|
| | OdeBase (unsigned long neq, bool need_jac) |
| | constructs More...
|
| |
|
virtual | ~OdeBase () |
| | destructs
|
| |
|
const char * | get_name () |
| | gets the name of the ODE system
|
| |
|
const char * | get_method () |
| | gets the name of the solver/method
|
| |
|
const char * | get_dirout () |
| | gets output directory string if one has been set
|
| |
|
bool | get_quiet () |
| | gets the boolean determining if updates are printed during solves
|
| |
|
bool | get_silent_snap () |
| | gets whether to skip writing the solution vector to file when snapping
|
| |
|
unsigned long | get_neq () |
| | gets the size of the ODE system
|
| |
| double | get_t () |
| | gets the current value of the independent variable More...
|
| |
|
double | get_dt () |
| | gets the most recent or current time step size
|
| |
|
double * | get_sol () |
| | gets a pointer to the whole solution array
|
| |
| double | get_sol (unsigned long i) |
| | gets an element of the solution array More...
|
| |
|
long long | get_nstep () |
| | gets the total number of steps taken
|
| |
|
long long | get_neval () |
| | gets the total number of ODE system evaluation
|
| |
|
long long | get_icheck () |
| | gets the number of steps after which the solution is checked for integrity
|
| |
|
long long | get_nJac () |
| | gets the total number of Jacobian evaluations performed
|
| |
| void | set_t (double t) |
| | sets the "time," or independent variable used to track progress More...
|
| |
| void | set_sol (unsigned long i, double x) |
| | sets an element of the solution array More...
|
| |
| void | set_sol (double *sol) |
| | copies an array into the solution array More...
|
| |
|
void | set_name (std::string name) |
| | sets the name of the ODE system
|
| |
|
void | set_name (const char *name) |
| | sets the name of the ODE system
|
| |
|
void | set_quiet (bool quiet) |
| | sets the boolean determining if updates are printed during solves
|
| |
|
void | set_silent_snap (bool silent_snap) |
| | sets whether to skip writing the solution vector to file when snapping
|
| |
|
void | set_icheck (unsigned long icheck) |
| | sets the number of steps after which the solution is checked for integrity
|
| |
|
void | step (double dt, bool extra=true) |
| | increments the step counter and the time, checks the solution integrity if needed, stores the time step in the object, and executes after_step() if extra is true
|
| |
| void | solve_fixed (double tint, double dt, bool extras=true) |
| | integrates for a specified duration of independent variable without output More...
|
| |
| void | solve_fixed (double tint, double dt, const char *dirout, int inter=1) |
| | lots of output, solves and stores every "inter" point along the way More...
|
| |
| void | solve_fixed (double tint, double dt, unsigned long nsnap, const char *dirout) |
| | solves and writes evenly spaced snapshots More...
|
| |
| void | solve_fixed (double dt, double *tsnap, unsigned long nsnap, const char *dirout) |
| | solves and writes snapshots at times specified in the tsnap array More...
|
| |
| void | reset (double t, double *sol) |
| | reset to a specified time and initial condition array More...
|
| |
|
| void | solve_fixed_ (double tint, double dt, bool extra=true) |
| | integrates without output or any counters, trackers, extra functions... More...
|
| |
| virtual void | ode_fun (double *solin, double *fout)=0 |
| | evaluates the system of ODEs in autonomous form and must be defined by a derived class More...
|
| |
| virtual void | ode_jac (double *solin, double **Jout) |
| | evaluates the system's Jacobian matrix, also in autonomous form, and can either be defined in a derived class or left to numerical approximation More...
|
| |
| virtual void | step_ (double dt)=0 |
| | advances a single time step (without changing counters or the time) and must be defined in the derived class implementing the solver/method More...
|
| |
| void | ode_fun_ (double *solin, double *fout) |
| | wrapper, calls ode_fun() and increases the neval counter by one More...
|
| |
| void | ode_jac_ (double *solin, double **Jout) |
| | wrapper, calls ode_jac() and increments nJac; More...
|
| |
|
virtual void | before_solve () |
| | does any extra stuff before starting a solve
|
| |
| virtual void | after_step (double t) |
| | does any extra stuff after each step More...
|
| |
| virtual void | after_capture (double t) |
| | does any extra stuff only when a step is captured More...
|
| |
| virtual void | after_snap (std::string dirout, long isnap, double t) |
| | does any extra stuff after each snap More...
|
| |
|
virtual void | after_solve () |
| | does any extra stuff after completing a solve
|
| |
| void | snap (std::string dirout, long isnap, double tsnap) |
| | writes the current value of the solution to a binary file More...
|
| |
| bool | solve_done (double dt, double tend) |
| | checks if the solution is within a single time step of the end point More...
|
| |
|
void | check_sol_integrity () |
| | checks solution for nans and infs, exiting the program if they're found
|
| |
| void | check_pre_solve (double tint, double dt) |
| | checks that a solve can be performed with given tend and dt values More...
|
| |
| void | check_pre_snaps (double dt, double *tsnap, unsigned long nsnap) |
| | checks that snap times are monotonically increasing and > current time More...
|
| |
|
|
std::string | name_ |
| | the "name" of the system, which is used for output
|
| |
|
std::string | method_ |
| | the "name" of the solver/method, as in "Euler" or "RK4"
|
| |
|
std::string | dirout_ |
| | output directory if one is being used by a solver
|
| |
|
bool | quiet_ |
| | whether stuff should be printed during a solve
|
| |
|
bool | silent_snap_ |
| | whether to skip writing the solution vector to file when snapping but still execute after_snap()
|
| |
|
unsigned long | neq_ |
| | number of equations in the system of ODEs
|
| |
|
double | t_ |
| | time, initialized to zero
|
| |
|
double | dt_ |
| | time step is stored and updated during solves
|
| |
|
double * | sol_ |
| | array for the solution, changing over time
|
| |
|
long long | nstep_ |
| | number of time steps
|
| |
|
long long | neval_ |
| | function evaluation counter, must be incremented in step() when defined
|
| |
|
long long | icheck_ |
| | interval of steps after which to check for nans and infs (zero to ignore)
|
| |
|
double ** | Jac_ |
| | storage for the ODE system's Jacobian matrix, only allocated for the methods that need it
|
| |
|
long long | nJac_ |
| | counter for jacobian evaluations
|
| |
|
double | absjacdel_ |
| | absolute adjustment fraction for numerical Jacobian, if needed
|
| |
|
double | reljacdel_ |
| | relative adjustment fraction for numerical Jacobian, if needed
|
| |
Lowest base class for all solvers.
This is the deepest base class, upon which all integrators and other base classes are built. It provides basic variables like the solution array, the independent variable, and a string defining the integrator's name. It implements the solve_fixed function for integrating with a fixed time step. When constructing, it will allocate space for a Jacobian matrix if the need_jac flag is true.
Definition at line 150 of file ode_base.h.
| double OdeBase::get_t |
( |
| ) |
|
|
inline |
gets the current value of the independent variable
The value of the independent variable is provided as a convenience and is used internally to track integration progress, but is not precisely accurate during steps. Libode solves systems in autonomous form. If the independent variable is needed during a step, an extra variable must be added to the system of ODEs to represent it. The corresponding extra ODE is always one. For example, if the independent variable is t for time, the extra ODE states dt/dt = 1.
Definition at line 181 of file ode_base.h.
| void OdeBase::ode_jac |
( |
double * |
solin, |
|
|
double ** |
Jout |
|
) |
| |
|
protectedvirtual |
evaluates the system's Jacobian matrix, also in autonomous form, and can either be defined in a derived class or left to numerical approximation
The incoming solin
vector contains the current values of all solution variables and has length neq
. The output array Jout
is a 2D array with size neq
x neq
. All elements of Jout
should be set, even if they're zero, because the Jout
array isn't cleared before it's reused. If the Jacobian is needed and there is no overriding definition of this function, a finite differences approximation is used.
- Parameters
-
| [in] | solin | current solution array |
| [out] | Jout | Jacobian of ode_fun |
Definition at line 58 of file ode_base.cc.


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Regions are a simple graphical data type representing an area of integer-aligned rectangles. They are often used on raster surfaces to track areas of interest, such as change or clip areas.
cairo_region_t *
cairo_region_create (void
);
Allocates a new empty region object.
A newly allocated cairo_region_t. Free with
cairo_region_destroy()
. This function always returns a
valid pointer; if memory cannot be allocated, then a special
error object is returned where all operations on the object do nothing.
You can check for this with cairo_region_status()
.
Since 1.10
cairo_region_t *
cairo_region_create_rectangle (const cairo_rectangle_int_t *rectangle
);
Allocates a new region object containing rectangle
.
A newly allocated cairo_region_t. Free with
cairo_region_destroy()
. This function always returns a
valid pointer; if memory cannot be allocated, then a special
error object is returned where all operations on the object do nothing.
You can check for this with cairo_region_status()
.
Since 1.10
cairo_region_t * cairo_region_create_rectangles (const cairo_rectangle_int_t *rects
,int count
);
Allocates a new region object containing the union of all given rects
.
A newly allocated cairo_region_t. Free with
cairo_region_destroy()
. This function always returns a
valid pointer; if memory cannot be allocated, then a special
error object is returned where all operations on the object do nothing.
You can check for this with cairo_region_status()
.
Since 1.10
cairo_region_t *
cairo_region_copy (const cairo_region_t *original
);
Allocates a new region object copying the area from original
.
A newly allocated cairo_region_t. Free with
cairo_region_destroy()
. This function always returns a
valid pointer; if memory cannot be allocated, then a special
error object is returned where all operations on the object do nothing.
You can check for this with cairo_region_status()
.
Since 1.10
cairo_region_t *
cairo_region_reference (cairo_region_t *region
);
Increases the reference count on region
by one. This prevents
region
from being destroyed until a matching call to
cairo_region_destroy()
is made.
Since 1.10
void
cairo_region_destroy (cairo_region_t *region
);
Destroys a cairo_region_t object created with
cairo_region_create()
, cairo_region_copy()
, or
or cairo_region_create_rectangle()
.
Since 1.10
cairo_status_t
cairo_region_status (const cairo_region_t *region
);
Checks whether an error has previous occurred for this region object.
Since 1.10
void cairo_region_get_extents (const cairo_region_t *region
,cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents
);
Gets the bounding rectangle of region
as a cairo_rectangle_int_t
Since 1.10
int
cairo_region_num_rectangles (const cairo_region_t *region
);
Returns the number of rectangles contained in region
.
Since 1.10
void cairo_region_get_rectangle (const cairo_region_t *region
,int nth
,cairo_rectangle_int_t *rectangle
);
Stores the nth
rectangle from the region in rectangle
.
region |
||
nth |
a number indicating which rectangle should be returned |
|
rectangle |
return location for a cairo_rectangle_int_t |
Since 1.10
cairo_bool_t
cairo_region_is_empty (const cairo_region_t *region
);
Checks whether region
is empty.
Since 1.10
cairo_bool_t cairo_region_contains_point (const cairo_region_t *region
,int x
,int y
);
Checks whether (x
, y
) is contained in region
.
Since 1.10
cairo_region_overlap_t cairo_region_contains_rectangle (const cairo_region_t *region
,const cairo_rectangle_int_t *rectangle
);
Checks whether rectangle
is inside, outside or partially contained
in region
CAIRO_REGION_OVERLAP_IN
if rectangle
is entirely inside region
,
CAIRO_REGION_OVERLAP_OUT
if rectangle
is entirely outside region
, or
CAIRO_REGION_OVERLAP_PART
if rectangle
is partially inside and partially outside region
.
Since 1.10
cairo_bool_t cairo_region_equal (const cairo_region_t *a
,const cairo_region_t *b
);
Compares whether region_a is equivalent to region_b. NULL
as an argument
is equal to itself, but not to any non-NULL
region.
TRUE
if both regions contained the same coverage,
FALSE
if it is not or any region is in an error status.
Since 1.10
void cairo_region_translate (cairo_region_t *region
,int dx
,int dy
);
Translates region
by (dx
, dy
).
region |
||
dx |
Amount to translate in the x direction |
|
dy |
Amount to translate in the y direction |
Since 1.10
cairo_status_t cairo_region_intersect (cairo_region_t *dst
,const cairo_region_t *other
);
Computes the intersection of dst
with other
and places the result in dst
Since 1.10
cairo_status_t cairo_region_intersect_rectangle (cairo_region_t *dst
,const cairo_rectangle_int_t *rectangle
);
Computes the intersection of dst
with rectangle
and places the
result in dst
Since 1.10
cairo_status_t cairo_region_subtract (cairo_region_t *dst
,const cairo_region_t *other
);
Subtracts other
from dst
and places the result in dst
Since 1.10
cairo_status_t cairo_region_subtract_rectangle (cairo_region_t *dst
,const cairo_rectangle_int_t *rectangle
);
Subtracts rectangle
from dst
and places the result in dst
Since 1.10
cairo_status_t cairo_region_union (cairo_region_t *dst
,const cairo_region_t *other
);
Computes the union of dst
with other
and places the result in dst
Since 1.10
cairo_status_t cairo_region_union_rectangle (cairo_region_t *dst
,const cairo_rectangle_int_t *rectangle
);
Computes the union of dst
with rectangle
and places the result in dst
.
Since 1.10
cairo_status_t cairo_region_xor (cairo_region_t *dst
,const cairo_region_t *other
);
Computes the exclusive difference of dst
with other
and places the
result in dst
. That is, dst
will be set to contain all areas that
are either in dst
or in other
, but not in both.
Since 1.10
cairo_status_t cairo_region_xor_rectangle (cairo_region_t *dst
,const cairo_rectangle_int_t *rectangle
);
Computes the exclusive difference of dst
with rectangle
and places the
result in dst
. That is, dst
will be set to contain all areas that are
either in dst
or in rectangle
, but not in both.
Since 1.10
typedef struct _cairo_region cairo_region_t;
A cairo_region_t represents a set of integer-aligned rectangles.
It allows set-theoretical operations like cairo_region_union()
and
cairo_region_intersect()
to be performed on them.
Memory management of cairo_region_t is done with
cairo_region_reference()
and cairo_region_destroy()
.
Since 1.10
Used as the return value for cairo_region_contains_rectangle()
.
Since 1.10


Gina Rodriguez, Ariana Greenblatt & Jessica Marie Garcia Celebrate Eva Longoria Foundation
Gina Rodriguez and Ariana Greenblatt get in a group photo with Eva Longoria and America Ferrera at the Eva Longoria Foundation’s Gala Dinner held at Four Seasons on Friday night (November 15) in Beverly Hills, Calif.
The actresses were also joined at the event by Jessica Marie Garcia and Anne Winters.
At the gala, Ariana met up with quite a few celebs, including Mario Lopez and Lana Parilla.
“Thank you @evalongoria for a great night and for all the inspiring work the @evalongoriafoundation does for Latina women,” Ariana captioned a pic with Eva on Instagram story.
“Had a beautiful night celebrating @evalongoriafoundation and their important work to empower Latinas through education and entrepreneurship. With special honorees @americaferrera and Howard G. Buffett! So proud to be part of this important work to celebrate, educate, and uplift our next generation of Latina leaders ♥,” Jessica added on her own account.


The Government Publications Portal holds New York City’s recent agency publications.
The portal is maintained by the Municipal Library at the New York City Department of Records and Information Services (DORIS)
as part of the government’s ongoing mission to make government information accessible.
The New York City Charter, Section 1133,
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 When taking care of a newborn, it can be challenging to keep track of how much they are eating and how well they are sleeping. It all seems like a blur.
With Babby Jotz, you and your child's other caregivers can jot down quick notes about what they are doing at any time. There are special fields for feeding, sleeping, and pooping to make entering the most common types of data fast and easy. This data can then be shared with the other people you choose.

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Pavan KumarSoftware Engineer at Saddle Point Technologies. I am trainee at Saddle Point Technologies. I am interested in Python that doesn't mean i don't want to work on Java. |
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POST traffic recordings in the http-types format here and obtain a generated OpenAPI specification.
curl --data-binary<EMAIL_ADDRESS>https://meeshkan.io/schema-builder
See the meeshkan repository on GitHub for more information, and the meeshkan-hosted-schema-builder repository for how this service is built.


Term
some term
Normalized name
a name
Standard dictionary Id
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Name of the standard
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lang
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{% extends "global/Page.html" %} {% load staticfiles otree %} {% block title %} Part III Solving puzzles {% endblock %} {% block content %} {% include Constants.instructions_template %}
For example, for the following matrix, the correct pattern is 8.
Click next to start solving the problems.


Fabric-licious Raspberry Pi projects
by Alex BateI’m currently (re)learning how to knit. Here are some textile-themed Raspberry Pi projects for the yarn-curious.
The Raspberry Pi-powered loom
Fred Hoefler has taken a desktop loom and added a Raspberry Pi to automate it. Read more in our blog post.
Networked knitting machine: not your average knit one, purl one
The moment we saw Sarah Spencer‘s knitted Stargazing tapestry, we knew we needed to know more. A couple of emails later, and here’s Sarah with a guest blog post telling you all you need to know about her hacking adventure with a 1980s knitting machine and a Raspberry Pi.
Raspberry Pi spinning wheel
Cyndi Minister runs The Twisted Purl, a yarn company in Arkansas. She’s also a bit of a geek, and when her ankles became sore from too much work at the treadle, she hit on the idea of making a Raspberry Pi-powered spinning wheel for her hand-made yarn. Read more.
 Computing’s everywhere. Find out more here.


|
eDSP
0.0.1
A cross-platform DSP library written in C++.
|
Files | |
| file | amplifier.hpp [code] |
| file | binary_search.hpp [code] |
| file | ceil.hpp [code] |
| file | clipper.hpp [code] |
| file | concatenate.hpp [code] |
| file | derivative.hpp [code] |
| file | equal.hpp [code] |
| file | fix.hpp [code] |
| file | floor.hpp [code] |
| file | indexof.hpp [code] |
| file | linear_search.hpp [code] |
| file | linspace.hpp [code] |
| file | logspace.hpp [code] |
| file | normalize.hpp [code] |
| file | padder.hpp [code] |
| file | rectify.hpp [code] |
| file | round.hpp [code] |
| file | silence.hpp [code] |


Fassak!
- A 2 Doors GT500 was made especially by fordMustang to honor Wick , John for his 31 Birthday with a special digital pass WIC
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--- layout: home profile_picture: src: /assets/img/boyuansun.png alt: website picture items: - title: CorrMatch: Label Propagation via Correlation Matching for Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation image: src: /assets/img/work/corrmatch_pipeline.png alt: arxiv author: Boyuan Sun, Yuqi Yang, Weifeng Yuan, Le Zhang, Ming-Ming Cheng, Qibin Hou pubname: Arxiv preprint 2023 code: https://github.com/BBBBchan/CorrMatch paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.04300 bibtex: - title: CamoFormer: Masked Separable Attention for Camouflaged Object Detection image: src: /assets/img/work/CamoFormer_pipeline.png alt: arxiv author: Bowen Yin, Xuying Zhang, Qibin Hou, Bo-Yuan Sun, Deng-Ping Fan, & Luc Van Gool. pubname: Arxiv preprint 2022 code: https://github.com/HVision-NKU/CamoFormer paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.06570.pdf bibtex: ---
Boyuan Sun (孙博远) is currently a 1st year Ph.D. candidate at Nankai University, supervised by Prof. Qibin Hou and Prof. Ming-Ming Cheng. His research interests include computer vision and deep learning, particularly focusing on semantic segmentation and semi-supervised learning, etc.
Tianjin, China
sbysbysby123 gmail.com
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Google Scholar
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class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Week 11 - Modeling Data ### Joshua Rosenberg and Alex Lishinski ### April 1, 2021 --- # Welcome! Welcome to *week 11*! **Record the meeting** --- # Breakout rooms! Starting with whoever has consumed the least caffeine (in chocolate, tea, or coffee) today . . . - What was the most familiar to you about the code / techniques used in the walkthrough on illuminating inequities in education through analyzing large-scale data sets? - What was the least familiar to you? Prepare one-three responses to each of the above questions to share with the whole class! https://datascienceineducation.com/c09.html --- ### Topics for today **Record the meeting** Modeling continued A. Recap from the buffet and further expansion B. Model outputs and summaries C. Model helpers - tests, diagnostics, and model components --- ### A. Buffet of models recap What a model is: **model**: a simplified _representation_ of your data that can be informative to you (and others) about your data - and, maybe, what your data represents. From this broad definition, models can take many different forms: - A sample statistic (e.g., a _mean_ of a variable) - A relationship describing how two variables co-vary (e.g., a bivariate _correlation_) - A linear regression model --- ### A. Buffet of models recap How do we represent model equations in R? Many R packages share a common modeling syntax, or interface: the formula syntax. This code represents the regression of `hp` upon `mpg`: ```r mpg ~ hp ``` Then there are other formula operators: ```r # additional independent variables mpg ~ hp + disp # interactions with main effects mpg ~ hp + disp + hp*disp # interactions without main effects mpg ~ hp + disp + hp:disp # All remaining variables mpg ~ . ``` --- ### A. Buffet of models recap There are a number of helper functions that work with `lm` and other models And there's some more advanced formula tricks too ```r # Polynomial Regression y ~ x + I(x^2) + I(x^3) ``` ``` ## y ~ x + I(x^2) + I(x^3) ``` ```r # Factorial ANOVA y ~ (a*b*c)^2 ``` ``` ## y ~ (a * b * c)^2 ``` ```r # Variable transformations Sepal.Width ~ Petal.Width + log(Petal.Length) + Species ``` ``` ## Sepal.Width ~ Petal.Width + log(Petal.Length) + Species ``` --- ### A. Buffet of models recap The lm() function is the base case of using these model formulas Estimating a model; seeing the result: ```r lm(FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours, data = d) ``` ``` ## ## Call: ## lm(formula = FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours, data = d) ## ## Coefficients: ## (Intercept) TimeSpent_hours ## 65.8085 0.3648 ``` --- ### A. Buffet of models recap The lm() function is the base case of using these model formulas Saving the output to an _object_ and printing a summary of the results ```r m1 <- lm(FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours, data = d) summary(m1) ``` ``` ## ## Call: ## lm(formula = FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours, data = d) ## ## Residuals: ## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max ## -67.136 -7.805 4.723 14.471 30.317 ## ## Coefficients: ## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) ## (Intercept) 65.80851 1.49120 44.13 <2e-16 *** ## TimeSpent_hours 0.36484 0.03889 9.38 <2e-16 *** ## --- ## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 ## ## Residual standard error: 20.71 on 571 degrees of freedom ## (30 observations deleted due to missingness) ## Multiple R-squared: 0.1335, Adjusted R-squared: 0.132 ## F-statistic: 87.99 on 1 and 571 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16 ``` --- ### A. Buffet of models recap The lm() function is the base case of using these model formulas Making the model more complex - a multiple regression ```r m2 <- lm(FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours + int + Gender, data = d) summary(m2) ``` ``` ## ## Call: ## lm(formula = FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours + int + Gender, ## data = d) ## ## Residuals: ## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max ## -66.593 -7.382 4.761 14.534 30.618 ## ## Coefficients: ## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) ## (Intercept) 69.61325 7.06075 9.859 <2e-16 *** ## TimeSpent_hours 0.36962 0.04198 8.804 <2e-16 *** ## int -0.99359 1.58756 -0.626 0.532 ## GenderM -0.54962 2.06489 -0.266 0.790 ## --- ## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 ## ## Residual standard error: 21.03 on 499 degrees of freedom ## (100 observations deleted due to missingness) ## Multiple R-squared: 0.1375, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1323 ## F-statistic: 26.51 on 3 and 499 DF, p-value: 6.362e-16 ``` --- ### A. Buffet of models recap But other functions and packages use this as well t-test ```r m_t_test <- t.test(FinalGradeCEMS ~ Gender, data = d) m_t_test ``` ``` ## ## Welch Two Sample t-test ## ## data: FinalGradeCEMS by Gender ## t = -0.30379, df = 327.71, p-value = 0.7615 ## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0 ## 95 percent confidence interval: ## -4.579370 3.354211 ## sample estimates: ## mean in group F mean in group M ## 77.01877 77.63135 ``` ANOVA ```r m_anova <- aov(FinalGradeCEMS ~ subject, data = d) m_anova ``` ``` ## Call: ## aov(formula = FinalGradeCEMS ~ subject, data = d) ## ## Terms: ## subject Residuals ## Sum of Squares 13484.46 269057.23 ## Deg. of Freedom 4 568 ## ## Residual standard error: 21.76447 ## Estimated effects may be unbalanced ## 30 observations deleted due to missingness ``` --- ### A. Buffet of models recap Some packages add to this syntax too -- Multi-level model ```r library(lme4) m5 <- lmer(FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours + int*Gender + (1|course_id), data = d) summary(m5) ``` ``` ## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod'] ## Formula: FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours + int * Gender + (1 | course_id) ## Data: d ## ## REML criterion at convergence: 4433.8 ## ## Scaled residuals: ## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max ## -3.4970 -0.4169 0.2413 0.6507 2.3171 ## ## Random effects: ## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev. ## course_id (Intercept) 46.47 6.817 ## Residual 384.21 19.601 ## Number of obs: 503, groups: course_id, 26 ## ## Fixed effects: ## Estimate Std. Error t value ## (Intercept) 74.22969 8.45385 8.781 ## TimeSpent_hours 0.43078 0.04128 10.435 ## int -2.84129 1.89455 -1.500 ## GenderM -26.55507 13.10001 -2.027 ## int:GenderM 6.39449 3.09236 2.068 ## ## Correlation of Fixed Effects: ## (Intr) TmSpn_ int GendrM ## TimSpnt_hrs -0.239 ## int -0.963 0.091 ## GenderM -0.595 0.021 0.611 ## int:GenderM 0.583 -0.027 -0.609 -0.989 ``` --- ### A. Buffet of models recap Weights using `lm()` ```r # Adding weights wts1 <- rnorm(n = nrow(d), mean = 0, sd = 1) wts2 <- rnorm(n = nrow(d), mean = 0, sd = 1) wts <- abs(wts1/wts2) m1_wt <- lm(FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours, data = d, weights = wts) summary(m1_wt) ``` ``` ## ## Call: ## lm(formula = FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours, data = d, weights = wts) ## ## Weighted Residuals: ## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max ## -285.512 -8.915 3.152 14.176 258.440 ## ## Coefficients: ## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) ## (Intercept) 62.3501 1.4291 43.63 <2e-16 *** ## TimeSpent_hours 0.4900 0.0409 11.98 <2e-16 *** ## --- ## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 ## ## Residual standard error: 40.72 on 571 degrees of freedom ## (30 observations deleted due to missingness) ## Multiple R-squared: 0.2009, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1995 ## F-statistic: 143.5 on 1 and 571 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16 ``` --- ### A. Buffet of models recap The `glm()` function - the way to fit other types of regression models `glm()` lets you specify distribution families for different kinds of outcomes: * "gaussian" = standard regression for continuous dependent variables (default) * "binomial" = binary (0/1) outcome variables * "poisson" = count outcome variables * several others are available --- ### A. Buffet of models recap The base case with default options will be same as `lm()` ```r glm1 <- glm(FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours, data = d) summary(glm1) ``` ``` ## ## Call: ## glm(formula = FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours, data = d) ## ## Deviance Residuals: ## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max ## -67.136 -7.805 4.723 14.471 30.317 ## ## Coefficients: ## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) ## (Intercept) 65.80851 1.49120 44.13 <2e-16 *** ## TimeSpent_hours 0.36484 0.03889 9.38 <2e-16 *** ## --- ## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 ## ## (Dispersion parameter for gaussian family taken to be 428.7479) ## ## Null deviance: 282542 on 572 degrees of freedom ## Residual deviance: 244815 on 571 degrees of freedom ## (30 observations deleted due to missingness) ## AIC: 5103 ## ## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 2 ``` --- ### A. Buffet of models recap The `family` argument to `glm()` helps you change the kind of model being estimated. ```r d <- d %>% mutate(Points_Earned_Bin = ifelse(d$Points_Earned > mean(d$Points_Earned, na.rm = T), 1, 0)) glm1 <- glm(Points_Earned_Bin ~ TimeSpent_hours, data = d, family = "binomial") summary(glm1) ``` ``` ## ## Call: ## glm(formula = Points_Earned_Bin ~ TimeSpent_hours, family = "binomial", ## data = d) ## ## Deviance Residuals: ## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max ## -0.6393 -0.6166 -0.5992 -0.5624 2.0446 ## ## Coefficients: ## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) ## (Intercept) -1.484105 0.199288 -7.447 9.55e-14 *** ## TimeSpent_hours -0.004482 0.005535 -0.810 0.418 ## --- ## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 ## ## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1) ## ## Null deviance: 455.26 on 506 degrees of freedom ## Residual deviance: 454.58 on 505 degrees of freedom ## (96 observations deleted due to missingness) ## AIC: 458.58 ## ## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 4 ``` --- ### B. Model outputs and summaries We've previously discussed making better looking output tables in .Rmd documents ```r library(sjPlot) tab_model(m1) ```

  	 Final Grade CEMS

 Predictors	 Estimates	 CI	 p

 (Intercept)	 65.81	 62.88 – 68.74	 <0.001

 TimeSpent_hours	 0.36	 0.29 – 0.44	 <0.001

 Observations	 573

 R2 / R2 adjusted	 0.134 / 0.132

 --- ### B. Model outputs and summaries Another package makes it easier to pull out model estimates in an easier format to use for further operations: `broom` `tidy()` Makes `lm()` coefficient output into a tidy data frame format, which you can then use all of your tidyverse tools on `glance()` works similarly but with the whole model diagnostic statistics such as `\(R^2\)` ```r library(broom) # Model coefficents tidy(m1) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 2 x 5 ## term estimate std.error statistic p.value ## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 (Intercept) 65.8 1.49 44.1 3.71e-186 ## 2 TimeSpent_hours 0.365 0.0389 9.38 1.53e- 19 ``` ```r # whole model stats glance(m1) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 1 x 12 ## r.squared adj.r.squared sigma statistic p.value df logLik AIC BIC ## <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 0.134 0.132 20.7 88.0 1.53e-19 1 -2548. 5103. 5116. ## # … with 3 more variables: deviance <dbl>, df.residual <int>, nobs <int> ``` --- ### B. Model outputs and summaries `broom` can also help you grab other diagnostics from the model with `augment()` ```r # Data level additional model generated values head(augment(m1)) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 6 x 9 ## .rownames FinalGradeCEMS TimeSpent_hours .fitted .resid .hat .sigma .cooksd ## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 1 93.5 25.9 75.3 18.2 0.00184 20.7 7.14e-4 ## 2 2 81.7 23.0 74.2 7.49 0.00198 20.7 1.30e-4 ## 3 3 88.5 14.3 71.0 17.4 0.00275 20.7 9.82e-4 ## 4 4 81.9 26.6 75.5 6.32 0.00182 20.7 8.52e-5 ## 5 5 84 24.7 74.8 9.18 0.00190 20.7 1.87e-4 ## 6 7 83.6 22.0 73.8 9.74 0.00204 20.7 2.27e-4 ## # … with 1 more variable: .std.resid <dbl> ``` --- ### B. Model outputs and summaries `broom` can also help you grab other diagnostics from the model ```r f <- augment(m1) ggplot(f) + geom_point(aes(x=.fitted, y=.resid)) ```  --- ### B. Model outputs and summaries The `car` package has plotting and testing functions that can help you evaluate models ```r library(car) avPlots(m2) ```  --- ### B. Model outputs and summaries The `car` package has plotting and testing functions that can help you evaluate models ```r residualPlots(m2) ```  ``` ## Test stat Pr(>|Test stat|) ## TimeSpent_hours -6.3056 6.337e-10 *** ## int -1.7279 0.08462 . ## Tukey test -6.3520 2.125e-10 *** ## --- ## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 ``` --- ### B. Model outputs and summaries The `report` package can generate written summaries of the results of your models ```r #devtools::install_github("https://github.com/easystats/report") library(report) report(m1) ``` ``` ## We fitted a linear model (estimated using OLS) to predict FinalGradeCEMS with TimeSpent_hours (formula: FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours). The model explains a statistically significant and moderate proportion of variance (R2 = 0.13, F(1, 571) = 87.99, p < .001, adj. R2 = 0.13). The model's intercept, corresponding to TimeSpent_hours = 0, is at 65.81 (95% CI [62.88, 68.74], t(571) = 44.13, p < .001). Within this model: ## ## - The effect of TimeSpent_hours is statistically significant and positive (beta = 0.36, 95% CI [0.29, 0.44], t(571) = 9.38, p < .001; Std. beta = 0.37, 95% CI [0.29, 0.44]) ## ## Standardized parameters were obtained by fitting the model on a standardized version of the dataset. ``` --- ### B. Model outputs and summaries Components of an `lm()` object, some of which you can get with helper functions ```r m1$coefficients ``` ``` ## (Intercept) TimeSpent_hours ## 65.8085094 0.3648365 ``` ```r head(m1$residuals) ``` ``` ## 1 2 3 4 5 7 ## 18.188854 7.485674 17.447115 6.323524 9.181244 9.742307 ``` --- ### C. Model helpers - tests, diagnostics, etc. There are a number of helper functions that work with `lm` and other models ```r # model coefficients coef(m1) ``` ``` ## (Intercept) TimeSpent_hours ## 65.8085094 0.3648365 ``` ```r # model residuals head(residuals(m1)) ``` ``` ## 1 2 3 4 5 7 ## 18.188854 7.485674 17.447115 6.323524 9.181244 9.742307 ``` ```r # regression fitted values head(fitted(m1)) ``` ``` ## 1 2 3 4 5 7 ## 75.26487 74.21617 71.04047 75.52907 74.81876 73.84596 ``` ```r # Get the data used to fit the model head(model.frame(m1)) ``` ``` ## FinalGradeCEMS TimeSpent_hours ## 1 93.45372 25.91944 ## 2 81.70184 23.04500 ## 3 88.48758 14.34056 ## 4 81.85260 26.64361 ## 5 84.00000 24.69667 ## 7 83.58827 22.03027 ``` --- ### C. Model helpers - tests, diagnostics, etc. There are a number of helper functions that work with `lm` and other models - How do we know which ones? ```r library(sloop) s3_methods_class("lm") ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 85 x 4 ## generic class visible source ## <chr> <chr> <lgl> <chr> ## 1 add1 lm FALSE registered S3method ## 2 alias lm FALSE registered S3method ## 3 anova lm FALSE registered S3method ## 4 Anova lm FALSE registered S3method ## 5 as.data.frame lm FALSE registered S3method ## 6 augment lm FALSE registered S3method ## 7 avPlot lm FALSE registered S3method ## 8 Boot lm FALSE registered S3method ## 9 bootCase lm FALSE registered S3method ## 10 boxCox lm FALSE registered S3method ## # … with 75 more rows ``` ```r confint(m1) ``` ``` ## 2.5 % 97.5 % ## (Intercept) 62.8796038 68.737415 ## TimeSpent_hours 0.2884451 0.441228 ``` ```r vcov(m1) ``` ``` ## (Intercept) TimeSpent_hours ## (Intercept) 2.22367608 -0.047242592 ## TimeSpent_hours -0.04724259 0.001512691 ``` --- ### C. Model helpers - tests, diagnostics, etc. The `lmSupport` package provides number of additional tools for regression models ```r library(lmSupport) m1 <- lm(FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours, data = d) m2 <- lm(FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours + int + Gender, data = d) # A function to check regression model assumptions modelAssumptions(m1) ``` ``` ## Descriptive Statistics for Studentized Residuals ## ## Call: ## lm(formula = FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours, data = d) ## ## Coefficients: ## (Intercept) TimeSpent_hours ## 65.8085 0.3648 ## ## ## ASSESSMENT OF THE LINEAR MODEL ASSUMPTIONS ## USING THE GLOBAL TEST ON 4 DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM: ## Level of Significance = 0.05 ## ## Call: ## gvlma(x = Model) ## ## Value p-value Decision ## Global Stat 313.26 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied! ## Skewness 182.13 0.000e+00 Assumptions NOT satisfied! ## Kurtosis 69.89 1.110e-16 Assumptions NOT satisfied! ## Link Function 40.33 2.143e-10 Assumptions NOT satisfied! ## Heteroscedasticity 20.91 4.820e-06 Assumptions NOT satisfied! ``` --- ### C. Model helpers - tests, diagnostics, etc. The `lmSupport` package provides number of additional tools for regression models ```r m2 <- lm(FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours + int + Gender, data = d) m1 <- lm(FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent_hours, data = model.frame(m2$model)) # F Test difference between 2 models modelCompare(m1, m2) ``` ``` ## SSE (Compact) = 220820.1 ## SSE (Augmented) = 220624.9 ## Delta R-Squared = 0.0007632935 ## Partial Eta-Squared (PRE) = 0.0008841496 ## F(2,499) = 0.2207905, p = 0.8019629 ``` --- ### Addendum: Other modeling packages to be aware of * `lme4` and `nlme`: hierarchical linear models (aka multilevel models) * `lavaan`: structural equation models * `MASS`: Robust regression * `caret`: Lots of different classification and regression models for machine learning applications * `parsnip`: (tidyverse) Unified interface to many different models, largely machine learning type * Time series: https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/TimeSeries.html Other types of models that may be more applicable to your field can also be found in the CRAN task views: https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/ Tutorials for many different varieties of Regression can be found here: https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/other/dae/ Other packages that can help you with your models https://easystats.github.io/easystats/ e.g. the `performance` package does model assumption checking and model comparison --- ### Live coding Let's head over to the following file for a demonstration: `week-11-demo.R` --- # Homework 10 Fit a machine learning model to a set of educational log-trace data Using the `caret` package: * Partition the data into training and testing sets * Pre-process the data: identify linear dependencies, scale the variables and impute missing values * Train the model using a Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, or Neural Network model (defend your choice) * Choose bootstrap or k-fold cross validation for your model fitting (defend your choice) * Evaluate model performance with calibration curves ---  --- # Logistics **This week** * Homework 10: Available tomorrow by noon tomorrow; **Due by Thursday, 4/8** * Reading: * https://www.tmwr.org/base-r.html#formula --- # Assignment updates * [Final project](https://making-data-science-count.github.io/s21-intro-to-data-sci-methods-in-ed/assignments-final-projects.html) * We will provide feedback to you within the next week (before our next class on Thursday, April 8) * We recommending getting started! * We recommend having starting in earnest within the next two-three weeks (depending on your need for feedback) --- * [Curating a data science resource](https://making-data-science-count.github.io/s21-intro-to-data-sci-methods-in-ed/assignment-curating-a-data-science-resource.html) ### Random * Do you have an interest in a class on social network analysis (more of a general theoretical and methodological approach that can be brought to bear on the analysis of face-to-face and digital networks) and the analysis of social media data? If so, please let us know. * Are you interested in a graduate-level certificate in educational data science? * https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRhJTuCQfpEx9uZl57pucjyr_quIR9Vv5ZZdxvu4GSrdD5lkIQyUTsWX5NyuHiPivvOMPtkLmoLoi1X/pub --- ### Wrapping up In your base group's Slack channel: - What is one thing you learned today? - What is something you want to learn more about? - Share your feelings in GIF form!


Newbie Guide:
From now on, you must pay more attention!
Listen to me carefully: the most important thing
for you to have is the will to seek adventure in
the depest parts of the Isle of Souls. Follow that
will and you may feel yourself already becoming
a stronger Kamael.
Ah, one last thing! When you reach level 10, visit
Hierarch Kekropus and he will tell you of the test
you must take to become a true Kameal warrior.
Back


This character is the leader or even "king" of all the homeless, indigent, and castoffs in a city. Either by dint of age, respect, or obstinate madness he has authority over the homeless. The king may be a crime boss type, a mayor who keeps their society running, The Fagin leading a group of street urchins, or an actual king who holds court. Regardless of how much wealth he has, he always stays purposefully poor and in a homeless lifestyle.
More often than not, Muggles in the know will respect him and even ask him for help or Wisdom from the Gutter, assuming he doesn't have a higher education equivalent knowledge. Usually these guys are also suffering a mental illness that makes them a Cloud Cuckoo Lander. However, an especially beloved king (it helps if they aren't violent) may have their delusion humored by a whole city.
See also/compare The Fagin and Wasteland Elder. For a normal king who is now homeless, see Fallen Princess. This trope is almost Always Male, hence the use of masculine pronouns.
Examples:
- In Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Chief Aramaki's missing brother turns out to be one in an episode near the end of the first season. He's arrested on trumped up charges to get at his brother. In the second season he has a cameo in order to give Kuze somebody to explain his plan to.
- The Jim Starlin Batman miniseries The Cult features Deacon Blackfire's evil cult of homeless people.
- During the Frank Miller run of Daredevil the title character encountered "the King," who ruled the homeless in the New York sewer system in analogy to the Kingpin ruling the New York mobs. He even has his own pet Sewer Gator that he feeds with those who displease him.
- Marvel also has an evil example, the Tatterdemalion. Originally a member of high society from a rich family, he was swindled out of everything he owned by Las Vegas mobsters, and because a destitute. After being recruited by the Committee to foster an environment of fear in Los Angeles, he committed random crimes against the wealthy, destroying their material possessions, motivated purely out of envy and hatred towards the system. He has fought heroes like Spider-Man, the Werewolf by Night, and Ghost Rider.
- Calisto (and later Storm), leader of the Morlocks, outcast mutants who live in the sewers of New York.
- One Hellraiser comic has a literal King of the Homeless, holding court in the sewers.
- One story in The Goon has the term "hobo jungle" taken literally, with the hoboes looking like Amazonian natives. Their king is a long-haired guitar player.
- In DC Comics's brief Magog series there was a villain named Miasma who was basically Bernie Madoff turned into this trope.
- In the pages of the Justice Society of America, the Golden Age supervillain Ragdoll eventually becomes one of these, forming a cult around himself that he uses to terrorize Star City and his old nemesis Starman.
- In Runaways, The Swell thinks that he's a King of the Homeless because he leads the Street Arabs gang. In reality, he's a Smug Snake who's only survived as long as he has because the larger gangs didn't see any point in killing him. This changes after he tries to sell the Runaways to the leaders of the Sinners — who just happen to be Dale and Stacey Yorkes, two of the Runaways' enemies. After learning that their future selves were killed by the Runaways, the Yorkes decide to liquidate the Street Arabs, destroying The Swell's tiny "kingdom".
- In Seven Soldiers of Victory, the Manhattan Guardian spends the first half of his miniseries dealing with a war between two kings, No-Beard and All-Beard, whose pirate gangs are in a race to find a treasure hidden in the subway system.
- The Chairman in Baśń O Ludziach Stąd is a crime boss type. Getting rid of him (kinda...) causes much rejoicing.
- John Wick: Chapter 2 has the Bowery King, who runs a network of homeless or otherwise downtrodden people throughout New York City.
- King of Beggars, a Wuxia movie starring Stephen Chow, deals with a main character who quests to become one.
- Midaq Alley: Grimy old Zacarias is referred to as "the beggar king". Sure enough, he's later revealed to command an army of beggars and street performers, all of whom give him payoffs mob boss style.
- Played for laughs in The Muppets, with hobos carrying off a tied-up Jack Black while declaring him their King. (It actually does make sense in context. Sort of.)
- Newsies has the newsboys of New York who live together in boarding houses and live day-to-day by buying the newspapers to sell them to the people. When their prices are raised, Jack Kelly bands them together to go on strike, but to be effective they need every borough of New York, especially Brooklyn which is the territory of Spot Conlon. As the most respected and feared newsie in New York, Jack knows Spot holds the most leverage.

- Silent Movie has a gag where Mel Funn — having just fallen off the wagon, hard — buys an absolutely massive wine bottle and stumbles into a back alley. All the homeless in the alley gather around Mel and hail him as "the king of the winos".
- Soviet propaganda film Strike has such a character, who is actually referred to as the "King". ("My kingdom is limitless.") He mobilizes his army of vagrants to infiltrate the striking workers and cause a disturbance, so the authorities will have an excuse to break the strike with force.
- Under the Silver Lake has the Hobo King as one of the many weird characters whom the protagonist meets during his investigation.
- Accidental Detectives: Mean Gene Delaney, the Big Bad of Lost Beneath Manhattan has a lot of phony panhandling operations, at least seven other beggars as henchmen, and a reputation for cowing various people, and forcing them away from his turf. He and his men also aren't above kidnapping young children to make their begging performances look more convincing, which brings them into conflict with Ricky and the others.
- The Areas of My Expertise discusses the Hobo Kings in some depth. Among other distinctive features, they apparently reincarnate rather like the Dalai Lama.
- Bloodsucking Fiends has a Homeless King in San Francisco, very clearly modeled on Emperor Norton of the same city.
- Discworld has Queen Molly, head of the Beggar's Guild. This is Played for Laughs; the King or Queen of the Beggars has to be aware of their station, so in Guards! Guards!, Molly's predecessor asks people if they could spare 300 dollars for a civic banquet, or could put him up in a sixteen-bedroom mansion for the night.
- There's the Beggar King of Nadsokor from the The Elric Saga.
- Rafi, from James Elroy Flecker's Hassan (1923), is probably the earliest straight example of this trope happening on a large scale: He's rich and conspiring against the Sultan — this, of course, makes this one Older Than Television.
- Clopin in The Hunchback of Notre Dame is something along the lines of a beggar king. He is a beggar, conman, and pickpocket, whose skill has earned him the leadership position among the Romani, and lower class citizens. He decides judgement of Trespassers in the Court of Miracles. Clopin's main redeeming factor is his genuine concern for all his "subjects", and willingness to put his life on the line to help them.
- The novel The King of Schnorrers involves a character who is the leader of professional beggars in London.
- Koba is the leader of Echo's homeless in Labyrinths of Echo.
- Nikos Kazantzakis portrayed Jesus in this fashion in his novel The Last Temptation of Christ, which also carried over to Martin Scorsese's film adaptation—not without controversy, of course.
- The Matthew Swift series has the Beggar King, a character who is the embodiment of this trope literally, as in-universe, Archetypal Characters abound if their trope is famous enough.
- Neverwhere has a whole feudal system among the denizens of London Below, but there doesn't seem to be any particular overlord. The highest-ranking single person seems to be the Earl of Earl's Court.
- In Reliquary, Mephisto is the leader of a large community of homeless living in the tunnels under Manhattan. Pendergast and D'Agosta seek his help in navigating the tunnels and finding the den of the Wrinklers.
- The Outcaste in the Spaceforce novels are people who have been convicted of serious crimes by the Taysan Empire, and stripped of their caste — which means they have no way of earning a living and typically starve to death. In the second book, Deadline, we meet a former royal bodyguard, Calia, who was punished for the heinous offence of marrying a servant, and has organised the rest of the Outcaste into a secret community.
- Star Wars Legends:
- In the Jedi Academy Trilogy Jacen and Jaina Solo got lost in Coruscant's underworld and stumbled into Dakyim's Kingdom, a community of refugees. Their leader was King Onibald Daykim, a former low-level banker who led his fellow bureaucrats into hiding when they earned the Emperor's ire. After learning the Emperor was dead and the Empire largely collapsed, Onibald decided to remain a king rather than return to banking.
- The Thief Lord: Title character Scipio, "the thief lord", is the ringleader of a band of runaways and child thieves.
- Thieves' World: Moruth the Beggar King was the leader of the beggars in the Downwind section of Sanctuary.
- In Terra Ignota, Mycroft doesn't hold any official title, but the other Servicers follow his instructions anyway. Mycroft has protected and fed them and campaigned for more little luxuries for them, so they deeply respect him in spite of his reputation.
- They show up quite a bit in the Wuxia genre as leaders of the Beggars' Sect (sometimes also known as the "Beggars' Guild" or the "Hobo Gang"). This being Wuxia, they are known believers of Authority Equals Asskicking in that their leaders are always one of the best martial artists in the setting. The leader of the gang wields a signature weapon known as the "Dog-Beating Staff", and must be well-versed in the techniques to use it, and the "Eighteen Dragon-Subduing Palms" to be eligible to become the boss. Notable examples include:
- Cheng Pa, the leader of the Beggar's Guild in some of the Judge Dee stories. Despite his laid-back personality, he's just as capable a fighter as the judge's henchmen (one scene has him settle a dispute between two beggars by picking them both up and knocking their skulls together). He's also a civil force to be reckoned with: anybody who pisses him off can look forward to an army of filthy hoboes parked on their business' doorstep, driving customers away without any violence or effort on their part. He also has a major crush (hinted to be reciprocated) on a Mongolian wrestling champion, but can't make an official proposal due to his position, while she won't respond to anything but an official proposal.
- Qiao Feng is their leader in Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils and is one of the youngest and strongest leaders of the Beggars' Sect in his forties. He plays a prominent role as one of the main characters, and there is quite a bit of controversy with his Khitan heritage.
- In The Legend of the Condor Heroes, the Beggars' Sect are led by Hong Qigong, an old glutton who is also one of the top martial artists in the Wulin. It takes quite a few delicious dishes made by Huang Rong to teach both her and Guo Jing the special moves of the gang.
- Aibou: There's a whole homeless republic/hippie commune in a section of one of the cities, and its self-appointed President becomes the victim of a crime.
- Babylon 5: Byron, leader of the rogue telepaths on the eponymous space station.
- An early episode of Bones has a murder occur in the flood run-off tunnels underneath Washington, D.C. The primary witness/suspect is a homeless man who lives in the tunnels, and has a clear position of leadership and respect among the homeless community down there. Brennan has to remind Booth that the homeless man does have authority in the tunnels, so Booth can't just rough up or intimidate the guy like he would normally do.
- "The Doctor" from the Criminal Minds episode "Persuader", a vindictive former Stage Magician who led a community of homeless pickpockets living in an Absurdly Spacious Sewer. He attracts the BAU's attention when he begins having followers who tried to leave him killed.
- Doctor Who: "Daleks In Manhattan"/"Evolution of the Daleks" features the Hooverville of Depression-era Central Park, where the de facto leader of the homeless is a wise man named Solomon.
- Flash Gordon has Terek, who leads the mutant Deviates, exiled by Ming from the city. Unbeknownst to Ming and Aura, he's Ming's son and Aura's brother. He and Aura eventually lead a takeover of the city and try to have their father executed.
- Erg, leader of the Morlocks on The Gifted.
- NewsRadio: Jimmy James's nemesis Johnny Johnson, having been ruined in a previous episode, showed up later as "King of the Winos".
- In Geist: The Sin-Eaters we meet Dregs, who died in New York City.
- The Beggar King, leader of the Beggar Fraternity in Legends of the Wulin. This being a Wuxia game, he's obviously a badass Kung Fu master, and in fact winning a martial arts tournament in which everyone is open to participate is one of the requirements for being the King's successor.
- The Warhammer 40,000 Gaiden Game Necromunda has the special character Redwart the Magnificent, the self-proclaimed King of the mutant and destitute Scavvies who are forced to live in the most polluted and dilapidated areas of the Underhive.
- Beggar King is the final tier of Beggar in Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay's fourth edition, and requires the character to own a begging lair and an army of lesser beggars to do their bidding.
- Arguably 'king Derywinki III' in the D&d Module 'Horror on the Hill'. He wears a tattered puprle cloak and makeshift crown, claims to be king over a dungeon level that consists of caves with unintelligent monsters and leads a small band of insane berserkers to 'put down rebellions' amid them.
- In The Threepenny Opera, Peachum is the head of London's Beggar's Guild and is referred to at least once as the Beggar King/King of the Beggars.
- One of the Templar targets that Arno pursues in Assassin's Creed: Unity is le Roi des Thunes, translated as "The King of Beggars". After Arno assassinates him, he's replaced by the Marquis de Sade. Yes, that de Sade. Fortunately, he's an ally to Arno and the Assassins.
- Fallen London has the Topsy King, additionally a Talkative Loon.
Who is the Topsy King?
In his own words: "A goden most capering! Hines the walkskies, chanter the powb raggedy men. Dab with viddlo, too, goden!" So there we have it. - inFAMOUS has Alden Tate of the Dustmen, who are sort of... super-powered homeless that can make junk mecha and trash spiders.
- Hodgman the Hoboverlord from Kingdom of Loathing.
- Portal 2: In an Alternate Universe, Cave Johnson became the Hobo King, ruling over the derelict remains of Aperture.
Cave: So grab yourself a bowl of slumgallion and a glass of sternly and let me introduce myself. I'm Michigan Slim Cave Johnson. (harmonica riff) I'm the hobo king!
- Scotchmo from Wasteland 2 will, during the epilogue, be elected king of the hobos of Arizona and California if he joined the Rangers and survived the endgame.
- Francis Bedlam, one of Novigrad´s Undeground Bosses from The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt rules over the city's beggars, thieves and street urchins from his hideout at Putrid Grove.
- Yuri in the Fire Emblem: Three Houses DLC is house leader of the Ashen Wolves and the de facto chief of the various outcasts who make up the population of the Abyss.
- The Adventures of Dr. McNinja has Archibald, the King of the Hobos, who wears half of a Campbell's Soup can as a crown. He may have actually done some ruling as a hobo king, but that was before he went on adventures, befriended a mummy, became immortal, and took over as mayor of Cumberland.
- Johnny Saturn features a literally underground society that functions surprisingly well, and while they have some main members, John Underhall is pretty much their king.
- When reviewing the video game adaptation of Total Recall, Joueur du Grenier finds out there are plenty of hobos who want to kill the main character in an "abandoned" warehouse (it is abandoned in the film, anyway). Then he hilariously elaborates on how to defeat the oversized hobo boss he nicknames "King of the Hobos".
- Batman: The Animated Series introduced the Sewer King, who fits the Fagin archetype of this trope.
- The Santa Claus Brothers had one who also thought he was the King of France.
- Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) has the Garbageman, a hideous and ruthless villain who dreams of ruling a garbage kingdom with the homeless as his slaves. After he's defeated, the Professor (so named because he used to be a university professor) becomes a good and wise leader to the homeless and gives a valuable Aesop on recycling.
- Wrecks serves as this to the slumdwellers of Old Gobotron on Challenge of the GoBots.
- Bruce Lee (not that one) is a drug dealer and former street fighter who acts as the self-appointed leader and protector of the huge population of homeless, addicts, street kids and other social rejects in Romania's captial city Bucharest. He even rules a community in the underground heating tunnels beneath the city.
- The United States has a National Hobo Convention, which elects a king. Steam Train Maury, who died in 2006, was for much of his life the King of the Hobos.
- Joshua Abraham Norton was not only king of the homeless in San Francisco, but declared himself Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico after losing all his money in a bad rice deal. He seemed to exist on the cusp of homelessness, sometimes living in a boarding house and tolerated by amused high-class citizens who saw him as a source of entertainment for patrons of their establishments.


KONSTPykTIVE D3S1GN - UNDER KOHCTPYKCiONE
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December 2016 Seattle Trip
Mies, my great mentor said: “Seattle is coffee capital of the US.” That is the essence of syntax: the discipline. This is a test.. that controls the proper use of grammar in the construction of phrases and the articulation of a language, Design. The syntax of design is provided by many components in the nature of the project.
Seattle is a coffee shop capital. Seattle, a city on Puget Sound in the Pacific Northwest, is surrounded by water, mountains and evergreen forests, and contains thousands of acres of parkland. Washington State’s largest city, it’s home to a large tech industry, with Microsoft and Amazon headquartered in its metropolitan area. The futuristic Space Needle, a 1962 World’s Fair legacy, is its most iconic landmark.


See: Description
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| APlanController |
Processes initial A-plan reception.
|
| CommonReferenceQueryResponseController |
Controller class in charge of the reception of a
CommonReferenceQueryResponse message for a BRP participant. |
| CommonReferenceUpdateResponseController |
Incoming message controller to process the
CommonReferenceUpdateResponse . |
| FlexOfferController |
Incoming FlexOffer controller.
|
| FlexOfferRevocationController |
Controller class for the
FlexOfferRevocation messages. |
| FlexOrderResponseController |
Controller class to handle the reception of
FlexOrderResponse messages. |
| FlexRequestResponseController |
Controller class for incoming
FlexRequestResponse messages. |
| MeterDataQueryResponseController |
Controller class handling the reception of a
MeterDataQueryResponse message. |
| SettlementMessageResponseController |
Message controller class handling the processing a
SettlementMessageResponse . |
Copyright © 2016. All rights reserved.


one-liner wars
`Prev `__
O
`Next `__
--------------
**one-liner wars**: n.
A game popular among hackers who code in the language APL (see
`*write-only language* <../W/write-only-language.html>`__ and `*line
noise* <../L/line-noise.html>`__). The objective is to see who can code
the most interesting and/or useful routine in one line of operators
chosen from APL's exceedingly `*hairy* <../H/hairy.html>`__ primitive
set. A similar amusement was practiced among `*TECO* <../T/TECO.html>`__
hackers and is now popular among `*Perl* <../P/Perl.html>`__
aficionados.
Ken Iverson, the inventor of APL, has been credited with a one-liner
that, given a number ``N``, produces a list of the prime numbers from 1
to ``N`` inclusive. It looks like this:
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| .. code:: programlisting |
| |
| (2=0+.=T∅.|T)/T←ιN |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Here's a `*Perl* <../P/Perl.html>`__ program that prints primes:
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| .. code:: programlisting |
| |
| perl -wle '(1 x $_) !~ /^(11+)\1+$/ && print while ++ $_' |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
In the Perl world this game is sometimes called Perl Golf because the
player with the fewest (key)strokes wins.
--------------
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+
| `Prev `__ | `Up <../O.html>`__ | `Next `__ |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+
| one-line fix | `Home <../index.html>`__ | ooblick |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+


Hong Kong clashes continue
by Mark ArmstrongPro-democracy protesters in Hong Kong clashed with police as anti-government demonstrators took to the streets for the 24th weekend in a row.
Black-clad activists smashed up commercial premises as police responded with batons.
The latest violence comes two weeks before district council elections in the Chinese-ruled city.
The clashes spilled on to the streets outside the V City mall with running battles between police and demonstrators.
Pro-democracy protesters vandalised a train station in the central new town of Sha Tin and smashed up a restaurant perceived as being pro-Beijing, overturning banqueting tables and smashing glass panels
As darkness fell, the violence spread.
Call for revenge
The latest violence followed a gathering of thousands of people at a vigil on Saturday night for a student who died in hospital this week following a high fall during a protest.
Many called for revenge.
Seven pro-democracy city lawmakers have been detained or face arrest and are due to appear in court on Monday on charges of obstructing a May meeting of the local assembly, according to police and several of the lawmakers.
Protesters are angry about what they see as police brutality.
They are also angry about claims that Beijing is meddling in the former British colony's freedoms, guaranteed by the "one country, two systems" formula in place since the territory returned to Chinese rule in 1997.
China denies interfering and has blamed Western countries for stirring up trouble.


mcc -o Cloud -W WinMain:Cloud -T link:exe -d 'C:\Users\txl30\Google Drive\Midea\Cloud\final\cloud_end\bin\Cloud\for_testing' -v 'C:\Users\txl30\Google Drive\Midea\Cloud\final\cloud_end\src\welcome.m' -r 'D:\Program Files\MATLAB\R2017a\toolbox\compiler\Resources\default_icon.ico' Compiler version: 6.4 (R2017a) Dependency analysis by REQUIREMENTS. Parsing file "C:\Users\txl30\Google Drive\Midea\Cloud\final\cloud_end\src\welcome.m" (Referenced from: "Compiler Command Line"). Deleting 0 temporary MEX authorization files. Generating file "C:\Users\txl30\Google Drive\Midea\Cloud\final\cloud_end\bin\Cloud\for_testing\readme.txt". Packaging... Creating the bundle... Web based installer created at C:\Users\txl30\Google Drive\Midea\Cloud\final\cloud_end\bin\Cloud\for_redistribution\MyAppInstaller_web.exe. Packaging complete. Elapsed packaging time was: 25 seconds.


Hello if your reading this then welcome to this wonderful showcase of
all my skills!
My name is Brandon Burton. I was born december 5th, 1996 to a Japanese mom and African American father in New Jersey but eventually moved to Maryland.
After high school I didnt really have any direction in life so I decided to joing the US Army and enlisted in 2016 as a Chemcial biological radiological and
Nuclear Specialist (CBRN) soldier. I spent only 4 years in when I decided I had enough of the military life and was looking for a new adventure.
A couple of months after I got out I saw an opportunity to teach english in the Czech Republic. I lived in Prague for 2 months teaching english to people
from all diffrent backgrounds and enjoyed every minute of it, however I had such an urge to see what else is out ther einthe world. Thats when I discoved my love
of traveling visting 12 different countries in a total of 4 months. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic I came back home to America and decided to try my hand at coding.
Ive always had a connection with technology building my first PC in middle school, getting into crypto currencies in high school, and getting a rasberry pi
for my bithday.


Containers fell overboard in Klaipeda
by Erofey SchkvarkinTwo containers fell into water during off loading from container ship FIONA at Klaipeda, Lithuania, on Nov 2, said Klaipeda Stevedoring Company at a meeting, called to explain the accident. According to official statement, there were no hazardous materials in the containers, both containers were recovered. Details of accident and cargoes specifications weren’t, however, revealed.
Container ship FIONA, IMO 9149885, dwt 23028, capacity 1728 TEU, built 1998, flag Gibraltar, manager REGAL Agencies, Greece.


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See:
Description
| Interface Summary | |
|---|---|
| Alt | An RDF Alternative container. |
| Bag | An RDF Bag container. |
| Container | An RDF Container. |
| InfModel | An extension to the normal Model interface that supports access to any underlying inference capability. |
| Literal | An RDF Literal. |
| Model | An RDF Model. |
| ModelChangedListener | The interface for classes that listen for model-changed events. |
| ModelCon | Convenience methods which extend the Model interface. |
| ModelGetter | A ModelGetter object can retrieve a Model given a URL for it. |
| ModelGraphInterface | ModelGraphInterface - this interface mediates between the API Model level and the SPI Graph level. |
| ModelLock | Deprecated. For naming compatibility - use Lock interface instead |
| ModelMaker | A ModelMaker contains a collection of named models, methods for creating new models [both named and anonymous] and opening previously-named models, removing models, and accessing a single "default" Model for this Maker. |
| ModelReader | A component interface used by ModelGetter for reading models. |
| ModelSource | The revised and soon-to-be-core interface for sources of models, typically generated from RDF descriptions. |
| NodeIterator | An iterator which returns RDF nodes. |
| NsIterator | An iterator which returns namespace URI's. |
| ObjectF | A factory for creating objects from RDF Literal strings. |
| Property | An RDF Property. |
| RDFErrorHandler | A generic error handler. |
| RDFList | Provides a convenience encapsulation for lists formed from chains of RDF statements arranged to form a head/tail cons-cell structure. |
| RDFList.ApplyFn | Interface that encapsulates a function to apply to every element in a list. |
| RDFList.ReduceFn | Interface that encapsulates a function to apply to each element of a list in turn, and passing the result to an accumulator. |
| RDFNode | Interface covering RDF resources and literals. |
| RDFReader | An RDFReader reads a serialized represenation of RDF,
e.g. |
| RDFReaderF | An RDFReader factory inferface. |
| RDFVisitor | |
| RDFWriter | RDFWriter is an interface to RDF serializers. |
| RDFWriterF | An RDFReader factory inferface. |
| ReifiedStatement | A ReifiedStatement represents a Statement as a Resource. |
| ResIterator | An iterator which returns RDF Resources. |
| Resource | An RDF Resource. |
| ResourceF | Create an application specific resource instance. |
| ResourceFactory.Interface | the interface to resource factory objects. |
| RSIterator | An RSIterator is a ClosableIterator (qv) which delivers only ReifedStatement's and which has a next-method with that return type. |
| Selector | A Statement selector. |
| Seq | RDF Sequence container. |
| Statement | An RDF Statement. |
| StatementBoundary | An interface for expressing search boundaries in terms of bounding statements. |
| StmtIterator | An iterator which returns RDF Statements. |
| Class Summary | |
|---|---|
| AnonId | Create a new id for an anonymous node. |
| JenaConfig | A Class for configuring Jena's behaviour. |
| ModelExtract | ModelExtract - a wrapper for GraphExtract, allowing rooted sub-models to be extracted from other models with some boundary condition. |
| ModelFactory | ModelFactory provides methods for creating standard kinds of Model. |
| ModelFactoryBase | Helper functions for ModelFactory - in here to keep from obtruding on the end-users. |
| ResourceFactory | A Factory class for creating resources. |
| SimpleSelector | A general selector class for use when querying models. |
| Statement.Util | Utility constants -- in a nested class for namespace reasons. |
| StatementBoundaryBase | StatementBoundaryBase - a base class for StatementBoundarys, with built-in converstion to triples and a continueWith as well as a stopAt. |
| StatementTripleBoundary | StatementTripleBoundary - a StatementBoundary that just wraps a TripleBoundary. |
| Exception Summary | |
|---|---|
| AltHasNoDefaultException | Exception thrown if an Alt has no default statement. |
| DoesNotReifyException | This exception may be raised when an attempt to convert an RDFNode to a ReifiedStatement fails because the RDFNode does not correspond to a reification. |
| EmptyListException | A exception that is thrown when an operation is attempted on an empty (nil) list that actually requires a list of length one or more. |
| EmptyListUpdateException |
Exception that is thrown when an attept is made to perform a side-effectful
operation on an RDFList that is the empty list, or rdf:nil . |
| HasNoModelException | Exception to throw when a Statement or Resource (which don't have a useful common supertype, alas) don't have an associated model. |
| InvalidListException | A exception that is thrown when an operation is attempted on a list that is not well-formed, and is being processed in strict mode. |
| ListIndexException | A exception that is thrown when an operation attempts to access an indexed list element beyond the length of the list. |
| LiteralRequiredException | Exception to throw when an RDFNode required to be a Literal isn't, or when a literal Node is required but a non-literal Node supplied. |
| ResourceRequiredException | Exception to throw when an RDFNode required to be a Resource isn't, or when a Node supposed to be a resource isn't. |
| SeqIndexBoundsException | Exception to throw when the index of a sequence is not in range. |
| Error Summary | |
|---|---|
| RDFError | Deprecated. No longer used. |
A package for creating and manipulating RDF graphs.
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