Counters are replicated integers. They are the most basic distributed object. This chapter describes the different variations of counter CRDT in both state based and operation based form.
As the name suggests, these counters only support increment operation. They can be used to implement the like
button functionality of social media websites.
In the operation based implementation, the increment operation is transmitted to all other replicas. This is straightforward to implement as there is only one update operation.
class Counter(CmRDT):
def __init__(self):
self._count = 0
def value(self):
return self._count
def increment(self):
self._count += 1
for replica in self.replicas():
self.transmit("increment", replica)
Let’s try to understand how it works through an example. The figure below shows an execution trace of three replicas confirming to this specification. In accordance with the specification, each increment request increments the counter locally by one unit and the operation is transmitted by the replica to all other replicas of the system.
We can make the following observations:
Eventually consistent - At t16, the replicas are inconsistent. Eventually, they all attain consistency. This is because the increment operation happens immediately at one replica but takes time to be transmitted over the network to other replicas. Within this duration, the replicas may be inconsistent.
Reliable broadcast - The increment operation has to be transmitted to all replicas. If the network fails to deliver the operation, the system will never be able to achieve consistency. For example - if the increment operation on c2 at t11 is not transmitted reliably to c1, then its value will always be one unit less than the correct value.
Concurrent operations - A replica may have to handle concurrent operations. For example, at t19, c1 encounters two increment operations. Since its the same operation, there is only one way to handle the situation. There is no conflict.
In the state based implementation, the counter state is transmitted to all other replicas. But how do we model the state? Of course, the counter’s count is its state. Since the count always increases, modeling the state as count automatically makes it a join semilattice.
The code below provides the specification of this counter.
class Counter(CvRDT):
def __init__(self, count = 0):
self._count = count
def value(self):
return self._count
def increment(self):
self._count += 1
def compare(self, other):
return self.value() <= other.value()
def merge(self, other):
return Counter(max(self.value(), other.value()))
Let’s try to understand how it works through an example. The figure below shows an execution trace of three replicas confirming to this specification. The replicas keep transmitting their state at random times to other randomly chosen replicas.
We can make the following observations:
Eventual convergence - At t26, the replicas are inconsistent. Eventually, they all converge. This is because the replicas transmit state at random times to randomly chosen replicas. Until their states are merged, the replicas may be inconsistent.
Correctness - The clients issue a total of four increment requests. But the eventually consistent value of replicas is 4. So, the design is incorrect.
Concurrent operations - A replica may have to handle concurrent operations. For example, at t28, c1 receives states of the other two replicas. Since the merge operation is commutative, the order in which these operations are handled does not matter.
Unreliable broadcast - Messages may be lost during transmission. Message sent by c2 at t9 is lost. But eventually, some messages from c2 reach other replicas. As long as messages eventually reach other replicas, directly or indirectly, the system will achieve consistency. A message can also be received out of order or duplicated.
Let’s figure out why our design is incorrect. We notice that the merge operation simply compares the state of the replicas and returns the bigger of the two counts. What we really need is to add the two counts as we need the total counts issued by all clients across all replicas. But this poses another problem. The merge operation is no longer idempotent, i.e. - repeated merging of same values will not return the same result. This means that if a message gets duplicated, then we will get incorrect count. What’s more is that the merge operation will no longer compute the least upper bound. It will compute an upper bound but that will not be the least upper bound. This clearly violates the mathematical model we set out to implement. So we can’t modify our merge method. This means that we need to change our representation of the state. Let’s observe the problem again. Our merge method only returns the state of that replica which handled the maximum number of counts. It loses counts of other replicas. Let’s represent the state as a sequence of counts. Each value in the sequence corresponds to the count of a replica. So we have as many values in a state as the number of replicas. We also design the merge operation to compute the index-wise maximum of the state.
The specification below shows how this can be implemented.
class Counter(CvRDT):
def __init__(self, counts = None):
if counts is None:
self._counts = [0] * length(self.replicas())
else:
self._counts = counts
def value(self):
return sum(self._counts)
def counts(self):
# return a copy of the counts
return list(self._counts)
def increment(self):
self._counts[self.replicaId()] += 1
def compare(self, other):
return all(v1 <= v2 for (v1, v2) in
zip(self.counts(),
other.counts()))
def merge(self, other):
return Counter(map(max, zip(self.counts(),
other.counts())))
The figure below shows an execution trace of three replicas confirming to this specification.
This design converges to the correct value. This provides us an eventually consistent state based increment only counter.
A PN-counter can be incremented and decremented. These can serve as a general purpose counters, as they also provide a decrement operation. For example - counting the number of users active one a social media website at any point. Note that the users can go offline and the counter will have to decremented. This can’t be done with an increment only counter.
The code below provides the specification of an operation based increment and decrement counter.
class Counter(CmRDT):
def __init__(self):
self._count = 0
def value(self):
return self._count
def increment(self):
self._count += 1
for replica in self.replicas():
self.transmit("increment", replica)
def decrement(self):
self._count -= 1
for replica in self.replicas():
self.transmit("decrement", replica)
Let’s try to understand how it works through an example. The figure below shows an execution trace of three replicas confirming to this specification. In accordance with the specification, each increment request increments the counter locally by one unit and each decrement request decrements the counter locally by one unit. The corresponding operation is transmitted by the replica to all other replicas of the system.
We can make the the following observations:
Eventual Consistency - At t26, the replicas are inconsistent. Eventually, they all achieve consistency. This is because the operations happen immediately at one replica but take time to be transmitted over the network to other replicas. Within this duration, the replicas may be inconsistent.
Reliable broadcast - Each operation has to be transmitted to all replicas. If the network fails to deliver an operation, the system will never be able to achieve consistency. For example - if the decrement operation on c2 at t6 is not transmitted reliably to c1, then its value will always be one unit more than the correct value.
Concurrent operations - A replica may have to handle concurrent operations. For example, at t30, c1 and c2 encounter increment and decrement operations concurrently. Let’s take a look at the two choices:
In both cases the result is same because the two operations commute, i.e. - the order in which they are executed by the replicas does not matter. Both replicas perform them in different orders and still achieve consistency, eventually.
The code below provides the specification of a state based increment and decrement counter. We take inspiration from the design of state based increment only counter and model the state of this counter in the same way.
class Counter(CvRDT):
def __init__(self, counts = None):
if counts is None:
self._counts = [0] * length(self.replicas())
else:
self._counts = counts
def value(self):
return sum(self._counts)
def counts(self):
# return a copy of the counts
return list(self._counts)
def increment(self):
self._counts[self.replicaId()] += 1
def decrement(self):
self._counts[self.replicaId()] -= 1
def compare(self, other):
return all(v1 <= v2 for (v1, v2) in
zip(self.counts(),
other.counts()))
def merge(self, other):
return Counter(map(max, zip(self.counts(),
other.counts())))
Let’s try to understand how it works through an example. The figure below shows an execution trace of three replicas confirming to this specification. The replicas keep transmitting their state at random times to other randomly chosen replicas.
We can make the the following observations:
Eventual convergence - At t26, the replicas are inconsistent. Eventually, they all converge. This is because the replicas transmit state at random times to randomly chosen replicas. Until their states are merged, the replicas may be inconsistent.
Correctness - The clients issue a total of four increment requests and 2 decrement requests. But the eventually consistent value of replicas is 4. So, the design is incorrect.
Concurrent operations - A replica may have to handle concurrent operations. For example, at t27 c1 has to handle 2 merge operations concurrently. Since the state forms a partially ordered set and the merge operation computes its least upper bound, the order in which the merge operation happens does not affect the final outcome. Similarly, at t21 and t29, two operations arrive concurrently at c3 and c2 respectively.
Unreliable broadcast - Messages may be lost during transmission. Message sent by c3 at t12 is lost. But eventually, message at t25 reaches another replica. As long as messages eventually reach other replicas, directly or indirectly, the system will achieve consistency. A message can also be received out of order or duplicated.
Though we modeled the state after the increment only state based counter, this design doesn’t work. Let’s try to figure out what went wrong. At t12, c1 merges the state from c2. The merge operation computes the index wise maximum in accordance with the specification. In doing so, the -1 value of c2 due to the decrement operation at t6 is lost. To make matters clearer, let’s look at a section of the lattice formed by the state of this counter -
Its clear that we have violated the basic constraint, the decrement operation does not take the state higher up in the lattice. In other words, the decrement operation is non monotonic. So, when the results of increment and decrement operations are merged together, then the result of the increment operation is returned, as it is always higher up in the lattice. So the replicas only count the total number of increments.
But we do gain two valuable insights from this design-
Eventual convergence does not guarantee correctness.
Incorrect designs may still converge eventually.
Let’s try to correct this problem. We need a way to count the decrement operations without losing monotonicity. One solution is to model this counter using two increment only counters. The first counter counts the increment operations and the second one counts the decrement operations. The value of the actual counter is the difference between the two corresponding counters. The specification below shows how this can be implemented.
class Counter(CvRDT):
def __init__(self,
increments = None,
decrements = None):
if increments is None:
self._increments = [0] * length(replicas())
else:
self._increments = increments
if decrements is None:
self._decrements = [0] * length(replicas())
else:
self._decrements = decrements
def increments(self):
# return a copy of the increments
return list(self._increments)
def decrements(self):
# return a copy of the decrements
return list(self._decrements)
def value(self):
return (sum(self.increments()) -
sum(self.decrements()))
def increment(self):
self._increments[self.replicaId()] += 1
def decrement(self):
self._decrements[self.replicaId()] += 1
def compare(self, other):
return (all(v1 <= v2 for (v1, v2) in
zip(self.increments(),
other.increments()))
and
all(v1 <= v2 for (v1, v2) in
zip(self.decrements(),
other.decrements())))
def merge(self, other):
return Counter(
increments = map(max, zip(self.increments(),
other.increments())),
decrements = map(max, zip(self.decrements(),
other.decrements())))
The figure below shows an execution trace of three replicas confirming to this specification.
This design converges to the correct value. This provides us an eventually consistent state based increment and decrement counter. We can take a look at the lattice formed by the state to convince ourselves.


The younger lumberjack was full of enthusiasm and went off into the woods and started cutting trees immediately. He worked all through the day, barely taking time to catch his breath or to grab some food and water.
Create web site layouts that appeal to leaders in high-tech world. Created the look and feel of online presence through UX design principles. Developed graphics that simplified complex messages. Design web pages and graphic elements. Used customers feedback to create user friendly experiences,bthat surpassed customers goals.
Create web site layouts that appeal to leaders in high-tech world. Created the look and feel of online presence through UX design principles. Developed graphics that simplified complex messages. Design web pages and graphic elements. Used customers feedback to create user friendly experiences that surpassed customers goals
Met with customers and prepared Layouts and drawings based on customer input. Designed artistic logos and signage for several companies while adhering to their brand guidelines. Prioritized graphic workload and eﬀectively coordinated multiple projects from concept to completion. Created graphic material for the company website.
The younger lumberjack was full of enthusiasm and went off into the woods and started cutting trees immediately. He worked all through the day, barely taking time to catch his breath or to grab some food and water.
Digitized existing logo to be used in online presence. Designed web page layouts and graphical elements.
Designed responsive website layouts using UX design principles to meet customers and end user goals. Created SVG Graphics and backgrounds displayed on website
Designed Logo and branding for customer. Designed layout and graphica elements for website. Worked with front-end developer to ensure consistency was met throughout the site


Choose a directory with a System Extension to sideload it. The System Extension directory must be in Downloads for ChromeOS to be able to find it.
System Extension installed


With MultiMona, you can have as many wallets as you like. They are usually given the file extension ".wallet".
When you open MultiMona, the wallets that were open in the previous use of MultiMona are reopened. If this is the first time you have opened MultiMona a new, empty wallet file called "multimona.wallet" is created in your user data directory.
Your wallets appear in the side panel labelled " Wallets". Click on one of the wallets to make it the active wallet. The balance for the active wallet is shown in the top left of the MultiMona screen. The wallet description and file location are shown in the title of the MultiMona window.
To create a new wallet, click on the " New Wallet" button or choose the menu option "File | New Wallet". This opens a dialog window where you choose the location and file name of the new wallet. Click "Ok" and a new wallet is created with the default description "Your wallet description".
To rename the wallet, simply click on the descriptive text and type a new description. This change will be saved in the "multimona.info" file in the application directory when either the wallet is closed, or MultiMona is shut down. This does not change the file name of the wallet.
To open another wallet, choose the "File | Open Wallet" menu option. This opens a file chooser dialog where you can choose the wallet to open. When the wallet is opened MultiMona automatically synchronises it to get the latest transactions.
Note that MultiMona cannot open the wallet files from the Satoshi monacoin client (wallet.dat files).
To close a wallet, choose the "File | Close Wallet" option. This saves and closes the wallet and it is no longer shown in MultiMona. It is still stored on your disk - it is not deleted.


Citing the TDS
If you use the TDS and want to provide a DOI/citation, see How to Acknowledge Unidata.
The THREDDS Data Server (TDS) is a web server that provides metadata and data access for scientific datasets, using a variety of remote data access protocols.
See the TDS package overviewIf you use the TDS and want to provide a DOI/citation, see How to Acknowledge Unidata.
Didn't find a solution in the TDS documentation? Try the following:
The TDS is an Open Source project led by developers at the Unidata Program Center. If you're interested in contributing to the project, you might be interested in these resources:


Accounts with Multiple Members and Non-Zero Hours Balance ({{ accounts|length }})
| Account | Account Hours Balance | Total Member Hours Balance | Balances Equal? | {% for account, account_hours_balance, member_hours_balance, hours_equal in accounts %}
|---|---|---|---|
| {{ account.name }} | {{ account_hours_balance }} | {{ member_hours_balance }} | {{ hours_equal }} |


--- layout: default title: Music thumbnail: music-bg-wide.jpg ---
Here you can find music from my bands, Phantom & Kitkaliitto, and later on I will start posting some unreleased tunes here as well!
{{ post.topic }} / {{ post.year }}


services/StockTick
If you do not see an accessor below, then see the
instructions for running a browser host
.


--- layout: post title: "Demo for bs-wizard Plugin" category : "GitHub Project" tags : [Wizard, CoffeeScript, Bootstrap, jQuery] css: [bs-wizard-min] js: [bs-wizard, bs-wizard-demo] --- {% include JB/setup %}
This is a demo page for GitHub project bs-wizard. Live example:
To initialize the wizard, just do this:
$(function() {
$(".bs-wizard").bs_wizard();
});
Here is the basic html code:


WITNESS LIST
State Affairs
February 18, 2016 9:00 AM
Judicial Matters Interim Charge
ON:
Charles, Alfonso Judge (Self; Judicial Section of the State Bar of Texas), Longview, TX
Elliott, Dawn (Self; Harris County Republican Party Ballot Security Committee), Houston,
TX
Fairbrother, Bill Legislative chair, tx republican county chairmens (Self; Texas republican
county chairmens association), Round rock, TX
Hecht, Nathan Chief Justice (also providing written testimony) (Supreme Court of Texas),
Austin, TX
Hildebrand, Kurt Chairman, Libertarian Party of Texas (Self; Libertarian Party of Texas),
Austin, TX
Hintikka, Cindy (also providing written testimony) (Self), Austin, TX
Ingram, Keith Director, Elections Division (also providing written testimony) (Texas
Secretary of State, Elections Division), Austin, TX
Jones, Dave Attorney (also providing written testimony) (Self; Clean Elections Texas),
Dallas, TX
Martinez, Timothy (Self; Texans for Accountable Government), New Braunfels, TX
Maxey, Glen (Texas Democratic Party), Austin, TX
Rangel, Ron Judge (Self; District Judges of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX
Richards, Hamilton (also providing written testimony) (Self), Austin, TX
Richards, Joanne (also providing written testimony) (Self; Common Ground for Texans),
Austin, TX
Schaffer, Bob Judge, 152nd District Court (Self), Houston, TX
Slayton, David Administrative Director, Office of Court Administr (also providing written
testimony) (Office of Court Administration, Texas Judicial Council), Austin, TX
Strawn, Bill Chair JCC (also providing written testimony) (JCC), Austin, TX
Tyner, Kay (Self), Houston, TX
Venable, Peggy Policy dir, Americans for Prosperity (also providing written testimony)
(Self; Americans for Prosperity), Austin, TX
Vera, Colleen (Self), Houston, TX
Wilson, Porter Executive Director (also providing written testimony) (Employees
Retirement System of Texas), Austin, TX
Youngs, Dawn (Self), Wimberley, TX


For more info please check the components's official demos & documentation
demos & documentation
Simple datepicker
Month: {{ date.month }}.{{ date.year }}
Model: {{ model | json }}
Model: {{ secondModel | json }}
Example of the range selection
{{ date.day }}
From: {{ fromDate | json }}
To: {{ toDate | json }}
These datepickers use custom Date adapter that lets you use your own model implementation. In this example we are converting from and to a JS native Date object
Model: {{ model1 | json }}
State: {{ c1.status }}
These datepickers use custom Date adapter that lets you use your own model implementation. In this example we are converting from and to a JS native Date object
Model: {{ model2 | json }}
State: {{ c2.status }}
Datepicker in French
This datepicker uses a custom template to display days. All week-ends are displayed with an orange background.


--- creation_epoch:<PHONE_NUMBER> lastmod_epoch:<PHONE_NUMBER> categories: Programming title: Windows Batch Script - Parsing Date Into Components (Month, Day, Year) ---
I found a U.S. locale specific way to parse a date into components inside a Windows batch script (.bat or .cmd).
@REM Valid only for U.S. (English) locale FOR /F "tokens=2-4 delims=/ " %%i IN ('echo %date%') DO SET MONTH=%%i& SET DAY=%%j& SET YEAR=%%k
Again it only works for the U.S. locale (and similiar). If you need something that works regardless of locale there are other examples that do it in a batch script, but you should really consider an external .com or .exe that inserts it into your batch script (Google it) or use a Windows Scripting Host script instead.


{% include "current/includes/_case-content.html" %}
{% include "current/includes/_case-content.html" %}
{% include "current/includes/_case-content.html" %}
{% include "current/includes/_case-content.html" %}
{% include "current/includes/_case-content.html" %}
{% include "current/includes/_case-content.html" %}
{% include "current/includes/_case-content.html" %}


| Home | Libraries | People | FAQ | More |
|
macro 宏 |
description 说明 |
|---|---|
|
BOOST_REGEX_RECURSIVE |
Tells Boost.Regex to use a stack-recursive matching algorithm.
This is generally the fastest option (although there is very little
in it), but can cause stack overflow in extreme cases, on Win32
this can be handled safely, but this is not the case on other platforms. |
|
BOOST_REGEX_NON_RECURSIVE |
Tells Boost.Regex to use a non-stack recursive matching algorithm,
this can be slightly slower than the alternative, but is always
safe no matter how pathological the regular expression. This is
the default on non-Win32 platforms. |


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We’re getting married!
After 10 years, 26 Muse gigs, 23 holidays and 17 foster cats we have finally decided to tie the knot. We’re really looking forward to spending the big day with all our friends and family.
When
Add to calendarHow to get there
Car
For sat navs the postcode is HG3 1JH, otherwise directions are available from Google Maps or Rudding Park.
Once near the venue be careful to take the turning signposted to the hotel as there are different entrances for the golf course and holiday park that share Rudding Park.
There is ample parking at the venue.
Public transport
The venue cannot be reached directly by public transport. We recommend travelling by train to Harrogate and using a taxi to reach the venue, which is a 15 minute drive and should cost approximately £10.
Trains from London depart from Kings Cross and tend to involve a change at York. Tickets can be purchased from lner.co.uk, they tend to be available 3 months before the travel date and are cheaper the earlier you book.
Local Taxis
We have been recommend Blue Line Taxis as a local firm that regularly serve the venue, they can be contacted on 01423 530830.
We recommend you pre-book with them if you need a taxi to return home after the wedding.
Places to stay
Rudding Park
Stay with us at Rudding Park Hotel & Spa and be onsite for the whole occasion. You can even extend your stay to enjoy a spa or golf break. There are also lodge options available.
Rooms here are on the more expensive side but it is a lovely place to stay and very convenient.
Premier Inn Harrogate South
Less than 10 minutes drive from Rudding Park is Premier Inn Harrogate South which offers a more economical accommodation choice. It has good parking facilities and is right next to Hornbeam Park station.
Harrogate Town Centre
You can make the occasion more of a city break by staying in Harrogate town centre which offers easy access to rail services and is a 15 minute taxi ride from Rudding Park.
There are plenty of accommodation options available that should suit all budgets.
On the day
Arrival
You can start arriving at Rudding Park from 10:00, if you head towards the reception there will be people there to direct you to the event. We’ll need bums on seats by 10:45 for the ceremony.
Ceremony
The big moment! We will be having a relaxed civil ceremony in the Radcliffe room of Rudding House.
Reception
Time to throw some confetti and drink some fizz, we will be providing both. This is a chance for some photos and some mingling. There will also be a kids room and games to keep the little (and not so little) ones entertained.
Breakfast
Everyone will be sitting down for a 3 course meal, followed by speeches. There will be some time afterwards when you can relax or continue the fun until the party starts in the evening.
Party
Witness the cutting of the cake and our first dance. A DJ will encourage everyone to hit the dance floor and throw some shapes.
Buffet
Hungry? never fear we will be providing some finger food for everyone and there will also be plenty of cake.
Home time
The bar and music will stop at 1am - well done if you manage to party to the end. Don't forget the clocks go forward at 02:00.
Gifts
Please don’t feel obliged to buy us a gift, we know that attending will be expensive and we’d just love to have you there. If you do wish to give us something a contribution to our honeymoon would be appreciated.
RSVP
Please let us know if you can attend by the 31st October 2019.


---
layout: post
title: ! 'CFEngine tip #001: Modularize complex policies using methods: calls'
permalink: /cfengine-tip-001-modularize-complex-policies
date: 2012-04-23 09:44:00.000000000 -05:00
comments: true
categories:
- cfengine
- cfengine_tip
- methods
- tips
published: true
---
Welcome to the new "CFEngine tip" series. In this series of posts I will explore different tips, tricks and techniques for making better use of CFEngine. For now I will post weekly, but the frequency may change as time goes by. If you have any suggestions for topics that I should cover in this series, please
let me know!
For our first installment, we will talk about methods: promises, and how they can be used to make policies both clearer and more extensible.
As your CFEngine policies grow in complexity, they become harder to read if all your promises are in a single bundle, or if you split them among bundles, to have all those bundles listed in the bundlesequence declaration.
Enter the
methods: promise type. Promises of this type allow you to call other bundles in sequence, passing arbitrary parameters. For example, consider the following example (from
Chapter 5 of "Learning CFEngine 3"):
{% gist 2471468 methods_ex1.cf %}
The methods: section makes it very easy to see the sequence of actions that will take place: backup some files, configure sysctl, sshd, inittab and users in sequence. This helps both in clarity and in code reusability: each bundle can perform logically different functionality, and they could potentially be reused in different settings and with different parameters. The promiser string in a methods: promise is an arbitrary string. The CFEngine documentation uses "any", but you can also use it, as in this example, to indicate the purpose of the promise.
Furthermore, you can use CFEngine's
implicit looping to create generic promises that will call as many other bundles as necessary. Consider this
revised code:
{% gist 2471468 methods_ex2.cf %}
Now the list of bundles to call (edit_sysctl, edit_sshd and edit_inittab) is being built on the fly from the contents of the files array, and used through implicit looping to call the bundles in the methods: promises. Note how you can even pass arguments to these calls. This makes it very easy to extend the functionality by simply adding new elements to the files array (and of course, defining the appropriate edit_* bundle).
Until next time!


Nestled on the northern end of the Isle of Caludge, this beach is cited as the most popular getaway for vacationers during peak summer months. Popular activities include scuba diving, snorkeling, and bird watching.
Last, but certainly not least, is Moat Lagoon. This is one of the most difficult beach locations to access. The lagoon is located inside of a prehistoric cenote, or underground aquifer. Accessing it involves crossing the moat surrounding the lagoon (hence the name) with locals by kayak. Once there, marvel at the phenomenal (and endangered) quetzal bird and its golden feathers.


Designing for conversations all come down to the details - words.
Every word, phrase or sentence evoke emotions, and increase engagements or cause drop-outs as a result.
As part of an experimental project at a bank's innovation lab, I was working on a chatbot that helps users discover the best offers in town, based on their likes and preferences.
I joined the project mid-way and was tasked to improve 3 functionalities, particularly for the onboarding and user tasks.
The chatbot's main conversation flow (or primary user journey) asks users to choose from a set of parameters such as location, price and time. These choices effectively serve as filters for the results.
If the user is not satisfied with the result, they can repeat the process and answer any one of the parameters again as they like.
As digital interfaces are composed of UI components, conversations are composed of conversation components.
Depending on the platform, their components vary. Comparing Facebook Messenger and Slack components in their closest forms:
It's important to first study the available components and know your constraints such as character limit, interface layout and button styles.
For my project, the platform was Facebook Messenger.
Given the importance of data privacy and security, user consent is typically required and designed as part of onboarding.
On Facebook Messenger, there are two components to the onboarding - the welcome screen, with a 1000 character limit, and the chatbot’s introduction screen.
Given these two component options, I could insert the user consent agreement in either the welcome or introduction screen.
I mocked up two versions and validated it with a small sample of users:
The final verdict was version 1. Having the user consent agreement on the welcome screen makes the experience feel less clunky and more up front.
In most digital experiences, the 'change language' function is typically nested inside the menu or settings. Adhering to user expectations, this is the first place to have it.
Hong Kong is a relatively bi-lingual market, but Cantonese (a dialect of Chinese) is still the primary language over English. As a result, global brands like Google defaults our online experiences to Cantonese.
For me, my Google account preferences are all set in English. But whenever I open a Google Maps link or connect with my Google account for logins, the default language is Cantonese.
Luckily, I am a bi-lingual. But for English speakers, how would they know how to change languages if it’s in a foreign language?
The first touch I introduced was making the change language option bi-lingual.
Another common path to changing languages is at the beginning of a conversation.
Making use of Facebook Messenger's 'Quick Reply' component, I tested the sequence of changing language either before or after user consent.
This was an easy one. Users preferred version 2, which was more straightforward. They can change languages via 'Quick Reply' and then agree to the user consent.
One of the search parameters is to share current location to discover offers nearby.
In mobile contexts, users tend to search on-the-go. It's easy to get distracted when crossing the street, avoiding pedestrians or replying to friends' messages.
After sharing, Messenger caches the location. But when you are moving around, this cached location is no longer real-time and becomes inaccurate for any subsequent searches for directions or time to destination.
To manage the misleading results of 'Get Directions', I requested our developer to change the Google Maps API to call the location only and renamed the CTA to 'Locate Deal' instead.
The result is just a pinned location for the offer and users can click 'Directions' to search from their current location if needed.
The most interesting part of this experience is learning to prototype contextually.
By traveling to the offers' locations, I was able to test its real-time accuracy and that's how I really understood the context of the search experience - the relative chaos when typing on your phone while walking, replying to friends' messages or crossing traffic lights.
Designing for conversations has really sparked my interest in UX writing and I look forward to taking on more similar challenges.
Check out more portfolio stories:


For a short explanation of the navigation through the tutorial, press DOWN.
In the lower right corner you see four arrows for navigation through the slides.
If an arrow turns bold, you can follow it in this direction either using your mouse or keyboard.
Besides the arrow keys you can also use the space bar, to navigate you through all slides.
When you press "Esc", you will see an overview about all the available slides.
The first window you will see, is the
Welcome Page!
You can always reopen it by clicking on
"Help" and then "Welcome".
To return there from this presentation
click the SimVascular logo
in the lower left corner.
On the upper border you find the Toolbar
with shortcuts to all important tools.
Your images and results appear
in the Display area in 2D and 3D views.
Tools appear to the sides of the display area by default after opening.
You can access the most frequently used tools on the left side of the toolbar.
On the right side you find other available tools for various data opertations.
Other Tools:
The help button can also be found here.
In the Data Manager you get an overview of all your data.
Besides the image itself, additional objects
such as paths, contour groups, models, ...
are shown
The Image Navigator helps to scroll faster through your scans or to navigate to a certain slice.
Three windows of the display area show you slices from the three different anatomical planes.
axial
coronal
sagittal
On the right side is the level-window
for adjusting the displayed grey level range of the image.
The fourth window shows you the 3D view.
3D
A crosshair is shown in each display window to facilitate the navigation and slice selection.
On the upper right corner you have more options to customize the view,
for example if you want to rotate the sectional planes.
Here you can also select other layouts of the display windows.
Inside the Display area you can easily navigate through the images with your mouse.
Press left and move the cursor:
Moves the crosshair in all 3 planes.
Press left + shift and move:
Shifts the 3D View.
Scrolling:
Scrolls through the slides.
Press the scroll wheel and move:
Shifts the section you are looking at.
Right-Click and moving:
Zooms in and out.
Thank you for downloading SimVascular!
The end!


...attempts to record what is said,
but lapses in information and ability hinder this connection.
There are many conversations that are happening within this project — the subjects create a one way conversation with the performer in which the performer attempts to record what is said, but lapses in information and ability hinder this connection.
The performer themselves fight to catch up to the conversations that exist at the present as they attempt to type out the conversations they heard in the past - implicitly creating and reflecting a certain bias and assumption during this fight.


Use the following code to create a basic inputEx DDList Widget
The returned value is an array
By providing an object containing label and value attributes
Display the item # by changing CSS style only :
Use the following code to listen for the itemRemoved Event:
Use the following code to listen for the listReordered Event:
Let's style the list !
Same list without "remove" link


vue-table-component-pagination-slots-classes
Previous
Next
{{ page }}
...
1
{{pagination.totalPages}}
About
This is a fork of
spatie/vue-table-component.
It works the same as the original component, but adds
slots
and
classes
to the pagination to allow more customisation.


---
layout: default
title: 'Short Labs'
---
Short Labs
Short Lab 1: Introduction, R, RStudio, and R Markdown
(HTML)
(Rmd)
Short Lab 2: Control flow, loops, and functions
(HTML)
(Rmd)
Short Lab 3: Regular expressions, strings, factors, and dates
(HTML)
(Rmd)
Short Lab 4: Getting started with git and GitHub
(HTML)
(Rmd)
Short Lab 5: Training and Test Error
(HTML)
(Rmd)
Short Lab 6: PCA
(HTML)
(Rmd)


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Makes 24 x 6cm/2½in biscuits
Dietary
These buttery lemon biscuits are easy to make and take very little time.
Preheat the oven 200C/180C Fan/Gas 6. Line three baking trays with baking paper.
Put the butter and sugar in a bowl and beat until well combined and fluffy. Add the egg yolk and lemon zest. Sift in the flour and mix well. Stir in the currants and enough milk to make a fairly soft dough.
Knead the dough on a floured work surface and, using a rolling pin, roll out the dough until 5mm/¼in thick. Using a 6cm/2½in fluted cutter, cut out 24 rounds. Transfer to the baking trays using a palette knife and bake for 8 minutes.

Remove the biscuits from the oven and brush the tops with the beaten egg white. Sprinkle over caster sugar and return to the oven for 5 minutes, or until pale golden-brown and cooked though. Leave to cool on the trays for a few minutes, then carefully lift onto a wire rack to cool completely.


{% extends 'base.html'%} {% import 'bootstrap/wtf.html' as wtf%} {% block content %}
You are about to Fly to the Code-Chef Factory!!! 20 seconds away!


Graphics PICtail™ Plus boards and PIC24FJ256DA210 Development Boards
features flash memories. These are useful resources to store images, fonts and
application data running on the mentioned demos. The following manual describes
how these memories can be programmed.
All programming are
initiated through a PC utility (External
Memory Programmer.exe) provided with the Graphics Library Demos. You can
find this utility in this path of your Microchip Application Libraries
installation path:
..\Installed Directory \Microchip\Graphics\Utilities\External
Memory Programmer
The hex files are
generated by the “Graphics Resource Converter” located in:
..\ Installed Directory \Microchip
Solutions\Microchip\Graphics\bin
Where: Installed Directory – is the directory
where Microchip Application Libraries (MAL) is installed (MAL includes the
installation of the Graphics Library).
The demo projects that include flash programming are created
to run on supported Microchip Demo Boards and development hardware.
Pre-generated hex files are available on the "Precompiled Demos"
sub-directory found in the demo directory. These hex files are generated using
the alternative hardware profiles found in the sub-directory named
"Alternative Configurations". Use the "Demo Compatibility
Matrix" when running pre-generated hex files appropriate for your
hardware.
This programmer allows downloading Intel Hex file into
memory installed on selected hardware.
The figure below shows the possible combination of your hardware that
requires programming. Depending on the hardware selected, the programming
sequence will be the same but the required user interface (such as button
press) may be different. Please refer to the different configurations below for
details.
Configuration
1: PIC24FJ256DA210 Development Board
Configuration
1: Troubleshooting
Configuration
2: Troubleshooting
There
are two flash memories on this board. The following steps sets up the Parallel
or the SPI flash memory for programming and usage.
1)
To use SPI Flash
a.
Set jumper
(JP23) to PMCS2-SPI
2)
To use Parallel
Flash
a.
Set jumper
(JP23) to PMCS2-PARALLEL
b.
Depending on the
memory range to be used
1.
set jumper
(JP11) to 1-2 when using 17 PMP address lines (PMP[16:0])
2.
set jumper
(JP11) to 2-3 when using 17 PMP address lines (PMP[17:0])
Note: Firmware must also initialize the EPMP SFRs to use the address lines. Please refer to EPMP FRM
Chapter (DS39730a) for details.
3)
To program
a.
Program the
PIC24FJ256DA210 with the application hex code that contains the programming
routine.
b.
Connect the
PIC24FJ256DA210 Development Board to the PC with a RS232 cable.
c.
With the
PIC24FJ256DA210 Development Board powered up, hold down button S2.
d.
While holding
button S2, push down and release button S4 (MCLR) to erase the data in flash
memory then release the S2 button. This will put the application in programming
mode.
e.
Run “External
Memory Programmer.exe” on the PC side.
f.
Browse the hex
file that you want to program into the flash memory. Please refer to the
specific demo manual for the actual hex file to program the flash memory.
g.
Select the COM
port connected to the PIC24FJ256DA210 Development Board.
h.
Press the Start
button. Programming should commence with the “Status” updating the number of
transmitted lines.
In
some cases, programming will fail due varied reasons.
1.
Only 1 line is
transferred and the number of retries reaches the maximum. Check if the jumper
(JP23) is setting the chip select to the correct flash memory.
2.
When programming
the parallel flash it always fails on a specific line number. Check jumper
(JP11) if set to use 17 or 18 EPMP address lines.
3.
“Programming
Failed” message always appears. Check if the correct COM port is selected. This
can be verified by looking at the Windows “Device Manager”. Verify the COM port
under the “Ports (COM & LPT)”.
The
explorer 16 can be connected to either the Graphics LCD Controller PICtail™ Plus SSD1926 Board or the Graphics PICtail™ Plus Daughter Board.
1)
Graphics LCD
Controller PICtail™ Plus SSD1926 Board use SPI Flash
a.
Set jumper (JP3)
to FLASH CS-RD1 to select SPI flash.
2)
Graphics PICtail™ Plus Daughter Board use Parallel Flash
a.
Set jumper (JP4)
to FLASH CS-RD1 (the demos are configured to use this setting)
3)
To program
a.
Program the
selected PIC device (PIM mounted on the Explorer 6 board) with the application
hex code that contains the programming routine.
b.
Connect the
Explorer 16 Board PC with a RS232 cable.
c.
Connect the
Graphics LCD Controller PICtail™ Plus SSD1926 Board
or Graphics PICtail™ Plus Daughter Board to the
Explorer 16 Board using the J9 edge connector.
d.
With the
Explorer 16 Board powered up, hold down button S6.
e.
While holding
button S6 push down and release button S1 (MCLR) to erase the data in flash
memory then release the S1 button. This will put the application in programming
mode.
f.
Run “External
Memory Programmer.exe” on the PC side.
g.
Browse the hex
file that you want to program into the flash memory. Please refer to the
specific demo manual for the actual hex file to program the flash memory.
h.
Select the COM
port connected to the PIC24FJ256DA210 Development Board.
i.
Press the Start
button. Programming should commence with the “Status” updating the number of
transmitted lines. The utility is set to transfer at the baud rate of 115200.
In
some cases, programming will fail due varied reasons.
1.
Only 1 line is
transferred and the number of retries reaches the maximum. If using Graphics
LCD Controller PICtail™ Plus SSD1926 Board, check if
the jumper (JP3) is using the correct SPI flash memory chip select signal.
2.
When using
Graphics PICtail™ Plus Daughter Board, programming the
parallel flash it always fails on a specific line number. Check the address
lines of the parallel flash. One or more address lines may not be connected to
the parallel flash properly.
3.
“Programming
Failed” message always appears. Check if the correct COM port is selected. This
can be verified by looking at the Windows “Device Manager”. Verify the COM port
under the “Ports (COM & LPT)”.


Load_amount
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Financial Fair Play: Manchester City lose appeal to Cas over Uefa investigation
Manchester City have failed in an initial bid to have the Court of Arbitration for Sport (Cas) halt Uefa's investigation into a possible breach of Financial Fair Play (FFP) rules.
City have been referred to Uefa's financial watchdog, the Club Financial Control Body (CFCB) and if found guilty could face a Champions League ban.
Cas said City's appeal was "inadmissible" at this stage because the CFCB has not yet determined what, if any, punishment would be applied if they were found guilty.
The club, who deny wrongdoing, had argued that Uefa did not have the authority to bring an FFP case against them.
Uefa launched an investigation after German newspaper Der Spiegel published leaked documents alleging City had inflated the value of a multimillion-pound sponsorship deal, misleading European football's governing body.
Reports alleged City deliberately misled Uefa so they could meet FFP rules requiring clubs to break even.
The Premier League champions, FA Cup and League Cup winners were fined £49m in 2014 for a previous breach of regulations.


Basic Usage Tutorial
(Note anything starting with a $
means that is a command that you
have to run at the command prompt. Anything below a command is the
output of that command.)
Let's walk through a simple example. We won't do anything complicated
or interesting in this example, and we won't talk too much about
why you would want to use this in the first place. It will be just
to show you how the mechanics of using the cln
app might work.
Note: to read a bit more about why you might want to use the cln
program, check out this blog
post.
I'm going to assume that you already have git
, git-annex
, and
cln
installed and ready to go. If you don't, take a look at the
install page.
Set up your project
First thing to do is to set up a "project". I'm going to be calling it a project, but really it is just a directory with a git repository where you are going to do some computational lab work that you need to remeber the steps of things that you did.
So make a directory for our project and cd
into that directory.
$ mkdir -p ~/projects/cln_example && cd ~/projects/cln_example
Next, we need to initialize the project. Let's call it Example
Project
.
$ cln init 'Example Project'
You should see some output showing some stuff about initializing an
empty git repository and an initial commit. The cln init
program is
simply a wrapper around setting up a git
and git-annex
repository
in this directory and then commiting in some of the folders and
boilerplate stuff that will be used for preparing and running jobs
later.
Let's see what was created. (If you don't have the tree
command,
you can install it like so sudo apt-get install tree
).
$ tree -a -I .git
.
├── .actions
│ ├── completed
│ ├── failed
│ ├── ignored
│ └── pending
└── README.md
There is a README.md
file with some basic info, and a couple of
folders for "actions". Actions are what we call things that we want
to run and track in our lab notebook. You can see directories for
pending, completed, failed, and ignored actions. We will talk about
each of them later.
Prepare a command
cln prepare
is used to "prepare" commands that you want to run. As
with all of this, you don't need to use the cln
program--you could
just use git and git-annex directly--but going through the cln
program will help you set up things to make everything a little easier
to reproduce and track what is going on when you come back to your
project after a couple months of working on something else.
Let's set up a silly command that we want to run. We are going to use
the printf
command to write some text into a file. If we were to
run it at the command prompt with out anything fancy it would look
something like this:
$ printf "I like apple pie\n" > msg.txt
And of course, you can check the output of that.
$ cat msg.txt
I like apple pie
Okay, let's delete that file for now since we don't need it.
$ rm msg.txt
Now, preparing a command is simple. You just take whatever you were
going to run at the command prompt, put that in single quotes (if
you're command has single quotes, you will need to escape them), and
pass that as the first argument to the cln prepare
command like
this:
$ cln prepare 'printf "I like apple pie\n" > msg.txt'
~~~
~~~
~~~ Hi! I just prepared an action for you.
~~~
~~~ * The pending action is: '.actions/pending/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.sh'
~~~ * The git commit template file is: '.actions/pending/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.gc_template.txt'
~~~
~~~ Next, you should check the prepared action:
~~~ $ cln run -dry-run
~~~
~~~
You man see slightly different output than that, but the gist should
be the same. As you can see, the cln prepare
program created a
pending action and a git commit template. (You'll see why the git
commit template is helpful in a bit.) Let's take a look at those
files.
Pending action file
$ cat '.actions/pending/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.sh'
/usr/bin/printf "I like apple pie\n" > msg.txt
As you see, it is just a bash script with the comman you would have
run at the command prompt by hand, except with the command stuck into
a little script for easy reference later. You'll see that the title
of the action file has some extra info, the date the action was
created and 460986084
, which is a hash of the contents. The
contents hash can be helpful when you're scanning through action files
to see if you've run the same commands more than once.
Git commit template
Now let's check out the git commit template file that was generated.
$ cat '.actions/pending/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.gc_template.txt'
PUT COMMIT MSG HERE.
== Details ==
PUT DETAILS HERE.
== Command(s) ==
/usr/bin/printf "I like apple pie\n" > msg.txt
== Action file ==
action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.sh
You can see that is has some sections in there for commit summary, details, the command that was/will be run, and the name of the action file that had the command. We will see how this helps us a bit later in the tutorial.
Running pending actions
Now that we have created a pending action, we want to run it. To do
that, we use cln run
.
Preview the run
Before actually running the action, it is a good idea to preview it
first with the -dry-run
option.
$ cln run -dry-run
~~~
~~~
~~~ Hi! I just previewed an action for you.
~~~
~~~ I plan to run this action file:
~~~ '.actions/pending/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.sh'
~~~
~~~ It's contents are:
~~~
/usr/bin/printf "I like apple pie\n" > msg.txt
~~~
~~~ If that looks good, you can run the action:
~~~ $ cln run
~~~
~~~
You should see output similar to the above. It basically just shows you the action that will be run, and the contents of the action file.
You may be wondering what happens if you have more than one pending
action. Well, if you prepare actions through the cln prepare
interface, you are not allowed to prepare more than one action at a
time. So it won't be a problem. If you make an action file "by hand"
outside of the cln prepare
interface, and then attempt to run cln
run
, you will get an error about there being more than one action
pending. At some point, I may add the ability to have multiple
pending actions, but for now, the program forces you to set up and run
one action at a time, so the accompanying git commits and their
messages will be clear and have a 1-to-1 relationship with the action
that was run (i.e., one action -> one commit).
Alright, that action looks correct to me, so let's run it!
Actually running the action
To run the action, just drop the -dry-run
option from the command
line.
$ cln run
~~~
~~~
~~~ Hi! I just ran an action for you.
~~~
~~~ * The pending action was '.actions/pending/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.sh'.
~~~ * The completed action is '.actions/completed/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.sh'.
~~~
~~~ Now, there are a couple of things you should do.
~~~
~~~ * Check which files have changed:
~~~ $ git status
~~~ * Add actions and commit templates:
~~~ $ git add .actions
~~~ * Unless they are small, add other new files with git annex:
~~~ $ git annex add blah blah blah...
~~~ * After adding files, commit changes using the template:
~~~ $ git commit -t '.actions/completed/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.gc_template.txt'
~~~
~~~ After that you are good to go!
~~~
~~~ * You can now check the logs with git log,
~~~ or use a GUI like gitk to view the history.
~~~
~~~
Alright our action was successfully ran! There's a good amount of output there, so let's go through it a little bit.
You will see the pending action that was run and the location of the completed action file. We keep all these action files so that, in conjuction with the git logs, you can go back later and figure out what was done.
Then, you should see some suggestions of what you may want to do next.
Checking git status
First you want to check the git status
and see what effect running
the action has had on the state of your project.
$ git status
On branch master
Untracked files:
(use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
.actions/
msg.txt
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
(If you haven't used git before, you should probably check out a basic tutorial to get you up to speed.)
Basically that is saying that some new files were created in the
.actions
directory and a new file called msg.txt
was also created.
The stuff in the .actions
directory were the action and git commit
template files, and the msg.txt
file was what running the action
actually created. Check it out.
$ cat msg.txt
I like apple pie
Add .actions files to git repository
Next, we want to add the new template and action file to the git repository.
We just use git
for that. This is the command to "add" all the
changes in the .actions
directory to our git repository.
$ git add .actions
Now if you check the status, you will see that change reflected:
$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
(use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
new file: .actions/completed/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.gc_template.txt
new file: .actions/completed/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.sh
Untracked files:
(use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
msg.txt
You see how those action and template files are now ready to be
commited but the msg.txt
file is still "untracked"?
Note also that we are currently on the "master" branch, which is the main branch in the repository. This is mainly to keep things simple in the tutorial, but for real work, you would probably want to consider creating another branch to "do the work" in so that you can easily roll things back if it all goes horribly wrong.
Add other files with git-annex
Next, the output suggests that we add any other changed files into the
repository with git-annex
unless they are small. One problem with
using git
for your lab notebook is that it really wasn't designed to
handle tracking giant files (like multi gb sequence files). For this
reason, we want to use git-annex
to track the large files. For this
tutorial, the text file we created is really small, so we don't
actually need git-annex
but I will show you how to do it anyways.
See the more realistic examples for more information
about why you probably want to use git-annex
.
$ git annex add msg.txt
git annex add msg.txt
add msg.txt
ok
(recording state in git...)
Again, we will talk more about git-annex
in another tutorial, but
basically you're now tracking the msg.txt
file in your project
repository. You can see for yourself with like this:
$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
(use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
new file: .actions/completed/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.gc_template.txt
new file: .actions/completed/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.sh
new file: msg.txt
See now how all the files are in the "Changes to be commited" section?
Commiting the changes
The last thing that the cln run
output suggests that we do is to
actually commit the changes. This will store whatever happened in the
project repository's history so we can track it later. I will just
copy and paste the suggusted command from the cln run
output into
the terminal and run it like so:
$ git commit -t '.actions/completed/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.gc_template.txt'
Now you should see a text editor pop up with the following contents:
PUT COMMIT MSG HERE.
== Details ==
PUT DETAILS HERE.
== Command(s) ==
/usr/bin/printf "I like apple pie\n" > msg.txt
== Action file ==
action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.sh
# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
#
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# new file: .actions/completed/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.gc_template.txt
# new file: .actions/completed/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.sh
# new file: msg.txt
#
All you need to do now is to fill in a short summary message at the
top (generally < 50 characters) and then fill
in some details describing what you did and why you did it. Don't
skimp on the details section. Put any context you need and that you
would normally put in your lab notebook about what you did (e.g., any
weird command line options, why you used the program you used, why you
needed to run this command, etc.). The summary and details will help
you out later so make take your time and make them good! Here's an
example of what it might look like for our silly printf
command.
Created the msg.txt file
== Details ==
I needed to create a file that describes something that I like. I
used the `printf` rather than `echo` because it is more portable.
(See https://stackoverflow.com/a/11530298 for a discussion of this on
stack overflow).
== Command(s) ==
/usr/bin/printf "I like apple pie\n" > msg.txt
== Action file ==
action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.sh
# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
#
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# new file: .actions/completed/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.gc_template.txt
# new file: .actions/completed/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.sh
# new file: msg.txt
#
See how I added some details in there to help me remember why I did what I did? That's probably overkill for such a simple example, but it will be very helpful when coming back to more complicated commands in the future!
After you finish writing, save it and exit your editor to complete the commit. You will probably see some git specific output on your terminal when you do. Something like this:
[master ebf7385] Created the msg.txt file
3 files changed, 12 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 .actions/completed/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.gc_template.txt
create mode 100644 .actions/completed/action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.sh
create mode 120000 msg.txt
Let's check the git status
once more to make sure everything is okay.
$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean
Alright, no problems!
Reading the history
Now that we have prepared an action, run it, and commited the resulting changes in to our project's repository, we can take a look at the changes.
The simplest way to do this is with the git log
command.
$ git log
commit ebf73855d2612ae3ddb899469994d95f2e49488e (HEAD -> master)
Author: Ryan Moore<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Date: Mon Apr 5 18:44:54 2021 -0400
Created the msg.txt file
== Details ==
I needed to create a file that describes something that I like. I
used the `printf` rather than `echo` because it is more portable.
(See https://stackoverflow.com/a/11530298 for a discussion of this on
stack overflow).
== Command(s) ==
/usr/bin/printf "I like apple pie\n" > msg.txt
== Action file ==
action__460986084__2021-04-05_18:02:37.sh
commit 1a2e909f2455beedeff27311d18254e9dd574f0d
Author: Ryan Moore<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Date: Mon Apr 5 17:43:50 2021 -0400
Initial commit
And you will see the last commit.
You can use a GUI like gitk to get a more interesting view of your commit history as well as a list of all the files and changes that occured with each of the commits.
This is where it all gets really powerful. You can browse the changes in your repository one by one and see which actions were run to cause all of those changes.
As you can see above, each commit is associated with the nice message template you filled out, as well as showing you which files were created and what changes occured in the repository. Very nice!!
Wrap up
That's most of what you need to know to get started with using cln
to help you manage your computation lab notebook with git
and
git-annex
. There are some more things to show you about deleting
pending actions and using git-annex
effectively, but that will be
covered in other tutorials.


Smoother
smoother.Smoother
class smoother.Smoother(lb=0, ub=1, num=50) [source]
The smoother computes a distribution by maximizing an objective function (i.e. a smoothness function) given constraints.
| Attributes: | x : np.array
A linearly spaced (
The probability density function of
The cumulative distribution function of |
|---|
Methods
mean(self) [source]
| Returns: | mean : float
|
|---|
var(self) [source]
| Returns: | variance : float
|
|---|
std(self) [source]
| Returns: | standard deviation : float
|
|---|
median(self) [source]
| Returns: | median : float
|
|---|
entropy(self) [source]
| Returns: | entropy : float
|
|---|
pdf(self, x) [source]
| Parameters: | x : float
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | pdf(x) : float
Probability density function of |
cdf(self, x) [source]
| Parameters: | x : float
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | cdf(x) : float between 0. and 1.
Cumulative distribution function of |
ppf(self, q) [source]
| Parameters: | q : float between 0. and 1.
Quantile. |
|---|---|
| Returns: | ppf(q) : float
Percent point function; inverse of |
sf(self, x) [source]
| Parameters: | x : float
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | sf(x) : float between 0. and 1.
Survival function; |
isf(self, q) [source]
| Parameters: | q : float between 0. and 1.
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | isf(x) : float
Inverse survival function. |
moment(self, degree=1, type_='raw', norm=False) [source]
| Parameters: | degree : int, default=1
The degree of the moment, e.g. first (mean), second (var). type_ : str, default='raw' Type of moment; |
|---|---|
| Returns: | moment : float
|
fit(self, lb, ub, constraints, objective=lambda self: self.entropy(), num=50) [source]
| Parameters: | lb : scalar
Lower bound of the distribution. ub : scalarUpper bound of the distribution. constraints : list of callables
Constraints take in a
The objective or smoothing function. The objective function takes a Number of points on the distribution used for approximation. |
|---|---|
| Returns: | self :
|
dump(self) [source]
| Returns: | state_dict : dict
JSON dump of the state dictionary. |
|---|
load(state_dict) [source]
| Parameters: | state_dict : dict
Output of |
|---|---|
| Returns: | smoother : Smoother
Smoother with the specified state dictionary. |


Q - Open/Close menu
W - Zoom In
S - Zoom Out
Up/Down/Left/Right - Rotate Camera
F0-F9 - Select Planet
Intensity:
Shininess:
Constant:
Linear:
Quadratic:


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %}
See what's happening in your hood,create posts and view businessses in your area.
Create posts on local content that's important to you.
You can also add your own business to get discovered by the community.
{{post.description}}


Edit/Select Settings Dialogue.
This is the settings form which allows users to edit/choose their favorite settings.
In the top-left corner there are three buttons which allow the user to select the type of the interest tree performance--Panel, Tree, or Altavista like. The three samples of these tree performances are available at the following destinations: www.e-spaces.com/unnf/ui1.jpg, www.e-spaces.com/unnf/ui2.gif, www.e-spaces.com/unnf/ui3.gif In the current form the Tree performance is shown. By pressing buttons ">>" & "<<" the user can adjust his/her preferences for the favorite interests.
Button "Ok" returns the user to the "Welcome" form, having admitted the setting change; button "Cancel" does the same, but without a setting change. Button "Favorite Advisors" lets the user select his/her preferences for the set of advisors, whose messages are preferable to the user.


Gabes is a mixture of old and new, its main appeal being the historic old quarters of Jara, Boulbala and especially Mensel where there are maze-like alleys, mosques and lively markets.
This town is where the Sahara desert begins. The architecture and landscape change and there are not as many historical sites as further north, but, there are many places of interest.
Position 33° 53'39"N, 10° 07'14"E (harbour entrance)
There are 20 yacht berths here, a 10 ton crane, water, electricity and fuel. Some repairs may be possible as it has a busy fishing harbour.


The standard version of the component that most people will likely use regularly.
To open suggestions dropdown with keyboard, use combination of alt key + arrow down key
when
focusing input field.
isSearch
property to true to use Combobox as a Search Field. The input-group addon is changed
to 'search' and additional Clear button will appear when the user enters a value in the input field. The Clear
button can be hidden by setting the showClearButton
to false. By default it's set to true.filterFn
input function. Simply pass a function which
accepts an array and a search term, handle filtering logic within this function, and then return the desired
filtered array. In this example, the list will only display if the search term case matches the result (the combobox
will still auto-select a match regardless of case, however).
[searchFn]
input. This function will be called when
the primary combobox button is clicked, or when the user presses the 'enter' key while focused in the combobox
input.
[mobile]
property to true[mobileConfig]
with MobileModeConfig
configuration object to customize the
look of the control
MOBILE_MODE_CONFIG
token.
Check Global Configuration page for more
information.
displayFn
input can be used to modify how the results are presented within the combobox. In this
example we are making the results all upper-cased.
(openChange)
it is possible to detect the changes of open state in combobox.
[closeOnOutsideClick]="false"
, [openOnKeyboardEvent]="false"
and
[triggers]="[]"
, it is possible to fully control how the user will open and close the results list.
dropdownValues
input can accept an Observable with an async pipe, which could be useful for
autocomplete.
itemTemplate
to
the component. The itemTemplate
should align with the contents of an
fd-list-item
directive.
[itemTemplate]
input can be used to create a combobox with two columns of information. Note that a
displayFn
is required for this example so the combobox knows how to display the selected item.
[groupFn]
input. This
function should accept an object of key/value pairs as the parameter. Each key will be a group name and the
corresponding value for that key will be an array of any type. A [displayFn]
can be used to specify
what to display from that array.
[maxHeight]
input to set a maximum height for the results list. [includes]="true"
, the combobox will return results where the result includes the search term at any
place in the string.[communicateByObject]
boolean input if you are using custom objects for the
dropdownValues
or if you want the combobox to only trigger onChange when a value is selected, rather than every time the input
changes.


Template for simple Chrome App
This is to have a basic template where you can start your Chrome App with Vue and bootstrap
{{myName}}


Hotshots Slam back in form
Baertschiger-trained youngster is back in business following his unextended trial victory on Tuesday
by Tan Thean LoonHotshots Slam looks set to make a quick return to the winning list, judging by his impressive trial victory at Kranji on Tuesday morning.
The other trial victor, JK Formidable, is another horse to watch.
Ridden by jockey John Powell, Hotshots Slam flew the gates on the far side in the second of two trials but his stablemate Boom Shakalaka also jumped brilliantly on the inside with jockey Matthew Kellady astride to share the early lead.
Jockey Michael Rodd then allowed the Cliff Brown-trained Superlative to cruise up in between the Shane Baertschhiger-trained pair to make it a line of three.
Hotshots Slam and Boom Shakalaka broke away from Superlative turning for home. Hotshots Slam went wide, while his stablemate stuck to the fence.
The duo made it a two-horse affair and were not extended by their riders at any stage. Hotshots Slam produced more at the finish to win by half a length and clocked 1min 01.06sec for the 1,000m on the Polytrack.
Nadeem Sapphire finished third under the guidance of Alysha Collett, 21/4 lengths behind.
Hotshots Slam showed promise first-up on June 21, leading all the way in a Restricted Maiden event over the Poly 1,100m in a smart 1:05.19.
He then finished third behind Inferno and Rocket Star in the Group 2 Aushorse Golden Horseshoe over 1,200m on turf, before finishing seventh in a Novice race last start on Aug 9.
The rest he had appears to have benefited him.
Boom Shakalaka shares the same record of a debut win, a second-up third and a last-start 13th, which came in the Aushorse race. He also seems to have enjoyed the break and is coming back to hand.
Take note of the two Baertschiger youngsters.
In the opening trial, the John O'Hara-trained JK Formidable was impressive in winning with Juan Paul van der Merwe atop.
After disputing the lead with Captain Bill, the one-time winner went on to win under his own steam in 1:01.82.
It was his second successive trial win, suggesting he is due for another success.


{{ user.first_name }}
{{ "@"|add:user.username }}
{% extends "dash/base_dash.html" %} {% load staticfiles %} {% block title %}Lisplay - Dashboard{% endblock %} {% block sidebar %}
{% endblock %} {% block content %}Active Supporters
This Month Revenue
Supporters Joined
Supporters Left
| # | Username | Monthly | Total | Started at | {% for subscription in subscribers %}
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{ forloop.counter }} | {{ subscription.subscriber }} | ₹ {{ subscription.amount }} | ₹ {{subscription.amount|get_total_payment:subscription.paid_count}} | {{ subscription.created_at|date:"M d, o" }} |
| # | Username | Monthly | Started at | Cancelled at | {% for subscription in subscribers_cancelled %}
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{ forloop.counter }} | {{ subscription.subscriber }} | ₹ {{ subscription.amount }} | {{ subscription.created_at|date:"M d, o" }} | {{ subscription.ended_at|date:"M d, o" }} |
This dashboard is available only for registered creators
Enter your creator details and start earning!
| # | Creator | Monthly | Started at | Please don't | {% for subscription in active_subscriptions %}
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{ forloop.counter }} | {{ subscription.creator }} | ₹ {{ subscription.amount }} | {{ subscription.created_at|date:"M d, o" }} |
| # | Creator | Monthly | Started at | Cancelled at | {% for subscription in cancelled_subscriptions %}
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{ forloop.counter }} | {{ subscription.creator }} | ₹ {{ subscription.amount }} | {{ subscription.created_at|date:"M d, o" }} | {{ subscription.ended_at|date:"M d, o" }} |


Kildare fan got to sing with Lewis Capaldi at the Olympia
Stunned the crowd
by Paula CampbellA Kildare man sang his heart out with Scottish pop star Lewis Capaldi at the weekend after he asked him if he could sing with him on his birthday.
Sean McGrath, 24, took to the Olympia Theatre stage on Thursday night beside the star and stunned the crowd with his voice on the hit song 'Bruises'.
He had been in the front row when he caught the singer's eye and asked if he could sing with him adding that it was his birthday.
Before they began, Capaldi told Sean: "I'll sing the first line and then it's all yours man."
The Naas native stepped up to sing with the band and the crowd went wild.
McGrath, who is the lead singer in a band called Stolen City, said he was very worried that he would mess it up as he is a huge fan but decided to embrace it and enjoyed it once he went up on stage.
The video of Sean's performance has gone viral on social media.


open fun getScrollPosition(): PointF
Return the point at the center of the zoomed image. The PointF coordinates range in value between 0 and 1 and the focus point is denoted as a fraction from the left and top of the view. For example, the top left corner of the image would be (0, 0). And the bottom right corner would be (1, 1).
Return
PointF representing the scroll position of the zoomed image.


--- layout: default title: JNI ---
In computing, the Java Native Interface (JNI) is a programming framework that enables Java code running in a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to call and be called by[1] native applications (programs specific to a hardware and operating system platform) and libraries written in other languages such as C, C++ and assembly.
{{ page.date | date_to_string }}


| Top |
Functions
Properties
| double | lnr0 | Read / Write |
| NcmPowspec * | powerspectrum | Read / Write / Construct Only |
| double | reltol | Read / Write / Construct |
| double | reltol-z | Read / Write / Construct |
| double | zf | Read / Write |
| double | zi | Read / Write |
Description
This class computes the 3d spatial correlation function $\xi(r, z)$ from the power spectrum using the FFTLog approach (see NcmFftlog and NcmFftlogSBesselJ), \begin{equation}\label{eq:variance} \xi(r, z) = \sigma^2(r, z) = \frac{1}{2\pi^2} \int_0^\infty k^2 \ P(k, z) j_0(kr) \ \mathrm{d}k, \end{equation} where $P(k, z)$ is the power spectrum at mode $k$ and redshift $z$ and $j_0(kr)$ is the order zero spherical bessel function.
Functions
ncm_powspec_corr3d_new ()
NcmPowspecCorr3d *
ncm_powspec_corr3d_new (NcmPowspec *ps
);
Creates a new NcmPowspecCorr3d from the power spectrum ps
.
ncm_powspec_corr3d_ref ()
NcmPowspecCorr3d *
ncm_powspec_corr3d_ref (NcmPowspecCorr3d *psc
);
Increases the reference count of psc
by one.
ncm_powspec_corr3d_free ()
void
ncm_powspec_corr3d_free (NcmPowspecCorr3d *psc
);
Decreases the reference count of psc
by one.
ncm_powspec_corr3d_clear ()
void
ncm_powspec_corr3d_clear (NcmPowspecCorr3d **psc
);
If psc
is different from NULL, decreases the reference count of
psc
by one and sets fftlog
to NULL.
ncm_powspec_corr3d_prepare ()
void ncm_powspec_corr3d_prepare (NcmPowspecCorr3d *psc
,NcmModel *model
);
Prepares the object applying the filter to the power spectrum.
ncm_powspec_corr3d_prepare_if_needed ()
void ncm_powspec_corr3d_prepare_if_needed (NcmPowspecCorr3d *psc
,NcmModel *model
);
Prepares (if necessary) the object applying the filter to the power spectrum.
ncm_powspec_corr3d_set_lnr0 ()
void ncm_powspec_corr3d_set_lnr0 (NcmPowspecCorr3d *psc
,gdouble lnr0
);
Sets the center of the transform output $\ln(r_0)$ (see ncm_fftlog_set_lnr0()
).
ncm_powspec_corr3d_set_best_lnr0 ()
void
ncm_powspec_corr3d_set_best_lnr0 (NcmPowspecCorr3d *psc
);
Sets the value of $\ln(r_0)$ which gives the best results for
the transformation based on the current value of $\ln(k_0)$,
this is based in the rule of thumb $\mathrm{max}_{x^*}(j_l)$
where $ x^* \approx l + 1$ (see ncm_fftlog_sbessel_j_set_best_lnr0()
).
ncm_powspec_corr3d_set_zi ()
void ncm_powspec_corr3d_set_zi (NcmPowspecCorr3d *psc
,gdouble zi
);
Sets the inital time $z_i$.
ncm_powspec_corr3d_set_zf ()
void ncm_powspec_corr3d_set_zf (NcmPowspecCorr3d *psc
,gdouble zf
);
Sets the final time $z_f$.
ncm_powspec_corr3d_get_r_min ()
gdouble
ncm_powspec_corr3d_get_r_min (NcmPowspecCorr3d *psc
);
This function returns $\xi(r, z)$'s minimum evaluated distance.
ncm_powspec_corr3d_get_r_max ()
gdouble
ncm_powspec_corr3d_get_r_max (NcmPowspecCorr3d *psc
);
This function returns $\xi(r, z)$'s maximum evaluated distance.
ncm_powspec_corr3d_eval_xi_lnr ()
gdouble ncm_powspec_corr3d_eval_xi_lnr (NcmPowspecCorr3d *psc
,const gdouble z
,const gdouble lnr
);
Evaluates the function $\xi(z, r)$ at lnr
and z
.
ncm_powspec_corr3d_eval_xi ()
gdouble ncm_powspec_corr3d_eval_xi (NcmPowspecCorr3d *psc
,const gdouble z
,const gdouble r
);
Evaluate the function $\xi(z, r)$ at r
and z
.
Property Details
The “lnr0”
property
“lnr0” double
The Center value for $\ln(r)$.
Owner: NcmPowspecCorr3d
Flags: Read / Write
Default value: 0
The “powerspectrum”
property
“powerspectrum” NcmPowspec *
The NcmPowspec object to be transformed into $\xi(r, z)$.
Owner: NcmPowspecCorr3d
Flags: Read / Write / Construct Only
The “reltol”
property
“reltol” double
The relative tolerance for calibration in the distance direction.
Owner: NcmPowspecCorr3d
Flags: Read / Write / Construct
Allowed values: [2.22045e-16,1]
Default value: 0.001
The “reltol-z”
property
“reltol-z” double
The relative tolerance for calibration in the redshift direction.
Owner: NcmPowspecCorr3d
Flags: Read / Write / Construct
Allowed values: [2.22045e-16,1]
Default value: 1e-06
The “zf”
property
“zf” double
The output final time $z_f$ of the correlation function, $\xi(r,z)$.
Owner: NcmPowspecCorr3d
Flags: Read / Write
Default value: 1


黒の手番です。22 はどう動かしますか？
Unlimited
pips Black=74 White=149
(CorrectAnswer= 0/0, ErrorScore= 0)
1. 18/14 13/9 eq:+0.375 62.95% (G:29.76% B:0.95%) 37.05% (G:5.07% B:0.18%) 2. 18/14 13/11 3/1 eq:+0.221 (-0.154) 58.41% (G:27.31% B:0.75%) 41.59% (G:6.52% B:0.23%) 3. 18/16 13/9 3/1 eq:+0.188 (-0.187) 57.01% (G:27.82% B:0.77%) 42.99% (G:6.94% B:0.26%) 4. 13/5 eq:+0.156 (-0.219) 55.48% (G:27.39% B:1.01%) 44.52% (G:6.40% B:0.23%) 5. 18/16 13/11 6/4(2) eq:+0.146 (-0.229) 55.39% (G:26.53% B:0.66%) 44.61% (G:7.21% B:0.39%)


Easy Come, Easy Go. Forum Gallery, Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield, Michigan. USA.
Walking with Serpents: Speculative Histories. Forum Gallery, Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield, Michigan. USA.
JETLAG. Forum Gallery, Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield, Michigan, USA.
Crossover. DOWD Gallery, State of New York Cortland, New York, USA.
Crossover. DOWD Gallery, State of New York Cortland, New York, USA.
Annual Student Show. DOWD Gallery, State of New York Cortland, New York, USA.
The Autumn. Hyundai Arts Center Gallery, Ulsan, South Korea.
The 39th Public Advertisement Exhibition of Enamelling Art. Tokyo, Japan.
Contemporary Enamel Arts from Korea and Japan. Insa Art Center, Seoul, South Korea.
The 17th International Cloisonne Jewelry Exhibition. Tokyo, Japan.
Alchemists. Insa Art Center, Seoul, South Korea.
Present for Thanks and Mercy. Seoul, South Korea.
Alchemists. Insa Art Center, Seoul, South Korea.
First Place. Annual Student Show, SUNY Cortland, New York, USA.
Wah Chip and Yuki Chin Scholarship. Annual Student Show, SUNY Cortland, New York, USA.


Write a technical strategy¶
In this tutorial, you will learn to do the following in Julia:
Write a trading strategy
Backtest the strategy
Plot the trading signals
Evalaute strategy performance
You could run the code for this tutorial in code/technical-analysis_julia/moving_average.jl
or code/technical-analysis_julia/moving-average.ipynb
.
You would need to install and import the following libraries:
# import libraries
using CSV;
using Dates;
using DataFrames;
using Statistics;
using Plots;
using PyCall;
using RollingFunctions;
@pyimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt
First, load the file from the sample database:
# load data
df = CSV.File("../../database/microeconomic_data/hkex_ticks_day/hkex_0001.csv") |> DataFrame
ticker = "0001.HK" # set this variable for plot title
Build the strategy¶
We will use Moving Average (MA) as the example here. You could refer to the section Moving Averages (MA) to read the formulae and conditions for generating buy/sell signals.
Calculate the short and long moving averages,
and respectively append them to the signals
dataframe:
# initialise signals dataframe
signals = df[:,[:Date, :Close]]
dates = Array(convert(Matrix, select(df, :Date))) # get dates
close = convert(Matrix, select(df, :Close)) # get closing price
# short MA
short_window = 40
short_mavg = runmean(vec(close), short_window)
insertcols!(signals, 1, :short_mavg => short_mavg)
# long MA
long_window = 100
long_mavg = runmean(vec(close), long_window)
insertcols!(signals, 1, :long_mavg => long_mavg)
Generate the buy and sell signals based on the short_mavg
and long_mavg
colums:
# Create signals
signal = Float64[]
for i in 1:length(short_mavg)
if short_mavg[i] > long_mavg[i]
x = 1.0 # buy signal
else
x = 0.0
end
push!(signal, x)
end
insertcols!(signals, 1, :signal => signal)
Generate the positions by taking the row differences in signal
:
# Generate positions
function gen_pos(signal)
positions = zeros(length(signal))
positions[1] = 0
for i in 2:length(signal)
positions[i] = signal[i] - signal[i-1]
end
return positions
end
positions = gen_pos(signal)
insertcols!(signals, 1, :positions => positions)
We also generate temporary arrays for plotting buy and sell signals respectively:
# Generate tmp arrays to plot buy signals
buy_signals = DataFrame()
buy_dates = []
buy_prices = []
for i in 1:length(positions)
if (positions[i] == 1.0)
push!(buy_dates, dates[i])
push!(buy_prices, close[i])
end
end
insertcols!(buy_signals, 1, :Date => buy_dates)
insertcols!(buy_signals, 1, :Price => buy_prices)
#print(first(buy_signals,10))
# Generate tmp arrays to plot sell signals
sell_signals = DataFrame()
sell_dates = []
sell_prices = []
for i in 1:length(positions)
if (positions[i] == -1.0)
push!(sell_dates, dates[i])
push!(sell_prices, close[i])
end
end
insertcols!(sell_signals, 1, :Date => sell_dates)
insertcols!(sell_signals, 1, :Price => sell_prices)
Plotting graphs¶
As we make use of matplotlib
to plot graphs, the functions are very similar to those
we have used in Python.
fig = plt.figure() # Initialise the plot figure
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(111, ylabel="Price in \$") # Add a subplot and label for y-axis
# plot moving averages as line
plt.plot(signals.Date, signals.short_mavg, color="blue", linewidth=1.0, label="Short MA")
plt.plot(signals.Date, signals.long_mavg, color="orange", linewidth=1.0, label="Long MA")
# plot signals with colour markers
plt.plot(buy_signals.Date, buy_signals.Price, marker=10, markersize=7, color="m", linestyle="None", label="Buy signal")
plt.plot(sell_signals.Date, sell_signals.Price, marker=11, markersize=7, color="k", linestyle="None", label="Sell signal")
plt.title("MA crossover signals")
plt.show()
# save fig
fig.savefig("./figures/moving-average-crossover_signals", dpi=100)
Backtesting¶
We could then backtest the strategy on the historical price data:
initial_capital = 100000.0
# Initialise the portfolio with value owned
portfolio = signals[:,[:Date, :Close, :positions]]
portfolio[:trade] = signals[:Close] .* (100 .* signals[:positions])
# Add `holdings` to portfolio
portfolio[:quantity] = cumsum(100 .* signals[:positions])
portfolio[:holdings] = portfolio[:Close] .* portfolio[:quantity]
# Add `cash` to portfolio
portfolio[:cash] = initial_capital .- cumsum(portfolio[:trade])
# Add `total` to portfolio
portfolio[:total] = portfolio[:cash] .+ portfolio[:holdings]
portfolio_total = Array(portfolio[:total])
# Generate returns
function gen_returns(portfolio_total)
returns = zeros(length(portfolio_total))
returns[1] = 0
for i in 2:length(portfolio_total)
returns[i] = (portfolio_total[i] - portfolio_total[i-1]) / portfolio_total[i-1]
end
return returns
end
returns = gen_returns(portfolio_total)
insertcols!(portfolio, 1, :returns => returns)
# Print final portfolio value and total return in terminal
@printf("Final total value: %f\n", portfolio.total[size(portfolio,1)])
total_return = (portfolio.total[size(portfolio,1)] - portfolio.total[1]) / portfolio.total[1]
@printf("Total return: %f\n", total_return)
Strategy evaluation¶
Note that all the evalation metric functions are designed to take the portfolio dataframe as argument. You could refer to the Evaluation metrics section the mathematical formulae for each evaluation metric.
Portfolio return¶
function portfolio_return(portfolio)
fig = plt.figure() # Initialise the plot figure
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(111, ylabel="Total in \$") # Add a subplot and label for y-axis
plt.plot(portfolio.Date, portfolio.returns, color="blue", linewidth=1.0, label="Returns")
plt.title("MA crossover portfolio return")
plt.show()
# save fig
fig.savefig("./figures/moving-average-crossover_returns", dpi=100)
end
# call function
portfolio_return(portfolio)
Sharpe ratio¶
function sharpe_ratio(portfolio)
# Annualised Sharpe ratio
sharpe_ratio = sqrt(252) * (mean(returns) / std(returns))
return sharpe_ratio
end
# Call function and print output
sharpe = sharpe_ratio(portfolio)
@printf("Sharpe ratio: %f\n", sharpe)
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)¶
function CAGR(portfolio)
# Get the number of days in df
format = DateFormat("y-m-d")
days = portfolio.Date[size(portfolio,1)] - portfolio.Date[1]
# Calculate the CAGR
cagr = ^((portfolio.total[size(portfolio,1)] / portfolio.total[1]), (252.0 / Dates.value(days))) - 1
return cagr
end
# Call function and print output
cagr = CAGR(portfolio)
@printf("CAGR: %f\n", cagr)
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