new Tileset(name, firstgid, width, height, margin, spacing, properties)
A Tile set is a combination of an image containing the tiles and collision data per tile. You should not normally instantiate this class directly.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
name |
string | The name of the tileset in the map data. |
firstgid |
number | The Tiled firstgid value. |
width |
number | Width of each tile in pixels. |
height |
number | Height of each tile in pixels. |
margin |
number | The amount of margin around the tilesheet. |
spacing |
number | The amount of spacing between each tile in the sheet. |
properties |
object | Tileset properties. |
- Source:
Members
-
columns
-
- Source:
Properties:
Name Type Description columns
number The number of columns in the tile sheet.
-
firstgid
-
- Default Value:
- firstgid
- Source:
Properties:
Name Type Description firstgid
number The Tiled firstgid value.
-
image
-
- Source:
Properties:
Name Type Description image
object The image used for rendering. This is a reference to the image stored in Phaser.Cache.
-
name
-
- Source:
Properties:
Name Type Description name
string The name of the Tileset.
-
properties
-
- Source:
Properties:
Name Type Description properties
object Tileset specific properties (typically defined in the Tiled editor).
-
rows
-
- Source:
Properties:
Name Type Description rows
number The number of rows in the tile sheet.
-
tileHeight
-
- Source:
Properties:
Name Type Description tileHeight
number The height of a tile in pixels.
-
tileMargin
-
- Source:
Properties:
Name Type Description tileMargin
number The margin around the tiles in the sheet.
-
tileSpacing
-
- Source:
Properties:
Name Type Description tileSpacing
number The margin around the tiles in the sheet.
-
tileWidth
-
- Source:
Properties:
Name Type Description tileWidth
number The width of a tile in pixels.
-
total
-
- Source:
Properties:
Name Type Description total
number The total number of tiles in the tilesheet.
Methods
-
<protected> calculateFaces(layer)
-
Internal function.
Parameters:
Name Type Description layer
number The index of the TilemapLayer to operate on.
- Source:
-
checkTileIndex(index) → {boolean}
-
Checks if the tile at the given index exists.
Parameters:
Name Type Description index
number The index of the tile within the set.
- Source:
Returns:
True if a tile exists at the given index otherwise false. checkTileIndex: function (index) {
return (this.tiles[index]); }
- Type
- boolean
-
createFromObjects(name, gid, key, frame, exists, autoCull, group)
-
Creates a Sprite for every object matching the given gid in the map data. You can optionally specify the group that the Sprite will be created in. If none is given it will be created in the World. All properties from the map data objectgroup are copied across to the Sprite, so you can use this as an easy way to configure Sprite properties from within the map editor. For example giving an object a property if alpha: 0.5 in the map editor will duplicate that when the Sprite is created. You could also give it a value like: body.velocity.x: 100 to set it moving automatically.
Parameters:
Name Type Argument Default Description name
string The name of the Object Group to create Sprites from.
gid
number The layer array index value, or if a string is given the layer name, within the map data that this TilemapLayer represents.
key
string The Game.cache key of the image that this Sprite will use.
frame
number | string <optional>
If the Sprite image contains multiple frames you can specify which one to use here.
exists
boolean <optional>
true The default exists state of the Sprite.
autoCull
boolean <optional>
true The default autoCull state of the Sprite. Sprites that are autoCulled are culled from the camera if out of its range.
group
Phaser.Group <optional>
Optional Group to add the Sprite to. If not specified it will be added to the World group.
- Source:
-
createLayer(layer, width, height, group) → {Phaser.TilemapLayer}
-
Creates a new TilemapLayer object. By default TilemapLayers are fixed to the camera.
Parameters:
Name Type Argument Description layer
number | string The layer array index value, or if a string is given the layer name, within the map data that this TilemapLayer represents.
width
number <optional>
The rendered width of the layer, should never be wider than Game.width. If not given it will be set to Game.width.
height
number <optional>
The rendered height of the layer, should never be wider than Game.height. If not given it will be set to Game.height.
group
Phaser.Group <optional>
Optional Group to add the object to. If not specified it will be added to the World group.
- Source:
Returns:
The TilemapLayer object. This is an extension of Phaser.Sprite and can be moved around the display list accordingly.
- Type
- Phaser.TilemapLayer
-
getImageIndex(name) → {number}
-
Gets the image index based on its name.
Parameters:
Name Type Description name
string The name of the image to get.
- Source:
Returns:
The index of the image in this tilemap, or null if not found.
- Type
- number
-
<protected> getIndex(location, name) → {number}
-
Gets the layer index based on the layers name.
Parameters:
Name Type Description location
array The local array to search.
name
string The name of the array element to get.
- Source:
Returns:
The index of the element in the array, or null if not found.
- Type
- number
-
<protected> getLayer(layer) → {number}
-
Gets the TilemapLayer index as used in the setCollision calls.
Parameters:
Name Type Description layer
number | string | Phaser.TilemapLayer The layer to operate on. If not given will default to this.currentLayer.
- Source:
Returns:
The TilemapLayer index.
- Type
- number
-
getLayerIndex(name) → {number}
-
Gets the layer index based on its name.
Parameters:
Name Type Description name
string The name of the layer to get.
- Source:
Returns:
The index of the layer in this tilemap, or null if not found.
- Type
- number
-
getObjectIndex(name) → {number}
-
Gets the object index based on its name.
Parameters:
Name Type Description name
string The name of the object to get.
- Source:
Returns:
The index of the object in this tilemap, or null if not found.
- Type
- number
-
getTile(index) → {object}
-
Gets a Tile from this set.
Parameters:
Name Type Description index
number The index of the tile within the set.
- Source:
Returns:
The tile object. getTile: function (index) {
return this.tiles[index]; },
- Type
- object
-
getTileAbove(layer, x, y)
-
Gets the tile above the tile coordinates given. Mostly used as an internal function by calculateFaces.
Parameters:
Name Type Description layer
number The local layer index to get the tile from. Can be determined by Tilemap.getLayer().
x
number The x coordinate to get the tile from. In tiles, not pixels.
y
number The y coordinate to get the tile from. In tiles, not pixels.
- Source:
-
getTileBelow(layer, x, y)
-
Gets the tile below the tile coordinates given. Mostly used as an internal function by calculateFaces.
Parameters:
Name Type Description layer
number The local layer index to get the tile from. Can be determined by Tilemap.getLayer().
x
number The x coordinate to get the tile from. In tiles, not pixels.
y
number The y coordinate to get the tile from. In tiles, not pixels.
- Source:
-
getTileLeft(layer, x, y)
-
Gets the tile to the left of the tile coordinates given. Mostly used as an internal function by calculateFaces.
Parameters:
Name Type Description layer
number The local layer index to get the tile from. Can be determined by Tilemap.getLayer().
x
number The x coordinate to get the tile from. In tiles, not pixels.
y
number The y coordinate to get the tile from. In tiles, not pixels.
- Source:
-
getTileRight(layer, x, y)
-
Gets the tile to the right of the tile coordinates given. Mostly used as an internal function by calculateFaces.
Parameters:
Name Type Description layer
number The local layer index to get the tile from. Can be determined by Tilemap.getLayer().
x
number The x coordinate to get the tile from. In tiles, not pixels.
y
number The y coordinate to get the tile from. In tiles, not pixels.
- Source:
-
getTilesetIndex(name) → {number}
-
Gets the tileset index based on its name.
Parameters:
Name Type Description name
string The name of the tileset to get.
- Source:
Returns:
The index of the tileset in this tilemap, or null if not found.
- Type
- number
-
getTileX(index) → {object}
-
Gets a Tile from this set.
Parameters:
Name Type Description index
number The index of the tile within the set.
- Source:
Returns:
The tile object. getTileX: function (index) {
return this.tiles[index][0]; },
- Type
- object
-
getTileY(index) → {object}
-
Gets a Tile from this set.
Parameters:
Name Type Description index
number The index of the tile within the set.
- Source:
Returns:
The tile object. getTileY: function (index) {
return this.tiles[index][1]; },
- Type
- object
-
setCollision(indexes, collides, layer)
-
Sets collision the given tile or tiles. You can pass in either a single numeric index or an array of indexes: [ 2, 3, 15, 20]. The
collides
parameter controls if collision will be enabled (true) or disabled (false).Parameters:
Name Type Argument Default Description indexes
number | array Either a single tile index, or an array of tile IDs to be checked for collision.
collides
boolean <optional>
true If true it will enable collision. If false it will clear collision.
layer
number | string | Phaser.TilemapLayer <optional>
The layer to operate on. If not given will default to this.currentLayer.
- Source:
-
setCollisionBetween(start, stop, collides, layer)
-
Sets collision on a range of tiles where the tile IDs increment sequentially. Calling this with a start value of 10 and a stop value of 14 would set collision for tiles 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14. The
collides
parameter controls if collision will be enabled (true) or disabled (false).Parameters:
Name Type Argument Default Description start
number The first index of the tile to be set for collision.
stop
number The last index of the tile to be set for collision.
collides
boolean <optional>
true If true it will enable collision. If false it will clear collision.
layer
number | string | Phaser.TilemapLayer <optional>
The layer to operate on. If not given will default to this.currentLayer.
- Source:
-
setCollisionByExclusion(indexes, collides, layer)
-
Sets collision on all tiles in the given layer, except for the IDs of those in the given array. The
collides
parameter controls if collision will be enabled (true) or disabled (false).Parameters:
Name Type Argument Default Description indexes
array An array of the tile IDs to not be counted for collision.
collides
boolean <optional>
true If true it will enable collision. If false it will clear collision.
layer
number | string | Phaser.TilemapLayer <optional>
The layer to operate on. If not given will default to this.currentLayer.
- Source:
-
<protected> setCollisionByIndex(index, collides, layer, recalculate)
-
Sets collision values on a tile in the set. You shouldn't usually call this method directly, instead use setCollision, setCollisionBetween or setCollisionByExclusion.
Parameters:
Name Type Argument Default Description index
number The index of the tile on the layer.
collides
boolean <optional>
true If true it will enable collision on the tile. If false it will clear collision values from the tile.
layer
number <optional>
The layer to operate on. If not given will default to this.currentLayer.
recalculate
boolean <optional>
true Recalculates the tile faces after the update.
- Source:
-
setSpacing(tileMargin, tileSpacing)
-
Sets tile spacing and margins.
Parameters:
Name Type Argument Description tileMargin
number <optional>
The margin around the tiles in the sheet.
tileSpacing
number <optional>
The spacing between the tiles in the sheet.
- Source:
-
setTileIndexCallback(indexes, callback, callbackContext, layer)
-
Sets a global collision callback for the given tile index within the layer. This will affect all tiles on this layer that have the same index. If a callback is already set for the tile index it will be replaced. Set the callback to null to remove it. If you want to set a callback for a tile at a specific location on the map then see setTileLocationCallback.
Parameters:
Name Type Argument Description indexes
number | array Either a single tile index, or an array of tile indexes to have a collision callback set for.
callback
function The callback that will be invoked when the tile is collided with.
callbackContext
object The context under which the callback is called.
layer
number | string | Phaser.TilemapLayer <optional>
The layer to operate on. If not given will default to this.currentLayer.
- Source:
-
setTileLocationCallback(x, y, width, height, callback, callbackContext, layer)
-
Sets a global collision callback for the given tile index within the layer. This will affect all tiles on this layer that have the same index. If a callback is already set for the tile index it will be replaced. Set the callback to null to remove it. If you want to set a callback for a tile at a specific location on the map then see setTileLocationCallback.
Parameters:
Name Type Argument Description x
number X position of the top left of the area to copy (given in tiles, not pixels)
y
number Y position of the top left of the area to copy (given in tiles, not pixels)
width
number The width of the area to copy (given in tiles, not pixels)
height
number The height of the area to copy (given in tiles, not pixels)
callback
function The callback that will be invoked when the tile is collided with.
callbackContext
object The context under which the callback is called.
layer
number | string | Phaser.TilemapLayer <optional>
The layer to operate on. If not given will default to this.currentLayer.
- Source:


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Mr.Larry Edwards. Plot,1287 Port Shepstone Ridder Hargerd Close, South Africa<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Dear President/Ceo. We want to transfer to overseas the sum of One hundred and Forty Two Million United States Dollars (U.S.$142,000,000.00) from South Africa. I want to ask you to kindly look for a reliable and honest person who will be capable and fit to provide either an existing bank account or to set up a new bank account immediately to receive this money,though an empty bank account could serve this purpose as long as you will remain honest to me till the end of this important business trusting in you and believing in God that you will never let me down either now or in time to come. I am Mr.Larry Edwards,the external auditor of a Bank.During the course of our auditing,I discovered a floating fund in an account opened in the bank in 1990 and since 1993 nobody has operated on this account again.After going through some old files in the records, I discovered that the owner of the account died without a �Heir apparent to the throne� hence the money is floating and if I do not remit this money out urgently it will be forfeited for nothing. The owner of this account who is Mr.Gregory A.Williams,a foreigner and an industrialist died, since 1990,until now no other person(s) knows about this account or could give any documentary evidence concerning this account. As such this account has no other beneficiary and my investigation proved to me as well that Mr.Gregory A.Williams until his death was the manager Diamond Safari Company,in South Africa. However, if you are interested in this business we will start the first money transfer with Forty Two Million U.S.Dollars(U.S.$42,000,000.00) upon successful transaction without any disappointment from you. We shall also re-apply for the payment of the remaining amount to your account. While the total amount involved is One hundred and Forty Two Million United States Dollars (U.S.$142,000,000.00)only.I would want us to make a first transfer of [Forty Two Million United States Dollar.(U.S.$42,000,000.00)from this money into a safe Foreigners account abroad before the rest. I am only contacting you as a foreigner because this money can not be approved to a local account, without valid international foreign �Agreement�, but could only be approved to any foreigner with valid international credentials: passport or drivers license and foreign account because this sum is in U.S. dollars and the former owner of the account Mr.Gregory A.Williams is a foreigner too,thus the money could only be approved into a foreign account. However, knowing all this, we will reach a binding agreement in this regards. As a matter of urgency, I will inform you the next step to take, while you Send your private telephone and fax number including the full details of the account to be used for the deposit. I want us to meet face to face to build confidence and to sign a binding agreement that will bind us together before transferring the money to any account of your choice where the fund will be safe Before we fly to your country for withdrawal, sharing and investments,I need your full co-operation to make this business a success,because the management is ready to approve this payment to any foreigner who has correct information of this account, which I will give to you,upon your positive response and once I am convinced that you are capable and will meet up with the instructions of a key bank official who is deeply involved with me in this business. I need your strong assurance that you will never let me down. With my influence and the position in the bank we can transfer this money to any foreigner's reliable account which you can provide with assurance that this money will be intact pending our physical arrival in your country for sharing.And to build confidence that you can come immediately to discuss with me face to face after which I will make this remittance in your presence and three of us will fly to your country at least two days ahead of the money going into the account. I will apply for annual leave to get visa immediately I hear from you that you are ready to act as directed. To prove the authenticity of the business I will use my position and influence to obtain all legal approvals for onward transfer of this money to your account with appropriate clearance from the relevant ministries,foreign exchange departments, embassy and Board of Internal Revenue Services. At the conclusion of this business, you will be given 35% of the total amount,60% will be for me,while 5% will be for expenses both parties might have incurred during this process. I look forward to your earliest reply throughmy email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Yours, Mr.Larry Edwards. Alternative Email:S_ed@consultant.com.


This site was made using Django framework as IT-Academy course work on June 2020.
Author - Andrey Zanevskiy, Minsk, Belarus.
Source code you can see on
github.com
{% extends 'users/base.html' %} {% load static %} {% block title %} Author {% endblock %} {% block app_img %}
This site was made using Django framework as IT-Academy course work on June 2020.
Author - Andrey Zanevskiy, Minsk, Belarus.
Source code you can see on
github.com


Description
Based on the amazing sphere.js plugin of Sam Hasler, jquery.earth3d.js is an open source jquery ui
plugin which will allow you to emulate a 3d earth (or any planet actually) on canvas. I also added some functionalities I needed for my pet project.
Here are the main functionalities provided so far:
- Change the map texture (you can change it to mars for example), along with the tiling
- Change the rotation axis (tilt, turn)
- Change the size
- Change the default rotation speed
- Smooth mouse drag: you can rotate the earth with your mouse, it will smoothly return to the normal speed
- Render locations by indicating spherical coordinates
- Draw paths between these locations
- Draw and update flights following paths
- Location and flights are clickable and entirely customizable
- It works on mobile


def WIFconv(byte, WIF):
first_encode = base58.b58decode(private_key_WIF)
private_key_full = binascii.hexlify(first_encode)
private_key = private_key_full[2:-8]
raw_privkey = private_key.decode("utf-8")
extended_key = byte+raw_privkey
first_sha256 = hashlib.sha256(binascii.unhexlify(extended_key)).hexdigest()
second_sha256 = hashlib.sha256(binascii.unhexlify(first_sha256)).hexdigest()
# add checksum to end of extended key
final_key = extended_key+second_sha256[:8]
# Wallet Import Format = base 58 encoded final_key
WIF = base58.b58encode(binascii.unhexlify(final_key))
return(WIF.decode("utf-8"))
this works fine for converting between prefixes, but I'm trying to rework it to convert compressed to uncompressed. Based on what that says, I assumed this would work, but it doesn't
def WIFconv(byte, WIF):
first_encode = base58.b58decode(private_key_WIF)
private_key_full = binascii.hexlify(first_encode)
private_key = private_key_full[2:-8]
raw_privkey = private_key.decode("utf-8")
extended_key = byte+raw_privkey+'01'
first_sha256 = hashlib.sha256(binascii.unhexlify(extended_key)).hexdigest()
second_sha256 = hashlib.sha256(binascii.unhexlify(first_sha256)).hexdigest()
# add checksum to end of extended key
final_key = extended_key+second_sha256[:8]
# Wallet Import Format = base 58 encoded final_key
WIF = base58.b58encode(binascii.unhexlify(final_key))
return(WIF.decode("utf-8"))


SOMINEX- diphenhydramine hydrochloride tablet
Medtech Products Inc.
Disclaimer: Most OTC drugs are not reviewed and approved by FDA, however they may be marketed if they comply with applicable regulations and policies. FDA has not evaluated whether this product complies.
Active Ingredient
(in each tablet)
Diphenhydramine HCl 25mg
Purpose
Nighttime sleep-aid
Use
helps reduce difficultly falling asleep
Warnings
Do not use
- in children under 12 years of age
- with any other product containing diphenhydramine, even one used on skin
- with other antihistamines
Ask a doctor before use if you have
- a breathing problem such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis
- glaucoma
- trouble urinating due to an enlarged prostate gland
Ask a doctor or pharmacist before use if you are
taking sedatives or tranquilizers
When using this product
avoid alcoholic beverages
- be careful when driving a motor vehicle or operating machinery
Stop use and ask a doctor if
sleeplessness persists continuously for more than 2 weeks. Insomnia may be a symptom of serious underlying medical illness.
If pregnant or breast-feeding,
ask a health professional before use.
Keep out of reach of children.
In case of accidental overdose get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away.
Directions
- adults and children 12 years and over: take 2 tablets at bedtime if needed, or as directed by your doctor
Other information
-
each tablet contains: calcium 70 mg
- store below 25ºC (77ºF)
Inactive ingredients
dibasic calcium phosphate, FD&C blue #1 aluminum lake, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, silicon dioxide, starch
Questions?
1-866-255-5202 (English/Spanish) weekdays or visit www.sominex.com
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL
ORIGINAL FORMULA
Sominex
NIGHTTIME SLEEP-AID DIPHENHYDRAMINE HCl
72 TABLETS
Medtech Products Inc.


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File.separator
to the end of the provided string if there is no one.
SoyToJavaSrcCompilerExperimental
.
MethodDescription
and fills it
with method name, java package and java class
JavaClassBlank
.
MethodDeclaration
.
SoyFileStock
.
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Assembly's multi channel payments provides omni-commerce capability, giving your customers a seamless way to pay and get paid.
Assembly's multi channel payments provides omni-commerce capability, giving your customers a seamless way to pay and get paid.
Assembly's multi channel payments provides omni-commerce capability, giving your customers a seamless way to pay and get paid.
Assembly's multi channel payments provides omni-commerce capability, giving your customers a seamless way to pay and get paid.
Assembly's multi channel payments provides
omni-commerce capability, giving your
customers a seamless way to pay and get paid.
Assembly's multi channel payments provides
omni-commerce capability, giving your
customers a seamless way to pay and get paid.
Assembly's multi channel payments provides omni-commerce capability, giving your customers a seamless way to pay and get paid.
Assembly's multi channel payments provides omni-commerce capability, giving your customers a seamless way to pay and get paid.
Assembly's multi channel payments provides
omni-commerce capability, giving your
customers a seamless way to pay and get paid.
Assembly's multi channel payments provides
omni-commerce capability, giving your
customers a seamless way to pay and get paid.
Assembly's multi channel payments provides omni-commerce capability, giving your customers a seamless way to pay and get paid.
Assembly's multi channel payments provides omni-commerce capability, giving your customers a seamless way to pay and get paid.
Trusted and partnered with
great technology brands.
Accept payments
everywhere
Interested in setting up assembly payments platform for
your business? Talk to your Sales department and they will
set you up with everything.


Record
model
Recorder
util
ReverseApplication
controllers
javascript
ref
ReverseAssets
controllers
javascript
ref
ReverseDebugController
controllers
javascript
ref
ReverseOAuthController
controllers
javascript
ref
ReverseTwitterController
controllers
javascript
ref
Routes
root
reactivemongo
root
record
html
recordByDate
User
recordView
html
records
Mongo
User
ref
controllers
index
itemView
loginAccountView
main
not_login
record
recordView
setting
unauthorized
render
index
itemView
loginAccountView
main
not_login
record
recordView
setting
unauthorized
routes
Routes
controllers
run
Recorder
runRecord
User


hQuery - An Open-Source Distributed Query Framework for Health Data
Glossary
- Adaptor
- A software abstraction that allows classes of information (objects or instances) to work together that normally could not because of incompatible interfaces. By providing its interface to clients while using the original interface, the adapter translates calls to its interface into calls to the original interface, and the amount of code necessary to do this is typically small. The adapter is also responsible for transforming data into appropriate forms.
- ASTM
- ASTM International, formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is a globally recognized leader in the development and delivery of international voluntary consensus standards.
- Clinical Document Architecture (CDA)
- An XML specification by Health Level 7 (HL7) that is intended to be used for EMRs.
- Continuity of Care Document (CCD)
- A profile of the CDA that accommodates the medical information of the CCR.
- Continuity of Care Record (CCR)
- A specification by ASTM that is intended to be used for summary/continuity of care documentation.
- Electronic Health Record (EHR)
- The collection of all EMRs of a single patient, across organizational and national boundaries.
- Electronic Health Record (EHR) System
- An IT system that creates, stores, and manages EMRs.
- FFRDC
- Federally Funded Research and Development Center. FFRDC is a unique organization that assists the United States government with scientific research and analysis, development and acquisition, and/or systems engineering and integration.
- Gateway
- A gateway acts as a portal between two programs allowing them to share information by communicating between protocols on a computer or between dissimilar computers.
- hData
- A simplified xml representation of health data and a protocol for sharing and updating such data. More information can be found at www.projecthdata.org
- HITSP/C32 (C32)
- A constrained profile of the CCD that is intended to simplify implementation and improve interoperability. There is no normative schema for the C32. Note that HITSP has recently split up C32 into HITSP/C80 and HITSP/C83.
- HHS
- The United States Department of Health and Human Services. This is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services.
- HIE
- Health Information Exchange is defined as the mobilization of healthcare information electronically across organizations within a region, community or hospital system. HIE is an integral component of the health information technology (HIT) infrastructure under development in the United States and the associated National Health Information Network (NHIN).
- HITSP
- Healthcare Information Technology Standards Panel. The American National Standards Institute Healthcare Information Technology Standards Panel was created in 2005 as part of efforts by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology to promote interoperability in healthcare by harmonizing health information technology standards.
- HIT
- Healthcare Information Technology or Health Informatics. This is the intersection of information science, computer science and health care. It deals with the resources, devices and methods required to optimize the acquisition, storage, retrieval and use of information in health and biomedicine.
- HL7
- Health Level Seven is an all-volunteer, not-for-profit organization involved in development of international healthcare standards.
- HTTP
- The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a networking protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
- JavaScript
- A prototype-based, object-oriented scripting language that is dynamic, weakly typed and has first-class functions. It is also considered a functional programming language.
- JSON
- JavaScript Object Notation is a lightweight data-interchange format. It is easy for humans to read and write. It is easy for machines to parse and generate. It is based on a subset of the JavaScript Programming Language. JSON is a text format that is completely language independent but uses conventions that are familiar to programmers of the C-family of languages, which includes C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Python, and others.
- Laika
- Laika is an open source electronic health record (EHR) testing framework that was designed and developed by the MITRE Corporation. Laika analyzes and reports on the interoperability capabilities of EHR systems. This includes the testing for certification of EHR software products and networks. To support EHR data interoperability testing, Laika is designed to verify the input and output of EHR data against nationally recognized data and transport standards.
- Map Reduce
- A framework for processing large datasets on certain kinds of distributable problems using a large number of computers referred to as nodes. The framework supports two steps, a "Map" step where the master node takes the input, partitions it up into smaller sub-problems, and distributes those to worker nodes. A worker node may do this again in turn, leading to a multi-level tree structure. The worker node processes that smaller problem, and passes the answer back to its master node. There is also a "Reduce" step in this framework, where the master node then takes the answers to all the sub-problems and combines them in some way to get the output, the answer to the problem it was originally trying to solve.
- MITRE
- The MITRE Corporation is a not-for-profit organization chartered to work in the public interest. As a national resource, MITRE applies expertise in systems engineering, information technology, operational concepts, and enterprise modernization to address their sponsors' critical needs.
- MongoDB
- An open source, high-performance, schema-free, document-oriented database written in the C++ programming language. The database is document-oriented so it manages collections of JSON-like documents.
- National Health Information Network (NHIN)
- A collection of standards, protocols, legal agreements, specifications, and services that enables the secure exchange of health information over the internet. The NHIN is a key component of the nationwide health information technology strategy and will provide a common platform for health information exchange across diverse entities, within communities and across the country, helping to achieve the goals of the HITECH Act.
- ONC
- The Office of the National Coordinator for Healthcare Information Technology. ONC is at the forefront of the administration’s health IT efforts and is a resource to the entire health system to support the adoption of health information technology and the promotion of nationwide health information exchange to improve health care. ONC is organizationally located within the Office of the Secretary for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
- Ruby
- A reflective, dynamic, object-oriented programming language. It combines syntax inspired by Perl with Smalltalk-like object-oriented features, and also shares some features with Python, Lisp, Dylan, and CLU. Ruby is a single-pass interpreted language.
- Ruby on Rails
- Ruby on Rails is a free web application framework. It aims to increase the speed and ease with which database-driven web sites can be created, and offers skeleton code frameworks (scaffolding) from the outset and is often shortened to Rails, or RoR. Ruby on Rails is an open source project written in the Ruby programming language.
- REST
- Representational State Transfer is a style of software architecture for distributed hypermedia systems such as the World Wide Web.
- SOAP
- SOAP refers to both Simple Object Access Protocol, and also lately Service Oriented Architecture Protocol. SOAP is a protocol for exchanging XML-based messages over computer networks.


Speakers info
DORABABU ACHANTA
VFX leadHow kattappa killed bahubali?
Dorababu has been heavily involved in the Visual Effects industry for over 12 years and has contributed to numerous Indian features including Bahubali, Ready, Athadu, Chatrapathi, Sye, Arundathi, Munna, Sree Ramadasu, Tulasi, Sainikudu, Welcome(Hindi), Race(Hindi), Balu, Tales of the Riverbank(English), Agent Crush(English), Magadheera and Eega. He is one of the early joiners of MakutaVFX. He heads up their trusty VFX department.
Vivek Sawant
InnovatorNai Talim: A gandhian way of Learning
Vivek Sawant is managing director of MKCL. He has contributed for designing supercomputer named PARAM 2000 in India with Vijay Bhatkar. Along with MKCL, he has led popular brands such as ERA, Digital University, OASIS. He served as deputy director of Symbiosis institute of computer science and research and also as a professor of physics, electronics and computer science at Fergusson College, Pune.
Saurabh Budhkar
Brand ManagerWhy to sell the pen; if you don’t even need it!
Saurabh has an exposure to industries like FMCG, Consumer Durables and Print Media through known names like Pidiliite, Voltas, The Times of India etc. His religion is Curiosity. He looks forward towards the new strides in sciences with great hopes and believes that The future is not distant but is right here. So near that the equation has become Future=Today.
Adhik Kadam
Social EntrepreneurHolding Kashmir in Love.
Adhik Kadam is an Indian Social Activist. He is founder and chairman of Borderless World Foundation, which is an NGO that works for deprived and victimised people of the border area of India. His NGO runs four orphanage homes for girls in four districts of Jammu and Kashmir. Early in his career, he worked for many nonprofit organizations as a volunteer. He also serves Jammu & Kashmir’s children of conflict, particularly the girls whose parents have died due to the violence.
Sandip Patil
IPS OfficerPolicing the odds: Naxalites
Sandeep Patil is an IPS officer. He took over charge as superintendent. He has done phenomenal work in Gadchiroli district. Because of him, not only Naxal violence got declined but Morale of police personnel touched a high. His respect for police personnel won many hearts. Sandip Patil’s tenure would be cherished by all sections of society for a long time to come.
Dilip Kulkarni
EnvironmentalistHolistic Development: A life in nature
Dilip Kulkarni is an environmentalist living in the village of Kudawale near Dapoli in Konkan region of Maharashtra. ‘Environmental problems are becoming the main reason of physical and mental illness’ quotes Dilip. To avoid this, he changed his own lifestyle by minimizing water and energy consumptions. He don’t even use any communication services which causes e-waste. He uses bicycle for transportation and natural dead plant’s wood for cooking. People in the city are sacrificing a lot because of industrialization. He thinks that they can make their lives better by practicing ayurveda in day to day life and moving into small cities or villages.
Nitin Shinde
Social ActivistBehind the Kundali
Dr. Nitin S. Shinde is Vice Principal and Associate Professor, at KBP, Islampur, Maharashtra and Visiting Professor at Hanyang University, South Korea. He is State Secretary of Science on Wheel, Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmulan Samiti. He has delivered more than 2000 lectures on Scientific Attitude, Astronomy and Astrology, Misbeliefs of Astrology, Universe, Astronomical glimpses, Search of Universe, Big Bang, Hiroshima and published six papers in international journals and four books about astronomy.
Megha Pansare
ProfessorWho was Shivaji?
A professor of Russian language in the Department of Foreign Languages at Shivaji University in Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Megha Pansare is the president of District Council of National Federation of Indian Women (NFIW) in the state of Maharashtra. She is also a noted activist and daughter-in-law of Comrade Govind Pansare. She says "Many of us don't know the history of struggles led by people who have come before us. Making efforts to know the history will help us understand the condition of today and ultimately help us decide our path for the future."
Shankar Kulkarni
Pet PsychicYes! I speak with animals
A pet psychic who is communicating with animals and birds in their voice for last 40 years, he thinks if you have noble and pure intentions, language is no more a barrier for you. You can understand any language in the world. Having the extraordinary vocal ability, he has communicated with various animals and birds.
Sampatrao Pawar
Social ActivistWe built the dam; by ourselves
Sampatrao has actively participated in various social movements. He was part of Mukti Sangharsh Movement aimed at getting fair wages for farm labours. In 1983, he dedicated himself towards Baliraja Dam Movement, that was to be built by people's corporation and soon the connections between excavation of sand from riverbeds. He is the one, who initiated planting of the whole forest named Krantismritiwan- in the memory of freedom fighters. He has come into the limelight by Baliraja Dam Project and Kranti Smritiwan project.


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Notes about prof:
She has a toddler, and needs to miss hanging out with him to teach us.
economic problems arise because we desire (want) more than we can get.
scarcity is the inability to satisfy our wants.
we make choices in the face of scarcity.
incentives are the reward (or threat) that encourages a choice to be made.
study of how people choose to allocate their limited resources to satisfy their nearly unlimited wants.
Essentially, this is human behavior.
study of how people choose to allocate their limited resources to satisfy their nearly unlimited wants.
is the study of the performance of the national and global economies.
There’s an underlying theme of “Two big questions” here, so I’m going to riff on that a bit. It’s not in the book, so here we go:
Two Big Economic Questions Are:
How do choices end up determining what, how, and for whom are goods and services produced? TODO: this needs to be cleaned up.
What?
This question is answered with “Economics provides some answers to these questions”
How?
are the objects that people value and produce to satisfy humans.
Goods and Services can be instrumented by the factors of production. Doing this shows us how they are created.
Where:
is the profit
is the labour
is the land (“gifts of nature”)
is the human capital
is technology
is the capital
What?
Land earns rent.
Labor earns wages.
Capital earns interest.
Entrepreneurship earns profit.
When do choices made for self-benefit also promote social-benefit?
People make decisions for self-benefit, but sometimes they come out working for social-benefit.
Social interest is measured in both efficiency and equity.
is achieved when goods are used to produce goods & services cheaply and in perfect quantity.
is achieved when income equals are equal (socialism).
We’d like to pose the question:
Is it possible that when each one of us makes choices that are in our self-interest, it also turns out that these choices are also in the social interest?
Economic Way of Thinking:
A choice is a trade-off between what we want and what is attainable
People make rational choices by comparing benefits and costs
Benefit is what you gain from something
Cost is what you must give up to get something
Most choices are “how-much” choices made at the margin
Choices respond to incentives
Another way to put it: (she wrote this)
All economic questions arise because we want more than what we can get
Our inability to meet all our wants is called scarcity
Because we face scarcity, we make choices
The choices we make are influenced by the incentives we face
Choices involve trade-offs
People make rational choices by comparing benefits (MB) and costs (MC)
is the best forgone alternative when you make a choice
She used the example of her toddler that she doesn’t see when she teaches us.
Ex: Cost of skipping University and going directly to the workforce.
| Type | Name | Value |
| Explicit Costs | Tuition | x [$] |
| Explicit Costs | Books & Materials | x [$] |
| Implicit Costs | Lost Salary | x [$] |
TODO: some of those should’ve been negative.
are statements about what is.
Definite statements that can be checked against facts
are opinion-based statements about what ought to be.
They cannot be tested
XYZ is “too”…
Everyone “should”…
Should be able to identify statements that are positive or normative. Look for the words “should” or “ought”.
TODO: Format to put Choices and trade-offs in it’s own section. It was in that “big economic questions” section
The environment provides to the economy goods and services, and the economy uses these. As a byproduct, there is pollution and waste. In Classic economy, we take this as a closed (unmodifiable) system. Environmental economy disputes this.
We should be able to graph after doing this section. Also, correlation & stuff.
An abstraction from reality that consist of economic variables.
Three different types of graphs:
Time-series graphs (PT Metropolis OTS/TS)
Cross-section graphs
Scatter plots
Characterizing models: Assume models can be expressed as a function.
are when . i.e when the slope is positive.
are when . i.e when the slope is negative. Also known as inverse relationship.
. i.e. the under-part creates a cave.
i.e. the under-part doesn’t create a cave.
(Curve)
Lines:
Where the parameters are: is the -intercept and is the slope.
We care about the Production of Goods and services that rely on the factors of production.
Production of goods and services,
Inputs/factors of production
Existing technology,
(PPF) shows all combinations of two goods producable using existing tech and available resources.
i.e. the tradeoff between of vs of that you can make for a fixed total cost.
Anything above the curve represents scarcity. Anything on the curve represents efficient resource use. Anything below the curve represents inefficiency, and is an opportunity (capitalism)
exist on all points on the frontier, where in order to produce one more of anything, we must produce one less of something else.
are the points under the PPF.
are made to move from one point on the PPF frontier to another.
cost is that of the thing being omitted. The opportunity cost of something is the highest valued alternative foregone.
of a good or service is the opportunity of producing one more unit of it.
are what people like and dislike
of a good or service is the benefit received from consuming one or more unit of it. We measure this by what a person is willing to pay for it.
is that when we have more of any good, the smaller the marginal benefit is.
shows the relationship between the marginal benefit of a good, and when it is consumed.
is when we cannot produce more of anything without stopping producing something more important.
is when tech changes and effects how we can grow our economy.
is the growth of capital resources.
Sustainability is a thorn in the thigh of environmental growth. It is the American dream, that children will be better-off than their parents.
(PPF) is the boundary between combinations of goods and services that can be produced.
means “all else remains the same” (except what we’re considering). See Wikipedia for more.
We can talk about the different ontology of resources:
Depletable resources are resources that can be depleted
Renewable Resources are resources that are replenished naturally
Current reserves are resources that can be extracted at current prices
Potential reserves are resources that may be available at higher costs
Resource endowments is the natural occurrence of resources
is that a person can perform the activity at a lower opportunity cost than anyone else.
is that the person is more productive than others.
is when a body specializes by repeatedly doing (or producing) a good or service.
is what a body gains a comparative advantage by learning-by-doing.
Free trade allows traders to trade across boundaries without interference from their respective governments.
contributes to development by offering better trading conditions and securing rights.
is an economic unit that hires factors of production
is any arrangement that enables buyers and sellers to interact
are the social arrangements that govern ownership, use, and disposal of resources
is... money.
Prices act as incentives.
is the marginal benefit curve of the relationship between the willingness and ability to pay, correlating the price and quantity demanded.
is the marginal cost curve of the relationship between the price and the quantity supplied.
are markets that enough buyers and sellers so no single player can influence the price.
is the number of dollars that must be given up for it.
is an opportunity cost, measured in terms of one money price to another. This is usually what we mean.
is the amount that consumers plan to buy at a given price.
is the amount that producers can produce at a given price.
The Law of Demand states that the higher a price of a good is, the smaller the quantity that is demanded ; same with vice versa.
dictates that as the price of a good increases people seek substitutes; this causes quantity demanded to decrease.
dictates that as a price increases relative to income it becomes un-affordable; this causes quantity demand to decrease.
When the price goes up, decreases, and increases. Same with vice versa.
The Demand Curve is the curve that shows the relationship between the quantity demanded and its price; this can be tabulated in a Demand schedule instead of a graph.
Six main factors that change demand are:
Prices of related goods
Expected future prices
Income
Expected future income and credit
Population
Preferences
A substitute is a good that can be substituted, and a complement is a good that can be used in conjunction with another good.
We can categorize normal goods as goods that increase in demand as income increases. Goods that have demand decrease are named inferior goods.
Supply reflects a decision about which items were produced.
of a good or service is the amount that producers plan to sell in a given time period.
The Law of Supply states:
Other things remaining the same, a price increase leads to a increased . Similarly, reducing the price causes to decrease as well.
The Supply Curve is the curve that shows the relationship between the quantity supplied and its price; this can be tabulated in a Supply Schedule instead of a graph.
The lowest price that would be supplied is called the marginal cost.
is the price at the intersection of demanded quantity and quantity supplied.
is the quantity bought and sold at the equilibrium price.
Having a price above the equilibrium price creates a surplus that forces the price down. Having a price below the equilibrium price creates a shortage that forces the price up. Modifying the Supply Curve or the demand curve modifies the different locations of the Equilibrium point. Be smart and think - you can predict where it ends up.
measures how demanders respond to a change in the price of a good, and how changes will affect price and quantity demanded.
measures how demanders respond to a change in income
measures how strongly demanders respond to the change in the price of another good.
measures how strongly suppliers respond to a change in the price of a good.
is a units-free measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to a change in its price, ceteris paribus.
In general, elasticity measures responsiveness. It effectively measures how much demanders respond to a variable price.
We can calculate elasticity as follows:
We express the change in price as a percentage of the average price - the average of the initial and the new price.
We express the change in the quantity demanded as a percentage of the average quantity demanded - the average of the initial and new quantity.
By using the average price and the average quantity, we get the same elasticity value regardless of whether the price rises or falls.
The ratio of two proportionate changes is the same as the ratio of two percentage changes.
The measure is units free.
The demand elasticity formula is negative because price and quantity move in different directions. This means we get to use magnitude/absolute value of the price elasticity of demand. We don’t measure slope because the units may change (i.e. cents $).
is when the quantity demanded doesn’t change when the price changes. Price Elasticity of demand is inelastic demand. The demand curve is completely vertical.
is non-inelastic demand. Price Elasticity of demand is elastic demand.
is when the price elasticity of demand is .
from the sale of goods or services is the price of good multiplied by the quantity sold.
Elastic demand means that a 1% price cut increases quantity sold by , so total revenue increases.
Inelastic demand means that a 1% price cut increases quantity sold by , so total revenue decreases.
Unit Elastic demand means that a 1% price cut increases quantity sold by exactly, so total revenue stays the same.
is a method of estimating the price elasticity of demand from the change in total revenue from a price change. Basically, we reverse-engineer the revenue to find the type of demand.
We can influence the elasticity of demand using one of these three:
Closeness of substitutes.
When substitutes are closer to the real deal, the more elastic the demand is.
Proportion of income spent on the good.
The larger the proportion of income consumers spend on a good, the larger the elasticity of demand.
The time since the last price change.
The more time that consumers have to adjust to a price change, or the longer it can be stored without losing value, the more elastic the demand is for the good.
The cross elasticity of demand is a measure of how responsive the demand for a good is to the change of the price of a substitute or complement.
We can calculate it as follows:
In general, the cross elasticity is signed. For a substitute, it’s positive. For a complement, it’s negative.
As the price of a substitute rises, the quantity of the product rises. As the price of a complement rises, the quantity of the product decreases.
The Income of Demand measures how quantity demanded responds to a change in income.
It can be calculated as:
goods have elasticity of demand , and are normal goods
goods have elasticity of demand is in , and are normal goods
goods have elasticity of demand of .
The elasticity of supply measures the how quantity supplied responds to a change in price of a good.
It can be calculated as:
supplyis if the supply curve is vertical and the elasticity of supply is
supply is if the supply curve is linear and passes through the origin
supply is horizontal and the elasticity of supply is infinite.
The elasticity of supply depends on:
Resource substitution possibilities
Time frame for supply decision
What happens when the price of a good changes? How does it impact another group. (that’s cross elasticity of demand).
If I increase Pepsi by 10%, the quantity requested by Coca-Cola will go up. Coca-Cola is a substitute for Pepsi.
The more time that passes after a price change, the greater the elasticity of supply is.
is perfectly inelastic - there is no change to supply as the price changes. This is the period of time immediately after a price change.
is somewhat inelastic. It is how the quantity responds to a price change when only some tech adjustments are made.
is the most elastic. It is the asymptotic behavior once all adjustments are made.
“Marginal utility theory” can be used derive the downward-sloping demand curve. It also explains the factors that change demand. Finally, the theory also reinforces the power of marginal analysis in determining the utility-maximizing allocation of consumer budgets.
Consumers choices are limited by income, and can only buy goods they can afford. They have choices within their financial ability. Consumers will generally choose the combinations of goods and services that maximizes their utility.
is the benefit a person gets from consuming goods. The more that people consume, the higher the utility is.
is an antiquated system that numerically evaluates the utility of objects in a unit named the util.
is a (modern) system where utility of goods are compared (and are therefore preferred). Magnitudes of difference has no meaning.
is the doctrine that dictates that maximization of utility is a moral criterion to organize society.
is the change in total utility that results from a one-unit change in the volume consumed of a good. Essentially, there is a diminishing marginal utility of consuming more and more of a good.
The theory postulates that houses chooses the consumption possibility permutation that maximizes their total utility. We call this chosen combination the consumer equilibrium.
is the marginal utility of a good divided by its price. In other words, it’s the obtained utility of a good by spending an extra dollar.
For good , we call the marginal utility , and the price .
The marginal utility per dollar is:
When choosing between two goods, we want to pick choices to maximize the amount spent where .
If , then we are spending too much on and not enough on .
Generally, we want t equalize the two marginal utilities per dollar.
Marginal Theory Predicts the change of demand:
A fall in the price of a substitute decreases a demand in the good being substituted out.
A rise in income increases the demand for normal goods.
In 2-dimensional budgets, we can express budget constraints as the following equation:
Where and are the price and quantity of good sold, respectively.
Given the table below,
[h]
| l | l | l || l | l | l | Quantity & MU & & Quantity & MU &
4 & 28 & 7.00 & 10 & 5 & 1.25
5 & 26 & 6.50 & 9 & 7 & 1.75
6 & 24 & 6.00 & 8 & 10 & 2.50
7 & 22 & 5.50 & 7 & 13 & 3.25
8 & 20 & 5.00 & 6 & 20 & 5.00
9 & 17 & 4.25 & 5 & 22 & 5.50
10 & 16 & 4.00 & 4 & 24 & 6.00
we begin iterating from 0 of each element, and choose the element that gives us (for each value) the best marginal utility per dollar. 1
Well, we can tell a few things using that graph I referred to earlier:
As the price decreases, the marginal utility per dollar increases. More of that item will be purchased.2
As the amount available to spend3 increases, the amount purchased will increase.4
We can define two variables to do with surplus as follows:
is the Producer Surplus - the difference between what producers receive for sale of a good and (the minimum) they’d choose to accept when selling a good.
is the Consumer Surplus - the difference between what consumers pay for of a good and (the maximum of) what they’d choose to pay when selling a good.
For either party, this is the “money surplus” after a transaction.
Simply put, when the marginal utility of an item is large, so too will be the cost.
For example, the marginal utility of diamonds is large, so even though the total utility is small, their price is high. Similarly, the marginal utility of water is small, so even though the total utility is large, their price is low.
In terms of marginal utility per dollar, the two are the same.
Behavioral Economics studies the brain’s (in)ability to rationalize economic decisions, and how these influence the markets. There are three impediments to rational choice:
is the heuristics used when faced with uncertainty.
is the sub-optimal will-power that prevents us from making decisions that we know are wrong and will regret.
is the self-interest that allows us to suppress helping others.
Here are a few effects observed by economists:
is the tendency for people to value something more highly because they own it.
is the study of how the brain operates during economic decision making.
exists in economics between the role of economics in the future. One group believes it should be in examining how decisions are made. Another group believes it should be in examining the effect of decisions on the market.
In traditional economics and in times of scarcity, more is better than less. Since the environmental impact needs to be considered, this isn’t always true.
One could stipulate that an equation exists as follows:
Where:
is the number of people
is measured in terms of wealth per person
is measured in environmental impact per dollar.
Ecologically speaking, if technology can’t keep up with affluence and population, we’re (@*\$&
’d.
The Easterlin Paradox prescribes that income and happiness are positively related, but the derivative of happiness is negative. 5
We can say that consumption is effected by a few social motives:
is the desire to consume because others do too.
is the desire to consume because others do not.
is the effect of buying something due to the prestige that comes with buying it.
We can define an indifference curve as . All points above the curve are preferred to points on (and below) the indifference curve. A consumer is Indifferent to all points on one curve.
A preference map is a series of indifference curves, almost like a gradient field.
The slope at any point of an indifference curve is the marginal rate of substitution - i.e. the rate that the consumer is willing to trade one good for another.
The rate a person is willing to give up good to get an additional good while remaining indifferent is called the marginal rate of substitution (MRS).6
The fact that the MRS decreases as we increase (i.e. ) is called the diminishing marginal rate of substitution - i.e. that the marginal rate of substitution diminishes.
The shape of indifference curves reveals the amount that two goods can be substituted for each other. We can categorize these as follows:
are substances that consumers are willing to substitute for one another at a constant rate.7 This is categorized by the equation for the utility:
are goods that are consumed in fixed proportions together.8 They can be characterized by the utility equation:
A budget line describes the limit to an organism’s consumption choices. Generally, the line is of the form of , where and . A valid choice is any point at or below9 the line, and invalid ones are above the line10.
can be bought at any point in a line (i.e. 3.564345 lb of flour)
can be bought at integer points in a line (i.e. 4.0000 cars)
In an efficient budget, we get the following:
If your only expenditure was movies and pop, this equation would look like (from prior):
Equivalently, expressing as the second line allows us to define the following terms:
in terms of pop is . Equivalently, this is the point on the budget line where it meets the -axis (assuming is for Pop).
of a movie in terms of pop is . Equivalently, this is the magnitude of the slope of the budget line. It shows us how many pops must be forgone for one movie.
Since the relative price is an opportunity cost, the relative price of a movie in terms of pops gives us the opportunity cost of a movie in terms of pops forgone.
Changes of Price modify the slope of the budget line and the intercept of the line that the item being changed is plotted on. 11
Changes of Income move the budget line to a parallel line that represents less or more money.
Efficient people tend to make the best choice by picking something on the budget line that is on the highest attainable indifference curve. Usually it follows that the marginal rate of substitution between the two goods is equal to the relative price of the two goods.12
We know that the MRS is a measure of how much someone is willing to give up a good. Similarly, the Relative Price of two goods shows how much the user must give up of one good to get another.
When the two are equal, the consumer is just13 willing to give up what they must give up to improve.
Changes of price is called the Price Effect14.
During price changes, the indifference curves don’t change, but the budget line rotates.
For normal goods, falling prices always increase the quantity consumed.
For inferior goods, increasing income leads to a decrease in quantity consumed.
Changes of price is called the Income Effect15.
During price changes, the indifference curves don’t change, but the budget strafes sideways.
The Substitution Effect is how a change in price modifies the quantity of items bought and the consumer remains on the same indifference curve.16 This means that when the relative price falls, the consumer always substitutes more of that good for others.
As income increases, Income Effect implies that we can move from one indifference curve to another.
For normal goods, the income effect reinforces the substitution effect and is the second reason why the demand curve slopes downward.
We can apply this thinking to the decision between the “goods” of work and leisure.
You buy leisure by not supplying labor and by forgoing income. The “price” of leisure is the wage rate forgone.
By changing the wage rate, we can find a person’s labor supply curve. By increasing the wage, the substitution effect makes leisure more expensive and the person tends not to take leisure.
As wages increase, we choose different indifference curves to attain. In fact, once wages increase past a certain point, people decide to spend less time at work17.
We’re learning about how decisions are made by firms, and how they affect society. The sole objective of a firm is maximizing profit; the incentive of elimination or of acquisition drives this objective.
Profit is the difference between total revenue () and total cost ().
There is a difference between accounting profit and economic profit.
is the firm’s revenues minus expenses and deprecation.
is the total revenue minus total cost, where the total cost is measured as the opportunity cost of production.
The opportunity cost of production is the value of the best alternative, expressed in money.
The opportunity cost of production is the sum of the cost of resources:
Bought in the market - since the alternative is having cold, hard cash.
Owned by the firm - since they implicitly rent it from themselves. This rate is effectively economic deprecation and interest forgone.
Supplied by the firm’s owner - since the owner supplies entrepreneurship || labor, this is how much they’re losing through labor and expected entrepreneurship profit18
Firms must make five basic decisions to maximize profit:
What/how much to produce
How to produce
How to organize and compensate managers and workers
How to market and price products
What to produce, and what to buy from other firms19
Similarly, a firm has the constraints of:
constrains what firms can accomplish using their capital and labor20.
occludes what data a firm can use to predict the future.
constrains the firm by what customers willing to pay, and the efforts of other firms.
Tech Efficiency is the phenomenon that occurs when a firm produces a specified level of output by using minimal inputs. Better stated, a technology is inefficient if at least one other technology is “less expensive” than in at least one input, and is equal in all other inputs.
Economic Efficiency is the phenomenon that occurs when a firm produces a given output at minimal cost, comparing the relative costs of capital and labor.
All economically efficient production processes are technologically efficient. The reverse is not true.
Firms organize production by allocating resources using these two systems:
are rigid tree-like system to pass commands to sub-systems. These are better when it is easy to monitor individual performance.
are systems that use market mechanisms to convince individual workers to maximize the firm’s profit. These are better when it is hard to monitor individual performance.
The problem of devising compensation rules to induce an agent to act in the interests of a principal21 is named the Principal-Agent Problem.
We can solve this problem with a combination of:
of the firm incentivizes agents to operate efficiently, by converting them to principals as well.
links individual compensation (and therefore goals) to the monetary success of the firm.
ties agents long-term awards to the long-term performance of the firm.
There are three types of businesses:
are a type of firm where a single owner has unlimited liability for all debts of the firm.
are a type of firm where two or more owners have unlimited liability and an agreed upon management and profit division structures.
are a type of firm owned by one or more stockholders who are only liable for the amount of their initial investment22
is where there are many indistinguishable firms selling identical products to many buyers with low entry costs and no occlusion.
is when there are many firms that produce marginally differentiated products and has a small amount of market power.
is when there are a small number of firms producing products in a market with barriers to entry.
is when all output is produced by one firm with no close substitutes and high barriers to entry.
We can evaluate market concentration using two measures:
is the percentage of total industry sales accounted for by the four largest firms.
(HHI) is the square percentage market share of each firm over the largest firms in the industry.
Lower scores imply highly competitive markets. Higher scores imply a monopoly.
While the above methods establish a good measure of concentration, they fail to address geographical scope, barriers to entry, and the correspondence between the market and firms in the industry.
Firms coordinate production more effectively than markets since they are driven by efficiency gains vs the market. 23
Firms can capitalize on:
Lower transactional costs
Economies of scale
Economies of scope
Economies of team production
Sustainable businesses are ones that have no negative impact on global or local:
Environment
Community
Society
Economy
Sustainable businesses are ones that meet the needs of current society without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
“People, planet and profit” succinctly describes the triple bottom line and the goal of sustainability.
is the real economic impact that the organization has on its economic environment
is the sustainable practices that protect and ensure that natural capital is available in the future.
are the fair and beneficial business practices toward labor, community, and the region of the business.
Firms make decisions to maximize profit.
The factors of production are termed the firm’s plant.
In the short run, the plant is fixed.
Other resources (labor, raw materials, energy, etc) can be changed in the short run. Decisions to change things in the short run are easily reversed.
The long run is the time frame in which the quantities of all resources can be varied. These decisions are generally irreversible, and involve sunk costs that cannot be changed24
Behavioral Economics predicts that sunk costs affect actors decisions, since humans are loss aversive and act irrationally.
The sunk cost fallacy is the irrational decisions that humans make because they feel obliged to take advantage of opportunities that are accidentally yield of sunk costs. Colloquially, this is known as throwing good money after bad.
To increase short run output, a firm must increase the variable amount of labor employed. Three concepts define the relationship between output and quantity of labor:
Total Product
Marginal Product
Average Product
We can create graphs25 of how the different products above change with respect to labor employed.
The Total Product ( or ) is the total output produced in a given period.
The curve for this “product” evaluates production wrt labor employed. Points below the line are attainable but inefficient; points above the line are unattainable. Points on the line are efficient and attainable.
The Marginal Product (, or ) of labor is the change in total product that by increasing labor employed by one.
As with all marginal xyz
’s, this curve is effectively the derivative of the total product curve. Initially, there are increasing marginal returns, but there are diminishing marginal returns past a certain point.
The increase is due to a specialization and a division of labor26.
The diminishing return arises from the lack of capital and space to work in.
The law of diminishing returns states:
As a firm uses more of a variable input with a given quantity of fixed inputs, the marginal product of the variable input eventually diminishes.
The Average Product of labor is equal to the average product per quantity of labor employed27.
We describe how cost changes as total product changes using three concepts and types of cost curves:
Total Cost
Marginal Cost
Average Cost
Total cost is the cost of all resources used. This is broken into fixed cost () which is the fixed inputs for all output quantities, and variable cost () which is the variable inputs that change with output quantities.
The Marginal Cost () is the increase in cost that results from a one-unit increase in total product. Over a range with increasing marginal returns, marginal cost falls as output increases due to specialization. Over a range with decreasing marginal returns, marginal cost rises as output increases.
The average total cost is expressed as . Similar to total cost, average cost can be separated into average fixed cost () and average variable cost (). Similar to total cost,
A corollary of diminishing return is that output produced by any new worker is successively smaller.
Technological change influences both productivity and cost curves.
Increasing productivity shifts all product curves upward, and cost curves downward.
If tech increases capital and reduces the labor needed, fixed costs increase increase and variable costs decrease.
Increasing fixed cost increases , and , but remains the same.
Increasing variable cost increases , , and curves upward.
The long-run cost depends on a production function defined as the relationship between the maximum output attainable and the quantities of labor and capital available.
The marginal product of capital is the increase in output resulting from an increase in the amount of capital employed with a constant amount of labor.
The long-run average cost curve is a planning curve which option minimizes cost of producing a given output range.
are features of technology that lead to a falling long-run average cost as output increases.
are features of technology that lead to an increasing long-run average cost as output increases.
are features of technology that lead to a constant long-run average cost as output increases.
The minimum efficient scale is the smallest quantity of output at which the long-run average cost reaches its lowest level. If the Long-Run average cost has a minimum cost, this is it.
To study competitive markets, we need to see what happens when competition is as fierce and extreme as possible. We say that these markets display Perfect Competition.
There are a few types of markets:
Perfect Competition
Monopolistic Competition (TODO: Ref this)
Oligopoly (TODO: Ref this)
Monopoly (See Chapter [cha:monopoly])
Perfect competition occurs in an industry where there is:
Many firms sell identical products to many buyers.
There are no restrictions on entry to the industry.
Established firms have no advantages over new ones.
Sellers and Buyers are well informed on pricing and products of all firms in the industry.
Firms who are in perfect competition face the maximal amount of competition through the many competing firms, each of which produces an identical product.
Perfect competition arises when both these conditions are met:
Firm’s minimum efficient scale is small relative to the market demand. We know that the minimum efficient scale is the smallest output level at which the LRAC28 reaches the minimum.
Each firm produce indistinguishable products.
Price Takers are firms that cannot individually influence the price of a good or service.
In a market with perfect competition, all firms are price takers.
The main goal of a firm is to maximize economic profit, which is revenue less cost.
The total cost is the opportunity cost of production, which includes normal profit.
i.e.:
The marginal revenue is the change in total revenue that results from a one-unit increase in quantity sold. Effectively,
Firms want to maximize their economic profit, so they must decide:
How to produce at a minimum cost29
What quantity to output
Whether to enter or exit a market
A perfectly competitive firm chooses output that maximizes economic output. Said otherwise, they’re trying to maximize .
In a perfect competition, since the marginal cost (MC) eventually increases and the marginal revenue (MR) is constant, we can look for the point where .
On a table-like question, find the column that maximizes this profit.
Break-Even points are points where the firm makes zero profit.
When a firm is making an economic loss, it needs to decide to either exit the market or remain in the market. If it remains in the market, it must decide to either shut down temporarily, or to produce goods. These decision points will be based on the firm’s economic best interest. We can say that the economic cost can be tabulated as follows:
When a firm shuts down, and the firm still needs to pay the TFC. Alternatively, if ATC exceeds the price, the loss exceeds the TFC, and the firm shuts down.
At the shutdown point (i.e. the economic advantage of production is 0), the firm is indifferent between producing and shutting down.
The short-run market supply curve shows the quantity supplied by all firms in the market at each price when each firm’s plant and the number of firms stay the same.
When the supply curve is equal to the AVC, some firms will produce the shutdown quantity, and others will produce zero. The market is perfectly elastic.
By increasing the demand30, the price and quantity produced increased. Vice versa holds.
Maximum profit is not always a positive economic profit. Depending on the value of the marginal cost v.s. the marginal revenue, sometimes the lowest point on the average total cost curve is sometimes (and sometimes not) an economically profitable position.
We’re trying to determine how firms decide to enter/leave the market.
Firms will leave when they incur an economic loss. Firms will enter an industry when existing firms make an economic profit.
The entrance of a firm creates an increased market supply, which results in a reduced market price.
When firms incur an economic loss, they will leave. This reduces the market supply, and thus the market price.
By decreasing demand, the market demand curve shifts leftward. Thus, the price and quantity decreases.
Since this is now below each firm’s minimum average cost, some firms incur economic losses. The economic losses cause some firms to exit in the long run, which decreases the market supply.
As the price rises, the quantity produced by all firms decreases overall, but each firm makes more individually.
A new equilibrium is formed at the new equal minimum average total cost.
In the initial and new long-run equilibrium, the number of firms in the market achieving equilibrium is lower.
By increasing demand, the demand curve is shifted rightward. The price and quantity increases. Due to low barrier, firms enter and increase the short-run supply. As the supply increases, the price falls, and the market quantity continues to increase.
Net-net, the only difference between the initial and new long-run equilibrium is that there are is a larger number of firms producing the equilibrium quantity in the new equilibrium.
are factors beyond the control of an individual firm that lower the firm’s costs as industry output increases.
are factors beyond the control of an individual firm that raise the firm’s costs as industry output increases.
In the absence of the External Economics and Diseconomies, a firm’s cost remains constant as the market output changes.
In the absence of external economies and external diseconomies, an increase in demand doesn’t change price.
In the presence of external economies, an increase in demand lowers prices.
In the presence of external diseconomies, an increase in demand raises prices.
We call the price curve as demand changes the long-run market supply curve.
New technology always lowers costs. Firms that adopt new tech make an economic profit.
A new tech enables firms to produce at lower average cost and/or lower marginal cost. This shifts their cost curves downward.
New tech firms enter, and old tech firms must either adapt or die.
The industry supply increases, and the supply curve shifts rightwards. The price falls, and the quantity increases.
Eventually, a new long-run equilibrium emerges where all firms use the new technology.
Resources are used efficiently when nobody can be made better without making a someone else becomes worse off.
A consumer’s demand curve shows how the best budget allocation changes as the price of a good changes. Consumers then get the most value out of their resources at all points along their demand curves. Without external benefits, the market demand curve is the marginal social benefit curve.
A competitive firm’s supply curve shows how the profit-maximizing quantity changes as the price of a good changes. Firms get the most value out of their resources at all points along their supply curves. Without external cost, the market supply curve is the marginal social cost curve.
At competitive equilibrium, resources are used efficiently. This means that the amount demanded is the amount supplied.
The gains from trade for consumers is measured by consumer surplus.
The gains from trade for producers is measured by producer surplus.
Total gains from trade is equal to the total surplus. In the long-run, the total surplus is maximized.
Monopolies are markets with only one seller but many buyers. Since the monopoly is the sole producer of a product, the demand curve is the market demand curve.
A monopoly is a market where:
No close substitute exists for a given good or service.
Markets have a high barrier to entry.
There are three different types of barriers to entry:
- When economies of scale enable one firm to supply the entire market at the lowest possible cost.
- When one firm owns a significant portion of a key resource.
- When entrance to a market is restricted by a public franchise31, Government License32, a Patent, or a Copyright.
Monopolies set their own price. If a monopoly raises the price, they do not need to worry about competitors.
is a firm that must sell each unit for the same price.
is the practice of variable pricing depending on the customer.
The average revenue (AR) of a monopolist is the market demand curve.
The total revenue (TR) is the price multiplied by the quantity sold () The marginal revenue (MR) is the change in total revenue that results from a one-unit increase in the quantity sold. For a single-price monopoly, the marginal revenue is less than the price at each level of output ().
To sell more, monopolies must set a lower price. When this happens, we effect the TR by:
Lowering the price creates a revenue loss
Increasing the quantity increases revenue
A single-price monopoly’s marginal revenue is related to the elasticity of demand for that good. Elastic demand means that a fall in price brings an increase in total revenue. Inelastic demand means that a fall in price brings a decrease in total revenue. If the demand is unit elastic, a fall in price doesn’t change total revenue.
The total revenue is maximized when the marginal revenue is 0.
In monopolies, demand is always elastic.
The monopoly sets the price where they can make the most profit.
A monopoly makes profit when .
Monopolies may make economic profits in the long run, and ones that incur economic losses may shut down temporarily in the short run, or exit the market in the long run.
Compared to perfect competition, monopolies produce a smaller output for a higher price.
There is no relationship between the quantity supplied and the price defined by the marginal cost curve, since the price comes from the market demand curve.
Some of the lost consumer surplus goes to the monopoly as a producer surplus, but not all of it.
Consumer surplus shrinks since they pay higher prices, and they get less of the good.
The producer surplus shrinks since the price raise reduces the quantity sold.
Any surplus is called economic rent, and the act of pursuing this wealth is called rent seeking.
Rent seekers pursue their goals in two ways:
Buy a monopoly
Create a monopoly
When different prices are set for different audiences, we call this price discrimination.
To be able to price discriminate, a monopoly must:
Identify different buyer types.
Through units of a good, such as quantity discounts.
Among groups of buyers, such as restrictions on airline tickets and advance purchasers.
Sell a product that cannot be resold.
Firms can increase their profit through price discrimination. Perfect price discrimination occurs if a firm is able to sell each unit at the highest price anyone is willing to pay33.
Monopolies that price discriminate better, are more efficient and have close output to the competitive output.
This is different than perfect competition in two ways:
Monopoly captures the entire consumer surplus.
Increased economic profit attracts more rent-seeking activities, which lead to inefficiencies.
are the rules administrated by government to influence price, quantities, entry, etc.
is the process of removing regulations.
There are two main theories on how regulation works:
is where regulation relentlessly seeks out inefficiency.
is where regulation serves the self-interest of producers, who capture regulators.
When cost and demand create natural monopolies, quantity produced is less than the efficient quantity.
Governments regulate natural monopolies to fix this by using a marginal cost pricing rule that sets the price equal to the monopoly’s marginal cost. Since the quantity demanded at the marginal cost price is the efficient quantity, this works. Comparing price and output between monopoly and perfect competition
This is an optimization problem. I think it’s called the integer backpack problem, but our solution should work.↩
Ok, duh. That’s obvious.↩
This is usually income inside micro-economics↩
Ok, duh.  Nobody knows, but this is math. Anything goes, for the un-initiated and un-thinking public.↩
MRS is measured as the absolute derivative.↩
Think of gum brands.↩
Think of left/right shoes.↩
This is called “inside” the budget line↩
Similarly, this is called “outside” the budget line.↩
i.e. if Burgers are being plotted on the -axis, then only the -intercept will be changed.↩
That’s because the two lines must be tangential at this point. Check out a graph (not included D: )↩
i.e. barely↩
Wtf, I know.↩
Wtf, I know.↩
Pictorially, this doesn’t make any sense to me. Since when the prices change, the budget line rotates, it almost surely must intersect a new indifference curve. I suppose if both prices change at the same time, this is possible.↩
Make lots of money, work less. Sounds good to me.↩
This is also sometimes called the normal profit.↩
This decision is called the “make-buy” decision.↩
Alternatively, it’s a function that converts labor and capital into goods↩
Stockholders of a firm are the principals, and the managers of a firm are their agents.↩
This is usually in the form of the paper value of their stock.↩
It took me a while to understand this, but they’re talking about how firms can coordinate their production more effectively than markets due to the firms individual drive to be increasingly efficient. For example, it’s hard for a market to move to outsourced production, but individual firms may be able to do this to consolidate their dealings with others. Of course, this is expressed in four bullet points for reasons that escape me.↩
If an asset has no resale value, the amount paid is a sunk cost.↩
They call these curves. For whatever reason, the words “plot” and “graph” are anathema to these people.↩
The phrase “context switch” comes to mind.↩
Obviously↩
What’s an LRAC?↩
It does this by operating with the plant that minimizes LRAC (TODO: What is LRAC?)↩
By this, we shift the demand-curve to the right↩
Like the Canada Post↩
Like a license to sell cell-phones, practice engineering, etc.↩


Biographical Sketch of David Kinkade
SOURCE: Ben Dixon's OUR BOOK: pp 216-217
David Kinkade, son of Andrew
Kinkade and Ann Tingley, was born at Marietta, Ohio, March 16, 1830.
[Another source listed his birth as March 30.] He died July 30, 1890 at
South Hutchinson, Kansas, and is buried at Hutchinson, Kansas.
He married lst: Mary Cronin
in 1850. She died in 1860, and he married Maria Ricky in 1865 in
Peaksville, Clark Co., MO. David Kinkade was a Veteran of the Civil War,
serving for three years and six months with the Missouri Volunteer Calvary,
Company E., 7th Missouri Calvary. He was captured by the enemy and served about
six months in Andersonville Prison, when his diet was rice, and his drinking
water had to be collected from horsetracks. He received a wound in the jaw in
the Battle of Gettysburg.
The author remembers hearing
of one escapade in which Uncle Dave participated in the Civil War. His troop was
skirmishing through Southern Missouri. He and two other cavalrymen discovered a
camp of sleeping rebels. Their arms were stacked, and their sentry was sleepy
too. They surprised him, captured, bound and gagged him without permitting an
outcry. Then the three of them crept into camp. Uncle Dave stood over the
stacked arms, horse pistols trained on the sleeping rebels, while the other two
awoke the camp, secured the scattering weapons they found, and duly made the
southerners their prisoners.
Records from notes by: Mrs. L. A. Sorenson, Miss Grace Claybaugh, Mrs. Nettie Clark, and Mrs. R.M. Dixon.
Provided by Betty Latta Kitchen
-- e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Click here for the Short-Cut Table of Contents


SPHERE
A Film Review by James Berardinelli
RATING: *1/2 OUT OF ****
United States, 1998 U.S. Release Date: 2/13/98 (wide) Running Length: 2:15 MPAA Classification: PG-13 (Profanity, violence) Theatrical Aspect Ratio: 2.35:1
Cast: Dustin Hoffman, Sharon Stone, Samuel L. Jackson, Liev Schreiber, Peter Coyote Director: Barry Levinson Producers: Michael Crichton and Barry Levinson Screenplay: Stephen Hauser and Paul Attanasio based on the novel by Michael Crichton Cinematography: Adam Greenberg Music: Elliot Goldenthal U.S. Distributor: Warner Brothers
By trying to satisfy every kind of viewer, it's possible that SPHERE may end up pleasing no one. Action lovers will be bored by what they will see as an interminably boring setup. Audience members who crave more intellectual fare will be disgusted by the film's sudden collapse into mindless storytelling and by the ending, which is an insulting cop-out. Somewhere out there, maybe there's a small cadre of film-goers who will appreciate SPHERE's dubious charms, but I'm not among them.
I sincerely hope the novel is better than the movie (I no longer read anything by either Michael Crichton or John Grisham), because if the finished motion picture product is anything to go by, it's hard to understand why the rights were optioned. SPHERE is the kind of first- class mess that only a top-line director with an A-list cast can create. With expectations high (And how could they not be, considering that another Barry Levinson/Dustin Hoffman collaboration, the excellent WAG THE DOG, is still playing in theaters?), something this bad can't help but look even worse. The last time a big-name, big-budget film displayed this level of ineptitude was last year's BATMAN & ROBIN, and everyone knows how that movie was received.
SPHERE starts out a little like an amalgamation of CONTACT and James Cameron's THE ABYSS, but, somewhere along the way, it collapses into the cellar with another recent science fiction effort, EVENT HORIZON. Science and philosophy, which are used to good effect during SPHERE'S first hour, give way to mindless, confusing action sequences. Attempts at characterization fall apart. Intelligent writing, which is evident early on, is replaced by hackneyed drivel. Special effects take over as the plotline devolves into incoherent silliness. But all that is just in preparation for the ending, which is inexcusably awful. This is the time-honored deus ex machina device used to its worst effect. I left the theater feeling cheated by the way Crichton and his screenwriters had chosen to end the film.
There is some promise, but it's all in the setup. We're introduced to Norman Goodman (Dustin Hoffman), a psychologist who once wrote a $35,000 report for the government about what to do in the event that a crashed space ship is discovered. When one is found in the middle of nowhere, 1000 feet below the surface of the Pacific Ocean, Norman is called in to be part of the welcoming committee. On the team with him are Beth Halperin (Sharon Stone), a biochemist who was once his student and lover; Harry Adams (Samuel L. Jackson), a mathematician who earned his first doctorate at the age of 18; Ted Fielding (Liev Schreiber), an astrophysicist who is awed by the opportunity to explore alien technology; and Harold Barnes (Peter Coyote), the government operative in charge of the mission. Together, the five descend into the bowels of the ocean, where they rendezvous with a temporary sea base on the ocean floor from which they will attempt to make first contact.
For a while, SPHERE had me fooled into thinking it was going to take an astute approach to the man-meets-alien situation. The overall scenario is not without promise and several plot twists (such as the revelation that the enormous craft is actually an American space ship, apparently from the future) offer intriguing possibilities. Then, right around the one-hour mark (that's the time to sneak into the theater next door and check out whatever's left of TITANIC), the virtually non-stop action begins, and, once it starts, the script becomes superfluous. This might be acceptable if director Levinson generated some legitimate tension, but, instead, he relies on loud, overbearing music, strange camera angles, and quick cuts to make things "exciting." Additionally, because none of the characters are well-formed (a common failing in anything penned by Crichton, who's more interested in technology than people), viewers don't develop much of a rooting interest. It makes sitting through SPHERE a frustrating and pointless experience.
What about that A-list cast? Not surprisingly, the most energetic performance is given by Samuel L. Jackson, but his Harry isn't a person; he's a walking plot device spouting occasionally-witty dialogue. Dustin Hoffman isn't lively or particularly good -- it's ironic that this, which may be his worst work in a decade, has arrived in theaters on the heels of his Best Actor nomination (for WAG THE DOG). Sharon Stone and Peter Coyote are both flat. Their characters exhibit little evidence of emotion; automatons would have been as effective. Then there's Queen Latifa, who, despite getting fifth billing in the credits (ahead of Liev Schreiber, who boasts at least quadruple her screen time), has less than a handful of lines and almost nothing to do other than inflate the body count.
I like to think that Levinson and Hoffman, recognizing how uninspired this movie was likely to be, chose to make WAG THE DOG as a sort of penance (the low-budget picture was filmed during SPHERE's lengthy pre-production phase). If that's the case, forgiveness is granted. I'm less inclined to look favorably upon Crichton, although he has a few enjoyable titles on his resume (JURASSIC PARK and the Levinson-directed DISCLOSURE come to mind). Even if his novel was butchered in the adaptation process, Crichton's credit as a producer disallows him absolution. He was a willing participant in a creative travesty. No wonder SPHERE is being released in February, in the midst of the early year's cinematic wasteland. It deserves no better than to get sunk by the unstoppable TITANIC, which should plow SPHERE under on its way to a ninth-consecutive weekend atop the box office heap.
Copyright 1998 James Berardinelli
- James Berardinelli e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Now with more than 1300 reviews... The ReelViews web site: http://movie-reviews.colossus.net/
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