Shopify: Solid Business, Overvalued And Misguided
by James Charles FoordSummary
- Shopify has produced massive growth over the past 5 years. The company is growing in a thriving sector.
- However, the price is too optimistic based on the firm’s fundamentals, and growth is likely to slow down.
- The company should focus on its core business and delivering value to shareholders.
Thesis Summary
We believe that Shopify (SHOP) stock is overvalued, and we expect the market to correct for this shortly. We believe the company to be overvalued because:
- There is evidence management thinks the stock is overvalued and is using this opportunity to finance its operations and investments through stock issuance. There is evidence of this all over the balance sheet.
- Fundamentally, the company’s growth is slowing down and it is trading at incredibly high ratios, even for a tech stock.
Having said this, we also think Shopify’s core business has the potential to be profitable. To prove this, we will value the company by forecasting its trajectory based on its current performance and projecting potential future profitability to determine a target price. To this extent, Shopify should focus on improving its core business rather than expanding its operations, which seems to be what it is trying.
Our analysis will serve to support our thesis that there is value in the company’s core business, as it is capable of generating sustained profits. At the right price, Shopify will be a great buy.
Shopify is more than SaaS
Founded in 2004, Shopify has made a name for itself as a revolutionary “ground-breaking” tech stock. It is the Cinderella story of a small Canadian company poised to take over the eCommerce world. This is the kind of company that creates fanaticism and hardcore believers, which is part of the reason it has enjoyed such hefty valuations.
Shopify offers a web service that allows its customers to easily and inexpensively set up an e-commerce page. You can visit its site, purchase a basic Shopify plan for $79 a month, a domain and voila! Within minutes, you can have your page set up. The company offers a variety of free or paid “themes” (website templates). You can choose the design and “look” for your store.
In the back-end, you have a rudimentary control panel to manage your products, set prices, control stock, etc.
On top of this, for any additional functionality, you may visit the Shopify App Store, where the company itself or individual developers or companies offer apps (software) that integrate with the store.
Furthermore, the company offers Shopify Payments to facilitate payments, taking a transaction fee from every sale, Shopify POS for physical stores and even Shopify Capital to help merchants fund their activities at, if I may add, exorbitant interest rates.
It would be an understatement to say that, from start to finish, the company exploits every single possible way to: 1) extract money from its users and 2) increase their dependency on Shopify. This is a double-edged sword. As someone who has worked in the industry, I have encountered much frustration in this area. For example, Shopify charges a fee for using any third-party payment processing system, such as Stripe, virtually making its system, Shopify Payments, the most affordable option. The funny thing is, Shopify Payments is powered by the same technology as Stripe. Shopify isn’t adding any value here more than penalizing you for opting out of its system.
Having said this, Shopify is trying to be more than SaaS, and that is commendable and does have the potential for value creation. The company offers a complete service and incredible support. Its team of “Shopify gurus” is available round the clock by chat or phone to help users with any problems and questions.
Furthermore, as previously mentioned, it offers financing, payment solutions (online and physical), technological solutions (a community of vetted and rated “Shopify experts”) and a plethora of instructional content on everything eCommerce.
The company has plenty of room to grow in its sector and market, which is why I believe the latest move to enter the fulfillment business would be detrimental to its bottom line
Sources of Revenue
Shopify’s main source of income is recurring subscription payment. This accounts for around 80% of revenues.
In this department, the company has the following offers:
- Shopify Lite: $7/month. Enables users to sell on social media channels like FB and Instagram.
- Shopify Basic: $39/month. Enables use of Shopify functions with limited functionalities.
- Shopify: $79/month. Full Shopify platform and reduced transaction costs.
- Shopify Advanced: $299/month. Further reduced transaction fees and extended analytics.
- Shopify Plus: Starting at $2000 month: An enterprise-level solution that offers various instances of the platform, B2B capabilities and dedicated technical and business support.
The rest of the revenues can be attributed to “merchant solution”. This is money people pay for all the additional services Shopify offers.
These include:
- Shopify “Apps”
- Shopify Payments
- Shopify Capital
- Shopify POS hardware
In this regard, it is interesting to analyze the difference between these sources of income.
Source: Q3 report
As we can see, in terms of total revenue, subscription solutions represented a little over 1/3rd of revenues. Quite a striking difference from 2018, where the distribution was a lot closer to 50/50. This shows us that merchant solutions is growing at a much faster rate than Shopify. Is this good or bad?
Further analysis verifies that subscriptions represent a much higher percentage of gross profit, or in other words, have a much lower cost of revenue and, therefore, higher profit margin.
In 2019 Q3, subscription revenues represented 80% of gross profit.
Source: " Shopify: Do Not Stay Passive," Seeking Alpha
Therefore, it is quite reasonable to conclude that:
- Revenue growth will slow down, with subscription solutions growing at slower rates and facing some upcoming challenges (proliferation of dropshippers).
- Profit margins will be reduced, as merchant solutions, which have a much higher operating costs, become a larger part of revenues.
Sources of expenses
The software aspect of the company itself is not expensive. To this extent, Shopify’s business model shouldn’t carry high variable costs, which should allow it to command high profits margins on its operations.
Here we can see revenues and expense growth.
Source: YCharts
As we can see, revenues have grown in lockstep with expenses. This is because, as a growth company, Shopify increases its expenses deliberately to seek growth. However, as the company matures, we could expect Shopify to easily be able to reduce expenses.
Now, let’s have a look at how these expenses are broken down:
Source: Q3 report
Shopify spends almost 1/2 of its operating income on sales and marketing. The company does this mostly through affiliate marketing and what it labels its “partner program,” which allows partners to receive a recurring income from referrals.
The company is dependent on this marketing expenditure to maintain subscription growth, and it is hard to see a scenario where it could reduce this significantly without damaging top line growth.
The remaining operating expenditures are roughly 1/3rd R&D, with the rest attributed to GA. In the near future, if Shopify wanted to increase profitability, a strong argument could be made for a reduction in R&D.
The Market
Shopify operates within the growing world of eCommerce. It is undeniable that this sector is poised to grow at a rate calculated by some analysts of around 4.6% in 2020.
Source: eMarketer.com
Furthermore, the company is in the SaaS business, which is also one of the highest-growth spaces to be in. Investors and entrepreneurs alike have accepted for the past few years that this is a business with the potential to create value and save companies millions, even billions.
With the advent of AI, SaaS will soon be able to replace a very significant part of the workforce - accounting, sales and even marketing.
In terms of eCommerce, the company needs to expand on its technology to help deliver value and stay ahead of the competition.
Shopify needs to be more than a platform. It needs to be an automated employee capable of running data analytics and implementing sales, marketing, and overall growth strategies. This is where the money is.
Shopify’s clients
Shopify users can range from small physical stores that are getting started with eCommerce to large multinationals spending over $2000/month on Shopify Plus services.
Although the company won’t disclose exact information on this, it is suspected that a large chunk of users are “dropshippers.” These are individuals who are, in essence, “reselling” goods on the internet by listing products found on “cheap” marketplaces like AliExpress and listing them and rebranding them on their store.
This poses an interesting question as to the sustainability of Shopify’s customer base, which we will explore further on. Dropshipping does not provide value, since it just takes advantage of people’s ignorance. It has been hailed in the past few years as a get-rich easy scheme and what not. Shopify is encouraging this, as it owns and operates Oberlo, a Shopify “app” which helps automate the fulfillment process for dropshippers.
The situation is akin to that of the gold fever in California, and Shopify is the one selling the shovels. But how long will it be able to continue to do so, as less and less gold is left?
Competition
Shopify competes directly with other eCommerce software such as Wordpress’s WooCommerce and BigCommerce. It also competes with marketplaces like Amazon (AMZN), Facebook (FB) and Instagram, where people can also essentially sell their products. However, these sales channels can also work in conjunction with Shopify allowing its users to easily sell their products on other channels, such as the ones mentioned above.
In this way, Shopify tries to set itself up as a center of operations for eCommerce businesses.
Nonetheless, the eCommerce industry is getting crowded. As an example, Mailchimp, an email provider, earlier this year decided to stop working with Shopify to pursue its own eCommerce business. Facebook will be expanding into this realm, as social media becomes a platform for eCommerce in itself.
Mergers & Acquisitions
Since its inception in November 2011, Shopify has acquired a few different companies. In chronological during the last 4 years, these include:
- Boltmade
- Return Magic
- Tictail
- Handshake
- 6 River Systems
The last acquisition, 6 River Systems, came at a steep price, paid out 50/50 in cash and equity. The company acquired is in the fulfillment industry, focusing on automated solutions using advanced robotics and AI. While the technology seems promising, we believe that this move by Shopify will not pay out.
The fulfillment industry is crowded, and Shopify can’t compete in size or price with Amazon, which is losing money on its shipping. Furthermore, margins in this business are small, and if we are to believe that most Shopify users are dropshippers, there’s no advantage the company can offer in this sector.
Mispricing
As stated in the thesis summary, there are two clear reasons which lead us to believe that the company is overvalued.
1) Funding through equity
Data source: Seeking Alpha
Shopify has been funding its activity through stock offerings since its inception. Not only this, but the company has also greatly increased stock compensations and has also used stock exchanges to pay for part of its mergers & acquisitions.
Data source: Seeking Alpha
As recently as September 16, 2019, Shopify raised around 600 million, offering 1.9 million class A subordinate voting shares at $317.50. The thing is, it is unclear why exactly the company has done this. Yes, part of it was raised to fund the acquisition of 6 Rivers, allegedly, but Shopify now holds 2.3 billion in cash and ST investments.
It’s likely, that this money will go towards expanding its new fulfillment operations. In any case, it seems quite clear that management is cashing in on the hefty valuation that the company currently has, after appreciating over 140% in the last year.
2) High valuation ratios
Looking at a comparative analysis between Shopify and its peers, it is quite clear that Shopify trades at higher than normal ratios, even for a tech stock.
| SHOP | TTD | TWLO | SQ | OKTA | ROKU | |
| EV/Sales (TTM) | 22.37 | 15.77 | 11.18 | 6.57 | 25.37 | 17.62 |
| Price/Sales (TTM) | 23.14 | 15.52 | 10.92 | 6.44 | 24.53 | 17.02 |
| PEG Non-GAAP (Fwd.) | 40.80 | 2.20 | 52.45 | 1.80 | - | - |
However, despite high PEG and PES, if we look at growth and profitability ratios, the stock doesn’t stand out.
| SHOP | TTD | TWLO | SQ | OKTA | ROKU | |
| Revenue Growth (YoY) | 48.80% | 47.40% | 79.60% | 47.06% | 51.08% | 49.38% |
| Gross Profit Margin | 55.58% | 76.15% | 53.82% | 40.58% | 72.27% | 44.86% |
| EBIT Margin | (8.51%) | 19.43% | (29.49%) | (0.79%) | (30.44%) | (3.02%) |
Of course, the above valuation ratios looked quite different one year ago, with Shopify’s stock price at ~$150.
The good and the bad (Qualitative analysis)
Our extensive analysis of Shopify has led us to conclude the following. In terms of strong points and opportunities, the company has:
- Outstanding growth
- High profit margins
- A strong balance sheet
- Customer loyalty
Shopify is in a sweet moment. It’s in an interesting and growing industry. Ecommerce brings together the best of traditional retail and technology. In other words, this is not some technology that may or may not be profitable in the future. Ecommerce is here to stay and to create value and profits.
To this extent, Shopify is well-positioned to provide value to its customer base. We believe the company should focus on retaining and maximizing profits from its existing customers and, especially, big multinationals. To do this, it must focus on its core business and adding value to merchants, rather than increasing subscriptions.
On the other hand, Shopify faces the following weaknesses and threats:
- Steep competition from larger companies
- Crowded market
- Slowing growth
- Decreasing margins
- Not much of a competitive advantage
One of our biggest concerns is the rate of “churn” of its customer base. While we don’t have exact numbers on this, it is quite evident that a high proportion of Shopify users are dropshippers or new entrepreneurs. Not that there is any problem with this, but dropshipping doesn’t add value, and 9/10 businesses fail. This means subscription revenue will decrease, which will also affect profit margins.
At the same time, Shopify is facing competition from giants like FB and Amazon. While Shopify is an established brand and name, its software is easy to replicate and doesn’t offer many advantages.
Valuation
Our valuation of the stock is based on the profitability of Shopify’s current core business. Our model is limited to forecasting the profitability of the company based on what it is/has right now.
Given the above qualitative analysis, we believe that Shopify is in a position to continue growing and generate substantial FCF.
Therefore, our valuation will serve to justify our thesis that there is plenty of value to the company, which is why it should focus on its core business and expanding profitability, instead of expanding aggressively to other markets through mergers and acquisitions.
Quantitative analysis
Now we are going to attempt to find a value for Shopify’s core business, assuming a scenario where we cut R&D spending, which we have established to be mainly focused on penetrating markets outside the company's core business. As a consequence, we assume the core business does not require any further issuance of equity or debt, and excess cash, as well as current short-term investments, are treated as free cash flows. We will forecast revenue growth and product cost with some attention to the evolution of the two main business sections defined in the latest Shopify 6-K report. Ultimately, the valuation is based on the present value of perpetual and growing free cash flows. All assumptions are specified below.
Revenue
First of all, we assess revenue growth. It appears that revenue growth is very high but logically slowing down as the business grows. Revenue for 2019 is estimated by taking the year-to-year growth rate in 2019 Q3 and applying the same rate to 2019 Q4. This leaves us with an estimated revenue of just over 1.55 billion and 44.61% growth. We can take all available growth rates from 2012 to our 2019 estimate and create an exponential trend line on a spreadsheet. Then, we can use the function of the trend line to forecast revenue for the next few years. We will assume that growth will increase until it hits a long-term industry level, which we estimate at 4.6%, based on the forecast for e-commerce growth seen earlier from eMarketer, and then remain constant. In our model, this would happen in 2035.
Source: Author’s estimates
Cost of revenue
In terms of product cost, we mentioned earlier that there are two lines of business with different growth and product cost - a subscription services business with 20.1% cost of revenue and 38% growth, and a merchant services line with 50% revenue growth and a 62.5% revenue cost (based on the latest quarterly report). We can calculate the proportion of overall growth that each line represents and keep that constant over time to estimate the product cost going forward, and we can see that it grows over time to an almost stable 46.5% of revenue by 2035. We will assume it keeps that percentage going forward.
Other assumptions
- SG&A expenses seem to be moving towards 40% of revenue, so we will keep them at that level.
- R&D costs will be frozen at $310 million until 2035, from which point they will grow at the same rate as revenue.
- Interest gains from short-term investments will be eliminated, as excess cash is being treated as a free cash flow year by year.
- There will be no further equity-based compensation or issuing of equity, since there is no need for it.
- Income tax is a fixed 21% of net income.
- Working capital and fixed assets grow at the same rate as revenues.
- Other minor expenses grow at the same rate as revenues.
These assumptions are designed to create an eventually fixed growth rate for net income and free cash flow (from 2035), while remaining reasonable estimates of how the business might evolve if it follows its natural course in a growing market. As established before, we have assumed that growth plateaus at 4.6%, which is the estimated growth rate of eCommerce according to eMarketer research.
| 2019 | 2024 | 2029 | 2034 | 2039 | |
| Net income | -36.7 | 416.8 | 1,075.7 | 1,609.3 | 2,015.1 |
| Change in WC | 188.2 | 474.5 | 501.8 | 349.6 | 393.0 |
| Investment | 56.1 | 141.4 | 149.5 | 104.2 | 117.1 |
| Free Cash Flow | -280.9 | -199.1 | 424.4 | 1,155.5 | 1,505.0 |
| FCF growth | -28.9% | -25.6% | 54.4% | 13.2% | 4.6% |
Source: Author’s estimates
The present value of all future free cash flows in this model can be seen on the following table, for a variety of required rates of return (values are discounted to December 2019):
| Rate of return | 5.5% | 6.0% | 6.5% | 7.0% | 7.5% | 8.0% | 8.5% |
| Value ($MM) | 60624.2 | 36530.0 | 25213.3 | 18683.3 | 14460.1 | 11523.1 | 9375.0 |
| Shares outstanding | 113.1 | 113.1 | 113.1 | 113.1 | 113.1 | 113.1 | 113.1 |
| Target share price ($) | 536.02 | 322.99 | 222.93 | 165.19 | 127.85 | 101.88 | 82.89 |
Source: Author’s estimates
Conclusion
Our forecast concludes that at the current price of ~$319, the expected rate of return should be somewhere along 6.0%. The S&P rate of return over the last 3 decades is over 9%, but correcting for risk-free rates, we believe a current market expected return is more along the lines of 8%, so the value of Shopify’s core business according to these calculations is closer to $100.
Having valued Shopify for what it is, rather than what it can be, it is quite evident that anyone who is investing at current prices must have some very optimistic hopes about what the company can achieve.
We believe the qualitative analysis has proven that there is indeed no fundamental reason why we should believe Shopify can maintain double-digit growth figures in the medium to long term.
While the growth assumptions we have used may be conservative, it is clear that Shopify is operating in an increasingly crowded market, and any expansion into other areas will come at great cost to profitability, even if higher growth can be achieved.
Shopify has done a great job of marketing itself as cutting-edge and revolutionary, and this has served the company well in the eyes of both consumers and investors. However, we believe in the long term, hopefully sooner rather than later, Shopify will realize that it is not going to be the next Amazon. At that point, profitability will become the true measure of its potential and the company valuation will reflect this.
Disclosure: I/we have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.


F5 Identity and Access Management Solutions > Class 5: AD FS Proxy Lab Source | Edit on
Module: Additional Information and Troubleshooting Tips¶
It is possible to implement an APM profile in front of the ADFS server. The deployment guide covers requirements, or you can select to deploy an APM profile in the iApp and it will handle everything including the required selective APM bypass iRule and SSO into ADFS.
When logging in to the default APM logon page, you do not need to specify the domain like you do on the ADFS logon page, just typing “user” (the samAccountName) will be sufficient. You can customize the APM logon page to accept samAccountName, UPN, or domain\username if desired.
The service that handles the MS-ADFSPIP trust relationship is adfs_proxy. You can restart this service if needed with the following CLI command: bigstart restart adfs_proxy.
If you cannot establish trust, it could be because the primary ADFS server is offline. The primary ADFS server in the farm must be functioning or new WAPs/Proxies cannot establish trust.
Microsoft provides a service called ClaimsXRay at https://adfshelp.microsoft.com that is very useful for troubleshooting ADFS related issues. There is a shortcut to it on your Chrome browser. The shortcut is configured to populate the values for ClaimsXRay for this lab environment so that you do not need to enter them into the webpage manually. It will redirect to your ADFS environment, where you can authenticate, then send you to ClaimsXRay where you can examine the claims.
For more information on this solution, go here: https://devcentral.f5.com/articles/ad-fs-proxy-replacement-on-f5-big-ip-30191
For the deployment guide, go here: https://f5.com/solutions/deployment-guides/microsoft-active-directory-federation-services-big-ip-v11-ltm-apm


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Minimal and straight-forward CSS grid system utilizing descriptive HTML rather than semantic CSS.
<r-grid columns=8> <r-cell></r-cell> <r-cell span=3>3</r-cell> <r-cell></r-cell> <r-cell span=7-8>7-8</r-cell> <r-cell span=2+2>2+2</r-cell> <r-cell span=5-8>5-8</r-cell> <r-cell span=1-4>1-4</r-cell> <r-cell span=6..>6..</r-cell> <r-cell span=2..>2..</r-cell> <r-cell span=4..>4..</r-cell> <r-cell span=1-2>1-2</r-cell> <r-cell span=4-5>4-5</r-cell> </r-grid>
The number of columns a grid has is specified by the
columns
attribute.
For instance, to define a grid with 8 columns, you'd write
<r-grid columns=8>
.
Cells span a single column by default.
The span
attribute is used to customize where a cell
starts and how many columns it spans.
For example, <r-cell span=2-5>
starts in column 2 and ends in column 5.
A cell with an empty or missing span
attribute starts on
the next available column and spans one column.
Raster is pure CSS — no JavaScript involved.
The HTML here is what generates the grid you see at the top of this page.
2-5
end in column 5.2+3
span 3 columns.2..
span remainder of row.2
span 2 columns.row
<r-grid columns=6> <r-cell span=2 span-s=row> <r-cell span=3-6 span-s=row> <r-cell span=1-2 span-s=1> <r-cell span=3.. span-s=2..> </r-grid>
Grids lend themselves really well to device-size responsive design.
The span-s
attribute defines alternate layout when your
design is presented on a small screen.
This makes designing for large and small screens really easy.
Tap the example above—or resize your web browser window—to see the
layout change.
Showing large screen.
Additionally, the span-l
attribute can be used to control
an alternate layout for really large screens.
This entire website is built with grids and changes layout when the window size passes 600dp.
<r-grid columns=6
columns-s=3> <r-cell> <r-cell span=2> <r-cell> <r-cell span=2> </r-grid>
Similar to span-s
, columns-s
is available
on r-grid
tags for alternate layout on small screens.
Often a small-screen layout can be accomplished by simply setting
columns-s
without the need for any span-s
attributes. The columns-l
attribute is also available
for large screens.
Tap the example above—or resize your web browser window—to see the layout change. Showing large screen.
Raster is a complete CSS framework for creating websites.
The Raster system is minimal but complete:
--fontSize: 18px
to change
the entire scale of your website, or fine-tune spacing of various
elements using the --lineHeight
variable, which is the
basis for all lengths.
raster.grid.css
provides the minimal set of <r-grid>
functionality.
If you're looking for a complete framework,
use raster2.css
instead.
This CSS generator is also available as a script: generate-grid.js
Raster is an open-source project and the source code is available on GitHub →


Where do I start?
If you have never used midishare before, you will need to goto 1.setting up MIDI. After that just go through the other items in the menu to your left to learn how to use the program.
If you are on a mac, you will need to install the mac version of midishare yourself. The program is currently untested on mac, but it should work "in theory" as much as Java is 'theoretically' a cross platform language.


## 7 habits of highly learned machines Sarah Kaiser 7 June 2018
### What does it even mean for machines to learn?
"... to progressively improve at a task without being explicitly programmed."
#### Where do we already use ML? - Predictive text: [Recurrent Neural Networks](https://medium.com/@curiousily/making-a-predictive-keyboard-using-recurrent-neural-networks-tensorflow-for-hackers-part-v-3f238d824218) - Netflix: [Recommendation Engines](https://research.netflix.com/) - Spam filtering: [Supervised Classification](https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/tzink/2017/05/21/how-the-outlook-com-spam-fighters-program-works/) - Ride sharing: [Boosted Trees](http://www.geekwire.com/2016/uber-collapse-without-pattern-finding-computers-says-chief-machine-learning/) - Credit decisions: [Nonparametric Forecasting](http://bigdata.csail.mit.edu/node/22) - Photo facial recognition: [Deep Neural Networks](https://research.fb.com/publications/deepface-closing-the-gap-to-human-level-performance-in-face-verification/) - Voice assistants: [Neural Networks](https://www.amazon.jobs/en/teams/alexa-machine-learning) - Fraud detection: [???](https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/articles/risk-fraud/fraud-detection-machine-learning.html)
#### You are training the computer!
### Where could this be useful for Pensar?
When it take a person a long time to either think or write up instructions for a computer. Including where we don't know the right answer!
### Where could this be useful for Pensar? - PCB board routing optimization [1](https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1332917) [2](http://www.solidodesign.com/ml-labs/) - CAD generative part [design](https://www.autodesk.com/solutions/generative-design)* - CAD part discovery and [recommendation engines](http://blogs.autodesk.com/inthefold/introducing-design-graph-how-machine-learning-will-transform-3d-engineering/) - Adaptive control for embedded systems (i.e. load balancing) - Component recommendation engines - IoT integration for product development - Signal processing
ML via case study:
ML via case study: ### Example/Datum
ML via case study: ### Feature
ML via case study: ### Label
ML via case study: ### Model
ML via case study: ### Bias
[Design Workflow](https://github.com/dynamicwebpaige/DISC-unconf/blob/master/EthicalAlgorithmTool.md)
ML via case study: ### Model Training and Validation
ML via case study: ### Cost/Loss
OR 82% correct that unit dies
What things are machines good at learning?
With labels:
Supervised Learning
Without labels:
Unsupervised Clustering
Without labels:
Unsupervised Dimensionality Reduction
When you want the machine to discover things about data structure: ### Deep learning / Neural nets
Google's Deep Dream
##### When you want the machine to learn to react to an environment: ## Reinforcement learning
How are you going to spend your time setting up a ML workflow?
2. Data Janitor! 😐
| Age | Has_Job | Education | Defaulted? | |------------|---------|-------------|------------| | 22 | Yes | Graduate | No | | 47.9999999 | NULL | High School | No | | 35 | Yes | N/A | Yes | | 21 | nope | lololololo | Yes | | "42" | Yes | Graduate | Maybe |
There a lots of tools to help you manage all the data and acquisition pipeline! - Python -> [Pandas](https://pandas.pydata.org/) - R -> [dplyr](https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/) and [tidyr](http://tidyr.tidyverse.org/) - [Trifacta](https://www.trifacta.com/products/wrangler/) - [Tabula](https://tabula.technology/) - can get tables out of pdf files - [OpenRefine](http://openrefine.org/) - [Dremio](https://www.dremio.com/) - Connects virtually any data source or format - Excel-foo
What are some good ML packages/tools out there? - Languages/Packages - [TensorFlow](https://www.tensorflow.org/) - [Caffe](http://caffe.berkeleyvision.org/) - [Keras](https://keras.io/) - [ML.NET](https://www.microsoft.com/net/learn/apps/machine-learning-and-ai/ml-dotnet) - Platforms - [Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/cognitive-toolkit/) - [Azure ML Studio](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/machine-learning-studio/) - [Amazon AWS Machine Learning](https://aws.amazon.com/machine-learning/) - [Google Cloud AI](https://cloud.google.com/products/machine-learning/)
Hard to find the Hardware for ML?
Nope!
#### Hardware for ML #### - GPU - FPGA - Purpose built ASICs: [Tensor processing unit (TPU)](https://cloudplatform.googleblog.com/2016/05/Google-supercharges-machine-learning-tasks-with-custom-chip.html) - Deep neural net hardware: [Project Brainwave](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/microsoft-unveils-project-brainwave/)
Cool ML in the wild:
#### Neural Network Paint Colors####
[link](http://www.iflscience.com/technology/an-ai-was-trained-to-create-new-colors-it-was-wonderfully-terrible/)
Fast style transfer
Drone simulators: AirSim
[More cool browser based ML here](https://js.tensorflow.org/)
Git learning!
- [A visual introduction to machine learning*](http://www.r2d3.us/visual-intro-to-machine-learning-part-1/) - [Google ML crash course (TensorFlow)*](https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/crash-course/) - [Microsoft Azure Machine Learning Studio](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/machine-learning-studio/) - [awesome-machine-learning](https://github.com/josephmisiti/awesome-machine-learning) - [Keras + Deep Learning](https://github.com/dynamicwebpaige/keras-tutorial) - [SciKit-Learn](https://github.com/amueller/scipy-2017-sklearn)


This test checks for drawing webgl to canvas 2d. The test process is as follows:
1. draw a green rect on a webgl context.
2. draw a red rect on a canvas 2d context, and check a pixel (should be red).
3. draw the webgl contents on the canvas 2d context, and check a pixel (should be green).
4. wait for few frames.
5. draw a red rect on the canvas 2d context, and check a pixel (should be red).
6. draw the webgl contents on the canvas 2d context, and check a pixel (see below explanation).
Above test is executed for both preserve and non-preserve webgl contexts.
For the preserve webgl context, the pixel on #6 is green.
For the non-preserve webgl context, the pixel on #6 is undefined.[1]
[1] http://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/specs/latest/1.0/.
"This default behavior can be changed by setting the preserveDrawingBuffer
attribute of the WebGLContextAttributes object. If this flag is true, the
contents of the drawing buffer shall be preserved until the author either clears
or overwrites them. If this flag is false, attempting to perform operations
using this context as a source image after the rendering function has returned
can lead to undefined behavior.".


Fundamentally, the certificate is a holder for a public key.笔记：从根本上来说，certificate是一个容器，是public key的容器。 Although it contains a lot more information about the subject of the public key, the primary purpose of the certificate is to present the user agent with a public key that should then be used to encrypt a symmetric key笔记：public key是为了加密symmetric key。 that is subsequently used to protect the remainder of the connection's traffic.笔记：symmetric key是为了保护后续数据的安全。
At this point, you may have at least a hazy idea of how most of the concepts(symmetric algorithm/public-key techniques/HMAC/digital signatures) can be put together to establish a secure communications link: First, a symmetric algorithm第一个概念，对称加密算法 and key is chosen, and then the key is exchanged using public-key techniques第二个概念，非对称加密. Finally, everything is encrypted using the secret symmetric key and authenticated using an HMAC第三个概念， with another secret key. However, the digital signatures haven't come into play yet. How are these used and why are they important? Digital signatures are how certificates are authenticated and how you can determine whether or not to trust a certifi cate. This is examined in much greater detail later in this chapter.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load static %} {% block base_head %}
Developer: Shantanu Acharya
I am a Python Developer, my interests lie in Machine Learning and Backend Development. I am passionate for coding, love photography, like listening to EDM and pop music, a foodie, interested in latest technology trends, AI and gaming. I watch a lot of TV series, Anime and sci-fi movies. Die-hard fan of Batman and Star Wars.
Currently, I am pursuing a Bachelor's degree in Computer Science and Engineering at National Institute of Technology, Mizoram.
See my work:
Find me in social media:
Work while they are sleeping. Learn while they are partying. Live like they are dreaming.
When something is important enough, you do it even if the odds are not in your favor.
You can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future.


+++ title = "Loki hostel, Cusco" slug = "loki-hostel-cusco" date = 2007-04-12T10:00:00+10:00 tags = ["accommodation"] locations = ["peru/cusco"] draft = false summary = """
Loki is a massive hostel, accommodating well over 100 people, at the top of a big hill overlooking central Cusco. Everyone stays at Loki, which is good and bad, and which makes it something of an institution. It's great value, it's real friendly, and it requires at least a week just to explore the place.
""" +++Loki is a massive hostel, accommodating well over 100 people, at the top of a big hill overlooking central Cusco. Everyone stays at Loki, which is good and bad, and which makes it something of an institution. It's great value, it's real friendly, and it requires at least a week just to explore the place.
Rooms: warm and clean, not too crowded, and copious.
People: like I said, they have everyone here. Mostly a great crowd.
Staff: helpful, English-speaking, and most double as full-time guests.
Location: 5 minute walk from central square, up a big hill.
Food: good basic breakfast, but the dinner / lunch / snack food is a ripoff — go out or cook instead.
Internet: 3 free PCs.
Hot water: when I was first there, they had no water! (Due to problems Cusco-wide). Generally, though, hot water is plentiful and reliable.


Elasticsearch is a distributed RESTful search engine. - Search engine where each index has a fully configurable number of shards. - Each shard has one or more replicas - Read/search operation in replica
Built on top of Lucene
Multi Tenant - Support for > 1 index - Index level configuration
Set of APIs - HTTP RESTful API - Native Java API
Document oriented - No need for upfront schema definition - Schema can be defined for customizing indexing process
There is about a 1 sec latency from indexing to searching
Collection of one or more ndoes that holds data, provides federated indexing and search capabilities across all nodes. Cluster identified by unique name, and node joins a cluster only through name
Single server in cluster, stores data, participates in indexing and search. Node identified by random UUID.
Index is a collection of docs w similar characteries, identified by name
Logical category/partition of index to allow one to store diff type of documents in the index (to be deprecated)
Expressed as JSON
Sharding allows one to horizontally split/scale content. Allows one to distribute and parallelize operations across shards. When you create an index, one can simply define the number of shards that one wants.
Each shard is a fully functional index.
High performance, full-featured text search engine.
150GB/hour with small RAM requirements (1MB heap)
About 20%/30% of size
Implements efficient search algorithms, available open source under Apache license
Each index is divided into shards, and each shard has multiple copies. Each copy is a replacation group and kept in sync.
Data replication is based on the primary-backup model, and described well in PacificA paper of microsoft research. Single copy of replication group that acts as primary shard, the other copies are replication shards.
Primary is responsible for replicating operation to other copies.
Every indexing is resolved using routing, typically based on document ID.
Routing is controlled using the hash of document ID’s value.
For explicit control, value fed into the hash function used by router can be directly specified on a per-operation basis.
When setting up explicit mapping, _routing field can be optionally used to direct the index operation.
Every indexing operation is resolved to a replication group using routing. (Refer to above). Once replicatino group determined, the operation is forwarded to the primary shard. Primary shard validates the operation and forwards it to the replcias.
List is called in-sync copies and is maintained by the master node.
The primary shard follows this basic flow:
Validate incoming operation and reject it if structurally invalid (Example: have an object field where a number is expected) Execute the operation locally i.e. indexing or deleting the relevant document. This will also validate the content of fields and reject if needed (Example: a keyword value is too long for indexing in Lucene). Forward the operation to each replica in the current in-sync copies set. If there are multiple replicas, this is done in parallel. Once all replicas have successfully performed the operation and responded to the primary, the primary acknowledges the successful completion of the request to the client.
In the case that the primary itself fails, node hosting primaru will send message to master. Indexing operation will wait for master to promote one of the copies to be primary.
When a read request is received by a node, that node is responsible for forwarding it to the nodes that hold the relevant shards, collating the responses, and responding to the client. We call that node the coordinating node for that request. The basic flow is as follows:
Resolve the read requests to the relevant shards. Note that since most searches will be sent to one or more indices, they typically need to read from multiple shards, each representing a different subset of the data. Select an active copy of each relevant shard, from the shard replication group. This can be either the primary or a replica. By default, Elasticsearch will simply round robin between the shard copies. Send shard level read requests to the selected copies. Combine the results and respond. Note that in the case of get by ID look up, only one shard is relevant and this step can be skipped.
Indexing oeprations can be configured to wait for a certain nunmber of active shard copies before proceeding with the operation. If the requisite number of active shard copies are not available, then the write operation must wait and retry.
Write operations can work on the primary but fail on the replicated nodes.
Refresh controls when changes made by the request are made available to search.
https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/getting-started-search-API.html
Returns the indices and shards that a search request would be executed against.
Sequence number and primary term uniquely identify a change.
preference: which shard replicas to execute the search request on. (By default, randomized, between requests)
local: boolean value to indicate whether to read state locally or use master nodes cluster state.
cross-field queries: term centric approach by blending idfs, searches for matches across all fields
BoolQueries: A query that matches documents matching boolean combinations of other queries.
Built using 1 or more boolean clauses, which each clause mapping to a typed occurence.
An elasticsearch cluster can contain multiple indices, which in turn contain multiple types. These types hold multiple documents, and each document has multiple fields.
There are four stages in the index life cycle.
Lifecycle policy governs index transitions through these stages: 1. Maximum size or age at which we want to roll over to new index 2. Point that index is no longer being udpdated 3. When to force merge, permanently delete documents 4. Index deletion
Objects are complete data structures that may contain dates, geo locations, other objects, arrays
These objects are stored and indexed to be searchable. JSON is used as all languages support it.
Converting object to JSON to be indexed is simpler than converting JSON to flat table.
Document has metadata. The three required metadata:
_index: where the document lives
_type: class of object that document represents
_index: collection of documents that should be grouped together for a common reason
Mapping is the process of defining how a document, and the fields in contains, are stored and indexed. For instance, use mappings to define:
Each index has a mapping type to determine how the document will be indexed.
Mapping type has: - Meta-fields: used to customized how a document’s meta data asscociated and treated
- Fields or properties: Contains list of fields or properties pertinent to the document
Settings to prevent mappings explosion:
Too many fields in an index is a condition that can lead to mapping explosion, which can cause out of memory errors and difficult situations to recover from. This problem may be more common than expected. Consider where every new document inserted introduces new fields.
When sending a PUT request and if a document with the same _index, _type, _id exists, 1. If ?op_type=create is present, then the request will be rejected with a 409 Conflict response code 2. If it is not present, new document will be created with a higher version number, older document is rejected
We are also able to partially update the document using _update. Scripting using Groovy is also supported.
The most recent request wins in ES. Preventing race condition when updating values in index.
Used in relational databases, assumes conflicting changes are likely to happen. Blocl access to a resource in order ot prevent conflicts. i.e. locking a row before reading data, ensuring only the thread that place the lock is able to make changes.
Used in ES, assumes conflicts are unliekely to happen, doesn’t block. However, if underlying data has been modified between reading and writing, the update will fail. Then up to application to decide how to resolve the conflict.
ES is async and concurrent, meaning that requests may arrive at destination out of sequence. Versions change at every document change, and ES uses version to ensure changes are applied in the correct order. i.e. if an old document arrives after new, it can be ignored.
This requires the user to retrieve a copy if the document to get its version number, before reindexing the document with the version number of the document that it shuold ne applied to.
Note that an external data store can be used. By specifiying version_type=external parameter, ES checks that the current version is less than specified version.
When a document is indexed, it is stored on a single primary shard.
Routing can be used direct requests to the right shard.
Allows one to control how index data is stored and accessed on disk
fs: Default file system implementation. Pick best implementation depending on the OS.
simplefs: Straightforward implementation of file system storage
niofs: Stores the shard index on the file system
Master node: creates, deletes indices. Adds, removes nodes. On cluster state change, master node broadcasts the changes to other nodes in the cluster. Only 1 master node in cluster.
Data node: holds data in shards, performs CRUD, search, aggregations. If 1 data node stops, cluster reorganizes, and continues operation.
Client node: routes cluster related requests to the master node, data-related requests to the data nodes.
Tribe node: talk to multiple clusters to perform search and other operations.
Ingest node: pre-processing documents before actual indexing.
When starting a node, node pings all nodes in the cluster to find master node. Once master is found, it will ask master to join by sending a join request. Master accepts it as new node of cluster, notify all nodes in cluster about presence of new node.
If joined node is data node, master will reallocate data evenly across nodes.
If we stop a node that is unresponsive in specific amount of time, master node will remove it from cluster and reallocate the data.
Elasticsearch is a search engine (not a datastore)
Horizontal scaling: we can build a cluster with an infinity of hosts, depending on needs and bottlenecks. Running dataset on alot of small machines better than using a few large hosts.
CPU is needed for running complex filtered queries, intensive indexing, word analyses. The right CPU can drastically change the performance.
ES breaks the CPU use into threadpools:
1. Generic: for standard operations such as discovery
2. Index: for indexing
3. Get: for get operations
4. Bulk: for bulk operations such as bulk indexing
5. Percolate: for percolation
Each pool runs a number of threads, that are allocated to the pools.
ES runs on Java, Java is garbage collected. Memory divided into 2 parts: Java heap space and everything else. (ES does not rely on Java only). More memory given to the heap, more time Java spends garbage collecting.
CMS runs multiple concurrent threads to scan the heap for objects that can be recycled. “Stop the world”
Java 8 brings a brand new garbage collector called Garbage First designed for heaps greater than 4GB. G1 uses background threads to divide the heap into regions, and scans the regions that contai the most garbage objects first.
For operational reasons, this is good. However, the new JVM might lead to data corruption.
ES has multiple buffers to perform in memory operations, as well as chache to store query results.
1. Indexing buffer: buffer data during indexing
2. Buffer pools
More memory better outside heap. Off heap memory manage threads and for filesystem to cache data.
File system storage affects performance. NIO FS and MMAPFS. NIOFS lets the kernel manage the file system cache instead of relying on the rboken, oom generator mmapfs.
You can also commit the exact amount of memory I want ot allocate the heap at startup. Prevents the node from swapping when trying to allocate memory.
ES performs alot of network consuming operations from transferring data during queries to reallocating shards.
ES generally has low network related settings, and we should consider raising the bar.
Shards are allocated logical parts that can be allocated on all the cluster data nodes. Sharding defined when index created. Only way to change number of shards is to delete indices, create them, reindex. Resize ES in production.
Don’t create more shards than needed, especially if ES routing parameter is used. There will be alot of empty shards.
Alot of shards on huge indices is good for large cluster (20 data nodes or more). Multiple shards allow for better allocation. Small shares make cluster recovery faster when losing a data node or shutting down cluster.
Replication
Replication managed at index level, performed at shard level. Follow index is configured to have identical number of shards as leader index.
Remote clusters enable unidirectional connections to remote cluster. Configuring remote cluster, connecting only to a limited number of nodes. Each remote clsuter referenced by aa name and a list of seed nodes. When remote cluster registered, clsuter state is retrieved, up to 3 gateway nodes are selected to be connected as part of remote cluster requests. All
Requests have two phases:
Forwards requests to data nodes that holds the data. Each data node executes the request locally and returns results to the coordinating node
coordinating node reduces each data node’s results to a single global ruleset
coordinating node has a priority queue to sort results globally
sorted by relevant
Zen discovery module only has two parts:
ping: process to discover each other
unicast: list of hostnames to control which nodes to ping
ES is a P2P systen where all nodes communicates with each other and there is one active master tht controls and updates cluster wide state and operations.
Flush is performed every 30mins, hence its possible to lose commits in buffer. ES gets around that by using a translog, and translog is fsync
ed after every operation.


#include <tinyxml.h>
Inheritance diagram for TiXmlBase:
Public Member Functions | |
| virtual void | Print (FILE *cfile, int depth) const =0 |
| All TinyXml classes can print themselves to a filestream. | |
| int | Row () const |
| Return the position, in the original source file, of this node or attribute. | |
| int | Column () const |
| See Row(). | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static void | SetCondenseWhiteSpace (bool condense) |
| The world does not agree on whether white space should be kept or not. | |
| static bool | IsWhiteSpaceCondensed () |
| Return the current white space setting. | |
Protected Attributes | |
| void * | userData |
| Field containing a generic user pointer. | |
Friends | |
| class | TiXmlNode |
| class | TiXmlElement |
| class | TiXmlDocument |
It does little except to establish that TinyXml classes can be printed and provide some utility functions.
In XML, the document and elements can contain other elements and other types of nodes.
A Document can contain: Element (container or leaf) Comment (leaf) Unknown (leaf) Declaration( leaf ) An Element can contain: Element (container or leaf) Text (leaf) Attributes (not on tree) Comment (leaf) Unknown (leaf) A Decleration contains: Attributes (not on tree)
|
|
All TinyXml classes can print themselves to a filestream. This is a formatted print, and will insert tabs and newlines. (For an unformatted stream, use the << operator.) Implemented in TiXmlAttribute, TiXmlElement, TiXmlComment, TiXmlText, TiXmlDeclaration, TiXmlUnknown, and TiXmlDocument. |
|
|
Return the position, in the original source file, of this node or attribute. The row and column are 1-based. (That is the first row and first column is 1,1). If the returns values are 0 or less, then the parser does not have a row and column value. Generally, the row and column value will be set when the TiXmlDocument::Load(), TiXmlDocument::LoadFile(), or any TiXmlNode::Parse() is called. It will NOT be set when the DOM was created from operator>>. The values reflect the initial load. Once the DOM is modified programmatically (by adding or changing nodes and attributes) the new values will NOT update to reflect changes in the document. There is a minor performance cost to computing the row and column. Computation can be disabled if TiXmlDocument::SetTabSize() is called with 0 as the value.
|
|
|
The world does not agree on whether white space should be kept or not. In order to make everyone happy, these global, static functions are provided to set whether or not TinyXml will condense all white space into a single space or not. The default is to condense. Note changing this values is not thread safe. |


Class: Wesabe::Upload
- Wesabe::BaseModel
- Wesabe::Upload
Encapsulates an upload and allows uploading files to wesabe.com.
Attributes
Instance Attributes
| accounts | [RW] | public |
The accounts this upload is associated with. |
|---|---|---|---|
| financial_institution | [RW] | public |
The financial institution this upload is associated with. |
| statement | [RW] | public |
The raw statement to post. |
| status | [RW] | public |
Whether this upload succeeded or failed, or nil if it hasn’t started. |
Constructor Summary
Initializes a Wesabe::Upload and yields itself.
16 17 18 |
# File 'lib/wesabe/upload.rb', line 16 def initialize yield self if block_given? end |
Public Visibility
Public Instance Method Summary
| #failed? |
Determines whether this upload failed or not. Returns: Boolean |
|---|---|
| #successful? |
Determines whether this upload succeeded or not. Returns: Boolean |
| #upload! |
Uploads the statement to Wesabe, raising on problems. |
Public Instance Methods Inherited from Wesabe::BaseModel
Public Instance Method Details
failed?
Determines whether this upload failed or not.
55 56 57 |
# File 'lib/wesabe/upload.rb', line 55 def failed? !successful? end |
successful?
Determines whether this upload succeeded or not.
47 48 49 |
# File 'lib/wesabe/upload.rb', line 47 def successful? status == "processed" end |
upload!
Uploads the statement to Wesabe, raising on problems. It can raise anything that is raised by Wesabe::Request#execute in addition to the list below.
begin upload.upload! rescue Wesabe::Upload::StatementError => e $stderr.puts "The file you chose to upload couldn't be imported." $stderr.puts "This is what Wesabe said: #{e.message}" rescue Wesabe::Request::Exception $stderr.puts "There was a problem communicating with Wesabe." end
37 38 39 40 41 |
# File 'lib/wesabe/upload.rb', line 37 def upload! process_response do post(:url => '/rest/upload/statement', :payload => pack_statement) end end |


Checkin-Date:
checkout-Date:
Hotel Name:
Hotel Address:
Bootstrap is a sleek, intuitive, and powerful front-end framework for faster and easier web development. It is a collection of CSS and HTML conventions. Learn more.
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet. CSS allows you to specify various style properties for a given HTML element such as colors, backgrounds, fonts etc. Learn more.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %}
{% url "resend_activation" as resend_activation_url %}
Missed your activation email?
Re-send activation email.
{% url "registration_register" as registration_url %}
New to DHLab?
Create an account.


IWCONFIG
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (8)Updated: 30 March 2006
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
iwconfig - configure a wireless network interfaceSYNOPSIS
iwconfig [interface]iwconfig interface [essid X] [nwid N] [mode M] [freq F]
[channel C][sens S ][ap A ][nick NN ]
[rate R] [rts RT] [frag FT] [txpower T]
[enc E] [key K] [power P] [retry R]
[modu M] [commit]
iwconfig --help
iwconfig --version
DESCRIPTION
Iwconfig is similar to ifconfig(8), but is dedicated to the wireless interfaces. It is used to set the parameters of the network interface which are specific to the wireless operation (for example : the frequency). Iwconfig may also be used to display those parameters, and the wireless statistics (extracted from /proc/net/wireless).All these parameters and statistics are device dependent. Each driver will provide only some of them depending on hardware support, and the range of values may change. Please refer to the man page of each device for details.
PARAMETERS
- essid
-
Set the ESSID (or Network Name - in some products it may also be
called Domain ID). The ESSID is used to identify cells which are part
of the same virtual network.
As opposed to the AP Address or NWID which define a single cell, the ESSID defines a group of cells connected via repeaters or infrastructure, where the user may roam transparently.
With some cards, you may disable the ESSID checking (ESSID promiscuous) with off or any (and on to reenable it).
If the ESSID of your network is one of the special keywords (off, on or any), you should use -- to escape it.
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 essid any
iwconfig eth0 essid My Network
iwconfig eth0 essid -- ANY - nwid
-
Set the Network ID. As all adjacent wireless networks share the same
medium, this parameter is used to differentiate them (create logical colocated networks) and identify nodes belonging to the same cell.
This parameter is only used for pre-802.11 hardware, the 802.11 protocol uses the ESSID and AP Address for this function.
With some cards, you may disable the Network ID checking (NWID promiscuous) with off (and on to reenable it).
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 nwid AB34
iwconfig eth0 nwid off - nick[name]
-
Set the nickname, or the station name. Some 802.11 products do define
it, but this is not used as far as the protocols (MAC, IP, TCP) are concerned and completely useless as far as configuration goes. Only some wireless diagnostic tools may use it.
Example :
iwconfig eth0 nickname My Linux Node - mode
-
Set the operating mode of the device, which depends on the network
topology. The mode can be Ad-Hoc (network composed of only one cell and without Access Point), Managed (node connects to a network composed of many Access Points, with roaming), Master (the node is the synchronisation master or acts as an Access Point), Repeater (the node forwards packets between other wireless nodes), Secondary (the node acts as a backup master/repeater), Monitor (the node is not associated with any cell and passively monitor all packets on the frequency) or Auto.
Example :
iwconfig eth0 mode Managed
iwconfig eth0 mode Ad-Hoc - freq/channel
-
Set the operating frequency or channel in the device. A value below
1000 indicates a channel number, a value greater than 1000 is a frequency in Hz. You may append the suffix k, M or G to the value (for example, "2.46G" for 2.46 GHz frequency), or add enough '0'.
Channels are usually numbered starting at 1, and you may use iwlist(8) to get the total number of channels, list the available frequencies, and display the current frequency as a channel. Depending on regulations, some frequencies/channels may not be available.
When using Managed mode, most often the Access Point dictates the channel and the driver may refuse the setting of the frequency. In Ad-Hoc mode, the frequency setting may only be used at initial cell creation, and may be ignored when joining an existing cell.
You may also use off or auto to let the card pick up the best channel (when supported).
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 freq<PHONE_NUMBER>
iwconfig eth0 freq 2.422G
iwconfig eth0 channel 3
iwconfig eth0 channel auto - ap
-
Force the card to register to the Access Point given by the address,
if it is possible. This address is the cell identity of the Access Point, as reported by wireless scanning, which may be different from its network MAC address. If the wireless link is point to point, set the address of the other end of the link. If the link is ad-hoc, set the cell identity of the ad-hoc network.
When the quality of the connection goes too low, the driver may revert back to automatic mode (the card selects the best Access Point in range).
You may also use off to re-enable automatic mode without changing the current Access Point, or you may use any or auto to force the card to reassociate with the currently best Access Point.
Example :
iwconfig eth0 ap 00:60:1D:01:23:45
iwconfig eth0 ap any
iwconfig eth0 ap off - rate/bit[rate]
-
For cards supporting multiple bit rates, set the bit-rate in b/s. The
bit-rate is the speed at which bits are transmitted over the medium, the user speed of the link is lower due to medium sharing and various overhead.
You may append the suffix k, M or G to the value (decimal multiplier : 10^3, 10^6 and 10^9 b/s), or add enough '0'. Values below 1000 are card specific, usually an index in the bit-rate list. Use auto to select automatic bit-rate mode (fallback to lower rate on noisy channels), which is the default for most cards, and fixed to revert back to fixed setting. If you specify a bit-rate value and append auto, the driver will use all bit-rates lower and equal than this value.
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 rate 11M
iwconfig eth0 rate auto
iwconfig eth0 rate 5.5M auto - txpower
-
For cards supporting multiple transmit powers, sets the transmit power
in dBm. If W is the power in Watt, the power in dBm is P = 30 + 10.log(W). If the value is postfixed by mW, it will be automatically converted to dBm.
In addition, on and off enable and disable the radio, and auto and fixed enable and disable power control (if those features are available).
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 txpower 15
iwconfig eth0 txpower 30mW
iwconfig eth0 txpower auto
iwconfig eth0 txpower off - sens
-
Set the sensitivity threshold. This define how sensitive is the card
to poor operating conditions (low signal, interference). Positive values are assumed to be the raw value used by the hardware or a percentage, negative values are assumed to be dBm. Depending on the hardware implementation, this parameter may control various functions.
On modern cards, this parameter usually control handover/roaming threshold, the lowest signal level for which the hardware remains associated with the current Access Point. When the signal level goes below this threshold the card starts looking for a new/better Access Point. Some cards may use the number of missed beacons to trigger this. For high density of Access Points, a higher threshold make sure the card is always associated with the best AP, for low density of APs, a lower threshold minimise the number of failed handoffs.
On more ancient card this parameter usually controls the defer threshold, the lowest signal level for which the hardware considers the channel busy. Signal levels above this threshold make the hardware inhibits its own transmission whereas signals weaker than this are ignored and the hardware is free to transmit. This is usually strongly linked to the receive threshold, the lowest signal level for which the hardware attempts packet reception. Proper setting of these thresholds prevent the card to waste time on background noise while still receiving weak transmissions. Modern designs seems to control those thresholds automatically.
Example :
iwconfig eth0 sens -80
iwconfig eth0 sens 2 - retry
-
Most cards have MAC retransmissions, and some allow to set the
behaviour of the retry mechanism.
To set the maximum number of retries, enter limit `value'. This is an absolute value (without unit), and the default (when nothing is specified). To set the maximum length of time the MAC should retry, enter lifetime `value'. By defaults, this value in in seconds, append the suffix m or u to specify values in milliseconds or microseconds.
You can also add the short, long, min and max modifiers. If the card supports automatic mode, they define the bounds of the limit or lifetime. Some other cards define different values depending on packet size, for example in 802.11 min limit is the short retry limit (non RTS/CTS packets).
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 retry 16
iwconfig eth0 retry lifetime 300m
iwconfig eth0 retry short 12
iwconfig eth0 retry min limit 8 - rts[_threshold]
-
RTS/CTS adds a handshake before each packet transmission to make sure
that the channel is clear. This adds overhead, but increases performance in case of hidden nodes or a large number of active nodes. This parameter sets the size of the smallest packet for which the node sends RTS ; a value equal to the maximum packet size disables the mechanism. You may also set this parameter to auto, fixed or off.
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 rts 250
iwconfig eth0 rts off - frag[mentation_threshold]
-
Fragmentation allows to split an IP packet in a burst of smaller
fragments transmitted on the medium. In most cases this adds overhead, but in a very noisy environment this reduces the error penalty and allow packets to get through interference bursts. This parameter sets the maximum fragment size which is always lower than the maximum packet size.
This parameter may also control Frame Bursting available on some cards, the ability to send multiple IP packets together. This mechanism would be enabled if the fragment size is larger than the maximum packet size.
You may also set this parameter to auto, fixed or off.
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 frag 512
iwconfig eth0 frag off - key/enc[ryption]
-
Used to manipulate encryption or scrambling keys and security mode.
To set the current encryption key, just enter the key in hex digits as XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX or XXXXXXXX. To set a key other than the current key, prepend or append [index] to the key itself (this won't change which is the active key). You can also enter the key as an ASCII string by using the s: prefix. Passphrase is currently not supported.
To change which key is the currently active key, just enter [index] (without entering any key value).
off and on disable and reenable encryption.
The security mode may be open or restricted, and its meaning depends on the card used. With most cards, in open mode no authentication is used and the card may also accept non-encrypted sessions, whereas in restricted mode only encrypted sessions are accepted and the card will use authentication if available.
If you need to set multiple keys, or set a key and change the active key, you need to use multiple key directives. Arguments can be put in any order, the last one will take precedence.
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 key 0123-4567-89
iwconfig eth0 key [3] 0123-4567-89
iwconfig eth0 key s:password [2]
iwconfig eth0 key [2]
iwconfig eth0 key open
iwconfig eth0 key off
iwconfig eth0 key restricted [3]<PHONE_NUMBER>
iwconfig eth0 key 01-23 key 45-67 [4] key [4] - power
-
Used to manipulate power management scheme parameters and mode.
To set the period between wake ups, enter period `value'. To set the timeout before going back to sleep, enter timeout `value'. To set the generic level of power saving, enter saving `value'. You can also add the min and max modifiers. By default, those values are in seconds, append the suffix m or u to specify values in milliseconds or microseconds. Sometimes, those values are without units (number of beacon periods, dwell, percentage or similar).
off and on disable and reenable power management. Finally, you may set the power management mode to all (receive all packets), unicast (receive unicast packets only, discard multicast and broadcast) and multicast (receive multicast and broadcast only, discard unicast packets).
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 power period 2
iwconfig eth0 power 500m unicast
iwconfig eth0 power timeout 300u all
iwconfig eth0 power saving 3
iwconfig eth0 power off
iwconfig eth0 power min period 2 power max period 4 - modu[lation]
-
Force the card to use a specific set of modulations. Modern cards
support various modulations, some which are standard, such as 802.11b or 802.11g, and some proprietary. This command force the card to only use the specific set of modulations listed on the command line. This can be used to fix interoperability issues.
The list of available modulations depend on the card/driver and can be displayed using iwlist modulation. Note that some card/driver may not be able to select each modulation listed independantly, some may come as a group. You may also set this parameter to auto let the card/driver do its best.
Examples :
iwconfig eth0 modu 11g
iwconfig eth0 modu CCK OFDMa
iwconfig eth0 modu auto - commit
-
Some cards may not apply changes done through Wireless Extensions
immediately (they may wait to aggregate the changes or apply it only when the card is brought up via ifconfig). This command (when available) forces the card to apply all pending changes.
This is normally not needed, because the card will eventually apply the changes, but can be useful for debugging.
DISPLAY
For each device which supports wireless extensions, iwconfig will display the name of the MAC protocol used (name of device for proprietary protocols), the ESSID (Network Name), the NWID, the frequency (or channel), the sensitivity, the mode of operation, the Access Point address, the bit-rate, the RTS threshold, the fragmentation threshold, the encryption key and the power management settings (depending on availability).
The parameters displayed have the same meaning and values as the
parameters you can set, please refer to the previous part for a
detailed explanation of them.
Some parameters are only displayed in short/abbreviated form (such as
encryption). You may use
iwlist(8)
to get all the details.
Some parameters have two modes (such as bitrate). If the value is
prefixed by
`=',
it means that the parameter is fixed and forced to that value, if it
is prefixed by
`:',
the parameter is in automatic mode and the current value is shown (and
may change).
- Access Point/Cell
- An address equal to 00:00:00:00:00:00 means that the card failed to associate with an Access Point (most likely a configuration issue). The Access Point parameter will be shown as Cell in ad-hoc mode (for obvious reasons), but otherwise works the same.
If /proc/net/wireless exists, iwconfig will also display its content. Note that those values will depend on the driver and the hardware specifics, so you need to refer to your driver documentation for proper interpretation of those values.
- Link quality
- Overall quality of the link. May be based on the level of contention or interference, the bit or frame error rate, how good the received signal is, some timing synchronisation, or other hardware metric. This is an aggregate value, and depends totally on the driver and hardware.
- Signal level
- Received signal strength (RSSI - how strong the received signal is). May be arbitrary units or dBm, iwconfig uses driver meta information to interpret the raw value given by /proc/net/wireless and display the proper unit or maximum value (using 8 bit arithmetic). In Ad-Hoc mode, this may be undefined and you should use iwspy.
- Noise level
- Background noise level (when no packet is transmitted). Similar comments as for Signal level.
- Rx invalid nwid
- Number of packets received with a different NWID or ESSID. Used to detect configuration problems or adjacent network existence (on the same frequency).
- Rx invalid crypt
- Number of packets that the hardware was unable to decrypt. This can be used to detect invalid encryption settings.
- Rx invalid frag
- Number of packets for which the hardware was not able to properly re-assemble the link layer fragments (most likely one was missing).
- Tx excessive retries
- Number of packets that the hardware failed to deliver. Most MAC protocols will retry the packet a number of times before giving up.
- Invalid misc
- Other packets lost in relation with specific wireless operations.
- Missed beacon
- Number of periodic beacons from the Cell or the Access Point we have missed. Beacons are sent at regular intervals to maintain the cell coordination, failure to receive them usually indicates that the card is out of range.
AUTHOR
Jean Tourrilhes -<EMAIL_ADDRESS>/proc/net/wirelessSEE ALSO
ifconfig(8), iwspy(8), iwlist(8), iwevent(8), iwpriv(8), wireless(7).
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:34:26 GMT, December 24, 2015


4 types derived from PropertyOnlyAdapter
System.Management.Automation (4)
engine\CoreAdapter.cs (3)
5153
internal class XmlNodeAdapter :
PropertyOnlyAdapter
5547
internal class DataRowAdapter :
PropertyOnlyAdapter
5670
internal class DataRowViewAdapter :
PropertyOnlyAdapter
engine\ThirdPartyAdapter.cs (1)
13
internal class ThirdPartyAdapter :
PropertyOnlyAdapter


Joe Schmidt reveals reason he left Devin Toner out of World Cup squad
Toner wasn't part of Ireland's 31-man squad for the tournament in Japan
by Robert HynesJoe Schmidt has revealed that a potential six-week suspension was the reason why he left Devin Toner out of Ireland's Rugby World Cup squad.
The former Ireland head coach and his management team were alerted that the citing commissioner was looking at an incident involving Toner from their 22-17 win over Wales in Cardiff.
In his new autobiography Ordinary Joe seen by the Irish Times, Schmidt writes: "We hadn’t noticed the incident at the time, but we reviewed the incident and it didn’t look good.
“We had been warned by Alain Rolland, in his presentation to us, that any shoulder-to-head contact was likely to have a starting entry point of a six-week suspension.
"It was a difficult call, but we decided to go with Tadhg Beirne, who can play both secondrow and backrow, and Jean Kleyn, the only specialist tighthead-scrummaging secondrow in the squad.”
If you haven't already, be sure to like our Irish Mirror Sport and Irish Mirror GAA pages on Facebook and follow us on Twitter.
How to follow the Irish Mirror on social media
You can like our main Facebook page here.
Our Irish Mirror Sports page - which brings you all your Irish and UK sports news - can be found here.
You can also check out our Irish Mirror GAA sports page.
The Irish Mirror Twitter account is @IrishMirror while our sports account is @MirrorSportIE.
Our Instagram account can be found here.


--- layout: page title: CSS-Grids permalink: /css-grids/ ---
The layout object provides us with a column-style layout system. This file contains the basic structural elements, but classes should be complemented with width utilities, for example:
The below cause the system to fill up from either the center or the right hand side. Default behaviour is to fill up the layout system from the left.
The below will create a two-column structure in which each column will fluidly fill half of the width of the parent. We can have more complex systems:


The theory of positive disintegration (TPD) by Kazimierz Dąbrowski is a theory of personality development. Unlike mainstream psychology, Dąbrowski's theoretical framework views psychological tension and anxiety as necessary for growth. These "disintegrative" processes are t...


Hello I am Cassie Triche
I am an IT Professional With 6 Years Experience Specializing In Networking, Computer And Data Support, And QA Testing. I am an aspiring DevOps Engineer. I am ambitious and career driven. I am a life-long learner.
I am an IT Professional With 6 Years Experience Specializing In Networking, Computer And Data Support, And QA Testing. I am an aspiring DevOps Engineer. I am ambitious and career driven. I am a life-long learner.


Experience / sample
We also offer narration services for both English and Japanese.
We also translate relevant scripts etc. We also offer services including original scripts to narration.
Audio sample
Variety · Comical edition (English & Japanese)
Company PR (English)
Narrator edition (English)
CM (English & Japanese)
Video sample
NHK Show TIme(2011年)
NHK番組「Show Time」のために制作された、アメリカンシットコムと呼ばれる日本型のスキット。 ラッセルは父親を演じ、日本語で自分の声をオーバーダビングしました。
American-sitcom-dubbed-into-Japanese type skit produced for NHK program Show Time. Russell played the father and overdubbed his own voice in to Japanese.
Satire Wars(1983年)
高校時代にラッセルによって作られたスターウォーズのパロディー。
Parody of Star Wars made by Russell during high school.
Main clients who have translated / interpreted
Japan
TV station · Production company, TV program · VP interpreter · script translation · subtitle translation
NHK BS Shinji Tanimura's showtime (Interview interpreter for overseas artists)
NHK documentary program (caption translation)
Fuji TV (K-1 Regular Interpretation 2006 ~)
TV Asahi (News Station [International Interpreter Interpretation] · News Station [News Subtitle Translation])
Nippon Television
TV Tokyo
TBS
Star Wars Celebration Japan (Interpreter: Star Wars Official Fan · Event)
Record company (lyric translation, artist interpretation etc.)
Honda Motor Co., Ltd. AGC (Asahi Glass)
Waseda University
Ireland Government Administration
A major American soft drink manufacturer (translation)
NHK BS Shinji Tanimura's showtime (Interview interpreter for overseas artists)
NHK documentary program (caption translation)
Fuji TV (K-1 Regular Interpretation 2006 ~)
TV Asahi (News Station [International Interpreter Interpretation] · News Station [News Subtitle Translation])
Nippon Television
TV Tokyo
TBS
Star Wars Celebration Japan (Interpreter: Star Wars Official Fan · Event)
Record company (lyric translation, artist interpretation etc.)
Honda Motor Co., Ltd. AGC (Asahi Glass)
Waseda University
Ireland Government Administration
A major American soft drink manufacturer (translation)
New Zealand (1994-2001)
Television / New Zealand
Honda NZ, Toyota NZ,
Shiseido NZ, Levi Straus (NZ) ltd.
New Zealand · Rugby Association, Royal New Zealand Blind Association
Monthly NZ (Japanese monthly magazine issued by New Zealand. Translation of "Legal course" article for 1 year and a half)
Interpretation of various administrative and economic visit teams from Japan to New Zealand
Auckland city council (interpreter · translation)
Former Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Large Translation Project)
APEC SME Conference (1999 · Christchurch - Interpretation)
New Zealand Government Organization (Customs, Ministry of Science and Technology Research, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade - Interpretation / Translation)
David Longgi (former New Zealand prime minister)
Jenny Shipley (Former New Zealand Prime Minister)
Yoshiro Mori (Former Japanese Prime Minister)
Honda NZ, Toyota NZ,
Shiseido NZ, Levi Straus (NZ) ltd.
New Zealand · Rugby Association, Royal New Zealand Blind Association
Monthly NZ (Japanese monthly magazine issued by New Zealand. Translation of "Legal course" article for 1 year and a half)
Interpretation of various administrative and economic visit teams from Japan to New Zealand
Auckland city council (interpreter · translation)
Former Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Large Translation Project)
APEC SME Conference (1999 · Christchurch - Interpretation)
New Zealand Government Organization (Customs, Ministry of Science and Technology Research, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade - Interpretation / Translation)
David Longgi (former New Zealand prime minister)
Jenny Shipley (Former New Zealand Prime Minister)
Yoshiro Mori (Former Japanese Prime Minister)


Movie Stub
Book Movie Tickets Online
Movies Screening :
{{movie.id}} - {{movie.name}} - {{movie.rating}}


Photism
An experiment in generating sound from prominent colors in pictures.
Choose an image to get started.
Click on each color to toggle it's note.
source | how does it work | made by your friendly neighborhood nerd
An experiment in generating sound from prominent colors in pictures.
Choose an image to get started.
Click on each color to toggle it's note.
source | how does it work | made by your friendly neighborhood nerd


Planet Sick-Boy: http://www.sick-boy.com "We Put the SIN in Cinema"
© Copyright 2001 Planet Sick-Boy. All Rights Reserved.
If you go to see The Princess and the Warrior with the expectation of a fast-paced adrenaline rush like writer/director Tom Tykwer's kinetic 1999 arthouse smash Run Lola Run, you may be a bit disappointed. That's not to say Warrior isn't good; it's just not as relentlessly concise and edgy as Lola. The pace is more akin to Tykwer's first film, Wintersleepers, which was released after Lola's success in the States. Although Warrior doesn't measure up to either Lola or Wintersleepers, it does deal with similar subject matter, like coincidence and destiny, making Tykwer somewhat of a second coming of the late Polish auteur Krzysztof Kieslowski.
Warrior stars Lola's Franka Potente (Blow) as Sissi, a quiet, mousy psychiatric hospital nurse who has a pretty serious accident at the beginning of the film. While accompanied by one of the nuthouse's blind patients, Sissi is hit by a giant truck and lies underneath it, unable to breathe. Suddenly, a young man appears and performs an emergency procedure that will remind some of the Pulp Fiction breastplate-puncturing scene. As disturbing as the scene is, it's the best "meet cute" in a confined space since J. Lo and George Clooney took that trunk ride together in Out of Sight.
Sissi spends a couple of months recovering in the hospital, but once she's mobile again, she sets out to find the mystery man who saved her life.  What Sissi doesn't know is that the man, named Bodo (Benno Fürmann), is a thief who unwittingly caused the truck to hit her as he ran from a botched bank robbery. Bodo, an ex-soldier, dove under the truck to avoid the pursuing policemen more than anything.
Tykwer, who also co-wrote the film's score, does a good job fleshing out the background of his two leads, especially the heartbreaking, self-hating Bodo, who, after the death of his wife, landed a job at a funeral home but was sacked after bawling at his first funeral. The bank robbery was supposed to be The Big Score that, presumably, would help to erase the misery of his past, which often causes him to wake up crying while clutching onto the boiler in his bedroom.
The wide-eyed Potente, who gets to wear a few different outfits this time (and her hair has changed from shocking orange to a tamer blonde), proves her work in Lola was no fluke. Her Sissi is the princess of the asylum; a dreamer who thinks fate brought her and Bodo together for a reason.
Warrior is much more serious than Tykwer's previous two efforts, and a little self-important, too. While it offers a few twists and turns like Wintersleepers (and is nearly as colorful), it has no edge, and the ending that's supposed to stoke your imagination falls pretty flat. Warrior is definitely pleasing to the eye, with cinematographer Frank Griebe returning from Lola and Wintersleepers to provide lush photography.
2:13 - R for disturbing images, language and some sexual content
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


'Anger and frustration' - QPR feeling the pain ahead of Derby County clash
Derby County preview | The Rams return to Sky Bet Championship action at Pride Park on Saturday when they host Queens Park Rangers
by Jonny BonellMark Warburton wants Queens Park Rangers to channel their “anger and frustration” in the right way against Derby County tomorrow.
Rangers head to Pride Park on Saturday to play the Rams on the back of a six-game winless run which has seen them slip to 16th in the Sky Bet Championship table.
The latest defeat came at home to Nottingham Forest on Wednesday when they were beaten 4-0 by Sabri Lamouchi’s men.
Lee Wallace was sent off five minutes into the second-half with the score at 1-0 – and will miss the game with Derby.
Boos were audible from the home crowd at the Kiyan Prince Foundation Stadium, with fans growing frustrated by recent form.
Warburton wants his side to embrace the challenge.
“There should be an anger and a frustration and you have to channel that in the right way,” Warburton told QPR’s official website.
“Every player and every staff member is accountable. I’m manager – I’m accountable – and that is how it works. We know our professional standards, individually and collectively, and we all have a responsibility to ourselves, to teammates and to our fans. That goes to every player at every club.
“You have to recognise that responsibility and embrace it; that’s the job. From minute 81 to 90 on Wednesday, we didn’t embrace it.
“We have to respond and recognise what we face on Saturday – a talented team with a good home record who, in their minds, will be looking to right their own wrong of their defeat at Fulham. It’s an opportunity for us to correct things very quickly.”
Derby will be relieved to be back on home soil this weekend and looking to make it six wins in a row at Pride Park for the first time since 2010.
It is a stark contrast to their away form, which has seen them lose four on the bounce without scoring a goal.
Derby County latest
This is your round up of all things Derby; the one-stop shop that will keep you updated on the latest goings on at Pride Park and beyond.
Transfers, injuries, match-days and managers, we’ve got you covered.
We’ll be bringing the very latest on the Rams throughout the week and around the clock.
Make sure you keep yourself updated with our handy daily catch up...
Must reads...
- 'Arrogance' - Phillip Cocu sends warning to Derby County players
- Derby County's Wayne Rooney reveals his one transfer frustration
- 'Dig us out' - Derby County captain backs under-fire teammate
- Wayne Rooney gives honest assessment of Derby County's start under Phillip Cocu
- 'He knows' - Phillip Cocu sends message to Derby County forgotten man
For all your latest Rams news, opinion, analysis and transfer gossip, click here
You can follow our Rams reporter Steve Nicholson on Twitter, and his email address is<EMAIL_ADDRESS>“We have a chance on Saturday to react,” Warburton said.
“Derby got beat 3-0, we got beat at home, it's going to be two teams who I'm sure will have a point to prove.
“You go and do your jobs, you accept responsibility and you say the first thing I'm going to do is do my job.
“Do your basics brilliantly well and the rest will naturally flow.”


Red Alert
This location has a high concentration of active covid cases. If under
lockdown, follow lockdown guidelines strictly. Do not leave home until
extremely necessary. Together only we can fight covid.
Moderate
This location has a moderate concentration of active covid cases. If
under lockdown, follow lockdown guidelines. Leave home only if needed.
Together only we can fight covid.
Safe Zone
This location has a low concentration of active covid cases. If under
lockdown, follow lockdown guidelines. Leave home only wearing mask.
Together only we can fight covid.


Sony Question Paper
Ques-1) The friction experienced by a body, when in motion, is known as
(a) rolling friction
(b) dynamic friction
(c) limiting friction
(d) static friction
Ans. b
Ques-2)Two balls of equal mass and of perfectly elastic material are lying on the floor. One of the ball with velocity v is made to struck the second ball. Both the balls after impact will move with a velocity
a) v
(b)v/2
(c) v/4
(d) v/8
Ans. b
Ques-3) The term 'force' may be defined as an agent which produces or tends to produce, destroys or tends to destroy motion.
(a) Agree
(b)Disagree
Ans. a
Ques-4) The coefficient of restitution for elastic bodies is one.
(a) Correct
(b)Incorrect
Ans. b
Ques-5)The power rating of a resistor is __________ related to __________.
(a) directly, the type of cooling used
(b)indirectly, the type of material used
(c) directly, its surface area
(d) indirectly, the color coding
Ans. c
Ques-6).How will electrons flow through a p-channel JFET?
(a) from source to drain
(b) from source to gate
(c) from drain to gate
(d) from drain to source
Ans. d
Ques-7)Which type of signal is represented by discrete values?
(a) noisy signal
(b) nonlinear
(c) analog
(d) digital
Ans. d
Ques-8).Once a PAL has been programmed:
(a) it cannot be reprogrammed.
(b) its outputs are only active HIGHs
(c) its outputs are only active LOWs
(d) its logic capacity is lost
Ans. a
Ques-9)What happens to the parallel output word in an asynchronous binary down counter whenever a clock pulse occurs?
(a) The output word decreases by 1.
(b) The output word decreases by 2.
(c) The output word increases by 1.
(d) The output word increases by 2.
Ans. a
Ques-10).The data stored in a Mask ROM (MROM) is ___________.
(a) permanent
(b) volatile
(c) erasable
(d) temporary
Ans. a
Ques-11) Select the sentence or part of a sentence which is grammatically correct from the given alternatives.
(a) Either the manager or his assistance failed in their duty.
(b) Either the manager his assistants failed in his duty
(c) Either the manager or his assistants failed in his duty
(d) Either the manager nor his assistant failed in their now
Ans. a
Ques-12) Select the sentence or part of a sentence which is grammatically correct from the given alternatives.
(a) He used to visit us every week but he is rarely coming duty.
(b) He used to visit us every week but he is rarely comes now
(c) He used to visit us every week by he has rarely come now
(d) None of these
Ans. d
Ques-13) The police arrested him. Change the voice
(a) The Police have arrested him
(b) He is being arrested by Police
(c) He was arrested by the Police
(d) He has been arrested by the Police.
Ans. c
Ques-14)Hedge Hog is the name of:
(a) Country
(b) City
(c) Animal
(d) Planet
Ans. c
Ques-15) Most of the letters in the English alphabet come from:
(a) Arabic
(b) Italian
(c) Hebrew
(d) Roman
Ans. d
Ques-16) The Albatross is an important character in the poem of:
(a) William Wordsworth
(b) Samuel Taylor Coleridge
(c) Shelley
(d) Byron
Ans. b
Ques-17) A Marsupial is a mammal which has:
(a) Pouch
(b) Wings
(c) Camouflage
(d) Poisonous tooth
Ans. a
Ques-18) A stitch in the time saves nine means:
(a) Do the stitching on your own
(b) A timely act will prevent further trouble
(c) Nine can be saved if you stitch properly
(d) None of these
Ans. b
Ques-19) Zip code means:
(a) System of control traffic
(b) System of fix rates for items
(c) System of simplify mail sorting
(d) None of these
Ans. d
Ques-20)Effluent means:
(a) Liquid waste
(b) Halo effect
(c) Wealth
(d) Flattery
Ans. a
Ques-21)What will the function rewind() do?
(a) Reposition the file pointer to a character reverse.
(b) Reposition the file pointer stream to end of file.
(c) Reposition the file pointer to begining of that line.
(d) Reposition the file pointer to begining of file.
Ans.d
Ques-22). Input/output function prototypes and macros are defined in which header file?
(a) conio.h
(b) stdlib.h
(c) stdio.h
(d) dos.h
Ans.c
Ques-23). Which standard library function will you use to find the last occurance of a character in a string in C?
(a) strnchar()
(b) strchar()
(c) strrchar()
(d) strrchr()
Ans.d
Ques-24). What is stderr ?
(a) standard error
(b) standard error types
(c) standard error streams
(d) standard error definitions
Ans.c
Ques-25). Does there any function exist to convert the int or float to a string?
(a) Yes
(b) No
Ans.a


{: .-three-column}
Creates a new branch locally then pushes it.
Gets a branch in a remote.
Deletes origin/*
branches in your local copy. Doesn’t affect the remote.
Existing branches are listed. Current branch will be highlighted with an asterisk.
List outdated branches that have been merged into the current one.
Deletes the branch only if the changes have been pushed and merged with remote.
Note: You can also use the -D flag which is synonymous with –delete –force instead of -d. This will delete the branch regardless of its merge status. Delete a branch irrespective of its merged status.
Works for tags, too!