GeoMesa Spark: Broadcast Join and Aggregation¶
This tutorial will show you how to:
- Use GeoMesa with Apache Spark in Scala.
- Create and use DataFrames with our geospatial User Defined Functions.
- Calculate aggregate statistics using a covering set of polygons.
- Create a new simple feature type to represent this aggregation.
- Visualize the result as a choropleth map.
Background¶
GDELT provides a comprehensive time- and location-indexed archive of events reported in broadcast, print, and web news media worldwide from 1979 to today.
FIPS Codes are Federal Information Processing Standard Publication codes that uniquely identify counties in the United States.
If we make the assumption that a county with more GDELT events is somehow more politically relevant, we may be interested in seeing which counties are more dense with GDELT events.
Since GDELT is a data set with point geometries, we do not immediately know which county it belongs to. To resolve this, we will use a second data set, a FIPS Codes shapefile that denotes the boundary and FIPS code of a county, and join GDELT points with the county that contains them.
In this case, the number of counties is particularly small, approximately 3000 records, we can make our query much more efficient by “broadcasting” the counties. “Broadcast” here meaning a Spark Broadcast. In a traditional Spark SQL join, data will be shuffled around the executors based on the partitioners of the RDDs, and since in our case the join key is a geometric field, there is no built-in Spark partitioner that can map data effectively. The resulting movement of data across nodes is expensive, so we can attain a performance boost by sending (broadcasting) our entire small data set to each of the nodes once. This ensures that the executors have all the data needed to compute the join, and no additional shuffling is needed.
Spark provides a means of executing this “broadcast join”, though it should only be used when the data being broadcast is small enough to fit in the memory of the executors.
Prerequisites¶
For this tutorial, we will assume that your have already ingested the two data sets into the data store of your choosing. Following this tutorial without having created the necessary tables will lead to errors.
The converter for the GDELT data set, Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone (GDELT), is provided with GeoMesa, and the FIPS data can be ingested without a converter as a shapefile. For further guidance, you can follow one of the ingest tutorials Map-Reduce Ingest of GDELT. Once you have the data ingested in GeoMesa, you may proceed with the rest of the tutorial.
Initializing Spark¶
To start working with Spark, we will need a Spark Session initialized, and to apply GeoMesa’s geospatial User Defined Types (UDTs) and User Defined Functions (UDFs) to our data in Spark, we will need to initialize our SparkSQL extensions. This functionality requires having the appropriate GeoMesa Spark runtime jar on the classpath when running your Spark job. GeoMesa provides Spark runtime jars for Accumulo, HBase, and FileSystem data stores. For example, the following would start an interactive Spark REPL with all dependencies needed for running Spark with GeoMesa version 2.0.0 on an Accumulo data store.
$ bin/spark-shell --jars geomesa-accumulo-spark-runtime_2.11-2.0.0.jar
To configure the Spark Session such that we can serialize Simple Features and work with geometric UDTs and UDFs, we must alter the Spark Session as follows.
import org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession
import org.locationtech.geomesa.spark.GeoMesaSparkKryoRegistrator
import org.locationtech.geomesa.spark.jts._
val spark: SparkSession = SparkSession.builder()
.appName("testSpark")
.config("spark.serializer", "org.apache.spark.serializer.KryoSerializer")
.config("spark.kryo.registrator", classOf[GeoMesaSparkKryoRegistrator].getName)
.master("local[*]")
.getOrCreate()
.withJTS
Note the withJTS
, which registers GeoMesa’s UDTs and UDFs, and the two config
options which tell Spark to
use GeoMesa’s custom Kryo serializer and registrator to handle serialization of Simple Features. These configuration options can
also be set in the conf/spark-defaults.conf
configuration file.
Creating DataFrames¶
With our Spark Session created and configured, we can move on to loading our data from the data store into a Spark DataFrame.
First we’ll set up the parameters for connecting to the data store. For example, if our data is in two Accumulo catalogs, we would set up the following parameter maps:
val fipsParams = Map(
"accumulo.instance.id" -> "instance",
"accumulo.zookeepers" -> "zoo1:2181,zoo2:2181,zoo3:2181",
"accumulo.user" -> "user",
"accumulo.password" -> "password",
"accumulo.catalog" -> "fips")
val gdeltParams = Map(
"accumulo.instance.id" -> "instance",
"accumulo.zookeepers" -> "zoo1:2181,zoo2:2181,zoo3:2181",
"accumulo.user" -> "user",
"accumulo.password" -> "password",
"accumulo.catalog" -> "gdelt")
Note
The above parameters assume Accumulo as the backing data store, but the rest of the tutorial is independent of which data store is used. Other supported data stores may be used by simply adapting the above parameters appropriately.
Then we make use of Spark’s DataFrameReader
and our SpatialRDDProvider
to create a DataFrame
with geospatial
types.
val fipsDF = spark.read.format("geomesa")
.options(fipsParams)
.option("geomesa.feature", "fips")
.load()
val gdeltDF = spark.read.format("geomesa")
.options(gdeltParams)
.option("geomesa.feature", "gdelt")
.load()
Filtering DataFrames (Optional)¶
Depending on the scale of the data in our data store, and how specific our questions are, we may want to narrow the result before joining. For example, if we only wanted GDELT events within a one-week span, we could filter the DataFrame as follows:
import spark.implicits._
val filteredGdelt = gdeltDF.where("dtg between '2018-01-01 12:00:00' and '2018-01-08 12:00:00'")
Broadcast Join¶
Now we’re ready to join the two data sets. This is where we will make use of our geospatial UDFs. st_contains
takes
two geometries as input, and it outputs whether the second geometry lies within the first one. For more documentation
and a full list of the UDFs provided by GeoMesa see SparkSQL Functions.
Using these two UDFs, we can build the following join query.
import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.broadcast
val joinedDF = gdeltDF.join(broadcast(fipsDF), st_contains($"the_geom", $"geom"))
The above query executes the broadcast as described previously, sending the FIPS data to each of the executors, then joining the two data sets based on whether the GDELT event occurred in the county.
Aggregating¶
Now we have a DataFrame where each GDELT event is paired with the US county where it occurred.
To turn this into meaningful statistics about the distribution of GDELT events in the US, we
can do a GROUP BY
operation and use some of SparkSQL’s aggregate functions.
import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.concat
import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.count
import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.first
val aggregateDF = joinedDF.groupBy(concat($"STATEFP", $"COUNTYFP"))
.agg(first("NAME").as("name"),
count($"globalEventId").as("eventCount"),
first("the_geom").as("geom"))
The above query groups the data based on FIPS code, (which is split into a state and county code), and counts the number of distinct GDELT events in each one. The result can be used to generate a visualization of the event density in each county, which we will see in the next section.
Visualization¶
To visualize this result, we first need to map our data into the GeoJSON format. To do this, we make use of GeoMesa’s DataFrame to GeoJSON converter.
import org.locationtech.geomesa.spark.jts.util.GeoJSONExtensions._
val geojsonDF = aggregateDF.toGeoJSON
If the result can fit in memory, it can then be collected on the driver and written to a file. If not, each executor can write to a distributed file system like HDFS.
val geoJsonString = geojsonDF.collect.mkString("[",",","]")
Once we have our data exported as GeoJSON, we can create a Leaflet map, which is an interactive map in JavaScript that can be embedded into a web page.
Loading and parsing the JSON is simple. In this case we are wrapping the file load in an XMLHttpRequest
callback function
for compatibility with a notebook like Jupyter or Zeppelin. If the GeoJSON was exported to a file named aggregate.geojson
,
then the following JavaScript will load that a file into a Leaflet map.
$(document).ready(function() {
var map = L.map('map').setView([35.4746,-44.7022],3);
L.tileLayer("http://{s}.tile.osm.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png").addTo(map);
var aggFeature = "eventCount";
var colors = ["#1a9850", "#66bd63", "#a6d96a", "#d9ef8b", "#ffffbf", "#fee08b", "#fdae61", "#f46d43", "#d73027"]
var numBins = 8;
var bins = [];
// Load the GeoJSON
var rawFile = new XMLHttpRequest();
rawFile.onreadystatechange = function () {
if(rawFile.readyState === 4) {
if(rawFile.status === 200 || rawFile.status == 0) {
var allText = rawFile.response;
var aggJson = JSON.parse(allText)
L.geoJson(aggJson, {
style: function(feature) { return {
fillColor: getColor(feature.properties[aggFeature]),
weight: 0.5
}},
onEachFeature: decorate
}).addTo(map);
// Css override
$('svg').css("max-width","none")
}
}
}
rawFile.open("GET", "aggregate.geojson", false);
rawFile.send()
});
This does make use of a few helper functions for setting the color and popup content of each item on the map:
// Create the bins of the histogram, allows for coloring features by value
function createBins(json) {
var min = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER;
var max = 0;
json.forEach(function(feature) {
let aggValue = Number(feature.properties[aggFeature])
if (aggValue < min)
min = aggValue
if (aggValue > max)
max = aggValue
});
var interval = (max-min) / numBins;
for (var i = 0; i < numBins; i++) {
bins.push(i*interval);
}
}
// Get the fill color based on which bin a value is in
function getColor(value) {
var fillColor = colorRange[numBins];
for (var x = 0; x < numBins; x++) {
if (Number(value)< bins[x]) {
fillColor = colorRange[x];
break;
}
}
return fillColor;
}
// Decorate a feature with a popup of its properties
function decorate(feature, layer) {
feature.properties.popupContent = Object.entries(feature.properties).join("
").toString();
layer.bindPopup(feature.properties.popupContent);
}
Afterwards, this simple HTML will load a leaflet with the data.

<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://cdn.leafletjs.com/leaflet/v0.7.7/leaflet.css" />

The end result will look something like this:


Sergio Ruiz Carmona
Research Officer - Bioinformatician
- • Age: 31
- • Nationality: Spanish
- • Degree: PhD in Structure-Based Drug Design
Summary
I am currently a Research Officer at the Baker Institute, under the supervision of professors Mike Inouye and Agus Salim. My research interests are broad and involve mainly the relationship between genetic variants and their effect on protein structures.
I carried out my MSc and PhD in Barcelona (Barril Lab), where I worked with different structure-based drug design methods with the aim to improve drug design for non-standard targets.
Languages
Spanish and CatalanNative speaker
EnglishProficient
FrenchIntermediate
ChineseBasic
Work Experience
- • 01/2019 - Present
- Research Officer - Bioinformatician
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (Melbourne, Australia)
- Supervisors: Profs. Mike Inouye and Agus Salim
- • 01/2017 - 12/2018
- Postdoctoral Researcher
- Universitat de Barcelona, Faculty of Pharmacy (Barcelona, Spain)
- Supervisor: Dr. Xavier Barril
- • 09/2015 - 12/2018
- Associate Professor
- Universitat de Barcelona, Faculty of Pharmacy (Barcelona, Spain)
- Tasks: Classes in Pharmacy, Food Science and Nutrition degrees (total 400h)
- • 11/2017
- Short-Term Scientific Mission MuTaLig COST Action Fellow
- Philipps Universität Marburg, Faculty of Pharmacy (Marburg, Germany)
- Supervisor: Dr. Peter Kolb
- Keywords: MDmix, Dynamic Undocking, bacterial RNAse P, application
- • 09/2017 - 10/2017
- EMBO Short-Term Fellow
- University of Cambridge, Dpt. of Chemistry (Cambridge, UK)
- Supervisor: Dr. Andreas Bender.
- Keywords: Genomics, structures, drugs, combination
- • 09/2010 - 12/2016
- PhD in Computational Biology and Drug Design
- Universitat de Barcelona, Faculty of Pharmacy (Barcelona, Spain)
- Supervisor: Dr. Xavier Barril
- Keywords: Virtual Screening, mechanism of action, docking, molecular dynamics


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We're currently running pilot installations in select locations across India. Send us an email if you'd like to know more.


@jjmerelo
=begin pod
This ordinary paragraph introduces a code block:
$this = 1 * code('block');
$which.is_specified(:by<indenting>);
=end pod
=head3 X<C<string literal>>
C<'scores.txt'> is a I&t;string literal>.
=begin code :preamble<my $file>
my @names = $file.get.words;
=end code
=begin pod
This is I<apocrypha>
=head1 Lesson 1
Doc is code
=end pod
say $=pod[0].perl;
=output
Pod::Block::Named.new(name => "pod", config => {}, contents => [Pod::Block::Para.new(config => {}, contents => ["This is ", Pod::FormattingCode.new(type => "I", meta => [], config => {}, contents => ["apocrypha"])]), Pod::Heading.new(level => 1, config => {}, contents => [Pod::Block::Para.new(config => {}, contents => ["Lesson 1"])]), Pod::Block::Para.new(config => {}, contents => ["Doc is code"])])
If we mix a certain amount of wine with a certain amount of water, we call the mixure wine, since we're taking the part for the whole; but if the mixture is spoiled, we don't say: the mixture is spoiled, but the wine has gone sour
Picture: M.Strīķis [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
tadzik
... if we believe they tend to come apart, let's not close our eyes to reality, or swim against the current.
Autor: Manuel Compañy – (1903-12-05). "Actualidades". Blanco y Negro (657). ISSN 0006-4572., Volné dílo, Odkaz
perl6/doc
evolved organicallyperl6/doc
p6doc
- at least one function (disambiguation) which take a long time to complete, but whose purpose no one quite remembers, and yet because there are few tests, no one wants to remove.
Richard Hainsworth in pod-cached/design_proposal.md
documentable
p6doc++
my Pod::To::Cached $cache .= new(:source<../pods>);
$cache.update-cache;
for $cache.hash-files.kv -> $source-name, $status {
say "$source-name is $status";
say $cache.pod($source-name);
}
Documentable
registry my $registry = Perl6::Documentable::Registry.new( :$cache, :$topdir,
:dirs(["Language", "Type", "Programs", "Native"]), :verbose($v)
);
# Perl6::Documentable::Registry BUILD →
$!pod-cache = Pod::To::Cached.new( source => $!topdir, :$!verbose,
path => "." ~ $!topdir );
p6doc
sub process-type-pod-files(IO::Path @files,
--> Array[Perl6::Documentable]
) is export {
my Perl6::Documentable @results;
for @files.list -> $f {
my $documentable = Perl6::Documentable::File.new(
dir => "Type", filename => $f.basename.Str,
tg => Perl6::TypeGraph.new-from-file,
pod => load($f).first );
$documentable.process();
@results.push($documentable);
}
@results
}
Pod::To::Cached ≜ Perl6::Documentable ≜ P6doc
=begin pod :kind("Type") :subkind("class") :category("generic")
=TITLE class Foo
=SUBTITLE Generic class
class Foo {}
Foo is the class you use when you are talking about a generic class.
=for code
my Foo $foo .=new
=end pod
use Perl6::Documentable::Registry;
my $top-dir = "resources/pods/";
my $registry = Perl6::Documentable::Registry.new(
topdir => $top-dir, # doc containing the pod collection
dirs => ["Type", "Language"], # dirs to process
verbose => True,
use-cache => True # recommended
);
$registry.compose;
say $registry.lookup("Type",:by<kind>);
p6doc
P
includes


Toholammin Talvi Marathon
Toholampi FIN
Website: www.toholamminurheilijat.com
Race Winners
(37 runnings)
31 Mar
2007
01 Apr
2006
02 Apr
2005
27 Mar
2004
29 Mar
2003
23 Mar
2002
25 Mar
2001
25 Mar
2000
20 Mar
1999
1998
22 Mar
1997
1996
25 Mar
1995
1994
27 Mar
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
\1984
1983
1982
1981
16 Mar
1980
Notes: 1980 was the inaugural year.
03 Apr
2016
3:03:31
Ilkka Ristinen (FIN)
4:06:35
Margit Gergely (HUN)
28
Mar
2015
3:12:15
Seppo Laitinen (FIN)
3:58:27
Sari Hellman (FIN)
29 Mar
2014
2:59:08
Sami Pahkala (FIN)
2:57:35
Marika Ahola (FIN)
23 Mar
2013
2:34:31
Teemu Piksila-5
3:41:00
Heli Lehtinen (FIN)
31 Mar
2012
2:39:36
Teemu Piksila-4
3:44:30
Teija Honkonen-2
26 Mar
2011
3:16:16
Juha Levonpera (FIN)
3:45:15
Teija Honkonen (FIN)
27 Mar
2010
2:53:07
Teemu Piksila-3
3:48:00
Paivi Mannisto-4
28 Mar
2009
---
n/a
---
n/a
29 Mar
2008
2:53:02
Teemu Piksila-2
3:52:17
Ritva Vallivaara-Pasto (FIN)
2:58:01
Jarno Liedes (FIN)
3:33:58
Paivi Mannisto-3
3:03:46
Teemu Piksila (FIN)
4:00:48
Paivi Mannisto-2
2:49:54
Petri Harsunen (FIN)
3:33:45
Tuija Kataja-2
2:47:55
Sulo Lamu-5
3:45:28
Tuija Kataja (FIN)
2:49:14
Sulo Lamu-4
4:21:11
Ritva Björkbacka (FIN)
2:43:11
Sulo Lamu-3
4:16:04
Anna-Maija Koskela-3
2:46:05
Sulo Lamu-2
3:40:11
Paivi Mannisto (FIN)
2:42:04
Sulo Lamu (FIN)
3:44:35
Anna-Maija Koskela-2
2:49:40
Stefan Harmala (FIN)
3:35:13
Anna-Maija Koskela (FIN)
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Most Wins (1980/date)
Men
5
Sulo Lamu (FIN)
2000-2004
Teemu Piksila (FIN)
2006,2008,2010,2012-13
Women
4
Paivi Mannisto (FIN)
2001,2006-07,2010
Prize Money
No prize money has been awarded at this event.
Race Time Bias
Insufficient data to calculate the race time bias.
Competitive Level
Insufficient data to calculate the competitive level.
Quality Performances
Men no men under 2:20 Women no women under 2:50
Last Updated on 10 Apr 2016
Contributor: Klaas Loonstra (45)


Enter a cryptocurrency symbol listed on BinanceUS and an ISO Country Code to see the purchasing power in that country.
For example, enter "BTC" and "FJ" to lookup the purchasing power of one Bitcoin in Fiji.
...
Data will be retrieved from BinanceUS and purchasing-power-parity.com.
Purchasing power is a look at the cost, relative to the US dollar, of food, housing, transportation, and utilities.


The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) is responsible for approving unique symbols and names for human loci, including protein coding genes, ncRNA genes and pseudogenes, to allow unambiguous scientific communication.
Source: Adapted from page `About the HGNC` [2019/05/10]
This plugin was not developed by the HGNC team. HGNC neither supports nor endorses this work. References to HGNC in this plugin are meant only to credit the source of data.
Example queries: 'HGNC:1097', 'BRAF'


pouchdb-geospatial
Select a Spatial Predicate then click on a State
contains
Spatial Predicates
contains
coveredby
covers
crosses
disjoint
equals
intersects
overlaps
touches
within
States
Capitals
Interstates


chop :: String -> Int -> String
chop s n = s'
where
b = pack s -- convert String to low-level
b' = unsafeTake n b -- take prefix of n bytes
s' = unpack b' -- convert low-level to String
“HeartBleed” in Haskell (2/3)
Works if you use the valid prefix size
λ> let ex = "Ranjit Loves Burritos"
λ> heartBleed ex 10
"Ranjit Lov"
“HeartBleed” in Haskell (3/3)
Leaks overflow buffer if invalid prefix size!
λ> let ex = "Ranjit Loves Burritos"
λ> heartBleed ex 30
"Ranjit Loves Burritos\NUL\201\&1j\DC3\SOH\NUL"
Types Against Overflows
Strategy: Specify and Verify Types for
Low-level Pointer API
Lib-level ByteString API
User-level Application API
Errors at each level are prevented by types at lower levels
1. Low-level Pointer API
Strategy: Specify and Verify Types for
Low-level Pointer API
Lib-level ByteString API
User-level Application API
Errors at each level are prevented by types at lower levels
API: Types
Low-level Pointers
data Ptr a
API: Types
Low-level Pointers
data Ptr a
Foreign Pointers
data ForeignPtr a
ForeignPtr wraps around Ptr; can be exported to/from C via FFI
API: Operations (1/2)
Read
peek :: Ptr a -> IO a
API: Operations (1/2)
Read
peek :: Ptr a -> IO a
Write
poke :: Ptr a -> a -> IO ()
API: Operations (1/2)
Read
peek :: Ptr a -> IO a
Write
poke :: Ptr a -> a -> IO ()
Arithmetic
plusPtr :: Ptr a -> Int -> Ptr a
API: Operations (2/2)
Create
malloc :: Int -> ForeignPtr a
malloc n returns a pointer to a new region with n bytes
API: Operations (2/2)
Create
malloc :: Int -> ForeignPtr a
Unwrap and Use
withForeignPtr :: ForeignPtr a -- pointer
-> (Ptr a -> IO b) -- action
-> IO b -- result
Example
Allocate a block and write 4 zeros into it
zero4 = do fp <- malloc 4
withForeignPtr fp $ \p -> do
poke (p `plusPtr` 0) zero
poke (p `plusPtr` 1) zero
poke (p `plusPtr` 2) zero
poke (p `plusPtr` 3) zero
return fp
where
zero = 0 :: Word8
Example
How to prevent overflows e.g. writing 5 or 50 zeros into 4-byte block ?
Example
How to prevent overflows e.g. writing 5 or 50 zeros into 4-byte block ?
Step 1
Refine pointers with allocated size
Example
How to prevent overflows e.g. writing 5 or 50 zeros into 4-byte block ?
Step 1
Refine pointers with allocated size
Step 2
Track sizes in pointer operations
Refined API: Types
1. Refine pointers with allocated size
measure plen :: Ptr a -> Int
measure fplen :: ForeignPtr a -> Int
Refined API: Types
1. Refine pointers with allocated size
measure plen :: Ptr a -> Int
measure fplen :: ForeignPtr a -> Int
Abbreviations for pointers of size N
type PtrN a N = {v:_ | plen v = N}
type ForeignPtrN a N = {v:_ | fplen v = N}
Refined API: Ops (1/3)
Create
malloc :: n:Nat -> ForeignPtrN a n
malloc n returns a ForeignPtr to a region of size n
Refined API: Ops (1/3)
Create
malloc :: n:Nat -> ForeignPtrN a n
Unwrap and Use
withForeignPtr :: fp:ForeignPtr a -- pointer
-> (PtrN a (fplen fp) -> IO b) -- action
-> IO b -- use
Refined API: Ops (2/3)
Arithmetic
Refine type to track remaining buffer size
plusPtr :: p:Ptr a
-> o:{Nat | o <= plen p} -- offset in bounds
-> PtrN b {plen b - o} -- remainder
Refined API: Ops (3/3)
Read & Write require non-empty remaining buffer
Refined API: Ops (3/3)
Read & Write require non-empty remaining buffer
Read
peek :: {v:Ptr a | 0 < plen v} -> IO a
Write
poke :: {v:Ptr a | 0 < plen v} -> a -> IO ()
Example: Overflow Prevented
How to prevent overflows e.g. writing 5 or 50 zeros?
exBad = do fp <- malloc 4
withForeignPtr fp $ \p -> do
poke (p `plusPtr` 0) zero
poke (p `plusPtr` 1) zero
poke (p `plusPtr` 2) zero
poke (p `plusPtr` 5) zero
return fp
where
zero = 0 :: Word8
2. ByteString API
Strategy: Specify and Verify Types for
Low-level Pointer API
Lib-level ByteString API
User-level Application API
Errors at each level are prevented by types at lower levels
ByteString Type
data ByteString = PS
{ bPtr :: ForeignPtr Word8 -- ^ base pointer
, bOff :: !Int -- ^ offset at which string starts
, bLen :: !Int -- ^ length of string (from offset)
}
Refined ByteString Type
{-@ data ByteString = PS
{ bPtr :: ForeignPtr Word8
, bOff :: {v:Nat| v <= fplen bPtr}
, bLen :: {v:Nat| bOff + v <= fplen bPtr}
}
@-}
Legal ByteString: bOff and bOff + bLen are within bPtr bounds
Refined ByteString Type
A Useful Abbreviation
type ByteStringN N = {v:ByteString| bLen v == N}
ByteStringN k is a ByteString of size k
{-@ type ByteStringN N = {v:ByteString | bLen v = N} @-}
pack str = create n (\p -> write p xs)
where
n = length str
xs = map c2w str
write p (x:xs) = poke p x >> write (plusPtr p 1) xs
write _ [] = return ()
API unsafeTake a prefix of size n
Specification
{-@ unsafeTake :: n:Nat -> b:{ByteString| n <= bLen b} -> ByteStringN n @-}
Errors at each level are prevented by types at lower levels
Revisit “HeartBleed”
Lets revisit our potentially “bleeding” chop
{-@ type StringN N = {v:String| len v == N} @-}
{-@ chop :: s:String -> n:Nat -> StringN n @-}
chop s n = s'
where
b = pack s -- convert String to low-level
b' = unsafeTake n b -- take prefix of n bytes
s' = unpack b' -- convert low-level to String
Oops, can you fix the error?
“HeartBleed” no more
demo = [ex6, ex30]
where
ex = "Ranjit likes burritos" -- has size 21
ex6 = chop ex 6 -- ok
ex30 = chop ex 30 -- out of bounds!
“Bleeding” chop ex 30rejected by compiler
Recap: Types vs Overflows
Strategy: Specify and Verify Types for
Low-level Pointer API
Lib-level ByteString API
User-level Application API
Errors at each level are prevented by types at lower levels


| DOSE: |
50 mg |
oral |
4-MeO-MiPT |
Substance: 50mg 4-MEO-MIPT
Expierence: First time
Setting: At home, alone
Gender: Male
Age: 19
The trace effects of diazepam powder remain through my perception for the day and may effect the experience slightly. I was psychotic and furious before previously today and as I took my benzos I finally calmed downed and stopped thinking about stabbing people and found relief from my anger. Then the problems I had kind off resolved after talking with my girl about stuff and I hope she finally understands the issues I had. But I don't want to elaborate on that further. I mention this to explain where my mood has been today so you can paint a better picture within your mind of where I have been mentally earlier this day.
23:41 I swallowed my dose. Just chatting on msn. Doing my internet stuff :) Starting to feel this stuff come up in about 30 minutes. Perception is changing. Feeling a bit uncomfortable. The more uncomfortable I feel at first, the stronger my trip will be. I can already measure the strength of my trip before I experience it. I become more aware. A tryptamine feeling overcomes me. But it's not a bad feeling at all. The feeling of empathy without the love. The drug penetrates deeper within my own psyche. What emotion I feel right now is unclear to me. Coming on stronger now. A feeling I dislike. Everything I perceive with my eyes is glowing much more than before.
00:23 Ok, I took the time to try and explain the big bang to someone and I kept staring at the screen in confusion :s I should do that while I'm sober. Haha.
01:48 now. Visual activity is awesome. My soul is less under the influence of dimensions and so my visual perception distorts. Too many people talk to me on msn and I try to describe the effects of this drug at the same moment. I'm in control. No trip that makes my mind warp to further places but simply that nice trippy place. haha. I really like this stuff. Very enjoyable. I have some nice closed eye visuals but I seem to busy with other things. The body feeling is very enjoyable.
02:13 I decide to take a small break for myself and explore this substance further. Damnit. Low battery and I want some music. Here I am again. Anyway, what I can say so far about this experience is that the trip is not mentally overwhelming but it does have a strong enough intensity to be really enjoyable. It does not attach to the mind as much as other psychedelics would do but yet leaves me in an amazing trippy place. This is a psychedelic toy. This is the first tryptamine that I have tried that in my opinion comes so close in effects to a phenethylamine. The 2c's I mean.
02:38 My thought patterns are really beginning to take on different shapes as they question whether or not writing this is important or all other things that this life will come down too. I know the answers. How important is writing this? I think more and more. I did not think my trip was still increasing beyond this point. It puts things in perpective. I think about what I can do or learn to become happier. I try poetry for a moment but I give up.  The second one, definitely. I just don't feel like it for the moment I guess.
03:03 I feel kind of hungry but decide not to eat.  I tried to meditate and only ended up tripping deeper.  Watch malin's melodi :D I have beautiful insightful ideas. To abstract within my mind to explain with words but I figured out all the love I possibly can feel for her. With her mind being the absolute. If I differentiate between her body and mind, her mind is the most complex. Her true self.
Even if I knew the smallest details of every little thought she has. I can only love her as much as her mind expands. And in what other way would it expand but in a good way? I can only love her for as intelligent she is. And her beautiful body aids me. I want to double my dose but I don't know if that is safe or will possibly drive me insane.
04:19 I like this substance. Yet, I wish there was something I could do about my happiness. My temperature raised a lot. I sweat. It's supposed to be cold here now?
Technology fails on me now and then but my mind never does. My mind feels cleared up yet exhausted.
4:52 Malin makes me happy. And if my serotonine doesn't make me happy, I'll make myself happy using my mind alone. I don't need this body to aid me to love her. Are my emotional issues resolved?  Voices can be confusing. Sweet drug. I'm still on it and I can't wait to take it again.
5:02 Getting a little bit tired. Have I found enough lucidity? As I seek it but didn't find enough in my mushrooms. Can I go from psychotic to clearheaded now? How is emma going to act? I'm confused. I drink water. I love water. Visuals are still present. They are as strong as I make them with my mind. I bend half of my whole room as I perceive it. Whenever I want to by focusing. But I guess it would be more fun if it happened by itself and not by me trying to do so. My muscles that hurted so much before from working out are barely noticable now. The pain, that is.
6:00 Getting a bit more tired. And more hungry. I am able to focus my thoughts much more in their normal behaviour again. I'm freakin sweating again? Ok, I can compare the experience the most with a subtle dose of some 2C.  I'm tired.
7:52 Just watched will & grace and when I'm watching the tv as if it is more interesting than my mind it tells me this trip is over.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


You are logged in as user "{{account.login}}".
If you want to
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, you can try the default accounts:
- Administrator (login="admin" and password="admin")
- User
(login="user" and password="user").
This example was built from the following source demos and guides:


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Used in order to fulfill The Sustainable Development Goals of United Nations.
Microsoft's awesome cloud computing platform - Azure is used in order to support
data transfer.
We just use a pre built set instructions in order to get the stuff Working - no technical skills required on your end .
With a fully online control unit There is no delay to the services.

We provide a platform wherein users can avail multiple land, air or water facilities, such as surveillance and maintenance, to boost efficiency of their sectors, all using robots.
All about our drone platform here.
Using Lextor, we aim to fulfil many of these targets in a short time span, thus enabling an intersection of technology and sustainable development
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Setting Feedback Permissions
How to set the roles and users who are able to manage subject and category lists, and or moderate post for the Feedback module.
-
- Select the Permissions tab.
- In the Moderate Feedback Posts column, set the check boxes in this column to Grant or Deny a role/user permission to moderate feedback.
- In the Manage Feedback Lists column, set the check boxes in this column to Grant or Deny a role/user permission to moderate feedback lists. I.e. Subjects and categories
- Click the Update link.
-
See "About Module Permissions"
-
See "Setting Module Permissions"


Exposed the clearFocus function by an angular event 'cellNavClearFocus'. You can override the functionality if you want. Otherwise it works as it should be, minimal impact. I use it in combination with the enableCellEditOnFocus option because otherwise it behaves weird and not as expected. The focussed element that will turn green needs a double click again. In this example this problem is fixed.


Medicare protects you on World Hepatitis Day and every day
Did you know that hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver caused by a virus, affects millions of people worldwide, resulting in acute and chronic liver disease and killing close to 1.4 million people every year?
Hepatitis is contagious. For example, the Hepatitis B virus spreads through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. People can also get infected by coming in contact with a contaminated object, where the virus can live for up to 7 days. Hepatitis B can range from being a mild illness, lasting a few weeks (acute), to a serious long-term illness (chronic) that can lead to liver disease or liver cancer.
Medicare can help keep you protected from some of the common strains of hepatitis: Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B.
Generally, Medicare Part D (prescription drug coverage) covers Hepatitis A shots when medically necessary.
Medicare Part B (Medical Insurance) covers Hepatitis B shots, which usually are given as a series of 3 shots over a 6-month period (you need all 3 shots for complete protection).
There’s a third type of Hepatitis—Hepatitis C. Medicare covers a one-time Hepatitis C screening test if your primary care doctor or practitioner orders it and you meet one of these conditions:
- You’re at high risk because you have a current or past history of illicit injection drug use
- You had a blood transfusion before 1992, or
- You were born between 1945 and 1965
July 28 is World Hepatitis Day. Find out how you can prevent and treat hepatitis by visiting the World Health Organization’s World Hepatitis Day web page.
Take charge, take the test for HIV
Did you know that approximately 1 in 5 of the more than 1 million Americans infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) don't know they’re carrying the virus?
Medicare covers HIV screening for people with Medicare of any age who ask for the test, pregnant women, and people at increased risk for the infection (such as gay and bisexual men, injection drug users, or people with multiple sexual partners).
HIV is the virus that can lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, or AIDS.Early testing and diagnosis play key roles in reducing the spread of the disease, extending life expectancy, and cutting costs of care. At least 1 in 3 people in the U.S. who test positive for HIV is tested too late to get the full advantage of treatment. Testing is also an important first step in getting HIV-infected people the medical care and support they need to improve their health and help them maintain safer behaviors.
Visit Health & Human Services’ Aids.gov website to learn about National HIV Testing Day, June 27.
Go paperless and help the environment
Do you know what June 5th is? It’s World Environment Day – a day for encouraging awareness and action for the environment that’s celebrated in over 100 countries worldwide. How will you make your voice heard this year? One great way is to sign up to get your “Medicare & You” handbook electronically.
If you have an e-Reader (like an iPad, Nook, Sony Reader, or Kindle) you can download a free digital version of the Medicare & You handbook to your e-Reader and take it with you anywhere you go.
Don’t have an e-Reader? You can still sign up to get a paperless version in a few simple steps. We’ll send you an email next September when the new eHandbook is available. This online version of the handbook contains all the same information as the printed version.
Even better, the handbook information on the web is updated regularly, so you can instantly find the most up-to-date Medicare information!
Sign up today to get your Medicare & You information electronically and you’ll be making a difference for the environment. And that’s a great way to make your voice heard and celebrate World Environment Day.
Even “healthy” men need health screenings
Are you the type of guy who puts off doing a task and later wishes he’d just done it? If you’re a man with Medicare, now’s the time to talk with your doctor about whether you should get screened forprostate cancer, for colorectal cancer, or for both. Even if you’re feeling fine, screening tests can find cancer early, when treatment works best.
Don’t put off screenings if you’re worried about the cost: Medicare covers a digital rectal exam and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test once every 12 months if you’re a man with Medicare who’s 50 or over. Also, Medicare also covers several types of colorectal cancer screenings, and you pay nothing for most tests.
Did you know prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, second only to lung cancer in the number of total male cancer deaths? You’re at higher risk for getting prostate cancer if you’re a man 50 or older, are African-American, or have a father, brother, or son who has had prostate cancer.
Colorectal cancer is also common among men—in fact, it’s the third most commonly diagnosed cancer diagnosed in both men and women in the US and the third leading cause of cancer death. In most cases, colorectal cancer develops from precancerous polyps (abnormal growths) in the colon or rectum. Fortunately, screening tests can find these polyps, so you can get them removed before they turn into cancer.
Your risk of getting colorectal cancer goes up as you age. If everyone 50 or older got screened regularly, we could avoid as many as 60% of deaths from this cancer. Make sure you get screened regularly for colorectal cancer if you’re 50 or older, or have a personal or family history of colorectal issues.
June is Men’s Health Month, a perfect time for you (and the men in your life) to take the steps to live a safer, healthier life. Watch our videos on how Medicare has you covered on prostate cancer and colorectal cancer screenings, and visit the Centers for Disease Control for more information on men’s health.
Traveling abroad this summer? Plan a worry-free vacation.
If you’re planning a vacation abroad this summer, you already know that there’s a lot to do before you leave. There are suitcases to pack, an itinerary to plan, and perhaps a passport to renew. We want you to have the most relaxing vacation possible, so before you go don’t forget to:
- Look into Medicare coverage outside the United States.
- Think about getting additional health care coverage.
You already have Medicare, so your health care services and supplies are covered when you’re in the U.S., (including Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands). When you travel overseas or outside the U.S. (including to Canada or Mexico), it’s important to know how your Medicare works.
In most cases, Medicare won’t pay for health care services or supplies you get outside the U.S. Medicare may pay for health care and services you get outside the U.S. in these rare cases.
Because Medicare coverage outside the U.S. is limited, you may want to buy a travel insurance policy. To find out more about these policies, talk to an insurance or travel agent. Not all travel policies include health insurance, so ask questions and read the terms and conditions carefully.
Taking the time to plan out your health care coverage before you travel abroad will help you to have an enjoyable and relaxing trip. For more information on how to stay healthy abroad, visit the Centers for Disease Control’s Traveler’s Health page.


Traditions and Hearthside Stories of West Cornwall, Vol. 2, by William Bottrell, [1873], at sacred-texts.com
In days of yore ugly old hags that sold themselves to Satan merely to have their "spite out" on their neighbours, or to ride on a broomstick and play pranks but little known except among themselves, made the Castle crags their resort. When all the neighbouring witches were assembled they scampered up to the platform on the top of Castle Peak, mounted their ragworts or brooms, and took flight over to Wales to milk Taffy's cows and steal his leeks. Those who lived in Roskestal, and other places over that way, took their departure from Pedn-pen-with. On their return each one alighted, with all her plunder, in some convenient place near her dwelling. ’Tis said that, in old times, the people of this neighbourhood were much addicted to sorcery, and, from their skill in the black art, they acquired and still retain the name of St. Levan Witches.


A discussion on testing
In this week code review meeting, I open a discussion about testing code of Ruby on Rails. Actually I think the test for a complex system is not that easy if you wanna do it gracefully, but it’s still worth starting in small steps, that’s what’s important. I’d like to share the ideas people contributed, and the included contents are as following: Andy:
Tried something new for RoR testing yesterday, it’s factorygirl(fixtures replacement solution. <a href=’http://github.com/thoughtbot/factorygirl’>see more details). In this week code review, I show the testing code, and also have questions about test:I commented in front:
- How to make sure that you test all(99.5%) situations.
- If you test before you code, how to control/ensure the function points properly?
feel free to comment here if you have any thoughts on it.
My understanding of TEST: It means we should “program”(with mock and stub) one more time in different rule(based on the testing framework) to make sure features working correctly. but there is still a big chance to make mistake in both side(twice programming), so non-structured testing does not work very well. idea?Then Guolei’s view point:
I don’t think writing test code is “twice programming”. 1. Test code should be very plain and very simple. Mock and stub do make it complex, but there’s rarely case requiring mock and stub. If you find your test code is more complex that function code, then you are going wrong way. 2. Actually writing test code can not be called “program”. It’s more like you are telling computer what it should do. It’s from the aspect of business logic, non with technique. So you should never make mistake when you get familiar with it, even so, it takes no time to fix it. 3. The value of test code shines when refactoring code and for complex logic. I think Andy’s code is not a good example because the logic is so simple that there’s more test code than function code.Gary’s sample:
Your test code is for a process. I would rather test a method one time, I this case I can try all possible input and test. for example:
describe "article?" do it "should figure out the page is article type" do 2.times do @page.pageparts.create end @page.article?.should == true end it "should figure out the page is not article type" do 2.times do @page.pageparts.create(:group_id => 0) end @page.article?.should == false end endThen I posted:
Yeah.. I don’t doubt about the value of writing test code, and I totally agree on what GL mentioned should be the basic principle of adding test code.JP’s response followed up:The problem is, when I wanna cover all the situations/cases, there is, so far, no good way than writing lots of cases for it. so how to ensure it covering all the test-needed points, specially the business logic? It’s not something about which skills(mock and stub) should be used somehow, it’s about what should be test and how to make sure you fully test what you want to test.
For example in my test code, how to ensure it can fully test the Item model? if I missed points, is this test still believable? I know surely it should cover all situations as what we want, but how to make the coverage happened correctly? The test code may save my time and energy when refactoring or doing enhancement, but if it’s not that correctly covering the case, does it still play an important role?
I am a bit confused of the way we are testing the system rather than writing test code for specific function, any more ideas?
As previously mentioned, I think its best to look at tests as a future investment, not a “I cover every point”. There are two types of “future investment”Seven’s response:
Immediate future. You are about to write some code (function) and you know how you want it to work and what the different possibilities are. You write the test code first and then code the function. Now, as you code the function, it is much faster to see if it works (this is especially true for complex logic like the content inputting system).
Further future. You have a list of “known” situations/cases. You might modify the working code in the future and in the future you might forget what all these different situations/cases are - but you know what they are right now. So, you write test code. Now, if you modify the code in the future and the tests still pass, you can feel comfortable that the code you modified did not break any “known” conditions. In both cases tests cannot find “unknown” cases…and I don’t think this is the point.
Two specific cases come to mind where I felt I used test code really well: a) Immediate Future: When first starting the Erlang queue system I wrote a number of test cases to simulate the trainer client’s various conditions. This allowed me to write the erlang code and then run a bunch of cases on it really quickly which saved a lot of time (otherwise I would have had to do lots and lots of clicks on the Trainer Client). Unfortunately, once the queue system started integrating all of the other apps and connecting to FS I could no longer find a reasonable way to keep these test cases to work (as so many things would have to be stubbed).
a) Further future: The old, old carb.rb model. This was incredibly complex (even from the beginning). I wrote test code after writing that model. Then, a few months later, made significant changes to that model but was able to use that test code to insure I covered all the conditions (this was before Andy started working on it).
I’m only on the first step of writing test code, but it do helps me free my hands and ears from testing calls with FreeSWITCH. Nice.My last response:
I think I got what I want from above discussion, thanks to all for sharing your view points or samples.


This was one of the first and more complex components that I wrote and I did it for 2 reasons:
Like many of the components that I’ve written, I had to start somewhere so I did a quick Google search and decided that I wanted to base it off of the Boostrap typeahead widget. I’m not a big fan of adding plugins to any solution for the following:
I gutted what I needed and began building. I decided on adding options to define the source (AJAX or pre-defined array), configuring the number of results that appeared, the style and color of the matched element, and then adding a callback because quite honestly, most of the times you use this component the user is expecting a dynamic result.
The component uses a combination of jQuery and regular JavaScript both on the local variable definitions as well as the custom definitions on the its prototype. In simplest pseudo code terms, it searches the returned or provided array of possible values, matches the characters (case sensitive), then combines them back with a span. After it’s all done doing that “stuff”, it uses a series of listeners to show, hide, select, or error out.
Check it out below
// Example Uno
var typeahead = $('#sample-type').typeahead({
sourceUrl: './scripts/typeAheadArr.js', // URL of of the AJAX call which will return the array. This or the below is required
// values: [], // Instead of providing a source, the values can be initalized as an array using this key value pair. This or the above is required
results: 5, // number of results requested to be shown at once. Defaults to 10
style: 'strong', // style of the matched string (CSS Classes can be added). Defaults to "strong"
color: '#2e2e2e', // color of the matched string. Defaults to "#2E2E2E"
callback: function(){ // a callback function to be called after selecting an option. Defaults to false
alert('Obligatory callback...')
}
});
// Example Dos
var typeahead = $('#sample-type-dos').typeahead({
sourceUrl: './scripts/typeAheadArr.js',
results: 10,
style: 'strong',
color: '#ff6b6b',
});


In this section, we will cover the following topics:
- the introduction of the areas / components of the shop product details page
- suggestions based on More Like This Query
- suggestions based on Significant Terms Aggregation
the Shop Product Details page
The product details page consists of several areas / components of interest.
At the top, the
searchbar component
(once hit the magnifying glass icon would forward back to the shop listing page),
the
filters area showing what category or brand has been chosen,
the
back button which forwards back to the shop listing page.
Then the top part of the page consists of the product item details card component
as well as the
comments component (the comments are hard-coded
at the moment, again the course focuses on how to integrate
Elasticsearch with the view technology stack, hence all the
components are coded as simple as possible. In real world situations, the
comments information should be stored in another index and ready to be
retrieved by a query). For the moment of time, the product item details card
component has no real functionality; in real world situations, clicking the
card could trigger an
"add to cart" operation.
The lower part of the page consists of 2
suggestion areas; each area provides
a list of suggestions based on different approaches namely
More Like This and
Significant Terms suggestions.
More Like This suggestion
Let's start with the
More Like This suggestion. From
Elasticsearch's documentation:
The More Like This Query finds documents that are
"like" a given set of documents. In order to do so,
MLT selects a set of representative terms of
these input documents, forms a query using these terms,
executes the query and returns the results.
The user controls the input documents, how the terms should be
selected and how the query is formed.
https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/query-dsl-mlt-query.html
You can see that this approach is a
Query and trying to match
documents that are "like" in some ways. In our use case, we would provide
a document's meta data to act as a cue for the
More Like This Query
to execute against. The code snippet as follows:
GET odt_jeymart_items/_search
{
"query": {
"more_like_this": {
"fields": [
"t_description"
],
"like": {
"_index": "odt_jeymart_items",
"_type": "doc",
"_id": "AVylX6bzdr2sb8BuSRoG"
},
"min_term_freq": 1
}
}
}
As mentioned, we would provide a document's meta data; in this case, we
provide the
index,
document_type and
document_id
information for the query to execute against. All these meta information
is available per document you retrieved earlier. (remember that
Elasticsearch
always return you the meta data along with the
_source data).
We also specify which field is to be referenced, in this case
t_description.
If everything's right, we would be able to get back a list of suggestions. Cool!
Significant Terms suggestion
Next, we look into another way to provide suggestions. This time we are
going to use
aggregations -
Significant Terms. From
Elasticsearch's documentation:
An aggregation that returns interesting or unusual
occurrences of terms in a set.
...
In all these cases the terms being selected are
not simply the most popular terms in a set.
They are the terms that have undergone a
significant change in popularity measured between a
foreground and background set.
If the term "H5N1" only exists in 5 documents in a 10 million
document index and yet is found in 4 of the 100 documents that make up
a user’s search results that is significant and probably very relevant
to their search. 5/10,000,000 vs 4/100 is a big swing in frequency.
https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/search-aggregations-bucket-significantterms-aggregation.html
Make it simple,
significant terms aggregation helps to find
out unusual terms within a document set / context. We are not just
focusing on the popularity but instead of the unusual terms that are
interested for that document set / context. The following is the code
snippet:
GET odt_jeymart_items/_search
{
"size": 0,
"query": {
"bool": {
"must": [
{
"match": {
"t_description": "folkart heart napkin rings"
}
},
{
"match": {
"k_category": "fashion"
}
}
]
}
},
"aggs": {
"_st": {
"significant_terms": {
"field": "s_brand_name.keyword",
"size": 5
},
"aggs": {
"_st2": {
"top_hits": {
"_source": [
"t_description"
],
"size": 2
}
}
}
}
}
}
Let's dissect the complex query part by part. The 1st part of the query is a
Boolean Query combining the criteria for document retrieval (
searchbar text, facets of category and / or brand chosen); the 2nd part is
the aggregation.
We start to create a bucket aggregation based on
Significant Terms,
the field for bucketing is
s_brand_name.keyword this gives
Elasticsearch a cue on how to build the buckets for us.
Make it simple, the context in which we want to get back some suggestions this
time is based on the "brand name".
Then we added a nested aggregation,
top hits,
which returns the top documents (in this case, size of 2) that composite
its corresponding bucket.
Nice! Now we should be able to get back Significant Terms suggestions as well.
The rest is just how we display these information back to the client.
Summary
Cool! In this section, we have covered and run through
More Like This Query and
Significant Terms Aggregation.
By now, you should have ideas on how to provide suggestions based on a
given document either using
More Like This Query or
Significant Terms Aggregation. Of course, you can also
run Regex Query to match a field's value against a regular expression
denoting your search terms. There are many other approaches to provide
suggestions and there is no the
BEST approach, so
explore a little bit and pick the one that suits your business use case MOST.
Happy Searching


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 We will follow the path of a packet from your home to one of the internet hubs and beyond.
To begin learning, just scroll down!
The internet is more of a physical than one might think. The Internet, at its core, is a collection of interconnected routers, and interconnected groups of routers called autonomous systems.  In this section we will dive into these locations.
Lets go!
The internet, and the relationships between networks and companies are managed by surprisingly few people - the network engineers and peering coordinators of the networks that make up the tier 1 and 2 networks (and sometimes tier 3).
Lets go!
Networks on The Internet are generally broken into 2 categories: Content creators / hosters, and content consumers. These are otherwise known, respectively, as Content Heavy networks, and Eyeball Networks.
Lets go!
Traceroute is a neat tool included in most operating systems. It works by sending packets with an increasing time-to-live or TTL, and recording the IP of each hop it recieves an ICMP response from. This allows it to build a list of hops on the path to a destination host or IP address.
Lets go!


| Apache Struts 2 Documentation > Home > Guides > Plugin Developers Guide > JasperReports Plugin |
| JasperReports is a powerful open source Java (LGPL) reporting tool that has the ability to deliver rich content onto the screen, to the printer or into PDF, HTML, XLS, CSV and XML files. |
The JasperReports plugin enables Actions to create high-quality reports as results.
To use this plugin, have your packages that contain the target actions extend the provided jasperreports-default package, which contains the jasper result type. Then, simply use the result type in the desired actions. The result takes the following parameters:
Generates a JasperReports report using the specified format or PDF if no format is specified.
Content-disposition = X; filename=X.[format]
).This result follows the same rules from StrutsResultSupport. Specifically, all parameters will be parsed if the "parse" parameter is not set to false.
<result name="success" type="jasper"> <param name="location">foo.jasper</param> <param name="dataSource">mySource</param> <param name="format">CSV</param> </result>
or for pdf:
<result name="success" type="jasper"> <param name="location">foo.jasper</param> <param name="dataSource">mySource</param> </result>
This plugin doesn't provide any global settings.
This plugin can be installed by copying the plugin jar into your application's /WEB-INF/lib directory. No other files need to be copied or created.


The breadcrumb allows users to see the current page and navigation path to that page. Users can navigate to previous
levels
in the path by clicking on those levels. By clicking on the current page, a dropdown allows users to access other
pages
at that same level.
<fd-breadcrumb>
Instead of the [url] property, you may use any RouterLink properties on each breadcrumb item. See the official Angular documentation for RouterLink for more information.
An example using routerLink
Breadcrumb Level 1
Breadcrumb Level 2
Breadcrumb Level3
An example using url
Breadcrumb Level 1
Breadcrumb Level 2
Breadcrumb Level 3


Probing two-level systems with a surface acoustic wave resonator
Parasitic two-level systems (TLS) coupling to a superconducting quantum circuit causes information loss. To mitigate this problem, a better physical understanding of the coupling mechanism is crucial. Phase noise caused by TLS interaction is investigated by using a surface acoustic wave resonator. The results show a significant correlation of resonance frequency fluctuations between different resonance modes, supporting the prediction of the TLS model.
* corresponding author<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Received: 29 February 2020, Accepted: 05 July 2020, Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4383310 | 📁 view PDF file
Background
Quantum computing shows high potential to overcome the computational limit of classical computers and offer computational power beyond current state-of-the-art technology. To implement the concept of quantum computing, a reliable fundamental unit of information, the quantum bit (qubit), must be achieved. One of the proposed candidates for qubit that is promising for the transfer from the research field towards real-world applications is the superconducting qubit. Despite having the advantages of scalability and compatibility with existing microwave control systems, the energy loss in a superconducting quantum circuit due to the coupling with parasitic two-level system (TLS) defects remains unsolved. TLSs can be classified as coherent TLS and incoherent TLS. Previous studies, e.g. Burnett et al. (2014), and Müller et al. (2015), showed that coherent TLSs directly couple with a superconducting circuit. Meanwhile, incoherent TLSs interact with coherent TLSs, bringing the coherent TLSs in and out resonance with our system. This effect results in resonance frequency fluctuations. The conventional approach for monitoring TLS interaction is to measure phase noise in either a superconducting qubit or a microwave resonator. However, those devices only allow the study of TLS interaction at one specific resonance frequency. A surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator has shown its advantage for the study of the interaction between the acoustic field and a quantum device (Manenti et al., 2017). Since an acoustic wave has a much lower velocity than an electromagnetic wave, a SAW resonator contains many resonance modes in limited chip size. This permits the study of the interaction between TLSs in different modes, rather than only one mode inside a microwave resonator.
Method
A surface acoustic wave resonator is utilized as a tool for probing TLSs. A SAW resonator is mounted inside a dilution refrigerator, keeping the temperature approximately at 10 mK. A multi-frequency lock-in amplifier (MLA) connected with a frequency mixer generates high-frequency signals corresponding to SAW resonator frequencies simultaneously. The reflected signals from the resonator contain phase noise, which is the effect of TLS coupling. Phase noise data are used to calculate resonance frequency fluctuations for each mode. Then, the correlations of the resonance frequency fluctuations between different modes are determined. A script for measurement is written in python. A CircleFit notebook (Probst et al., 2015) is utilized for fitting resonator parameters. Finally, data analysis is performed using Matlab and python.
Result
The preliminary result indicates the relationship of frequency fluctuations among different modes of a SAW resonator. Further analysis reveals significant correlation coefficients and indicates that the correlation of resonance frequency fluctuations decreases with increasing detuning. In addition, the degree of correlation shows power dependence, which remains to be investigated.
Discussion and conclusion
This work experimentally demonstrates that phase noise in different modes is correlated, providing the evidence of interaction between incoherent TLSs and coherent TLSs as the cause of this phenomenon.
(Top left) schematic of the measurement setup, (right) a dilution refrigerator that hosts a SAW resonator, and (bottom left) resonance frequency fluctuations calculated from three different modes of a SAW resonator, showing similar features.
About the authors
Ms Nuttamas Tubsrinuan is an Erasmus Mundus Master student of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, specializing in quantum computing. She is studying in the joint-degree program between KU Leuven, Belgium and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. This work is conducted under the supervision of Gustav Andersson and professor Per Delsing at the Quantum Technology laboratory (QT), Chalmers University of Technology and the Wallenberg Center for Quantum Technology (WACQT), Sweden.
Acknowledgements
NT acknowledges the European Commission for the Erasmus Mundus scholarship and Chalmers University of Technology and WACQT for the laboratory facilities.
References
- Müller, C., Lisenfeld, J., Shnirman, A, and Poletto, S. 2015. “Interacting two-level defects as sources of fluctuating high frequency noise in superconducting circuits”. Physical Review B, 92(3): 305442.
- Burnett J., Faoro, L., Wisby, I. Gurtovio, V.L., Chernykh, A.V., Mikhailoz, G.M., Tulin, V.A., Shailhaidarov, R., Antonov, V., Meeson, O.J., Tzalenchuk, A.Y. and Linström, T. 2014. “Evidence for interacting two-level systems for the 1/f noise of a superconducting resonator”. Nature Communication (5): 4119.
- Probst, S., Song, S.B., Pushen, P.A., Ustinov, A.V., and Weides, M. 2015. “Efficient and robust analysis of complex scattering data under noise in microwave resonators”. Review of Scientific Instrument (86): 024706.
- Manenti, R., Kockum, A.F., Patterson, A., Behrle, T., Rahamim, J., Tancredi, G., Nori, F., and Leek, P.J.. 2017. “Circuit quantum acoustodynamics with surface acoustic waves”. Nature Communications (8): 975.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License, which permits to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. You are also allowed to remix, transform, and build upon the material under the following terms: 1) You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. 2) You may not use the material for commercial purposes. 3) If you remix, transform or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/


Package style syntax
Attempt to follow these style guides, by priority:
- Bioconductor coding style
- tidyverse style guide
- Google R style guide
Please adhere to these guidelines, in particular:
- Object and function parameter arguments should be formated in lowerCamelCase.
- Use spaces instead of tabs. Indent with 4 spaces.
- Use
<-
and not =
for assignment.
- Explicitly define
if
/then
statements using opening and closing brackets ({
, }
).
-
else
declarations should be on the same line as the closing bracket.
- Use spaces around assignment operators (
<-
), brackets ({
), and comma delimiters (e.g. c("foo", "bar")
not c("foo","bar")
.
Required checks
Run these commands prior to a pull request:
devtools::document()
devtools::run_examples()
devtools::test()
devtools::check()
BiocCheck::BiocCheck(getwd())
lintr::lint_package()
covr::report()
Rebuild website
unlink("docs", recursive = TRUE)
pkgdown::build_site()


Thelia\Exception
Classes
Class AdminAccessDenied
Class CustomerException
Class FileNotFoundException
Class InactiveCouponException
Thrown when a Condition is badly implemented
Thrown when a Condition receive an invalid Operator
Thrown when a Condition receives an invalid Parameter
Class InvalidModuleException
Thrown when the Facade is not set
Thrown when an Abstract method has not been implemented
these exception are non fatal exception, due to thelia process exception
or customer random navigation
Class UnmatchableConditionException
UnmatchableConditionException thrown when a condition can't be check (if customer is not connected)
Exceptions
Thrown when an Expired Coupon is tried
Thrown when a Coupon with no usage lect (etiher overall or per customer usage) is tried
Class CouponNotReleaseException
Class FileNotReadableException
Class HttpUrlException


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