GROFF_OUT
Section: File Formats (5)Updated: 12 September 2002
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
groff_out - groff intermediate output formatDESCRIPTION
This manual page describes the intermediate output format of the GNU roff(7) text processing system. This output is produced by a run of the GNU troff(1) program before it is fed into a device postprocessor program. As the GNU roff processor groff(1) is a wrapper program around troff that automatically calls a postprocessor, this output does not show up normally. This is why it is called intermediate within the groff system. The groff program provides the option -Z to inhibit postprocessing, such that the produced intermediate output is sent to standard output just like calling troff manually. In this document, the term troff output describes what is output by the GNU troff program, while intermediate output refers to the language that is accepted by the parser that prepares this output for the postprocessors. This parser is smarter on whitespace and implements obsolete elements for compatibility, otherwise both formats are the same. The pre-groff roff versions are denoted as classical troff. The main purpose of the intermediate output concept is to facilitate the development of postprocessors by providing a common programming interface for all devices. It has a language of its own that is completely different from the groff(7) language. While the groff language is a high-level programming language for text processing, the intermediate output language is a kind of low-level assembler language by specifying all positions on the page for writing and drawing. The intermediate output produced by groff is fairly readable, while classical troff output was hard to understand because of strange habits that are still supported, but not used any longer by GNU troff.LANGUAGE CONCEPTS
During the run of troff, the roff input is cracked down to the information on what has to be printed at what position on the intended device. So the language of the intermediate output format can be quite small. Its only elements are commands with or without arguments. In this document, the term "command" always refers to the intermediate output language, never to the roff language used for document formatting. There are commands for positioning and text writing, for drawing, and for device controlling.Separation
Classical troff output had strange requirements on whitespace. The groff output parser, however, is smart about whitespace by making it maximally optional. The whitespace characters, i.e. the tab, space, and newline characters, always have a syntactical meaning. They are never printable because spacing within the output is always done by positioning commands. Any sequence of space or tab characters is treated as a single syntactical space. It separates commands and arguments, but is only required when there would occur a clashing between the command code and the arguments without the space. Most often, this happens when variable length command names, arguments, argument lists, or command clusters meet. Commands and arguments with a known, fixed length need not be separated by syntactical space. A line break is a syntactical element, too. Every command argument can be followed by whitespace, a comment, or a newline character. Thus a syntactical line break is defined to consist of optional syntactical space that is optionally followed by a comment, and a newline character. The normal commands, those for positioning and text, consist of a single letter taking a fixed number of arguments. For historical reasons, the parser allows to stack such commands on the same line, but fortunately, in groff intermediate output, every command with at least one argument is followed by a line break, thus providing excellent readability. The other commands [em] those for drawing and device controlling [em] have a more complicated structure; some recognize long command names, and some take a variable number of arguments. So all D and x commands were designed to request a syntactical line break after their last argument. Only one command, `x X' has an argument that can stretch over several lines, all other commands must have all of their arguments on the same line as the command, i.e. the arguments may not be splitted by a line break. Empty lines, i.e. lines containing only space and/or a comment, can occur everywhere. They are just ignored.Argument Units
Some commands take integer arguments that are assumed to represent values in a measurement unit, but the letter for the corresponding scale indicator is not written with the output command arguments; see groff(7) and the groff info file for more on this topic. Most commands assume the scale indicator~ the basic unit of the device, some use~ the scaled point unit of the device, while others, such as the color commands expect plain integers. Note that these scale indicators are relative to the chosen device. They are defined by the parameters specified in the device's DESC file; see groff_font(5). Note that single characters can have the eighth bit set, as can the names of fonts and special characters. The names of characters and fonts can be of arbitrary length. A character that is to be printed will always be in the current font. A string argument is always terminated by the next whitespace character (space, tab, or newline); an embedded # character is regarded as part of the argument, not as the beginning of a comment command. An integer argument is already terminated by the next non-digit character, which then is regarded as the first character of the next argument or command.Document Parts
A correct intermediate output document consists of two parts, the prologue and the body. The task of the prologue is to set the general device parameters using three exactly specified commands. The groff prologue is guaranteed to consist of the following three lines (in that order):-
x T
device
x res n h v
x init
COMMAND REFERENCE
This section describes all intermediate output commands, the classical commands as well as the groff extensions.Comment Command
- #anything[la]end_of_line[ra]
- A comment. Ignore any characters from the #~character up to the next newline character. This command is the only possibility for commenting in the intermediate output. Each comment can be preceded by arbitrary syntactical space; every command can be terminated by a comment.
Simple Commands
The commands in this subsection have a command code consisting of a single character, taking a fixed number of arguments. Most of them are commands for positioning and text writing. These commands are smart about whitespace. Optionally, syntactical space can be inserted before, after, and between the command letter and its arguments. All of these commands are stackable, i.e., they can be preceded by other simple commands or followed by arbitrary other commands on the same line. A separating syntactical space is only necessary when two integer arguments would clash or if the preceding argument ends with a string argument.- Print a special groff character named The trailing syntactical space or line break is necessary to allow character names of arbitrary length. The character is printed at the current print position; the character's size is read from the font file. The print position is not changed.
- Print character~ at the current print position; the character's size is read from the font file. The print position is not changed.
- Set font to font number~ (a non-negative integer).
- Move right to the absolute vertical position~ (a non-negative integer in basic units~ relative to left edge of current page.
- Move (a non-negative integer) basic units~ horizontally to the right. [54] allows negative values for n also, but groff doesn't use this.
-
Set the color for text (glyphs), line drawing, and the outline of
graphic objects using different color schemes; the analoguous command
for the filling color of graphic objects is
DF.
The color components are specified as integer arguments between 0 and
@maxcolor].
The number of color components and their meaning vary for the
different color schemes.
These commands are generated by the groff escape sequence
@backslash]m.
No position changing.

-
- Set color using the CMY color scheme, having the 3~color components cyan, magenta, and yellow.
- Set color to the default color value (black in most cases). No component arguments.
- Set color to the shade of gray given by the argument, an integer between 0 (black) and @maxcolor] (white).
- Set color using the CMYK color scheme, having the 4~color components cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
- Set color using the RGB color scheme, having the 3~color components red, green, and blue.
-
- Print character with index~ (a non-negative integer) of the current font. The print position is not changed. This command is a groff extension.
- Inform the device about a line break, but no positioning is done by this command. In classical troff, the integer arguments and~ informed about the space before and after the current line to make the intermediate output more human readable without performing any action. In groff, they are just ignored, but they must be provided for compatibility reasons.
- Begin a new page in the outprint. The page number is set to~ This page is completely independent of pages formerly processed even if those have the same page number. The vertical position on the outprint is automatically set to~0. All positioning, writing, and drawing is always done relative to a page, so a p~command must be issued before any of these commands.
- Set point size to scaled points (this is unit~ in GNU troff). Classical troff used the unit points ( instead; see section COMPATIBILITY.
- Print a word, i.e. a sequence of characters terminated by a space character or a line break; an optional second integer argument is ignored (this allows the formatter to generate an even number of arguments). The first character should be printed at the current position, the current horizontal position should then be increased by the width of the first character, and so on for each character. The widths of the characters are read from the font file, scaled for the current point size, and rounded to a multiple of the horizontal resolution. Special characters cannot be printed using this command (use the C command for named characters). This command is a groff extension; it is only used for devices whose DESC file contains the tcommand keyword; see groff_font(5).
- Print word with track kerning. This is the same as the t command except that after printing each character, the current horizontal position is increased by the sum of the width of that character and~ (an integer in basic units~ This command is a groff extension; it is only used for devices whose DESC file contains the tcommand keyword; see groff_font(5).
- Move down to the absolute vertical position~ (a non-negative integer in basic units~ relative to upper edge of current page.
- Move basic units~ down (n is a non-negative integer). [54] allows negative values for n also, but groff doesn't use this.
- Informs about a paddable whitespace to increase readability. The spacing itself must be performed explicitly by a move command.
Graphics Commands
Each graphics or drawing command in the intermediate output starts with the letter~D followed by one or two characters that specify a subcommand; this is followed by a fixed or variable number of integer arguments that are separated by a single space character. A D command may not be followed by another command on the same line (apart from a comment), so each D command is terminated by a syntactical line break. troff output follows the classical spacing rules (no space between command and subcommand, all arguments are preceded by a single space character), but the parser allows optional space between the command letters and makes the space before the first argument optional. As usual, each space can be any sequence of tab and space characters. Some graphics commands can take a variable number of arguments. In this case, they are integers representing a size measured in basic units~ The arguments called @arg1]1, @arg1]2, @arg1]n stand for horizontal distances where positive means right, negative left. The arguments called @arg1]1, @arg1]2, @arg1]n stand for vertical distances where positive means down, negative up. All these distances are offsets relative to the current location. Unless indicated otherwise, each graphics command directly corresponds to a similar groff @backslash]D escape sequence; see groff(7). Unknown D~commands are assumed to be device-specific. Its arguments are parsed as strings; the whole information is then sent to the postprocessor. In the following command reference, the syntax element [la]line_break[ra] means a syntactical line break as defined in section Separation. Draw B-spline from current position to offset then to offset if given, etc. up to This command takes a variable number of argument pairs; the current position is moved to the terminal point of the drawn curve. Draw arc from current position to with center at then move the current position to the final point of the arc. Draw a solid circle using the current fill color with diameter~ (integer in basic units~ with leftmost point at the current position; then move the current position to the rightmost point of the circle. An optional second integer argument is ignored (this allows to the formatter to generate an even number of arguments). This command is a groff extension. Draw circle line with diameter~ (integer in basic units~ with leftmost point at the current position; then move the current position to the rightmost point of the circle. Draw a solid ellipse in the current fill color with a horizontal diameter of~ and a vertical diameter of~ (both integers in basic units~ with the leftmost point at the current position; then move to the rightmost point of the ellipse. This command is a groff extension. Draw an outlined ellipse with a horizontal diameter of~ and a vertical diameter of~ (both integers in basic units~ with the leftmost point at current position; then move to the rightmost point of the ellipse. Set fill color for solid drawing objects using different color schemes; the analoguous command for setting the color of text, line graphics, and the outline of graphic objects is m. The color components are specified as integer arguments between 0 and @maxcolor]. The number of color components and their meaning vary for the different color schemes. These commands are generated by the groff escape sequences @backslash]D'F ...' and @backslash]M (with no other corresponding graphics commands). No position changing. This command is a groff extension.- Set fill color for solid drawing objects using the CMY color scheme, having the 3~color components cyan, magenta, and yellow. Set fill color for solid drawing objects to the default fill color value (black in most cases). No component arguments. Set fill color for solid drawing objects to the shade of gray given by the argument, an integer between 0 (black) and @maxcolor] (white). Set fill color for solid drawing objects using the CMYK color scheme, having the 4~color components cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. Set fill color for solid drawing objects using the RGB color scheme, having the 3~color components red, green, and blue.
-
- 0 [<=] n [<=] 1000
- Set the color for filling solid drawing objects to a shade of gray, where 0 corresponds to solid white, 1000 (the default) to solid black, and values in between to intermediate shades of gray; this is obsoleted by command DFg.
- n < 0 or n > 1000
-
Set the filling color to the color that is currently being used for
the text and the outline, see command
m.
For example, the command sequence
- mg 0 0 @maxcolor] Df -1
Device Control Commands
Each device control command starts with the letter x followed by a space character (optional or arbitrary space/:tab in groff) and a subcommand letter or word; each argument (if any) must be preceded by a syntactical space. All x commands are terminated by a syntactical line break; no device control command can be followed by another command on the same line (except a comment). The subcommand is basically a single letter, but to increase readability, it can be written as a word, i.e. an arbitrary sequence of characters terminated by the next tab, space, or newline character. All characters of the subcommand word but the first are simply ignored. For example, troff outputs the initialization command x i as x init and the resolution command x r as x res. But writings like x i_like_groff and x roff_is_groff resp. are accepted as well to mean the same commands. In the following, the syntax element [la]line_break[ra] means a syntactical line break as defined in section Separation.- B]x@sub]]@args]]@linebreak]
-
(ub control command)
Use as the intended name for the current file in error reports. This is useful for remembering the original file name when groff uses an internal piping mechanism. The input file is not changed by this command. This command is a groff extension. - B]x@sub]]@args]]@linebreak]
-
(ub control command)
Mount font position~ (a non-negative integer) with font named~ (a text word), cf. groff_font(5). - B]x@sub]]@args]]@linebreak]
-
(ub control command)
Set character height to~ (a positive integer in scaled points~ Classical troff used the unit points ( instead; see section COMPATIBILITY. - B]x@sub]]@args]]@linebreak]
-
(ub control command)
Initialize device. This is the third command of the prologue. - B]x@sub]]@args]]@linebreak]
-
(ub control command)
Parsed but ignored. The classical documentation reads pause device, can be restarted. - B]x@sub]]@args]]@linebreak]
-
(ub control command)
Resolution is~ while is the minimal horizontal motion, and the minimal vertical motion possible with this device; all arguments are positive integers in basic units~ per inch. This is the second command of the prologue. - B]x@sub]]@args]]@linebreak]
-
(ub control command)
Set slant to~ (an integer in basic units~ - B]x@sub]]@args]]@linebreak]
-
(ub control command)
Terminates the processing of the current file; issued as the last command of any intermediate troff output. - B]x@sub]]@args]]@linebreak]
-
(ub control command)
Generate trailer information, if any. In groff, this is actually just ignored. - B]x@sub]]@args]]@linebreak]
-
(ub control command)
Set name of device to word a sequence of characters ended by the next whitespace character. The possible device names coincide with those from the groff -T option. This is the first command of the prologue. - B]x@sub]]@args]]@linebreak]
-
(ub control command)
Configure underlining of spaces. If is~1, start underlining of spaces; if is~0, stop underlining of spaces. This is needed for the cu request in nroff mode and is ignored otherwise. This command is a groff extension. - B]x@sub]]@args]]@linebreak]
-
(ub control command)
Send string uninterpreted to the device. If the line following this command starts with a + character this line is interpreted as a continuation line in the following sense. The + is ignored, but a newline character is sent instead to the device, the rest of the line is sent uninterpreted. The same applies to all following lines until the first character of a line is not a + character. This command is generated by the groff escape sequence @backslash]X. The line-continuing feature is a groff extension.
Obsolete Command
In classical troff output, the writing of a single character was mostly done by a very strange command that combined a horizontal move and the printing of a character. It didn't have a command code, but is represented by a 3-character argument consisting of exactly 2~digits and a character.-
Move right
(exactly two decimal digits) basic units~
then print character~
- In groff, arbitrary syntactical space around and within this command is allowed to be added. Only when a preceding command on the same line ends with an argument of variable length a separating space is obligatory. In classical troff, large clusters of these and other commands were used, mostly without spaces; this made such output almost unreadable.
POSTPROCESSING
The roff postprocessors are programs that have the task to translate the intermediate output into actions that are sent to a device. A device can be some piece of hardware such as a printer, or a software file format suitable for graphical or text processing. The groff system provides powerful means that make the programming of such postprocessors an easy task. There is a library function that parses the intermediate output and sends the information obtained to the device via methods of a class with a common interface for each device. So a groff postprocessor must only redefine the methods of this class. For details, see the reference in section FILES.EXAMPLES
This section presents the intermediate output generated from the same input for three different devices.
High-resolution device
ps
ellCommand echo hell world | groff -Z -T ps
x T ps x res 72000 1 1 x init p1 x font 5 TR f5 s10000 V12000 H72000 thell wh2500 tw H96620 torld n12000 0 x trailer V792000 x stopThis output can be fed into the postprocessor grops(1) to get its representation as a PostScript file.
-
Low-resolution device
latin1
- This is similar to the high-resolution device except that the positioning is done at a minor scale. Some comments (lines starting with #) were added for clarification; they were not generated by the formatter.
ellCommand echo hell world | groff -Z -T latin1
# prologue x T latin1 x res 240 24 40 x init # begin a new page p1 # font setup x font 1 R f1 s10 # initial positioning on the page V40 H0 # write text `hell' thell # inform about a space, and do it by a horizontal jump wh24 # write text `world' tworld # announce line break, but do nothing because ... n40 0 # ... the end of the document has been reached x trailer V2640 x stopThis output can be fed into the postprocessor grotty(1) to get a formatted text document.
-
Classical style output
- As a computer monitor has a very low resolution compared to modern printers the intermediate output for the X~devices can use the jump-and-write command with its 2-digit displacements.
ellCommand echo hell world | groff -Z -T X100
x T X100 x res 100 1 1 x init p1 x font 5 TR f5 s10 V16 H100 # write text with old-style jump-and-write command ch07e07l03lw06w11o07r05l03dh7 n16 0 x trailer V1100 x stopThis output can be fed into the postprocessor xditview(1x) or gxditview(1) for displaying in~X. Due to the obsolete jump-and-write command, the text clusters in the classical output are almost unreadable.
COMPATIBILITY
The intermediate output language of the classical troff was first documented in [97]. The groff intermediate output format is compatible with this specification except for the following features.- The classical quasi device independence is not yet implemented.
- The old hardware was very different from what we use today. So the groff devices are also fundamentally different from the ones in classical troff. For example, the classical PostScript device was called post and had a resolution of 720 units per inch, while groff's ps device has a resolution of 72000 units per inch. Maybe, by implementing some rescaling mechanism similar to the classical quasi device independence, these could be integrated into modern groff.
- The B-spline command D~ is correctly handled by the intermediate output parser, but the drawing routines aren't implemented in some of the postprocessor programs.
- The argument of the commands s and x H has the implicit unit scaled point~ in groff, while classical troff had point ( This isn't an incompatibility, but a compatible extension, for both units coincide for all devices without a sizescale parameter, including all classical and the groff text devices. The few groff devices with a sizescale parameter either did not exist, had a different name, or seem to have had a different resolution. So conflicts with classical devices are very unlikely.
-
Temporarily, there existed some confusion on the positioning after the
D
commands that are groff extensions.
This has been clarified by establishing the classical rule for all
groff drawing commands:
- The position after a graphic object has been drawn is at its end; for circles and ellipses, the end is at the right side.
FILES
- /usr/share/groff/<IP_ADDRESS>/font/devname/DESC
- Device description file for device name.
- [la]groff_source_dir[ra]/src/libs/libdriver/input.cc
- Defines the parser and postprocessor for the intermediate output. It is located relative to the top directory of the groff source tree, e.g<EMAIL_ADDRESS>This parser is the definitive specification of the groff intermediate output format.
SEE ALSO
A reference like groff(7) refers to a manual page; here groff in section~7 of the man-page documentation system. To read the example, look up section~7 in your desktop help system or call from the shell promptellCommand man 7 groff
For more details, see man(1).- groff(1)
- option -Z and further readings on groff.
- groff(7)
- for details of the groff language such as numerical units and escape sequences.
- groff_font(5)
- for details on the device scaling parameters of the DESC file.
- troff(1)
- generates the device-independent intermediate output.
- roff(7)
- for historical aspects and the general structure of roff systems.
- groff_diff(7)
-
The differences between the intermediate output in groff and classical
troff.
grodvi(1),
grohtml(1),
grolbp(1),
grolj4(1),
grops(1),
grotty(1)
- the groff postprocessor programs.
ellCommand info groff
The classical troff output language is described in two AT&T Bell Labs CSTR documents available on-line at- [CSTR #97]
- A Typesetter-independent TROFF by Brian Kernighan is the original and most concise documentation on the output language; see
- [CSTR~#54]
- The 1992 revision of the Nroff/:Troff User's Manual by J. F. Osanna and Brian Kernighan isn't as concise as [CSTR~#97] regarding the output language; see
AUTHORS
Copyright (C) 1989, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This document is distributed under the terms of the FDL (GNU Free Documentation License) version 1.1 or later. You should have received a copy of the FDL with this package; it is also available on-line at the This document is part of groff, the GNU roff distribution. It is based on a former version - published under the GPL - that described only parts of the groff extensions of the output language. It has been rewritten 2002 by and is maintained by
Index
- NAME
- DESCRIPTION
- LANGUAGE CONCEPTS
- COMMAND REFERENCE
- POSTPROCESSING
- EXAMPLES
- ellCommand echo hell world | groff -Z -T ps
- ellCommand echo hell world | groff -Z -T latin1
- ellCommand echo hell world | groff -Z -T X100
- COMPATIBILITY
- FILES
- SEE ALSO
- ellCommand man 7 groff
- ellCommand info groff
- AUTHORS
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:33:59 GMT, December 24, 2015


This week’s 5 best bets for arts & culture in Las Vegas
by Madelon Hynes‘Evolution of Ivanpah Solar’
Black-and-white photographs of the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System are on display at the Springs Preserve’s Big Springs Gallery. Taken by New Mexico artist Jamey Stillings, the images document the construction of the solar thermal facility in the Mojave Desert. “Evolution of Ivanpah Solar” will run through Jan. 5. For more information, visit springspreserve.org.
‘Princess Party’
An all-star cast brings fairy-tale musicals to life at The Smith Center. Laura Osnes, Susan Egan, Courtney Reed and special guests perform songs from “Cinderella,” “Frozen” and more at 3 and 7 p.m. Saturday and 3 p.m. Sunday in Cabaret Jazz. Costumes are encouraged. Tickets are $39 to $99 at thesmithcenter.com.
CSN Dance Concert
The College of Southern Nevada Dance Ensemble and Concert Dance Company explore borderline personality disorder in “Mad Stop Requiem,” a new contemporary ballet by choreographer Kelly Roth, at 7 p.m. Friday and 2 p.m. Saturday in the Nicholas J. Horn Theatre at CSN’s North Las Vegas campus. The dance concert also features a performance of “All You Need 2: Yesterdaze,” featuring Beatles tunes played in the style of Bach. Tickets are $5 to $8 at csn.edu/pac.
‘Holmes and Watson’
Three years after Sherlock Holmes’ mysterious death, Dr. Watson visits a remote asylum to investigate three patients claiming to be the late detective. Vegas Theatre Company presents Jeffrey Hatcher’s thriller through Dec. 8 at Art Square Theatre, 1025 S. First St. Showtimes are 7:30 p.m. Friday, 2 and 7:30 p.m. Saturday and 5 p.m. Sunday (dark First Friday). Tickets are $25 to $33 at theatre.vegas.
Choir concert
UNLV’s choirs will perform at 7:30 p.m. Friday in Artemus Ham Hall, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway. The winter concert features the UNLV Concert Singers, UNLV Chamber Chorale, University Chorale and Las Vegas Master Singers. Tickets are $8 to $10 at unlv.edu/pac.


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While we are on the subject of the ark, here is an illustration from one of Jack Chick's deeply sensible cartoon tracts, which I recommend to the fundamentalists, of whatever stripe, among the Hooting Yard readership.


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Web Store Design Services are websites that we build to your specifications, including eCommerce (shopping cart) functionality. There are a variety of Web Store plans to choose from that allow you to dictate many aspects of your site, such as layout, color schemes, and organization
Web Store Design Services are websites that we build to your specifications, including eCommerce (shopping cart) functionality. There are a variety of Web Store plans to choose from that allow you to dictate many aspects of your site, such as layout, color schemes, and organization
Web Store Design Services are websites that we build to your specifications, including eCommerce (shopping cart) functionality. There are a variety of Web Store plans to choose from that allow you to dictate many aspects of your site, such as layout, color schemes, and organization
Web Store Design Services are websites that we build to your specifications, including eCommerce (shopping cart) functionality. There are a variety of Web Store plans to choose from that allow you to dictate many aspects of your site, such as layout, color schemes, and organization
Founder Tehchville/phyton dev
Founder Tehchville/phyton dev
Founder Tehchville/phyton dev


Hi.
I'm wondering about kwh_to_power.
Currently, the function computes power as
energy / (time_now - last_time)
and attributes it to time_now.
(I think this should be attributed to the middle of the interval, not the end, as done here. But this is not my main issue.)
My use case is a counter index that gets sent from times to times. The pulse rate is not that high. When the index is not incremented, it does not mean there is no consumption at all. And when it finally gets incremented, it means that a certain amount of energy has been consumed since the last time it was incremented, even if the counter had been received unchanged in the meantime.
A little more on this here: http://openenergymonitor.org/emon/node/3338#comment-16946
This is a bit hard to deal with currently.
When the index is sent twice with the same value, the power is computed as zero. Not so much of an issue since it is close to zero. Except that when the index gets increased, the power is computed since last index reception, not since last index increment, and we end up with an absurdly high power value if the former index was received just before.
A solution to this could be to only process the power if the index actually changed (this is what I do, see my link above). This is fine, mathematically.
If the data was represented as a step function, it would be fine to record the power for time_now and let the visualization do the job: display a flat curve with this value from last_time to time_now. It is not the case. I managed to trick the visualization with a hack: record computed power for both last_time and time_now. This way, it gets displayed as a step function.
This is not so nice, though: it leads to data duplication, and worse, last_time gets two power values, and it's "lucky" that the plotter picks them in the right order. (Not really luck, it is reproducible, but I think we shouldn't rely on this, should we ?)
If I record the value only at the middle of the interval, then if the index is unchanged for a long period of time, I get a value close to zero in the middle on the interval, but not a nice flat function because the point is linked (interpolated) by the visualization to the peaks on the right and left.
Basically, in practice, if I use the gas once in the morning and once in the evening, I'd expect a square U shaped chart, but I get a V. There is a loss of information. It is confusing.
I don't any simple solution to this, apart from the hack I explained above.
Creating a "step function" visualization ? We'd need it for both realtime, rawdata, and perhaps other visualization. At least, this approach would be mathematically correct.
Another approach would be to alter data in the database: compute the power even when the index is unchanged, but then when it is changed, compute the power for the whole interval since last increment, and modify the values that were recorded in the meantime. Sounds like my hack in more complicated. Perhaps the "step function" hack was a better approach.
When dealing with this, we need to keep in mind that the visualization is not the ultimate goal. The data could also be used for an external process. So twisting the database to let the visualization produce what the eye expects it not the best option.
I hope I'm making myself clear. I've been banging my with this for a bit of time, and I feel like a need another point of view.
Thanks for any help.
BTW, is anybody concerned with this ? I'd imagine anyone metering gas with the same kind of meter would be.
Re: khw_to_power
I've looked at it for my Elster water meter (one pulse ever 5L consumed). With water (and probably gas) the quiet times between pulses usually do mean a consumption rate of 0. Every time I try to get my head around calculating flow rates I convince myself it's an intractable problem, and end up just calculating daily usage and then looking for anomalies there.
The problem is there's no way to distinguish between:
. a late night dishwasher run where the meter stops just before the next tick, followed by a glass of water the next morning that causes the tick, and so looks like a 5L glass of water.
. a dishwasher run where the meter stops just after a tick, followed by an all-night slow dripping leak somewhere that consumes 4.99L, followed by a glass of water the next morning that causes the tick, and so looks like a 5L glass of water.
The LED on my electric meter is somewhat similar in that it only counts import, so it typically stops flashing at sun up and doesn't start again until sundown, and it is trying to tell me 0 consumption for the duration.


Founded in 1996, Trans Lunar Designs Incorporated started out as a software development contracting firm. Most of our work was, and continues to be, in the retail financial services industry. Other clients have been in sectors such as pharamceutical, healthcare marketing and medical publications.
In 2000 we started working with small clients, providing full services from business consulting to delivering full stack IT solutions and e-commerce sites. Relationships with Instant Money Order and Pick A Pony were quickly followed by Sanofi-Aventis, Vertex Tax Solutions and JTE Multimedia.
In 2007 Agile experience became integral with our solution offerings and now have a certified Scrum Master on staff.
In 2008 we began developing and releasing mobile applications on multiple platforms.
Today Trans Lunar Designs continues in the tradition of boutique firms, providing software architecture, software development and IT management consulting services specifically for our clients' needs.


| Interface | Description |
|---|---|
| ControlledReader<T> |
A interface for reading a a continous data set stored in eighther memory or file system
|
| ResettableIterator<T> | |
| Restorable | |
| RestorableIterator<E> | |
| Shuffle |
Different interfaces to go to disk
|
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| ControlledFileReader | |
| ControlledFileReaderFlags |
Memory mappable limit can be increased in linux with following command.
|
| ControlledMemoryReader |
Wrapper for tuples in memory.
|
| FileLoader | |
| FSKeyedMerger |
Un sorted merger
|
| FSKeyedMergerTest | |
| FSKeyedSortedMerger |
Sorted merger implementation
todo add support to handling large values.
|
| FSKeyedSortedMerger2 |
Sorted merger implementation
todo add support to handling large values.
|
| FSKeyedSortedMergerTest | |
| FSMerger |
Save the records to file system and retrieve them, this is just values, so no
sorting as in the keyed case
|
| FSMergerTest | |
| FSSorter |
File based sorter of records, we assume we can read maxbytes from all the files in the disk
into memory, this may not be the case for larger records and we have to take special
consideration into that.
|
| MemoryMapUtils | |
| OpenFile |
Represent an open file containing the channel and the buffer
|
| OpenFilePart |
Represent an open file part.
|
| RestorableIteratorTest | |
| RestorePoint |


This is the user manual of 3dviewer.net. The website can open several 3D file formats and visualize them in your browser. It supports obj, 3ds, stl, ply, gltf, glb, off, 3dm, fbx, and much more.
Supported formats
The website supports several file formats for import and export. If a file format has text and binary version, usually it's recommended to use the binary version.
| Format | Extension | Type | Import | Export | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wavefront | obj | text | ✓ | ✓ | Native |
| 3D Studio | 3ds | binary | ✓ | ✗ | Native |
| Stereolithography | stl | text | ✓ | ✓ | Native |
| binary | ✓ | ✓ | Native | ||
| Polygon File Format | ply | text | ✓ | ✓ | Native |
| binary | ✓ | ✓ | Native | ||
| glTF | gltf | text | ✓ | ✓ | Native |
| glb | binary | ✓ | ✓ | Native | |
| Object File Format | off | text | ✓ | ✓ | Native |
| binary | ✗ | ✗ | Native | ||
| Dotbim | bim | text | ✓ | ✓ | Native |
| Rhinoceros 3D | 3dm | binary | ✓ | ✓ | rhino3dm |
| Filmbox | fbx | text | ✓ | ✗ | three.js |
| binary | ✓ | ✗ | three.js | ||
| Collada | dae | text | ✓ | ✗ | three.js |
| Virtual Reality Modeling Language | wrl | text | ✓ | ✗ | three.js |
| 3D Manufacturing Format | 3mf | text | ✓ | ✗ | three.js |
| Additive Manufacturing Format | amf | text | ✓ | ✗ | three.js |
| BREP | brep | text | ✓ | ✗ | occt-import-js |
| STEP | step | text | ✓ | ✗ | occt-import-js |
| IGES | iges | text | ✓ | ✗ | occt-import-js |
| FreeCAD Standard file format | FCStd | text | ✓ | ✗ | occt-import-js |
| Industry Foundation Classes | ifc | text | ✓ | ✗ | web-ifc |
Loading models
There are several ways to load models. You can use files from your computer or load files hosted on an external web server.
Please note, that some 3D models are built up from multiple files (for example an obj file usually comes with an mtl file and some texture files). For the correct visualization you have to import all of the required files. See the Missing files section for more details.
Loading models from your computer
You can load models from your computer. In this case the model won't be uploaded to any web server, the entire process happens in your browser.
There are two ways to load models from your computer:
- Use the open button () on the toolbar. Here you can select all the relevant files.
- Drag and drop all the relevant files into the browser window.
Please note that you can not only open model files, but a zip file containing all your models. With drag and drop it's also possible to load an entire folder from your computer.
If multiple files can be loaded, a dialog will appear where you can select which file would you like to import.
Loading models hosted on a web server
You can load models by url with the open url button () on the toolbar. Here you can list all the required files. You should place every file in a separate line.
To make this work, CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) must be enabled on the remote server.
Loading models hosted on GitHub
To load a model hosted on GitHub follow the steps below.
- Open the file or files on GitHub, and copy the link of them from the address bar.
- Go to 3dviewer.net, and click on the open url button () on the toolbar.
- Paste file the link or links in the dialog, and click on OK.
Loading models hosted on DropBox
To load a model hosted on DropBox follow the steps below:
- Upload models to DropBox with all the required files.
- Get the sharing link or links from DropBox.
- Go to 3dviewer.net, and click on the open url button () on the toolbar.
- Paste file the link or links in the dialog, and click on OK.
Missing files
Sometimes you see missing files in the tree. It means that your model refers to another files, but they are not selected to import. To solve the issue you have to import the model again together with the referenced files, or just import the missing files on their own.
Exporting models
You can export your model in several file formats. To achieve this, click on the export button () on the toolbar. After that, select the format you would like to export to, and click on Export. If the result contains multiple files, they will be automatically zipped.
Sharing models
If your models are hosted on a web server, you can share the link with others, or you can generate embedding code to integrate the viewer in your website. To get the sharing link or the embedding code, click on the share model button () on the toolbar.
Settings
You can access model and visualization settings by opening the settings panel () on the right.
- Background Color: This will change the background color of the canvas. It has no effect on model export, but the background color will be visible when you create a snapshot.
- Show Edges: Here you can set the edge display parameters. If edges are visible, you can choose a color for all edges, and a threshold angle. Edges will be visible only if the angle between the adjoining faces exceeds the threshold.
- Default Color: This color is used when there is no material information in the model (for example in case of stl files). Changing this value regenerates the model in the background, so the model will be exported with the chosen color.
- Dark Mode: Switch between light and dark themes.
Cookies
You can check the policy at the Cookies Policy page.


NetSepio
Create a browser extension allowing users to vote for a domain categorizing it into various categories and get rewards. This enables them to pre-emptively protect their online activities from advanced threats in a collaborative way with a decentralized and tamperproof process using blockchain technology. Having a security & privacy focused framework for online activities & Pseudo-anonymous Reputation based systems for online interactions.
1. User - A person or a bot who can categorize a domain to be safe or unsafe.
Users must be registered on the Lazarus Network Platform to vote.
They must have a daily limit to submit their vote.
The limit should be increased/decreased based on their reputation.
The users can vote for these categories and tags:
Users can delete but can’t change their vote
Users can raise dispute against a vote submitted
User can appeal if they have been blocked from voting
Users can also appeal if they have been banned from voting
Moderator - A bot which checks whether a vote is genuine or fake. (Integrate ML Model
to check webpage contents in real time)
Moderator checks for each vote by confirming these conditions
--Is the Domain reachable? If 404, A warning is given to the user
--Is the Domain registered? If not, then instant block the user from submitting any voting requests
Moderator logs each vote into the database based on the user’s wallet address and domain name
Moderators can block the user from voting again if the user receives 3 warnings and ban a user if both conditions of a vote aren't met.
An operator can unblock a user to start voting again after the appeal is addressed


Blue Hacks - Team Alpha
Navigation
Home
Form
Heat Map
Resources
Home Page
To File a Report, Click 'form'.
Please See Crisis Resources if Needed
Contact:
alpha@bluehack.com


See: Description
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| AndChunker |
AndChunker chunks by handling "and" terminals
|
| AreaChunker |
AreaChunker chunks by handling an area describing terminals
|
| CharacterListChunker |
CharacterListChunker chunks by handling a number of character describing terminals.
|
| CharacterNameChunker |
CharacterNameChunker chunks by handling character name describing terminals
|
| ChromosomeChunker |
ChromosomeChunker chunks by handling chromosome describing terminals
x= means basal number of chromosomes
n= number of chromosomes in haploid state
2n= two sets of chromosomes
n=2n= number of chromosomes in apogamous condition
|
| CleanupChunker |
CleanupChunker reformats the chunks after all other chunkers have been run to obtain an overall consistent chunking result
|
| ConjunctedOrgansRecoverChunker |
ConjunctedOrgansRecoverChunker attempts to include broken-away conjuncted organs to pp and vb phrase
|
| DummyChunker |
DummyChunker does not chunk.
|
| MyCleanupChunker |
not being used
MyCleanupChunker reformats the chunks after all other chunkers have been run to obtain an overall consistent chunking result
Specifically modifier, character, constraint and organ chunks are reconsidered
|
| MyModifierChunker |
MyModifierChunker chunks by handling modifier terminals
|
| MyNewCleanupChunker |
MyCleanupChunker reformats the chunks after all other chunkers have been run to obtain an overall consistent chunking result
Specifically modifier, character, constraint and organ chunks are reconsidered
|
| MyStateChunker |
MyStateChunker chunks by handling state terminals
|
| NPListChunker |
NPListChunker chunks by handling noun terminals
|
| NumericalChunker |
NumericalChunker chunks by handling numerical terminals
|
| OrChunker |
NumericalChunker chunks by handling 'or' terminals
|
| OrganChunker |
OrganChunker chunks by handling 'organ' terminals
|
| OrganRecoverChunker |
OrganRecoverChunker attempts to mark main subject organs and modified non-subject organs as a chunk
|
| OtherINsChunker |
OtherINsChunker chunks IN tags of the parse tree not handled by another chunker
|
| PPINChunker |
PPINChunker chunks PP followed by IN tags of the parse tree
|
| PPListChunker |
PPListChunker chunks conjuncted preposition phrases
PP: [PREPOSITION: [PP_LIST: [at, chelicerae, bases, and, at]], OBJECT: [leg, iii]]
|
| PunctuationChunker |
PunctuationChunker chunks by handling punctuation terminals
|
| SpecificPPChunker |
Specific PP Chunker chunks preposition phrases preceeded by a state
|
| StateChunker |
StateChunker chunks by handling state terminals
|
| ThanChunker |
ThanChunker chunks comparison phrases connected by "than", "more", etc.
|
| ThatChunker |
ThatChunker chunks by handling "that" terminals
|
| ToChunker |
ToChunker chunks by handling "to" terminals
|
| UnitsChunker |
UnitsChunker chunks by handling "unit" terminals
|
| VBChunker |
VBChunker chunks by handling verb phrases
|
| VPRecoverChunker |
VPRecoverChunker chunks by handling verbs not parsed as such by the parser
|
| WhenChunker |
WhenChunker chunks by handling 'when' terminals
collect when-phrase (not a complete when-clause) which will be included as character modifiers in the output.
|
| WhereChunker |
WhenChunker chunks by handling 'where' terminals
|
Copyright © 2018. All Rights Reserved.


Open file “Metal Ball”. Select the Elliptical Marquee Tool and make a selection of the ball. Hold shift while dragging to keep the selection a perfect circle. After you’ve selected the ball press Ctrl + C to copy and Ctrl + N to create a new document. Photoshop it’s smart enough to calculate the dimensions of the selection and input those variables into document creation window so all you have to do it’s to press Ok. Paste the image (Ctrl + V).
Now we have the ball selected into a new document and the reason for this it is that the door in the middle of the ball kind of ruins the whole aspect of it. We need a nice, round metallic ball and this is the only decent image of a chrome ball I could find, except it has an ugly entrance of some sort that’s ruining its symmetry. Notice that the door it’s mainly in the right half of the image while the left half looks good. The solution to this it is to use the good half to correct the bad one. This technique I am about to use it’s useful when you are retouching or correcting symmetrical objects and it also works great on human faces.
Let’s begin by selecting the Rectangular Marquee Tool and make a selection of the left half of the ball.


Sewage worker picked up snake not knowing it was venomous
The creature could have given him a nasty bite
by Neil ShawA brave engineer saved a snake at a sewage works by picking it up with his hands - not realising it was a venomous false cobra
The Thames Water worker rescued the three-foot-long snake after it was spotted slowly slithering along a path at the site, without realising it packed a venomous bite.
RSPCA inspectors were stunned when they arrived at Basingstoke Sewage Works, in Hamps., to pick up the serpent, because they expected it to be a completely harmless breed.
They are named after their ability to flatten their neck to appear bigger, to take on the appearance of a deadly cobra.
The fearsome snake was spotted as workers carried out an inspection at the site on November 7.
Experts reckon the South American snakes are aggressive venomous predators, that can grow up to ten feet long, on a diet of animals as big as rats and birds.
Sewage works manager Kenny Masters said: "We see some weird and wonderful things thanks to some of the bizarre objects that end up in the sewers - but a metre-long cobra slithering across the footpath in front of us is definitely up there.
"We don’t think it was flushed down a toilet as there's no way it would have survived.
"Our machinery which filters out everything other than pee, poo and paper would have killed it.
"I can only fathom it was released or escaped.
“My technician who grabbed it is not especially fearful of snakes and just walked up, grabbed it by the head and said ‘what do you want me to do with it?'
"Casual as you like. Fair play to him, no one else was going near it."
RSPCA animal welfare officer Justine Hermon said: “When the call came through, we were expecting it to be a common species such as a grass snake or a pet corn snake.
“As an exotic animal specialist, my colleague Phil Hamilton attended the incident and when he arrived at the sewage plant he saw straight away this was a more unusual type of snake.
"He took one look at the animal and spotted the ‘hood’ on its neck, identifying it to be a false water cobra, a snake which originally comes from South America and is reported to be mildly venomous.
“We have now taken the snake to a nearby specialist facility where it will be cared for it until its owner can be tracked down or it can be rehomed.
"Thankfully, it is in good condition and is eating well.
"We’re grateful to the Thames Water staff who found the snake and got in touch as this snake would not have fared well in the cold weather.
“It is possible this snake escaped from a property in the local area, in which case someone will be missing their beloved pet."


{include file="common/meta" /}
ERP
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{include file="common/script" /}


This app lets you search for baby names and view their popularity trends over the past 134 years. In addition, it shows alternative spellings and other names that sound like your search. The "sounds like" results are based on Double Metaphone and the "trends like" results are based on Euclidean distance (i.e., between the distributions).
The original babynames data is maintained by the US Social Security Administration. For each year since 1880, they provide a plain text file in this format:
| yob2011.txt | yob2012.txt | yob2013.txt |
|---|---|---|
Sophia,F,21799 Isabella,F,19850 Emma,F,18761 ... |
Sophia,F,22245 Emma,F,20871 Isabella,F,19026 ... |
Sophia,F,21075 Emma,F,20788 Olivia,F,18256 ... |
In order to visualize the data, I wrote a Python script to combine the individual text files into a single JavaScript object. For each name, I store how many times it occurs in each year:
f_counts = { ... 'Sophia': [..., 21799, 22245, 21075], ... }; |
Using this format, I wrote a JavaScript function to draw a bar chart in an HTML5 canvas. The x-axis ranges from 1880 to 2013 (year of birth) and the y-axis ranges from 0% to 0.3% (percent of births with that gender). Darker colors indicate higher percent values for the more popular names.
Here are the top 10 names for 2013 (see also Popular Baby Names on the SSA website). Hover your mouse over the charts for more details.
The original data consists of 102,690 names given to 333,417,770 people. For performance reasons, my app only includes names with at least 5,000 occurrences over time. Interestingly, this subset represents 92.3% of the population but only 3.58% of the names.
| Male | Female | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
Total People |
168,137,041 | 165,280,729 | 333,417,770 |
Total Names |
38,601 | 64,089 | 102,690 |
Included People |
158,153,848 94.1% |
149,740,917 90.6% |
307,894,765 92.3% |
Included Names |
1,486 3.85% |
2,187 3.41% |
3,673 3.58% |
Copyright © 2014 Chris Mayfield. Software released under the MIT license.


Get Lyrics
Search
Welcome to Get Lyrics
Your number one stop for all the lyrics you need Search for your favourite artists or song now !!!


SPIRE utilizes project-based, technology-enhanced instruction to teach through an engineering lens. Students have the opportunity to work hands-on with engineering concepts through collaboration. The program has been awarded the STEM certification by the Georgia Department of Education. Ridge currently offers two different SPIRE pathways that students can follow throughout their high school years. These classes integrate engineering into general science & math classes.
"These graduates may become involved in STEM careers as a result of the increased collaboration and professional development within our school focused on increasing relevancy in the classroom as we prepare the next generation of leaders. STEM is not 'a part' of what we do 'for some of our students'. It is a tool to increase our graduate's options as well as “seal the leaks” in the STEM pipeline. Daily, we work to decrease variability between our classrooms and embrace the evolution of relevance and rigor for all of our students." - Dr. Jeff Mathews, Principal.
Students have the opportunity to take afternoon classes at Grayson High School of Technology. These classes focus on a specialized fields, such as Carpentry or Welding. Similar to CTE pathways at Peachtree Ridge, classes at Grayson also follow pathways with an End of Pathway Assessment that awards students with industry recognized certificates.
Students also have the opportunity to take either morning or afternoon classes at Maxwell High School of Technology. Classes are similar to those offered at Grayson, with each specializing in a certain technical field. Classes at Maxwell are in 3-hour blocks of time.
Mr. Crawford is an engineering & physics teacher at Peachtree Ridge. Along with teaching AP Physics, he works as an advisor for RoboLions, our robotics club.
Mr. Gillespie teaches Intro to Drafting & Design at Peachtree Ridge. He is also our TSA chapter advisor, and has been with TSA for over twenty years.
Mr. Hunter teaches several CTE classes at Peachtree Ridge, most notably AP Computer Science A. Alongside teaching, he is also a coach for our baseball team.
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| AP Biology | Advanced labs, analyze & explain the "whys" of biological science. |
| AP Calculus AB / BC | Covers limits, derivatives, and integrals of algebraic & transcendental functions. |
| AP Chemistry | College-level chemistry course work, utilizes advanced lab activities. |
| AP Computer Science A | Study of structured programming in Java & advanced programming analysis. |
| AP Environmental Science | Covers ecology, energy resources & conservation, pollution, and biotechnology. |
| AP Physics 1 / C | Study of matter in motion & mechanics. Physics C offers in-depth calculus-based problem solving. |
| AP Statistics | In-depth experience in statistical concepts & methods. |
| AP Computer Science Principles | Explore the concepts of computer science and learn the basics of programming. |


This project template is the basis of an 50mm front panel PCB in the Kosmo format (LMNC) , for more info, see the spec thread
Board Dimensions: 200mm x 50mm (1 unit)
The board outline looks like the following:


--- layout: post title: So Our Adventure Begins... date: 2014-05-20 00:57:15.000000000 -04:00 categories: - Celebrations - Family Life tags: - Australia to Boston - Moving to Boston status: publish type: post published: true meta: _edit_last: '1' aktt_notify_twitter: 'no' dsq_thread_id: '2699021213' author: login: cint email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Jacinta first_name: Jacinta last_name: '' ---
There are a few reasons this poor blog has been so neglected. Our house is now finally under offer, for the third time! Who would have thought it would take a year to sell and having so much trouble finding suitable buyers! We can breath a sigh of relief next week when the sale should go unconditional.
So if that wasn't enough to occupy our time, we are moving, not just down the road or to the next town, but to BOSTON! So exciting and daunting at the same time. Greg has been offered a job over there and we have spend the last few months getting the paperwork together to get our visas. We have a appointment next month at the US consulate to hopefully get the visas initiated. The house settles next month too, so once that is all done, we are heading off. We don't have an exact date yet, as we don't want to risk booking airfares just incase there is some hiccup with the visa process.
There are so many things we need to do in the next 4 weeks or so. I can't think much past today, or my head starts spinning. Of course we will need to pack up our house, have a garage sale, going away party, ship our furniture, fly some 30+ hours, find somewhere to rent, find a new school, or two, as we aren't sure which grades the girls will go into and a million other things that come with an international move. We are looking at it as a once in a lifetime adventure that we will make the most of. I will keep you posted with the process as we go along. We have been in limbo for so long, it is kind of refreshing to have something so fun to look forward, so let the adventure begin!
Of course if you have any international moving/settling tips you want to share, feel free to do so!
Jacinta x


| PostgreSQL 9.0.10 Documentation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prev | Up | Chapter 8. Data Types | Next |
The xml data type can be used to store XML data. Its advantage over storing XML data in a text field is that it checks the input values for well-formedness, and there are support functions to perform type-safe operations on it; see Section 9.14. Use of this data type requires the installation to have been built with configure --with-libxml.
The xml type can store well-formed "documents", as defined by the XML standard, as well as "content" fragments, which are defined by the production XMLDecl? content in the XML standard. Roughly, this means that content fragments can have more than one top-level element or character node. The expression xmlvalue IS DOCUMENT can be used to evaluate whether a particular xml value is a full document or only a content fragment.
To produce a value of type xml from character data,
use the function
xmlparse
:
XMLPARSE ( { DOCUMENT | CONTENT } value)
Examples:
XMLPARSE (DOCUMENT '<?xml version="1.0"?><book><title>Manual</title><chapter>...</chapter></book>') XMLPARSE (CONTENT 'abc<foo>bar</foo><bar>foo</bar>')
While this is the only way to convert character strings into XML values according to the SQL standard, the PostgreSQL-specific syntaxes:
xml '<foo>bar</foo>' '<foo>bar</foo>'::xml
can also be used.
The xml type does not validate input values against a document type declaration (DTD), even when the input value specifies a DTD. There is also currently no built-in support for validating against other XML schema languages such as XML Schema.
The inverse operation, producing a character string value from
xml, uses the function
xmlserialize
:
XMLSERIALIZE ( { DOCUMENT | CONTENT } value AS type )
type can be character, character varying, or text (or an alias for one of those). Again, according to the SQL standard, this is the only way to convert between type xml and character types, but PostgreSQL also allows you to simply cast the value.
When a character string value is cast to or from type xml without going through XMLPARSE or XMLSERIALIZE, respectively, the choice of DOCUMENT versus CONTENT is determined by the "XML option" session configuration parameter, which can be set using the standard command:
SET XML OPTION { DOCUMENT | CONTENT };
or the more PostgreSQL-like syntax
SET xmloption TO { DOCUMENT | CONTENT };
The default is CONTENT, so all forms of XML data are allowed.
Note: With the default XML option setting, you cannot directly cast character strings to type xml if they contain a document type declaration, because the definition of XML content fragment does not accept them. If you need to do that, either use XMLPARSE or change the XML option.
Care must be taken when dealing with multiple character encodings on the client, server, and in the XML data passed through them. When using the text mode to pass queries to the server and query results to the client (which is the normal mode), PostgreSQL converts all character data passed between the client and the server and vice versa to the character encoding of the respective end; see Section 22.2. This includes string representations of XML values, such as in the above examples. This would ordinarily mean that encoding declarations contained in XML data can become invalid as the character data is converted to other encodings while travelling between client and server, because the embedded encoding declaration is not changed. To cope with this behavior, encoding declarations contained in character strings presented for input to the xml type are ignored, and content is assumed to be in the current server encoding. Consequently, for correct processing, character strings of XML data must be sent from the client in the current client encoding. It is the responsibility of the client to either convert documents to the current client encoding before sending them to the server, or to adjust the client encoding appropriately. On output, values of type xml will not have an encoding declaration, and clients should assume all data is in the current client encoding.
When using binary mode to pass query parameters to the server and query results back to the client, no character set conversion is performed, so the situation is different. In this case, an encoding declaration in the XML data will be observed, and if it is absent, the data will be assumed to be in UTF-8 (as required by the XML standard; note that PostgreSQL does not support UTF-16). On output, data will have an encoding declaration specifying the client encoding, unless the client encoding is UTF-8, in which case it will be omitted.
Needless to say, processing XML data with PostgreSQL will be less error-prone and more efficient if the XML data encoding, client encoding, and server encoding are the same. Since XML data is internally processed in UTF-8, computations will be most efficient if the server encoding is also UTF-8.
| Caution |
Some XML-related functions may not work at all on non-ASCII data
when the server encoding is not UTF-8. This is known to be an
issue for |
The xml data type is unusual in that it does not provide any comparison operators. This is because there is no well-defined and universally useful comparison algorithm for XML data. One consequence of this is that you cannot retrieve rows by comparing an xml column against a search value. XML values should therefore typically be accompanied by a separate key field such as an ID. An alternative solution for comparing XML values is to convert them to character strings first, but note that character string comparison has little to do with a useful XML comparison method.
Since there are no comparison operators for the xml data type, it is not possible to create an index directly on a column of this type. If speedy searches in XML data are desired, possible workarounds include casting the expression to a character string type and indexing that, or indexing an XPath expression. Of course, the actual query would have to be adjusted to search by the indexed expression.
The text-search functionality in PostgreSQL can also be used to speed up full-document searches of XML data. The necessary preprocessing support is, however, not yet available in the PostgreSQL distribution.


The quick-fix introduces a variable to make the code simpler and easier to debug.
Example:
public int y() { return 1; }
public int f(int x) { return 2 * x; }
public void foo() {
int x = f(y());
}
After the quick-fix is applied:
public int y() { return 1; }
public int f(int x) { return 2 * x; }
public void foo() {
int y = y();
int x = f(y);
}
Use the inspection options to toggle the reporting of:


|
PLATFORMER_BERRY_NINJA
|
#include "iostream"
#include "platformer/EnemyObject.hpp"
#include <ResourceManager.hpp>
#include <platformer/GlobalConstants.hpp>
#include "platformer/TinyMath.hpp"
#include <platformer/ColliderComponent.hpp>
#include "platformer/PlayerObject.hpp"


{% include "process_bar.html" with process_step=2 %}
{% trans 'Fill in your details' %}
{% if email_organizations %}
{% trans "Following organizations will receive request by email" %}
{% for organization in email_organizations %}
{{ organization.name }}
{% endfor %}
{% endif %}
{% if mail_organizations %}
{% trans "Requests for the following organizations will have to be sent via mail" %}
{% for organization in mail_organizations %}
{{ organization.name }}
{% endfor %}
{% endif %}
{% blocktrans %}
Note: The personal details submitted here will not be stored on the server, but they will only
be used temporarily for data request generation.
{% endblocktrans %}


{{setting.key}}
{% if setting.type == "list" or setting.type == "dict" or setting.type == "tuple"%}
{% endif %}
{{setting.value}}
{% if setting.can_change %}
{% endif %}
{% if setting.can_change %}
Change
{% endif %}
{% if setting.can_change %}
Reset
{% endif %}
{{setting.type}}
{% endfor %}
{% trans "Why this looks different than in my settings file?" %}
{% trans "In order to correctly change settings which are saved as Python tuples, lists or dictionaries, these settings have to be serialized into a JSON string. When changing the setting please use valid JSON syntax to make it work."%}
{% trans "Change the setting and save it to the database" %}


Npt documentation.
Reference: ANSI Common Lisp npt
The following functions of the npt-system
package are described.
defun terme
terme-enable
terme-begin
terme-end
terme-input
terme-output
terme-move
terme-clear
terme-delete
terme-size
terme-scroll
terme-font
terme
This function manipulates the input and output of the terminal.
To use terme, you need to specify the compile option.
You can check whether it is available or not with the command line argument --version
.
$ npt --version | grep Prompt
Prompt mode terme
The function specification is shown below.
defun terme (symbol &rest args) ...) -> *
(
symbol
Input:
Input: args* OOutput:
symbol
can have the following contents
terme-enable
terme-begin
terme-end
terme-input
terme-output
terme-move
terme-clear
terme-delete
terme-size
terme-scroll
terme-font
For example, when you run terme-enable
, do the following
(terme 'terme-enable)
Unlike sysctl
, the argument is symbol
compared with eq
.
If you do not inherit from the npt-system
package, you can run
(npt-system:terme 'npt-system:terme-enable)
The following explanation assumes that the package is inherited.
terme
: terme-enable
Returns whether the terme module is available or not.
defun terme (terme-enable) ...) -> boolean (
If the return is t
, the terme
function is available.
If the return is nil
, the terme
function is not available.
The following is an example of execution.
(terme 'terme-enable)
terme
: terme-begin
Start the terme operation.
defun terme (terme-begin &optional mode) ...) -> paper (
For internal operation, the terminal is set to raw mode.
The raw mode is different from the normal mode in the following ways
The return value paper
is a Paper object with the terminal information before the change.
By passing it as an argument of terme-end
, you can restore the state of the terminal.
Be sure to run terme-end
before exiting.
The mode
argument can be nil
or :default
.
If it is nil
, it sets the terminal to raw mode.
If mode
is :default
, it will change the terminal to the startup configuration.
The return value is the terminal information before it is changed, as in raw mode.
See terme-end
for an execution example.
terme
: terme-end
Terminate the terme operation.
defun terme (terme-end paper) ...) -> null (
For internal operation, restores the terminal to its normal state based on the information in the argument.
It is recommended to run terme-end
in the cleanup of unwind-protect
.
For example, the following will work.
let ((x (terme 'terme-begin)))
(unwind-protect
(progn ...)
( (terme 'terme-end x)))
terme
: terme-input
Receives input.
defun terme (terme-input &optional (block t)) ...) -> (values symbol value)
(block (or null (eql t) integer float) ;; default T
symbol symbol
or null integer) value (
This function will stop execution until an input is received.
The input can be any of the following
The correspondence between the input and returned values is shown below.
| Input | Return symbol |
Return value |
|---|---|---|
| Character | terme-code |
Code |
| Up key | terme-up |
nil |
| Down key | terme-down |
nil |
| Left key | terme-left |
nil |
| Right key | terme-right |
nil |
| Function key | terme-function |
1, 2, … |
| Home key | terme-home |
nil |
| End key | terme-end |
nil |
| Page Up key | terme-page-up |
nil |
| Page Down key | terme-page-down |
nil |
| Insert key | terme-insert |
nil |
| Esc key | terme-escape |
nil |
The correspondence between events and returned values is shown below.
| Event | Return symbol |
Return value |
|---|---|---|
| Input error | nil |
nil |
| Resizing | terme-signal |
nil |
| Time out | terme-hang |
nil |
An input error is when an unrecognized input or an unsupported escape sequence is received.
This may occur frequently, so it is recommended to ignore it.
A resize is when the process receives a signal.
When the size of the terminal is changed, it also receives a signal, which triggers the screen to be redrawn.
Describes timeouts.
terme-input
takes an optional argument block
.
When omitted, it is t
.
If block
is t
, it will wait indefinitely.
If block
is nil
or 0
, it will return immediately without waiting.
If block
is an integer or a float, it is the number of seconds until timeout.
If a timeout occurs, terme-hang
will be returned.
The following is an example of execution.
(terme 'terme-input)3 ;; Ctrl+C received.
-> TERME-CODE,
0.01)
(terme 'terme-input ;; Time out. -> TERME-HANG, NIL
terme
: terme-output
Output data to the terminal.
defun terme (terme-output &optional value) ...) -> null
(or null charcter string integer array) ;; default nil value (
The value
argument is optional and defaults to nil
.
If the argument value
is a character, it will be output in UTF-8 encoding.
If the argument value
is a string, the output will be UTF-8 encoded.
If the argument value
is an integer, it will be assumed to be Unicode code and output with UTF-8 encoding.
If the argument value
is an array, output will be performed according to the content.
If the argument value
is nil
, data in the cache will be flushed.
If the argument is an array, it must be one-dimensional.
An array outputs from the first element to the value of the fill-pointer
.
You can prepare a large buffer in advance and manipulate its size with fill-pointer
to save memory space and improve speed.
When output is performed with this function, the output data will be pending in the internal buffer.
If you want to reflect the data on the screen, be sure to flush the content with (terme 'terme-output)
.
Other operation functions that are not terme-output
(such as terme-move
) are realized by outputting the escape sequence with terme-output
.
If you want such functions to be reflected on the screen immediately, flush the buffer by executing (terme 'terme-output)
as well as the character output.
The following is an example of execution.
;; 13, 10, Output newline by flush.
13)
(terme 'terme-output 10)
(terme 'terme-output
(terme 'terme-output)
;; Moving the cursor.
10 20 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move (terme 'terme-output)
terme
: terme-move
Move the cursor.
defun terme (terme-move x y mode) ...) -> null
(integer
x or null integer)
y (member :absolute :relative) mode (
If mode
is :relative
, specifies the distance to move from the current cursor position.
If mode
is :absolute
, it specifies the absolute coordinates from the top-left corner.
(0, 0)
is the origin.
You can set y
to nil
only when :absolute
.
The following is an example of execution.
0 0 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move (terme 'terme-output)
terme
: terme-clear
Erase the text of the entire terminal.
defun terme (terme-clear &optional value) ...) -> null
(member nil :before :after) ;; default nil value (
The value
argument is optional and defaults to nil
.
If the value
argument is nil
, the entire screen will be deleted.
If the value
argument is :before
, the entire top and bottom of the line including the cursor position will be deleted.
If the value
argument is :after
, it will delete the end of the line including the cursor position and the whole bottom part.
The following is an example of :before
execution.
(terme 'terme-clear)0 0 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move "ABCDEF")
(terme 'terme-output 0 1 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move "GHIJKL")
(terme 'terme-output 0 2 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move "MNOPQR")
(terme 'terme-output
3 1 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move
(terme 'terme-clear :before)0 3 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move (terme 'terme-output)
The execution results are as follows.
KL
MNOPQR
The following is an example of :after
execution.
(terme 'terme-clear)0 0 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move "ABCDEF")
(terme 'terme-output 0 1 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move "GHIJKL")
(terme 'terme-output 0 2 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move "MNOPQR")
(terme 'terme-output
3 1 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move
(terme 'terme-clear :after)0 3 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move (terme 'terme-output)
The execution results are as follows.
ABCDEF
GHI
terme
: terme-delete
Erase a line of text.
defun terme (terme-delete &optional value) ...) -> null
(member nil :before :after) ;; default nil value (
The value
argument is optional and defaults to nil
.
If the value
argument is nil
, the entire line will be deleted.
If the value
argument is :before
, the entire line up to and including the cursor position will be deleted.
If the value
argument is :after
, the end of the line including the cursor position will be deleted.
The following is an example of :after
execution.
(terme 'terme-clear)0 0 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move "ABCDEF")
(terme 'terme-output 0 1 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move "GHIJKL")
(terme 'terme-output 0 2 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move "MNOPQR")
(terme 'terme-output
3 1 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move
(terme 'terme-delete :before)0 3 :absolute)
(terme 'terme-move (terme 'terme-output)
The execution results are as follows.
ABCDEF
KL
MNOPQR
terme
: terme-size
Gets the width and height of the terminal.
The unit is the number of characters.
defun terme (terme-size) ...) -> x, y
(
x Number of horizontal characters. Width. y Number of vertical characters. Height.
Execution example
* (terme 'terme-size)
80
25
terme
: terme-scroll
Scroll up and down the screen.
defun terme (terme-scroll value) ...) -> null
(integer value
If value
is positive, it will scroll up.
If value
is negative, it will scroll down.
When value
is 1
, the behavior is the same as when you press Enter at the bottom of the screen.
terme
: terme-font
Changes the text type, text color, and background color.
defun terme (terme-font &rest args) ...) -> null
(member nil :before :after) ;; default nil value (
This function will not display correctly depending on the performance of the terminal being displayed.
Text type refers to attributes such as bold, italic, etc.
The text and background colors can be set to the default 8 colors, 256 palettes, or RGB specification.
The following order explains how to use this function.
You can reset the character by doing one of the following
(terme 'terme-font)nil)
(terme 'terme-font
(terme 'terme-font 'code 'reset)0) (terme 'terme-font 'code
The text type, text color, and background color will be restored to their default settings.
The text type can be set with 'code
.
(terme 'terme-font 'code x)
x
can be an integer or a symbol.
If it is an integer, it is the operation number of the escape sequence.
If x
is a symbol, the following contents can be specified.
| symbol | Description | Code |
|---|---|---|
reset |
Reset or normal | 0 |
bold |
Bold or increased intensity | 1 |
faint |
Faint, decreased intensity | 2 |
italic |
Italic | 3 |
underline |
Underline | 4 |
slow-blink |
Slow blink | 5 |
rapid-blink |
Rapid blink | 6 |
reverse |
Reverse video or invert | 7 |
hide |
Conceal or hide | 8 |
strike |
Crossed-out, or strike | 9 |
The following is an example of execution.
(terme 'terme-font 'code 'italic) (terme 'terme-output)
The text color can be specified in the following three ways.
The standard 8-color specification can be set with the fore
identifier.
It takes the following values as arguments.
| Color | Value | Value (Dark) | Value (Bright) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Black | black |
dark-black |
bright-black |
| Red | red |
dark-red |
bright-red |
| Green | green |
dark-green |
bright-green |
| Yeloow | yellow |
dark-yellow |
bright-yellow |
| Blue | blue |
dark-blue |
bright-blue |
| Magenta | magenta |
dark-magenta |
bright-magenta |
| Cyan | cyan |
dark-cyan |
bright-cyan |
| White | white |
dark-white |
bright-white |
| Default | default |
- | - |
For identifications with neither dark-
nor bright-
, the lightness or darkness will be selected according to the value of *prompt-bright*
.
For example, if *prompt-bright*
is t
, yellow
is the same as bright-yellow
.
The following is an example of execution.
(terme 'terme-font 'fore 'dark-magenta) (terme 'terme-output)
The 256-palette specification can be set with the palfore
identifier.
The argument can be an integer from #x00
to #xFF
.
The following is an example of execution.
#xAA)
(terme 'terme-font 'palfore (terme 'terme-output)
The full RGB color specification can be set with the identifier rgbfore
.
It takes three consecutive integers from #x00
to #xFF
as arguments.
The following is an example of execution.
#xFF #xFF #x80)
(terme 'terme-font 'rgbfore (terme 'terme-output)
The setting method is the same as for text color.
The identifiers are different and are shown below.
back
.palback
.rgbback
.The following is an example of execution.
(terme 'terme-font 'back 'dark-magenta)#xAA)
(terme 'terme-font 'palback #xFF #xFF #x80) (terme 'terme-font 'rgbback
The text type, text color, and background color can be set in combination.
If you want to set them at the same time, enter them consecutively.
An execution example is shown below.
#xFF #xFF #x80)
(terme 'terme-font 'code 'underline 'fore 'magenta 'rgbback (terme 'terme-output)


---
title: Range Slider
layout: doc/layouts/default.html
---
# Range Slider
***
***
Basic
You can create a range slider bar using minimal markup.
HTML
{{#markdown}}
```html
```
{{/markdown}}
***
Advanced
Additional classes can be added to your range slider to change its appearance.
### Add Border Radius
You can add a border radius to the range slider by adding the `radius` class to the `range-slider` element.
HTML
{{#markdown}}
```html
```
{{/markdown}}
### Vertical Range Slider
You can create a vertical range slider instead of the default horizontal slider by adding the `vertical-range` class to the `range-slider` element.
HTML
{{#markdown}}
```html
```
{{/markdown}}
### Fixed Steps
You can create a range slider with fixed steps by defining those steps in your `data-range data-options` attribute.
HTML
{{#markdown}}
```html
```
{{/markdown}}
***
## Customize With Sass
Progress bars can be easily customized using our provided Sass variables.
SCSS
{{> examples_progress_variables}}
***
## Semantic Markup With Sass
You can create your own progress bars using our Sass mixins.
Basic
You can use the `progress-container()` and `progress-meter()` mixin to create your own progress bars, like so:
##### Container Mixin
SCSS
{{#markdown}}
```scss
.custom-progress-container {
@include progress-container();
}
```
{{/markdown}}
HTML
{{#markdown}}
```html
```
{{/markdown}}
##### Meter Mixin
SCSS
{{#markdown}}
```scss
.custom-progress-container { @include progress-container;
& > span { @include progress-meter($bg); }
}
```
{{/markdown}}
Advanced
You can further customize your progress bars using the provided options in the `progress-bar()` mixin:
##### Adding Border Radius
We can add a border radius to our progress bar through our mixins:
SCSS
{{#markdown}}
```scss
.custom-progress-container {
@include progress-container;
@include radius(6px);
& > span {
@include progress-meter(pink);
@include radius(5px);
}
}
```
{{/markdown}}
***
### Sass Errors?
If the default "foundation" import was commented out, then make sure you import this file:
SCSS
```scss
@import "foundation/components/progress-bars";
```


A collection of things I’ve learned that set up a stable and easy to use environment for writing Python code on a Mac.
Basics
- Install Command Line Tools for X Code (in order to install Homebrew)
https://developer.apple.com/downloads/
You’ll need an Apple ID for this. - Install Homebrew
http://brew.sh - Install a text editor, I use (and recommend) Sublime Text 3
http://www.sublimetext.com/3
If you like it, you should buy a licence too :) - Setup Sublime Text command line tool
From terminal run:
ln -s “/Applications/Sublime Text.app/Contents/SharedSupport/bin/subl” /usr/local/bin/subl
Sublime docs recommend creating the symlink in~/bin/
but I went with/usr/local/bin/
because this. - Install Package Control for Sublime Text
Install instructions. Package Control enables the installation of thousands of useful plugins. - Install Git for version controlling your code
brew install git
providing your$PATH
looks like mine (/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin
), this should be all you need to do to get the brewed verison of Git, rather than the default Mac OS version. You might need to restart Terminal to make the brewed version active. - Customise Sublime Text for Python
There is a lot you can do — I recommend Dan Bader’s book.
Python
- Install Python via Homebrew
brew install python3
providing your$PATH
looks like mine (/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin
), this should be all you need to do to get the brewed verison of Python, rather than the default Mac OS version. - Install virtualenv and virtualenvwrapper for managing Python environments
For a quick guide see: http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/dev/virtualenvs/
As the complexity of code grows virtual environments are great for managing dependencies etc. I find virtualenvwrapper much easier to use than the straight virtualenv. - Install iPython and Jupyter Notebooks
pip3 install jupyter
I haven’t used iPython for much other than in interactive Python shell. It can do lots more, but even the shell is a great improvement on the default Python interactive shell.
Jupyter notebooks allow you to write, run, and even annotate Python code directly in your browser, and do all sorts of nice stuff after — like share your code with others. Installing Jupyter also installs iPython.
And that’s about it. This will get you up and running with writing Python code. Doing this, and then keeping things up to date and maintained, should mean you don’t have too many issues when writing.


Add rotation by angle phi in coordinates (i,j), must satisfy 0<=i,j<dim and i != j.
The orthogonal matrix implementing the rotation by multiplication on the left.
Reset rotation to identity matrix.
List of rotations J(i,j,alpha) in the _reverse_ _order_ of application.
List of rotations J(i,j,alpha) in the _reverse_ _order_ of application. In this order we can easily compute the inverse of the rotation matrix.
only Jacobi rotations J(i,j,phi) with |phi|>cutoff are shown
String showing all the Jacobi rotations J(i,j,phi) as "angle(i,j)=phi".
Note that J(i,j,alpha)*J(i,j,beta)=J(i,j,alpha+beta).
Note that J(i,j,alpha)*J(i,j,beta)=J(i,j,alpha+beta). This method reduces the list of Jacobi rotations in this rotation applying this equation until each coordinate pair (i,j) occurs only one. No guarantees are given about the order in which the resulting Jacobi rotations are applied.
WARNING: in general the resulting rotation is only guaranteed to be equivalent to this rotation (same rotation matrix) if all the Jacobi rotations in this rotation _commute_ pairwise.
Inverse of the rotation matrix, alternative computation.
Inverse of the rotation matrix, alternative computation. Because of orthogonality the inverse is simply the transpose so this method is redundant. It's useful for consistency checks though.
Checks if the rotation matrix is orthogonal and if the inverse matrix is computed correctly.
Class to generate Rotations (orthogonal matrix with determinant one) as a product of Jacoby rotations J(i,j,phi).
J(i,j,phi) rotates counterclockwise by the angle phi (radians) in the two dimensional subspace spanned by the standard unit vectors e_i, e_j (i.e.: in coordinates i,j).
Such a rotation affects only coordinates i and j of any vector. Note that two such rotations commute in general only if they act on disjoint coordinates.


Feedforward propagation - A Simple Introduction to neural networks
April 16, 2020
Harsh Patel
Hello People, in this blog I will explain to you about feedforward neural networks. There are a lot of technical terms and jargon involved but understanding this concept is very important in a Neural Network, hence I would use the simplest language and easiest possible examples.
Neural Networks
A neural network is many neurons interconnected with each other. Each neuron performs small and simple functions but in aggregation, they do some very useful tasks. They are based on how human brains work, and their fundamental task is to recognize patterns.
Feedforward Neural Network
Feedforward Neural Network is the simplest neural network. It is called Feedforward because information flows forward from Inputs -> hidden layers -> outputs. There are no feedback connections. The model feeds every output to the next layers and keeps moving forward.
There is another type of neural network where the output of the model is fed to itself is called recurrent neural networks.
This is a higher-level architecture of a single neural network. The input layer contains our input data which have information to predict the output. Data gets manipulated and different mathematical operations take place when it travels through hidden layers and to the output. The output provides the predicted value. Each layer has several neurons which are called units.
This is an example of a simple feedforward neural network. The leftmost layer is the input layer, the middle layer is the hidden layer and last is the output layer. It is a single layer hidden layer network with 2 hidden units. Hidden layers and units can be increased based on the requirements.
Dataset
We take a small dataset as an example. The dataset contains information about candidates who applied for a job and we also have data of their job offer results i.e. they got a job offer or not.
Here X1, X2, and X3 are called features. In Machine Learning, there needs to be a balance of the number of features as more features would lead to overfitting and fewer features would lead to underfitting.
This is the result of the candidates. 1st and 4th got an offer and others did not. So now using this dataset, we want to predict if a new candidate has certain skills, will he get a job offer or not. Hence this data that we have is the training data.
Algorithm
This image shows the working of a simple feedforward neural network.
Notations
X = Input dataW = Weights
B = Bias
σ = Activation function
Working of the network
$$ Z_1 = X \cdot W_1 + B_1 $$
• As \(X\) is the input, it is a vector of shape \( (4 \times 3) \) based on our dataset. Here \(4\) contains the number of rows ( number of data ) and 3 contains the number of features. Hence in general shape of \( X = [\text{number of data}] \times [\text{features}] \).
• The shape of \(W_1 = (3 \times 2) \) as 3 is the number of features of data and 2 is the next hidden layer units. The generalized shape of \( W_1 = [\text{features}] \times [\text{next layer units}] \).
• Hence shape of dot product \(X \cdot W_1 = (4 \times 2)\) i.e \( (4 \times 3) \cdot (3 \times 2) \to (4 \times 2) \)
• \(B_1\) is a bias that is required so that our network stays unbiased to any prediction. B is a single column vector containing bias for each neuron of the layer. Hence the shape would be \( (1 \times 2) \).
Generally, weights are initialized with random weights between \( (0,1) \) or \( (-1,1) \). You can initialize it with any other value. The initial value of \(W\) may affect the result or other parameters like the required number of iterations. Weights are created to maintain how much proportion of each feature of the dataset is important for prediction. Weights are assigned values accordingly. We shall discuss this further after the algorithm. Same way bias is generally initialized with all \(1\) values.
$$ H_1 = \sigma(Z_1) $$
After we get the value of \(Z_1\), we pass it to the activation function. There are many different activation functions whose purpose is to decide whether a neuron or a unit should be activated or not. It's also used to introduce non-linearity to the output of the neuron. We will take sigmoid as an activation function. Its formula is \( \frac{e^x}{(1 + e^{-x})} \). Hence \( \sigma (Z_1) \) gives us a result of the sigmoid function i.e. \( H_1 = \sigma (Z_1) \).
$$ Z_2 = H_1 \cdot W_2 + B_2 $$
$$ Y = \sigma(Z_2) $$
As you can see, we calculated \(Z_2\) taking \(H_1\) as the input of the output layer i.e \(H_1\) becomes \(X\) here. The shape of \(H_1\) is \(4 \times 2\) and \(W_2\) is \(2 \times 1\). \(B_2\) is now \(1 \times 1\). Then we pass \(Z_2\) to the sigmoid function to get \(Y\) which is the predicted output of our network. This is the full working of the feedforward network. As our network has only one neuron in the output layer, the output vector would be \((4 \times 1)\).
2 layer network
As we saw feedforward propagation on single layer network, now lets see the algorithm for 2 layer network. This will give you better idea on how the network can be expanded and calculated.
$$ Z_1 = X \cdot W_1 + B_1 $$
$$ H_1 = \sigma(Z_1) $$
$$ Z_2 = H_1 \cdot W_2 + B_2 $$
$$ H_2 = \sigma(Z_2) $$
$$ Z_3 = H_2 \cdot W_3 + B_3 $$
$$ Y = \sigma(Z_3) $$
Loss
After training the network we test our network using testing data and its labels(true output). We test it based on its error rate % or loss. There are different types of loss functions. One of them is mean square error which is:
$$ MSE = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=0}^{N} (Y-T)^{2} $$
Where \(Y\) is the output of the network (predicted value) and \(T\) is the true value of the data.
Conclusion
As mentioned earlier, weights are used to maintain how much priority to give to each feature and how much proportion of each feature takes part in the prediction. As we have initialized weights with random values, which are not ideal and do not know which features are of how much importance. We need to set our weights value based on this requirement. We do not know the value of ideal weights, for which we use an algorithm call backpropagation. It propagates from backward and updates weights on every iteration based on loss of the network.
During training, All these calculations happen for \(N\) number of iterations. In each iteration, \(Y\) is calculated using feedforward, a loss is calculated, and backpropagation updates the weights. In the next iteration, everything is calculated based on the updated weights. Hence weights keep updating in each iteration leading to better accuracy for prediction.
Find more blogs:
Feedforward propagation - A Simple Introduction to neural networks
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- Seminar 1 (Sets)
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It is a collection of HTML documents!
Check out this interesting video on the origins of the internet: Internet Revolution.
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is the basis for almost every web page!
HTML is made up of:
- text content (what you see)
- mark up (how is it arranged)
- references to other documents (images and videos)
- hyperlinks (links between pages)
Some basic HTML vocabulary
Tag: An HTML tag is always contained within angled brackets. Most tags have an opening tag and closing tag.
such as the paragraph tag. Some tags called "void" tags do not require a closing tag. An example of that is the break tag.
Element: An HTML element refers to everything within a set of opening and closing tags
Attribute: This is a property of an HTML element. For example, to set the href attribute of an anchor tag to the Facebook URL, you would write Facebook.
What is HTTP?
It is the main protocol of the web!
See its history in the following link HTTP.
Which gives programmers the power to tell computers what we want it to do! Computers take everything literally.


Miller High Life
"Guys, you won't believe what I found," my friend said upon entering the basement for a BYOB poker night. He plopped a six-pack of Bud Light on the table and explained, "I found this six-pack of Bud Light for [some absurdly low price that I can't remember exactly]." Someone almost immediately noticed that he had purchased a cheap six-pack … of 7-oz. bottles. I'd love to tell you that we offered him some empathy and compassion, but that would be a lie. We roasted him that night, and more than a few times since, for the sin of purchasing tiny beers.
I've remembered this mistake and made sure to double-check when I come across suspiciously cheap beer, especially suspiciously cheap Passable Beer.  This anti-small-bottle bias has long been my stance because there are few things I enjoy less than paying more per ounce for fewer overall ounces of beer. But after drinking a single 7-ounce Miller High Life for the purposes of review, I'm thinking I may have been wrong to dismiss the small bottle out of hand.
First, the tiny bottle allowed me to play my favorite game: Pretend I'm a Giant. I was also able to comfortably enjoy my High Life at a leisurely pace without worrying if I was going to finish it before it got warm. I'm not a huge fan of unnecessary government regulation, but the maximum size of a beer should be in proportion to its quality. Instead, the worst beers in the America can only be purchased 24 or 40 ounces at a time.
High Life turned out to be way better than I remember. It's actually pretty good. The track record of clear-bottled beers is checkered, at best. But the High Life I had didn't taste light-blasted and skunky at all. Miller claims that this is because it developed "special light-stable Galena hops just for High Life." In my very limited search, I couldn't find anything to back this claim, but did find out that the regular Galena variety dates back only to 1968. Miller has been brewing High Life since 1903.
High Life has a lot going for it beyond being decidedly not bad. The packaging — from the woman in the crescent moon, to the logo that looks perfect on a hat — are top notch. The tagline, "The Champagne of Beers", might be best beer nickname ever. It is utter nonsense in the best sense and it beats the pants off of "The King of Beers." Even the clear bottle works. High Life isn't hiding the distinct straw color of an American Lager. High Life has the good manners to let you know what you're getting into right up front.
The bad news is that being High in Life apparently also means High in Calories. But, let's be honest with ourselves and stipulate that if we're drinking a beer that mysteriously does not skunk when exposed to light, maybe the calorie count shouldn't be our biggest concern. So, be like Steve Winwood: Enjoy The Finer Things and get Back in the High Life Again. If you take exception to the previous sentence (as you should) please remember that I am, on occasions when I find tiny beers and tiny chairs, a literal giant.