Lamia Matriarch
Lamia
Land Lamprey
Leech Swarm
Leech, Giant
Leng Spider
Leprechaun
Leucrotta
Lich
Lizard, Chameleon
Lizard, Common
Lizard, Giant Gecko
Lizard, Monitor
Lizardfolk
Locathah
Locust Swarm
Lycanthrope, Werebear
Lycanthrope, Wereboar
Lycanthrope, Wererat
Lycanthrope, Weretiger
Lycanthrope, Werewolf


2009-2010 UC Santa Cruz Foundation Annual Report
Downloads
- Report on Philanthropy, with more stories of giving (pdf)
A Message from the President
Gary Novack, Ph.D
Following a year of daunting economic challenges for our state and the University of California, I'm proud to be able to share some good news for philanthropy at UC Santa Cruz in 2009-10.
Both individual and institutional donors demonstrated remarkable generosity and commitment. The size of an average gift to UCSC rose 11.1 percent. Gifts from individuals increased by more than 20 percent.
The Foundation itself also had a successful year: 10 new endowments were established, doubling the five established a year ago. And, gifts and pledges to all Foundation endowments rose more than 39 percent.
The support of more than 12,000 individuals and institutions helped UCSC fulfill its mission as a stellar research university offering unparalleled educational opportunities to students. As a result, the campus continues to expand both its reach and impact.
Forty-five years after admitting its first students, UCSC's unbridled promise is closer than ever to being realized. I invite you to continue on the journey with us.
Sincerely,
Gary Novack, Ph.D.
President, UC Santa Cruz Foundation
Faculty and Staff support is critical to our success
By the numbers
UCSC donors rallied to support the campus in 2009-10. Your contribution made a difference to the students and faculty.


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Gian Paneda
Welcome to my portfolio ☻
I’m Gian, a product designer based in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Most recently, I worked at Carbon Health on the Growth and Web Team.
Before Carbon Health, I worked at Presence, where I designed improvements to the core platform and introduced user research and testing to the design process.
Before Presence, I worked at Carta, where I designed equity-related features for public and private companies.
Learn more about me ⟶


WHEN:
May 2018 - July 2019
WHAT:
Independent Studies in Computer Science
WHERE:
University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
TOOLS:
- Javascript
- Node.js
- D3.js
- JsPsych
- Express.js
- EJS
- Git
- HTML/CSS
This project involves modernizing the
Visual Cognition Lab's existing Java codebase to utilize modern web frameworks. The old codebase has suffered from a lack of software maintenance and documentation updates, which have led to many researchers having to "hack" a version of the codebase to suit their needs, resulting in a proliferation of bugs and poor extensibility.
To develop the new web application, we are employing a mixed methods design with a qualitative approach to understand the existing technologies available to us, in which we are documenting the strengths and limitations at each step/iteration.
Special thanks to Prof. Ronald Rensink, Madison Elliott, and all the other VCL members!
The Challenge:
Design the new framework in such a way so that it is easy to learn, use and extend by other researchers, who may not necessarily have any formal programming experience, but must implement new visual experiments.
May 2018
Literature Review &
Information Gathering
Performed a literature review on potential web frameworks used in other vision science labs. Potential tools considered included JsPsych, D3.js, PsychoPy, E-Prime, MATLAB.
Interviewed other members of the lab about their experiences with the current codebase, and how they were implementing new experiments. Many researchers were "hacking" the code to fit their needs, making the codebase buggy.
June - July 2018
Proof of Concept Experiments
Narrowed potential frameworks to JsPsych for experimental control flow and D3.js for visualization, with Node.js for backend. Implemented POCs to assess feasibility of migrating two of their foundational experiments, JND (Just
Noticeable Difference) and Stevens.
August 2018
Piloting
POCs were piloted by researchers in the lab to ensure that behavior and output was expected, and equivalent to that produced by the current Java framework.
Any unexpected visual and data output was identified.
Issues were logged and some bug-fixing work was done.
September - October 2018
Literature Review &
Specification Planning
Performed literature review on end-user programming methods and software development for scientific software. Considering viability of HCI-centric approach.
Outlined specifications for the codebase migration. Analyzed structure of different forms of visual experiments in the original codebase, and validated understanding of the experimental methodology by interviewing researchers.
November 2018
Informal Exploratory Study
Before commencing formal development of the new codebase with members of the team, there was a need to validate whether additional development effort is needed to make the JsPsych framework more accessible for non-computer science majors.
Usability of the JsPsych framework was assessed through an informal exploratory study. In pairs, members of the research team implemented new visual experiments (visual search and numerosity) solely using Javascript, JsPsych and HTML/CSS, and were therefore separate from the Node application. We wanted to isolate JsPsych as much as possibile to assess its usability from an end-user programmer perspective.
Feedback suggests that JsPsych is easy to use, and greatly facilitates setting up the experimental structure. What was difficult is that JsPsych does not provide any stimuli-generation functionality, so without using D3.js, visualization had to be handled by custom HTML/CSS and additional helper scripts. This therefore strengthened the need to use D3.js to support the data visualization component.
>> Github to the Visual Experiments <<
December 2018
Running Numerosity & Visual Search
These two experiments (which were developed as part of the exploratory study) were piloted to ensure correct behavior and data output.
I designed the UI to facilitate easy testing and customizability, especially for trial number, as we needed to estimate how many sub-conditions could be run given 1 hour of a participant's time.
After piloting, these tasks were run on actual participants, and the data collected were used in a VSS abstract submission.
January - March 2019
Restructuring
At this point in time, the application was stable enough to perform some restructuring to the architecture. This refactoring involved: (a) modularizing components, such as graphing, balancing, and instructions of an experiment, and (b) creating a config system that allowed for proper documentation and input of any experimental and graphical properties.
April 2019
Dynamic Documentation
One of the greatest issues from the previous codebase was that over time, researchers and developers alike failed to update documentation. I implemented a system in which the documentation is dynamic - what this means is that in order to create a new experiment or condition, the individual must update configuration files along the way, which help the system create and render the experiment. However, these config files ALSO are used to extract necessary information for the documentation.
Essentially, this system allows users to update the docs WITHOUT having the need to actually touch the documentation code at all!
Conclusions:
This project really opened my eyes to central issues faced by any research lab that relies on programming to implement experiments. Due to the evolving nature of research, it is difficult for researchers to produce concrete specifications, while some do not have sufficient programming experience to code their experiments from scratch.
I implemented this framework in the hopes that the researchers of VCL, whether new or experienced in programming, could easily implement new conditions and experiments. This project truly made me appreciate how programmers are "users", and that HCI methodology must certainly be utilized to improve the developer experiences.


Introduction to pytest¶
Code should always be tested. For pure development, tests are set up to check bugs and make sure that the software has the correct functionality. For scientific applications, we can also add tests to verify that the model outputs match the theoretical values.
The process of testing involves writing functions in specific ways and specific locations and then running special programs on those test modules. The testing programs will collect the number of failures and return a failure report upon completion.
There are two main testing packages: unittest
, which is built into the
Python library, and pytest
, which is a third-party package. The decision of
which of these packages is superior to the other is hotly contested.
Personally, I prefer pytest because I think the tests are easier to understand
for inexperienced programmers. I also like a lot of its functionality, though I
don’t know how much of that functionality is duplicated in unittest.
The default behavior for pytest is to iterate through a selected test
directory and to collect all modules titled test_*.py
. In each of those
modules, it collects and executes all the functions titled test_*
.
This default collection behavior can be overwritten by specifying a special
configuration file. And this is how I get pytest to also test my examples. To
be specific, I create a setup.cfg
file that tells pytest to also collect
modules titled example*.py
and functions titled example_*
. The
command to test my examples is then as follows:
pytest examples/
The last configuration that I really like is a plugin for pytest called
pytest-cov
, where “cov” stands for “coverage”. This plugin allows pytest to
produce a report of what percent of your package is covered by your tests:
pytest --cov=<package_name> <test_directory>
Unfortunately, due to the way the commands are structured, you cannot check the examples and check coverage at the same time. This means you need to call pytest twice, once for examples and once for your tests. But if you set up CI, then all this means is one more line in your CI configuration file. :)


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“Little Menagerie” is a virtual reality experience that explores the concept of world building, literally. The player acts as a god-like entity looking down upon a small environment and has the ability to both create and destroy as they please. To further emphasize this point, the setting is themed around papercraft. Everything in the world is styled towards a light, cutesy tone and designed with a low-poly aesthetic in line with folded paper. Buildings, trees, as well as the people, are all heavily inspired by paper folding crafts, even to the point of their fragility. If the player interacts with any of the objects too roughly, they would crumple or flatten.
Alessia Ianni-Palarchio (Unity Programming, Documentation, Troubleshooting)
Caroline Poon (Music, Sound effects)
Jade Wu (3D modelling, Level design)
Luke Garwood (Unity programming, Troubleshooting)
Sunny Ho (3D modelling)


Code + goodies used in Prof. Baines' STA 250 Course (UC Davis, Fall 2013)
The course is organized around the following key topics:
To cover these topics, the course will be broken into four modules: (i) Bayesian Inference and Computation, (ii) Statistics with "Big Data", (iii) Optimization and the EM Algorithm, and, (iv) Efficient Computing: Parallelization and GPUs.
The course is designed to equip students with the basic skills required to tackle challenging problems at the forefront of modern statistical applications. For statistics PhD students, there are many rich research topics in these areas. For masters students, and PhD students from other fields, the course is intended to cultivate practical skills that are required of the modern statistician/data scientst, and can be used in your own field of research or future career.
Before we get into the fun stuff, the first few classes will serve as a "boot camp" to make sure everyone has the mathematical and programming background to tackle the challenges later in the course. We will also use the first few weeks to become familiar with some of the key datasets that we will use throughout the course.
Please complete the pre-course survey!
Grading for the course will be broken down with the following weighting:
There is no final exam for the course.
Please note that since the topics for the course are taken from a variety of different areas, there will
be no single textbook for the class. Below are a list of useful references. It is not required that
you purchase any of these books, and they will primarily serve as additional references
for material presented in class.
Bayesian Data Analysis (2nd Edition), Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., and Rubin, D. B.,
Chapman \& Hall/CRC Texts in Statistical Science (2003) \
Available at http://www.amazon.com/Bayesian-Analysis-Chapman-Statistical-Science/dp/158488388X.
and other online retailers. We will be focusing on material in Chapters 2, 3, 6 and 11.
Monte Carlo Statistical Methods (2nd Edition), Robert, C.P. and Casella, G., Springer (2004).
Available at http://www.amazon.com/Monte-Statistical-Methods-Springer-Statistics/dp/0387212396.
We wil be focusing on material in Chapters 3, 5, 6 and 12.
A First Course in Bayesian Statistical Methods, Hoff, P. D., Springer (2009)
The full text of this book is available in electronic form via the UC Davis library
for free. To access the full text as a pdf:
https://vpn.lib.ucdavis.edu/content/m28q35/,DanaInfo=www.springerlink.com+#section=59276&page=11&locus=51
and login with your UC Davis username and Kerberos password.
Hard copies are available from:
http://www.amazon.com/Bayesian-Statistical-Methods-Springer-Statistics/dp/0387922997
and other online retailers.
The Python
tutorial at: http://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/
For some R
references see: http://heather.cs.ucdavis.edu/r.html. For beginners interested
in learning R
you may want to start with http://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Paradis-rdebuts_en.pdf
| Lecture | Date | Topic | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Mon 30th Sep: | Course Overview, Demos | |
| 02 | Wed 2nd Oct: | Boot Camp -- Basics, R, Python | |
| 03 | Mon 7th Oct: | Boot Camp -- Gauss, Linux, Stats | |
| 04 | Wed 9th Oct: | Bayes I -- Introduction to Bayes | Homework 0 Due |
| 05 | Mon 14th Oct: | Bayes II -- MCMC/Bayesian Computing | |
| 06 | Wed 16th Oct: | Bayes III -- Inference/Model Checking | |
| 07 | Mon 21st Oct: | Bayes IV -- Applications/Extras | |
| 08 | Wed 23rd Oct: | Big Data I -- Types of "Big" Data | |
| 09 | Mon 28th Oct: | Big Data II -- "Big" data strategies | Homework 1 Due |
| 10 | Wed 30th Oct: | Big Data III -- "Big" data computation | |
| 11 | Mon 4th Nov: | Big Data IV -- Applications/Extras | |
| 12 | Wed 6th Nov: | EM I -- Introduction to EM | |
| -- | Mon 11th Nov: | NO CLASS -- VETERANS DAY | |
| 13 | Wed 13th Nov: | EM II -- Variations on EM | Homework 2 Due |
| 14 | Mon 18th Nov: | EM III -- Parametrization, Convergence | |
| 15 | Wed 20th Nov: | EM IV -- Efficient algorithms | |
| 16 | Mon 25th Nov: | GPUs I -- Overview of GPUs | Homework 3 Due |
| 17 | Wed 27th Nov: | GPUs II -- Programming GPUs | |
| 18 | Mon 2nd Dec: | GPUs III -- High-level GPU interfaces | |
| 19 | Wed 4th Dec: | GPUs IV -- Applications/extras | |
| -- | Fri 6th Dec: | Homework 4 Due | |
| -- | Mon 9th Dec: | Final Project Due |
The basic outline for homeworks is below. All due dates are subject to change.
Each homework will be followed by a "code-swapping" assignment, whereby each student will be
assigned to write a short critique of the homework code submitted by another student in the
course. The plan is for R
users to critique Python
code, and Python
users to critiqueR
so that students are exposed to different programming models.
and, last, but by no means least:
LaTeX
and Markdown
. Other formats that can be converted to .pdf
such as .docx
, .txt.
etc., can be used when taking notes in class, but these must be converted into either LaTeX or Markdown prior to submission. Scanned versions of handwritten notes are not permitted as these cannot be edited by othertex
/md
them later). With the anticipated course enrollment it is expected that each student will only need to take notes once during the quarter. Lecture notes will be available to all students.Below are very basic project descriptions to provide you a flavor of what to expect. Full final project descriptions and datasets will be provided later in the course. All final projects require a written report, and possibly an oral presentation.
Students are also welcome to submit their own proposals for final projects. This can be
especially useful for PhD students with specific problems that they would like to address using
the tools learned in class.
Bayesian Project This project will allow you the opportunity to apply your newly acquired knowledge of Bayesian statistics and computational strategies to a complex model for real-world data (provided by the instructor). You will be required to demonstrate that you are able to effectively solve the problem using simulation results, and also to draw conclusions based on real data.
Big Data Project This project will extend some of the skills developed in the "Big" data module. It will involve a computationally challenging analysis of a "big" dataset: including model development, refinement, verification and application.
EM Project Throughout the course you will be introduced to the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, and many more sophisticated extensions of it. This final project will require you to derive several of these algorithms for a specific statistical model. Once derived, your job will be to implement the algorithms and run simulations to compare competing performance. The final report will detail your algorithms, explain any implementation decisions made, and summarize your findings.
GPU Project In the fourth and final module of the course you will be introduced to Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and how they can be used for statistical computation. Using the tools you have learned in class, this final project will require you to implement a statistical analysis that makes use of the power of the GPU. You will be required to implement, debug, test, optimize and evaluate your code.


public class PcapPacket extends JPacket
PcapPacket
class is
designed to work with pcap library. It can not be used to create a new packet
from an external memory buffer that only contains packet data, such as
preparing a packet to be sent from a network interface. You can use
JMemoryPacket
to create an in memory packet from scratch.
PcapPackets need a PcapHeader which is provided by libpcap at the time the
packet was captured. Also the PcapPacket contains decoded state information
which can be used to query the packet for its contents using friendly java
API and compile-time type-safety. JPacket.hasHeader(int id):boolean
- id is the numerical
protocol ID assigned to each header type by JRegistry. The accessor returns a
boolean true or false if the header exists within the packet.
JPacket.getHeader(<? extends JHeader> header): <? extends JHeader>
- an accessor that retrieves a specific instance of a header. A user supplied
instance of a protocol header is used, initialized to point at the
appropriate memory location within the data buffer, where the protocol
header's state and contents reside.
JPacket.hasHeader(<<? extends JHeader> header): boolean
-
a convenience accessor that combines hasHeader and getHeader methods into
one. If the header is found within the packet, boolean true is returned and
at the same time the user supplied instance of the header is initialized to
pointer at the header. Otherwise false is returned.
Here is an example of how to use an accessor form a PcapPacketHandler:
public void nextPacket(PcapPacket packet, Object user) { if (packet.hasHeader(Ethernet.ID)) { Ethernet eth = packet.getHeader(new Ethernet()); System.out.printf("ethernet.type=%X\n", eth.type()); } }Or more conveniently, combine hasHeader and getHeader in a single call
private Ethernet eth = new Ethernet(); // Preallocate our ethernet header private Ip4 ip = new Ip4(); // Preallocat IP version 4 header public void nextPacket(PcapPacket packet, Object user) { if (packet.hasHeader(eth)) { System.out.printf("ethernet.type=%X\n", eth.type()); } if (packet.hasHeader(ip)) { System.out.println("ip.version=%d\n", ip.version()); } }
private Ip4 ip = new Ip4(); // Preallocat IP version 4 header private Ip4.Timestamp timestamp = new Ip4.Timestamp(); // Optional header public void nextPacket(PcapPacket packet, Object user) { if (packet.hasHeader(ip) && ip.hasSubHeader(timestamp)) { System.out.println("ip.version=%d\n", ip.version); System.out.println("timestamp optional header length=%d\n", timstamp.length()); }A couple of points about the sub header example. Notice that we preallocated a Timestamp header, which is defined from within Ip4 class itself, but is a separate class on its own none the less. Next we first check if Ip4 header is present at all in the packet, peer it if exists (combined hasHeader and getHeader accessor method) and as a second step we check with the Ip4 header if it has an optional header using
ip.hasSubHeader(timestamp)
.
If the method returns true, it also peers the sub header timestamp with the
appropriate packet data buffer where the optional header resides.
JPacket packet = // From out handler TextFormatter out = new TextFormatter(System.out); out.format(packet); // Send pretty output to stdout // Or save time System.out.println(packet.toString()); // Use internal TextFormatter
Each part of the packet is managed independently, that is either part can be initialized or not. Either part can point to any memory location, including a large single buffer of contigues bytes that contains all 3 parts, header, state and packet data. There are various methods supplied by PcapPacket that allow an external buffer to be peered with all 3 parts of the packet. There are also many methods for transfering (deep copy) the data to and from buffers.
All of these components are stored in native memory in native C structures
that are peered with the packet API classes. The classes, managed by
JMemory
class are referencing native memory locations. Any
native method that is called upon in the PcapPacket class or its base
classes, will perform those operations on the peered structure and data.
These temporary packets are only suitable for immediate use. That is if the packets are processed immediately when received and then discarded, they do not need to be preserved. If a packet is to be put on a queue and for later processing, the packet needs to preserve its state. That requires a physical copy of all 3 components of the packet to a new memory location. The most efficient way to store the new packet is to allocate a memory buffer large enough to hold all of the packets state and data out of a JMemoryPool. The JPacket provides a default singleton memory pool out of which all packets allocate memory out of for the required space.
PcapPacket.transferTo
methods that perform deep copies
of the packet. For efficiency reasons, each transferTo method are designed to
copy data into a memory buffer of larger size. The packet state and data are
copied to the buffer with the following layout within the buffer:
+----------+-----+----+ |PcapHeader|State|Data| +----------+-----+----+
The buffer to which this copy takes place can be an external buffer or an internally allocated one by the packet class itself. As stated before, packet's use an interal singleton memory pool to allocate memory out of more efficiently. This memory allocates large native memory blocks which are then sub divided further and given out by the memory pool on a per request basis. All the copies are done natively by low level native copy routines, not in java space for maximum performace.
The easiest way to copy packet contents as received, for example, from
PcapPacketHandler
, is to pass the temporary packet to the
PcapPacket constructor which will automatically allocate new space for the
packet state and data and perform a deep copy. The new packet immediately
becomes usable and is permanently stored in memory with its state and data,
until garbage collected. Here is an example of a PcapPacketHandler that
copies the temporary packet to new permanent one:
pulic void nextPacket(PcapPacket packet, Queue<PcapPacket> queue) { PcapPacket permanent = new PcapPacket(packet); queue.offer(permanent); }
Alternative is to reused another packet and transfer the temporary packets
state and data to it or create a new unitiatialized packet with
new PcapPacket(JMemory.Type.POINTER)
constructor and
subsequently perform PcapPacket.transferTo(PcapPacket)
call to
copy the contents. In the first case where an existing packet is being
reused, if that packet already contains a large enough memory buffer to hold
the state and data of the temporary packet, that buffer is reused. Otherwise
a new buffer is allocated out of the default memory pool. Here is an exmaple:
*
final PcapPacket permanent = new PcapPacket(Type.POINTER); pulic void nextPacket(PcapPacket packet, Queue<PcapPacket> queue) { permanent.transferStateAndData(packet); // Or packet.transferTo(permanent); }In either case, any existing buffer previously allocated in the permanent packet if its big enough to hold the state and data of the packet, is reused, saving time on memory allocation. You can also manually allocate a large buffer and reuse a packet:
final PcapPacket permanent = new PcapPacket(64 * 1024); // Preallocate 64K pulic void nextPacket(PcapPacket packet, Queue<PcapPacket> queue) { permanent.transferStateAndData(packet); // Or packet.transferTo(permanent); }In this example, the packet buffer will always be large enough and resused. But still this is a semi permanentn state.
Yet another alternative is to store the contents of the packet in an external buffer such as ByteBuffer, JBuffer or simply a byte[] and then at an appropriate time, transfer the data back or peer the external buffer with a packet object. Only the byte[] buffer type and ByteBuffer backed by a byte array, can not be peered directly with a packet as only buffer sources that are native memory based can be peered. All external buffer types can be copied back into a packet, if peering is not required. New memory space is allocated for the copy. Here is an example:
pulic void nextPacket(PcapPacket packet, Queue<PcapPacket> queue) { JBuffer jbuf = new JBuffer(packet.getTotalSize()); packet.transferTo(jbuf); // Or ByteBuffer bbuf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(packet.getTotalSize()); packet.transferTo(bbuf); // Or byte[] babuf = new byte[packet.getTotalSize())]; packet.transferTo(babuf); }In all 3 cases, complete the packet's state and data buffer are copied to external buffer.
JMemory
class prevents buffer overrun attacks and any access to
memory that has not been allocated. a direct reference. Here is an example:
pulic void nextPacket(PcapPacket packet, Queue<PcapPacket> queue) { JBuffer jbuf = new JBuffer(packet.getTotalSize()); packet.transferTo(jbuf); // Or ByteBuffer bbuf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(packet.getTotalSize()); packet.transferTo(bbuf); // Or byte[] babuf = new byte[packet.getTotalSize())]; packet.transferTo(babuf); PcapPacket p1 = new PcapPacket(jbuf); // Deep copy PcapPacket p2 = new PcapPacket(Type.POINTER); // Uninitialized bbuf.flip(); // Have to flip the buffer to access the just written contents p2.peer(bbuf); // No copies, peered directly with external buffer PcapPacket p3 = new PcapPacket(Type.POINTER); // Uninitialized p3.transferStateAndData(babuf); // Deep copy - byte[] buffers can not be peered PcapPacket p4 = new PcapPacket(Type.POINTER); // Uninitialized p4.peer(p3); // both point at same internal memory space }The above example demonstrates 3 different ways that data from an external buffer can be either copied or peered with a new packet object. In all cases the data and state were transfered from the temporary packet received by the handler to a more permenant buffer and then packet. An interesting scenerio occures with packet p4. Lets take a closer look.
First, p3 is created unitialized, meaning that packet header, state and data are null pointers at this time, they don't point to anything and any accessor method used will immediately throw a NullPointerException. Second, the byte[] external buffer is copied into newly allocate memory space by p3. The packet is intiailized to pointer at its internal buffer for the header, state and packet data. Then we create p4, also unitialized and in the following step we peer p4 to p3. That is p4 points at the exact same memory location for packet's header, state and data. No new memory was allocated and changing the contents in either packet, p3 or p4, will have immediate effect on the other packet. Another words, both p3 and p4 are peered to the same internal memory space.
JMemoryPool
JPacket.State
JMemory.Type
| ���������� | �ֶκ�˵�� |
|---|---|
private PcapHeader
|
header
The header.
|
private static int |
STATE_SIZE
The Constant STATE_SIZE.
|
DEFAULT_STATE_HEADER_COUNT,
defaultScanner,
memory, pool, state
JNETPCAP_LIBRARY_NAME,
MAX_DIRECT_MEMORY_DEFAULT,
POINTER
| ��������˵�� |
|---|
PcapPacket(byte[] buffer)
Copies contents of the buffer to new packet.
|
PcapPacket(java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer)
Copies contents of the buffer to new packet.
|
PcapPacket(int size)
Allocates a memory buffer large enough to hold atleast size bytes
of data
and the decoded packet state.
|
PcapPacket(int size,
int headerCount)
Allocates memory for packet data and certain amount of state and
headers.
|
PcapPacket(JBuffer buffer)
Copies contents of the buffer to new packet.
|
PcapPacket(JMemory.Type type)
Special type of instantiation that allows an empty packet to be
peered, or
in C terms its a packet pointer with no actual memory allocated.
|
PcapPacket(JPacket src)
Does a deep copy of the source packet into newly allocated native
memory
location.
|
PcapPacket(PcapHeader header,
java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer)
Allocates memory for new packet and copies both the header and
packet
buffer to newly allocated memory.
|
PcapPacket(PcapHeader header,
JBuffer buffer)
Allocates memory for new packet and copies both the header and
packet
buffer to newly allocated memory.
|
PcapPacket(PcapPacket src)
Does a deep copy of the source packet into newly allocated native
memory
location.
|
| ���������� | ������˵�� |
|---|---|
PcapHeader |
getCaptureHeader()
Retrieves the PcapHeader, capture header provided by libpcap.
|
int |
getTotalSize()
Gets the total size of the packet including pcap header, decoded
state and
data buffer.
|
private static void |
initIds()
JNI Ids.
|
int |
peer(PcapHeader header,
JBuffer buffer)
Peer.
|
int |
peerAndScan(int dlt,
PcapHeader header,
JBuffer buffer)
Peer and scan.
|
int |
peerHeaderAndData(JBuffer buffer)
Peers both header and data to buffer.
|
int |
peerHeaderAndData(PcapHeader header,
java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer)
Peer header and data.
|
int |
peerHeaderAndData(PcapHeader header,
JBuffer buffer)
Peer header and data.
|
int |
peerStateAndData(java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer)
Peers the contents of the buffer directly with this packet.
|
int |
peerStateAndData(JBuffer buffer)
Peers the contents of the buffer directly with this packet.
|
private int |
peerStateAndData(JBuffer memory,
int offset)
Peer state and data.
|
int |
transferHeaderAndDataFrom(PcapHeader header,
java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer)
Copies contents of header and packet buffer to a single newly
allocated
buffer.
|
int |
transferHeaderAndDataFrom(PcapHeader header,
JBuffer buffer)
Copies contents of header and packet buffer to a single newly
allocated
buffer.
|
private int |
transferHeaderAndDataFrom0(PcapHeader header,
java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer)
Transfer header and data from0.
|
private int |
transferHeaderAndDataFrom0(PcapHeader header,
JBuffer buffer)
Transfer header and data from0.
|
int |
transferStateAndDataFrom(byte[] buffer)
Copies contents of the buffer to new packet.
|
int |
transferStateAndDataFrom(java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer)
Copies contents of the buffer to new packet.
|
int |
transferStateAndDataFrom(JBuffer buffer)
Copies contents of the buffer to new packet.
|
int |
transferStateAndDataFrom(PcapPacket packet)
Deep copy of the supplied packet to this packet.
|
int |
transferStateAndDataTo(byte[] buffer)
Copies contents of this packet to buffer.
|
int |
transferStateAndDataTo(java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer)
Copies contents of this packet to buffer.
|
int |
transferStateAndDataTo(JBuffer buffer)
Copies contents of this packet to buffer.
|
int |
transferStateAndDataTo(JBuffer buffer,
int offset)
Copies contents of this packet to buffer.
|
int |
transferStateAndDataTo(PcapPacket packet)
Deep copy of the this packet to the supplied packet.
|
allocate, filterByType,
getAllocatedMemorySize,
getDefaultHeaderPool,
getDefaultScanner,
getFlowKey, getFlowKey,
getFormatter,
getFrameNumber,
getHeader, getHeader,
getHeaderByIndex,
getHeaderCount,
getHeaderIdByIndex,
getHeaderInstanceCount,
getMemoryBuffer,
getMemoryBuffer,
getMemoryBuffer,
getMemoryBuffer,
getMemoryPool,
getPacketWirelen,
getScanner, getState, hasAllHeaders,
hasAnyHeader,
hasHeader, hasHeader,
hasHeader, hasHeader,
iterator, iterator,
recalculateAllChecksums,
remaining, remaining,
scan, setDefaultHeaderPool,
setFormatter,
setMemoryPool,
shutdown, toHexdump,
toString
findUTF8String,
getByte, getByteArray,
getByteArray,
getByteArray,
getDouble, getFloat, getInt, getLong, getShort, getUByte, getUInt, getUShort,
getUTF8Char,
getUTF8String,
getUTF8String,
getUTF8String,
getUTF8String,
isReadonly, order, order,
peer,
peer,
peer,
peer,
setByte, setByteArray,
setByteBuffer,
setDouble,
setFloat,
setInt, setLong,
setShort,
setShort0,
setUByte, setUInt,
setUShort,
transferFrom,
transferFrom,
transferFrom,
transferTo,
transferTo,
transferTo
availableDirectMemory,
check, cleanup, createReference,
isInitialized,
isJMemoryBasedOwner,
isOwner, maxDirectMemory,
peer,
reservedDirectMemory,
setSize, size, softDirectMemory,
toDebugString,
toHexdump,
totalActiveAllocated,
totalAllocateCalls,
totalAllocated,
totalAllocatedSegments0To255Bytes,
totalAllocatedSegments256OrAbove,
totalDeAllocateCalls,
totalDeAllocated,
transferFrom,
transferFrom,
transferFromDirect,
transferOwnership,
transferTo,
transferTo,
transferTo,
transferTo,
transferTo,
transferTo0
private static final int STATE_SIZE
private final PcapHeader header
public PcapPacket(byte[] buffer)
Supplied buffer layout expected:
+----------+-----+----+ |PcapHeader|State|Data| +----------+-----+----+
buffer
- buffer containing capture header, packet state and data
buffer
sequentially in the buffer
public PcapPacket(java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer)
Supplied buffer layout expected:
+----------+-----+----+ |PcapHeader|State|Data| +----------+-----+----+
buffer
- buffer containing capture header, packet state and data
buffer
sequentially in the buffer
public PcapPacket(int size)
size
- amount of memory to allocate to hold packet datapublic PcapPacket(int size, int headerCount)
size
- number of bytes for packet dataheaderCount
- maximum number of header to allocate space forpublic PcapPacket(JBuffer buffer)
Supplied buffer layout expected:
+----------+-----+----+ |PcapHeader|State|Data| +----------+-----+----+
buffer
- buffer containing capture header, packet state and data
buffer
sequentially in the buffer
public PcapPacket(JPacket src)
src
- source packetpublic PcapPacket(PcapHeader header, java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer)
header
- capture headerbuffer
- packet data bufferpublic PcapPacket(PcapHeader header, JBuffer buffer)
header
- capture headerbuffer
- packet data bufferpublic PcapPacket(PcapPacket src)
src
- source packetpublic PcapPacket(JMemory.Type type)
type
- state of the object to createprivate static void initIds()
public PcapHeader getCaptureHeader()
getCaptureHeader
������ JPacket
public int getTotalSize()
getTotalSize
������ JPacket
public int peerHeaderAndData(JBuffer buffer)
buffer
- the bufferpublic int peer(PcapHeader header, JBuffer buffer)
header
- the headerbuffer
- the bufferpublic int peerAndScan(int dlt, PcapHeader header, JBuffer buffer)
dlt
- the dltheader
- the headerbuffer
- the bufferpublic int peerHeaderAndData(PcapHeader header, java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer) throws PeeringException
header
- the headerbuffer
- the bufferPeeringException
- the
peering exception
public int peerHeaderAndData(PcapHeader header, JBuffer buffer)
header
- the headerbuffer
- the bufferpublic int peerStateAndData(java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer) throws PeeringException
Supplied buffer layout expected:
+----------+-----+----+ |PcapHeader|State|Data| +----------+-----+----+
buffer
- Buffer containing packet header, state and data. Position
property
specifies that start within the buffer where to peer the first
byte.
PeeringException
- thrown
if ByteBuffer is not direct byte buffer type
public int peerStateAndData(JBuffer buffer)
Supplied buffer layout expected:
+----------+-----+----+ |PcapHeader|State|Data| +----------+-----+----+
buffer
- buffer containing packet header, state and dataprivate int peerStateAndData(JBuffer memory, int offset)
memory
- the memoryoffset
- the offsetpublic int transferHeaderAndDataFrom(PcapHeader header, java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer)
header
- source headerbuffer
- source packet data bufferprivate int transferHeaderAndDataFrom0(PcapHeader header, java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer)
header
- the headerbuffer
- the bufferpublic int transferHeaderAndDataFrom(PcapHeader header, JBuffer buffer)
header
- source headerbuffer
- source packet data bufferprivate int transferHeaderAndDataFrom0(PcapHeader header, JBuffer buffer)
header
- the headerbuffer
- the bufferpublic int transferStateAndDataFrom(byte[] buffer)
Supplied buffer layout expected:
+----------+-----+----+ |PcapHeader|State|Data| +----------+-----+----+
buffer
- buffer containing capture header, packet state and data
buffer
sequentially in the buffer
public int transferStateAndDataFrom(java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer)
Supplied buffer layout expected:
+----------+-----+----+ |PcapHeader|State|Data| +----------+-----+----+
buffer
- Buffer containing capture header, packet state and data
buffer
sequentially in the buffer. Current buffer position points at the
start of pcap header.
public int transferStateAndDataFrom(JBuffer buffer)
Supplied buffer layout expected:
+----------+-----+----+ |PcapHeader|State|Data| +----------+-----+----+
buffer
- buffer containing capture header, packet state and data
buffer
sequentially in the buffer
public int transferStateAndDataFrom(PcapPacket packet)
packet
- source packet from which to copy frompublic int transferStateAndDataTo(byte[] buffer)
buffer
- buffer containing capture header, packet state and data
buffer
sequentially in the buffer
getTotalSize()
.
If the buffer is
too small and a runtime exception may be thrown.
The buffer layout will look like the following:
+----------+-----+----+ |PcapHeader|State|Data| +----------+-----+----+
public int transferStateAndDataTo(java.nio.ByteBuffer buffer)
buffer
- buffer containing capture header, packet state and data
buffer
sequentially in the buffer
getTotalSize()
.
If the buffer is
too small and a runtime exception may be thrown.
The buffer layout will look like the following:
+----------+-----+----+ |PcapHeader|State|Data| +----------+-----+----+
public int transferStateAndDataTo(JBuffer buffer)
buffer
- buffer containing capture header, packet state and data
buffer
sequentially in the buffer
getTotalSize()
.
If the buffer is
too small and a runtime exception may be thrown.
The buffer layout will look like the following:
+----------+-----+----+ |PcapHeader|State|Data| +----------+-----+----+
public int transferStateAndDataTo(JBuffer buffer, int offset)
buffer
- buffer containing capture header, packet state and data
buffer
sequentially in the buffer
offset
- the offsetgetTotalSize()
.
If the buffer is
too small and a runtime exception may be thrown.
The buffer layout will look like the following:
+----------+-----+----+ |PcapHeader|State|Data| +----------+-----+----+
public int transferStateAndDataTo(PcapPacket packet)
packet
- destination packet to which to copy header, state and
packet data


Here are described differents ways of usage for this plugin, you can read and adapt them to your website's requeriments. Below are described all options with details.
You can create as many menus as you want in the same page, and you can place them at the right or left side. When creating more than one menu, you need to name them. As it is shown in the example, if you don't create the menu div container, the plugin will create it for you.


The first fully-online Taming the BEAST workshop was held last week! An enormous thank you to each and every one of the speakers, tutors and participants for your efforts in overcomming the special challenges of the online format. This was a very unique, enjoyable and productive event!


Java Garbage Collector Log
Have you ever read a Java garbage collector log? It's awful. It looks something like this: ... [1930612.981s][info][safepoint ] Entering safepoint region: Cleanup [1930612.982s][info][safepoint ] Leaving safepoint region [1930612.982s][info][safepoint ] Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0013979 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0 …


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Learn about our service and what we do.
Our mission is to aid the aviation industry in its relentless journey to become safer, better, and enhance the customer experience, one flight simulation at a time.
At Flightdeck we build sophisticated flight training devices along with all the components that go into them. We help major airlines and thousands of pilots worldwide to excel at their jobs. A common passion for aviation keeps us motivated, and we are immensely proud to contribute towards the highest standards of safety and quality training within the industry.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %}
BlogFrog is the coolest new blogging site, but you already knew that. Now it's time to dive right in!


I just got down from a trip. Everything is really strange because I feel normal but I also remember the extreme fear I felt a few hours before.
Lets start from the begining.
I just woke up. 8:40AM. Yesterday i had a nice easy trip and today I decided to go for more. Yesterday i did only 1.5 grams.
I take a shower, eat a small breakfast and then take a walk in preparation for the trip. I walk for about 20 minutes. I talk to myself about people and how I'm looking forward to this trip. Im doing all this by myself. I've had experience with weed and light mushroom trips before.
At 1:00PM I take the shrooms. I go out and walk to the beach. It's a sunny day and as I get there the shrooms hit me slowly. Things get slightly briter, more colorful. I sit and lay down in the sand. The sand feels like freedom to me. I love it. The sun, everything felt great. I knew I had to get back so I started walking back. It seemed like it took the life of the universe to cross a block.
I finally got home. I thought I had been out for a long time but the clock said about 3:00PM. It didnt make sense to me because i knew it takes at least half an our to get to the beach. I felt like I was at the beach for hours. I started feeling a tingling in my stomach but i told myself that it was the shrooms.
I wandered around the house and enjoyed the visuals. I went outside. After I went into my room. I put on ambient music and layed down. I started feeling like I was an insane person. I felt like I was in a weird wonderland.
Progressivly it got worse. I started feeling as if my room was floating in a void. I felt like I was the only person and I got anxious. I felt like I was in a dream world that I couldn't escape. I couldn't remember anything. I didnt know why this was happening. I then felt as if this had been going on all my life. I felt I was born insane. I looked at the time and it said 3:30PM. That really freaked me out because for and hour, at least, I had been all over the house. I then looked again and it was 4:00PM. I got really freaked. I looked in the mirror and saw myself but it was also like it was this evil me. It started talking to me but I had this schizophrenic feeling that my good side was talking to my bad side.
I wanted to leave the room but I couldnt bring myself to get to the door. I then felt as if my body was being controlled. I had no control. But, I didnt move. I felt as if my body rejected me for being me. I was helpless. I wanted to cry, scream, do anything to make me feel like I was in reality. I was trying to see reality. Wonderland had become my reality and I couldnt leave it.
I eventually got out of the room and went downstairs. I saw my parents and talked to them. We then went to dinner. This whole time I was still in wonderland. Everyone was insane. When we got to the restraunt and sat down suddenly the trip stopped. I blinked and everthing was normal. It flickered like that a couple times and eventually was over.
I dont know what happened. It was all good through the day but once I got into my room which isn't that small I lost it. I really want to try shrooms again because I want to face the fear again if it happens. That probably sound really strange but I believe in facing problems.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


Enterprise Application Development - Java, Node.js
C#, ASP.NET MVC, Entity Framework, .NET Technology
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The game detects the default camera hardware on startup. Players control the aircrafts by moving the rectangular box drawn on the live video capture. The app detects motions and moves the box accordingly. This is achievable using the OpenCV library. Written in C++ by the author.
Close ProjectAngry Tanks is a two-player, competitive game that is played in real-time. The objective of the game is to reduce the enemy tank’s HP to zero before they can do the same to you. This is achievable by hitting your enemy with bullets. Using the controls, players must move, aim and shoot around the randomly generated terrain and gain an advantage over enemies by getting better position.
A team of 3 undergraduates designed and programmed this JavaFX application. The author was responsible for design pattern, terrain generation, objects movement and game's logic.
Close ProjectMapKit is an Android app developed by a team of 3 RMIT students. The app allows a user to create his own account. Any customization of the map (bookmarking places, icons) will be saved. The app also has a live chat mode to ask for direction. Technology used: Firebase Platform, Google Maps API, Android SDK.
Close ProjectAn iOS app that scrapes data from V-League, processes and displays info to the user.
Close ProjectEnterprise Grade Student Management Application. Administrators can add courses, classes, students, teachers, faculties, grades, etc... Students can visit the site to see their classes and results.
Click here to visit. To login as an admin, use admin/Abc-123. To login as a student, use student/Abc-123.
Close ProjectLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Mollitia neque assumenda ipsam nihil, molestias magnam, recusandae quos quis inventore quisquam velit asperiores, vitae? Reprehenderit soluta, eos quod consequuntur itaque. Nam.
Close Project


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: "[原创]解决Parallels Desktop剪贴板共享问题" author: Leask author_login: leask author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>author_url: https://leaskh.com wordpress_id: 162 wordpress_url: http://leaskh.wordpress.com/2009/05/25/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e8%a7%a3%e5%86%b3parallels-desktop%e5%89%aa%e8%b4%b4%e6%9d%bf%e5%85%b1%e4%ba%ab%e9%97%ae%e9%a2%98 date: '2009-05-25 05:59:39 +0800' date_gmt: '2009-05-25 05:59:39 +0800' categories: tags: [] comments: [] ---


public class agents.EconomyAgent
extends java.lang.Object
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
agents.EconomyAgent() |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
createBuildingOfType(bwapi.Game game,
bwapi.Player self,
bwapi.UnitType type)
Builds a building of type in a suitable position
|
void |
createBuildingOfTypeWithAnchor(bwapi.Game game,
bwapi.Player self,
bwapi.UnitType type,
bwapi.Unit anchor,
int maxDistance)
Builds a building of type in a suitable position determined by the anchor and maxDistance
|
void |
expandPopulationCapacity(bwapi.Player self,
bwapi.Game game)
If player is Zerg morph a larva into an overlord.
|
void |
gatherMinerals(bwapi.Game game,
bwapi.Unit worker)
Sends a worker to gather minerals that are closest to it
|
void |
gatherMinerals(bwapi.Game game,
bwapi.Unit worker,
bwapi.Unit base)
Sends a worker to get the closest mineral to the specified base
|
public void gatherMinerals(bwapi.Game game, bwapi.Unit worker, bwapi.Unit base)
game
- Game value created on game startworker
- Unit to send to gather mineralsbase
- Base to gather minerals nearpublic void gatherMinerals(bwapi.Game game, bwapi.Unit worker)
game
- Game value created on game startworker
- Unit to send to gather mineralspublic void expandPopulationCapacity(bwapi.Player self, bwapi.Game game)
self
- Player assigned to the botgame
- Game value created on game startpublic void createBuildingOfType(bwapi.Game game, bwapi.Player self, bwapi.UnitType type)
game
- Game value created on game startself
- Player assigned to the bottype
- Building to be createdpublic void createBuildingOfTypeWithAnchor(bwapi.Game game, bwapi.Player self, bwapi.UnitType type, bwapi.Unit anchor, int maxDistance)
game
- Game value created on game startself
- Player assigned to the bottype
- Building to be createdanchor
- Unit that serves as the anchor for the build positionmaxDistance
- maximum distance that building can be built from the anchor


Less is a CSS pre-processor, meaning that it extends the CSS language, adding features that allow variables, mixins, functions and many other techniques that allow you to make CSS that is more maintainable, themable and extendable.
Less runs inside Node, in the browser and inside Rhino. There are also many 3rd party tools that allow you to compile your files and watch for changes.
AbsoluteAdmin uses Less to perform many theme optimizations and performance improvements. By using Less you unlock the themes true framework power. You can modify header and sidebar options, create new color schemes, or disable plugins and resources in the blink of an eye.
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| Website: | http://lesscss.org/# |
| Documentation: | http://lesscss.org/features/ |
| Git Branch: | https://github.com/less/less.js |
As previously mentioned Less is a css pre-processor, which means that the data needs to be compiled prior to use. There are many advanced ways to do this. However, for the purpose of this tutorial we are going to use the Windows based GUI compiler WinLESS. This will allow even those who have never used Less to get up and started quickly.
| GUI Compiler | Website | Operating System |
|---|---|---|
| WinLess: | https://github.com/marklagendijk/WinLess | Windows |
| LESS.app: | http://incident57.com/less | OSx |
| Plessc: | https://github.com/Mte90/Plessc | Linux |
| More Info: | http://lesscss.org/usage/#guis-for-less | Mixed |
.less
files are automatically detected and recompiled into theme.css
. If you do not see a confirmation message please check that the setting in "Step 3" has been turned on.AbsoluteAdmin uses a Child-Theme based file methodology to organize and structure its files. Many individuals with experience in Wordpress or Drupal may already be familiar with this system. This type of organization focuses on creating a "Parent" or "Base" theme which is responsible for creating nearly every element found in the framework. A "Child" theme is then created which inheritants these Parent base styles.
By using this system the user can make theme edits and changes without ever modifying the themes core, a task solely reserved for the themes author. This ensures theme stability and most importantly seperates the authors work from yours.
Author Updates - Theme Core/"Parent Theme"
User Updates - Child Theme(default-skin) or any other you create
The "default_skin" is a premade Child-Theme we have provided to get you started. It applies all of its own settings, colors, and options to the elements it pulls from the Parent Theme. Creating a new unique theme without ever directly modifying the themes core.
theme/assets/skins/default_skin/less/
- theme.less
- theme-base.less
- theme-settings.less
- theme-variables.less
| Directory File | File Overview |
|---|---|
| theme.less | Themes Master Less file. Pulls in all options and resources required for the entire theme and outputs a single theme.css file. This is the only file which needs to be compiled. |
| theme-base.less | Responsible for taking set variables and using them to create all of the themes UI elements. Including the grid, buttons, tabs, etc. It handles nearly everything except colors, plugins, and general theme settings. |
| theme-settings.less | File is responsible for determining what skins are activiated, what plugins are used, and what external resources are pulled. Its primary role is to help quickly reduce the bloat added from unwanted features or skins. |
| theme-variables.less | This file sets variables which determine the appearance of nearly all theme elements. While theme-base.less creates the elements, it's this file which determines what color, size, and shape they should be. |
Many websites will not need every feature, skin, or option that our framework includes. To help minimize bloat, reduce file size, and increase site performance we have included many built-in Less variables and settings. Nearly all of these performance options are found in your child themes theme-settings.less
file. Below you will find a listing of Less variables that will help you create a unique theme optimized specifically for your needs
AbsoluteAdmin contains a css animation library called Animate.css. AbsoluteAdmin has broken the library into several smaller peices as its file size is very large when all animations are included. You can help reduce the overall file size of theme.css
by setting animation styles you do not need to "false".
theme/assets/skins/default_skin/less/settings.less
As of patch 1.4 AbsoluteAdmin removed Glyphicons Pro from its core as it is very large in size. Glyphicons Halflings and Font Awesome are now the only two libraries activated by default. This greatly helps reduce the overall file size of theme.css
. However, if you need an additional font library simply uncomment any of the desired font libraries.
theme/assets/skins/default_skin/less/settings.less
As seen below all plugins have had their stylesheets listed/imported in the same area. This makes it incredibly easy to disable any plugin styles you do not need. This will slightly reduce the file size of theme.css
. When combined with other optimizations this can help squeeze out every last bit of performance from the theme.
theme/assets/skins/default_skin/less/settings.less
AbsoluteAdmin includes Eight seperate contextual styles which can be applied to nearly every element in the framework. However, many sites will only need to use 2-3 different colors(contextuals). You can greatly reduce the overall file size of theme.css
by setting colors you do not need to "false".
theme/assets/skins/default_skin/less/settings.less
Sometimes you may need a contextual/color but find you only need to use it on several elements. Here you can disable the color on a per-element basis. This will slightly reduce the file size of theme.css
. When combined with other optimizations this can help squeeze out every last bit of performance from the theme.
theme/assets/skins/default_skin/less/settings.less


Your presence is the best gift of all. Really! It is. We know that many of you will be traveling from out of town, which we appreciate very much, and although we like new tableware we'd much prefer your company out on the dance floor.
However, for those of you gift-givers out there—why are you still friends with us?—we've come up with a list of items that we think will help to turn our house into a home.
New Orleans is a unique place, and it's a city that we both love very much. We think you'll have a wonderful time while you're here, and you'll eat some of the best food you've ever tasted.
Take a look at the map below for some of our favorite places to eat, watering holes to kick-back at, and attractions to see around the city.


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Design Patterns
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About
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Creational Patterns
Builder
Written Sun, Mar 29 2015
Sometimes object creation isn’t simple. Why not let something do it for you?
Read more


We are a creative agency with modern techs basesd in Boston.
Expound the actual teachings the great explorers of the truth the master builder of human happiness. No one rejects dislikes or avoids sed pleasure itself, because is pleasure, but because those extremely.
Our Mission:
Denouncing pleasure and praising pain was born and I will give you a complete account of the system, and expound the actual teachings of the great explorer of the truth, the master-builder.


Limited Time Offer $249.99
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299$
199$
Reference Class 5-driver configuration in-ear
High-resolution in-ear headphones
High-resolution in-ear headphones
Hi-Res in-ear headphones with customizable sound
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In-ear headphones with active noise cancelling
Uncompressed and balanced
Wireless in-Ear Headphones
ltra Lightweight and Comfortable with 3 sizes
Boult Audio ProBass
Slim, folding design for easy portability
JBL Pure Bass sound- Experience superior


Hello there! This is to notify you that
%username%
edited a task/item.
Board:
%boardname%
Title:
%title%
Description:
%description%
Assigned to:
%assignee%
Due:
%duedate%
Category:
%category%
Points:
%points%
Position:
%position%


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| Fig. 1 |
Acclimatization of physiological traits in the global hotspo ... |
| Fig. 2 |
Acclimatization and avoidance behavior reduces extinction ri ... |
| Fig. 3 |
Extinction risk is highest for juvenile salamanders. ( A) Th ... |
| Fig. 4 |
Adaptations or plastic responses required to reverse extinct ... |


Stranger, this web application is tailored to fetch your birthday details and calculate the day of the
week you were born and depending on your gender, shows your Akan Name. Read more about Akan names here
Enter this information to generate your Akan Name:


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Copyright (C) SIL International
This Gondi (Gunjala) Keyman keyboard has been designed for use on physical keyboards (desktops and laptops) as well as hand-held touch devices (such as smart phones and tablets). It works on most of the currently available Operating Systems: Windows, Linux, MacOS, Android, and iOS. The keyboard had been optimized for the Adilabd Gondi language spoken in Central India (ISO 639-3 code: wsg).


The sub-window that you can use to view an animation of a sequence is the Animations view. It appears in the right-hand pane of the main window.
The image at right shows an example of the Animations view.
Dancers appear as blue squares (for boys) and pink circles (for girls). The number written in these figures is the couple nummber for the dancer. A small black semi-circle is drawn to indicate the location of the dancer's nose.
As you resize the window, the size of the figures will change to fit the image to the available space.
Across the top of the view, you will see a row of controls.
On the far left as four buttons. They are marked using standard playback symbols. From left to right, they are 'rewind to the beginning', rewind one 'call', play/pause and forward one call.
Note that the image on the play/pause button will change from when paused to when playing. The visible symbol declares what pressing the button should do.
To the right of the control buttons is a track with a circular green spot. This is a time scale. The location of the green spot marks the relative time within the total sequence that the image currently shows. You will see that this spot moves across the track as the animation plays.
Note that pressing the rewind, back one call or forward one call buttons while the animation is playing does not cause it to pause.
To the right of the time track is a set of radio-buttons. Click on one of the circles to select the speed you want to play the animation. The program will remember the speed setting.
Slowest speed is about half that of Normal. Fastest speed is about twice that of Normal and the other speeds are intermediate between the extremes. Note that Normal speed is currently set to about 120 beats per minute.


A jQuery plugin for responsive zoom of images & more!
Documentation will improve over time. Feel free to contribute on Github!
Submit questions or ideas to the issues on GitHub.
Simple example using default options and inner mode.
Using outer mode and a custom zoom level.
Include the CSS and JavaScript from the lib
directory in your page. Also include the dependencies (jquery-bridget, jquery-throttle-debounce). Then define some markup as below, and call the jQuery plugin!

There are two components.
Add a data-magnificent
attribute your main element, with a unique key as a value. Add a data-magnificent-viewport
attribute on your viewport element with a matching value.
Also, to indicate which elements should be considered as the unzoomed and zoomed content, add inner
classes to an element inside each of these. (This allows for flexibility in the inner DOM, e.g. wrapping it for different border styles.)
Initialize the plugin, optionally with options
(documented below).
Return the Magnificent
instance of the first element.
Focus the viewport and lens on the given coordinates.
Pass an object with top
and left
properties as percentage values from 0
to 1
.
Tell the widget(s) to redraw. Used internally on events.
Destroy the widget. Removes event listeners. Best attempt made to restore original state of DOM.
Many of the important options are documented here.
See the source code for all available options.
| Name | type | default | description |
|---|---|---|---|
| mode | string | 'inner' |
The mode to use:
|
| zoomWidth | See viewport.zoomWidth | ||
| viewport.zoomWidth | string | number | function | '3x' | Determines the zoomed width. Height should be proportional. If a number, should be the desired width in pixels. If a string, should be either:
$().width() .
|
| viewport.toggle | boolean | true | Whether to toggle visibility of the viewport on interaction, e.g. when the mouse enters and leaves the unzoomed area. |
| smoothMove | boolean | true | Whether to use smooth the motion when focusing. |
MIT License
Copyright © 2013 Anders D. Johnson


Type System Variables
User written code can be placed in arbitrary places using the inject-code tag. To ease the binding developer work, the injected code can make use of special variables that will be replaced by the correct values. This also shields the developer from some Shiboken implementation specifics.
Variables
%0
Replaced by the C++ return variable of the Python method/function wrapper.
%<number>
Replaced by the name of a C++ argument in the position indicated by
<number>
. The argument counting starts with%1
, since%0
represents the return variable name. If the number indicates a variable that was removed in the type system description, but there is a default value for it, this value will be used. Consider this example:void argRemoval(int a0, int a1 = 123);<modify-function signature="argRemoval(int, int)"> <modify-argument index="2"> <remove-argument/> </modify-argument> </modify-function>The
%1
will be replaced by the C++ argument name, and%2
will get the value123
.
%ARGUMENT_NAMES
Replaced by a comma separated list with the names of all C++ arguments that were not removed on the type system description for the method/function. When the removed argument has a default value (original or provided in the type system), this value will be inserted in the argument list. If you want to remove the argument so completely that it doesn’t appear in any form on the
%ARGUMENT_NAMES
replacement, don’t forget to remove also its default value with the remove-default-expression type system tag.Take the following method and related type system description as an example:
void argRemoval(int a0, Point a1 = Point(1, 2), bool a2 = true, Point a3 = Point(3, 4), int a4 = 56);<modify-function signature="argRemoval(int, Point, bool, Point, int)"> <modify-argument index="2"> <remove-argument/> <replace-default-expression with="Point(6, 9)"/> </modify-argument> <modify-argument index="4"> <remove-argument/> </modify-argument> </modify-function>As seen on the XML description, the function’s
a1
anda3
arguments were removed. If anyinject-code
for this function uses%ARGUMENT_NAMES
the resulting list will be the equivalent of using individual argument type system variables this way:%1, Point(6, 9), %3, Point(3, 4), %5
%ARG#_TYPE
Replaced by the type of a C++ argument in the position indicated by
#
. The argument counting starts with%1
, since%0
represents the return variable in other contexts, but%ARG0_TYPE
will not translate to the return type, as this is already done by the %RETURN_TYPE variable. Example:void argRemoval(int a0, int a1 = 123);<modify-function signature="argRemoval(int, int)"> <modify-argument index="2"> <remove-argument/> </modify-argument> </modify-function>The
%1
will be replaced by the C++ argument name, and%2
will get the value123
.
%CONVERTTOCPP[CPPTYPE]
Replaced by a Shiboken conversion call that converts a Python variable to a C++ variable of the type indicated by
CPPTYPE
.Typically, this is a variable assignment:
double value = %CONVERTTOCPP[double](pyValue);Pointer assignments are also possible:
void f(double *valuePtr) { *valuePtr = %CONVERTTOCPP[double](pyValue);Note however, that for variable definitions, the type must be a space-delimited token:
double * valuePtr = %CONVERTTOCPP[double](pyValue);since it otherwise would be indistinguishable from the pointer assignment above.
It is possible to use “auto” as type.
%CONVERTTOPYTHON[CPPTYPE]
Replaced by a Shiboken conversion call that converts a C++ variable of the type indicated by
CPPTYPE
to the proper Python object.
%ISCONVERTIBLE[CPPTYPE]
Replaced by a Shiboken “isConvertible” call that checks if a Python variable is convertible (via an implicit conversion or cast operator call) to a C++ variable of the type indicated by
CPPTYPE
.
%CHECKTYPE[CPPTYPE]
Replaced by a Shiboken “checkType” call that verifies if a Python if of the type indicated by
CPPTYPE
.
%CPPSELF
Replaced by the wrapped C++ object instance that owns the method in which the code with this variable was inserted.
%CPPTYPE
Replaced by the original name of the C++ class, without any namespace prefix, that owns the method in which the code with this variable was inserted. It will work on class level code injections also. Notice that
CPPTYPE
differs from the %TYPE variable, for this latter may be translated to the original C++ class name or to the C++ wrapper class name.Namespaces will are treated as classes, so
CPPTYPE
will work for them and their enclosed functions as well.
%FUNCTION_NAME
Replaced by the name of a function or method.
%PYARG_0
Replaced by the name of the Python return variable of the Python method/function wrapper.
%PYARG_<number>
Similar to
%<number>
, but is replaced by the Python arguments (PyObjects) received by the Python wrapper method.If used in the context of a native code injection, i.e. in a virtual method override,
%PYARG_<number>
will be translated to one item of the Python tuple holding the arguments that should be passed to the Python override for this virtual method.The example
long a = PyInt_AS_LONG(%PYARG_1);is equivalent of
long a = PyInt_AS_LONG(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(%PYTHON_ARGUMENTS, 0));The generator tries to be smart with attributions, but it will work for the only simplest cases.
This example
Py_DECREF(%PYARG_1); %PYARG_1 = PyInt_FromLong(10);is equivalent of
Py_DECREF(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(%PYTHON_ARGUMENTS, 0)); PyTuple_SET_ITEM(%PYTHON_ARGUMENTS, 0, PyInt_FromLong(10));
%PYSELF
Replaced by the Python wrapper variable (a PyObject) representing the instance bounded to the Python wrapper method which receives the custom code.
%PYTHON_ARGUMENTS
Replaced by the pointer to the Python tuple with Python objects converted from the C++ arguments received on the binding override of a virtual method. This tuple is the same passed as arguments to the Python method overriding the C++ parent’s one.
%PYTHON_METHOD_OVERRIDE
This variable is used only on native method code injections, i.e. on the binding overrides for C++ virtual methods. It is replaced by a pointer to the Python method override.
%PYTHONTYPEOBJECT
Replaced by the Python type object for the context in which it is inserted: method or class modification.
%BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
Replaced by a thread state saving procedure. Must match with a %END_ALLOW_THREADS variable.
%END_ALLOW_THREADS
Replaced by a thread state restoring procedure. Must match with a %BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS variable.
%RETURN_TYPE
Replaced by the type returned by a function or method.
%TYPE
Replaced by the name of the class to which a function belongs. May be used in code injected at method or class level.
Example
Just to illustrate the usage of the variables described in the previous
sections, below is an excerpt from the type system description of a Shiboken
test. It changes a method that received argc/argv
arguments into something
that expects a Python sequence instead.
<modify-function signature="overloadedMethod(int, char**)"> <modify-argument index="1"> <replace-type modified-type="PySequence" /> </modify-argument> <modify-argument index="2"> <remove-argument /> </modify-argument> <inject-code class="target" position="beginning"> int argc; char** argv; if (!PySequence_to_argc_argv(%PYARG_1, &argc, &argv)) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "error"); return 0; } %RETURN_TYPE foo = %CPPSELF.%FUNCTION_NAME(argc, argv); %0 = %CONVERTTOPYTHON[%RETURN_TYPE](foo); for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) delete[] argv[i]; delete[] argv; </inject-code> </modify-function>


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- Preferred IDE: VS Code
- Daily git work flow in Terminal
- SCRUM Stand up meetings to account for yesterday's work and today's focus
- Experienced with MVC web development.
- Partner with developers and rapidly iterate via Agile Methodologies
- Web design considered semantic mark-up, standards, accessibility, usability, and the latest coding practices.
- Not afraid to perform public speaking


Orlando Dreamers MLB pitch subjected to social media ridicule
by Ryan GaydosA former NBA executive made his pitch Wednesday to bring a Major League Baseball team to Orlando.
Pat Williams, who co-founded the Orlando Magic, said Orlando was more deserving of an expansion team than about a half-dozen cities who have made proposals, including Charlotte, Las Vegas, Montreal, Nashville, Portland and Vancouver.
GERARDO PARRA, KNOWN FOR 'BABY SHARK' WALK-UP MUSIC, LEAVES NATIONALS TO SIGN WITH JAPAN TEAM
“Orlando keeps growing and sports needs to be a part of that,” Williams said.
Williams proposed that the Orlando Dreamers become the next team in professional baseball. He donned a red cap and red T-shirt that featured what could become the Dreamers’ logo.
However, the pitch was mocked on social media.
US BASEBALL’S PROSPECTS STRUGGLE TO REACH OLYMPICS
Williams’ chances of getting a major league team to Orlando could be slim. Florida already has two professional baseball teams, the Miami Marlins and Tampa Bay Rays. Both teams rank near the bottom of baseball in attendance, despite the Rays being a playoff team in 2019 and the Marlins having two World Series championships.
Williams said he was dipping his toe in the water before making formal plans. Major League Baseball didn’t comment on the matter.
CLICK HERE FOR MORE SPORTS COVERAGE ON FOXNEWS.COM
MLB commissioner Rob Manfred has put any possible expansion talks on hold until the Rays and Oakland Athletics get new ballparks.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.


This program is going to allow to enter three figures in the boxes below for it to detect whether those figures can make a triangle,and if they do make a triangle which triangle that would be.
Let us talk a little bit about triangles:
A triangle is made of three ligns each of which is given a length by a given number. When the addition of two sides length is less or equal to the third line's length a trianlge cannot be made
You will get an equilateral triangle if all the sides/lines length are equal.
An isosceles triangle is made of three sides, two of which are equal
A scalene triangle is one which fulfills the conditions for a trianglem but of which no side is eaual to the other.


Looked at Suttons Forest Church records at Mittagong Historical Society about 1988.
Charles & Elizabeths Marriage Certificate at Suttons Forest - #1839/389 Vol23B page 115.
Apr 2006 - Photocopied Marriage Cert. at Mortdale Morman Church. Charles was aged 23, Bachelor (Free) & Elizabeth was 25 Years, Spinster (Free), by Banns on this day - 16th April, 1839. Signed - John Vincent, Chaplain. Signed -- Charles Jones (his mark)
Elizabeth Nightingale (her mark)
Witness - Thomas Sewell of Sutton Forest
Honora Campbell of same place


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Select a plugin from the list to use its visualize datasets on the below features, or go to to install a package.


{% extends 'wl/applications_base.html' %} {% load static %} {% load bootstrap3 %} {% load jsonify %} {% load users %} {% load application_filters %} {% block requirements %} require(['jQuery', 'js/entry/application_preview', 'js/entry/navigation'], function($, applicationPreview, navigation) { applicationPreview.layoutPreviewItems('#formContainer', {{ application.licence_type.application_schema|jsonify }}, {{ application.data|jsonify }}); $('#contentContainer').removeClass('hidden'); // need to initialise sidebar menu after showing main container otherwise affix height will be wrong applicationPreview.initialiseSidebarMenu('#sectionList'); applicationPreview.setupDisclaimer($('#disclaimers').find('input[type=checkbox]'), '#lodge'); navigation.init('Warning: any information entered into the form will be lost if not saved as draft.', {{ application.id }}, 'a, :button', '#breadcrumbsContainer, #contentContainer', "{{ csrf_token }}"); }); {% endblock %} {% block breadcrumbs %}
{% endblock %} {% block intro_title %}This is your application information as it will be seen by an assessing officer. Please review the information for detail and accuracy before lodging your application. If you need to change any answers, return to the application by clicking the "Edit Application Details" button at the bottom-left.
{% if is_payment_required %} When you are satisfied with your answers, read, agree with and check the disclaimer checkboxes and click the "Proceed to Payment" button at the bottom-right. {% else %} When you are satisfied with your answers, read, agree with and check the disclaimer checkboxes and click the "Lodge Application" button at the bottom-right. {% endif %}
Note that once you have lodged the application, you will not be able to alter it unless a wildlife licensing officer requests that amendments be made. Should amendments or further information be required, you will be notified via email, including a link directing you back to your application.
{% endblock %} {% block content %} {% endblock %}


Python Tkinter MenubuttonThe Menubutton widget can be defined as the drop-down menu that is shown to the user all the time. It is used to provide the user a option to select the appropriate choice exist within the application. The Menubutton is used to implement various types of menus in the python application. A Menu is associated with the Menubutton that can display the choices of the Menubutton when clicked by the user. The syntax to use the python tkinter Menubutton is given below. SyntaxA list of various options is given below.
ExampleOutput:
Next TopicPython Tkinter Menu
|
Python Tkinter MenubuttonThe Menubutton widget can be defined as the drop-down menu that is shown to the user all the time. It is used to provide the user a option to select the appropriate choice exist within the application. The Menubutton is used to implement various types of menus in the python application. A Menu is associated with the Menubutton that can display the choices of the Menubutton when clicked by the user. The syntax to use the python tkinter Menubutton is given below. SyntaxA list of various options is given below.
ExampleOutput:
Next TopicPython Tkinter Menu
|
Python Tkinter MenubuttonThe Menubutton widget can be defined as the drop-down menu that is shown to the user all the time. It is used to provide the user a option to select the appropriate choice exist within the application. The Menubutton is used to implement various types of menus in the python application. A Menu is associated with the Menubutton that can display the choices of the Menubutton when clicked by the user. The syntax to use the python tkinter Menubutton is given below. SyntaxA list of various options is given below.
ExampleOutput:
Next TopicPython Tkinter Menu
|
Python Tkinter MenubuttonThe Menubutton widget can be defined as the drop-down menu that is shown to the user all the time. It is used to provide the user a option to select the appropriate choice exist within the application. The Menubutton is used to implement various types of menus in the python application. A Menu is associated with the Menubutton that can display the choices of the Menubutton when clicked by the user. The syntax to use the python tkinter Menubutton is given below. SyntaxA list of various options is given below.
ExampleOutput:
Next TopicPython Tkinter Menu
|


{{ .Task.ProjectOptions.LabelType }}
{{ .Task.ProjectOptions.ItemType }}
? Toggle Keyboard Usage display
Esc Deselect label
⌫ Delete selected label
← / → Previous/next item
↑ / ↓ Bring a selected label forward/backward
+ / - or Ctrl+scroll Zoom in/out
Ctrl+drag Drag image when zoomed in
Ctrl+S Save the current task
Ctrl+F / Ctrl+B Bring a selected label to front/back
Ctrl+H Hiding/showing all labels except the selected label
␣ Play/pause the sequence
Ctrl+L Start track linking; ↵ when finished
Ctrl+E End track
Ctrl+L Start linking; ↩ when finished
Ctrl+⌫ redraw a selected segmentation label
Ctrl+D Start quick-draw
c Press and click on the midpoint of an edge in the selected label to change the edge to a bezier curve
d Press and click on a vertex in the selected label to delete the vertex. While drawing, press to delete the last labeled vertex
m Enable moving a selected segmentation label
c Press and click on the midpoint of an edge in the selected label to change the edge to a bezier curve
d Press and click on a vertex in the selected label to delete the vertex. While drawing, press to delete the last labeled vertex


@(userfulPoints: Integer, availableIntegralHistories: valueobjects.base.Page[entity.loyalty.MemberIntegralHistory], usedPoints: valueobjects.base.Page[entity.loyalty.MemberIntegralHistory], totalUsedPoints: Integer, tab:Integer, memberEmail:String) @import services.base._ @import services.base.utils._ @import views.html.helper._ @tp = @{services.base.template.TemplateService.getInstance().getContents()} @availableIntegralHistoriesIsNull = @{if(null != availableIntegralHistories && availableIntegralHistories.getList.size>0){false}else{true}} @usedPointsIsNull = @{if(null != usedPoints && usedPoints.getList.size>0){false}else{true}} @currentPageCount = @{if(null == availableIntegralHistories || availableIntegralHistories.totalCount == 0 ){0} else {availableIntegralHistories.pageNo*availableIntegralHistories.pageSize-availableIntegralHistories.totalCount}} @views.html.member.base.master(extensions.loyalty.menu.PointMenuProvider.ID) { @services.base.HtmlUtils.misc().addHeadOnce{ }
TOMTOP Point is awarded for purchasing, reviewing, registering, subscribing, sharing, compensating and other promotional campaigns. In the following status bar, "Pending" means that points can't be used temporarily while "Active" means that points can be exchanged now. As certain points will be deducted when customers require return or refund, so that "Pending" points will become Available after 60 days from order time. Some types of points (such as review points) are immediately available for use.
TOMTOP Point has at least half-year validity. Tmart Point you got in that year is available before June 30 of the calendar year ensuing, and is subject to the calendar year and GTM. It will become invalid after the specified date. (If the user requires refund outside the Tmart Point effective date, the Tmart Point in use will not be returned.)
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This test mentions this page and is a Does clicking me alert?
This test embeds XSS within the hcard name and time field. Clicking on the name or title should not raise an alert.
This note was created on <script>alert('time-xss')</script>


What is the WWW?
www = A collection of html hyper links or links that was invented in the 1990's.Major Concepts of the Web
Information travels from your computer to the internet. From there it sends a http request to the servers that hold the content you are looking for. That content is then returned to you in HTML which is interputed by your web browser in a readible format.HTML includes text content, markup, references to other documents like images or videos and may also contain links to other pages.
Markup includes tags which follow this format opening tag < name > contents closing tag < /name > This format in its entirity is called an element.Tags can allow for the linking of websites or even images
What is Whitespace?


--- layout: default title: "Documentation" excerpt: "Documentation for all the major sections of Scally, and more." exclude_from_nav: false weight: 2 section: 2 landing_page: true ---


CmdStanPy Workflow#
The statistical modeling enterprise has two principal modalities: development and production. The focus of development is model building, comparison, and validation. Many models are written and fitted to many kinds of data. The focus of production is using a trusted model on real-world data to obtain estimates for decision-making. In both modalities, the essential workflow remains the same: compile a Stan model, assemble input data, do inference on the model conditioned on the data, and validate, access, and export the results.
Model development and testing is an open-ended process, usually requiring many iterations of developing a model, fitting the data, and evaluating the results. Since more user time is spent in model development, CmdStanPy defaults favor development mode. CmdStan is file-based interface. On the assumption that model development will require many successive runs of a model, by default, outputs are written to a temporary directory to avoid filling up the filesystem with unneeded CmdStan output files. Non-default options allow all filepaths to be fully specified so that scripts can be used to distribute analysis jobs across nodes and machines.
The Bayesian workflow for model comparison and model expansion provides a framework for model development, much of which also applies to monitoring model performance in production. The following sections describe the process of building, running, and managing the resulting inference for a single model and set of inputs.
Compile the Stan model#
The: CmdStanModel
class provides methods
to compile and run the Stan program.
A CmdStanModel object can be instantiated by specifying
either a Stan file or the executable file, or both.
If only the Stan file path is specified, the constructor will
check for the existence of a correspondingly named exe file in
the same directory. If found, it will use this as the exe file path.
By default, when a CmdStanModel object is instantiated from a Stan file, the constructor will compile the model as needed. The constructor argument compile controls this behavior.
compile=False
: never compile the Stan file.compile="Force"
: always compile the Stan file.compile=True
: (default) compile the Stan file as needed, i.e., if no exe file exists or if the Stan file is newer than the exe file.
import os
from cmdstanpy import CmdStanModel
my_stanfile = os.path.join('.', 'my_model.stan')
my_model = CmdStanModel(stan_file=my_stanfile)
my_model.name
my_model.stan_file
my_model.exe_file
my_model.code()
The CmdStanModel class also provides the compile()
method,
which can be called at any point to (re)compile the model as needed.
Model compilation is carried out via the GNU Make build tool.
The CmdStan makefile
contains a set of general rules which
specify the dependencies between the Stan program and the
Stan platform components and low-level libraries.
Optional behaviors can be specified by use of variables
which are passed in to the make
command as name, value pairs.
Model compilation is done in two steps:
The
stanc
compiler translates the Stan program to C++.The C++ compiler compiles the generated code and links in the necessary supporting libraries.
Therefore, both the constructor and the compile
method
allow optional arguments stanc_options
and cpp_options
which
specify options for each compilation step.
Options are specified as a Python dictionary mapping
compiler option names to appropriate values.
In order parallelize within-chain computations using the
Stan language reduce_sum
function, or to parallelize
running the NUTS-HMC sampler across chains,
the Stan model must be compiled with
C++ compiler flag STAN_THREADS.
While any value can be used,
we recommend the value True
, e.g.:
import os
from cmdstanpy import CmdStanModel
my_stanfile = os.path.join('.', 'my_model.stan')
my_model = CmdStanModel(stan_file=my_stanfile, cpp_options={'STAN_THREADS':'true'})
Assemble input and initialization data#
CmdStan is file-based interface, therefore all model input and initialization data must be supplied as JSON files, as described in the CmdStan User’s Guide.
CmdStanPy inference methods allow inputs and initializations
to be specified as in-memory Python dictionary objects
which are then converted to JSON via the utility function cmdstanpy.write_stan_json()
.
This method should be used to create JSON input files whenever
these inputs contain either a collection compatible with
numpy arrays or pandas.Series.
Run the CmdStan inference engine#
For each CmdStan inference method, there is a corresponding method on the CmdStanModel
class.
An example of each is provided in the next section
The
sample()
method runs Stan’s HMC-NUTS sampler.It returns a
CmdStanMCMC
object which contains a sample from the posterior distribution of the model conditioned on the data.The
variational()
method runs Stan’s Automatic Differentiation Variational Inference (ADVI) algorithm.It returns a
CmdStanVB
object which contains an approximation the posterior distribution in the unconstrained variable space.The
optimize()
runs one of Stan’s optimization algorithms to find a mode of the density specified by the Stan program.It returns a
CmdStanMLE
object.The
generate_quantities()
method runs Stan’s generate_quantities method which generates additional quantities of interest from a mode. Its take an existing fit as input and uses the parameter estimates in the fit to run the Stan program’s generated quantities block.It returns a
CmdStanGQ
object.
Validate, view, export the inference engine outputs#
The inference engine results objects
CmdStanMCMC
, CmdStanVB
, CmdStanMLE
and CmdStanGQ,
contain the CmdStan method configuration information
and the location of all output files produced.
The provide a common set methods for accessing the inference results and metadata,
as well as method-specific informational properties and methods.objects
Metadata#
By metadata we mean the information parsed from the header comments and header row of the
Stan CSV files
into a InferenceMetadata
object which is exposed via
the object’s metadata
property.
The metadata
cmdstan_config
property provides the CmdStan configuration information parsed out of the Stan CSV file header.The metadata
method_vars_cols
property returns the names, column indices of the inference engine method variables, e.g., the NUTS-HMC sampler output variables arelp__
, …,energy__
.The metadata
stan_vars_cols
property returns the names, column indices of all Stan model variables. Container variables will span as many columns, one column per element.The metadata
stan_vars_dims
property specifies the names, dimensions of the Stan model variables.
Output data#
The resulting Stan CSV file or set of files are assembled into an inference result object.
CmdStanMCMC
object contains thesample()
outputsCmdStanVB
object contains thevariational()
outputsCmdStanMLE
object contains theoptimize()
outputsCmdStanGQ
object contains thegenerate_quantities()
outputs
The objects provide accessor methods which return this information either as tabular data (i.e., in terms of the per-chain CSV file rows and columns), or as structured objects which correspond to the variables in the Stan model and the individual diagnostics produced by the inference method.
The stan_variables
method returns a Python dict over all Stan model variables,
see stan_variables()
.
The stan_variable
method returns a single model variable as a numpy.ndarray object
with the same structure (per draw) as the Stan program variable,
see stan_variable()
.
The method_variables
method returns a Python dict over all inference
method variables, cf method_variables()
The output from the methods CmdStanMCMC
and CmdStanGQ
return the sample contents
in tabular form, see draws()
and draws_pd()
.
Similarly, the draws_xr()
method returns the sample
contents as an xarray.Dataset
which is a mapping from variable names to their respective values.