout your app, as this will tell the browser to download them sooner.
Example:
# config/importmap.rb
pin "@github/hotkey", to: "https://ga.jspm.io/npm<EMAIL_ADDRESS>preload: true
pin "md5", to<EMAIL_ADDRESS># app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
<%= javascript_importmap_tags %>
# will include the following link before the importmap is setup:
<link rel="modulepreload" href="https://ga.jspm.io/npm<EMAIL_ADDRESS>#...
NOTE: Refer to importmap-rails
repository for the most up-to-date documentation.
How to Use Sprockets
The naive approach to expose your application assets to the web would be to store them in
subdirectories of public
folder such as images
and stylesheets
. Doing so manually would be difficult as most of the modern web applications require the assets to be processed in specific way for eg. compressing and adding fingerprints to the assets.
Sprockets is designed to automatically preprocess your assets stored in the configured directories and after processing expose them in the public/assets
folder with fingerprinting, compression, source maps generation and other configurable features.
Assets can still be placed in the public
hierarchy. Any assets under public
will be served as static files by the application or web server when
config.public_file_server.enabled
is set to true. You must define manifest.js
directives
for files that must undergo some pre-processing before they are served.
In production, Rails precompiles these files to public/assets
by default. The
precompiled copies are then served as static assets by the web server. The files
in the app/assets
are never served directly in production.
Manifest Files and Directives
When compiling assets with Sprockets, Sprockets needs to decide which top-level targets to compile, usually application.css
and images. The top-level targets are defined in the Sprockets manifest.js
file, by default it looks like this:
//= link_tree ../images
//= link_directory ../stylesheets .css
//= link_tree ../../javascript .js
//= link_tree ../../../vendor/javascript .js
It contains directives - instructions that tell Sprockets which files to require in order to build a single CSS or JavaScript file.
This is meant to include the contents of all files found in the ./app/assets/images
directory or any subdirectories as well as any file recognized as JS directly at ./app/javascript
or ./vendor/javascript
.
It will load any CSS from the ./app/assets/stylesheets
directory (not including subdirectories). Assuming that you have application.css
and marketing.css
files in the ./app/assets/stylesheets
folder it will allow you to load those stylesheets with <%= stylesheet_link_tag "application" %>
or <%= stylesheet_link_tag "marketing" %>
from your views.
You might notice that our JavaScript files aren't loaded from the assets
directory by default, it's because ./app/javascript
is the default entry point for importmap-rails
gem and the vendor
folder is the place where downloaded JS packages would be stored.
In the manifest.js
you could also specify the link
directive to load a specific file instead of the whole directory. link
directive requires providing explicit file extension.
Sprockets load the files specified, processes them if
necessary, concatenates them into one single file, and then compresses them
(based on the value of config.assets.css_compressor
or config.assets.js_compressor
).
Compression reduces file size, enabling the browser to download the files faster.
Controller Specific Assets
When you generate a scaffold or a controller, Rails also generates a
Cascading Style Sheet file for that controller. Additionally, when generating a scaffold, Rails generates the file scaffolds.css
.
For example, if you generate a ProjectsController
, Rails will also add a new
file at app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css
. By default, these files will be
ready to use by your application immediately using the link_directory
directive in the manifest.js
file.
You can also opt to include controller-specific stylesheets files only in their respective controllers using the following:
<%= stylesheet_link_tag params[:controller] %>
When doing this, ensure you are not using the require_tree
directive in your application.css
, as that could result in your controller-specific assets being included more than once.
Asset Organization
Pipeline assets can be placed inside an application in one of three locations:
app/assets
, lib/assets
or vendor/assets
.
app/assets
is for assets that are owned by the application, such as custom images or stylesheets.app/javascript
is for your JavaScript codevendor/[assets|javascript]
is for assets that are owned by outside entities, such as CSS frameworks or Javascript libraries. Keep in mind that third-party code with references to other files also processed by the asset Pipeline (images, stylesheets, etc.), will need to be rewritten to use helpers likeasset_path
.
Other locations could by configured in the manifest.js
file, refer to the Manifest Files and Directives.
Search Paths
When a file is referenced from a manifest or a helper, Sprockets searches all of the locations specified in manifest.js
for it. You can view the search path by inspecting
Rails.application.config.assets.paths
in the Rails console.
Using Index Files as proxies for folders
Sprockets uses files named index
(with the relevant extensions) for a special
purpose.
For example, if you have a CSS library with many modules, which is stored in
lib/assets/stylesheets/library_name
, the file lib/assets/stylesheets/library_name/index.css
serves as
the manifest for all files in this library. This file could include a list of
all the required files in order, or a simple require_tree
directive.
It is also somewhat similar to the way that a file in public/library_name/index.html
can be reached by a request to /library_name
. This means that you cannot directly use an index file.
The library as a whole can be accessed in the .css
files like so:
/* ...
*= require library_name
*/
This simplifies maintenance and keeps things clean by allowing related code to be grouped before inclusion elsewhere.
Coding Links to Assets
Sprockets does not add any new methods to access your assets - you still use the
familiar stylesheet_link_tag
:
<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", media: "all" %>
If using the turbo-rails
gem, which is included by default in Rails, then
include the data-turbo-track
option which causes Turbo to check if
an asset has been updated and if so loads it into the page:
<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", "data-turbo-track": "reload" %>
In regular views you can access images in the app/assets/images
directory
like this:
<%= image_tag "rails.png" %>
Provided that the pipeline is enabled within your application (and not disabled
in the current environment context), this file is served by Sprockets. If a file
exists at public/assets/rails.png
it is served by the web server.
Alternatively, a request for a file with an SHA256 hash such as
public/assets/rails-f90d8a84c707a8dc923fca1ca1895ae8ed0a09237f6992015fef1e11be77c023.png
is treated the same way. How these hashes are generated is covered in the In
Production section later on in this guide.
Images can also be organized into subdirectories if required, and then can be accessed by specifying the directory's name in the tag:
<%= image_tag "icons/rails.png" %>
WARNING: If you're precompiling your assets (see In Production
below), linking to an asset that does not exist will raise an exception in the
calling page. This includes linking to a blank string. As such, be careful using
image_tag
and the other helpers with user-supplied data.
CSS and ERB
The asset pipeline automatically evaluates ERB. This means if you add an
erb
extension to a CSS asset (for example, application.css.erb
), then
helpers like asset_path
are available in your CSS rules:
.class { background-image: url(<%= asset_path 'image.png' %>) }
This writes the path to the particular asset being referenced. In this example,
it would make sense to have an image in one of the asset load paths, such as
app/assets/images/image.png
, which would be referenced here. If this image is
already available in public/assets
as a fingerprinted file, then that path is
referenced.
If you want to use a data URI -
a method of embedding the image data directly into the CSS file - you can use
the asset_data_uri
helper.
#logo { background: url(<%= asset_data_uri 'logo.png' %>) }
This inserts a correctly-formatted data URI into the CSS source.
Note that the closing tag cannot be of the style -%>
.
Raise an Error When an Asset is Not Found
If you are using sprockets-rails >= 3.2.0 you can configure what happens when an asset lookup is performed and nothing is found. If you turn off "asset fallback" then an error will be raised when an asset cannot be found.
config.assets.unknown_asset_fallback = false
If "asset fallback" is enabled then when an asset cannot be found the path will be output instead and no error raised. The asset fallback behavior is disabled by default.
Turning Digests Off
You can turn off digests by updating config/environments/development.rb
to
include:
config.assets.digest = false
When this option is true, digests will be generated for asset URLs.
Turning Source Maps On
You can turn on source maps by updating config/environments/development.rb
to
include:
config.assets.debug = true
When debug mode is on, Sprockets will generate a Source Map for each asset. This allows you to debug each file individually in your browser's developer tools.
Assets are compiled and cached on the first request after the server is started.
Sprockets sets a must-revalidate
Cache-Control HTTP header to reduce request
overhead on subsequent requests - on these the browser gets a 304 (Not Modified)
response.
If any of the files in the manifest change between requests, the server responds with a new compiled file.
In Production
In the production environment Sprockets uses the fingerprinting scheme outlined above. By default Rails assumes assets have been precompiled and will be served as static assets by your web server.
During the precompilation phase a SHA256 is generated from the contents of the compiled files, and inserted into the filenames as they are written to disk. These fingerprinted names are used by the Rails helpers in place of the manifest name.
For example this:
<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application" %>
generates something like this:
<link href="/assets/application-4dd5b109ee3439da54f5bdfd78a80473.css" rel="stylesheet" />
The fingerprinting behavior is controlled by the config.assets.digest
initialization option (which defaults to true
).
NOTE: Under normal circumstances the default config.assets.digest
option
should not be changed. If there are no digests in the filenames, and far-future
headers are set, remote clients will never know to refetch the files when their
content changes.
Precompiling Assets
Rails comes bundled with a command to compile the asset manifests and other files in the pipeline.
Compiled assets are written to the location specified in config.assets.prefix
.
By default, this is the /assets
directory.
You can call this command on the server during deployment to create compiled versions of your assets directly on the server. See the next section for information on compiling locally.
The command is:
$ RAILS_ENV=production rails assets:precompile
This links the folder specified in config.assets.prefix
to shared/assets
.
If you already use this shared folder you'll need to write your own deployment
command.
It is important that this folder is shared between deployments so that remotely cached pages referencing the old compiled assets still work for the life of the cached page.
NOTE. Always specify an expected compiled filename that ends with .js
or .css
.
The command also generates a .sprockets-manifest-randomhex.json
(where randomhex
is
a 16-byte random hex string) that contains a list with all your assets and their respective
fingerprints. This is used by the Rails helper methods to avoid handing the
mapping requests back to Sprockets. A typical manifest file looks like this:
{"files":{"application-<fingerprint>.js":{"logical_path":"application.js","mtime":"2016-12-23T20:12:03-05:00","size":412383,
"digest":"<fingerprint>","integrity":"sha256-<random-string>"}},
"assets":{"application.js":"application-<fingerprint>.js"}}
In your application, there will be more files and assets listed in the manifest,
<fingerprint>
and <random-string>
will also be generated.
The default location for the manifest is the root of the location specified in
config.assets.prefix
('/assets' by default).
NOTE: If there are missing precompiled files in production you will get a
Sprockets::Helpers::RailsHelper::AssetPaths::AssetNotPrecompiledError
exception indicating the name of the missing file(s).
Far-future Expires Header
Precompiled assets exist on the file system and are served directly by your web server. They do not have far-future headers by default, so to get the benefit of fingerprinting you'll have to update your server configuration to add those headers.
For Apache:
# The Expires* directives requires the Apache module
# `mod_expires` to be enabled.
<Location /assets/>
# Use of ETag is discouraged when Last-Modified is present
Header unset ETag
FileETag None
# RFC says only cache for 1 year
ExpiresActive On
ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 year"
</Location>
For NGINX:
location ~ ^/assets/ {
expires 1y;
add_header Cache-Control public;
add_header ETag "";
}
Local Precompilation
Sometimes, you may not want or be able to compile assets on the production server. For instance, you may have limited write access to your production filesystem, or you may plan to deploy frequently without making any changes to your assets.
In such cases, you can precompile assets locally — that is, add a finalized set of compiled, production-ready assets to your source code repository before pushing to production. This way, they do not need to be precompiled separately on the production server upon each deployment.
As above, you can perform this step using
$ RAILS_ENV=production rails assets:precompile
Note the following caveats:
If precompiled assets are available, they will be served — even if they no longer match the original (uncompiled) assets, even on the development server.
To ensure that the development server always compiles assets on-the-fly (and thus always reflects the most recent state of the code), the development environment must be configured to keep precompiled assets in a different location than production does. Otherwise, any assets precompiled for use in production will clobber requests for them in development (i.e., subsequent changes you make to assets will not be reflected in the browser).
You can do this by adding the following line to
config/environments/development.rb
:config.assets.prefix = "/dev-assets"
The asset precompile task in your deployment tool (e.g., Capistrano) should be disabled.
Any necessary compressors or minifiers must be available on your development system.
You can also set ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE_DUMMY"]
to trigger the use of a randomly
generated secret_key_base
that's stored in a temporary file. This is useful
when precompiling assets for production as part of a build step that otherwise
does not need access to the production secrets.
$ SECRET_KEY_BASE_DUMMY=1 bundle exec rails assets:precompile
Live Compilation
In some circumstances you may wish to use live compilation. In this mode all requests for assets in the pipeline are handled by Sprockets directly.
To enable this option set:
config.assets.compile = true
On the first request the assets are compiled and cached as outlined in Assets Cache Store, and the manifest names used in the helpers are altered to include the SHA256 hash.
Sprockets also sets the Cache-Control
HTTP header to max-age=31536000
. This
signals all caches between your server and the client browser that this content
(the file served) can be cached for 1 year. The effect of this is to reduce the
number of requests for this asset from your server; the asset has a good chance
of being in the local browser cache or some intermediate cache.
This mode uses more memory, performs more poorly than the default, and is not recommended.
CDNs
CDN stands for Content Delivery Network, they are primarily designed to cache assets all over the world so that when a browser requests the asset, a cached copy will be geographically close to that browser. If you are serving assets directly from your Rails server in production, the best practice is to use a CDN in front of your application.
A common pattern for using a CDN is to set your production application as the
"origin" server. This means when a browser requests an asset from the CDN and
there is a cache miss, it will grab the file from your server on the fly and
then cache it. For example if you are running a Rails application on
example.com
and have a CDN configured at mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com
,
then when a request is made to mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
,
the CDN will query your server once at
example.com/assets/smile.png
and cache the request. The next request to the
CDN that comes in to the same URL will hit the cached copy. When the CDN can
serve an asset directly the request never touches your Rails server. Since the
assets from a CDN are geographically closer to the browser, the request is
faster, and since your server doesn't need to spend time serving assets, it can
focus on serving application code as fast as possible.
Set up a CDN to Serve Static Assets
To set up your CDN you have to have your application running in production on
the internet at a publicly available URL, for example example.com
. Next
you'll need to sign up for a CDN service from a cloud hosting provider. When you
do this you need to configure the "origin" of the CDN to point back at your
website example.com
. Check your provider for documentation on configuring the
origin server.
The CDN you provisioned should give you a custom subdomain for your application
such as mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com
(note fictional-cdn.com is not a
valid CDN provider at the time of this writing). Now that you have configured
your CDN server, you need to tell browsers to use your CDN to grab assets
instead of your Rails server directly. You can do this by configuring Rails to
set your CDN as the asset host instead of using a relative path. To set your
asset host in Rails, you need to set config.asset_host
in
config/environments/production.rb
:
config.asset_host = 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com'
NOTE: You only need to provide the "host", this is the subdomain and root
domain, you do not need to specify a protocol or "scheme" such as http://
or
https://
. When a web page is requested, the protocol in the link to your asset
that is generated will match how the webpage is accessed by default.
You can also set this value through an environment variable to make running a staging copy of your site easier:
config.asset_host = ENV['CDN_HOST']
NOTE: You would need to set CDN_HOST
on your server to mycdnsubdomain
.fictional-cdn.com
for this to work.
Once you have configured your server and your CDN, asset paths from helpers such as:
<%= asset_path('smile.png') %>
Will be rendered as full CDN URLs like http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
(digest omitted for readability).
If the CDN has a copy of smile.png
, it will serve it to the browser, and your
server doesn't even know it was requested. If the CDN does not have a copy, it
will try to find it at the "origin" example.com/assets/smile.png
, and then store
it for future use.
If you want to serve only some assets from your CDN, you can use custom :host
option your asset helper, which overwrites value set in
config.action_controller.asset_host
.
<%= asset_path 'image.png', host: 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com' %>
Customize CDN Caching Behavior
A CDN works by caching content. If the CDN has stale or bad content, then it is hurting rather than helping your application. The purpose of this section is to describe general caching behavior of most CDNs. Your specific provider may behave slightly differently.
CDN Request Caching
While a CDN is described as being good for caching assets, it actually caches the
entire request. This includes the body of the asset as well as any headers. The
most important one being Cache-Control
, which tells the CDN (and web browsers)
how to cache contents. This means that if someone requests an asset that does
not exist, such as /assets/i-dont-exist.png
, and your Rails application returns a 404,
then your CDN will likely cache the 404 page if a valid Cache-Control
header
is present.
CDN Header Debugging
One way to check the headers are cached properly in your CDN is by using curl. You can request the headers from both your server and your CDN to verify they are the same:
$ curl -I http://www.example/assets/application-
d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Cowboy
Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:27:50 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
Last-Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT
Content-Type: text/css
Cache-Control: public, max-age=2592000
Content-Length: 126560
Via: 1.1 vegur
Versus the CDN copy:
$ curl -I http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/application-
d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Cowboy Last-
Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT Content-Type: text/css
Cache-Control:
public, max-age=2592000
Via: 1.1 vegur
Content-Length: 126560
Accept-Ranges:
bytes
Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:28:45 GMT
Via: 1.1 varnish
Age: 885814
Connection: keep-alive
X-Served-By: cache-dfw1828-DFW
X-Cache: HIT
X-Cache-Hits:
68
X-Timer: S1408912125.211638212,VS0,VE0
Check your CDN documentation for any additional information they may provide
such as X-Cache
or for any additional headers they may add.
CDNs and the Cache-Control Header
The Cache-Control
header describes how a request can be cached. When no CDN is used, a
browser will use this information to cache contents. This is very helpful for
assets that are not modified so that a browser does not need to re-download a
website's CSS or JavaScript on every request. Generally we want our Rails server
to tell our CDN (and browser) that the asset is "public". That means any cache
can store the request. Also we commonly want to set max-age
which is how long
the cache will store the object before invalidating the cache. The max-age
value is set to seconds with a maximum possible value of 31536000
, which is one
year. You can do this in your Rails application by setting
config.public_file_server.headers = {
'Cache-Control' => 'public, max-age=31536000'
}
Now when your application serves an asset in production, the CDN will store the
asset for up to a year. Since most CDNs also cache headers of the request, this
Cache-Control
will be passed along to all future browsers seeking this asset.
The browser then knows that it can store this asset for a very long time before
needing to re-request it.
CDNs and URL-based Cache Invalidation
Most CDNs will cache contents of an asset based on the complete URL. This means that a request to
http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile-123.png
Will be a completely different cache from
http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
If you want to set far future max-age
in your Cache-Control
(and you do),
then make sure when you change your assets that your cache is invalidated. For
example when changing the smiley face in an image from yellow to blue, you want
all visitors of your site to get the new blue face. When using a CDN with the
Rails asset pipeline config.assets.digest
is set to true by default so that
each asset will have a different file name when it is changed. This way you
don't have to ever manually invalidate any items in your cache. By using a
different unique asset name instead, your users get the latest asset.
Customizing the Pipeline
CSS Compression
One of the options for compressing CSS is YUI. The YUI CSS compressor provides minification.
The following line enables YUI compression, and requires the yui-compressor
gem.
config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
JavaScript Compression
Possible options for JavaScript compression are :terser
, :closure
and
:yui
. These require the use of the terser
, closure-compiler
or
yui-compressor
gems, respectively.
Take the terser
gem, for example.
This gem wraps Terser (written for
Node.js) in Ruby. It compresses your code by removing white space and comments,
shortening local variable names, and performing other micro-optimizations such
as changing if
and else
statements to ternary operators where possible.
The following line invokes terser
for JavaScript compression.
config.assets.js_compressor = :terser
NOTE: You will need an ExecJS
supported runtime in order to use terser
. If you are using macOS or
Windows you have a JavaScript runtime installed in your operating system.
NOTE: The JavaScript compression will also work for your JavaScript files when you are loading your assets through importmap-rails
or jsbundling-rails
gems.
GZipping your assets
By default, gzipped version of compiled assets will be generated, along with
the non-gzipped version of assets. Gzipped assets help reduce the transmission
of data over the wire. You can configure this by setting the gzip
flag.
config.assets.gzip = false # disable gzipped assets generation
Refer to your web server's documentation for instructions on how to serve gzipped assets.
Using Your Own Compressor
The compressor config settings for CSS and JavaScript also take any object.
This object must have a compress
method that takes a string as the sole
argument and it must return a string.
class Transformer
def compress(string)
do_something_returning_a_string(string)
end
end
To enable this, pass a new object to the config option in application.rb
:
config.assets.css_compressor = Transformer.new
Changing the assets Path
The public path that Sprockets uses by default is /assets
.
This can be changed to something else:
config.assets.prefix = "/some_other_path"
This is a handy option if you are updating an older project that didn't use the asset pipeline and already uses this path or you wish to use this path for a new resource.
X-Sendfile Headers
The X-Sendfile header is a directive to the web server to ignore the response from the application, and instead serve a specified file from disk. This option is off by default, but can be enabled if your server supports it. When enabled, this passes responsibility for serving the file to the web server, which is faster. Have a look at send_file on how to use this feature.
Apache and NGINX support this option, which can be enabled in
config/environments/production.rb
:
# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for Apache
# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for NGINX
WARNING: If you are upgrading an existing application and intend to use this
option, take care to paste this configuration option only into production.rb
and any other environments you define with production behavior (not
application.rb
).
TIP: For further details have a look at the docs of your production web server:
Assets Cache Store
By default, Sprockets caches assets in tmp/cache/assets
in development
and production environments. This can be changed as follows:
config.assets.configure do |env|
env.cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:memory_store,
{ size: 32.megabytes })
end
To disable the assets cache store:
config.assets.configure do |env|
env.cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:null_store)
end
Adding Assets to Your Gems
Assets can also come from external sources in the form of gems.
A good example of this is the jquery-rails
gem.
This gem contains an engine class which inherits from ::Rails::Engine
.
By doing this, Rails is informed that the directory for this
gem may contain assets and the app/assets
, lib/assets
and
vendor/assets
directories of this engine are added to the search path of
Sprockets.
Making Your Library or Gem a Pre-Processor
Sprockets uses Processors, Transformers, Compressors, and Exporters to extend
Sprockets functionality. Have a look at
[Extending Sprockets])
to learn more. Here we registered a preprocessor to add a comment to the end
of text/css (.css
) files.
module AddComment
def self.call(input)
{ data: input[:data] + "/* Hello From my sprockets extension */" }
end
end
Now that you have a module that modifies the input data, it's time to register it as a preprocessor for your MIME type.
Sprockets.register_preprocessor 'text/css', AddComment
Alternative Libraries
Over the years there have been multiple default approaches for handling the assets. The web evolved and we started to see more and more Javascript-heavy applications. In The Rails Doctrine we believe that The Menu Is Omakase so we focused on the default setup: Sprockets with Import Maps.
We are aware that there are no one-size-fits-it-all solutions for the various JavaScript and CSS frameworks/extensions available. There are other bundling libraries in the Rails ecosystem that should empower you in the cases where the default setup isn't enough.
jsbundling-rails
jsbundling-rails
is a Node.js dependent alternative to the importmap-rails
way of bundling JavaScript with esbuild, rollup.js, or Webpack.
The gem provides yarn build --watch
process to automatically generate output in development. For production, it automatically hooks javascript:build
task into assets:precompile
task to ensure that all your package dependencies have been installed and JavaScript has been built for all entry points.
When to use instead of importmap-rails
? If your JavaScript code depends on transpiling so if you are using Babel, TypeScript or React JSX
format then jsbundling-rails
is the correct way to go.
Webpacker/Shakapacker
Webpacker
was the default JavaScript pre-processor and bundler for Rails 5 and 6. It has now been retired. A successor called shakapacker
exists, but is not maintained by the Rails team or project.
Unlike other libraries in this list webpacker
/shakapacker
is completely independent of Sprockets and could process both JavaScript and CSS files. Read the Webpacker guide to learn more.
NOTE: Read the [Comparison with Webpacker]) document to understand the differences between jsbundling-rails
and webpacker
/shakapacker
.
cssbundling-rails
cssbundling-rails
allows bundling and processing of your CSS using Tailwind CSS, Bootstrap, Bulma, PostCSS, or Dart Sass, then delivers the CSS via the asset pipeline.
It works in a similar way to jsbundling-rails
so adds the Node.js dependency to your application with yarn build:css --watch
process to regenerate your stylesheets in development and hooks into assets:precompile
task in production.
What's the difference between Sprockets? Sprockets on their own is not able to transpile the Sass into CSS, Node.js is required to generate the .css
files from your .sass
files. Once the .css
files are generated then Sprockets
is able to deliver them to your clients.
NOTE: cssbundling-rails
relies on Node to process the CSS. The dartsass-rails
and tailwindcss-rails
gems use standalone versions of Tailwind CSS and Dart Sass, meaning no Node dependency. If you are using importmap-rails
to handle your Javascripts and dartsass-rails
or tailwindcss-rails
for CSS you could completely avoid the Node dependency resulting in a less complex solution.
dartsass-rails
If you want to use Sass
in your application, dartsass-rails
comes as a replacement for the legacy sassc-rails
gem. dartsass-rails
uses the Dart Sass
implementation in favour of deprecated in 2020 LibSass
used by sassc-rails
.
Unlike sassc-rails
the new gem is not directly integrated with Sprockets
. Please refer to the gem homepage for installation/migration instructions.
WARNING: The popular sassc-rails
gem is unmaintained since 2019.
tailwindcss-rails
tailwindcss-rails
is a wrapper gem for the standalone executable version of Tailwind CSS v3 framework. Used for new applications when --css tailwind
is provided to the rails new
command. Provides a watch
process to automatically generate Tailwind output in development. For production it hooks into assets:precompile
task.


datascience package¶
datascience.tables¶
Tables as ordered dictionaries of Numpy arrays.
-
class
datascience.tables.
Table
(columns=None, labels=None, formatter=<datascience.formats.Formatter object>)[source]¶ Bases:
collections.abc.MutableMapping
A sequence of labeled columns.
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'z'] >>> counts = [9, 3, 3, 1] >>> points = [1, 2, 2, 10] >>> t = Table([letters, counts, points], ['letter', 'count', 'points']) >>> print(t) letter | count | points a | 9 | 1 b | 3 | 2 c | 3 | 2 z | 1 | 10
-
class
Rows
(table)[source]¶ Bases:
collections.abc.Sequence
An iterable view over the rows in a table.
-
Table.
append
(row_or_table)[source]¶ Append a row or all rows of a table. An appended table must have all columns of self.
-
Table.
barh
(column_for_categories, overlay=False, **vargs)[source]¶ Plot contents as a horizontal bar chart.
-
Table.
chart_colors
= ('#001A44', '#FFC800', '#576884', '#B39C4D', '#768948', '#067BC2', '#FB5012', '#19381F', '#4C3C37')¶
-
Table.
column_labels
¶ Return a tuple of column labels.
-
Table.
columns
¶
-
Table.
default_options
= {'alpha': 0.8}¶
-
Table.
drop
(column_label_or_labels)[source]¶ Return a Table with only columns other than selected label or labels.
-
classmethod
Table.
from_records
(records)[source]¶ Create a table from a sequence of records (dicts with fixed keys).
-
classmethod
Table.
from_rows
(rows, column_labels)[source]¶ Create a table from a sequence of rows (fixed-length sequences).
-
Table.
group
(column_or_label, collect=<function Table.<lambda>>)[source]¶ Group rows by unique values in column_label, aggregating values.
collect – an optional function applied to the values for each group.
The grouped column will appear first in the result table.
-
Table.
groups
(column_labels, collect=<function Table.<lambda>>)[source]¶ Group rows by multiple columns, aggregating values.
-
Table.
index_by
(column_or_label)[source]¶ Return a dict keyed by values in a column that contains lists of rows corresponding to each value.
-
Table.
join
(column_label, other, other_label=None)[source]¶ Generate a table with the columns of self and other, containing rows for all values of a column that appear in both tables. If a join value appears more than once in self, each row will be used, but in the other table, only the first of each will be used.
If the result is empty, return None.
-
Table.
max_str_rows
= 10¶
-
Table.
num_rows
¶ Number of rows.
-
Table.
percentile
(p)[source]¶ Assumes that each column only contains one type of value.
Returns a new table with one row and the same column labels. The row contains the pth percentile of the original column, where the pth percentile of a column is the smallest value that at at least as large as the p% of numbers in the column.
>>> print(t) count | points 9 | 1 3 | 2 3 | 2 1 | 10 >>> t.percentile(67) count | points 9 | 10
-
Table.
pivot
(columns, rows, values, collect=<function Table.<lambda>>, zero=None)[source]¶ Generate a table with a column for rows (or a column for each row in rows list) and a column for each unique value in columns. Each row aggregates over the values that match both row and column.
columns, values – column labels in self rows – column label or a list of column labels collect – aggregation function over values zero – zero value for non-existent row-column combinations
-
Table.
pivot_hist
(pivot_column_label, value_column_label, overlay=False, **vargs)[source]¶ Draw histograms of each category in a column.
-
classmethod
Table.
read_table
(filepath_or_buffer, *args, **vargs)[source]¶ Read a table from a file or web address.
- filepath_or_buffer – string or file handle / StringIO; The string
- could be a URL. Valid URL schemes include http, ftp, s3, and file.
-
Table.
rows
¶ Return a view of all rows.
-
Table.
select
(column_label_or_labels)[source]¶ Return a Table with selected column or columns by label.
-
Table.
sort
(column_or_label, descending=False, distinct=False)[source]¶ Return a Table of sorted rows by the values in a column.
-
Table.
stack
(key, column_labels=None)[source]¶ Takes k original columns and returns two columns, with col. 1 of all column names and col. 2 of all associated data.
-
class
datascience.formats¶
String formatting for table entries.
-
class
datascience.formats.
CurrencyFormatter
(symbol='$', *args, **vargs)[source]¶ Bases:
datascience.formats.Formatter
Format currency and convert to float.
-
converts_values
= True¶
-
-
class
datascience.formats.
DateFormatter
(format='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f', *args, **vargs)[source]¶ Bases:
datascience.formats.Formatter
Format date & time and convert to UNIX timestamp.
-
converts_values
= True¶
-
datascience.maps¶
Draw maps using folium.
-
class
datascience.maps.
Circle
(lat, lon, popup='', color='blue', radius=10, **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
datascience.maps.Marker
A marker displayed with Folium’s circle_marker method.
popup – text that pops up when marker is clicked color – fill color radius – pixel radius of the circle
Defaults from Folium:
- fill_opacity: float, default 0.6
- Circle fill opacity
-
class
datascience.maps.
Map
(features=(), ids=(), width=960, height=500, **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
datascience.maps._FoliumWrapper
,collections.abc.Mapping
A map from IDs to features. Keyword args are forwarded to folium.
-
color
(values, ids=(), key_on='feature.id', palette='YlOrBr', **kwargs)[source]¶ Color map features by binning values.
values – a sequence of values or a table of keys and values ids – an ID for each value; if none are provided, indices are used key_on – attribute of each feature to match to ids palette – one of the following color brewer palettes:
‘BuGn’, ‘BuPu’, ‘GnBu’, ‘OrRd’, ‘PuBu’, ‘PuBuGn’, ‘PuRd’, ‘RdPu’, ‘YlGn’, ‘YlGnBu’, ‘YlOrBr’, and ‘YlOrRd’.Defaults from Folium:
- threshold_scale: list, default None
- Data range for D3 threshold scale. Defaults to the following range of quantiles: [0, 0.5, 0.75, 0.85, 0.9], rounded to the nearest order-of-magnitude integer. Ex: 270 rounds to 200, 5600 to 6000.
- fill_opacity: float, default 0.6
- Area fill opacity, range 0-1.
- line_color: string, default ‘black’
- GeoJSON geopath line color.
- line_weight: int, default 1
- GeoJSON geopath line weight.
- line_opacity: float, default 1
- GeoJSON geopath line opacity, range 0-1.
- legend_name: string, default None
- Title for data legend. If not passed, defaults to columns[1].
-
-
class
datascience.maps.
Marker
(lat, lon, popup='', color='blue', **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
datascience.maps._MapFeature
A marker displayed with Folium’s simple_marker method.
popup – text that pops up when marker is clicked color – fill color
Defaults from Folium:
- marker_icon: string, default ‘info-sign’
- icon from (http://getbootstrap.com/components/) you want on the marker
- clustered_marker: boolean, default False
- boolean of whether or not you want the marker clustered with other markers
- icon_angle: int, default 0
- angle of icon
- popup_width: int, default 300
- width of popup
-
lat_lons
¶
datascience.util¶
Utility functions
-
datascience.util.
percentile
(p, arr=None)[source]¶ Returns the pth percentile of the input array (the value that is at least as great as p% of the values in the array)
If arr is not provided, percentile returns itself curried with p
>>> percentile(67, [1, 3, 5, 9]) 9 >>> percentile(66, [1, 3, 5, 9]) 5 >>> f = percentile(66) >>> f([1, 3, 5, 9]) 5


UKPRN:12345678
Manage your funding
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Allocations
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View your allocation statement
Contracts and agreements
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Funding claims
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Things go wrong. It’s a fact that we have to embrace and learn to live with if we want to be great teachers. I’ve learned some of my most valuable teaching lessons from classes or activities melting down in front of me. Adversity is inevitable when we work with other people. We have disagreements with colleagues, students will fight for somethi... Read more 21 Aug 2012 - 3 minute read
I want to try something new. In addition to the writing I normally do, I want to give some more people a chance to publish a guest post on my blog. I get to talk to many of you through Twitter, but I also want to include other voices on a larger platform. Hopefully, this will spur more discussion and discourse on teaching and learning in connect... Read more 11 Aug 2012 - 1 minute read
NOTE: This is a cross-post of a piece I wrote for SmartBlogs. You can see the original here. Since Sal Khan’s 2011 TED Talk, the Khan Academy has been nearly synonymous with “flipped classrooms.” This is because since then, Khan Academy has been promoted by the Gates Foundation as well as major media outlets like CNN and CBS. But, what the medi... Read more 08 Aug 2012 - 4 minute read
It is believed that the average adult makes 35,000 decisions every day. There is even research that suggests that decision fatigue plagues many professionals. Not all of our choices are cognitively difficult (Do I feed the dog first, or eat my breakfast first?) but those decisions add up over time. We also have motivations playing into our decis... Read more 06 Aug 2012 - 2 minute read
On July 2nd, I wrote a short post about taking some time off for the month. Well, the month is over, I haven’t written a single article, and now I’m trying to decide what to focus on first. I’ve been thinking a lot about defining my learning spaces this year. I’ve got some ideas about creating an inviting and inspiring space for students. I hav... Read more 01 Aug 2012 - 1 minute read
I travelled 14,862 miles in June, give or take a few miles. I spoke to almost 1,000 people and I was never in a single time zone for more than five days. Now, I am back at home, sipping coffee while the dog tries to carry the new barn cat around the back yard like a puppy. My wife tells me that I need to slow down and take some time for myself…... Read more 02 Jul 2012 - 2 minute read
The Kremlin I just returned from a three-day trip to Russia. That’s right. Three days. I was asked to go and share the ideas behind the flipped classroom at a culture and book fair hosted by Strelka University in downtown Moscow. I did not have a very clear picture of who my audience would entail, but it turned out to be one of ... Read more 13 Jun 2012 - 1 minute read
I promised people that I would post pictures and/or a video on how I watched the Venus transit last night. Well, they’re ready to share. It was great to be able to watch this in real time. I was worried earlier in the afternoon because the cloud cover really picked up, but it cleared out right at six o’clock, just before the transit began at 6:... Read more 06 Jun 2012 - less than 1 minute read
Flickr CC, howzey Tuesday, June 5th and Wednesday, June 6th, we have a great opportunity to see the planet Venus travel across the face of the sun. This event is called a transit and it is significant because of the timeframe between each event. It is over 100 years between each transit, but they come in pairs eight years apart.... Read more 04 Jun 2012 - 1 minute read
I wrote an article with Aaron Sams regarding common perceptions and misconceptions surrounding the flipped classroom in an effort to move the discussion forward. You can read the article on the eSchoolNews website. Read more 01 Jun 2012 - less than 1 minute read


 Dark, satirical comedy. Science fiction parable. Costume drama. Horror. If one were to categorize Kubrick's films, these would likely be the categories some of his greatest known works would fit into. While much can gained from such a pursuit, I usually try not to categorize films excessively, but, while viewing Kubrick's final work, it occurred to me that this may be the one that would be most difficult to place in a specific genre. Kubrick is an auteur and, like all great auteurs, his work usually gains more value when viewed as part of a greater body of work. This may sound as if it is some sort of excuse to like the film more than I probably should, but it is not. Instead, I am merely trying to state that Kubrick has always had a unique style and vision. His body of work can nearly be considered as a genre unto itself-- a quality seemingly inherent to the films of many auteurs. The category Eyes Wide Shut most seems to fit into at times would be that of the psychological thriller. I often found myself comparing the film to Carol Reed's The Third Man (1949), and, but for the pacing, I think the parallels hold up well: A man who seems relatively happy with his place in the world finds that the whole basis of his security may have been faulty; he then descends into an underworld that, while always present, he was never aware of. If one considers the scene in which Holly Martins (Joseph Cotten) witnesses the results of Harry Limes' (Orson Welles) black market dealings in the hospital full of bed-ridden victims as the centerpiece of The Third Man, it really makes a nice parallel to the centerpiece orgy scene of Eyes Wide Shut. It is this voyeuristic scene in which Cruise's character, Bill Harford, begins to finally realize that he has entered a world he is not prepared to deal with. An oddity about this scene is in the simple fact that it is a centerpiece. Kubrick's films usually conclude with a scene that offers a final seductive twist or irony, but the "twist" in this film seems to be nearer the middle section. Oddly enough, considering the controversy surrounding the sexual content of the film, this may be Kubrick's most mainstream film yet-- even more so than Spartacus (1960). The conclusion of EWS is so mainstream that it really changes the entirety of the film and, in fact, because of this, perhaps one could say that it is a characteristically "twisted" Kubrick ending. The strength of the film's plotting is that it simply flows... It is much like the frequently repeated piano notes of the film's highly-recognizable, yet somewhat simplistic, score. The film begins somewhat lightheartedly [relatively speaking], then seems to crescendo up to the centerpiece scene and decrescendo to the conclusion. Just as with the most well-crafted symphonies, every moment of the dynamic change is as intense as the next-- it is not a case of peaking intensity, but of peaking dynamic. The credit for this can lie firstly with Kubrick himself. His direction is as fluid as usual, adding just the right touch to every moment, whether it be with camera angle or movement, mise-en-scene, or anything else. Secondly, the film is able to rely on great performances (apparently all those call backs for reshoots paid off). Tom Cruise may give his best performance to date, and proves that he has come a long way since his roles in such films as The Outsiders and Risky Business (both 1883). He matches and compliments the intensity of the film itself with his own intensity, often quiet. I especially liked the way he seemed to be faking sincerity every time he would assume his role as physician-- this may not have been intentional, but it worked. I must say I was surprised by how little Nicole Kidman was actually in the film, but when she was on screen, she was incredible. It may have been a smaller role than expected, but it's the best I've ever seen her. Kubrick is a man of details, and that is why his films have so often taken so long to complete. It pays off here, as it usually does. The most prominent details are the supporting cast members. Even some of the seemingly least important roles are filled with actors of apparently high prowess, making the illusion of the film seem all that more real. Beyond that, the art direction must be mentioned. The entire look of this film is composed of details upon details. New York is so realistically simulated in England that I often found myself thinking I recognized certain places. A testimony to the attention paid to details: the Village Voice newspaper dispenser below a street light in the Greenwhich Village setting. The lighting and decoration of most of the interiors suggests such decadence that it becomes quite believable that you have entered another alternate reality where orgies and over-dosed models are as ordinary as a filthy kitchen sink. All of this leads back to the story, as it should. Of course, every viewer may have their own opinion (and that is one of the charms of Kubrick), but it seemed to be the story of a man whose faith is challenged, and, through numerous brushes with danger beyond belief, is restored-- but not until he has confessed and received forgiveness (or the nearest thing to it). Basically, it is a double-jointed attempt at enforcing certain values by challenging them and, in my opinion, it is successful.
-- TyroneZero's Movies, etc. http://members.tripod.com/~TyroneZero/film.html
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Guidance
Guidance for inspecting schools under the common inspection framework, with a mythbuster document on common misconceptions.
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The handbook sets out what inspectors must do and what schools can expect, and provides guidance for inspectors on making their judgements. It describes the main activities undertaken by inspectors conducting inspections of schools in England under section 5 of the Education Act 2005. It also sets out the judgements that inspectors will make and on which they will report.
The handbook was updated in August 2016. Our latest inspection blog post outlines a summary of changes.
It is to be used in inspections under the ‘Common inspection framework: education, skills and early years’ .
The mythbuster document sets out facts about Ofsted’s requirements and dispels myths that can result in unnecessary workloads in schools.
Published: 15 June 2015
Updated: 23 August 2016
From: Ofsted


When speedwalking is on anytime you send a line of text that contains
only
movement characters (n, s, e, w, u and d) the client will send the
commands
one at a time at a speed determined by the /pace command.
Click here to return to previous page.


Click here to place a new order
This is an order for the following tier(s):
No Tier
The following rings have been removed:
The following custom items have been added:
asdf
Your sub-total is:
$10000
Date: 2015-01-24
Store Name: a45645sgdf
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First Name: dgfs
Address: dfgs
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e-mail: gsdf
How Ship:
Terms: fdgs
Notes:
Sales Rep: Charles Nielson
Sales Rep e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Your shipping costs are $50
Order Total: $10050


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Female English Names
[ Suggest
Names for this page ] [ Go to Male
English
Names ]
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- VALENTINE:
Feminine form of French Valentin,
meaning "healthy, strong." Compare with masculine Valentine.
- VALERIE:
English form of French Valérie, meaning "to
be healthy, to be strong."
- VALORIE:
Variant spelling of English Valerie, meaning "to be
healthy, to be strong."
- VANESSA: This
English name is usually chosen for its association with the butterfly genus. Its
origin remains uncertain despite the claim that it was invented by
Jonathan Swift, author of Gulliver's Travels, for his intimate friend
Esther Vanhomrigh. Supposedly he created it by combining
the first syllable of her surname, Van-, with her first name, Esther,
or the suffix -essa; but, if he created it at all, it is more likely that
he based it on the Greek name Phanessa, substituting
the "Ph" with the "V" from Esther's surname. Besides, the name
may have existed before Swift's time. Phanessa is a feminine form of Orphic Phanes,
the name of a primeval, hermaphroditic golden-winged god, meaning
"bring to light; make appear."
- VEDA
(Sanskrit:
वेद): English name derived from the name of the four sacred books of the Hindus, meaning
"knowledge; wisdom."
- VEGA:
English name derived from the Latin name of a star in the
constellation Lyra, from Arabian al-Waqi, meaning
"falling; swooping."
- VELMA:
Probably an English variant spelling of German Wilma, meaning "will-helmet."
- VENA: Short form of Middle English Alvena, meaning "elf
friend." Compare with another form of Vena.
- VERINA:
English variant spelling of Swiss/German Verena,
possibly meaning "to fear, to respect."
- VERITY:
Latin name meaning "truth, verity."
- VERNA: Feminine
form of English Vernon, meaning
"place of alder trees."
- VERONICA: Latin
form of Macedonian Greek Berenike, meaning
"bringer of victory." From an early date, it was influenced by the
Church Latin phrase veraiconia, "true image," resulting in
the invented legend of St. Veronica, who was said to have wiped Christ's
face on his way to Calvary and found an image of his face on the towel.
- VERTHANDI:
Anglicized form of Old Norse Verðandi, meaning "present."
- VI:
Short form of English Violet, meaning
"violet color" and "violet flower."
- VIANNE:
English contracted form of French Viviane, meaning
"alive; animated; lively."
- VIC:
English unisex short form of Latin Victor
"conqueror" and Victoria
"conqueror"
or "victory."
- VICKI:
Variant spelling of English Vickie, meaning
"conqueror" or "victory."
- VICKIE:
English pet form of Latin Victoria, meaning
"conqueror" or "victory."
- VICKY:
English pet form of Latin Victoria, meaning
"conqueror" or "victory."
- VICTORIA: Latin
name of uncertain derivation; it is either a feminine form of Victorius
"conqueror," or from the vocabulary word victoria, "victory." In
Roman mythology, this is the name of a goddess of victory.
- VINA:
Short form of English Davina,
meaning "beloved."
- VIOLA: Latin name
meaning "violet color" or "violet flower."
- VIOLET: English name
derived from the vocabulary word, from Latin viola, meaning "violet color" or "violet flower."
- VIRGEE:
Variant spelling of English Virgie, meaning "maiden, virgin."
- VIRGIE: English
pet form of Latin Virginia, meaning
"maiden, virgin."
- VIRGINIA: Feminine
form of Roman Latin Virginius, meaning "maiden,
virgin."
- VIVIAN:
English form of French Viviane, meaning
"alive; animated; lively." In Arthurian legend, this is the name
of the Lady of the Lake.
- VIVIEN:
Variant spelling of English Vivian, meaning
"alive; animated; lively." Compare with masculine Vivien.
- VIVYAN:
Variant spelling of English Vivian,
meaning "alive, animated, lively."
- VONDA:
Perhaps an English variant form of German Wanda
or Italian Vanda, both meaning
"a Wend; a wanderer," a term used to
refer to migrant Slavs in the sixth century.
- VONNIE:
Pet form of English Evonne, meaning
"yew tree."
-
WANDA: Probably a feminine form of German
Wendel, meaning
"a Wend; a wanderer," a term used to
refer to migrant Slavs in the sixth century.
- WENDA:
Variant form of English Wendy, meaning "friend."
- WENDI:
Variant spelling of English Wendy, meaning "friend."
- WENDY:
From the name of a J. M. Barrie character, derived from a pet name, fwendy,
meaning "friend."
- WENONA:
English variant spelling of Native American Dakota Winona, meaning "firstborn
daughter."
- WENONAH:
Variant spelling of English Wenona, meaning "firstborn
daughter."
- WHITNEY: English
habitational surname transferred to unisex forename use, from the name of various
places derived from the Middle English phrase atten whiten ey ("by the white
island"), hence "white island."
- WILDA:
- German surname transferred to forename
use, meaning "wild."
- Old English name meaning "willow
tree."
- WILFREDA: Feminine form of Middle English Wilfred,
meaning "desires peace." Compare with another form of Wilfreda.
- WILLA:
Feminine form of English Will, meaning
"will-helmet."
- WILLOW:
English name derived from the tree name, "willow."
- WILMA: Feminine form of English William,
meaning "will-helmet." Compare with another form of Wilma.
- WIN:
Short form of English Winfred and Winifred,
both meaning "holy reconciliation," and other names beginning with
Win-.
- WINIFRED: Anglicized
form of Welsh Gwenfrewi, meaning
"holy reconciliation."
- WINNIE:
Pet form of English
Winifred, meaning "holy reconciliation."
- WINONA:
Native American Dakota name meaning
"firstborn daughter."
- WINTER:
English name derived from the season name, "winter." The word may derive from Proto-Indo-European *wind-,
meaning "white."
- WISDOM: English
unisex name derived from the vocabulary word, meaning simply "wisdom."
- WREN: English name
derived from the vocabulary word for the bird, wren, from Old English wrenna,
meaning simply
"wren." In many other languages, the name of this bird denotes
"royalty."
- WYNNE:
Elaborated form of English Win, meaning "holy
reconciliation." Compare with masculine Wynne.
- WYNONNA:
English variant spelling of Native American Dakota Winona, meaning
"firstborn daughter."
- WYNTER:
Variant spelling of English Winter, meaning "winter."
- XARA:
English name of uncertain origin, possibly a form of Arabic Zara, meaning
"blooming flower."
- XENA
(Ξένα): Feminine form of
Greek Xenon, meaning "foreigner; stranger."
-
XYLIA:
English name derived from the Greek word xylon, meaning "forest-dweller."
-
XYLINA:
Elaborated form of
English Xylia, meaning
"forest-dweller."
- YANNIC:
Unisex pet form of Breton Yann,
meaning "God is gracious."
- YANNICK:
Variant spelling of Breton unisex Yannic, meaning "God is gracious."
- YIESHA:
English variant form of Arabic Aisha,
meaning "alive."
- YIESHAH:
English variant form of Arabic Aisha,
meaning "alive."
- YOLANDA: English
form of French Yolande, meaning "violet
flower."
- YOLONDA:
Variant spelling of English Yolanda, meaning "violet
flower."
- YVETTE: Feminine form of French
Yves,
meaning "yew tree."
- YVONNE: Feminine form of French
Yvon, meaning "yew tree."
- ZANDRA:
English short form of Latin Alexandra, meaning
"defender of mankind."
- ZAVANNA:
Variant spelling of English Zavannah, meaning "savannah."
- ZAVANNAH:
Variant spelling of English Savannah,
meaning "savannah."
- ZELDA
(Yiddish:
זֶעלְדֶע):
- Short form of German Griselda,
meaning "gray
battle maid."
- Yiddish form of German Salida,
meaning
"happiness, joy."
- ZELIA:
English name of Latin origin, meaning "zealous."
- ZELLA:
Variant spelling of
English Zelia, meaning "zealous."
- ZELMA:
English variant spelling of German Selma,
meaning "divine helmet."
- ZERUIAH:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Tseruwyah, meaning
"balsam" or "cleft." In the bible, this is the name
of a daughter of Jesse.
- ZIBA:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Tsiyba,
meaning "a plant." In the bible, this is the name of a servant of Saul.
- ZIBIA:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Tsibya,
meaning "a female gazelle." In the bible, this is the name of a
Benjamite.
- ZIBIAH:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Tsibyah, meaning "a
female gazelle." In the bible, this is the name of the
mother of King Joash.
- ZILLA:
Variant spelling of English Zillah, meaning
"shade, shadow."
- ZILLAH:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Tsillah, meaning "shade, shadow." In
the bible, this is the name of Lamech's second
wife.
- ZINNIA: English
name derived from the flower name, "zinnia."
- ZIPPORAH:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Tsipporah,
meaning "bird." In the bible, this is the name of the wife of Moses.
- ZOE
(Ζωή): Greek name meaning "life."
- ZOEY:
English form of Greek Zoe,
meaning "life."
- ZOIE:
Variant spelling of English Zoey,
meaning "life."
- ZOWIE:
Variant spelling of English Zoey, meaning "life."
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19 ]
[ 20
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A-Z
Baby Names
|
|
Girl Names
A,
B, C,
D, E,
F, G,
H, I,
J, K,
L, M,
N, O,
P, Q,
R, S,
T, U,
V, W,
X, Y,
Z
Boy
Names
A,
B, C,
D, E,
F, G,
H, I,
J, K,
L, M,
N, O,
P, Q,
R, S,
T, U,
V, W,
X, Y,
Z
|
|
|
***
|
|
Pet
Names
Names for your pets. Grouped by species.
Naming Tips &
Quips
|
| Miscellany |
|
New Page 1
|
|
| *** |
New Page 1
|
Games
have been removed. 20kWeb is being converted into an
Etymology site. |
|
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@@include('./partials/head.html', { "title": "Sandbox Environment", "description": "A local environment to help you build, test, and develop web apps." })


This project was created in the University of Tartu during the MTAT.03.238 Advanced Algorithmics fall 2015 course in the Institute of Computer Science by @TonisPool. I wanted to create a web visualization of the Ant Colony Optimisation algorithm. At the time, there were a couple of ACO visualisations out there, but none that I could find that ran in the browser, which makes running the visualisation much easier. Hopefully this helps people in understanding the algorithm and exploration of what happens with different variable configurations. You can read more about ACO from the algorithm page.
The code is hosted on GitHub - https://github.com/poolik/visual-aco - and the poster that gives an overview of the project is here.
The project uses the two.js for drawing the elements and AngularJS with Bootstrap for the rest of the webapp. For implementing the actual Ant System algorithm some ideas were borrowed from here and here.


Class: RuboCop::Cop::Performance::ConstantRegexp
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
AutoCorrector,
Base
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
Base
|
|
| Inherits: |
Base
|
| Defined in: | lib/rubocop/cop/performance/constant_regexp.rb |
Overview
Finds regular expressions with dynamic components that are all constants.
Ruby allocates a new Regexp object every time it executes a code containing such
a regular expression. It is more efficient to extract it into a constant,
memoize it, or add an /o
option to perform #{}
interpolation only once and
reuse that Regexp object.
Constant Summary
-
MSG =
# File 'lib/rubocop/cop/performance/constant_regexp.rb', line 39'Extract this regexp into a constant, memoize it, or append an `/o` option to its options.'
Class Method Summary
Instance Method Summary
Class Method Details
.autocorrect_incompatible_with
[ GitHub ]# File 'lib/rubocop/cop/performance/constant_regexp.rb', line 41
def self.autocorrect_incompatible_with [RegexpMatch] end
Instance Method Details
#include_interpolated_const?(node) ⇒ Boolean
(private)
# File 'lib/rubocop/cop/performance/constant_regexp.rb', line 64
def include_interpolated_const?(node) return false unless node.interpolation? node.each_child_node(:begin).all? do |begin_node| inner_node = begin_node.children.first inner_node && (inner_node.const_type? || regexp_escape?(inner_node)) end end
#on_regexp(node)
[ GitHub ]# File 'lib/rubocop/cop/performance/constant_regexp.rb', line 45
def on_regexp(node) return if within_allowed_assignment?(node) || !include_interpolated_const?(node) || node.single_interpolation? add_offense(node) do |corrector| corrector.insert_after(node, 'o') end end
#within_allowed_assignment?(node) ⇒ Boolean
(private)
# File 'lib/rubocop/cop/performance/constant_regexp.rb', line 55
def within_allowed_assignment?(node) node.each_ancestor(:casgn, :or_asgn).any? end


Wrapper Page Mods
Bored of the original video list? Need some spice in Wrapper: Offline? Get these mods!
Colorful Video List Header
for Wrapper: Offline v1.2.2
by RealUsername
Shop For Mods button
Not Working!!!
by TotallyNormal/killercaillou657
Slightly Edited v1.2.2 Video List Port!
for Wrapper: Offline v1.1.2
by Alex Director
Comedy World
Shirts
Adam Star Shirt
by JackTheVyonder2006
Plumber Shirt Without Dirt
by Alex Director
Colorable Custom Shirt
by davidb60061™
Adam Lab Coat
by AntiTrooperProductions UTTP
Awful Caillou Shirt
by creepyjokes
Pants
Boris and Caillou Pants
by KennyAnimate
Props and Accessories
Xbox Series X Prop
by TotallyNormal/killercaillou657
Peedy Parrot Prop Asset
by Chinese Scout
Among Us Mask
by GoTube
Characters
Lil' Peepz
Back
Tabby Cat Tail
by JackTheVyonder2006
Wubbzy's Tail
by JackTheVyonder2006


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3.7. Authorization
Presto can be configured to enable authorization support for HTTP endpoints to allow system administrators to control access to different HTTP endpoints in Presto.
Role Based Access Control
Every HTTP endpoint in Presto is secured by a set of roles and can only be accessed by identities that belong to one of those roles. There are three roles defined in Presto:
user
: Users who should have access to external endpoints like those needed to launch queries, check status, get output data and provides data for UI.internal
: Internal components of Presto (like coordinator and worker) which will have access to endpoints like launching tasks on workers and fetching exchange data from another worker.admin
: System administrators who will have access to internal service endpoints like those to get node status.
Enabling Authorization
The following steps need to be taken in order to enable authorization:
Enable Authentication
Presto authorization requires authentication to get the accessor’s principal, so make sure you have authentication enabled.
If TLS/SSL is configured properly, we can just use the certificate to identify the accessor.
http-server.authentication.type=CERTIFICATEIt is also possible to specify other authentication types such as
KERBEROS
,PASSWORD
andJWT
. Additional configuration may be needed.node.internal-address=<authentication type>
Configure Authorizer
To enable authorization, the interface
com.facebook.airlift.http.server.Authorizer
must be implemented and bound.
It performs the actual authorization check based on the principal of incoming
request and the allowed roles of endpoint being requested.
You can either use the preset ConfigurationBasedAuthorizer
or implement
your own.
Configuration-based Authorizer
This plugin allows you to turn on authorization support by specifying a mapping from roles to a regex for matching identities. Use the following steps to start using Configuration-based authorizer:
Create a role to identity regex mapping and store it in a file.
user=.* internal=coordinator admin=su.*
Specify the path to the mapping file in
config.properties
file:configuration-based-authorizer.role-regex-map.file-path=<path to mapping file>
Install the Guice module
com.facebook.airlift.http.server.ConfigurationBasedAuthorizerModule
.
Configure Authorization Settings
Authorization settings is configured in the config.properties
file. The
authorization on the worker and coordinator nodes are configured using the same
set of properties.
The following is an example of the properties that need to be added to the
config.properties
file:
http-server.authorization.enabled=true
http-server.authorization.default-policy=ALLOW
http-server.authorization.default-allowed-roles=USER,ADMIN
http-server.authorization.allow-unsecured-requests=false
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
http-server.authorization.enabled |
Enable authorization for the Presto.
Should be set to true . Default value is
false . |
http-server.authorization.default-policy |
The default authorization policy applies to endpoints
without allowed roles specified. Can be set to
ALLOW , DENY and DEFAULT_ROLES . |
http-server.authorization.default-allowed-roles |
The roles allowed to access the endpoints without
explicitly specified when default-policy is set to
DEFAULT_ROLES . |
http-server.authorization.allow-unsecured-requests |
Skip authorization check for unsecured requests.
Default value is false . |
Warning
http-server.authorization.allow-unsecured-requests
is provided as a way to
transition from HTTP to HTTPS with authorization and is a security hole
since it allows unauthenticated requests to skip authorization checks. Only
enable during the transition period and disable this setting once you have
completed migrated to using HTTPS.


--- layout: post title: 8 Azure Preview Features You Should Look At date: 2014-12-29 04:03:06.000000000 -05:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: - Azure tags: - Azure Media - Azure Monitoring - Azure SQL - Azure Storage - Azure Stream Analytics meta: _edit_last: '1' dsq_thread_id: '3368884422' _jetpack_related_posts_cache: a:1:{s:32:"8f6677c9d6b0f903e98ad32ec61f8deb";a:2:{s:7:"expires";i:1457439469;s:7:"payload";a:3:{i:0;a:1:{s:2:"id";i:2045;}i:1;a:1:{s:2:"id";i:2135;}i:2;a:1:{s:2:"id";i:248;}}}} author: login: adminian email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: adminian first_name: '' last_name: '' ---
Azure… There is plenty to keep up with, just dealing with the features that have been released. With that in mind, have you enabled the preview features? Take a minute and go to your subscription account portal and have a look… https://account.windowsazure.com/PreviewFeatures
Have an application or parts of an application that does processor intensive work? Hand it off to Azure Batch. Basically it pushes your code to a designated amount of VMs and processes the task in parallel.
Exactly what it sounds like… It logs events to an Azure Storage account. What are some of these events you might ask?  For a complete reference see the Audit Log Format Reference DOCX.
Need to monitor a lot of machines? This is what Operational Insights is good at… Install an agent. It talks to Azure Operational Insights web service running in … well Azure. There is a portal where you can create all kinds of great looking dashboards and reports.
 You can with PlayReady. This is a token issuing service that allows a player to decrypt your video content. You should check this out if you’re doing anything with video… all the cool kids are using it, and it’s in my wheel house. Shoot me an email if you’d like to discuss more.
| Premium Storage Disk Type | P10 | P20 | P30 |
| Disk size | 128 GB | 512 GB | 1024 GB (1 TB) |
| IOPS per disk | 500 | 2300 | 5000 |
| Throughput per disk | 100 MB | 150 MB | 200 MB |
5000 IOPS per disk!..
Real time data analytics allows you to analyze patterns in data streams or historical data before storing the events. Think… the backend to your IoT strategy. Not a lot of companies are thinking about their IoT strategy yet… but at Microsoft we are. This is why Gartner and other think-tanks are putting so much weight on data sciences in the coming future. You have been warned.
For this you’ll run some PowerShell to create a file share in an Azure Storage account. VMs can then mount these as a network shares or you can access the share using the REST API, much like blob storage. Pretty sweet feature… one I’m using right now!
If you’re the account administrator for your subscription, you can set an alert when you spend “X” amount of dollars. Not quite a billing API, but I configured a few alerts to let me know when I’ve spent different amounts of money.


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...and the selected country code will be updated here
Submit


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{{.ErrorMessage}}
{{if .ShowPromo}} {{end}} {{else}}Welcome to BAN Search
Instructions
Syntax
- You can search using the Scryfall-bot notation
name[|code[|number]]
. - You can filter by edition using the Scryfall notation
s:CODE
- You can filter by collector number using the Scryfall notation
cn:NUMBER
- You can filter by condition with
c:COND
, acceptingNM
,SP
,MP
,HP
, andPO
. - You can filter by foil with
f:VALUE
, acceptingtrue
, orfalse
The same can be achieved by adding a*
, or&
at the end of the query. - You can change the search mode with
sm:VALUE
, acceptingexact
(default),prefix
, orany
- Normally a card is searched with an exact strategy, you will get only cards with exactly the same name as searched.
For exampleVesuva
will return the card named Vesuva and no other Vesuvan counterpart. - If you search in prefix mode, you will get all the cards with the name starting with what you searched.
For example"Dragonlord"
will return all the cards starting with "Dragonlord". - If you search in in any mode, you will get all the cards containing any of the text present in card names.
For example*Draco*
will return the card named Draco and all the cards that have "draco" in their names. - Filtering by edition, collector number, and condition supports specifying multiple values, separated by a comma ",".
- You can filter by seller/vendor name with
vndr:shorthand
.
- You can search using the Scryfall-bot notation
- Data is refreshed periodically over the day.
- Entries are formatted as card name (foil status) - edition (collector #).
- The percentage found in buylist offers is the price ratio, the higher it is, the more a vendor is looking to purchase that card.
- This percentage is available only if the seller is selling copies of the same card at the same conditions.
- Inventory prices refer to the stated conditions (and their accuracy depends on the data provider).
- Buylist prices are always referring to NM conditions.
- TCG Low is a special value referring to TCG algorithms that may differ from quantity and quality of listings.
- In case of mistakes or incongruities, please notify the devs in the BAN Discord.
- Should you find this content useful, consider clicking on one of the provided links to make a purchase on the website, and directly support BAN.
{{if .HasReserved}}
* = Part of the Reserved List{{end}} {{if .HasStocks}}• = On MTGStocks Interests page{{end}} |
{{$firstImg := ""}}
{{if eq $firstImg ""}}
{{$firstImg = "https://c1.scryfall.com/file/scryfall-card-backs/large/0a/0aeebaf5-8c7d-4636-9e82-8c27447861f7.jpg"}}
{{end}}
{{end}}
{{end}}
Sellers |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Conditions: {{$conditions}} | ||||||
| {{.ScraperName}} {{if ne $conditions "INDEX"}} {{.Country}} {{end}} | $ {{printf "%.2f" .Price}} | {{if .IndexCombined}}/ | $ {{printf "%.2f" .Secondary}} | {{else}}{{if .ShowDirect}} {{else if not .NoQuantity}} {{.Quantity}} {{end}} | {{end}}||
{{.InfoMessage}} |
Buyers |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| {{.ScraperName}} {{.Country}} | $ {{printf "%.2f" .Price}} | {{if ne .Ratio 0.0}}{{printf "%.2f" .Ratio}} %{{end}} | {{if ne .Quantity 0}}{{.Quantity}}{{end}} | |||
{{.InfoMessage}} |


Make soup kitchen management easier by using the world's most accessible and intuitive soup kitchen management software. I'll Serve Soup is built to be used by people of all technical skill levels, without compromising on features.
The hassles of taking inventory, reading emails, and dealing with endless paperwork. Large donations can be bittersweet, as you stay up all night cataloging. And without a proper recordkeeping system, it's near impossible to trust anyone but yourself to do it all.
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I'll Serve Soup makes life as easy as possible because your mission is important, and you need software that gets you to your goals faster.


Hubble Fellowship 2013 to 2016 Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship 2009 to 2010 Russell Penrose Fellowship 2004 to 2006