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JavaTM 2 Platform Standard Ed. 5.0 |
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java.lang.Object java.util.concurrent.AbstractExecutorService java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor
public class ThreadPoolExecutor
An ExecutorService
that executes each submitted task using
one of possibly several pooled threads, normally configured
using Executors
factory methods.
Thread pools address two different problems: they usually provide improved performance when executing large numbers of asynchronous tasks, due to reduced per-task invocation overhead, and they provide a means of bounding and managing the resources, including threads, consumed when executing a collection of tasks. Each ThreadPoolExecutor also maintains some basic statistics, such as the number of completed tasks.
To be useful across a wide range of contexts, this class
provides many adjustable parameters and extensibility
hooks. However, programmers are urged to use the more convenient
Executors
factory methods Executors.newCachedThreadPool()
(unbounded thread pool, with
automatic thread reclamation), Executors.newFixedThreadPool(int)
(fixed size thread pool) and Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor()
(single background thread), that
preconfigure settings for the most common usage
scenarios. Otherwise, use the following guide when manually
configuring and tuning this class:
getPoolSize()
)
according to the bounds set by corePoolSize
(see getCorePoolSize()
)
and
maximumPoolSize
(see getMaximumPoolSize()
).
When a new task is submitted in method execute(java.lang.Runnable)
, and fewer than corePoolSize threads
are running, a new thread is created to handle the request, even if
other worker threads are idle. If there are more than
corePoolSize but less than maximumPoolSize threads running, a new
thread will be created only if the queue is full. By setting
corePoolSize and maximumPoolSize the same, you create a fixed-size
thread pool. By setting maximumPoolSize to an essentially unbounded
value such as Integer.MAX_VALUE, you allow the pool to
accommodate an arbitrary number of concurrent tasks. Most typically,
core and maximum pool sizes are set only upon construction, but they
may also be changed dynamically using setCorePoolSize(int)
and setMaximumPoolSize(int)
. prestartCoreThread()
or
prestartAllCoreThreads()
. ThreadFactory
. If not otherwise specified, a
Executors.defaultThreadFactory()
is used, that creates threads to all
be in the same ThreadGroup
and with the same
NORM_PRIORITY priority and non-daemon status. By supplying
a different ThreadFactory, you can alter the thread's name, thread
group, priority, daemon status, etc. If a ThreadFactory fails to create
a thread when asked by returning null from newThread,
the executor will continue, but might
not be able to execute any tasks. getKeepAliveTime(java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit)
). This provides a means of
reducing resource consumption when the pool is not being actively
used. If the pool becomes more active later, new threads will be
constructed. This parameter can also be changed dynamically
using method setKeepAliveTime(long, java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit)
. Using
a value of Long.MAX_VALUE TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS
effectively disables idle threads from ever terminating prior
to shut down.
BlockingQueue
may be used to transfer and hold
submitted tasks. The use of this queue interacts with pool sizing:
SynchronousQueue
that hands off tasks to threads
without otherwise holding them. Here, an attempt to queue a task
will fail if no threads are immediately available to run it, so a
new thread will be constructed. This policy avoids lockups when
handling sets of requests that might have internal dependencies.
Direct handoffs generally require unbounded maximumPoolSizes to
avoid rejection of new submitted tasks. This in turn admits the
possibility of unbounded thread growth when commands continue to
arrive on average faster than they can be processed. LinkedBlockingQueue
without a predefined
capacity) will cause new tasks to be queued in cases where all
corePoolSize threads are busy. Thus, no more than corePoolSize
threads will ever be created. (And the value of the maximumPoolSize
therefore doesn't have any effect.) This may be appropriate when
each task is completely independent of others, so tasks cannot
affect each others execution; for example, in a web page server.
While this style of queuing can be useful in smoothing out
transient bursts of requests, it admits the possibility of
unbounded work queue growth when commands continue to arrive on
average faster than they can be processed. ArrayBlockingQueue
) helps prevent resource exhaustion when
used with finite maximumPoolSizes, but can be more difficult to
tune and control. Queue sizes and maximum pool sizes may be traded
off for each other: Using large queues and small pools minimizes
CPU usage, OS resources, and context-switching overhead, but can
lead to artificially low throughput. If tasks frequently block (for
example if they are I/O bound), a system may be able to schedule
time for more threads than you otherwise allow. Use of small queues
generally requires larger pool sizes, which keeps CPUs busier but
may encounter unacceptable scheduling overhead, which also
decreases throughput. execute(java.lang.Runnable)
will be rejected when the
Executor has been shut down, and also when the Executor uses finite
bounds for both maximum threads and work queue capacity, and is
saturated. In either case, the execute method invokes the
RejectedExecutionHandler.rejectedExecution(java.lang.Runnable, java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor)
method of its
RejectedExecutionHandler
. Four predefined handler policies
are provided:
ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy
, the handler throws a
runtime RejectedExecutionException
upon rejection. ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy
, the thread that invokes
execute itself runs the task. This provides a simple
feedback control mechanism that will slow down the rate that new
tasks are submitted. ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardPolicy
,
a task that cannot be executed is simply dropped. ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardOldestPolicy
, if the executor is not
shut down, the task at the head of the work queue is dropped, and
then execution is retried (which can fail again, causing this to be
repeated.) RejectedExecutionHandler
classes. Doing so requires some care
especially when policies are designed to work only under particular
capacity or queuing policies. beforeExecute(java.lang.Thread, java.lang.Runnable)
and afterExecute(java.lang.Runnable, java.lang.Throwable)
methods that are called before and
after execution of each task. These can be used to manipulate the
execution environment; for example, reinitializing ThreadLocals,
gathering statistics, or adding log entries. Additionally, method
terminated()
can be overridden to perform
any special processing that needs to be done once the Executor has
fully terminated.
If hook or callback methods throw exceptions, internal worker threads may in turn fail and abruptly terminate.
getQueue()
allows access to
the work queue for purposes of monitoring and debugging. Use of
this method for any other purpose is strongly discouraged. Two
supplied methods, remove(java.lang.Runnable)
and purge()
are available to assist in storage
reclamation when large numbers of queued tasks become
cancelled.Extension example. Most extensions of this class override one or more of the protected hook methods. For example, here is a subclass that adds a simple pause/resume feature:
class PausableThreadPoolExecutor extends ThreadPoolExecutor { private boolean isPaused; private ReentrantLock pauseLock = new ReentrantLock(); private Condition unpaused = pauseLock.newCondition(); public PausableThreadPoolExecutor(...) { super(...); } protected void beforeExecute(Thread t, Runnable r) { super.beforeExecute(t, r); pauseLock.lock(); try { while (isPaused) unpaused.await(); } catch(InterruptedException ie) { t.interrupt(); } finally { pauseLock.unlock(); } } public void pause() { pauseLock.lock(); try { isPaused = true; } finally { pauseLock.unlock(); } } public void resume() { pauseLock.lock(); try { isPaused = false; unpaused.signalAll(); } finally { pauseLock.unlock(); } } }
| Nested Class Summary | |
|---|---|
static class |
ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy
A handler for rejected tasks that throws a RejectedExecutionException. |
static class |
ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy
A handler for rejected tasks that runs the rejected task directly in the calling thread of the execute method, unless the executor has been shut down, in which case the task is discarded. |
static class |
ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardOldestPolicy
A handler for rejected tasks that discards the oldest unhandled request and then retries execute, unless the executor is shut down, in which case the task is discarded. |
static class |
ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardPolicy
A handler for rejected tasks that silently discards the rejected task. |
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue)
Creates a new ThreadPoolExecutor with the given initial parameters and default thread factory and handler. |
|
ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler)
Creates a new ThreadPoolExecutor with the given initial parameters. |
|
ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory)
Creates a new ThreadPoolExecutor with the given initial parameters. |
|
ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler)
Creates a new ThreadPoolExecutor with the given initial parameters. |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
protected void |
afterExecute(Runnable r,
Throwable t)
Method invoked upon completion of execution of the given Runnable. |
boolean |
awaitTermination(long timeout,
TimeUnit unit)
Blocks until all tasks have completed execution after a shutdown request, or the timeout occurs, or the current thread is interrupted, whichever happens first. |
protected void |
beforeExecute(Thread t,
Runnable r)
Method invoked prior to executing the given Runnable in the given thread. |
void |
execute(Runnable command)
Executes the given task sometime in the future. |
protected void |
finalize()
Invokes shutdown when this executor is no longer referenced. |
int |
getActiveCount()
Returns the approximate number of threads that are actively executing tasks. |
long |
getCompletedTaskCount()
Returns the approximate total number of tasks that have completed execution. |
int |
getCorePoolSize()
Returns the core number of threads. |
long |
getKeepAliveTime(TimeUnit unit)
Returns the thread keep-alive time, which is the amount of time which threads in excess of the core pool size may remain idle before being terminated. |
int |
getLargestPoolSize()
Returns the largest number of threads that have ever simultaneously been in the pool. |
int |
getMaximumPoolSize()
Returns the maximum allowed number of threads. |
int |
getPoolSize()
Returns the current number of threads in the pool. |
BlockingQueue<Runnable> |
getQueue()
Returns the task queue used by this executor. |
RejectedExecutionHandler |
getRejectedExecutionHandler()
Returns the current handler for unexecutable tasks. |
long |
getTaskCount()
Returns the approximate total number of tasks that have been scheduled for execution. |
ThreadFactory |
getThreadFactory()
Returns the thread factory used to create new threads. |
boolean |
isShutdown()
Returns true if this executor has been shut down. |
boolean |
isTerminated()
Returns true if all tasks have completed following shut down. |
boolean |
isTerminating()
Returns true if this executor is in the process of terminating after shutdown or shutdownNow but has not completely terminated. |
int |
prestartAllCoreThreads()
Starts all core threads, causing them to idly wait for work. |
boolean |
prestartCoreThread()
Starts a core thread, causing it to idly wait for work. |
void |
purge()
Tries to remove from the work queue all Future
tasks that have been cancelled. |
boolean |
remove(Runnable task)
Removes this task from the executor's internal queue if it is present, thus causing it not to be run if it has not already started. |
void |
setCorePoolSize(int corePoolSize)
Sets the core number of threads. |
void |
setKeepAliveTime(long time,
TimeUnit unit)
Sets the time limit for which threads may remain idle before being terminated. |
void |
setMaximumPoolSize(int maximumPoolSize)
Sets the maximum allowed number of threads. |
void |
setRejectedExecutionHandler(RejectedExecutionHandler handler)
Sets a new handler for unexecutable tasks. |
void |
setThreadFactory(ThreadFactory threadFactory)
Sets the thread factory used to create new threads. |
void |
shutdown()
Initiates an orderly shutdown in which previously submitted tasks are executed, but no new tasks will be accepted. |
List<Runnable> |
shutdownNow()
Attempts to stop all actively executing tasks, halts the processing of waiting tasks, and returns a list of the tasks that were awaiting execution. |
protected void |
terminated()
Method invoked when the Executor has terminated. |
| Methods inherited from class java.util.concurrent.AbstractExecutorService |
|---|
invokeAll, invokeAll, invokeAny, invokeAny, submit, submit, submit |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize, int maximumPoolSize, long keepAliveTime, TimeUnit unit, BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue)
Executors
factory methods instead of this general purpose constructor.
corePoolSize
- the number of threads to keep in the
pool, even if they are idle.maximumPoolSize
- the maximum number of threads to allow in the
pool.keepAliveTime
- when the number of threads is greater than
the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
will wait for new tasks before terminating.unit
- the time unit for the keepAliveTime
argument.workQueue
- the queue to use for holding tasks before they
are executed. This queue will hold only the Runnable
tasks submitted by the execute method.
IllegalArgumentException
- if corePoolSize, or
keepAliveTime less than zero, or if maximumPoolSize less than or
equal to zero, or if corePoolSize greater than maximumPoolSize.
NullPointerException
- if workQueue is nullpublic ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize, int maximumPoolSize, long keepAliveTime, TimeUnit unit, BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue, ThreadFactory threadFactory)
corePoolSize
- the number of threads to keep in the
pool, even if they are idle.maximumPoolSize
- the maximum number of threads to allow in the
pool.keepAliveTime
- when the number of threads is greater than
the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
will wait for new tasks before terminating.unit
- the time unit for the keepAliveTime
argument.workQueue
- the queue to use for holding tasks before they
are executed. This queue will hold only the Runnable
tasks submitted by the execute method.threadFactory
- the factory to use when the executor
creates a new thread.
IllegalArgumentException
- if corePoolSize, or
keepAliveTime less than zero, or if maximumPoolSize less than or
equal to zero, or if corePoolSize greater than maximumPoolSize.
NullPointerException
- if workQueue
or threadFactory are null.public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize, int maximumPoolSize, long keepAliveTime, TimeUnit unit, BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue, RejectedExecutionHandler handler)
corePoolSize
- the number of threads to keep in the
pool, even if they are idle.maximumPoolSize
- the maximum number of threads to allow in the
pool.keepAliveTime
- when the number of threads is greater than
the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
will wait for new tasks before terminating.unit
- the time unit for the keepAliveTime
argument.workQueue
- the queue to use for holding tasks before they
are executed. This queue will hold only the Runnable
tasks submitted by the execute method.handler
- the handler to use when execution is blocked
because the thread bounds and queue capacities are reached.
IllegalArgumentException
- if corePoolSize, or
keepAliveTime less than zero, or if maximumPoolSize less than or
equal to zero, or if corePoolSize greater than maximumPoolSize.
NullPointerException
- if workQueue
or handler are null.public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize, int maximumPoolSize, long keepAliveTime, TimeUnit unit, BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue, ThreadFactory threadFactory, RejectedExecutionHandler handler)
corePoolSize
- the number of threads to keep in the
pool, even if they are idle.maximumPoolSize
- the maximum number of threads to allow in the
pool.keepAliveTime
- when the number of threads is greater than
the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
will wait for new tasks before terminating.unit
- the time unit for the keepAliveTime
argument.workQueue
- the queue to use for holding tasks before they
are executed. This queue will hold only the Runnable
tasks submitted by the execute method.threadFactory
- the factory to use when the executor
creates a new thread.handler
- the handler to use when execution is blocked
because the thread bounds and queue capacities are reached.
IllegalArgumentException
- if corePoolSize, or
keepAliveTime less than zero, or if maximumPoolSize less than or
equal to zero, or if corePoolSize greater than maximumPoolSize.
NullPointerException
- if workQueue
or threadFactory or handler are null.| Method Detail |
|---|
public void execute(Runnable command)
command
- the task to execute
RejectedExecutionException
- at discretion of
RejectedExecutionHandler, if task cannot be accepted
for execution
NullPointerException
- if command is nullpublic void shutdown()
SecurityException
- if a security manager exists and
shutting down this ExecutorService may manipulate threads that
the caller is not permitted to modify because it does not hold
RuntimePermission
("modifyThread"),
or the security manager's checkAccess method denies access.public List<Runnable> shutdownNow()
This implementation cancels tasks via Thread.interrupt()
, so if any tasks mask or fail to respond to
interrupts, they may never terminate.
SecurityException
- if a security manager exists and
shutting down this ExecutorService may manipulate threads that
the caller is not permitted to modify because it does not hold
RuntimePermission
("modifyThread"),
or the security manager's checkAccess method denies access.public boolean isShutdown()
ExecutorService
public boolean isTerminating()
public boolean isTerminated()
ExecutorService
public boolean awaitTermination(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException
ExecutorService
timeout
- the maximum time to waitunit
- the time unit of the timeout argument
InterruptedException
- if interrupted while waitingprotected void finalize()
finalize
in class Object
public void setThreadFactory(ThreadFactory threadFactory)
threadFactory
- the new thread factory
NullPointerException
- if threadFactory is nullgetThreadFactory()
public ThreadFactory getThreadFactory()
setThreadFactory(java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory)
public void setRejectedExecutionHandler(RejectedExecutionHandler handler)
handler
- the new handler
NullPointerException
- if handler is nullgetRejectedExecutionHandler()
public RejectedExecutionHandler getRejectedExecutionHandler()
setRejectedExecutionHandler(java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionHandler)
public BlockingQueue<Runnable> getQueue()
public boolean remove(Runnable task)
This method may be useful as one part of a cancellation
scheme. It may fail to remove tasks that have been converted
into other forms before being placed on the internal queue. For
example, a task entered using submit might be
converted into a form that maintains Future status.
However, in such cases, method purge()
may be used to remove those Futures that have been cancelled.
task
- the task to remove
public void purge()
Future
tasks that have been cancelled. This method can be useful as a
storage reclamation operation, that has no other impact on
functionality. Cancelled tasks are never executed, but may
accumulate in work queues until worker threads can actively
remove them. Invoking this method instead tries to remove them now.
However, this method may fail to remove tasks in
the presence of interference by other threads.
public void setCorePoolSize(int corePoolSize)
corePoolSize
- the new core size
IllegalArgumentException
- if corePoolSize
less than zerogetCorePoolSize()
public int getCorePoolSize()
setCorePoolSize(int)
public boolean prestartCoreThread()
public int prestartAllCoreThreads()
public void setMaximumPoolSize(int maximumPoolSize)
maximumPoolSize
- the new maximum
IllegalArgumentException
- if maximumPoolSize less than zero or
the core pool size
getMaximumPoolSize()
public int getMaximumPoolSize()
setMaximumPoolSize(int)
public void setKeepAliveTime(long time, TimeUnit unit)
time
- the time to wait. A time value of zero will cause
excess threads to terminate immediately after executing tasks.unit
- the time unit of the time argument
IllegalArgumentException
- if time less than zerogetKeepAliveTime(java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit)
public long getKeepAliveTime(TimeUnit unit)
unit
- the desired time unit of the result
setKeepAliveTime(long, java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit)
public int getPoolSize()
public int getActiveCount()
public int getLargestPoolSize()
public long getTaskCount()
public long getCompletedTaskCount()
protected void beforeExecute(Thread t, Runnable r)
t
- the thread that will run task r.r
- the task that will be executed.protected void afterExecute(Runnable r, Throwable t)
r
- the runnable that has completed.t
- the exception that caused termination, or null if
execution completed normally.protected void terminated()
|
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synnex
Businessmodel of Synnex
Customer Segments
Synnex has a niche market business model, with a specialized customer segment.
- The company’s Technology Solutions unit distributes its products to system integrators, resellers, and retailers.
- Its Concentrix unit targets its offerings at enterprises in 10 industries: automotive, consumer electronics, banking/financial services, government/public sector, insurance, healthcare/pharmaceuticals, media/communications, travel transportation/tourism, retail/eCommerce, and technology. ### Value Proposition
Synnex offers three primary value propositions: accessibility, convenience, and brand/status.
The company creates accessibility by offering a wide variety of options. It distributes over 30,000 technology products from over 300 IT, consumer electronics, and OEM suppliers. It has acquired many firms over the years, enabling it to expand its selection. For example, in July 2016 it acquired Minacs and integrated its operations into Concentrix, strengthening its automotive sector expertise.
The company offers convenience by supporting its products with related business process services. It offers its buyers customer management, web hosting, software development, hosted software, back office processing, and domain name registration. These services help save time and costs.
The company has established a powerful brand as a result of its success. It serves more than 20,000 resellers (corporate, government, and value-added), retailers, and system integrators throughout the U.S., Canada, and Japan. It maintains operations in 26 countries and has over 70,000 employees with fluency in more than 40 languages. Lastly, it has won many honors, including the Operational Excellence Award from HSN for five years in a row, placement on the Top 100 List of Best Outsourcing Providers by IAOP (2016), and the National Quality Award from Golden Peacock (2016).
Channels
Synnex’s main channels are its direct sales force, which includes regional sales teams, and its business development/product management specialists, who sell solutions for specific end-market verticals.
The company promotes its offering through its website, social media pages, and a roadshow series called “Secret Sauce” at which it gives presentations in different locations that introduce customers to new solutions and services and provide marketing advice.
Customer Relationships
Synnex’s customer relationship is primarily of a self-service nature. Customers utilize its solutions while having limited interaction with employees.
That said, there is a personal assistance component in the form of phone, e-mail, and online chat support.
Key Activities
Synnex’s business model entails distributing third-party products to its customers as well as developing and manufacturing its own products.
Key Partners
Synnex relies on over 300 suppliers for its products; they include software, IT systems, peripherals, system components, consumer electronics, and networking equipment manufacturers.
Its main suppliers are HP, Intel Corporation, Asus Tek Computer, Lenovo Group, Lexmark International, Microsoft Corporation, Samsung Electronics, Panasonic Corporation, Xerox Corporation, Seagate Technologies, and Hewlett-Packard Enterprise Company. HP is the largest supplier, accounting for 25% of its revenues in 2015. Synnex signs non-exclusive distribution agreements with the firms.
Key Resources
Synnex’s main resources are its physical resources. Its Technology Solutions segment operates 40 distribution and administrative facilities in the U.S., Canada, China, Japan, and Mexico. Its Concentrix segment operates 90 delivery centers and administrative facilities in North and South America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific.
The company depends on its sales personnel to distribute products. Lastly, its manufacturing is conducted in assembly plants in California, Tennessee, and the UK.
Cost Structure
Synnex has a cost-driven structure, aiming to minimize expenses through significant automation and low-price value propositions. Its biggest cost driver is cost of products, a variable expense. Other major drivers are cost of services, a variable cost, and sales/administration expenses, a fixed cost.
Revenue Streams
Synnex has two revenue streams: revenues generated from the sale of products and services.


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REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NOS.3434-3435 OF 2001 GULF GOANS HOTELS CO. LTD. & ANR. . ..APPELLANTS VERSUS UNION OF INDIA & ORS. ...RESPONDENTS WITH CIVIL APPEAL NO.3438 OF 2001 WITH CIVIL APPEAL NOS.3436-3437 OF 2001 WITH CIVIL APEAL NO.3439 OF 2001 J U D G M E N T
RANJAN GOGOI, J.
1. The appellants are the owners of Hotels, Beach Resorts and Beach Bungalows in Goa who have been facing the prospect of demolition of their properties for the last several decades. The respondent-Goa Foundation is a non- Governmental body who claims to be dedicated to the cause of environmental and ecological well being of the State of Goa. The respondent- Goa Foundation had filed parallel writ petitions before the High Court for demolition of the allegedly illegal constructions raised by the appellants. Both sets of writ petitions i.e. those filed by the appellants against the orders of demolition by the State Authorities and the writ petitions filed by the Goa Foundation seeking demolition of constructions raised by each of the appellants were heard together by the Bombay High Court. The High Court, by separate impugned orders dated 13th July, 2000, had upheld the orders passed by the authorities requiring the appellants to demolish the existing structures. It is against the aforesaid orders passed by the High Court that the present group of appeals have been filed upon grant of leave by this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution of India.
2. The constructions raised by the appellants are not per se illegal in the conventional sense. They are not without permission and sanction of the competent authority. What has been alleged by the State and has been approved by the High Court is that such constructions are in derogation of the environmental guidelines in force warranting demolition of the same as a step to safeguard the environment of the beaches in Goa. Specifically, it is the case of the State that the constructions in question are between 90 to 200 meters from the High Tide Line (HTL) despite the fact that under the guidelines in force, which partake the character of law, constructions within 500 meters of the HTL are prohibited except in rare situations where construction activity between 200 to 500 meters from the HTL are permitted subject to observance of strict conditions. Admittedly, all constructions, though completed on different dates and in different phases, were so completed before the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) were enacted (w.e.f.19th February, 1991) in exercise of the powers under the Environment Protection Act, 1986.
3. The above basis on which the impugned action of the State is founded has been sought to be answered by the appellants by contending that at the relevant point of time when building permissions and sanctions were granted in respect of the constructions undertaken, the prohibition was with regard to construction within 90 meters from the HTL. Admittedly, none of the constructions are within the said divide. The guidelines, detailed reference to which are made in the succeeding paragraphs of the present order, are not ‘law’ so as to constitute activities contrary thereto as acts of infringement of the law and hence illegal. Such guidelines do not confer the power of enforcement and lack the authority to bring about any penal consequences.
4. Having very broadly noticed the contours of the adjudication that the present case would require, we may now proceed to consider the stand of the rival parties with some elaboration. The Stockholm declaration of 1972 to which India was the party is the foundation of the State’s claim that the guidelines in question, being in implementation of India’s international commitments, engraft a legal framework by executive action under Article 73 of the Constitution. The said guidelines are in conformity with the Nation’s commitment to international values in the matter of preservation of the pristine purity of sea beaches and to prevent its ecological degradation. Such commitment to an established feature of International Law stands engrafted in the Municipal Laws of the country by incorporation. The guidelines commencing with the instructions conveyed by the Prime Minister of India in a letter dated 27th November, 1981 addressed to the Chief Minister of Goa; the environmental guidelines for development of beaches published in July, 1983 by the Government of India and the 1986 guidelines issued by Inter Ministerial Committee by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India by order dated 11th June, 1986 have been stressed upon as containing the responses of the Union of India to the Stockholm Declaration. It is contended that enactment of laws by the legislature is not exhaustive of the manner in which India’s International commitments can be furthered. Executive action, in the absence of statutory enactments, is an alternative mode authorised under Article 73 of the Constitution. In the present case, the exercise of executive power is traceable to Entry 13 and 14 of List I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. The power to give effect to the guidelines and to penalize violators thereof may not have been available at the time when the guidelines became effective. However, with the enactment of the Environment Protection Act, 1986 (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Act’) with effect from 19th November, 1986, sections 3 and 5 empowered the Central Government to pass necessary orders and issue directions which are penal in nature. It is in the exercise of the said power under the Act read with the guidelines referred to above that the orders impugned by the appellants have been passed. Though the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification under the Act was issued on 19th February, 1991 and admittedly is prospective in nature, till such time that the said notification came into force it is the guidelines which held the field being administrative instructions having the effect of law under Article 73 of the Constitution.
5. The stand of the State in support of the impugned action has been noticed at the outset for a better appreciation of the arguments advanced by the appellants. Shri K. Parasaran, Shri C.U.Singh and Shri Raju Ramachandran, learned senior counsels who had appeared on behalf of the appellants in the different appeals under consideration have submitted that the purport and effect of the CRZ Notification published on 19th February, 1991 in exercise of the powers conferred by the Act and the Rules read together has been considered by this Court in Goan Real Estate and Construction Limited & Anr. vs. Union of India through Secretary, Ministry of Environment & Ors.[1] to hold that: “Thus, the intention of legislature while issuing the Notification of 1991 was to protect the past actions/transactions which came into existence before the approval of the 1991 Notification.” It is further submitted that in Goan Real Estate & Construction Ltd. (supra) construction which had commenced after the amendments made in the year 1994 to the notification dated 19th February, 1991 till the same were declared illegal on 18th April, 1996, were protected by this Court by holding that though the amending notification was declared illegal by this Court – “all orders passed under the said notification and actions taken pursuant to the said notification would not be affected in any manner whatsoever.” (Para 38). According to the learned counsels, the above is the approach that this Court had indicated to be appropriate for adoption while considering the Regulations and its impact on environmental issues in so far as coastal areas and sea beaches are concerned.
6. In so far as the guidelines of 1983 and 1986 are concerned, it is contended that the Stockholm Declaration saw the emergence of the concept of sustainable development in full bloom. In Vellore Citizens’ Welfare Forum vs. Union of India & Ors.[2], this court understood Sustainable Development to mean “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs”. In Vellore Citizen’s Welfare Forum (supra), it is further held that “Sustainable Development” as a balancing concept between ecology and development has been accepted as a part of customary international law though its salient features are yet to be finalised by the international law jurists. The Stockholm Declaration, naturally, does not and in fact could not have visualized specific and precise parameters of sustainable development including prohibitory and permissible parameters of industrial and business activities on the sea beaches that could be universally applied across the board. The very text and the language of the guidelines, according to learned counsels, make it clear that there is no mandate of law in any of the said guidelines which are really in the nature of evolving parameters embodying suggestions for identification of the correct parameters for enactment of laws in the future. It is accordingly argued that the guidelines do not amount to an exercise of law making by the executive under Article 73 of the Constitution. In any case, the guidelines were never published or authenticated as required under Article 77 of the Constitution. Pointing out the provisions of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, it is argued that the aforesaid Act was enacted to implement the decisions taken in the Stockholm Conference of 1972. Parliament though fully aware of the resolutions and decisions taken in the Stockholm Conference as well as the commitments made by the India as a signatory thereto did not consider it necessary to enact a comprehensive law to protect and safeguard ecology and environment until enactment of the Environment Protection Act with effect from 18th November, 1986. Even thereafter, the parameters for enforcement of the provisions of the Act insofar as the sea coast and beaches are concerned had to await the enactment of the CRZ Notification of 19th February, 1991. Shri Parasaran has particularly relied on a decision of this Court in the State of Karnataka & Anr. vs. Shri Ranganatha Reddy & Anr.[3] to contend that even if the court is to hold otherwise what would be called for is a “balancing act” which would lean in favour of the protection of the property having regard to the long period of time that has elapsed since the impugned action was initiated against the appellants.
7. In reply, Shri Chitale, learned senior counsel appearing for the Union of India has placed before the Court the several documents which the Union would like the Court to construe as the ‘law in force’ to regulate commercial/business activities on the sea beaches in order to maintain environmental health and ecological balance. It is contended that the aforesaid guidelines, though had existed all along, could not be specifically enforced in the absence of statutory powers to penalize the violations thereof. Such power, learned counsel contends, came to be conferred with the enactment of the Environment Protection Act with effect from 19th November, 1986. The guidelines which all along had laid down the parameters for application of the provisions of the Act were replaced by the CRZ Regulations with effect from 19th February, 1991. Learned counsel has contended that the guidelines issued are traceable to the power of the Union executive under Entry 13 and 14 of List I of the Seventh Schedule read with Article 73 of the Constitution. Learned counsel has also drawn the attention of the Court to its earlier decision in the case of Gramophone Company of India Ltd. vs. Birendra Bahadur Pandey & Ors.[4] to contend that it was not necessary to enact a specific law to give effect to Stockholm Declaration inasmuch as the understanding and agreement reached in the International Convention to which India was a party stood embodied in the Municipal Laws of the country by application of the doctrine of incorporation.
Particular emphasis was laid on the views expressed by this Court in Para 5 of the decision in Gramophone Company of India (supra) which may be extracted below:-
“5. There can be no question that nations must march with the international community and the municipal law must respect rules of international law even as nations respect international opinion. The comity of nations requires that rules of international law may be accommodated in the municipal law even without express legislative sanction provided they do not run into conflict with Acts of Parliament. But when they do run into such conflict, the sovereignty and the integrity of the Republic and the supremacy of the constituted legislatures in making the laws may not be subjected to external rules except to the extent legitimately accepted by the constituted legislatures themselves. The doctrine of incorporation also recognises the position that the rules of international law are incorporated into national law and considered to be part of the national law, unless they are in conflict with an Act of Parliament. Comity of nations or no, municipal law must prevail in case of conflict. National courts cannot say yes if Parliament has said no to a principle of international law. National courts will endorse international law but not if it conflicts with national law. National courts being organs of the national State and not organs of international law must perforce apply national law if international law conflicts with it. But the courts are under an obligation within legitimate limits, to so interpret the municipal statute as to avoid confrontation with the comity of nations or the well established principles of international law. But if conflict is inevitable, the latter must yield.”
8. Shri Sanjay Parikh, learned counsel appearing for the respondent NGO, Goa Foundation, has submitted that the Prime Minister’s letter dated 27th November, 1981; the 1983 guidelines as well as guidelines of 1986 have to be construed to be law within the meaning of Article 73 of the Constitution. Placing reliance on the decision of this Court in Vishaka & Ors. vs. State of Rajasthan & Ors.,[5], Shri Parikh has submitted that in framing the guidelines to ensure prevention of sexual harassment at work place this Court has placed reliance on the fact that the Government of India has ratified some of the resolutions adopted in the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women and had made known its commitments to the cause of women’s human rights in the Fourth World Conference of Women held in Beijing. Similarly, relying on the observations of this Court in Para 52 in Vineet Narain & Ors. vs. Union of India & Anr.[6], it is contended that “it is the duty of the executive to fill the vacuum by executive orders because its field is coterminous with that of the legislature.” Shri Parikh has also relied on a judgment of old vintage in Rai Sahib Ram Jawaya Kapur & Ors. vs. The State of Punjab[7] to contend that the executive power of the union is wide and expansive and – “comprises both the determination of the policy as well as carrying it into execution. This evidently includes the initiation of legislation, the maintenance of order, the promotion of social and economic welfare, the direction of foreign policy, in fact the carrying on or supervision of the general administration of the State.” (sub-para of Para 13).
9. Shri Parikh has further contended that commitments of the country made at an international forum which are in tune with the constitutional philosophy i.e. to preserve and maintain ecology and environment, must be understood to have been incorporated in the Municipal Laws of the country and executive decisions to the above effect will fill in the void till effective statutory exercise is made which in the instant case came in the form of CRZ Notification dated 19th February, 1991.
10. Shri Parikh has also submitted that passage of time resulting in astronomical rise of property value; use of the otherwise illegally constructed property during the pendency of the present proceeding and such other events cannot be the basis of any claim in equity for protection of the product of an apparently illegal act. Reliance in this case has been placed on a decision of this Court in Fomento Resorts & Hotels Limited & Anr. vs. Minguel Martins & Ors.[8] .
11. The cases of the respective parties having been noticed the necessary discourse may now commence. In Bennett Coleman & Co. vs. Union of India[9], a ‘Newsprint Policy’, notified by the Central Govt. for imposing conditions on import of newsprint came to be challenged on the ground of violation of fundamental rights. Beg, J., in a concurring judgment, observed:
“What is termed “policy” can become justiciable when it exhibits itself in the shape of even purported “law”. According to Article 13(3)(a) of the Constitution, “law” includes “any Ordinance, order, bye-law, rule, [pic]regulation, notification, custom or usage having in the territory of India the force of law”. So long as policy remains in the realm of even rules framed for the guidance of executive and administrative authorities it may bind those authorities as declarations of what they are expected to do under it. But, it cannot bind citizens unless the impugned policy is shown to have acquired the force of “law”.
(para 93 – emphasis added)
12. The question ‘what is “law”? has perplexed many a jurisprude; yet, the search for the elusive definition continues. It may be unwise to posit an answer to the question; rather, one may proceed by examining the points of consensus in jurisprudential theories. What appears to be common to all these theories is the notion that law must possess a certain form; contain a clear mandate/explicit command which may be prescriptive, permissive or penal and the law must also seek to achieve a clearly identifiable purpose. While the form itself or absence thereof will not be determinative and its impact has to be considered as a lending or supporting force, the disclosure of a clear mandate and purpose is indispensable.
13. It may, therefore, be understood that a Govt. policy may acquire the “force of ‘law’” if it conforms to a certain form possessed by other laws in force and encapsulates a mandate and discloses a specific purpose. It is from the aforesaid prescription that the guidelines relied upon by the Union of India in this case, will have to be examined to determine whether the same satisfies the minimum elements of law. The said guidelines are -
1. Directives to the State Governments in letter dated 27th November, 1981 of the then Prime Minister;
2. Notification dated 22nd July, 1982 of the Governor setting up the Ecological Development Council for Goa, inter alia, for scrutiny of beach construction within 500 meters of HTL;
3. Environmental Guidelines for Development of Beaches of July 1983;
4. Order dated 11th June, 1986 of Under Secretary, Ministry of Tourism, also addressed to Chief Secretary, Govt. of Goa, constituting an inter- Ministerial Committee for considering tourist projects within 500 meters.
14. The genesis of the Executive’s decision to restrict construction activity within 500 meters of the HTL can be traced to the Stockholm Conference. It is India’s participation in the conference that led to the introduction of Articles 48A and 51A(g) in the Constitution and the enactment of several legislations like the Air Act 1981,Forest Conservation Act, 1980, Environment Protection Act, 1986 etc. all of which seek to protect, preserve and safeguard the environment. It may be possible to view the aforesaid guidelines as “affirmative action”, aimed at implementation of Articles 21 and 48A of the Constitution and, therefore, outlining a visible purpose. The search for a clear, unambiguous and unequivocal command to regulate the conduct of the citizens in the said guidelines must also be equally fruitful. However, we are unable to find in the said guidelines any expressed or clearly defined dicta. In fact, having read and considered the guidelines, we are left with a reasonable doubt as to whether what has been spelt out therein are not mere suggestions or opinions expressed in the process of a continuing exploration to identify the correct parameters that would effectuate the purpose i.e. safeguarding and protecting the environment (sea beaches) from human exploitation and degradation. The above is particularly significant in view of the fact that the Stockholm Declaration in its core resolutions, merely enunciate very broad propositions and commitments including those concerning the sea beaches as distinguished from specific parameters that could have application, without variation or exception, to all the signatories to the declaration. The Stockholm Conference having nowhere expressed any internationally approved parameters of acceptable distance from the HTL, incorporation of any such feature of international values in the Municipal Laws of the country cannot arise even on the principle enunciated in Gramophone Company of India (supra). The position is best highlighted by noticing in a little detail the objectives sought to be achieved in the Stockholm Conference and the core principles adopted therein so far as they are relevant to the issues in hand.
“The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, met at Stockholm from 5 to 16 June, 1972, to consider the need for a common outlook and common principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment - The Conference called upon Governments and peoples to exert common efforts for the preservation and improvement of the human environment, for the benefit of all the people and for their posterity.” Extract of the relevant Principles – “Principle 7- States shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of the seas by substances that are liable to create hazards to human health, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage amenities or to interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea.
Principle 11 - The environmental policies of all States should enhance and not adversely affect the present or future development potential of developing countries, nor should they hamper the attainment of better living conditions for all, and appropriate steps should be taken by States and international organizations with a view to reaching agreement on meeting the possible national and international economic consequences resulting from the application of environmental measures.
Principle 14- Rational planning constitutes an essential tool for reconciling any conflict between the needs of development and the need to protect and improve the environment.
Principle 23- Without prejudice to such criteria as may be agreed upon by the international community, or to standards which will have to be determined nationally, it will be essential in all cases to consider the systems of values prevailing in each country, and the extent of the applicability of standards which are valid for the most advanced countries but which may be inappropriate and of unwarranted social cost for the developing countries.
Principle 24- International matters concerning the protection and improvement of the environment should be handled in a cooperative spirit by all countries, big and small, on an equal footing.
Cooperation through multilateral or bilateral arrangements or other appropriate means is essential to effectively control, prevent, reduce and eliminate adverse environmental effects resulting from activities conducted in all spheres, in such a way that due account is taken of the sovereignty and interests of all States.”
15. Article 77 of the Constitution provides the form in which the Executive must make and authenticate its orders and decisions. Clause (1) of Article 77 provides that all executive action of the Government must be expressed to be taken in the name of the President. The celebrated author H.M.Seervai in Constitutional Law of India, 4th Edition, Volume 2, 1999 describes the consequences of Government orders or instructions not being in accordance with Clauses (1) or (2) of Article 77 by opining that the same would deprive of the orders of the immunity conferred by the aforesaid clauses and they may be open to challenge on the ground that they have not been made by or under the authority of the President in which case the burden would be on the Government to show that they were, in fact, so made. In the present case, the said burden has not been discharged in any manner whatsoever. The decision in Air India Cabin Crew Association vs. Yeshaswinee Merchant[10], taking a somewhat different view can, perhaps, be explained by the fact that in the said case the impugned directions contained in the Government letter (not expressed in the name of the President) was in exercise of the statutory power under Section 34 of the Air Corporations Act, 1953. In the present case, the impugned guidelines have not been issued under any existing statute.
16. Clause (2) of Article 77 also provides for the authentication of orders and instruments in a manner as may be prescribed by the Rules. In this regard, vide S.O. 2297 dated 3rd November, 1958 published in the Gazette of India, the President has issued the Authentication (Orders and Other Instruments) Rules, 1958. The said Rules have been superseded subsequently in 2002. Admittedly, the provisions of the said Rules of 1958 had not been followed in the present case insofar as the promulgation of the guidelines is concerned.
17. In the absence of due authentication and promulgation of the guidelines, the contents thereof cannot be treated as an order of the Government and would really represent an expression of opinion. In law, the said guidelines and its binding effect would be no more than what was expressed by this Court in State of Uttaranchal vs. S.K. Vaish[11] in the following paragraph of the report :
“It is settled law that all executive actions of the Government of India and the Government of a State are required to be taken in the name of the President or the Governor of the State concerned, as the case may be [Articles 77(1) and 166(1)]. Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the President or the Governor of a State, as the case may be, are required to be authenticated in the manner specified in the rules made by the President or the Governor, as the case may be [Articles 77(2) and 166(2)]. In other words, unless an order is expressed in the name of the President or the Governor and is authenticated in the manner prescribed by the rules, the same cannot be treated as an order on behalf of the Government.” [Para 23] “A noting recorded in the file is merely a noting simpliciter and nothing more. It merely represents expression of opinion by the particular individual. By no stretch of imagination, such noting can be treated as a decision of the Government. Even if the competent authority records its opinion in the file on the merits of the matter under consideration, the same cannot be termed as a decision of the Government unless it is sanctified and acted upon by issuing an order in accordance with Articles 77(1) and (2) or Articles 166(1) and (2). The noting in the file or even a decision gets culminated into an order affecting right of the parties only when it is expressed in the name of the President or the Governor, as the case may be, [pic]and authenticated in the manner provided in Article 77(2) or Article 166(2). A noting or even a decision recorded in the file can always be reviewed/reversed/overruled or overturned and the court cannot take cognizance of the earlier noting or decision for exercise of the power of judicial review.” [Para 24]
18. It is also essential that what is claimed to be a law must be notified or made public in order to bind the citizen. In Harla vs. State of Rajasthan[12] while dealing with the vires of the Jaipur Opium Act, which was enacted by a resolution passed by the Council of Ministers, though never published in the Gazette, this Court had observed :- “Natural justice requires that before a law can become operative it must be promulgated or published. It must be broadcast in some recognisable way so that all men may know what it is, or, at the very least, there must be some special role or regulation or customary channel by or through which such knowledge can be acquired with the exercise of due and reasonable diligence. The thought that a decision reached in the secret recesses of a chamber to which the public have no access and to which even their accredited representatives have no access and of which they can normally know nothing, can nevertheless affect their lives, liberty and property by the mere passing of a Resolution without anything more is abhorrent to civilised man.” [Para 10]
19. The Court in Harla vs. State of Rajasthan (supra) noticed the decision in Johnson vs. Sargant & Sons[13] and particularly the following:- “The principle underlying this question has been judicially considered in England. For example, on a somewhat lower plane, it was held in Johnson v. Sargant, (1918) 1 K.B. 101: 87 L.J. K.B. 122 that an order of the Food Controller under the Beans, Peas and Pulse (Requisition) Order 1917, does not become operative until it is made known to the public, and the differences between an Order of that kind and an Act of the British Parliament is stressed. The difference is obvious. Acts of the British Parliament are publicly enacted. The debates are open to the public and the acts are passed by the accredited representatives of the people who in theory can be trusted to see that their constituents know what has been done. They also receive wide publicity in papers and, now, over the wireless. Not so Royal Proclamations and Orders of a Food Controller and so forth. There must therefore be promulgation and publication in their cases. The mode of publication can vary; what is a good method in one country may not necessarily be the best in another. But reasonable publication of some sort there must be.” (Para 11)
20. It will not be necessary to notice the long line of decisions reiterating the aforesaid view. So far as the mode of publication is concerned, it has been consistently held by this Court that such mode must be as prescribed by the statute. In the event the statute does not contain any prescription and even under the subordinate legislation there is silence in the matter, the legislation will take effect only when it is published through the customarily recognized official channel, namely, the official gazette (B.K. Srivastava vs. State of Karnataka)[14]. Admittedly, the ‘guidelines’ were not gazetted.
21. If the guidelines relied upon by Union of India in the present case fail to satisfy the essential and vital parameters/requirements of law as the trend of the above discussion would go to show, the same cannot be enforced to the prejudice of the appellants as has been done in the present case. For the same reason, the issue raised with regard to the authority of the Union to enforce the guidelines on the coming into force of the provisions of the Environment Protection Act so as to bring into effect the impugned consequences, adverse to the appellants, will not require any consideration.
22. An argument had been offered by Shri Parikh, learned counsel appearing for the respondent, Goa Foundation, that while dealing with issues concerning ecology and environment, a strict view of environmental degradation, which Shri Parikh would contend has occurred in the present case, should be adopted having regard to the rights of a large number of citizens to enjoy a pristine and pollution free environment by virtue of Article 21 of the Constitution. We cannot appreciate the above view. Violation of Article 21 on account of alleged environmental violation cannot be subjectively and individually determined when parameters of permissible/impermissible conduct are required to be legislatively or statutorily determined under Sections 3 and 6 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986 which has been so done by bringing into force the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification w.e.f. 19th February, 1991.
23. In view of the foregoing discussion, the orders impugned in the writ petitions filed by the appellants cannot be sustained. Consequently, the said orders as well as each of the orders dated 13th July, 2000 passed by the High Court of Bombay will have to be set aside which we hereby do while allowing the appeals.
……………………………J.
[RANJAN GOGOI] …………………..………..J.
[M.Y.EQBAL] New Delhi;
September 22, 2014.
-----------------------
[1] 2010 (5) SCC 388; in para 31
[2] (1996) 5 SCC 647 Para 10
[3] (1977 (4) SCC 471)
[4] 1984 (2) SCC 534
[5] 1997 (6) SCC 241 para 13
[6] 1998 (1) SCC 226
[7] AIR 1955 SC 549
[8] 2009 (3) SCC 571
[9] [(1972) 2 SCC 788 – 5J]
[10] (2003) 6 SCC 277 – para 72
[11] (2011) 8 SCC 670
[12] [AIR 1951 SC 467]
[13] [(1918) 1 KB 101]
[14] (1987) 1 SCC 658
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29


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|
lubyk
0.5
|
#include <b2ChainShape.h>
Inherits b2Shape.
Public Member Functions | |
| b2ChainShape () | |
| ~b2ChainShape () | |
| The destructor frees the vertices using b2Free. | |
| void | CreateLoop (const b2Vec2 *vertices, int32 count) |
| void | CreateChain (const b2Vec2 *vertices, int32 count) |
| void | SetPrevVertex (const b2Vec2 &prevVertex) |
| void | SetNextVertex (const b2Vec2 &nextVertex) |
| b2Shape * | Clone (b2BlockAllocator *allocator) const |
| Implement b2Shape. Vertices are cloned using b2Alloc. | |
| int32 | GetChildCount () const |
| void | GetChildEdge (b2EdgeShape *edge, int32 index) const |
| Get a child edge. | |
| bool | TestPoint (const b2Transform &transform, const b2Vec2 &p) const |
| bool | RayCast (b2RayCastOutput *output, const b2RayCastInput &input, const b2Transform &transform, int32 childIndex) const |
| Implement b2Shape. | |
| void | ComputeAABB (b2AABB *aabb, const b2Transform &transform, int32 childIndex) const |
| void | ComputeMass (b2MassData *massData, float32 density) const |
Public Attributes | |
| b2Vec2 * | m_vertices |
| The vertices. Owned by this class. | |
| int32 | m_count |
| The vertex count. | |
| b2Vec2 | m_prevVertex |
| b2Vec2 | m_nextVertex |
| bool | m_hasPrevVertex |
| bool | m_hasNextVertex |
A chain shape is a free form sequence of line segments. The chain has two-sided collision, so you can use inside and outside collision. Therefore, you may use any winding order. Since there may be many vertices, they are allocated using b2Alloc. Connectivity information is used to create smooth collisions. WARNING: The chain will not collide properly if there are self-intersections.
Definition at line 32 of file b2ChainShape.h.
| b2ChainShape::b2ChainShape | ( | ) | [inline] |
Definition at line 92 of file b2ChainShape.h.
References b2_polygonRadius, b2Shape::e_chain, m_count, m_hasNextVertex, m_hasPrevVertex, b2Shape::m_radius, b2Shape::m_type, and m_vertices.
| b2ChainShape::~b2ChainShape | ( | ) |
The destructor frees the vertices using b2Free.
| b2Shape* b2ChainShape::Clone | ( | b2BlockAllocator * | allocator | ) | const [virtual] |
| void b2ChainShape::ComputeAABB | ( | b2AABB * | aabb, |
| const b2Transform & | transform, | ||
| int32 | childIndex | ||
| ) | const [virtual] |
Implements b2Shape.
| void b2ChainShape::ComputeMass | ( | b2MassData * | massData, |
| float32 | density | ||
| ) | const [virtual] |
Create a chain with isolated end vertices.
| vertices | an array of vertices, these are copied |
| count | the vertex count |
Create a loop. This automatically adjusts connectivity.
| vertices | an array of vertices, these are copied |
| count | the vertex count |
| int32 b2ChainShape::GetChildCount | ( | ) | const [virtual] |
Implements b2Shape.
| void b2ChainShape::GetChildEdge | ( | b2EdgeShape * | edge, |
| int32 | index | ||
| ) | const |
Get a child edge.
| bool b2ChainShape::RayCast | ( | b2RayCastOutput * | output, |
| const b2RayCastInput & | input, | ||
| const b2Transform & | transform, | ||
| int32 | childIndex | ||
| ) | const [virtual] |
| void b2ChainShape::SetNextVertex | ( | const b2Vec2 & | nextVertex | ) |
Establish connectivity to a vertex that follows the last vertex. Don't call this for loops.
| void b2ChainShape::SetPrevVertex | ( | const b2Vec2 & | prevVertex | ) |
Establish connectivity to a vertex that precedes the first vertex. Don't call this for loops.
| bool b2ChainShape::TestPoint | ( | const b2Transform & | transform, |
| const b2Vec2 & | p | ||
| ) | const [virtual] |
Definition at line 89 of file b2ChainShape.h.
Referenced by b2ChainShape().
Definition at line 89 of file b2ChainShape.h.
Referenced by b2ChainShape().
Definition at line 88 of file b2ChainShape.h.
Definition at line 88 of file b2ChainShape.h.
The vertices. Owned by this class.
Definition at line 83 of file b2ChainShape.h.
Referenced by b2ChainShape().


The Target object of upstream "{{owner.name}}"
...
Checkout Kong documentation for the meaning of these parameters.


| # | COMPLIANCE CRITERIA | YES/NO/NA |
|---|---|---|
| General | ||
| 1 | Scaffold erected and supervised by a competent person. | YES |
| Foundation | ||
| 2 | Sole-plates of correct thicknesses and lengths have been placed where scaffold is not erected onto a solid foundation. | YES |
| 3 | All standards have been fitted with baseplates. | YES |
| 4 | Foot-ties have been fitted as near to the ground or basing level as possible. | YES |
| Standards (Vertical member) | ||
| 5 | Standards placed at correct distances from each other and from the structure they are servicing. | YES |
| 6 | Standards plumbed but with a slight lean-in towards the structure they are servicing. | YES |
| 7 | Connections between standards and ledgers made with right-angle couplers. | YES |
| 8 | Standards connected end-to-end with either sleeve couplers or joint pins. | YES |
| 9 | Transoms at standards connected either to the standards or to the ledgers with right-angle couplers. Ledgers and transoms are observed to be horizontal. | YES |
| 10 | Fittings at standards grouped as closely together as possible. | YES |
| Bracings | ||
| 11 | Diagonal bracings connected either to projecting transoms with right-angle couplers or to the standards with swivel couplers. Note. Diagonal bracings not connected to ledgers. | YES |
| 12 | Ledgers and diagonal bracings are connected end-to-end using either sleeve couplers or joint-pins with butt-straps. End-to-end connections in members are staggered in adjacent bays and adjacent pairs so that joints in similar members do not occur close together. | YES |
| 13 | Ledger bracings connected to the ledgers with right-angle couplers or to the standards with swivel coupler. | YES |
| 14 | All bracings are completely installed according to drawings. | YES |
| Tie-ins | ||
| 15 | Tie-ins of correct design are correctly installed in correct positions as the scaffold rises and not more than two lifts behind. | YES |
| 16 | Ledgers and transoms are truly horizontal and correctly spaced, particularly at decking-out level. | YES |
| 17 | Tie-ins are in sufficient numbers. | YES |
| Decking | ||
| 18 | Timber boards for decking-out are of correct thickness, length and width for the intended purpose of scaffold. | YES |
| 19 | Boards are laid close together side-by-side and butting close to each other to make a level deck. Working platform feels "solid" to walk-on. | YES |
| 20 | When over-lapping boards are used, the over-laps are at least 300 mm and filled pieces fitted are of adequate cross-section so that the change in level is gradual. | YES |
| 21 | The boards over-sail their last support by more than four times their thickness or not less than 50 mm. | YES |
| Miscellaneous Fixtures (Toeboards, Guardrails, Ladders etc.) | ||
| 22 | Toeboards are provided and securely fastened in positions. | YES |
| 23 | Guardrails are fitted at correct height and location; and connected to standards. | YES |
| 24 | Ladders are provided to give access to working platform and are securely latched to the scaffold at top and bottom so that no accidental displacement can take place. | YES |
| 25 | Ladders are rising not more than 9m vertically between landings and are not projecting at least 1m above the level of the landing. | YES |
| Other | ||
| 26 | Precautions are being taken to hold down decking against high winds. | YES |
| 27 | Overhead hazards such as power transmission lines, telephone wires etc., in the vicinity of the scaffold have been noted and allowed for. | YES |
| 28 | Safety net of close-mesh wire or a fan of boards has been erected to prevent articles and debris dislodged from the scaffold falling onto the public access. | YES |
| 29 | Hazards that may affect workers on the scaffold have been noted. | YES |


a micro web framework for Java & Groovy
This is the main page for your Ratpack app.
first name is
last name is


Peaches
Description
Peaches are native to japan and grow in dry, continental, or temperate climates. Nectarines are also peaches. Peach tree grow to 4-10 metres. (source: Wikipedia)
Nutrition information for peaches (partial list)
Per 100 g(3.5 oz)
- Energy: 39 calories
- Carbohydrates:9.54 g
- Sugars:8.39 g
- Dietary Fiber:1.5 g
- Fat: 0.25 g
- Protein: 0.91 g
- Vitamins
- Vitamin A equiv.: 16µg
- Thiamine (B1):0.024 mg
- Riboflavin(B2): 0.031 mg
- Vitamin C:6.6 mg
- Minerals
- Calcium: 6 mg
- Iron: 0.25 mg
- Zinc: 0.17 mg
1Wikipedia content can be edited by the general public


Welcome, {{globalAuth.organizationName}}Guest
Logout
Next Meal
Welcome to Next Meal! We are a non-profit organization that brings together resources to better assist ongoing hunger needs in our communities.
How it works:
Next Meal allows for information to be requested either by SMS text messaging and/or voice call request. A response will be given on where there are local food distribution locations that are giving meals for that day.
To receive a text response:
- Send a text message to:<PHONE_NUMBER>.
- The text message should be either - breakfast, lunch or dinner
- The user will receive a response a short time later
To receive a voice response:
- Users can call<PHONE_NUMBER>.
- Prompts will guide callers to enter - breakfast, lunch, or dinner
- Callers will receive up to two locations for that day.
Hunger Facts in Washington:
- Washington is the 23rd hungriest state in the nation
- 1 in 7 Washingtonians relies on SNAP (food stamps), the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, which is severely threatened by budget cuts.
- 1 in 5 WA kids lives in a household that struggles with hunger.
- Half of all people on SNAP are kids.


Select a Speed:
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0 Medium
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5 Faster
6 Faster


Manipur students interact with President Ram Nath Kovind
NATIONAL INTEGRATION TOUR
KOHIMA: Altogether 18 students and two staff members from Moirang, Kwaktha and Khumbhi villages of Manipur interacted with President Ram Nath Kovind at the Rashtrapati Bhawan in New Delhi on Sunday. The President advised the students to focus on their studies and work hard for a successful career. A guided tour of the Rashtrapati Bhavan was also organized for the students.
The students were elated after interaction with the President and thanked the Army for organizing such a wonderful visit for them.
The team is participating in the national Integration Tour’ (NIT) to Delhi and Agra. The tour is being organised by the Army. The tour aims at providing an insight to the students on the diversity of India. During the tour, the students visited the premier institutions and witnessed the strides made by India in the fields of economy, entertainment, and infr astructure, stated a PIB (Defence Wing) release.
Organized under the theme ‘Today’s Children, Tomorrow’s Future of the North East’, the tour is an endeavour of the Army to harness the potential of children from remote locations and poor families.
Also Read: All Manipur Students’ Union calls for 100-hour blockade along NH-37
Also Watch: Govt all set to push for the contentious Citizenship Bill in the winter session of Parliament


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113488-general/topic/index.20of.20all.20names.html ---
Do we have a list of all the declarations made in all of mathlib? I couldn't find an index in the docs. The reason this may be useful is in the hypothetical scenario where you have a lot of declarations in a namespace (say gwz
) that you want to move to the root namespace. But you need to avoid name conflicts with names from files that you haven't imported. Such an index would be an easy way to figure out that you need to append '''
to mul_div_cancel
to make it unique.
It's not in the docs right now but it's easy enough to generate the list yourself. In a file with import all
,
run_cmd do e ← tactic.get_env, tactic.trace $ list.merge_sort (<) $ e.fold [] $ list.cons ∘ to_string ∘ declaration.to_name
You can even filter the list by which names exist in both gwz
and _root_
namespace
Thanks!
Does it make sense to also add an index to the docs?
It would be obsolete once there's a better search, no?
Well, sometimes one might still want to scroll through an alphabetical list... But I agree that it shouldn't be a central feature. (We can also show some stats, like the amount of defs, structures, and thms/lemmas).
We could put such a list in the zip files being uploaded at the end of each build
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


[ all classes ]
[ nl.tudelft.jpacman.points ]
Coverage Summary for Class: PointCalculator (nl.tudelft.jpacman.points)
| Class |
|---|
| PointCalculator |
1 package nl.tudelft.jpacman.points;
2
3 import nl.tudelft.jpacman.board.Direction;
4 import nl.tudelft.jpacman.level.Pellet;
5 import nl.tudelft.jpacman.level.Player;
6 import nl.tudelft.jpacman.npc.Ghost;
7
8 /**
9 * The responsibility of the point calculator is to update the points
10 * of the player when certain activities happen.
11 * Different calculation strategies can be employed,
12 * giving rise to different types of games, for example at different levels.
13 */
14 public interface PointCalculator {
15
16 /**
17 * Method called whenever a player meets a ghost.
18 * It can be used to update the player's points accordingly.
19 *
20 * @param player
21 * The player that will die.
22 * @param ghost
23 * The ghost causing the player to die.
24 */
25 void collidedWithAGhost(Player player, Ghost ghost);
26
27 /**
28 * Method called whenever a player consumes a pellet.
29 * It can be used to update the player's points accordingly.
30 *
31 * @param player
32 * The player consuming a pellet
33 * @param pellet
34 * The pellet consumed.
35 */
36 void consumedAPellet(Player player, Pellet pellet);
37
38 /**
39 * Method called whevener a player makes a successful move.
40 * It can be used to update the player's points accordingly.
41 *
42 * @param player
43 * The player making a move.
44 * @param direction
45 * The direction of the move.
46 */
47 void pacmanMoved(Player player, Direction direction);
48 }


I should have been there
to hold you
to stroke your soft orange fur,
to let you know I love you.

I’m so sorry that you’ve gone.
I love you.
I love you.
My crazy orange cat.
My garfield.
originally untitled, title added as this archive was created. ↩


SweetXML provides an Ant task for copying and converting files between XML and SweetXML. This allows you convert any XML file which is bundled into you app at build time to SweetXML, without any code or tools changes. The task typically runs as part of a copy-resources
target.
Typical usage might look like this:
| build.xml |
|---|
| <taskdef name="sweetxml" classname="net.innig.sweetxml.ant.SweetXmlTask"> <classpath> <fileset dir="${lib.dir}" includes="sweetxml-*.jar"/> </classpath> </taskdef> <sweetxml <inputFileSet dir="${res.dir}" includes="*.sxml"/> </sweetxml> |
Alternatively, if you set Ant up to recognize SweetXML build files (see below), your build might include something like this:
| build.sxml |
|---|
| taskdef name="sweetxml" classname="net.innig.sweetxml.ant.SweetXmlTask" classpath fileset dir="${lib.dir}" includes="sweetxml-*.jar" sweetxml inputFileSet dir="${res.dir}" includes="*.sxml" |
The Ant task converts SweetXML to XML by default, but can convert in either direction. It will attempt to convert any files you include in the inputFileSet
, regardless of their file extension. It is therefore import to include only the files in need of conversion (thus includes="*.sxml"
in the example above).
The task accepts one nested element, which is required:
| Nested Element | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| inputFileSet | The set of files to convert. Accepts all the parameters of a normal Ant FileSet. | required |
The task accepts the following attributes:
| Attribute | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| mode | Conversion mode. Possible values are:
|
s2x |
| outputDir | Determines where the converted files will go. | same dir as inputFileSet |
| overwrite | If true, the task will overwrite existing files. If false, the task will skip existing files without failing. | true |
| deleteSources | If true, the task will remove the input file after converting it. This option is useful if you are converting files in place in a staging directory. Use with caution! | false |
| quiet | Reduces the output of the task to critical error messages. | false |
You may find the command-line interface useful for performing the initial conversion of project files from XML to SweetXML.
Ant does not have native support for SweetXML. However, it is possible (and much more readable!) to use a build.sxml
instead of a build.xml
. To do this, you will need to use a wrapper script for Ant which converts your build.sxml
, then passes control to Ant.
The SweetXML distribution includes an Ant wrapper script for OS X, Linux, and other UNIX-y OSes, in bin/
. (Those of you using MS-DOS are currently on your own; if anybody wants to submit an ant.bat
wrapper script, it would be quite welcome!)
Place this script in your path in front of Ant's bin directory, and ant will automatically use build.sxml
if it is present. Be careful — if build.sxml
exists, it will overwrite build.xml
!
The wrapper script requires that you either have ant
and sweetxml
in your path, or that you set the environment variables ANT_HOME
and SWEETXML_HOME
.


The pin you have entered was either incorrect, invalid or was indicated to be the wrong photo.
To get a new pin, please report to the KIOSK and get another picture taken the old one if remaining will
be deleted.
Please press the 'Back' button to return to the main page to retry your pin if you entered it wrong,
otherwise press the 'Close' button close the site.


@(homeFeature : HomeFeature, saleHistories : List[SaleHistory], houseSqrFeet : String, lotSqrFeet : String, latitude : String, longitude : String, homePicture : String)
@homeFeature.getNumBedrooms Bedrooms
@homeFeature.getNumBathrooms Bathrooms
@homeFeature.getNumFloors floor(s)
@homeFeature.getFullAddress
Built In @homeFeature.getYearBuilt
@homeFeature.getHouseSqrFeet Square Feet
On A
@homeFeature.getLotSqrFeet Foot Lot


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Performance:
Fall 2016 Dance Showings
Lecture:
STS Methods: Nicole Starosielski
Lecture:
Political Economy Seminar: Faisal Ahmed
Lecture:
African Studies: Judith Carney
Concert:
Trauma, Loss and Transcendence - concert in memory of the San Bernardino mass shooting
Performance:
Trauma, Loss and Transcendence
Concert:
NEW CONCERT TITLE: UCR Chamber Singers @ UCR
2
Seminar:
Differential Geometry: "Li-Yau gradient bound under integral curvature conditions"
Seminar:
IIGB Career Day
Ceremony:
Walter Aaron Clark Knighting Ceremony
Concert:
Trauma, Loss and Transcendence - concert in memory of the San Bernardino mass shooting
Performance:
Trauma, Loss and Transcendence
Concert:
A Concert of Spanish Songs: Music of Enrique Granados and Manuel de Falla
3
Audition:
Auditions: New Play Festival 2017
Audition:
AUDITIONS: TARTUFFE, a play written by Molière
4
Audition:
AUDITIONS: TARTUFFE, a play written by Molière
Audition:
Auditions: New Play Festival 2017
Concert:
NEW CONCERT TITLE: UCR Chamber Singers @ Calvary Presbyterian Church
5
6
Lecture:
Hot off the Presses: David Lloyd
7
Concert:
Outpost Concert Series: Ian Dicke and Aron Kallay: voice, piano, and electronics
8
Seminar:
Boyd Deep Canyon Lecture Series: Sand Dunes and Sand Lizards: Two Species, Two Ways To Do Things
9
Seminar:
CEPCEB Seminar Speaker Dr. Shengyang He
10
Concert:
Holiday Carillon Recital
11
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IIGB-CEPCEB Award Symposium
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#assign n0_docs="active"> <#assign n1_platforms="active"> <#assign n2_yugabyte="active">
To test against YugabyteDB docker test container set the platform to yugabyte
in
src/test/resources/application-test.yaml
Refer to docs / testing if application-test.yaml doesn't exist yet.
ebean: test: platform: yugabyte #, h2, postgres, mysql, oracle, sqlserver ddlMode: dropCreate # none | dropCreate | migrations | create dbName: test
We can use the io.ebean:ebean-yugabyte
dependency rather than io.ebean:ebean
if we want to only
bring in the YugabyteDB specific platform code. Depending on io.ebean:ebean
will bring in all platforms.
We can programmatically start a docker container version of YugabyteDB.
The below uses ebean-test-docker
dependency which already comes with ebean-test
.
If we do not have a dependency on ebean-test
then add io.ebean:ebean-test-docker:5.0
as a dependency.
package main; import io.ebean.docker.commands.YugabyteContainer; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { YugabyteContainer container = YugabyteContainer.newBuilder("<IP_ADDRESS>-b89") //.port(6433) .dbName("my_app") .extensions("pgcrypto") .build(); container.start(); } }<@next_edit "NuoDB" "/docs/database/nuodb" "/docs/database/yugabyte/index.html"/>


1 Download
Welcome! This is a live preview of jQuery UI Bootstrap - a project we started to bring the beauty of Twitter Bootstrap to jQuery UI widgets. With this theme, not only do you get the ability to use Bootstrap-themed widgets, but you can now also use (most) of Twitter Bootstrap side-by-wide with it without components breaking visually.
Download stable (v0.5) Download Latest (dev)
2 Start with jQuery UI Bootstrap
Compatibility jQuery UI and Twitter Bootstrap
In their original forms, jQuery UI and Bootstrap can't coexist resulting in conflicts with both CSS classes and styles as well as JavaScript when you do try to use them. jQuery UI Bootstrap provides the JavaScript and CSS required to quickly start a project using both jQuery UI and Twitter Bootstrap.
Our solution offers a custom version of Bootstrap compatible with jQuery UI as well as a Bootstrap-themed jQuery UI theme you can use to prototype your projects.
Components
| jQuery UI | Twitter Bootstrap |
|---|---|
| UI Button(button()) | Button(button()) |
| UI Tooltip(tooltip()) | Tooltip + popover(tooltip()) |
Once the components are identified, we choose what we want to use. The demonstration with jQuery UI Bootstrap uses all the components of jQuery UI.
jQuery UI components
| Widget | jQuery UI | Twitter Bootstrap |
|---|---|---|
| Button | ||
| Tooltip |
Twitter Bootstrap components
With this scheme we fully use the potential of jQuery UI but it could very well exclude jQuery UI tooltip to use tooltip + Bootstrap popover.
| Widget | jQuery UI | Twitter Bootstrap |
|---|---|---|
| Button | ||
| Tooltip + popover |
Selecting which jQuery UI and Bootstrap components and styles we wish to use, we can benefit from the advantages of both projects. jQuery UI Bootstrap also provides Bootstrap theming for a number of third-party jQuery UI widgets such as the Wijmo menu widget and others.
Note: if you want to use Font awesome with Twitter Bootstrap, you must exclude the CSS component icons.
The Awesome Font documentation indicates this information perfectly.
3 Installation
- Download the archive
- Unzip archive
- Locate the folder custom-theme inside the css folder inside the newly uncompressed file
- Move that folder inside the
css
directory of the website for which you want to use jquery-ui-bootstrap - Include the appropriate .css files in the layout of your website


Start BlockParty has everything you need to vote your prefered event and get a prize!
Get Started!Our map is updated regularly so you can find all locations.
At the event you can also win a special prize!
Meet new people who share your interests!
You can find the soulmate you have always wanted!
Do you want to suggest us an event for the block-party?
123-456-789


The Talisman is both magical and mysterious. Once applied to your bracelet, you will be able to see its surprising effect for yourself. Before I can give it to you, however, you must prove to me that you are capable of responsibly wielding such power. Give me 10 Knight's Epaulettes and I will provide you the Talisman.
Give Knight's Epaulettes.


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Design Integrated Construct (DIC) is a design-build firm delivering breakthrough solutions, seamless integration and impeccable implementation of highly complex projects in mission critical, renewable energy and infrastructure.
The three managing partners worked together for over ten years, combining complementary engineering expertise and sharing a passion for cutting edge projects. In 2012, they co-founded DIC with a mission to provide their clients with umparalleled capabilities, pushing the boundary of project design and delivery to new levels.
Since its inception, the team worked with unmatched commitment on landmark projects setting the standards for high-tech project execution in the region.
Today, DIC stands as the partner of choice for clients looking for end to end innovative services that optimize performance, mitigate risks, mazimize energy efficiency and bring projects to full fruition on time and on budget.
Design Integrated Construct (DIC) is a design-build firm delivering breakthrough solutions, seamless integration and impeccable implementation of highly complex projects in mission critical, renewable energy and infrastructure.
The three managing partners worked together for over ten years, combining complementary engineering expertise and sharing a passion for cutting edge projects. In 2012, they co-founded DIC with a mission to provide their clients with umparalleled capabilities, pushing the boundary of project design and delivery to new levels.
Since its inception, the team worked with unmatched commitment on landmark projects setting the standards for high-tech project execution in the region.
Today, DIC stands as the partner of choice for clients looking for end to end innovative services that optimize performance, mitigate risks, mazimize energy efficiency and bring projects to full fruition on time and on budget.
Design Integrated Construct (DIC) is a design-build firm delivering breakthrough solutions, seamless integration and impeccable implementation of highly complex projects in mission critical, renewable energy and infrastructure.
The three managing partners worked together for over ten years, combining complementary engineering expertise and sharing a passion for cutting edge projects. In 2012, they co-founded DIC with a mission to provide their clients with umparalleled capabilities, pushing the boundary of project design and delivery to new levels.
Since its inception, the team worked with unmatched commitment on landmark projects setting the standards for high-tech project execution in the region.
Today, DIC stands as the partner of choice for clients looking for end to end innovative services that optimize performance, mitigate risks, mazimize energy efficiency and bring projects to full fruition on time and on budget.
Infrastructure projects include water distribution, treatment plants, LV/MV power networks, telecommunication networks, and other projects requiring an unconventional way of design execution and performance.
Some of our services
Infrastructure Engineering
Need Analysis


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--- layout: example categories: example/v1.0.0 version: v1.0.0 title: Single marker description: Add a single marker as a layer to your map. tags: - markers ---


Dict-Like object. Represent a ESM Watchlist.
load_details
is called.WatchlistManager
| Method | __init__ | Create a new Watchlist object from parameters or ID. |
| Method | add_values | Add values to static watchlist. |
| Method | remove_values | Remove values from static watchlist. |
| Method | data_from_id | Retrieve watchlist data from given ID. |
| Method | load_details | Load Watchlist details. |
| Method | refresh | Load Watchlist details. Same as load_details() |
| Method | load_values | Load Watchlist values into the values Watchlist dict key. |
| Method | get_id | Returns: int : The Watchlist ID. |
Inherited from NitroDict:
| Instance Variable | data | Underlying dict object |
| Method | __str__ | str(obj) -> return text string. |
| Method | __repr__ | repr(obj) -> return json string. |
| Method | json | JSON representation of a item |
| Method | text | Text list of item's values |
Inherited from NitroObject (via NitroDict):
| Class | NitroJSONEncoder | Custom JSON encoder that will use the approprtiate propertie depending of the type of NitroObject. TODO support json json dumping of QueryFilers, may be by making them inherits from NitroDict. |
| Instance Variable | nitro | msiempy.core.session.NitroSession object. Interface to the SIEM. |
Add values to static watchlist.
values
(list): list of valuesRemove values from static watchlist.
values
(list): list of valuesload_details()
Load Watchlist values into the values Watchlist dict key.
KeyError
if watchlist invalid.int
: The Watchlist ID.


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113488-general/topic/parser.20help.html ---
How do I write a parser for a using x y
, where x
and y
should be names?
I know I'd write parse (tk "using" *> ident)?
if I was just trying to parse using x
, but I want to match exactly two identifiers after the using
.
parse (tk "using" *> (prod.mk <$> ident <*> ident))?
that puts them in a pair
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


{% extends "publisher/publisher_base.html" %} {% block publisher_content %} {# NOTE: requires suggestions_and_journals.js to be enabled (see _js_includes.html) #}


--- layout: home title: OSCAR description: Open-Source Self-Driving CAR background: '/img/bg-oscar.png' ---
OSCAR is an open-source project that aims to provide a fully functional autonomous driving platform and easy-to-use tools to speed up the autonomous driving development process.
Learn more about OSCAR
SW platform with techniques to optimize the performance of an open source autonomous driving platform in an embedded board-based environment.
Learn more about Multicore/GPGPU HW/SW Platform
The remote laboratory extends the accessibility of OSCAR.
Learn more about Remote Laboratory
SW Platform extends the scheduling theory that optimally utilizes the parallelism of tasks performed in a multicore/GPGPU environment to a parallelism utilization technique and applies it to an open source autonomous driving platform.
Learn more about Schedule Theory Research
A verification tool that implements simulation techniques to functionally and temporally accurately simulate cyber-physical systems based on variable duration tasks.
Learn more about Concurrent Verification Methods
Scaled platform is a cost-effective solution for field testing.
Learn more about Scaled Platform
OSCAR IDE is an end-to-end design tool covering both hardware and software modules of an autonomous car.
Learn more about OSCAR IDE
Want to get in touch? Fill out the form below to send us a message and we will get back to you as soon as possible!


Hear John Legend, Kelly Clarkson's remake of 'Baby It's Cold Outside'
by CNN NewsourceLOS ANGELES – John Legend and Kelly Clarkson have put a 21st-century spin on the classic holiday song "Baby, It's Cold Outside," which has been the subject of criticism for what some listeners see as sexist or nonconsensual lyrics.
The new song, featured in Legend's holiday album, "A Legendary Christmas: Deluxe Edition," changes the lyrics to the decades old version, bringing a more modern ring to the beloved call-and-response tune.
In the original lyrics, written by Frank Loesser in 1944 and made famous by the film "Neptune's Daughter" in 1949, the male singer seems to be insistently persuading his female guest to stay, despite her insistence that, "I've got to go away," and, "The answer is no."
In the era of #MeToo, those lines seem to many like definite denials of the male singer's pleas of, "What's the sense in hurtin' my pride?" and, "Oh baby don't hold out."
Listeners in the 1950s may not have blinked an eye, but in a culture than now focuses more on sexual consent, the lyrics seem problematic to some.
Instead of canceling the song altogether, Legend and Clarkson present a fresh set of lyrics to the iconic jazzy tune. This time, the song sounds more like the parting of two lovers rather than a strange persuasion effort.
When Clarkson sings, "I've got to go away," Legend returns with, "I can call you a ride." And guess what? Her driver's name is Murray and Legend wants her to text him when she's home safely.
"Text me when you get home," Legend sings.
But don't worry, he's not shoving her out the door. It's obvious the two want to be together, but Clarkson just isn't feeling completely sure about staying the night and doesn't want to worry her family.
Legend brings up a good point, though, when he sings, "Wait, what are you still livin' home for?"
"I want you to stay, it's not up to me," he tells her.
That's right! And you know what else?
"It's your body and your choice," he tells her as she worries what her friends will think, echoing the cry of women's rights protesters on the decade.
Not everyone's warming up to the idea of a new version.
"The Talk" co-host Sharon Osborne is chilly towards the new release. "It's a piece of art... to change an innocent lyric, to what is it, 'your mind and your body?'  That's ridiculous," she said during a discussion on the show.
And Deena Martin, Dean Martin's daughter, called Legend's new lyrics "absolutely absurd."
"I think what he's done is he's stealing the thunder from Frank Loesser's song and my dad," she said on Good Morning Britain. "He should write his own song if he doesn't like this one, but don't change the lyrics. It's a classic, perfect song."
See for yourself, though. Here's the song and lyrics so you can decide how you feel about it.
Updated Lyrics
[Verse 1: Kelly Clarkson & John Legend]
I really can't stay (Baby, it's cold outside)
I've got to go away (But I can call you a ride)
This evening has been (I'm so glad you that you dropped in)
So very nice (Time spent with you is paradise)
My momma will start to worry (I'll call the car and tell him to hurry)
My daddy will be pacing the floor (Wait, what are you still livin' home for?)
So, really, I'd better scurry (Your driver, his name is Murray)
But maybe just a half a drink more (Oh, we're both adults, so who's keepin' score)
What will my friends think? (Well, I think they should rejoice)
If I have one more drink? (It's your body and your choice)
Ooh you really know how (Your eyes are like starlight now)
To cast a spell (One look at you and then I fell)
I ought to say, "No, no, no, sir" (Then you really ought to go, go, go)
At least I'm gonna say that I tried (Well, Murray, he just pulled up outside)
[Chorus: Kelly Clarkson, John Legend & Both]
I really can't stay
(I understand, baby)
Baby, it's cold outside
[Verse 2: Kelly Clarkson & John Legend]
I simply should go (Text me when you get home)
Oh, I'm supposed to say no (Mm, I guess that's respectable)
This welcome has been (I've been lucky that you dropped in)
So nice and warm (But you better go before it storms)
My sister will be suspicious (Well, gosh your lips look delicious)
My brother will be there at the door (Oh, he loves my music, baby, I'm sure)
My gossipy neighbor's vicious (I'm a genie, tell me what your wish is)
But maybe just a cigarette more (Oh, that's somethin' we should probably explore)
I've got to get home (Oh, baby, I'm well aware)
Say, lend me a coat (Oh, keep it girl, I don't care)
You've really been grand (I feel when you touch my hands)
But don't you see? (I want you to stay, it's not up to me)
There's bound to be talk tomorrow (Well, they can talk, but what do they know)
At least there will be plenty implied (Oh, let their mind their business and go)