167. In this context, it was held that ‘forest’ must be understood according to its dictionary meaning and it would cover all statutorily recognized forests, whether designated, reserved, protected or otherwise. It was further held that ‘forest’ would also include any area recorded as a forest in the government records irrespective of the ownership. With this in mind, this Court directed that prior approval of the Central Government is required for any non-forest activity within the area of any ‘forest’. In accordance with Section 2 of the FCA all on-going activity within any forest in any State throughout the country, without prior approval of the Central Government must cease forthwith. This particular direction given by this Court is of immense significance.
168. This Court further directed each State Government to constitute within one month an Expert Committee, inter alia, to identify areas which are ‘forest’ irrespective of whether they are so notified, recognized or classified under any law and irrespective of the ownership of the land of such forest. W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 86 of 114
169. Pursuant to the directions given by this Court, the State of Odisha constituted District Level Committees (for short ‘DLC’) for identification of forest lands. After the identification process, appropriate affidavits were filed by the State of Odisha in this Court in 1997-98, the last being dated 6 th January, 1998.
170. In the meanwhile, in T.N. Godavarman v. Union of India16 this Court passed certain directions on 4th March, 1997 with regard to what was categorized as mining matters. The directions given by this Court are as follows:
“9. We direct that – (1) where the lessee has not forwarded the particulars for seeking permission under the FCA, he may do so immediately;
(2) the State Government shall forward all complete pending applications within a period of 2 weeks from today to the Central Government for requisite decisions;
(3) applications received (or completed) hereafter would be forwarded within two weeks of their being so made.
(4) the Central Government shall dispose of all such applications within six weeks of their being received. Where the grant of final clearance is delayed, the Central Government may consider the grant of working permissions as per existing practice.”
171. It was also made clear that the order passed by this Court including the earlier order dated 12th December, 1996 shall be obeyed and carried out by 16 (1997) 3 SCC 312 W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 87 of 114 the Central Government and the State Governments notwithstanding any order or direction passed by a court including a High Court or Tribunal to the contrary.
172. From the above, it is explicit that in terms of the orders passed by this Court, there was a complete ban on non-forest activity on forest lands with effect from 12th December, 1996. The only issue that remained was identification of all such lands by the District Level Committees and as mentioned above this exercise was completed by the State of Odisha on or about 6th January, 1998. The lands identified by the DLC are compendiously referred to as DLC lands.
173. In this background in IA Nos. 2746-2748 of 2009 in the case of T.N. Godavarman the CEC was directed to submit a report which it did on 26th April, 2010. It was recommended by the CEC that given the peculiar circumstances prevailing in the State of Odisha, mining operations in the entire DLC lands included in the mining leases, may be allowed to continue on payment of the Net Present Value (NPV) subject to the fulfillment of other statutory requirements and rules being complied with.
174. By an order dated 7th May, 2010 this Court directed that the recommendation of the CEC acceptable to the State Government could be complied with. Consequently, the State of Odisha appears to have W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 88 of 114 implemented the recommendations regarding recovery of NPV and realized an amount of about Rs. 1750 crores as additional NPV.
175. We have been informed that in addition to the above, the mining lease holders have subsequently deposited an amount under the heading of penal compensatory afforestation which was introduced through guidelines issued by the MoEF on 3rd February, 1999. The guidelines in this regard, were communicated by the Assistant Inspector General of Forest to the Chief Secretary of all the State and Union Territories and the relevant portion thereof reads as follows:
“4.3.1 Cases have come to the notice of the Central Government in which permission for diversion of forest land was accorded by the concerned State Government in anticipation of approval of the Central Government under the Act and/or where work has been carried out in forest area without proper authority. Such anticipatory action is neither proper not permissible under the Act which clearly provides for prior approval of the Central Government in all cases. Proposals seeking ex-post-facto approval of the Central Government under the Act are normally not entertained. The Central Government will not accord approval under the Act unless exceptional circumstances justify condonation. However, penal compensatory afforestation would be insisted upon by the MoEF on all such cases of condonation.
4.3.2 The penal compensatory afforestation will be imposed over the area worked/used in violation. However, where the entire area has been deforested due to anticipatory action of the State Government, the penal compensatory afforestation will be imposed over the total lease area.” W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 89 of 114
176. It was submitted by learned counsel for the lessees that since additional NPV as well as an amount towards penal compensatory afforestation has been paid by the defaulting mining lease holders, the violation of Section 2 of the FCA stands condoned or in any event the illegal or unlawful mining in forest lands stands regularized.
177. The CEC did not accept this submission made on behalf of the mining lease holders on the ground that no retrospective forest clearance has been granted and even otherwise there is no provision to condone or regularize the violation of Section 2 of the FCA.
178. We are of opinion that the view expressed by the CEC in this regard is partially correct. Given the fact that the defaulting mining lease holders have been asked to pay and have paid additional NPV as well as an amount towards penal compensatory afforestation, it must be assumed the violation of the FCA has been condoned to a limited extent, more particularly since in its order dated 7th May, 2010 this Court permitted the State of Odisha to accept such recommendations of the CEC made in the report dated 26 th April, 2010 as are acceptable to it. The relevant recommendations made by the CEC read as follows:
“(c) No forest land can be leased/assigned without first obtaining the approval under the FC Act. Therefore, the forest area approved under the FC Act should not be lesser than the total forest area included in the mining leases approved under the MMDR Act, 1957.
W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 90 of 114 Both necessarily have to be the same. In view of the above, this Hon’ble Court while permitting grant of Temporary Working Permission to the mines in Orissa and Goa has made it one of the pre-conditions that the NPV will be paid for the entire forest area included in the mining leases. Similarly, all the mining lease holders in Orissa should be directed to pay the NPV for the entire forest area, included in the mining leases;
(d) In Orissa, substantial areas included in the mining leases as non forest land have subsequently been identified as DLC forest (deemed forest/forest like areas) by the Expert Committee constituted by the State Government pursuant to this Hon’ble Court’s order dated 12.12.1996. While processing and/or approving the proposals under the FC Act in many cases such areas have been treated as non-forest land. It is recommended that (i) the NPV for the entire DLC area included in the mining lease, after deducting the NPV already paid, should be deposited by the concerned lease holder and (ii) the mining operations in the unbroken DLC land (virgin land) should be permissible only if the permission under the FC Act has been obtained/is obtained for such area. Keeping in view the peculiar circumstances as was existing in Orissa and subject to the above, the mining operations in the broken DLC land may be allowed to be continued provided the other statutory requirements and Rules are otherwise being complied with.”
179. This still leaves open the question of violation of the order passed by this Court on 12th December, 1996 followed by the order dated 4th March, 1997 namely that mining must cease forthwith in forest areas. In regard to this violation, the only benefit (at best) that can be granted to the mining lease holders that we are concerned with, is till 6 th January, 1998 when the affidavit was filed in this Court in I.A.Nos. 2746-2748 of 2009 in T.N. Godavarman. With effect from 7th January, 1998 any mining activity in forest and DLC lands would clearly be completely illegal and unauthorized W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 91 of 114 and the benefit that the mining lease holders have derived from this illegal mining would be subject to Section 21(5) of the MMDR Act. Therefore, the price of the iron ore and manganese ore mined by the mining lease holders from 7th January, 1998 is payable until forest clearance under Section 2 of the FC Act is obtained by the mining lease holders.
180. The report of the CEC dated 16th October, 2014 deals with 51 mining leases. It has been recorded by the CEC that of them 15 mining leases have been found not involved in undertaking mining operations in violation of the FCA. There are 16 mining leases that have violated the provisions of the FCA between 25th October, 1980 and 1999-2000 and the State Government in some of the cases has already issued a show cause notice to the mining lease holders. It is further stated that most of the violations pertain to the period prior to 12th December, 1996. The CEC has not made any particular recommendation in regard to these 16 mining leases nor do we, except to direct the State Government to promptly take a decision on the show cause notice preferably within a period of four months and in any case before 31 st December, 2017.
181. The CEC has also dealt with 18 others mining lease holders (other than M/s. Essel Mining and Industries Ltd. relating to the Kasia Iron Ore Mines and Jilling-Langlotta Iron & Manganese Ore Mines). With regard to these W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 92 of 114 18 mining lease holders, the view taken by us above would hold good and clearly they are liable to compensate the State for the entire price of the iron ore and manganese ore illegally mined with effect from 7 th January, 1998 until the forest clearance was obtained by the concerned mining lease holder.
182. We have fixed 7th January, 1998 as the cut-off date despite the orders dated 12th December, 1996 and 4th March, 1997 only for the reason that it is possible that some mining lease holders (we do not know how many) were not aware that they were inadvertently conducting mining operations on DLC lands which were identified by the State of Odisha as forest lands on the directions of this Court. For the purposes of Section 21(5) of the MMDR Act, they are entitled to the benefit of doubt and along with them, the other mining lease holders before us.
The CEC in this regard has observed as follows:
“It will be seen that in the above cases the mining operations have been done in the forest land in violation of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and consequently also in violation of this Hon’ble Court order dated 12.12.1996. The CEC recommends that 70% of the notional value of the iron ore and manganese produced by the lessees by undertaking mining operations in the forest land in violation of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 may be directed to be recovered from the respective lessees. Wherever the mineral production is both from the forest land as well as non-forest land then in such cases the notional value of the production from the forest land may be calculated on pro rata basis of the extent of the forest land and non-forest land involved. The notional value of the mineral, time limit for payment of the compensation, use of the amount received as compensation and other conditions as decided by this Hon’ble Court in respect of the production without/in excess of W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 93 of 114 the environmental clearance may be directed to be followed on pari-passu basis.”
183. For the reasons that we have already expressed above, we are not in agreement with the CEC that only a part of the notional value (in this case 70%) of the iron ore and manganese ore produced by the mining lease holders should be recovered. We are of the view that Section 21(5) of the MMDR Act should be given full effect and so we reiterate that the recovery should be to the extent of 100%.
184. There may be some overlap in the period when mining operations were conducted by the mining lease holders without an EC and/or an FC. We make it clear that mineral extracted either without an EC or without an FC or without both would attract the provisions of Section 21(5) of the MMDR Act and 100% of the price of the illegally or unlawfully mined mineral must be compensated by the mining lease holder. To the extent of the overlap or the common period, obviously only one set of compensation is payable by the mining lease holder to the State of Odisha. We order accordingly. However, we make it clear that whatever payment has already been made by the mining lease holders towards NPV, additional NPV or penal compensatory afforestation is neither adjustable nor refundable since that falls in a different category altogether.
W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 94 of 114
185. We may note that this Court has held in T.N. Godavarman v. Union of India17 that a violation of the FCA is condonable on payment of penal compensatory afforestation charges. This obviously would not apply to illegal or unlawful mining under Section 21(5) of the MMDR Act, but we make it clear that the mining lease holders would be entitled to the benefit of any Temporary Working Permission granted.
Conclusions on the issues of mining without an EC or FC or both
186. To avoid any misunderstanding, confusion or ambiguity, we make the following very clear:
(1) A mining project that has commenced prior to 27th January, 1994 and has obtained a No Objection Certificate from the SPCB prior to that date is permitted to continue its mining operations without obtaining an EC from the Impact Assessment Agency. However, this is subject to any expansion (including an increase in the lease area) or modernization activity after 27th January, 1994 which would result in an increase in the pollution load. In that event, a prior EC is required. However, if the pollution load is not expected to 17 (2011) 15 SCC 658 and (2011) 15 SCC 681 W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 95 of 114 increase despite the proposed expansion (including an increase in the lease area) or modernization activity, a certificate to this effect is absolutely necessary from the SPCB, which would be reviewed by the Impact Assessment Agency.
(2) The renewal of a mining lease after 27th January, 1994 will require an EC even if there is no expansion or modernization activity or any increase in the pollution load.
(3) For considering the pollution load the base year would be 1993-94, which is to say that if the annual production after 27 th January, 1994 exceeds the annual production of 1993-94, it would be treated as an expansion requiring an EC.
(4) There is no doubt that a new mining project after 27 th January, 1994 would require a prior EC.
(5) Any iron ore or manganese ore extracted contrary to EIA 1994 or EIA 2006 would constitute illegal or unlawful mining (as understood and interpreted by us) and compensation at 100% of the price of the mineral should be recovered from 2000-2001 onwards in terms of Section 21(5) of the MMDR Act, if the extracted mineral has been disposed of. In addition, any rent, royalty or tax for the period that such mining activity was W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 96 of 114 carried out outside the mining lease area should be recovered.
(6) With effect from 14th September, 2006 all mining projects having a lease area of 5 hectares or more are required to have an EC. The extraction of any mineral in such a case without an EC would amount to illegal or unlawful mining attracting the provisions of Section 21(5) of the MMDR Act.
(7) For a mining lease of iron ore or manganese ore of less than 5 hectares area, the provisions of EIA 1994 will continue to apply subject to EIA 2006.
(8) Any mining activity carried on after 7 th January, 1998 without an FC amounts to illegal or unlawful mining in terms of the provisions of Section 21(5) of MMDR Act attracting 100% recovery of the price of the extracted mineral that is disposed of. (9) In the event of any overlap, that is, illegal or unlawful mining without an FC or without an EC or without both would attract only 100% compensation and not 200% compensation. In other words, only one set of compensation would be payable by the mining lease holder.
(10) No mining lease holder will be entitled to the benefit of any payments made towards NPV or additional NPV or penal W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 97 of 114 compensatory afforestation.
Violation of Section 6 of the MMDR Act
187. We have examined the report of the CEC with regard to the alleged violation of Section 6 of the MMDR Act and find that there have been several amendments to Section 6 relating to the maximum area for which a mining lease may be granted to a person. The following is the result of the amendments:
1. From 1.6.1958 to 11.9.1972 - maximum lease area 10 sq. miles.
2. From 12.9.1972 to 9.2.1987 - maximum lease area 10 sq. km or 1000 hectares in any one State.
3. From 10.2.1987 to 17.12.1999 – maximum lease area 10 sq.km or 1000 hectares in any part of the country.
4. From 18.12.1999 till date – maximum lease area 10 sq.km or 1000 hectares in one State.
188. While the word ‘person’ has not been defined in the MMDR Act, a reading of Section 5 thereof indicates that the State Government shall not grant a mining lease to any person unless such person is an Indian national or a company as defined in the Companies Act, 1956 and subsequently in the Companies Act of 2013.
189. Sub-section (2) of Section 6 of the MMDR Act provides that a person acquiring by, or in the name of, another person a mining lease which is intended for him/her shall be deemed to be acquiring it himself/herself. W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 98 of 114
190. For the purposes of determining the total area that can be acquired for mining operations, Section 6(3) of the MMDR Act provides that the area held under a mining lease by a person as a member of a cooperative society, company or other corporation or a Hindu Undivided Family or a partner of a firm shall be deducted from the area referred to so that the sum total of the area held by such person under a mining lease only as such member or partner or individually may not in any case exceed the total area specified.
191. In this background, the CEC examined the case of seven mining lease holders. They are:
1. Essel Mining and Industries Limited
2. Rungta Mines Limited
3. Rungta Sons Pvt. Limited
4. Bonai Industrial Company Limited
5. Feegrade & Co. Pvt. Limited
6. M/s Mangilal Rungta
7. Jindal Steel & Power Limited
192. As far as Essel Mining and Industries Limited is concerned we propose to deal with this mining lease holder on another occasion since even the CEC has placed this mining lease holder in a special category.
193. Similarly, so far as Rungta Mines Limited, Rungta Sons Pvt. Limited and M/s Mangilal Rungta are concerned, although the CEC has come to the conclusion that these persons have not acquired mining leases in violation of Section 6 of the MMDR Act, there are some critical observations made by the Commission with regard to the ‘Rungta Group’. Learned counsel for the W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 99 of 114 petitioner submitted that the view of the CEC in this regard needs reconsideration. Since the ‘Rungta Group’ was not heard by us, we propose to hear the above Rungta companies to ascertain, inter alia, whether there has been any violation of the provisions of Section 6 of the MMDR Act.
194. As far as Jindal Steel & Power Limited is concerned, we propose to hear this company on another occasion since the suggestion of the CEC is that it is the benami holder of Sarda Mines Pvt. Ltd. If it is so held to be a benami holder of Sarda Mines Pvt. Ltd. then there is a violation of Section 6 of the MMDR Act. However, the CEC has refrained from making any observations or recommendation in this regard. Accordingly, we propose to hear Jindal Steel & Power Limited on a later occasion on this limited issue.
195. As far as Bonai Industrial Company Limited and Feegrade & Co. Pvt. Limited are concerned, the CEC has concluded that they have not violated Section 6 of the MMDR Act. That being the position, and nothing having been shown to the contrary, we accept the recommendation of the CEC in this regard.
Violation of Rule 37 of the Mineral Concession Rules, 1960
196. The CEC has discussed the possible violation of Rule 37 of the MCR. In this context, it was noted that there were several mining lease holders who W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 100 of 114 had entered into raising contracts which were actually a transfer of the lease as postulated by Rule 37 of the MCR.
197. On this basis the State of Odisha constituted a Committee on 8 th July, 2011 to carry out a study of the financial transactions between the mining lease holders and the raising contractors to determine whether there is a prima facie violation of Rule 37 of the MCR.
198. On an examination of the material before it the Committee concluded that eight mining lease holders violated Rule 37 of the MCR. These mining lease holders are as under:
i) R.P. Sao, Guali Iron Ore Mines, Keonjhar ii) Indrani Patnaik, Unchabali Iron Ore Mines, Keonjhar iii) M/s K.J.S. Ahluwalia, Nuagaon Iron Ore Mines, Keonjhar iv) M/s Aryan Mining & Trading Corporation Pvt. Ltd., Narayanposhi Iron Ore Mines, Sundergarh v) M/s Mideast Integrated Steel Ltd., Roida, Sidhamatha Iron Ore Mines, Keonjhar vi) Kavita Agrawal, Kusumdihi Manganese Mines, Sundergarh vii) Mala Roy & Others, Jalabari Iron Ore Mines, Keonjhar
viii) M/s Sharda Mines (P) Ltd., Thakurani Iron Ores Mines, Keonjhar
199. Pursuant to the report of the Committee, a show cause notice was issued to these mining lease holders by the State of Odisha. Six of the mining lease holders (other than M/s Aryan Mining & Trading Corporation W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 101 of 114 Pvt. Ltd. (for short Aryan) and Kavita Agrawal (Kusumdihi Manganese Mines) challenged the show cause notice and the decision of the Committee by filing revision petitions under Section 30 of the MMDR Act read with Rule 55 of the MCR before the Central Government. The challenge to the show cause notice was on the ground that persons who were not government servants could not have been included in the Committee and also that the Committee was not notified in the official gazette as required by Section 26(2) of the MMDR Act.
200. The Central Government set aside the order constituting the Committee and the State of Odisha has challenged the orders of the Central Government before the Orissa High Court through writ petitions. We are told that the writ petitions filed by the State of Odisha are pending in the High Court.
201. As far as Aryan is concerned, we were informed that the matter was pending with the State of Odisha and a request was made to us to permit the State of Odisha to pass a final order on the submissions made by Aryan. On 28th April, 2017 we had permitted the State of Odisha to pass final orders but we are not aware whether any orders have since been passed.
202. As far as Kavita Agrawal is concerned, her lease was terminated by the State of Odisha and the Central Government also dismissed her revision W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 102 of 114 petition on 28th April, 2014. The said mining lease holder has since filed a writ petition which is pending in the Orissa High Court.
203. During the course of hearing it was proposed by learned counsel appearing for some of the mining lease holders that it might be appropriate if the raising contracts between these eight mining lease holders and the raising contractors are given a fresh look. This suggestion was not acceptable to one of the mining lease holders. However, we are of opinion that the suggestion is reasonable and it will be appropriate if in fact a fresh look is given to the raising contracts entered into by the mining lease holders and the raising contractors. We are also of opinion that such an order ought to be passed with the consent of the mining lease holders since any delay in disposal of the issue would not really sub-serve the interests of anybody including the mining lease holders.
204. Accordingly, for considering the appointment of an appropriate Committee in respect of the eight mining lease holders mentioned above we would like to hear learned counsel for the parties. We make it clear that the proposed Committee will be entitled to lift the corporate veil, the importance of which in cases such as the present, has been emphasized in State of Rajasthan v. Gotan Lime Stone Khanij Udyog (P). Ltd.18 18 (2016) 4 SCC 469 W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 103 of 114 Intergenerational equity
205. Mr. Prashant Bhushan, learned counsel for the petitioner sought to impress upon us the need to consider intergenerational equity and if possible to place a limit on the extent of mining in the State of Odisha by referring to an article titled: “Intergenerational equity: a legal framework for global environment change” by Edith Brown Weiss. He laid emphasis on three principles that form the basis of intergenerational equity.
206. The first principle relied on is called the principle of ‘conservation of options’. This requires each generation to conserve the diversity of the natural and cultural resource base in such a manner that the options available to future generations are not restricted. It was submitted that the extent of mining activities being carried on in Odisha indicate that the entire iron ore will perhaps be fully extracted within a period of 30 years and nothing would be available for future generations. Therefore some sort of a limit would have to be placed on the mining operations.
207. The second principle relied on is the principle of ‘conservation of quality’. This was with reference to the submission that future generations should not be subjected to a quality of the planet worse than what it is today. In other words, future generations are also entitled to quality enjoyment of the diversity in the natural and cultural resource base. W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 104 of 114
208. The third principle relied upon was the principle of ‘conservation of access’ which is to say that future generations have an equitable right to access the diversity of the natural and cultural resource base as is available to the present generation.
209. There is no doubt considerable substance in the submission particularly if this is considered in the light of intergenerational rights and obligations which have been dealt with in the said article. However, it is really not for this Court to lay down limits on the extent of mining activities that should be permitted by the State of Odisha or by the Union of India. Nevertheless, this is an aspect that needs serious consideration by the policy and decision makers in our country in the governance structure. At present, keeping in mind the indiscriminate mining operations in Odisha, it does appear that there is no effective check on mining operations nor is there any effective mining policy. The National Mineral Policy, 2008 (effective from March 2008) seems to be only on paper and is not being enforced perhaps due to the involvement of very powerful vested interests or a failure of nerve. We are of opinion that the National Mineral Policy, 2008 is almost a decade old and a variety of changes have taken place since then, including (unfortunately) the advent of rapacious mining in several parts of the country. Therefore, it is high time that the Union of India revisits the W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 105 of 114 National Mineral Policy, 2008 and announces a fresh and more effective, meaningful and implementable policy within the next few months and in any event before 31st December, 2017. We are constrained to pass this direction in view of the facts disclosed in these petitions and in judgments delivered by this Court with regard to mining in Goa and Karnataka. Inquiry by the Central Bureau of Investigation
210. It was emphasized by Shri Prashant Bhushan that because of the rampant illegal or unlawful mining being carried out in Odisha, there should be an enquiry by the Central Bureau of Investigation (for short ‘the CBI’) to ascertain and determine the persons involved either in turning a Nelson’s eye to rampant illegal or unlawful mining or being conspirators in the activity and the extent of the illegal or unlawful mining. It was submitted that the Justice Shah Commission had very strongly recommended an inquiry conducted by the CBI and criminal elements being brought to book for the despoliation of the land.
211. For the present, we do not propose to direct an investigation or inquiry by the CBI for the reason that what is of immediate concern is to learn lessons from the past so that rapacious mining operations are not repeated in any other part of the country. This can be achieved through the identification of lapses and finding solutions to the problems that are faced. W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 106 of 114 Undoubtedly, there have been very serious lapses that have enabled large scale mining activities to be carried out without forest clearance or environment clearance and eventually the persons responsible for this will need to be booked but as mentioned above, the violation of the laws and policy need to be prevented in other parts of the country. The rule of law needs to be established. We are therefore of the view that it would be appropriate if an Expert Committee is set up under the guidance of a retired judge of this Court to identify the lapses that have occurred over the years enabling rampant illegal or unlawful mining in Odisha and measures to prevent this from happening in other parts of the country.
212. There is no doubt that the recommendations of the Commission can form a platform for the study but it is also necessary to use technology for maintenance of registers, records and data through computers, satellite imagery, videography and other technology tools so that the natural wealth of our country is not rapaciously exploited for the benefit of a few to the detriment of a large number, many of whom are tribals inhabiting the land for several generations.
Utilization of funds by the Special Purpose Vehicle
213. In I.A. Nos.2746-2748 of 2009 filed by Rabi Das, an order was passed on 27th January, 2014 relating to the preparation of a scheme by the W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 107 of 114 CEC for setting up a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for tribal welfare and area development works. The relevant extract of the order reads thus:
"50% of the additional amounts of Net Present Value (NPV) recovered by the State of Odisha from the mining lessees will be used by the State of Odisha through a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for undertaking specific tribal welfare and area development works so as to ensure inclusive growth of the mineral bearing areas. The State of Odisha will accordingly file within four weeks from today, a comprehensive plan for the development of tribals out of the aforesaid funds, taking into consideration their requirements of health, education, communication, recreation, livelihood and cultural lifestyle as indicated in this Court’s judgment in T.N. Godavaraman Thirumulpad v. Union of India & Others (2008) 2 SCC 222.”
214. Subsequently on 28th April, 2014 this Court accepted the scheme prepared by the Government of Odisha in consultation with the Central Empowered Committee. The scheme was captioned “Setting up of Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for undertaking specific tribal welfare and area development works so as to ensure inclusive growth of mineral bearing areas in the State of Odisha”. This Court then passed the following order on 28 th April, 2014:
“Pursuant to orders passed by this Court on 7th [27 th] January, 2014, the Government of Odisha in consultation with the Central Empowered Committee has prepared a Scheme captioned “Setting up of Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for undertaking specific tribal welfare and area development works so as to ensure inclusive growth of mineral bearing areas in the State of Odisha.
The Central Empowered Committee has submitted a Report dated 9th April, 2014 and has recommended that the Scheme prepared by the Government of Odisha may be approved by this Court and the ad W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 108 of 114 hoc CAMPA may be directed to transfer to the SPV 50 per cent of the additional amount of the NPV recovered from the mining lease holders by the State of Odisha for undertaking tribal welfare and development works.
We have perused the Scheme prepared by the State Government of Odisha and the recommendation of the Central Empowered Committee and we approve the Scheme and direct as hoc CAMPA to transfer to the SPV 50 per cent of the additional amount of the NPV within a month for undertaking tribal welfare development works. The Interlocutory applications be listed in the month of July, 2014.”
215. Some of the salient features of the Scheme are as follows:
5 The SPV will undertake specific tribal welfare and area development works so as to ensure inclusive growth of the mineral bearing areas. These will include works/projects related to livelihood intervention, health, water supply and sanitation, education, special programmes for development of women and children, entrepreneurial development of local people, communication and infrastructure projects and agro silvi-horticultural based livelihood projects through identified agencies/Government Departments. While taking up such projects/works a bottom up planning and participatory approach will be followed.
9 The general superintendence of the affairs will be vested in its Board of Directors including (a) to receive grants/funds and have custody of the same, (b) to approve Annual Budget Estimates and sanction the expenditure within the limits of the Budget, (c) to enter into any agreement for and on behalf of the SPV; (d) institute and defend legal proceedings (e) to consider and approve the Annual Report, audit report, annual accounts and the financial estimates of the SPV,
(f) to prescribe procedure to be followed for implementation of the projects/works and for maintenance of accounts and (g) to undertake any other ancillary activities/works for the furtherance of the objective of the SPV.
a The funds made available to the SPV will be utilized only for the purpose for which the SPV has been set up and will not be used for any other purpose or transferred to any other authority; and W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 109 of 114 b The composition of the Board of Directors of the SPV, as provided in the present scheme, will be modified only after obtaining permission from the Hon’ble Supreme Court.
10. The accounts of the SPV will be internally audited annually by the Chartered Accountant firms empanelled with the CAG/Principal Accountant General, Odisha. The audit of the accounts of the SPV, receipts as well as expenditure, will be done annually by the office of the Principal Accountant General, Odisha.
11. The State Government has, earlier, registered a Society, namely, Society for Inclusive Development of Mineral Bearing Areas of Odisha, which has been registered vide registration number 23354/74 of 2011-12 under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 to act as SPV for the purpose. It is now proposed to wind up the said Society and to replace it with ‘Odisha Mineral Bearing Areas Development Corporation’ to be set up under section 25 of the Companies Act.
216. It appears that the scheme has been implemented with the Chief Secretary of Odisha as the ex-officio Chairman of the SPV. There are several other members and directors of the SPV. There is no further information available with this Court with regard to the implementation of the scheme.
217. During the course of hearing, some of the mining lease holders represented by Shri Gopal Subramanium, Senior Advocate offered to deposit and in fact did deposit an amount of Rs.237.05 crores for utilization by the SPV for carrying out welfare works and activities in the districts of Keonjhar, Sundergarh and Mayurbhanj in Odisha. The deposit was made by way of a cheque on 6th April, 2017 and was without prejudice to the rights W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 110 of 114 and contentions of lessees. In terms of our directions, the Registry has encashed the cheque and kept the amount in a short term fixed deposit. We have mentioned this only to point out that there are huge amounts available with the Special Purpose Vehicle for tribal welfare and area development works and we have absolutely no idea about the utilization of the funds or whether they are in fact being used for tribal welfare and area development works. We also expect that as a result of the orders that we are passing today, very large amounts will again be made available to the State of Odisha. These amounts should also be kept with the Special Purpose Vehicle.
218. To ensure that the amounts are utilized for the benefit of tribals in the affected districts and for area development works, we would like the Chief Secretary of Odisha to file an affidavit stating the work done as well as providing the audited accounts of the receipt and expenditure of the SPV from its inception.
Conclusion
219. In view of findings above, we dispose of the writ petitions to the extent of the directions that we have already given.
W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 111 of 114
220. I.A. Nos. 45 (filed by Zenith Mining) and 47 (filed by Kavita Agrawal) are dismissed since their lease has not been extended or has been determined and they do not have any environment clearance or forest clearance.
221. I.A. No. 66 (filed by J.N. Pattnaik) is also dismissed since there is no forest clearance available.
222. We have been informed that S.A. Karim (I.A. No.9) actually had a working lease and has wrongly been included as a non-operational lease. Accordingly, I.A. No. 9 (filed by S.A. Karim) is also dismissed but as being infructuous. However, it is made clear that the State Government should ensure that the lessee S.A. Karim in fact has valid statutory clearances.
223. Pending show cause notices issued by the State Government should be decided by 31st December, 2017 (if not already decided) after hearing the concerned noticees.
224. We would like to hear Jindal Steel and Power Limited, Sarda Mines Private Limited, Rungta Group of Companies and Essel Mining and Industries Limited on the applications filed by them. For this purpose list the matter again after two weeks so that a convenient date of hearing can be fixed.
225. The amounts determined as due from all the mining lease holders should be deposited by them on or before 31 st December, 2017. Subject to W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 112 of 114 and only after compliance with statutory requirements and full payment of compensation and other dues, the mining lease holders can re-start their mining operations.
226. We would also like to hear the eight concerned mining lease holders on the question of appointing an appropriate Committee in respect of the applicability of Rule 37 of the Mineral Concession Rules to them.
227. We would also like to hear learned counsel for all the parties with regard to setting up of an Expert Committee presided over by a retired judge of this Court to identify the lapses that have occurred over the years that have enabled rampant illegal and unlawful mining in Odisha and to recommend preventive measures not only to the State of Odisha but generally to all other States where mining activities are proceeding on a large scale. For the present, we pass no direction with regard to any investigation by the CBI.
228. We direct the Union of India to have a fresh look at the National Mineral Policy, 2008 which is almost a decade old, particularly with regard to conservation and mineral development. The exercise should be completed by 31st December, 2017.
229. The Chief Secretary of Odisha should file an affidavit as indicated by us within a period of six weeks and in any case on or before 30 th September, W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc. Page 113 of 114 2017. The Registry will list these petitions along with the affidavit immediately after its receipt for our consideration.
230. All other pending I.A.s are disposed of in terms of our orders.
....…..………………….J
(Madan B. Lokur)
……..………………….J
New Delhi; (Deepak Gupta)
August 2, 2017
W.P. (C) Nos. 114/2014 etc.
Page 114 of 114


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The syntactic class of constants comprises literals from the four base types (integers, floating-point numbers, characters, character strings), and constant constructors from both normal and polymorphic variants, as well as the special constants false, true, [], and (), which behave like constant constructors.


I love to step away from the computer to play the tabletop roleplaying game, Pathfinder.
Bay Area Pathfinder Society
I'm a Venture Lieutenant for San Francisco, which means I help organize events and conventions, in addition to running our Facebook page. If you're in the San Francisco Bay Area, there are a lot of great games hosted by the Bay Area Pathfinder Society! In particular, Endgame in Oakland hosts events on Monday evenings, and Gamescape in San Francisco hosts a Saturday game day each month.
Publications
Zenith Games recently published The Colossal Creatures Bestiary which contains a massive Raccoon-like creature I designed called a Procyon! It was a great experience to work with that group, and it's available on the Paizo webstore if you'd like to take a look!
The fine folks behind Wayfinder #13 also published my description of two characters based in the city of Caliphas! Spanning two pages and 1500 words, you can read about both Captain Almira Perine and Captain Liald Gaspair! The character art is by the amazing Bob Greyvenstein.


{% extends 'layouts/base_coreui_login.html' %} {% import 'macros/form.html' as f with context %} {% block title %}Sign up for a new account{% endblock %} {% block body %}
Create your account


AccessToken:
param01:
Business01
Response:
Username:
Password1:
Password2:
Email:
Signup
Response:
code:
Email verification
Response:
Username:
Password:
Signin
Response:


Warning! You can have only one notebook server running in the Binder. Launching a new one will destroy the previous one with all its data.
Click Launch new to launch a new notebook server with {{title}}.
Click Open existing to open an existing notebook server.


Try out our Premium Member services: Virtual Legal Assistant, Query Alert Service and an ad-free experience. Free for one month and pay only if you like it.
1 IN THE HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA AT BENGALURU DATED THIS THE 6TH DAY OF JANUARY 2017 PRESENT THE HON'BLE MR.SUBHRO KAMAL MUKHERJEE, CHIEF JUSTICE AND THE HON'BLE MR.JUSTICE BUDIHAL R.B. WRIT PETITION NO.39682 OF 2016 (GM-RES-PIL) BETWEEN T NARASIMHA MURTHY S/O.LATE THAYGARAJA, AGED ABOUT 54 YEARS, R/A. NO.18,"E" 4TH STREET, O.M.ROAD, ULSOOR, BANGALORE-560 008. ... PETITIONER (BY SRI K G SADASHIVAIAH, ADVOCATE) AND 1. THE STATE OF KARNATAKA REP BY ITS ADDITIONAL CHIEF SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF FOREST, ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT, M.S.BUILDING, BANGALORE-560001. 2. MR. LAKSHMAN CHAIRPERSON, MAJOR, KARNATAKA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, PARISARA BHAVANA, NO.49, 5TH FLOOR, CHURCH STREET, BANGALORE-560001. ... RESPONDENTS (BY SRI MADHUSUDAN R. NAIK, ADVOCATE GENERAL A/W SRI H VENKATESH DODDERI, AGA FOR R-1; SRI GURURAJ JOSHI, ADVOCATE FOR R-2) 2 THIS WRIT PETITION IS FILED UNDER ARTICLES 226 AND 227 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA PRAYING TO ISSUE A WRIT OF QUO WARRANTO AGAINST THE RESPONDENT NO.2 REQUIRING HIM TO SHOW HIS AUTHORITY TO HOLD THE OFFICE OF CHAIRPERSON OF KARNATAKA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD AND CONSEQUENTLY DECLARE GOVERNMENT NOTIFICATION DATED 21.12.2015 VIDE ANNEXURE-H ISSUED BY RESPONDENT NO.1 AS ILLEGAL AND UNCONSTITUTIONAL. THIS WRIT PETITION COMING ON FOR PRELIMINARY HEARING THIS DAY, CHIEF JUSTICE MADE THE FOLLOWING: ORDER
By filing this public interest litigation, the appointment of the Chairman of the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board is impugned on the ground that the person, who had been appointed, lacks the requisite qualification.
2. Our attention is drawn to Section 4 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, which prescribes the qualification for the Chairman.
3. Mr.K.G.Sadashivaiah, learned advocate appearing in support of the writ petition, submits that a proposal was mooted for appointment of more suitable persons, but the government has ignored the proposal and appointed the present Chairman.
4. Certain proposals were mooted, but it was the responsibility of the government to appoint the Chairman. 3
5. We do not find any material on record to show that the person, who had been appointed, lacks the qualification. There is, therefore, no merit in the writ petition.
6. The writ petition stands rejected.
7. We make no order as to costs.
Sd/-
CHIEF JUSTICE Sd/-
JUDGE bkv


Grid based design is when you apply a grid structure to inform the layout of your pages. Generally you have a grid which is 12 columns across, because this gives you the flexibility to create content which evenly covers 1/12, 1/6, 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, or the whole page.
Responsive webpages are cool! A responsive webpage is one which changes depending on the size of the screen on which you’re viewing the page. These changes could be to the size or layout of elements on the page, and could offer you a very different experience based on the device you’re viewing it on. Responsive Web Design is very important because so many people are using tablets and phones to view webpages. A design might look and work fine on your average computer screen, but shrunk down to the size of a phone screen it might become difficult to view or use. This is why responsive web design is so important! It allows all users of a website to have a positive experience using the same webpage.
An element which is semantic describes what it is clearly to both browsers and developers. It is a tag which clearly defines its content to people looking at it which makes it easier for the developer to visual and categorize the different elements while still having the desired effect when viewed through a browser. Semantic structure is using specific tags in the place of more general tags with the same function, in order to make it easier for people to understand.


Musingly he lit a cigarette. Through the open window a bee droned in on the blue air of evening. Closing his eyes he fell to considering whether the bee of one country would understand the remarks of that of another. The effect of the soil of a nation, had it consequences upon its flora? Were plants influenced at their roots? People sometimes spoke (and especially ladies) of the language of flowers . . . the pollen therefore of an English rose would probably vary, not inconsiderably, from that of a French, and a bee born and bred at home . . .would be at a loss to understand (it clearly followed) the conversation of one born and bred, here, abroad. A bee's idiom varied then, as did man's! And he wondered, this being proved the case, where the best bees' accents were generally acquired.
Ronald Firbank, The Flower Beneath The Foot (1923)


You see some colorful, big, comfy-looking chairs arranged in a conversation setting. You take a seat and find yourself looking into a large conference room with a kitchen at the end.
A lady walks out smiling at you. "Oh hey," she says, "We are about to start a cooking class. Would you like to join? It involves butter most wonderfully."
Butter does make things better, you think.
| Join the Class | ||
| . . . . . | . . . . . | |
| Pass on the Class |


Ticket ID: 409788
Name
Parker Seidel
No Active Support
Email
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Response Time
72hours, 60hours left
Last Action
Never been locked.
Link to public post
Status
Not answered


Examples
Basic Graphics
- Hello World
- Basic Ball
- Zooming Ball
- Multi Balls
- Multi Graphics
- Image Box
- Wireframe
Image Processing
- Basic Image
- Texture Config
- Single Filter
- Multi Filters
- Mix Images
- Load SVG
- Premultiply Alpha
3D Models
- Basic Lighting
- Material Ball
- Material Balls
Offscreen
- Basic Mesh
- Visualize Depth
- Basic Shadow
Effects
Design Patterns


Chocolate Pizza
posted on 15 DEC 2013 / desserts print
for the fig-swirl: melt butter over medium heat in a saucepan. Add brown sugar and stir to dissolve. Halve all of the figs and toss in the saucepan with water and lemon juice. Cook over medium heat, stirring frequently, until you have a chunky-jammy mixture. Add salt with one or two stirs, set aside and let cool completly.
Ice cream: In a small pot over medium heat, combine milk, and granulated suger until suger is completly dissolved and the milk is just barly lukkewarm. Whisk in the eggs yolks. Set mixture in the fridge and wait the fig mixture is cold
Using an ice cream machine, pour liquids into the frozen basin and process according to manufacturer
instructions,
i.e, let spin and thicken for 20 minutes before adding mascarpone, fig jam mixture, and the nuts.
Continue to process for +/- 10 minutes. Pour semi-frozen mixture into a pyrex dish or glass
tupperware.
freeze for at least two hours before serving.


New Bright Nails got my nails done right! Address: 1519 Black Rock Tpke, Fairfield CT. Phone:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Write To Us
"Please contact us via any of the methods below if you need an appointment, have any questions, or want to consult with us. We would like to hear from you, and offer you what you are looking for."


It's time to save more...
Cast
Ravi Teja
Shruti Hassan
samuthirakani
Ravishankar
Varalaxmi Sarathkumar
Crew
Gopichand Malineni
S.Thaman
Sai Madhav Burra


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| simulate {panelPomp} | R Documentation |
simulate
generates simulations of the state and measurement
processes.
## S4 method for signature 'panelPomp'
simulate(object, nsim = 1, shared, specific)
object |
a |
nsim |
The number of simulations to perform. Unlike the pomp simulate method, all simulations share the same parameters. |
shared |
Named vector of the shared parameters. |
specific |
Matrix of unit-specific parameters, with a column for each unit. |
A single panelPomp object (if nsim=1) or a list of panelPomp
objects
(if nsim>1).
Edward L. Ionides
simulate(panelRandomWalk())


Background and Basics
Wind flow in the atmosphere is caused by uneven heating surfaces of the earth, large bodies of water, and the rotation of the earth. Wind energy consists of wind turbines converting the wind flow's power moving the propellers into usable energy.
Components:
- □ Nearest to the ground is the mount and the tower. The tower supports the rotor, drivetrain, all of the cables, and anchors the system into the ground.
- □ The drivetrain contains the gearbox and the generator that stores the energy created from the turbine.
- □ The rotor or blades of the windmill converts wind energy into rotational shaft energy. This is why the blades rotate in a clockwise or counterclockwise axis.
Benefits
- □ Houses that live near or at a wind turbine have an increased property value.
- □ The wind power industry has created over 114,000 jobs in the United States.
- □ Overall cost of electricity will decrease.
Thinking about Investing?
- □ Make sure your house is compatible with wind energy usage. Some guidelines include:
- ▫ House is located in a rural area where a lot of wind is present. A relatively constant wind speed of at least 13 mph. Near airports, etc.
- ▫ Where other wind turbines are present.
- ▫ Checking the area of your home with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state laws and regulations.
- □ The general components of a wind turbine for the average house in the United States:
- ▫ 30 to 60 feet in height.
- ▫ 10 meters in diameter.
- □ Households and businesses that use wind energy as their primary source typically install 5-15 kilowatts (kW) of energy into their turbine.
💡 Tip: Reduce your electricity consumption
With or without the installation of your renewable energy system, many measures can be taken to reduce your carbon footprint. You should first eliminate devices and appliances that use too much of Energy. These include standby devices, incandescent light bulbs, and water heaters: the lower your overall consumption, the lower your carbon footprint.
In most cases, lighting is the most significant single cost factor. Obsolete bulbs use only roughly 10% of the power to make light. As heat, 90 percent is lost. It produces heat rather than light, as it is based on a glowing tungsten filament. Modern LEDs use almost all of the electricity to make light. You can notice this from the fact that they stay cool, i.e., there is much less loss. To produce the same amount of light, a good LED requires about a 10th of the electricity. And because it does not heat up so much, it lasts much longer. And: The price of LEDs has come down so much, that exchanging them for regular light bulbs pays off within one or two years.


THE YES MAN A film review by Thomas E. Billings Copyright 1992 Thomas E. Billings
Synopsis: A high-school teacher who ghost-writes novels, is hired as a speechwriter and advisor to an ambitious government Minister in present day Italy. When the Minister runs for higher office, the teacher is directly involved in the campaign. As the campaign progresses, he begins to learn how corrupt the political system, and his boss, are! A lighthearted social and political satire that doesn't insult your intelligence; above average.
Italy (English subtitles), color, 1991, 95 minutes. Director: Daniele Luchetti
First, there is a potential "identification" issue to clarify. The Italian title of the film is IL PORTABORSE, which is translated literally in the subtitle as BROWN NOSE. However, the film was listed in the San Francisco International Film Festival program guide as THE YES MAN. Apparently it will be released in the U.S. under the title THE YES MAN; however I have no "official" confirmation of that.
The story centers on a middle-aged high-school classics teacher, who moonlights as a ghost writer of novels. His girlfriend is also a teacher, who lives some distance away. The teacher lives in the old family estate, which is crumbling and in need of expensive repairs.
One day the teacher is offered a job as speech-writer and public relations aide to Cesare Botero, an important government Minister. He accepts the offer, and moves to Rome to begin his duties. When Botero runs for higher office, the teacher becomes deeply involved in the campaign, and politics in general.
Although things are strange and interesting at first, the teacher slowly learns that things are not what they appear to be in politics. He slowly learns of the substantial corruption in politics: vote buying, vote fraud, influence peddling, conflict of interest, and so on. As the story progresse, the teacher has second thoughts about his new career...
This is a relatively light-hearted look at politics, and politicians in general. The plot is realistic, and the writers resisted the urge to make it mean-spirited (in today's political climate, it would be easy to be mean-spirited). Although the film is set in Italy, where it has apparently created considerable controversy, the view of politics it provides is more universal. To make comparisons with the U.S., I would describe the government Minister Cesare Botero as a politician who does many of the things Clinton has been accused of (adultery, influence peddling, conflict of interest), but whose image and rhetoric are both vague and populist, ala Jerry Brown.
This film is relatively intelligent; the plot and dialog are realistic. The production values are high, and the acting nicely understated. The actor who plays the teacher (sorry, don't know his name) reminded me of Dudley Moore (in his better days). The result is a sophisticated satire of politics and, indirectly, social values. If you enjoy low-key political satire, the film is certainly worth seeing.
U.S. Distribution: currently on the film festival circuit. Print source is: Titanus Distribuzione, 19 Largo Chigi, 00187 Rome, Italy. No confirmed information available on future U.S. theatrical release.
.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


tetris-grid
a 2kb gziped css grid
npm i --save-dev tetris-grid
Responsive
easy peasy, thinking in mobile first, no more useless <div>
Fluid
the default 12 columns fills 100% of it's context
Offsets
.offset- deal with blank spaces on the left
Auto Width
use just .col to elements choose their width
Vertical Alignment
.top-, .middle- and .bottom- help with that
Horizontal Alignment
.start-, .center- and .end- deal with it
Distribution
.around-and .between- distribute the elements
.no-justify- stop it
Helpers
.container, .collapse, .row helps you to go far


Skip to main content
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I went through 25 2C-I trips over a 12 month period. most of the trips were on 15mg. A nice .002 scale was used for mesurement and the 2C-I was puchased at the same time (same vial.) I was 165-170 pounds during this time and 6 foot tall. Some of the trips were amazingly more powerful visually then others at the same dose and it took me a while to figure out what it was that was killing the trips.
The first 3 times I tried 2C-I, at 10mg 15mg 20mg, all were very visual yet gentle and all were +++.
Around this time I was prescribed Methylphenidate otherwise known as Ritalin. The next 6 2C-I trips were, at most, ++ using the Shulgin scale. at 20mg I'd have to stare at things to get the 2C-I visuals. This was a drastic change from my first 3 trips as they all were +++ and I couldn't make the visuals go away.
I was dissapointed to say the least! Well, something had changed in my dayly intake of compounds (coffee being the only other) I didn't think about at the time. I had a prescription for 40mg a day of Methylphenidate - 62 pills a month. At the end of my prescription period I usually run out (some days I'd use 3 or 4 at work.)
Well, after being off Ritalin for 48 hours I had a great 2C-I trip on 11mg. AMAZING in fact! It hit me that maybe the Methylphenidate was causing a cross tolerance so the next few times I stayed off Ritalin for 48 hours before taking 2C-I. I had amazing trips! Then I spent a few weeks, got back on my regular ritalin schedule and every two weeks I took 15mg 2C-I which were ++ at best. To test my theory I gave my girl, who loves 2C-I, 10mg of Ritalin two hours before dosing 15mg. She reported that she was having to force herself to see visions which she never had to do on 12mg. She is 120 pounds 5 foot 4..
Just wanted to report on this for those on Ritalin and wondering why the 2C-I isn't effecting you like everyone else you are with.
Leander
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


Preparation time
30 mins to 1 hour
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Makes 16 squares
Dietary
For the base, preheat the oven to 160C/310F/Gas 3. Grease a 20cm x 23cm/8in x 9in baking tin with butter.
Sift the flour, cornflour and sugar into a large bowl. Stir in the almonds, then rub in the butter and vanilla seeds.
Press the mixture into the base of the prepared tin. Transfer to the oven and bake for 35-40 minutes, or until lightly golden. Allow to cool.
For the caramel, place the sugar and water into a heavy-based pan and heat gently until the sugar dissolves. Turn up the heat and simmer for 4-5 minutes, or until it turns dark amber.
Stir in the cream, taking care as it will bubble up. Stir in the butter and salt. Pour the caramel over the shortbread and leave to cool.
For the topping, melt the chocolate and butter in a heatproof bowl set over a pan of gently simmering water.
Pour the chocolate over the caramel and smooth out with a wet palette knife. Place into the fridge and chill for at least 30 minutes, until firm. Cut into 16 pieces and serve.


My Framework
CSS Syntax
A CSS rule-set consists of a selector and a declaration block:
h1
HTML
Introduction
Basic
Links
Images
Classes / Id
CSS
Introduction
Syntax
Margins / Paddings
Links
Border


ECVT
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (3)
Updated: 2014-08-19
Index
Return to Main Contents
NAME
ecvt, fcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string
SYNOPSIS
#include <stdlib.h>
char *ecvt(double number, int ndigits, int *decpt,
int *sign);
char *fcvt(double number, int ndigits, int *decpt,
int *sign);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
feature_test_macros(7)):
ecvt(),
fcvt():
-
- Since glibc 2.12:
-
_SVID_SOURCE ||
(_XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 ||
_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&
!(_POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 600)
- Before glibc 2.12:
-
_SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 ||
_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
DESCRIPTION
The
ecvt()
function converts number to a null-terminated
string of ndigits digits (where ndigits is reduced to a
system-specific limit determined by the precision of a
double),
and returns a pointer to the string.
The high-order digit is nonzero, unless
number
is zero.
The low order digit is rounded.
The string itself does not contain a decimal point; however,
the position of the decimal point relative to the start of the string
is stored in *decpt.
A negative value for *decpt means that
the decimal point is to the left of the start of the string.
If the sign of
number is negative, *sign is set to a nonzero value,
otherwise it is set to 0.
If
number
is zero, it is unspecified whether *decpt is 0 or 1.
The
fcvt()
function is identical to
ecvt(),
except that
ndigits specifies the number of digits after the decimal point.
RETURN VALUE
Both the
ecvt()
and
fcvt()
functions return a pointer to a
static string containing the ASCII representation of number.
The static string is overwritten by each call to
ecvt()
or
fcvt().
ATTRIBUTES
Multithreading (see pthreads(7))
The
ecvt()
and
fcvt()
functions are not thread-safe.
CONFORMING TO
SVr2;
marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001.
POSIX.1-2008 removes the specifications of
ecvt()
and
fcvt(),
recommending the use of
sprintf(3)
instead (though
snprintf(3)
may be preferable).
NOTES
Not all locales use a point as the radix character ("decimal point").
SEE ALSO
ecvt_r(3),
gcvt(3),
qecvt(3),
setlocale(3),
sprintf(3)
Index
- NAME
-
- SYNOPSIS
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- RETURN VALUE
-
- ATTRIBUTES
-
- Multithreading (see pthreads(7))
-
- CONFORMING TO
-
- NOTES
-
- SEE ALSO
-
This document was created by
man2html,
using the manual pages.
Time: 02:55:14 GMT, September 18, 2014


Keeping track of your clients can be a hassle. ClientKeepr allows hair stylists to spend more of their time on what they love: cutting and styling hair!
ClientKeepr stores all of your clients past notes and can automatically send them a text or email reminding them to book another appointment with you.


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| DOSE: |
5 hits |
smoked |
Cannabis |
(plant material) |
Till I read other stories here at erowid I thought I was the only one that had a bad weed experience.

There was a get together with 16 or so other people I knew, I still didn't feel well and had taken about 600mg of Ibuprofen about two hours before going to counter the body pains I was still having from being sick, I don't know if this helped cause the trip or not.
So my friends and I go in a little room to light up. I have a low tolerance, and have only smoked weed 5-6 times before this, I can get high off of two hits usually, I had three good strong hits and was completely stoned at this point, I was having trouble following the conversation and was laughing pretty hard at everything. Normal weed high.
Someone lit up another bowl, I should have stopped at this point seeing as I had never been as stoned so fast but I decided to have more. I had two more really strong hits and everyone went back to the main area to play games and watch movies. I checked my watch and it was 11:30 pm.
I remember sitting down and joining the game. I was having a blast at first, but then started to feel really odd, I wasn't having the usual 'Everything is so much more cooler' feeling I get with weed, instead I felt really uncomfortable and wasn't having fun at all. There was a group of guys behind me talking and for some reason I thought they were laughing at me, I was still coherent enough to realize this was just paranoia talking and tried to enjoy the game. I got really cold all of the sudden and put my jacket and gloves on, this made it hard to play so I quit out of the game and put in the Up in Smoke DVD. I had barely made in 10 minutes into the movie when I was so cold and uncomfortable and generally confused that I got up and went to the bathroom to escape what I was feeling.
I remember running really hot water and rubbing it on my hands and face to get warm, then I sat down on the toilet and put my head in my hands, I remember my heart beating really fast and a general feeling of urgency and fear, weird thoughts were racing through my head, it was as if I was thinking faster then I could examine each thought. I had an extreme sense of dread and was scared out of my mind. I don't know how long I was in the bathroom, but I rejoined the party and sat back down, still very uncomfortable and nervous for no reason, I remember rejoining the game and playing to try and relax.
Then their is a period that it is one big blur.
Next thing I remember I am still playing the game with everyone, and still feel very uneasy, my friend was having a conversation about the game so I walked over to take part.
While theu were laughing I looked at my watch and it was 2:45 AM. I could have sworn that 20 minutes maximum had passed since smoking, I had no recollection of anything for at least two hours.  They all told me the same story and I could tell by their attitude they were 100% serious. They said all of the sudden I left the game and started walking around in circles and bumping into everything and had absolutely no expression on my face. They said I would make nonsensical comments, like I walked up to one of the guys (call him Dave) and said 'Dave, whats your name?', he said 'What?' and I said 'Come one Dave, you don't know your own name?' and that I would chime in on conversations that had ended 5 minutes ago from across the room. Someone said 'Beer sounds really good right now' and a few minutes later after the topic of conversation had changed I yelled 'YEAH…..BEER…..SOUNDS….GOOD' from about 30 feet away.
They laughed pretty hard for about an hour, but then they started to get freaked out. They kept asking me if I was ok, it would take me like ten seconds to answer and I would say 'Yeah……..I'm just cold…..' very slowly. I also made the host of the evening really uncomfortable because I kept asking him to drive me places every five minutes even though he told me he couldn't go anywhere about ten times, and making nonsensical statements to him when he was trying to talk to others. Finally after two solid hours of walking in a big circle and babbling I went back to my chair and got back in the game, I didn't say a word for half an hour till I walked up to my friend to talk about the game.
 We left a few hours later and everything was pretty uneventful till the end of the night, When I got home I still felt odd when I tried to fall asleep, hard to describe but everything just felt wrong. When I woke up the next morning I was fine.
Since then I have smoked four more times and have had nothing but good experiences with it. I have talked to a few heavy pot users and nobody has heard of a person having had a alcohol-like black out on weed like I experienced, all ask if I am sure it wasn't laced. I had smoked with six or so people that night and all of them were just plain old stoned, so I know it was just weed.
Whether it was illness, the pain killers, or just random chance, I don't know.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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Hello every one..
let me introduce my selfe:
I'm Bara'ah Alomari I'm 25 year's old from irbid,
I did my graduation in civil Enginnering from Alhussain Bin Talal University,
but currently studding programming in LTUC .
- Experience:
- Ministry of Municipalities, I worked in it for a year
- I worked with icon office for six month.
My favorite hobby is playing sports.
my favorite color is purple.
Top ten things I love to do :
- Reading
- Watching Movie
- Sitting with my family
- Play with kids
- Surf the internet
- Improve my english
- Playing sports
- Making sweet
- Learn something new
- Just relax


I really like the tables from Pure CSS, so the basic styling for tables is taken from there.
{% include patterns/tables/default_tables.html %} {% include patterns/tables/default_tables_code.html %} {% include patterns/tables/yb_tables.html %} {% include patterns/tables/yb_tables_code.html %}


Beef Jerky
Beef Jerky is ideal for road trips and camping, as it will not perish as readily as fresh meat.
It is suitable not only as a snack but also as a meal.
This recipe for jerky is not heavily brined and flavored as commercial jerky is.
Ingredients
- ¾ tsp. salt
- ¼ tsp. pepper
- 1 tbl. brown sugar
- ¼ tsp. garlic
- 2 tbl. Worcestershire sauce or Teriyaki sauce
- ¼ tsp. Liquid Smoke
- 1 Lb. (450 g) beef (flank or skirt steak is ideal)
- Other common seasonings may include (¼ tsp. of) cayenne pepper, cheese powder, and/or white pepper
Directions
- Mince or press garlic.
- Mix all ingredients except beef to make brine.
- Slice beef into ¼" (½ cm) thick strips. Small chunks, about ¾" (2 cm), of stewing beef may also be used. If possible, cut along the grain of the meat rather than across it. It may be easier to freeze the meat before attempting to cut it, as this will stop the meat pulling and deforming so easily.
- Marinate meat in overnight, or at least for an hour or two.
- Place meat on racks and dry in a food dehydrator at 145 °F (63 °C) for 6-8 hours. May be dried in a 150 °F (65 °C) oven with foil-covered racks. In oven, turn meat over 3-4 hours into drying time and reduce temperature to 130 °F (55 °C).
- Meat should bend but not break when properly dried.
Note
Other meats may be substituted instead of beef, but use caution.
Contribution
Recipe tags:
beef
snack


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The name preceding each clue is its author, not part of the clue! Scroll down for more information.
Across:
3. Steve Allen - Hi, no head covering, Lance? (3)
8. see 15
9. Alec Macaulay - Rice pilaf without right ingredients is a disaster (4 4)
10. Jamie Thunder - Bottle worthless Italian striker on the overlap (4)
11. Tony Morris - Networking southern Switzerland, low on energy (10)
12. Monty Green - Scotch does for bird! (8)
14. Heidi Schroeder - Riyal I spent without a care in the world (6)
15,8. Melissa McSeismal - Zen master returns chasing a lost not-unknown vaccine (5-6)
17. Saurabh Upadhyay - How messed up! They let the dogs out (3)
18. Rhiannon Vivian-Bolt - Suggestions of disinfectant (intra-venous) or chloroquine overturned for malady (5)
22. Rhiannon Vivian-Bolt - Duck eggs reduced by 400? Crazy! (6)
24. Neha Bhandari - Vaccine developer working in part with ecstasy, cocaine and heroin (8)
26. Rhiannon Vivian-Bolt - Refuse none, extraordinarily surprising (10)
28. Sarsa Parilla - Take on God’s book (4)
29. Monty Green - Flying snake’s fang left lost horizons! (8)
30. Victor Rupert Williamson - Shoebox for diner’s sandwiches? (6)
31. Guruswamy Nataraj - One dancing for ages (3)
Down:
1. Victor Rupert Williamson - Company car for twins? (6)
2. Alec Macaulay - Mobile device can be extremely useful in basement (8)
3. Samraat Saxena - Vaccine Jen took without cycling! (7)
4. Saurabh Upadhyay - Maybe they kidnapped a girl? (4)
5. SSv Avtaar - Singular, pirated version of COVAXIN missing chromosome that is produced in China (7)
6. SSv Avtaar - Prize bull captivates France’s leading group of pharmacists (6)
7. Heidi Schroeder - LA’s ostracized dreadful millennial actress (8)
13. Alec Macaulay - This guy in pub going back to detox (5)
16. Neha Bhandari - Russian shot Putin by mistake in vacant skywalk by western border of Vladivostok (7 1)
19. Rhiannon Vivian-Bolt - Crazy tudor astern, following current as it flows away (8)
20. Jamie Thunder - Random mutation when injecting drug from this company? (7)
21,21. Steve Allen - One prick? One prick? They made loads of pricks! (7 & 7)
23. Rhiannon Vivian-Bolt - Mounds of heartless know-alls (6)
25. Sam Zipcat - Ran around spreading scoundrel's rumour (6)
27. Simon T. Hill - Slip drugs to the audience (4)
All clues composed by Clue-For-The-Day participants at the Facebook Cryptic Crossword Society page, during the CFTD contest of November 25, 2021.
Here are all the other clues that were submitted in the game.
Across:
9. Steve Allen - If I leap about, could be a disaster! (4,4)
9. Heidi Schroeder - A box-office bomb like Ben-Hur? (4,4)
10. Rhiannon Vivian-Bolt - Bottle sounds revolting (4)
10. Hari Mannarsamy - A container of drug prepared by extracting nucleus off of the disease-causing germ (4)
10. Steve Allen - Back I go into a place to go to find somewhere to leave a specimen (4)
11. Steve Allen - Visiting school and low on gas (10)
15,8. Monty Green - Drug pushers spoil Anzac easter! (5-6)
15,8. Rhiannon Vivian-Bolt - Cunningly encase a Tzar with protection (5-6)
17. Tony Morris - Doctor? (3)
17. SSv Avtaar - Fictional doctor’s organisation (3)
18. Alec Macaulay - Epidemic of disco videos (5)
22. Tony Morris - See you, say, cook up bird (6)
24. Tony Morris - Spitefully unload on energy mix in injection unit (8)
26. Samraat Saxena - Peacekeepers ahead, perceived the unexpected! (10)
28. Tony Morris - Military against National Trust diatribe (4)
31. Alec Macaulay - One messed-up era (3)
Down:
1. Samraat Saxena - Encourage minimalist houses? It’s a sign! (6)
1. Monty Green - Stars singing EMI night-time show (6)
1. Simon T. Hill - Soldier patrolling explosive mine before onset of cancer (6)
2. Guruswamy Nataraj - Mobile caller-tune featuring Underwriters Laboratories Certification (8)
6. Steve Allen - Company has prize and fine? Ridiculous! (6)
6. Jamie Thunder - Vaccine created by state and corporate partnership with amazing science researchers at the heart (6)
13. Rhiannon Vivian-Bolt - Swimmer drops model back for therapy (5)
13. Simon T. Hill - Beachwear recalled every now and then for mending (5)
16. Tony Morris - Stink up victory arrangement for Covid fighter (7,1)
20. Sarsa Parilla - Demo RNA engineered by this biotech (7)
20. Sarsa Parilla - Pharma engineered mRNA dose! Point taken! (7)
20. SSv Avtaar - Company leads in original development expanding entry into gene base for vaccine (7)
20. SSv Avtaar - Revolutionary communist entranced by Sogal’s company (7)
20. Steve Allen - No dream! Made a vaccine! (7)
25. Neha Bhandari - Country for the most part accepted virus essentially is a hoax (6)
25. Melissa McSeismal - Story that’s boring on reflection and unfounded ran accidentally (6)
25. Tony Morris - False report that villain ran back in (6)
For members of the forum, the game can be accessed here. (SPOILER alert!)