Slavery in the Ancient Greek World: An Objective Approach to the Matter
by Evangelos Mbeksis
Part I
1. Stewards and domestics in the Mycenaean period
So much has been written about slavery in ancient Greece that one feels one is bringing "blue skies to Athens" by contributing even more (1). However, if we consider the question using strictly historical criteria -- thereby freeing ourselves from opinions based upon the later development of the institution -- we may then be able to begin to form a different view of this matter than the one we may now have.
The first word, therefore, which characterizes that which will later come to be called slavery, is thmós, for the male, and thmoïs for the female. This translates in current usage as " person of the house." As an example, Homer informs us that Laértes, the father of Odysseus, has male servants to tend his orchard and garden, as well as an old woman to care for him. His son's palace has 50 female servants, whose most arduous physical labor is the grinding of flour. The head thmoïs [stewardess] may have the keys to the storerooms and complete authority over the other servants. Goatherds, farm workers, those who work as craftsmen, as well as charioteers, horse trainers, and others, give us a picture of a community of people who -- because each had his or her special place in Mycenaean society -- could in no way be characterized as inferior. This is the inescapable conclusion one comes to after a careful reading of the Iliad and the Odyssey, where one can't help but notice that the behavior of the male and female servants toward their freeborn masters, and the way their masters interact with them, never gives the reader the slightest hint of their relatively inferior positions.
The bondman or house servant, therefore, represents an active member of the Mycenaean oikogénia ["family," normally under the protection of a patriarch]. One might even say that what we've been describing represents a rudimentary form of adoption, which commences as soon as the servant is brought into the household. Not uncommonly, bonds of affection often develop between the master and the slave, which we see characterized, as an example, in the Homeric epics. In the Odyssey, Anticléa [Odysseus' mother], the mistress of the palace, treats the young slave Eumaéus as her own son. He is nurtured alongside and in the same way as the daughter of the household, Ctiméne. When he grows to young manhood, she worries about his safety and well-being. And when Anticléa dies, her daughter-in-law, Penelope, assumes the responsibility of his protection. She also takes on the upbringing and care of the daughter of Dólius, her own old and faithful servant.
When the suitors take over Odysseus' palace, bringing with them a tense and worrisome atmosphere, Eumaéus bemoans the diminishment of the tenderness and dedication to which he had become so accustomed. As we read in the Odyssey, he complains: "Now everything is gone. If the gods have allowed me, through my labor, to accomplish something in my life; if I have food to eat and wine to drink, it is as nothing to me because I can no longer hear the sweet voice of my master, or the tender affections shown me by my mistress."
Also touching, is the fact that when Odysseus returns to Ithaka the first people he turns to for help are not his freeborn friends and fellow archons, but his slaves, Eumaéus, Philoétius, Dólius, and the six sons of Dólius. The same is true with the female slaves of the palace, of whom only twelve, from a total of fifty, have deserted to the suitors in spite of the many long years that their master has been away. All the rest, as soon as they see him, "... surround him, taking him by the hand, and greeting him warmly. And he, feeling a great emotion welling up in his chest, tries to control a sweet desire to shed tears of joy, for in his heart he recognizes each and every one of them."
But let us return to Eumaéus, a typical herdsman and slave of the Mycenaean age. We see that he lives independently at some distance from the palace. He has his own bread, barley flour, and wine in goodly quantities. He slaughters as many of the animals in his charge as he desires and whenever he chooses, for himself and his visitor. He wears a well-formed tunic, good sandals, and has two cloaks of wild goatskin; one for good weather, and a heavier one for when it rains. He has a sturdy house of stone, with a hallway, portico, fireplace, and enough room to allow him to offer hospitality to guests. Most important of all, over time, and with no outside help, he's been able to purchase his own slave using his own money. He even has the right to be armed, as we see in the Odyssey when he offers Odysseus the hospitality of his home and stands guard outside with a sword and javelin while his guest is sleeping.
Even Odysseus' father, old Laértes, can often be found sleeping by the fireplace in the palace, on the floor, along with the household slaves. So we see -- going all the way back to the time when we have the first written accounts on the subject of slavery in ancient Greece -- that it can in no way be compared to how the institution developed in later periods and in other lands.
2. Slavery in the classical period
Let us see what develops later on. In the ensuing years the terms thmós and thmoïs evolve into oikétys and oikétis, because they came into the home [óikos] and became a member, or país [child], of the family, which attests to the tenderness with which they were surrounded. When an oikétys first entered a home, the mistress of the house gave him figs, walnuts, and other such tidbits to eat, in order to let him know that from that time on his life would be sweet and full of good fortune. Slaves took part in all of the religious holidays, and even participated in the Great Mysteries, such as those which honored Demeter and Persephóne at Eleusis. Also, on the first day of the Anthestérion in Athens, and the Iakínthian in Sparta, as well as at other festivals in Arcadia, the slaves sat at the same tables with their masters, and were therefore referred to as omóphagoi [dinner companions]. At Epídauros, the temple to Athena belonged to the slaves, and the Great Priest of this holy shrine had to be a runaway slave, who was also a fierce fighter as well. The slave in a home took part in all of the religious observances of the household, and participated in the holidays which were held sacred by the family. At his death, he would be buried in the family tomb.
Should a slave suffer bad treatment at the hands of his master, he had the right to seek sanctuary at certain sacred places, such as the Temple of Theséus in Athens, or the Temple of the Erínyes, located beneath the Hill of Ares, and legally claim the right to be sold to another master. A decision of the court was required for a slave to be put to death. There were also special laws governing the rights and treatment of slaves besides that of sanctuary: Xenía [hospitality, which forbade mistreatment], specific laws having to do with their protection, and a law which granted them the right to own property, called éngtisis [possession of property in a foreign country]. The murder of a slave carried the same punishment as the murder of a freeborn citizen, and from the time of Solon [the great Athenian lawgiver], the beating or ill-treatment of a slave was punishable by law.
As for the talents and capabilities of slaves, we know, first of all, that many were competent doctors: practitioners who were trained along with some of the great physicians of the ancient Greek world. This became such a common phenomenon that the [Roman] emperor Domition, in the first century A.D., imposed a law forbidding the medical training of slaves because they had become too numerous. Ermíppos, the [one-eyed Athenian] writer of comedies of the second century A.D., even wrote a book about all of the distinguished authors of his time who were slaves. Some of these were Pómpylos, Persáios, Mýs, and Mónimos, philosophers and slaves of Theophrástus, Zénon, Epicúrus, and lastly, a banker from Corinth respectively. The Stoic philosopher, Epictétus, who lived and flourished in the first century A.D., was not only born a slave in Phrygia, but was disabled as well. The philosopher Pháedo [in whose honor Plato named his famous dialogue], was brought to Athens as a slave, became a devout student of Socrates after gaining his freedom, and ultimately opened his own school of philosophy in Elis. Ménippus, of Gadara, in Syria [3rd century B.C.], was a slave who was brought to Greece where he became wealthy. After buying his freedom, he studied philosophy and eventually became the originator of the serio-comic style [spouthogélion] of writing, authoring a total of thirteen books. Bion, the Borysthenite [4th/3rd centuries B.C.], was the slave of a rich rhetorician who, when he died, left everything to him. Bion had already received an excellent education provided for him by his master. After his master's death, he moved to Athens where he studied philosophy at the Perípatos (under Theophrástus) and the Academy (under Xenocrátes). He became a famous Cynic philosopher, and his writings later strongly influenced Roman satire.
Slaves were to be found in many professions, trades, and crafts. From the ancient rhetoricians, we learn that they worked as metallurgists, rope makers, pharmacists, iron workers, musical instrument makers, roof tile craftsmen, cooks, and even civil servants. From a catalogue which names 66 recently freed slaves, together with the work they did before gaining their freedom, we find farmers, merchants of flax, salt meat, vegetables, incense, and sesame. There were middle-men, shop keepers, goldsmiths, cobblers, foundry workers, lead and silver molders, metal workers, scribes, legal secretaries, engravers, and others.
As we mentioned above, slaves also worked for the state as civil servants. These were divided into two categories: laborers and clerks. Life for the clerks was much better than it was for the laborers. As "office workers" for the state, they had the right to live in their own homes with their own furnishings. They could accumulate wealth, which became part of their personal estate. They were free to marry and to raise their children. They took part in the sacred ceremonies and processions of their respective cities. One such clerk, whose name has come down to us, was Pittalákos, who lived a prosperous life and would frequent the courts of Athens like a freeborn citizen.
The city police [astinómi] were also civil servants. In Athens, these were comprised of Scythian bowmen who policed all of the residents of the polis [city], including the freeborn citizens and the vouleftés [members of parliament]. These Scythians were slaves, and were employed by the city, as were the guardians of public buildings, and the inspectors of weights and measures in the public markets. The majority of the town heralds, constables, and clerks of the city courts and accounting departments were slaves. Those whose responsibility included the guarding of the treasury of the armed forces were slaves, as were most of those who kept and guarded the official archives of the city. At the Pnyx (2), slave civil servants sat directly behind the President, ready to provide him with the text of some relevant law or ruling pertaining to the matter under consideration. In fact, when it was decided that a revision of the law codes of Athens needed to be done, the responsibility for this important task was entrusted to a civil servant by the name of Nicómachus, a slave, who, as chief archivist of the courts, was the man most qualified for the job.
3. The Economic condition of the slaves
Another very important category of slaves was that of the "undomiciled" [xorís oíkountes], that is, those slaves who lived and worked independently, and who kept their wages or profits for themselves (except for a small fee -- usually one or two obols (3) a day -- which was paid to their "master"). These slaves had all of the rights and privileges of the aforementioned civil servants: economic independence, a family, and a home of their own. We are fortunate here, because the names and histories of some of these individuals have come down to us. One such, is Phormíon, the right hand man of the banker, Pasíon, a slave himself who, after gaining his freedom, went on to become the wealthiest banker and manufacturer in Athens (we will say more about these two anon). We also know that Tímarchus (4) allowed his slaves to operate a shoe-making factory as a partnership, requiring only that he be paid a fee of two obols per day for each worker, and three obols per day for the chief craftsman. And that another slave of the household of the Athenian Chrysippus was the manager of a branch of the factory located on the Bosporus.
From what has been written so far, we can -- for Athenian society at least --come to the general conclusion that we are dealing here with a very vibrant and important slave presence in the productive, agricultural, industrial, civil, and economic life of the city. The only field in which we do not see a strong participation by slaves is in the armed forces in general, and in the navy in particular -- except in times of dire necessity, such as at the sea-battle of Arginúsae in 406 B.C.-- (5), and it is only proper that one wonder why this was so. Surely it wasn't because of a lack of trust in their loyalty, for we've seen that they were entrusted with many key positions in the Athenian community. Besides, mercenaries and metics (6) were used as oarsmen in the navy, along with the poorest citizens, so why were slaves not used as well? Nor was it because the work of a thranítas (7) was thought to be too arduous (especially when compared to that of a clerk, a bank employee, or a craftsman). Why then, since there are those who are anxious to convince us that the ancient Greeks mistreated their slaves, did they not use them in the dangerous and laborious job of oarsmen in the Athenian fleet? The answer is strictly economic, and has to do with the fact that, in the period under consideration, the Athenian citizen underclass was suffering from severe economic hardship. Some were literally starving, in contrast to the large population of resident slaves who had a virtual monopoly on commerce and the marketplace, and service as an oarsman in the navy represented the "last refuge" from economic deprivation for the lowest classes of the freeborn poor.
In this way, a thranítas earning from 3 to 6 obols a day (8) could feed his family. It was, in other words, the one sure way of finding gainful employment at a time when most of the other professions and trades were in the hands of either the slaves or the metics. And to make the tragic state of the Athenian citizen-poor even clearer, it is enough to relate that, after the defeat of the Athenians in the Lamian War of 322 B.C., of the 31,000 freeborn Athenian soldiers who took part, 22,000 lost their civil rights as citizens because their net worth had fallen below the qualifying threshold of 2000 drachmas. We know as well, that in the 5th century B.C. large numbers of Athenian citizens were forced by dire necessity, and under very difficult conditions, to become kléruchs in various Athenian klerouchía (9), far from their native city. On the other hand, when we look at the fortunes of the wealthiest citizens of Athens in the 4th century B.C., we see that the wealth of Demosthenes, the famous orator, did not exceed 14 talents (10), whereas the "slave," Pasíon, was worth between 75 to 80 talents upon his death, and only Díphilus, with 160 talents, and Epicrátes with 600, exceeded Pasíon in wealth.
But let us take a closer look at Pasíon. It is not clear whether he bought or rented the bank of his former employer. Soon after taking it over, however, Pasíon was sued by a client for misuse of funds amounting to about 7 talents. Not only was Pasíon exonerated, he never lost the confidence of his many depositors. Besides being the owner of a bank, Pasíon also owned a factory where he manufactured shields. He was a generous donor to good causes, and in 376 B.C. even became an Athenian citizen. It was then that he began to invest heavily in real estate. He loaned the Athenian strategós [commander], Timotheus, money for the needs of the fleet in 373/372 B.C., and even equipped five ships himself. As we mentioned above, at his death his net worth was estimated to be between 75 to 80 talents, a colossal amount of money in those days. It is interesting to note that when he retired he leased his bank and his shield manufactory to his slave, Phormíon, for 10,000 and 6,000 drachmas [per year] respectively.
But this begs the question: Where did Phormíon, a slave, find such large sums of money in order to be able to pay off his "master," Pasíon? And these two are not the only slaves to become prominent bankers. We know of others as well, like Kítto, Evmáthi, Socrates [not the philosopher], Timódemos, and Sátiros, all of whom also married the widows of their former "masters," as did Phormíon. On the other side of the coin, regarding those who earned their bread by working for it by the "sweat of their brow," we offer the following information: In 408 B.C., in a survey of 55 different manual trades, only 36% were being performed by citizens; in 328 B.C., of 74 such trades, 27% were being performed by citizens; and in Eleusís [about 20 miles from Athens], in 329/328 B.C., of 94 trades surveyed, only 21% were in the hands of citizens. From a listing of 27 contractors and small business employers from the same period, we see only 9 citizens, or 33% of the total. Another list of a total of 41 merchants, shows only11 citizens, or 27%; and from 15 bidders [for public works projects] we find only 2 citizens, or 13%.
So that the Athenian citizens not only had to compete against the slaves and their freeborn compatriots, they had also to contend with the very tough competition of the metics. One can easily see that they were confronted with a dead-end situation as regards the ways and means by which they were able to earn a living. The only fields in which freeborn citizens formed the majority were those of keepers of flocks and herds, animal husbandry, mule and oxcart transport, exporters of asbestos, the armed forces, and in the manufacture of bricks and tiles. All other means of livelihood in the economy were in the hands of the metics, slaves, and slaves who'd been manumitted. These slaves and former slaves slowly but steadily came to dominate the marketplace completely, eventually replacing even the metics, who began to withdraw from the manual trades in order to seek other means of earning a steadier, easier, more dependable living. The result was a dramatic decrease in their numbers after 355 B.C.
But in the period under consideration here, we see that it's the metics, slaves and former slaves who, having little or nothing to lose, are the entrepreneurs. They are the ones who engage in the kind of high-risk ventures that, when successful, are the most profitable. On the other hand, the freeborn citizens stick mostly to those activities that are less profitable but not as risky. What counts most for the freeborn is to not lose their land, and so we witness the citizens of this period staying away from commercial initiatives that entail putting venture capital at risk. So that a situation develops where, 1) the metics and the slaves -- not having any ties at all with the land of Attica -- predominate in the arena of commerce, together with an ever-shrinking residual of extremely rich Athenian citizens who are "hanging on." 2) The aforementioned "undomiciled" slaves are able to command good salaries as independent agents, or as "rented-out" craftsmen. And 3) the vast majority of the population, comprised mainly of poor Athenian citizens, struggle for their daily bread, and, if there is no other recourse, hire out as day laborers for the slaves and metics, who are supposedly their "inferiors."
So that we have, for example, the citizen Ameinías, a basket maker, who must sell his baskets for a measly one drachma apiece [thereby barely scraping out a living], while in the shop next door, the metic Phílon, an iron merchant, does a land-office business. Or Diïtrephis, a citizen demolition contractor, who, because he is desperate for work, agrees to a contract for a mere 45 drachmas, for which sum he has to provide the scaffolding, whereas the metic Philoklís asks 300 drachmas just for the excavation. Demosthenes, in his public orations, talks about how not a single one of the rich ship owners, ship chandlers, or wealthy bankers who ever asked for his help in defending against one legal matter or another, was an Athenian citizen by birth.
It seems, then, that most Athenian citizens had to figure out how to get by on their "political rights," and their land. So much had the ownership of land become tied to the conception of Athenian citizenship, that, in 403 B.C., a law was actually introduced which, had it passed, would have limited the privilege only to those who were landowners. This is why all those who were able to achieve citizenship rushed to buy land immediately (like Pasíon, who, as soon as he became a citizen, spent the enormous sum of 20 talents on land purchases). Or Artistophánes [not the famous comic playwright], who bought 255 strémmata (11). We also have the example of [the painter?] Polygnótus, who refused payment for his work, asking that he be granted citizenship instead.
Notes to part I
1. "Bringing blue skies to Athens" (Na komísi gláufka ies Athénas) is the Greek equivalent to "bringing coals to Newcastle." ed.
2. The place where assemblies of the people were held. ed.
3. A coin weighing 11.5 grains., and having a value of about 1/6th of a drachma. ed.
4. A prominent politician of Athens who had served in the parliament (voulí) with Demosthenes. ed.
5. An exhausted Athens barely won the costly sea battle of Arginúsae against the Peloponnesian fleet (recently rebuilt with Persian help), and would probably not have done so had it not been for the participation of its loyal slaves. ed.
6. A metic was a legal resident-alien in a Greek city, who usually emigrated there in order to engage in commerce or to ply his trade. ed.
7. A thranítas was an oarsman on the topmost of the three benches of a trireme. His oars were the longest and the heaviest, therefore the hardest to handle. Those on the middle bench were called zevgítas, and on the lowest and easiest bench, thalamítas. ed.
8. Cleophon, the Athenian politician, introduced the daily wage of 2 obols a day for jurors serving on the Heliaia (assembly) circa 420 B.C., and this was subsequently increased to 3 obols after 390 B.C. ed.
9. Klerouchía was the term used for any foreign land conquered or occupied by Athens and distributed by lottery (kléros) to landless or destitute Athenian citizens (kléruchs). It differed from a colony in that the kléruch maintained his Athenian citizenship even while a permanent resident of the Klerouchía. ed.
10. An Attic talent of this period was approximately 57 lbs avoirdupois of silver. ed.
11. One strémma roughly equals 1/4 of an acre. ed.
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Slavery in the Ancient Greek World: An Objective Approach to the Matter
by Evangelos Mbeksis
Part II
Conditions for slave ownership and manumission
It is important to point out that, in Athens at least, every citizen had the right to purchase as many slaves as he desired. There was, however, one very important condition: he was obligated by law to teach them a trade. Compliance with this condition required the expenditure of a sizable amount of money over and above the original purchase price. To ensure compliance, there were some very stringent laws in place that provided for punishment and fines for those who kept an unemployed slave (thoúlon argón). We remember the example of Xenophánes [the philosopher of Magna Graecia] who, when asked by Hiéron [the tyrant of Syracuse] to tell him how many slaves he owned, replied: "Two, and I am struggling to keep them fed."
From the above we can safely conclude that this form of "rudimentary adoption" required a certain degree of financial capability, not only for the day-to-day upkeep, but for the long term expenses as well. A financial capability that may well have been within the reach of a middle class citizen as far as the original purchase price was concerned, but over the years, with the ever-increasing competition from the metics and the freed slaves, together with the reduction of the value of land caused by pillage and interminable wars, this capability was constricted more and more. To the point, in many instances, where the citizen-owner was forced to either rent out his slaves, allow them to set up on their own in order to reduce his costs, or, as a last resort, manumit them. Should one wonder just what kind of advantages a citizen-owner could expect from manumitting a slave, we can think of two that come immediately to mind: 1) his expenses were reduced because he was no longer responsible for the slave's care and feeding, and 2) he received a significant sum of money in the form of either a lump sum payment or a steady income over time, as consideration for granting the slave's freedom.
The process of manumission is executed either by the slave himself, or by an agent hired by the slave to negotiate and/or make payment to his master, thereby attaining his freedom. In most city-states, the ceremony of freeing a slave was performed according to traditional formulaic rituals, either in front of or inside a temple. The record of the procedure was then inscribed upon an interior wall of the temple for future reference. In Athens, however, the whole process was usually carried out in the law court or at the theater, by the making of a verbal or written proclamation stating the name of the slave about to be manumitted. The freeborn citizen had another advantage, which was that should the manumitted slave die without heirs, his or her estate would revert back to the former master. The manumission of a slave without some form of monetary or other consideration was a very rare thing indeed. Therefore, we can conclude that in order to purchase their freedom under the conditions imposed by custom and law, slaves had to have some means of obtaining a steady income.
4. Vocations and conditions of life of the slaves
Let us return now to the vocations which -- for the most part -- separated the freeborn citizens from the slaves. We do this to bolster our argument that the citizens were deeply and emotionally attached to the land, and were struggling hard to keep it, because they had lost ground in all other areas of the economy to the metics and freed slaves. Therefore, the possession of land was, either by custom or law, the essence and source of their right to proudly claim the title of freeborn citizens. To make our point, we submit the following facts about the situation existing in the agricultural areas of Greece.
In the 5th century B.C., there were no slaves in Central Greece [within which lies the "breadbasket" of the country]. In Plátaea [a city in southern Boeotía], in 431 B.C., the city was unable to muster a contingent of 110 female slaves. By the 4th century, slaves in Boeotía comprised 1/3rd of the total population. In Locris and Phocis [both in Central Greece], slavery was virtually unknown prior to the Persian attack in 480 B.C. And in Attica [the province within which Athens is located], not a purely agrarian area, the number of slaves working the land was minimal. Among a group of convicted lawbreakers in 451 B.C., whose estates had been forfeit and sold at auction, only one owned 16 slaves: a metic from Piraeus, whose offense was to violate the law forbidding him to own land. All of the rest, whose land and crops -- either standing in the fields or already harvested and in warehouses -- had no more than one or two slaves.
In a catalogue of 131 manumitted [Athenian] slaves, not one of the 62 women mentioned had worked on a farm prior to being freed. Of the 69 men, there are only 7 who worked on the land as gardeners, and 2 who worked in the vineyards. On the other hand, in those areas that were more inclined toward commerce or light industry, slaves not only made up the majority, but outnumbered even the metics and the freeborn citizens. So that in 309 B.C., after the census of Demetrius of Phálerum, we get the following results: freeborn citizens, 21,000; metics, 10,000; slaves, 400,000. On the island of Aégina [in the Saronic Gulf, near Athens], the number of slaves approached 460,000 souls, whereas in Corinth 470,000. And on the island of Chios [in the Northern Aegean], there were many more than on Aégina or in Corinth, though we don't have precise figures.
Let us look now at the salaries paid to slaves and freeborn. In 325 B.C., the 9 archons of Athens [the chief magistrates and office holders of the State], were each paid 4 obols a day, while, during the same period, the State paid skilled slave craftsmen at the rate of 3 obols per day, plus meals. In 325, members of parliament [voulé], received 5 obols per day, whereas jurors [heliaiastés] got 3. We take note, therefore, that in the 4th century B.C., a slave received an equal salary with a freeborn juror, and a slightly lower salary than a magistrate or a member of parliament. Any comparison with more modern times regarding this issue is sure to leave us with many questions pertaining to the definition of the word "slave," then and now (1).
We further take note that in 400 B.C., a family of 3, together with their 2 slaves, had a yearly expenditure of 1000 drachmas, whereas, in 370 B.C., the young Demósthenes, with his mother and sister, and with no slaves, needed 700 drachmas per year. When we factor in an estimate of the increase in the cost of living which took place in the intervening 30 years, we find that the slaves -- in both periods -- averaged a daily salary of about 3 obols, which was naturally paid them by their owner. This applied to leased slaves as well, where the freeborn citizen was also required to provide food, lodging, clothing, etc., for the slave during the term of the lease. So that we have -- in the 4th century B.C. -- domestic, leased, and publicly owned slaves earning a steady and secure wage amounting to about 3 obols per day. If we add in the cost of clothing, feeding, and housing, we see that their actual salaries amounted to even more.
From Aristóphanes' great comedy, "Plútus" ["Wealth"], performed in 380 B.C., we learn that shoes cost 8 drachmas and himations (2) cost 20. In 330 B.C., shoes for slaves cost 6 drachmas, and the chiton (3) worn by slaves cost as much as 7. We must also add the cost of medical treatment for the slave, as well as the cost of teaching him a trade, as was required by law. From all of the above, it is abundantly clear that it was entirely possible -- if not probable -- that there would come a time when a middle class Athenian citizen with a low income, who wished to maintain a slave in accordance with law and custom, ran a real risk of dropping precipitously to the status of the "newly poor," because in order to do so he would probably have to mortgage his land, in which case he ran the risk of losing both his land and his most prized possession of all: that of citizen of Athens, as we've already seen happen after the defeat of Athens in the Lamian War of 322 B.C. As a result, we see that year after year there are more and more slaves manumitted by an ever greater number of middle class Athenian citizens. Either that, or they were subjugated to the State, metics, or wealthy Athenians who could afford them. They were also leased out to commercial or small industrial interests at an ever increasing rate. It is during this period that the slave essentially becomes strictly a household servant of the wealthier families of Athens. Actually, things have not changed that much down through the centuries: The main differences being that the Athenian slave had much better future possibilities, more respect, more rights, and better [weighted] monetary compensation than the serfs of the Middle Ages and Czarist Russia, the slaves of the ante-bellum American South, or the "wage slaves" of more recent times.
Let us turn now to the much-heralded and much-bemoaned slaves who worked in the mines of Laúrium (4). The importance of these mines (right through to about 370 B.C.) was negligible after the revolt of the metal-working slaves which took place during the last few years of the Peloponnesian War. In all of that time, right from the end of the war in 404 B.C., no major Athenian venture capitalist saw fit to invest in these mines. Add to this the fact that only a small number of poor Athenian citizens worked there for their own benefit -- which indicates to us that production had fallen a great deal -- and we can understand why there was a crisis at the mines at this time, and why the whole operation was in a very bad state.
When considering that the majority of the slaves working in the mines were leased, that the freeborn mine operators were paying a minimum of 1 obol per day to their masters, and that they had the further expense of clothing and feeding their charges -- in addition to which they had to contend with a general economic depression in the Athenian economy due to Athens' defeat in the aforementioned war -- we can see why the wages of the slaves at Laúrium were not up to par. We then come to realize that the revolt was not due to any ill-treatment of the slaves, but was most likely the result of the slaves coming to the conclusion that, considering the arduous labor involved, working in the metal mines was not a profitable enough occupation. This realization is strengthened by the later indifference on the part of the venture capitalists to continue operations in Laúrium, which allowed the poor citizens of Athens to come in and try to scratch out a living. It is not until 367 B.C. that activity at the mines is revived, only to peak at around 350 B.C., after which time there is a steady decline. All of which begs the question: Why weren't there any revolts during the many years that the mines were productive under Athenian hegemony? The answer is simple: it was because during this period the slaves were content and satisfied.
As regards the laws governing the rights of the slaves, we can add the following: Slaves could appear as plaintiffs in an action against their masters who were forced to appear to defend themselves. They had the legal right, as previously mentioned, to have their own money. However, although they were not subject to monetary fines when they broke certain laws, they could suffer corporal punishment instead. In Athens, a slave's master did not have the right to take his life. A slave who suffered abuse and who sought sanctuary had the right to be sold to another master. For these and other reasons we read the following lines in the Hecuba by Euripides: "For you Greeks, both the free man and slave are protected by the same laws governing homicide." What is important here is that old Queen Hecuba is not talking about Athenians only, but of all Greeks, which tends to indicate that there was a common, pan-Hellenic code of behavior toward slaves in place at that time. Also, an Athenian who murders his slave is ostracized from the city, a fate considered to be worse than the death penalty.
To continue with the rights that a slave enjoyed, we see that there were no restrictions which told him how to dress; as a result, he looked no different from a freeborn Athenian working man on the street or in the agora. He could speak freely on any subject, sometimes even verbally abusing his listeners, as anyone who has read Greek comedy can verify. The Athenians and all Greeks relied upon their slaves to fulfill the important role of teachers [paidagogós] to their children. Demosthenes, in his Against Meidias, talks about a law which refers anyone who "corrupts the morals of a child, woman, freeborn man, or slave by committing an illegal act against their person" to the Assembly [Heliaia] for trial. Demosthenes goes on to say: "You have all heard, O Athenians, how philanthropic is the spirit of that law, which protects even the slave." From Demosthenes we also learn that slaves were protected by and subject to the Athenian laws governing commerce. They had the right to be captains of [merchant] ships, to represent their masters as agents in the foreign ports they visited, and to appear as litigants in the courts of law in which cases having to do with commerce were heard. As far as income is concerned, we have some pretty startling examples of just how adept some were at accumulating wealth, such as in the case of Demetrius of Phálerum's cook, who earned enough money in two years to buy three houses.
5. Slaves in Lacedaemonia
Let us inquire now as to the condition of the slaves in Sparta, where they were called helots [éilótes]. There, as opposed to the rest of Greece, the helots were strongly tied to the land. This situation is explained by the fact that in Sparta power was entirely vested in the government, and not in the people [démos] as it was elsewhere in Greece. Spartan citizens were outnumbered ten to one by the helots, who were in essence the property of the State. The citizens had the services of the helots who were assigned to them by the State and who farmed the land as sharecroppers, but they had no right to either free them, or to increase or decrease the yearly portion that the helots were obliged to give to them. The size of this portion was determined by the Spartan State, and was usually about 70 bushels [médimni] of barley for every Spartan (this increased when he married). 70 bushels came to approximately 60 hundred-liters in weight, with an equivalent amount of wine, and 30 hundred-liters of olive oil additionally assessed. This state-imposed ordinance had a stabilizing effect upon Sparta, since it allowed its citizen-soldiers to concentrate on their most important duty, which was the defense of their country. In order to properly fulfill this duty they were expected to turn away from all other cares, demands, and pleasures of life.
At this point, it is important to emphasize that these levies had been enacted by the State during a year when the harvests were particularly small. The result, of course, was that when the yields were above average or even just average, the excess did not go to the Spartan master, who could expect only that portion of the harvest due him by law, but to the helot and his family. This situation could sometimes put the helot into the category of an independent farmer, and not just a subsistence sharecropper. To this we must add that when booty was acquired on campaigns in which the helots took part, any plunder taken by a helot was his to keep, which meant that it was also his to sell. In this way, and under this system -- where the yearly income of the citizens was fixed and unchanging -- there was created in Laconía a society where the masters grew steadily poorer, while the helots, year by year, increased their wealth. As further proof of this, we offer the following: When Cleoménes, the king of Sparta, needed to raise money for the State, his proposal that this be done by giving the helots the right to purchase their freedom was adopted by the Ephors [Magistrates]. 6000 helots took advantage of this opportunity and the sum which accrued to the benefit of the Spartan treasury amounted to a total of 500 talents. In other words, 6000 helots were in a financial position to pay over the sum of 5 silver minás [mnéa] apiece for their freedom: a very respectable sum in those days, and indicative of their financial independence (5) .
It must also not escape our attention that all of the contemporary criticism regarding the conditions under which the helots lived never seem to compare these conditions with the ones under which the Spartan citizen himself had to live. To demonstrate, in other words, how the citizen was treated by the State in comparison to how the helot was treated. If one were to compare these two entities within the framework of Spartan society, one would soon come to realize that whether it be in the military, the economic, or the political realm of Spartan life, the laws under which the citizen-soldier lived were harsher by far than those governing the helot. This because, as previously mentioned, the helot was considered to be the property of the State, and no Spartan citizen had the right to harm or destroy him, just as no Spartan citizen had the right to harm or destroy any other State property. Only the Spartan military government could determine a helot's punishment, and never a private citizen.
We will now enquire into the "krypteia," because the truth needs to be told about this much-misunderstood institution of Spartan life as well. We see the word krypteia, and learn about what it means for the first time, from the great Lacedaemonian lawgiver, Lycurgus. It was designed to teach young Spartans how to steal food so as to be able to survive under harsh wartime conditions (6). It was, therefore, part of their training which, in addition to their barely adequate "Spartan" diet (7), inspired them to devise impromptu food-gathering survival skills that would be of life-saving value to them in the years to come. In spite of this, however, should the Spartan youth be discovered and caught, he was whipped and put on reduced rations. It was Plato who made this law, given to the Spartans by Lycurgus, well known among the Greeks. And, much later, it would be Aristotle who made the law of krypteia synonymous with the training of young Spartans to stealthily murder those helots thought to be a threat against the Spartan State. In truth, the helots were anything but a threat to Sparta.
Let us see now just who these helots actually were. The [Greek] geographer, Strabo, tells us (G.35) that the first capitulation of the Laconians to the Dorians came about as a result of a treaty which granted the former equality and a measure of civil rights. However, at around 1000 B.C., under the rule of Agis, the son of Euresthénes, this treaty was violated. The result was an uprising by the inhabitants of the territory of Helos, after which, when the Spartans had put down the revolt, the name helots gained currency and came to mean those descendants of the original inhabitants of the country. From that time forward, the helots became part of the almost totally peaceful and harmonious population, all of whom came to be known as Lacedaemonians. The helots served in the army and the navy. In the navy, they served as rowers, and in the army as adjutants, porters, and even armed troops [hoplites]. Should a helot distinguish himself in battle, he would be given his freedom and be graduated to higher category; that of a neodamódon [newly-enfranchised citizen] as a reward for his bravery. Another category was that of móthones, who were the children of a helot mother and a Spartan father. These children were brought up as foster brothers and sisters of the Spartans, and both sexes received the same training and upbringing as any other Spartan child. They could, in time, attain full Spartan citizenship, which brought with it all the rights, privileges, and obligations of a full-fledged Spartan.
Which brings us to ask the following: How is it that these so-called "enemies" of Sparta were able to receive Spartan military training, and even allowed to bear arms during wartime? And why, since the helots so outnumbered their "masters," the ratio in war being in excess of 7 to 1, weren't the Spartans afraid that the helots would turn on them or desert to the enemy? In spite of many opportunities to do so, there is not one instance of desertion by helots during a battle to be found in the ancient sources. On the contrary, at the battle of Thermopylae, the helots chose to die to the last man instead of deserting to the Persians, as the Thebans did.
Going back to the Spartans and the helots, we will refer now to a third class of inhabitants of Lacedaemonia; the perioíkoi [literally, "dwellers around"]. These "neighboring peoples" (8) had won the right to claim the lion's share during the first land distribution lottery instituted by Lycurgus. From the 39,000 klérous [lottery tickets] distributed, the perioíkoi received 30,000 and the Spartans only 9000. Another fact which exposes the lie about how unfair the Spartans were, and how they oppressed the rights of all who were not pure-born citizens of Sparta. Equality in the joys and pleasures of life was the rule, but no equality existed when it came to the duties and obligations of a Spartan: Such things fell to him alone within the purview of the Spartan way of life, and its harsh ethic of military greatness.
Closing now with our references to Sparta, we remember the words of Archidámus, one of Sparta's great kings, as recorded by the historian Thucydides: "There are no differences between one man and another, only the superiority that one achieves who has been trained in the hardest school."
6. Slavery in Thessaly, Crete, and other parts of Greece
There were slaves in other parts of Greece besides Athens and Sparta. In Thessaly, they were called penéstai and thettaloikétai; in Sicyon, korinophóroi; in Argos, gymnítai; in Crete, klarótai, mnoítai, afamiótai, thóloi, and oíkeis, and in Locris, oikiátai. Corinth's tyrant Periánder, the son of Cypsélus, banned the purchase of new slaves in a measure designed to help the thétes (9), most of whom were unemployed and starving. Aristotle tells us he did this because he wanted "even the mediocre to prosper," so as not to think about wanting to have a say in running [or overturning?] the government. In Thessaly, the penéstai were landowners and homeowners. They could have a family, worked wherever they wished, and were free to carry weapons. Under such conditions, it should come as no surprise that some acquired more wealth than their masters.
In Crete, conditions were even more liberal. From the great "Gortyn Inscription," discovered in 1884 near the modern-day village of Aghoi Déka in the South Central part of the island, we learn much relating to how the institution of slavery was viewed in ancient Crete. Noteworthy is the fact that fully 1/3 of the text -- referred to as the "Code of Gortyn," -- has to do with slavery. Slaves had the right to acquire property; meaning, of course, that they could accumulate and possess wealth. They were required to pay fines; which meant that they had the right to possess not only real estate, but personal property as well. From the historian Ephorus (10), we learn that the klarótes were personal slaves who were intimately involved in the lives of their masters. In Kydonía, there were special festivals and holidays set aside exclusively for the slaves. During the celebration of these festivals, the slaves had the right to "beat" freeborn Cretans. ... Callistratus [4th century B.C. orator] tells us that the Cretans, in order to avoid saying the word "servant" (which had a slightly negative connotation, just as it does today), would refer to their domestics as mnoítai, thereby hinting that they were the descendants of King Mínos himself (11).
There is much more that could be said about the rights, duties, and conditions of life of the slaves in the ancient Greek world. Surely, this study does not come anywhere near exhausting the subject, and simply "scratches the surface," so to speak. There are, of course, omissions and differences of opinions concerning this topic which have not been addressed. The attempt was to present this important subject in an objective and serious manner, and to do so within the framework of the socio-political and economic conditions which were prevalent at the time, thereby avoiding the distortions and politically correct interpretations inspired by present-day attitudes and fashions. To examine the facts, and to avoid falling into the pitfall of catering to the current "-isms" which are directed more by self-interest than by a scholarly search for the truth. To demonstrate that the role of the slave was different than that of the free citizen, but not necessarily inferior, without degrading or romanticizing either one. To show, in other words, as much as is possible in a quick study, just what the words "slave," and "slavery" meant to the ancient Greeks. The Hellenic race deserves and demands to know the truth regarding its history, because it has been subjected to historical distortions and outright lies long enough.
Notes to part II
1. The word "slave" in Greek is "thoúlos." Literally translated it means "worker," or one required to perform "work" (thouléia) for another. ed.
2. A himation was a mantle, usually made of course wool, worn by both sexes as street dress. ed.
3. A chiton was a woolen undergarment or tunic. ed.
4. These mines were located in the hilly district near the city of Laúrium (today Lávrion), in South Attica near Cape Soúnion. They were the property of the State, and were leased out to private citizens for exploitation. ed.
5. 60 miná = one talent. ed.
6. The American armed forces, as part of the basic training exercises given in "boot camp" to raw recruits, teach the trainees how to survive by stealing food from the locals should they ever find themselves in enemy territory. These skills are taught as part of a series of "Field Expediency" courses taught to all troops. We wonder why American professors in the Liberal Arts, and other multiculturalist proponents of "diversity" and "human rights," don't make as much of a fuss about this as they make about the "krypteia" of Sparta? As far as Jesse Jackson, Al Sharpton, Hillary Clinton and company are concerned, we think we know why they don't make a fuss about it: Most likely it is because the modern version of this exercise provides their future acolytes with excellent subsistence skills after they enter civilian life. ed.
7.  ed.
8. Perioíkoi frequently constituted local, self-governing groups of "neighboring peoples" who were subjects or quasi-citizens, and who inhabited various Greek States without having rights in the administration of government. They were to be found in Elis, Thessaly, Crete, and other parts of Greece. Those of Sparta -- where they appeared as Spartans with lesser rights -- are the best known. ed.
9. Thétes were laborers who hired themselves out for a day's wages, and were the lowest class of free men in Greece. Lacking the required number of médimni in wealth, they could not serve in the magistracies of Athens, and because they could not afford a suit of armor, they were not able to serve in the hoplite ranks. After Athens became predominately a sea power, thétes were able to find steady employment as rowers in the fleet; a situation that greatly strengthened the institution of participatory democracy in that city. ed.
10. Ephorus of Cýme (circa 405 - 330 B.C.) was a pupil of the great rhetorician, Isocrates. He is considered by some to be (after Xenophon) the most important historian of the 4th century. ed.
11. Mínos is the name of a great king of Crete after whom the Minoan Civilization was named. The name may be dynastic or the title held by many Cretan kings. ed.
Author's Bibliography
1) Ekdotikí Athenón, "Istoría tou Ellinikóu Ethnous," Tomos B.
2) "Istoría tou Ellinikóu Ethnous," Tomos Gamma 1.
3) "Istoría tou Ellinikóu Ethnous," Tomos Gamma 2.
4) Will Durant, "Pankósmios Istoría tou politismóu," Tomos B.
5) Encyklopédia Hélios, Tomos "Hellas."
6) Gustav Glotz, "H Ergasía stin Archáia Ellada."
7) Aimílios Mireáu, "H Kathemeriní Zoí stin epoché tou Omérou."
8) Anastásios Stratigópoulos, "H Istoría tis Elládos," Tomos 1.
9) K. N. Papanikoláou, "H Parakmí tou Archáiou Kósmou."
10) T. A. Sinclair, "Istoría tis Ellinikís politikís sképseos."
11) G. K.Vláchos, "H idéa tou eleftérou anthrópou stin demokratía tón Athenáion."
12) G. Reïnak, "Athéna."
13) P. N. Demópoulos, "O demósios kai idiotikós bíos tón Archáion Ellínon."
Source
Davlos. Part I: Number 182, pp 11,121-11,129. Feb.1997. Part II: Number183, pp 11,243-11,250. March 1997.
Translation by TGR staff is ©


They said what?! Pros react to Zabit Magomedsharipov’s win over Calvin Kattar at UFC Moscow
by Lucas RezendeIn a fun striking match, Zabit Magomedsharipov remained undefeated in the Octagon and picked up a unanimous decision win over a game Calvin Kattar at UFC Moscow’s main event. On Twitter, pro fighters enjoyed the fight...


{{< layout}} {{$propositionHeader}}Renew {{/propositionHeader}} {{$pageTitle}}Give a countersignature{{/pageTitle}} {{$header}}
You should have be given these details by the applicant.
For example PEX<PHONE_NUMBER>
For example 31 08 1970


Well, over a year has passed since I last posted. Don’t worry, I have still been walking, although not as much in the hills as in the past. However I have been riding my mountain bike a lot. This has increased even more so over the last couple of months as a couple of mates and I train for our first Welsh Ride Thing attempt in June.
Well, yesterday, I broke the 20 mile ride for the first time this year. I followed the Hope Tour route from the Vertebrate Graphics White Peak book. 22 miles, and > 1000 metres to climb was the target, and my singlespeed Orange P7 the weapon.
I was out of the house early so I could start riding around 9am, leaving the main car park at Hope, Derbyshire. The weather was beautiful, though slightly cold - this would be perfect for the drag up past Win Hill to Hope Cross. Riding at my own pace, it actually went quiet well and whilst I did get off and push for the steeper sections, my 20 tooth rear cog allowed me to ride most of the climb.
Over the top, and there’s my favourite descent of the Peak District down to Rowlee Farm. Rocky descents where momentum is your friend is one area where the low ratio gear caused problems. I could not maintain the speed I’d have liked to, and thus my legs and arms got more of a pounding than if I could have pedalled through it. I had to stop a couple of times just to give my limbs a rest!!
Over the A57, and I actually managed to clean the climb out of Rowlee Farm and was delighted to get the top for the descent past Lockerbrook Farm to the reservoirs. I managed to ride past Fairholmes without stopped for a pastie and was soon climbing (well pushing) up the steep bridleway back up towards the crossroad above Hagg Farm. I met a great couple half way up that I actually rode with for most of the remaining miles. The drop to Hagg Farm is another classic, I really love my P7, and am so glad I recently sorted the seat post out…
Over the A57, and after another short downhill blast comes the pain. A long slog along the reservoirs, then up and over the flanks of Win Hill takes you to Thornhill and my riding nemesis - Aston.  Yes it’s a pretty little hamlet and beautiful surroundings. But it’s always the signal for a painful drag up Win Hill, and this was the 3rd time my bike was pointing towards the sky on Win Hill today. This last climb took me within 300 yards of Hope Cross, and after 18 miles or so, it wasn’t a great warm down. At least at the top, you get the chance to point the bike back down the hill down the slightly rocky though disappointing straight downhill back into Hope.
As I rode back toward town, I stopped suddenly to help a Duke of Edinburgh student who had collapsed. She was been looked after by local walker but unsure whether they could get an accurate call through to the emergency services, I rode into Hope and reported the incident from 18 Bikes.
I finally managed to reaquiant myself with the car about 3pm. 5 and a half hours I’d spent in the saddle, and boy, does my back end know about it!! In fact, when home in evening, I started researching Sudocream and chamois creams - I’m not looking forward to the 3 day event in Wales anymore!!!!


Introducing CPPLib¶
C++ and Python Library¶
This is a template repository used to create C++/Python libraries. This is for individuals who want to write a standalone C++ library that can also be bound to Python using Pybind11 for better performance. This repository additionally takes care of the intricate world of building binary wheels automatically and publishing to PyPI, including linux and windows. I have tried my best to use good tools and practices in this repo to provide a clean codebase for others to start their project on. What you see in this repo is not all my work, but lessons/code I have learned after observing others work.
Key Features¶
C++ Library is independent of Python Extension, i.e. can be dropped into pure C++ projects.
Cross platform using Modern CMake.
Good handling of thirdparty dependencies using CMake
FetchContent
.Documentation for both C++ and Python created using Sphinx, Doxygen, Breathe, and Exhale. The documentation is unified into one website.
Integration of CMake into
setup.py
so thatpip install
works for python users wanting to build manually (CMake must be installed still).Note that the C++ Library and even the python extension can still be built with standard CMake procedures, see Build with CMake
Automatic building of python binary wheels using github actions, see Workflow
This repo relies upon using Modern CMake to build both the C++ and Python Extension libraries. I find that integrating it all in CMake leads to a much nicer developer experience. External users building the library will need CMake installed which may be a consideration before using this template repo as a starting point. However, this repo has a github workflow setup to automatically build python binary wheels for you and upload to PyPI for a variety of python versions/OS/architectures! Please see workflows
Instructions For Using Template¶
git clone https://github.com/JeremyBYU/cpp-pybind-skel.git
Rename Files¶
You will want to rename files and library names with a simple find and replace
using your IDE/editor. Lets say you named your project SimpleImageFilters
with an associates short acronym of SIF
. Then simply find and replace in this repository the following (case sensitivity matters):
CPPLib
->SimpleImageFilters
- C++ Top Namespace and CMake Project NameCPPLIB
->SIMPLEIMAGEFILTERS
- Same but uppercase, used in CMakeCPPL
->SIF
- Acronym used in CMake alias for projectcpplib
->simpleimagefilters
- Python Library Extension Name
A helper python script, rename_project.py
is provided if desired. I would recommend using it because it saves a lot of time.
Note: you don’t have to use the naming convention proposed above and may use any you would like. I think the most important thing is simply that the Python extension target is different then C++ library target.
Build Project Manually¶
You can build the project manually in two ways: one in pure CMake, the other using python setup.py
.
Build Manually With CMake¶
Building happens entirely with CMake. This is meant really only for the library developers who are working on C++ and Python in an edit-compile cycle.
C++ Library¶
mkdir cmake-build && cd cmake-build
cmake ..
- Note - For windows also add-DCMAKE_GENERATOR_PLATFORM=x64
cmake --build . -j$(nproc) --config Release
Build options:
CPPL_BUILD_BENCHMARKS:BOOL=ON // CPPL - Build Benchmarks
CPPL_BUILD_EXAMPLES:BOOL=ON // CPPL - Build Examples
CPPL_BUILD_PYMODULE:BOOL=ON // CPPL -Build Python Module
CPPL_BUILD_TESTS:BOOL=ON // CPPL - Build Tests
CPPL_BUILD_WERROR:BOOL=OFF // CPPL - Add Werror flag to build (turns warnings into errors)
CPPL_WITH_OPENMP:BOOL=ON // CPPL - Build with OpenMP Support
Python Extension¶
This is meant for advanced python users who are actively developing the extension.
Install conda or create a python virtual environment (Why?). I recommend conda for Windows users.
Perform
CMake
build as described abovecd cmake-build && cmake --build . --target python-package --config Release
cd lib/python_package && pip install -e .
. This installs the library in develop/edit mode. To update the python extension in your python virtual environment all you need to do is run step 3 again.


--- layout: archive title: "Talks and presentations" permalink: /talks/ author_profile: true --- {% include base_path %} {% capture written_year %}'None'{% endcapture %} {% for post in site.talks reversed %} {% capture year %}{{ post.date | date: '%Y' }}{% endcapture %} {% if year != written_year and post.visible != 'false' %}


26 October 2010 - As of the evening of 25 October, the Ministry of Health of the Government of Haiti has reported 3 342 confirmed cases including 259 fatalities. Suspected cases are being investigated in the North and South departments, and five cases have been confirmed in the West Department, where the capital, Port-au-Prince is located.
Currently there are 12 cholera treatment centers being built to support isolation and treatment of cases: six in Artibonite, one in Central, and five in Port-au-Prince.
The emphasis is on prevention by ensuring clean water, promoting good personal hygiene, and food handling practices, including hand washing and trying to prevent defecation in open areas.
As just under half of reported deaths so far are taking place in hospitals, but more than half are in the community, PAHO is in the process of mobilizing experts in the area of proper body disposal to travel to Haiti.
WHO's Region for the Americas (PAHO) continues to mobilize international experts including epidemiologists, risk communication, case management, laboratory, water and sanitation, logistics, and LSS/SUMA (humanitarian supply management system) to Haiti and also to the Dominican Republic.
PAHO’s PROMESS (Program on Essential Medicine and Supplies) warehouse currently has stocks of medicines and antibiotics, and PAHO is procuring additional stocks of intravenous fluids and medical supplies.
PAHO is also supporting the Water & Sanitation Cluster in Haiti providing powdered chlorine (including supplies from Brazil) for water purification and testing water that is being distributed to settlement camps. PAHO is also making special efforts to ensure clean water in hospitals.
While no cases of cholera have been reported in Dominican Republican, the outbreak has prompted the Government to mobilize a contingency plan in the border area.
PAHO’s Caribbean Epidemiology Center (CAREC) located in Trinidad is helping Caribbean ministries of health to mobilize and be prepared for any potential cases in the other islands.
PAHO continues to coordinate these efforts with other UN agencies, and with health officials in the USA and Canada. Relief efforts continue as the government, MINUSTAH (the United Nations Stabilization Force in Haiti), UN agencies and NGOs are continuing to provide assistance in a growing number of locations.


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This project has been done by Shounak and Abhishek
Done by:- Shounak and Abhishek
We are students from VIT VELLORE pursuing IWP- CSE 3002 under Malathy E.
Our goal is to make a software that is of use to the college
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Shounak Bhattacharya
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Farmer's Market
Farmer's Market. Data Modeling. Inter-model relationship handling. CSV data processing and optimaztion.
Farmer's Market. Data Modeling. Inter-model relationship handling. CSV data processing and optimaztion.
Scrabble Game. Pair programmed, board-based game. Developed with TDD methodology. An in-depth thinking of the game logic.
Bank Accounts. Class hierarchy and CSV data processing.
Part of a virtual game that simulate a door in a Castle. Seperation between UI and game state. Proper error handling with custom errors.
A word guess game similar to Hangman. Pair programmed. Use Faker gem as word database. Designed text-based UI with ASCII art.
A ruby book review website built with HTML & CSS and a minimal design.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load staticfiles %} {% block title %}About - healthchecks.io{% endblock %} {% block content %}
For all the FAQs you've got, we have endeavored to provide for you first hand information to quench that curiosity.


@(user: Option[models.user.User], form: Form[com.mohiva.play.silhouette.api.util.Credentials])( implicit request: Request[AnyContent], session: Session, flash: Flash )@layout.simple(user = user, title = "Sign in to " + utils.Config.projectName) {
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Music Lessons Skype - $30/hr - Sign up bonus first 3 at $20/hr The Fundamentals iPhone app Ableton/Logic Pro Lessons Music is Easy as FUCK! (ebook/pdf)


Thus far, my program of study has been centered around the relationship between music and musical training.
This framing allowed me to ask and investigate lots of questions
I really want to ask.
But it also oversimplified things and stopped me from asking lots of other questions I wanted to ask.
I wasn't sure what to do with this dissatisfaction, so I returned to the root.
In order to serve me,
my program of study must...
...center the role of history, culture, and “scenes” in the making and learning of music within a living tradition
* This connects back to some of the earliest thoughts I had about my program of study, when my idea was still way too "about" music....incorporate identity in defining a person’s relationship to a musical
culture, scene, or community
...force questions around participation, appreciation, and appropriation
...almost universally use immersion
as the way of learning, teaching, and making music
...bring out the role of repetition (and ✨magical loops💫) in connection to immersion
...explain why outsiders hear noise before they are immersed in a scene's repetition, vocabulary, social context and history
...redefine "originality" with regards to seeing old things in new ways
...seem to suggest something about the non-technical aspects of what makes music "good" in relation to whether a tradition is "living" or "dead"
Some connections I see...


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--- layout: post title: Rake deploy with multiple staging targets post_id: 191 categories: - tips & tricks date: 2006-10-19 09:35:00.000000000 -06:00 author: Jamis permalink: 2006/10/19/rake-deploy-with-multiple-staging-targets.html ---
Jeroen Houben posted a nifty technique on the Capistrano mailing list this morning. He was wanting a way to do:
$ rake remote:staging:deploy |
Basically, he wanted to be able to specify which stage should be the target of an arbitrary capistrano task. I suggested that he could use the cap
command directly, with the -f
switch to specify a different recipe file:
$ cap -f config/deploy.staging.rb deploy |
However, Jeroen pointed out that he liked being able to do rake -T
to see all the possible deployment commands. He wanted to be able to see all the various staging options there, too. So, he dug in and came up with a way to easily copy the existing remote:xyz
tasks into a subnamespace. His solution makes it as easy to do as:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
namespace :remote do # remote:staging:deploy, remote:staging:migrate, etc. copy_remote_tasks("staging") # remote:network_dev:deploy, remote:network_dev:migrate, etc. copy_remote_tasks("network_dev") end |
Great work, Jeroen!


Create custom polls to share with your friends and family!
Create custom polls to share with your friends and family!
Welcome to Cloud Poll. A user account is not required to view and vote on user polls. To visit the Poll Vault, select the link in the top left hand corner. You can view all the polls created or select a user from the top right hand corner to view the polls they created.
To create and modify your own polls, please create a user account by clicking on the link in top right hand corner. After creating an account you will be returned to this page where you can click the Account button and log in.


WITNESS LIST Judicial Affairs Committee March 12, 2001-2:00P HB 628 For: Anderson, Carla Marie (Judge Guy Herman, Presiding Statutory Judge, Travis County) Carnes, Donald (Self and Judge Guy Herman) Registering, but not testifying: For: Herman, Judge Guy (Self and Judges of the Statutory Probate Courts) HB 628 Committee Substitute (Deshotel/CSHB 628) For: Anderson, Carla Marie (Judge Guy Herman) Registering, but not testifying: For: Herman, Judge Guy (Self and Judges of the Statutory Probate Courts) HB 923 Registering, but not testifying: For: Bresnen, Steve (Texas Trial Lawyers) Herman, Judge Guy (Self and Judges of the Statutory Probate Courts of Texas) HB 1037 For: Anderson, Carla Marie (Judge Guy Herman, Presiding Statutory Court Probate Judge, Travis County) Registering, but not testifying: For: Herman, Judge Guy (Self and Judges of the Statutory Probate Courts of Texas) HB 1037 Committee Substitute (Hartnett/CSHB 1037) For: Anderson, Carla Marie (Judge Guy Herman, Presiding Statutory Court Probate Judge, Travis County) Registering, but not testifying: For: Herman, Judge Guy (Self and Judges of the Statutory Probate Courts of Texas) HB 1041 For: Mendez, Mark (Tarrant County Commissioners' Court) HB 1073 For: Solis, Aries (Judge Guy Herman) Registering, but not testifying: For: Herman, Judge Guy (Self and Judges of the Statutory Probate Courts) HB 1256 On: Dickson, Donald W. (The Honorable Randy Ellisor , JP, Pct 3) Willing, Seana (State Commission on Judicial Conduct) HB 1791 For: Sagebiel, James E. (Self and Guadalpue County Commissioners' Court) HB 1979 For: Gonzalez, Judge Alex (El Paso County Courts at Law) Herrera, Ricardo (El Paso County Commissioners Court and Council of Jdgs.) Lizarraga, Marcos (Self and Jaime Esparza, District Attorney for 34th Jud. Dist.) Registering, but not testifying: For: Garcia, Joe (County of El Paso) Kastrin, Deborah (El Paso County Commissioners' Court) HB 1979 Committee Substitute (Deshotel/CSHB 1979) For: Alarcon, Flora (El Paso County Courts at Law) HB 2053 For: Boyle, Matthew (City of Trophy Club & City of Westlake) HB 2314 For: Windle, Judge Don (Denton County Commissioners' Court & Statutory County Judges & Probate Court)


 Give it a spin.
Welcome to real HD. The HTC Rezound is the first smart phone to feature a true 16:9 aspect ratio and 720p screen resolution. Just like your HDTV.
Studio-quality sound on your mobile phone has arrived. Plug in and sync up with the included urbeats ear buds and experience crisp, clean Digital Sound Processing like never before.
Size / Weight129 x 65.5 x 13.65 mm bureaucratic
NetworksLTE 700MHz (band 13); CDMA 1x/DO 800/1900MHz UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+dual band 2100/900) and quad band GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900) (global mode operation disabled at initial launch)
Operating systemAndroid Gingerbread
Display4.3” S-LCD720x1280HD720 resolution
Camera8MP with auto focus, 2 x LED Flash; 2.0MP fixed focus front camera 1080p/720p camcorder
Internal memory16GB eMMC (~14GB available to user), 1GB DDR2 RAM
Memory card16GB microSD™
WLAN802.11 a/b/g/n
Bluetooth3.0 + HS
GPSGPS/AGPS
Battery1,620 mAh
Special featuresG-sensor, Light sensor, Compass, Proximity sensor, MicroUSB, USIM/CSIM/ISIM, audio jack Wireless Charging, TI Audio with SRS WOW HD
ChipsetQualcomm® MSM8660 1.5Ghz Qualcomm® MDM9600
UXSense 3.5 w/ VzW Horizontal Application Support


All Classes
Packages
com.dronze.blueweave.component
com.dronze.blueweave.json
com.dronze.blueweave.json.deserialize
com.dronze.blueweave.json.serialize
com.dronze.blueweave.model
com.dronze.blueweave.provider
com.dronze.blueweave.util


Typoglycemia
Enter any text to convert to typoglycemia...
According to a researcher at Cambridge University, it doesn't matter in what order the letters in a word are, the only important thing is that the first and last letter be at the right place. The rest can be a total mess and you can still read it without problem. This is because the human mind does not read every letter by itself but the word as a whole.
Output
According to a researcher at Cambridge University, it doesn't matter in what order the letters in a word are, the only important thing is that the first and last letter be at the right place. The rest can be a total mess and you can still read it without problem. This is because the human mind does not read every letter by itself but the word as a whole.


Click on a word to bring up the analysis. In the analysis, if you
click on the lemma it will show you other instances in the passage.
If you hover over a dependency it will be highlighted.
Text and morphological analysis from MorphGNT. Dependency information
based on the GBI Syntax Trees. Glosses from Dobson.
Built during an evening of hacking with Patrick Altman.


Navigator
+
Levels
Categorization - B: Binning, C: Clustering
Run
Features
Visualization
Sorting clusters by:
Layout optimized
Layout optimized
Sorting categories by:
Layout optimized
Layout optimized
Order by index


Your One-Year Roadmap to Becoming a Software Engineer
Read a Story NowHere's a good story to get you started.
Read itHTML, CSS, JavaScript , accidentally a little of Android and iOS
Mainly C#, VB.NET also a little bit Java and Swift
Usually Windows, ocasionally Linux (Ubuntu). For DB, it's usually SQL Server.
Discipline and Determination
Ready to start your software engineering journey? I can be reached via:


Sellers Menu
These buttons are allowed for 'Sellers'
Object: Item; Operation: Ship;
Object: Auction; Operation: Create;
© 2023 iamfortress.net


Metafiles
Metafiles associated with item #{metafilesView.item.externalId}
Metafiles associated with passage "#{metafilesView.passage.name}"
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This item or passage is still associated with previous versions of program metafiles


TIY Houston Ruby on Rails class Summer 2014
Welcome to the Houston Ruby on Rails class for Summer 2014! This site will contain references and resources for you to use while taking the class.
Welcome to the Houston Ruby on Rails class for Summer 2014! This site will contain references and resources for you to use while taking the class.


@* * Copyright 2010-2013 Artima, Inc. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @(selectedStyle: examples.StyleTraitExamples)
import org.scalatest.Matchers._ List.empty shouldBe empty
List
(and any GenTraversable
) is emptyimport org.scalatest.Matchers._ None shouldBe empty
Option
is emptyimport org.scalatest.Matchers._ "" shouldBe empty
String
is emptyimport org.scalatest.Matchers._ new java.util.HashMap[Int, Int] shouldBe empty
java.util.Map
is emptyimport org.scalatest.Matchers._ new { def isEmpty = true } shouldBe empty
import org.scalatest.Matchers._ Array.empty shouldBe empty
Array
is empty


I am working on GCP cloud, with k8s (GKE) on a high-load site with a few dozen
company and external services.
Maintained infrastructure as a code
Moved (or created from scratch) CI/CD to GCP cloudBuild from different providers
Rebuild EFK cluster
Bumped Ruby/Rails projects versions
Created skaffold scripts for simpler deployment
Built minikube boilerplate for local development
Extracted high load code to golang micro services
Optimised some high load ruby code to achieve 100x more CPU efficiency
WIP on MySQL cluster seamless upgrade
Self improvement
Braga, Portugal
After previous role I found a few topics which I want to cover better plus there are a few ideas for new
projects, which will be cool to make.
Here you can find the progress of these:
Microservice based distributed architecture. Docker/Container based
serverless development, based on GKE and minikube (for the development).
Main language: Ruby (Ruby on Rails framework).
Refactored codebase and reduced average response time by 20%
Refactored codebase by removing about 10% of codebase while keeping the behaviour.
Reduced number of bugs and improved code documentation.
Implemented some architectural improvements, design solutions and integration
solutions.
Architect and develop from scratch new company project.
Interviewed a few dozens of candidates to find the best for the team.
Senior Software Engineer
Braga, Portugal
Microservice based distributed architecture. TDD/BDD with Jest. Deployed
to AWS with Drone CD/CI (Docker/Container based). Main language: JS
(NodeJS with KOA framework).
Developed cryptocurrency exchange.
Refactored codebase by removing about 10% of codebase while keeping the behaviour.
Extracted code to brand new services to increase core reusability and team
performance.
Reduced number of bugs and improved code documentation.
Implemented some architectural improvements, design solutions and integration
solutions.
Improved CI scripts to increase tests pass rate by 20% while providing better feedback
to the developer.
Senior Software Engineer
Melbourne, Australia, remote
Monolith architecture. TDD with Minitest, BDD with Capybara. Custom deploy scripts to
own bare servers with Jenkins CI. Only the development process was Dockerized. Main
language: Ruby (Ruby on Rails framework).
Migrated large Rails 3.x code base to Rails 5 and rewrote confusing and under-documented parts.
Removed more than 10 vulnerabilities (like CSRF, SQL injection, stack overflow and others).
Reduced memory load (for 15%) and CPU consumption in production by removing duplicate dependencies.
Updated and fixed existing software and system applications.
Collaborated with team members to create application's system analysis based on a
client requirements.
Introduced some hacks, which reduced tests pass time by 50%.
Fixed lot's of unstable tests in the test suite of 20k+ tests.
Improved CI.
Moved development process to Docker.
Senior Software Engineer
Valencia, Spain, remote
Distributed architecture was based on microservices, I supported 3 of them.
TDD with Rspec. Deployed to own servers with Capistrano then with GitLab CD/CI
(Docker/Container based) on Rancher. Main language: Ruby (Ruby on Rails framework).
Supported a few internal micro-services, which helped to orchestrate more than 300 servers for
video-streaming services.
Automatized company code style guide.
Added CD/CI with Gitlab and moved develop cycle to Docker with further connection
with Rancher.
Improved test coverage significantly.
Developed and supported existing internal CLI tools for Bash and ZSH.
Created and extended new CLI tools for SSH usage.
Added Chef recipes and introduced chef roles testing with remote environment over VPN.
Senior Software Engineer
Ijevsk, Russia, remote
Monolit architecture. TDD with Rspec, BDD with Capybara. Capistrano deploy scripts to PaaS
(Heroku/Locum). Main language: Ruby (Sinatra/Ruby on Rails framework).
Worked from idea to deployment.
Created CRM system from scratch with about 100 model and with code quality
of more than 97 by Rybycritic
Consulted regularly with customers on project status, proposals and technical issues.
Collaborated with team members to create applications system analysis based upon
client requirements.
Software Engineer
Russia, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, etc., remote
Several 1C:Enterprise projects with monolit architecture. Languages: 1C8, SQL, PHP, Ruby.
Development OS: Windows, Server OS: Windows or Linux.
Created new data structures and reports to cover business rules.
Automated connection with other software (including software from IRS).
Automated DB maintenance.
Moved some clients to thin clients (with moving all infrastructure), pun intended.
System Architect & CTO
Pskov, Russia
Few 1C:Enterprise projects with monolit architecture. Languages: 1C8, SQL.
Development OS: Windows, Server OS: Windows.
Rebuilt all paperwork in collaboration with financial director and represented it in CRM system.
Ruled the team of 6 engineers.
Automated paperwork, which allowed to reduce the number of staff by 15%.
Created and maintained information processing cluster with RDP connections.
Solved network bandwidth limitation problem, moved users to thin clients, which reduced cost of the
working place and support.
Automated connection with other software (including software from IRS).
Automated DB backups and maintenance.
1C Developer & SystemArchitect
Pskov, Russia
Few 1C:Enterprise projects with monolit architecture. Languages: 1C7, 1C8, SQL.
Development OS: Windows, Server OS: Windows, Linux.
Architect 100+ user LAN from workgroup of 20 users.
Installed and supported mini-ATC telephone system for 40 internal lines.
Maintained 8 different accounting databases ( some of them I to created from scratch) with different
structure.
Supported remote company branches over dial-up, VPN.
Created and maintained wired scripts for amortization of different financial transactions, which
significantly increased efficiency of collaborators.
Automated connection with other software (including software from IRS).
Automated DB backups and maintenance.
System Administrator
Pskov, Russia
Administrated distributed network with low throughput networking.
Upgraded and repaired environment hardware.
Maintained and installed mini-ATC.
Supported UBIS products, mostly with remote access.
Wrote automation scripts for Windows and Linux systems.


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Match Play. Red trails 1-4 to 7. Should Red redouble? If redoubled, should White take?
pips Red=6 White=5
(CorrectAnswer= 0/0, ErrorScore= 0)
A problem that lends itself to direct calculation.
Red will win this position 5/36 (when he rolls 22, 33, 44, 55 or 66) plus 31/36 x 11/36.
5/36 = 13.9 and 31/36 x 11/36 = 341/1296 = 26.5. the total is 40.4% so for working purposes let’s use 40%.
If Red doesn’t redouble then 40% of the time he will win and trail 3-4 (40% winning chances from match equity tables). That gives 40% x 40% = 16%. 60% of the time he will lose and trail 1-6 (10% winning chances). 60% x 10% = 6%. Total winning chances = 16% + 6% = 22%
If Red does redouble then 40% of the time, he will lead 5-4 (60% winning chances). 40% x 60% = 24%
Ergo, by a small margin (2%) Red increases his winning chances by redoubling.
An XG rollout confirms that Red should redouble but it is very, very close. Obviously White must take the redouble.
Red will win this position 5/36 (when he rolls 22, 33, 44, 55 or 66) plus 31/36 x 11/36.
5/36 = 13.9 and 31/36 x 11/36 = 341/1296 = 26.5. the total is 40.4% so for working purposes let’s use 40%.
If Red doesn’t redouble then 40% of the time he will win and trail 3-4 (40% winning chances from match equity tables). That gives 40% x 40% = 16%. 60% of the time he will lose and trail 1-6 (10% winning chances). 60% x 10% = 6%. Total winning chances = 16% + 6% = 22%
If Red does redouble then 40% of the time, he will lead 5-4 (60% winning chances). 40% x 60% = 24%
Ergo, by a small margin (2%) Red increases his winning chances by redoubling.
An XG rollout confirms that Red should redouble but it is very, very close. Obviously White must take the redouble.
Cube analysis 2-ply cubeless equity -0.196 (Money: -0.196) 0.402 0.000 0.000 - 0.598 0.000 0.000 Cubeful equities: 1. Double, take -0.187 2. Double, pass +1.000 (+1.187) 3. No double -0.196 (-0.009) Proper cube action: Redouble, take


2017
In this iOS app, the user can generate their own Chicago gargoyle by tapping on the different body parts of the creature. These parts are drawn randomly from a large database of images of actual gargoyles, taken from historic buildings from around the city. The app also has a light sensor which affects its aesthetics-- when there is a bright light present, the app responds by changing the background color to white and selecting only from gloomier physical traits for the gargoyles. When the app senses lower light, the background turns black and the characteristics of the creatures are in turn friendlier. The image bank was compiled in Adobe Illustrator and the app itself was designed and coded in X-code with Objective-C. Below are screenshots from the app being used on an iPhone.


Interactive Qibla Finder
Enter a location or hit enter to place marker at current center of map:
Submit


Known Hardware Acceleration Issues
Contents
Known Hardware Acceleration Issues#
This topic discusses known hardware acceleration issues that exist with some GPUs.
Intel QuickSync Video#
No Known Issues#
We have tested with 4th, 5th, and 6th generation Core i5 and i7 CPUs with Integrated Graphics. There are no known issues with Intel’s hardware.
NVIDIA NVENC#
Known Issues#
Kepler (GK208)#
Cards based on the Kepler GK208 chipset do not have hardware encoding capability:
GeForce GT 720M / 730M / 735M / 740M
GeForce GT 910M / 920M
Maxwell 1st Gen. (GM108)#
Cards based on the Maxwell GM108 chipset do not have hardware encoding capability:
GeForce 830M / 840M
GeForce 920MX / 930M / 930MX / 940M / 940MX / 945M
GeForce GT 945A
Pascal 1st Gen. (GP108)#
Cards based on the Pascal GP108 chipset do not have hardware encoding capability:
GeForce GT 1030
GeForce MX150
AMD Video Coding Engine#
We have tested with Radeon R7 2xx, R7 3xx and R9 3xx GPUs. There are no known issues with Radeon R9 series, but you may experience driver crashes, driver restarts, or system instability with AMD Radeon R7 2xx and 3xx GPUs.
More specifically on R7 2XX and R7 3XX discrete GPUs there seems to compatibility issues between the AMD GPU driver and the Video BIOS (VBIOS) used in some models which makes using Video Codec Engine (VCE) hardware impossible.
For some of those cards the issue can be fixed by updating the Video BIOS.
Known Issues#
XFX AMD Radeon R7 260X, Core Edition (R7-260X-CNVF)#
Model, BIOS, Driver#
Name |
Model |
Video BIOS Version |
AMD Catalyst Driver Versions |
|---|---|---|---|
Radeon R7 260X, Core Edition |
<IP_ADDRESS> |
14.12, 15.7, 15.7.1 |
Issue#
Attempting to create an H.264 hardware encoder instance via the Media Foundation API results in a TDR Error and GPU reset. This is due to a Video BIOS (VBIOS) bug.
Resolution#
Update VBIOS to <IP_ADDRESS>.
This card comes originally with VBIOS version <IP_ADDRESS>. XFX does not offer a VBIOS upgrade, but there is a newer VBIOS version <IP_ADDRESS> that is compatible on TechPowerUp.com.
To update the VBIOS, download XFX.R7260X.2048.141013.rom
from TechPowerUp.com and use it to reprogram your AMD GPU. You can do that with the ATIWinFlash utility.
IMPORTANT: Make sure you backup your current VBIOS, before replacing it. That way, if something goes wrong you will be able to restore your GPU to the old state. You can use the ATIWinFlash to save your current VBIOS to your hard disc.
Gygabyte AMD Radeon R7 360, OC (GV-R7360C-2GD)#
Model, BIOS, Driver#
Name |
Model |
Video BIOS Version |
AMD Catalyst Driver Versions |
|---|---|---|---|
Radeon R7 360, Rev 1.0 |
<IP_ADDRESS> |
15.7, 15.7.1 |
|
Radeon R7 360, Rev 1.0 |
<IP_ADDRESS> |
15.7, 15.7.1 |
Issue#
Attempting to create an H.264 hardware encoder instance via the Media Foundation API results in a TDR Error and GPU reset. This is likely due to a Video BIOS (VBIOS) bug.
Resolution#
Solution for this card does not exist presently. Updating the Video BIOS to the latest version available from Gygabyte does not fix this issue.
This card comes originally with VBIOS version <IP_ADDRESS> / F2 or <IP_ADDRESS> / F20 .
Gygabyte offers an updated BIOS version <IP_ADDRESS> / F3 or <IP_ADDRESS> / F21 .
To update the VBIOS, download the F3 or the F21 flavor from Gygabyte and use it to reprogram your AMD GPU. You can do that with the ATIWinFlash utility.
IMPORTANT: Make sure you backup your current VBIOS, before replacing it. That way, if something goes wrong you will be able to restore your GPU to the old state. You can use the ATIWinFlash to save your current VBIOS to your hard disc.


Kristina Do is a UCSD undergraduate student majoring in cognitive science with a specialization in human computer interaction and minoring in computer science.


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{% include 'components/course.html' %}


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %}
You don't have any images. You can create an image by creating a snapshot.
There are no public images.


Cookbook, recipes made simple!
Modern recipe log, all to yourself... Or for the world!
Why people choose Cookbook
Ingredients tell a story
Notice how many of Grandma's cookbooks begin with introductions to the staples of their collection of recipes? Those pages aren't just taking up space. Consider those ingredient dossiers the chef's way of making a personal introduction.
Ease of usability
Cookbook has been designed from the ground up with the whole family in mind. From the smallest little cook to the matriarch of the house. Cookbook makes it easy to categorize and enjoy or your family recipes in an organized space.
Food is more than food
Mindfulness is important in all of life's rooms — the kitchen included. Reading your cookbooks helps you understand everything from the organization of a menu to the relationships between flavors.


We recommend installing via Sketch Runner, Sketchpacks, or Sketch Toolbox by searching for Stark.
Using the preview window, select from the simulator and contrast checker to ensure your design is as great for those who don’t see the way a typical person does.
Simulate the various forms of color-blindness by quickly previewing your designs and make adjustments as needed.
Ensure your colors, visuals and typography work hand in hand, providing great readability, legibility and contrast.


{% extends 'restrict/common/base.html' %} {% block nav %} Home Expenses home Expenses Common expenses Uncommon expenses {% endblock %} {% block section_1 %}


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| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
Object org.apache.spark.mllib.tree.model.GradientBoostedTreesModel
public class GradientBoostedTreesModel
:: Experimental :: Represents a gradient boosted trees model.
param: algo algorithm for the ensemble model, either Classification or Regression param: trees tree ensembles param: treeWeights tree ensemble weights
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
GradientBoostedTreesModel(scala.Enumeration.Value algo,
DecisionTreeModel[] trees,
double[] treeWeights)
|
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
scala.Enumeration.Value |
algo()
|
static RDD<scala.Tuple2<Object,Object>> |
computeInitialPredictionAndError(RDD<LabeledPoint> data,
double initTreeWeight,
DecisionTreeModel initTree,
Loss loss)
Compute the initial predictions and errors for a dataset for the first iteration of gradient boosting. |
double[] |
evaluateEachIteration(RDD<LabeledPoint> data,
Loss loss)
Method to compute error or loss for every iteration of gradient boosting. |
static GradientBoostedTreesModel |
load(SparkContext sc,
String path)
|
int |
numTrees()
Get number of trees in ensemble. |
JavaRDD<Double> |
predict(JavaRDD<Vector> features)
Java-friendly version of TreeEnsembleModel.predict(org.apache.spark.mllib.linalg.Vector) . |
RDD<Object> |
predict(RDD<Vector> features)
Predict values for the given data set. |
double |
predict(Vector features)
Predict values for a single data point using the model trained. |
void |
save(SparkContext sc,
String path)
Save this model to the given path. |
String |
toDebugString()
Print the full model to a string. |
String |
toString()
Print a summary of the model. |
int |
totalNumNodes()
Get total number of nodes, summed over all trees in the ensemble. |
DecisionTreeModel[] |
trees()
|
double[] |
treeWeights()
|
static RDD<scala.Tuple2<Object,Object>> |
updatePredictionError(RDD<LabeledPoint> data,
RDD<scala.Tuple2<Object,Object>> predictionAndError,
double treeWeight,
DecisionTreeModel tree,
Loss loss)
Update a zipped predictionError RDD (as obtained with computeInitialPredictionAndError) |
| Methods inherited from class Object |
|---|
equals, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public GradientBoostedTreesModel(scala.Enumeration.Value algo, DecisionTreeModel[] trees, double[] treeWeights)
| Method Detail |
|---|
public static RDD<scala.Tuple2<Object,Object>> computeInitialPredictionAndError(RDD<LabeledPoint> data, double initTreeWeight, DecisionTreeModel initTree, Loss loss)
data:
- training data.initTreeWeight:
- learning rate assigned to the first tree.initTree:
- first DecisionTreeModel.loss:
- evaluation metric.
public static RDD<scala.Tuple2<Object,Object>> updatePredictionError(RDD<LabeledPoint> data, RDD<scala.Tuple2<Object,Object>> predictionAndError, double treeWeight, DecisionTreeModel tree, Loss loss)
data:
- training data.predictionAndError:
- predictionError RDDtreeWeight:
- Learning rate.tree:
- Tree using which the prediction and error should be updated.loss:
- evaluation metric.
public static GradientBoostedTreesModel load(SparkContext sc, String path)
public scala.Enumeration.Value algo()
public DecisionTreeModel[] trees()
public double[] treeWeights()
public void save(SparkContext sc, String path)
Saveable
This saves: - human-readable (JSON) model metadata to path/metadata/ - Parquet formatted data to path/data/
The model may be loaded using Loader.load
.
save
in interface Saveable
sc
- Spark context used to save model data.path
- Path specifying the directory in which to save this model.
If the directory already exists, this method throws an exception.public double[] evaluateEachIteration(RDD<LabeledPoint> data, Loss loss)
data
- RDD of LabeledPoint
loss
- evaluation metric.
public double predict(Vector features)
features
- array representing a single data point
public RDD<Object> predict(RDD<Vector> features)
features
- RDD representing data points to be predicted
public JavaRDD<Double> predict(JavaRDD<Vector> features)
TreeEnsembleModel.predict(org.apache.spark.mllib.linalg.Vector)
.
features
- (undocumented)
public String toString()
toString
in class Object
public String toDebugString()
public int numTrees()
public int totalNumNodes()
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A constructor/factory, takes no parameters but creates a new value of type T every call.
An executable piece of code that takes no parameters and doesn't return any value.
A Function interface.
A Function interface. Used to create first-class-functions is Java.
A Function interface.
A Function interface. Used to create 2-arg first-class-functions is Java.
Helper for implementing a *pure* partial function: it will possibly be
invoked multiple times for a single “application”, because its only abstract
method is used for both isDefinedAt() and apply(); the former is mapped to
isCheck == true
and the latter to isCheck == false
for those cases where
this is important to know.
Helper for implementing a *pure* partial function: it will possibly be
invoked multiple times for a single “application”, because its only abstract
method is used for both isDefinedAt() and apply(); the former is mapped to
isCheck == true
and the latter to isCheck == false
for those cases where
this is important to know.
Failure to match is signaled by throwing noMatch()
, i.e. not returning
normally (the exception used in this case is pre-allocated, hence not
that expensive).
new JavaPartialFunction<Object, String>() { public String apply(Object in, boolean isCheck) { if (in instanceof TheThing) { if (isCheck) return null; // to spare the expensive or side-effecting code return doSomethingWithTheThing((TheThing) in); } else { throw noMatch(); } } }
The typical use of partial functions from Akka looks like the following:
if (pf.isDefinedAt(x)) {
pf.apply(x);
}
i.e. it will first call JavaPartialFunction.apply(x, true)
and if that
does not throw noMatch()
it will continue with calling
JavaPartialFunction.apply(x, false)
.
This class represents optional values.
This class represents optional values. Instances of Option
are either instances of case class Some
or it is case
object None
.
Java API Represents a pair (tuple) of two elements.
Java API Represents a pair (tuple) of two elements.
Additional tuple types for 3 to 22 values are defined in the akka.japi.tuple
package, e.g. akka.japi.tuple.Tuple3.
Java API: Defines a criteria and determines whether the parameter meets this criteria.
A Procedure is like a Function, but it doesn't produce a return value.
This class hold common utilities for Java
A constructor/factory, takes no parameters but creates a new value of type T every call.


 I just started high school,
and I absolutely hate when that bell rings and it is time to go home.
I do not like coming home to my mom and her new boyfriend. He is the
opposite of a gentleman, and he treats my mom and me with disrespect.
I do not have many friends at school, but school is better than being at
home. People think I’m weird and shy, but they do not really know me for me.
No one understands what I’m going through at home.
I wish people would talk to me about anything.


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