I was working as a Duty Manager at the time in a supermarket. I was doing my normal rounds around the shop when I saw one of the department managers chatting with another staff just before the exit towards the retail area. There was a working table where there are nuts/ lollies in plastic beside them. They are left behind by customers who didn't want to purchase them anymore. The manager took one of the bags and ate some of the peanuts in one of the bags and handed some to his staff. As a company policy, no food or items are to be consumed or taken home unless approved by our Store Manager or Duty Manager in his absence. I went and approach the manager and advised him its not right for him to consume the nuts. It was only a small amount but there was the decision to make. Should I report this to my Store manager or should I just let it go as it's only a small amount?
Thinking about the past and remembering the amount of people that were in the same position and were disciplined, I decided to advise my boss of the matter. In my mind if it's only a small amount now, it will get worse later on if no one will have reported it. My conscience will always hunt me as I had people before that I didn't report for small things as well. Those people end up costing the business more loss. Later I found out they were stealing way more items than I thought they did.
I always thought of myself as being honest and always by the book. Part of my duties within my role at the time was implementing and making sure everyone adhere to company policies. I was just following what was meant to be done as per procedure. This was one of the hardest decision I have to make work wise as it does not involve just the person concerned but my reputation as well.
Growing up from the Philippines, part of our culture is exposing us early to good values. We even had a curicullum which is just for Values (good manners and right conduct). Our culture made me aware of the different values and made sure we practice them.
My biggest strength is probably being hardworking and a team player. Unfortunately they are my weaknesses too as I tend to over commit to what I do which can affect my family/ home life. Also even though I was recognised as a leader and buddy/ trainer, I often was stuck mentoring rather than moving up the ladder. In saying that, there is satisfaction in me when I see people succeed specially if you have a hand in it.
Being hardworking and committed will surely make it easier to study. As long as I don't overdo it as I tend to focus on given tasks that I forget to eat or will finish really late.
There was a time were I was leading a team of around 8-10 people and I had to implement and train them about a new system. The system was made to make it easier for us to work by making some tasks obsolete but introducing new ones at the same times. Personally it was hard for me at first as I had to learn it fast and teach it to all my team members. As per every workplace some are oppose to the change and some thinks that what they do now is more effective.
I was also hesitant at first as I know I do a good job ordering stock. Being made automated, I didn't think that it was the way to go myself. But as per my role I had to implement it so I focus on learning the system and understand it well before I judge it. Buying in to the new initiative myself was my first step. In the end because I knew most of the system and its upside, I was able to deliver it to the rest of the team. I even managed to make some notes for my staff which were bullet points from the folder of training module. This made it easier for them to make the transistion. Unfortunately I still had to deal with one's who couldn't catch up with the rest. From this experience I learnt to be more open to new initiative. Just because I was comfortable at doing something there will always be something better or easier way. I am now open to the thought of ongoing learning and self improvement.


| Constant | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| FILL : String = "fill" [static]
| StretchMode | ||
| NONE : String = "none" [static]
| StretchMode | ||
| UNIFORM : String = "uniform" [static]
| StretchMode | ||
| UNIFORM_TO_FILL : String = "uniformToFill" [static]
| StretchMode | ||
| UNIFORM_TO_HEIGHT : String = "uniformToHeight" [static]
| StretchMode | ||
| UNIFORM_TO_WIDTH : String = "uniformToWidth" [static]
| StretchMode |
| FILL | constant |
public static const FILL:String = "fill"
| NONE | constant |
public static const NONE:String = "none"
| UNIFORM | constant |
public static const UNIFORM:String = "uniform"
| UNIFORM_TO_FILL | constant |
public static const UNIFORM_TO_FILL:String = "uniformToFill"
| UNIFORM_TO_HEIGHT | constant |
public static const UNIFORM_TO_HEIGHT:String = "uniformToHeight"
| UNIFORM_TO_WIDTH | constant |
public static const UNIFORM_TO_WIDTH:String = "uniformToWidth"


Valerie Riley
About
Portfolio
Resumé
Portfolio
Clean Steep
Budget Tracker
Fitness Tracker
Note Taker
Burger
Password Generator
Planner
Weather Dashboard
Travel Cheap
Happy Tales


class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide .title[ # Basics in statistics ] .author[ ### Mahendra Mariadassou, INRAE
.small[from original slides by Tristan Mary-Huard] ] .date[ ### Shandong University, Weihai (CN)
Summer School 2023 ] --- # About this course... .blue[Topics] - Basics in statistics - Bivariate Analysis - Sampling - Estimation - Confidence Intervals - Tests - Simple Linear Regression (hopefully) --- # About this course... From **biology** to **biology...** through maths ! .blue[Modeling] Move from a biological question to a statistical model accounting for - the nature of the data at hand, - the randomness of the experiment, - error measurement (see last sessions). -- .blue[Statistical inference] Get some information about some of the (unknown) **parameters** appearing in the model. One aims at - estimating the parameter, - give a (restricted) range of possible values for the parameter, - decide whether the parameter belongs to a given interval or not. --- # Overview of the first session(s) **Describing a population** `\(\star\)` How are individuals distributed w.r.t. height ? To age ? `\(\star\)` How are individuals distributed between male and female ? -- **Study the relationship between descriptors** `\(\star\)` How are height and age related ? `\(\star\)` Is the height distribution the same for male and female ? --- class: middle, inverse, center # Finite Population --- # Definitions .blue[Population:] a collection of elements of interest - the collection of individuals of the French population, - the collection of all devices produced in a given factory, - the collection of all courses that are proposed in a given university. The elements are called **individuals**. -- .blue[Variables:] a collection of measurements that describe each individual - height, gender and number of children (French people), - weight and length (device), - number of hours and level (course). A measurement made on an individual results in an **observation**. --- # Definitions .blue[Quantitative variables:] the variable is a **quantitative** measurement - numeric/continuous: the range of the variable is continuous (height), - discrete: only some numeric values are possible (number of child.). -- .blue[Qualitative variables:] the variable gives information about class membership - nominal: gender, ethnicity, - ordinal: class of disease severity. --- # Example .pull-left[ ``` ## # A tibble: 8 × 3 ## G H C ## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 M 1.86 1 ## 2 F 1.72 0 ## 3 M 1.75 3 ## 4 M 1.9 2 ## 5 F 1.65 1 ## 6 F 1.68 0 ## 7 M 1.7 4 ## 8 M 1.82 2 ``` ] .pull-right[ - Size of population : `\(n=8\)` - 3 variables: - gender `\(G\)` (1=Male, 2=Female), - height `\(H\)`, - number of children `\(C\)` - Individual 7 ``` ## G H C ## 1 M 1.7 4 ``` ] -- Variable `\(H\)` measured on individual `\(i\)` results in **measurement** `\(h_i\)` --- # Probabilities on finite pop. Consider a **population** of `\(n\)` individuals. Let `\(A\)` and `\(B\)` be some subsets of individuals, with respective size `\(n_A\)` and `\(n_B\)`. .def[Definition 1] The probability for an individual drawn at random to belong to subset `\(A\)`, also called probability of `\(A\)`, is defined as follows: $$ P(A) = \frac{\text{total number of favorable cases}}{\text{total number of possible cases}} = \frac{n_A}{n} \ \ . $$ --- # Union, intersection .def[Definition 2] Denote `\(A\bigcap B\)` the subset of individuals belonging to subsets `\(A\)` and `\(B\)` at the same time. Assume there are `\(n_{AB}\)` such items, one has: `$$P\left(A\bigcap B\right) = \frac{n_{AB}}{n} \ \ .$$` .def[Definition 3] Denote `\(A\bigcup B\)` the subset of individuals belonging to either `\(A\)` or `\(B\)` (or both). One has: `$$P\left(A\bigcup B\right) = P(A) + P(B) - P\left(A\bigcap B\right) \ \ .$$` -- .question[Quizz 1] --- # Conditional probability .def[Definition 4] Denote `\(P(B|A)\)` the conditional probability of `\(B\)` knowing `\(A\)`. One has : `$$P(B|A) = \frac{n_{AB}}{n_A} = \frac{n_{AB}}{n}\times\frac{n}{n_A} = \frac{P(A\bigcap B)}{P(A)} \ \ .$$` .def[Definition 5] Two events `\(A\)` and `\(B\)` are independent if they satisfy the property `$$P(A\bigcap B) = P(A)\times P(B) \ \ .$$` -- .question[Quizz 2] -- .remark[Remark] If `\(A\)` and `\(B\)` are two independent events, then `$$P(B|A) = \frac{P(A\bigcap B)}{P(A)} = \frac{P(A)\times P(B)}{P(A)} = P(B) \ \ .$$` --- # Distribution The **probability distribution** associates each possible value of a variable with its probability, - **synthesis without loss of information** -- `\(\star\)` Qualitative variable example: Gender ``` ## ## F M ## 0.375 0.625 ``` -- `\(\star\)` Quantitative variable example: Height ``` ## ## 1.65 1.68 1.7 1.72 1.75 1.82 1.86 1.9 ## 0.125 0.125 0.125 0.125 0.125 0.125 0.125 0.125 ``` --- # Graphical representation For **qualitative/discrete** variables, pie charts and histograms provide an **exhaustive** representation of the distribution. .pull-left-70[  ] -- .pull-right-30[ - What about **quantitative** variables ? - More on that later ] --- # Limitations .def[Remark] The probability distribution is a **synthetic** representation only when the variable has a finite (and small) number of possible values. -- `\(\star\)` Good representation for qualitative/discrete variables, `\(\star\)` Poor representation for continuous variables. -- One can define extra quantities that lead to higher levels of synthesis at the cost of **a loss of information**. --- ## Expectation (mean value) Example for variable Height `$$\begin{align} E(H) & = \frac{1}{8} (1.86 + 1.72+ 1.75+ 1.90+ 1.65+ 1.68+ 1.70+ 1.82)\\ & = 1.86\times\frac{1}{8} + 1.72\times\frac{1}{8}+ 1.75\times\frac{1}{8}+ 1.90\times\frac{1}{8}+ 1.65\times\frac{1}{8} + \dots \\ & \quad \dots + 1.68\times\frac{1}{8} + 1.70\times\frac{1}{8}+ 1.82\times\frac{1}{8}\\ &= 1.76 \end{align}$$` and variable Children `$$\begin{align} E(C) &= \frac{1}{8}(1 + 0+ 3+ 2+ 1+ 0+ 4+ 2)\\ &= 0\times\frac{2}{8} + 1\times\frac{2}{8}+ 2\times\frac{2}{8}+ 3\times\frac{1}{8}+ 4\times\frac{1}{8}\\ &= 1.625 \end{align}$$` --- ## Expectation (Cont'd) .def[General definition] For a variable `\(Y\)` (case of finite population of size `\(N\)`): `$$\begin{equation} E(Y) = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^{N} y_i = \sum_{k=1}^{K} y_k \times P(Y=y_k) \end{equation}$$` where `\(K\)` is the number of possible values for variable `\(Y\)` in the population. -- You can compute the mean from: - the whole population, with `\(\sum_{i=1}^N y_i / N\)` - from the probability distribution, with `\(\sum_{k=1}^{K} y_k \times P(Y=y_k)\)` .center[ Both encode the .alert[same] information ] --- ## Variance Average squared distance between expectation and observation `$$\begin{align} V(C) &= \frac{1}{8}\Big\{(1-1.625)^2 + (0-1.625)^2+ (3-1.625)^2+ (2-1.625)^2 \\ & \quad +(1-1.625)^2+ (0-1.625)^2+ (4-1.625)^2+ (2-1.625)^2\Big\}\\ &= \frac{2}{8}(0-1.625)^2+ \frac{2}{8}(1-1.625)^2+ \frac{2}{8}(2-1.625)^2\\ & \quad + \frac{1}{8}(3-1.625)^2+ \frac{1}{8}(4-1.625)^2\\ &= 1.734 \end{align}$$` --- ## Variance .def[General definition] for a variable `\(Y\)` (case of finite population of size N): `$$\begin{equation} V(Y) = \frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N} (y_{i}-E(Y))^2 = \sum_{k=1}^{K} (y_k-E(Y))^2\times P(Y=y_{k}) \end{equation}$$` .def[Standard deviation], expressed in the .alert[same unit] as the measurements. $$ \sigma(Y) = \sqrt{V(Y)}. $$ -- You can again compute the variance / standard deviation from: - the whole population - from the probability distribution .center[ Both encode the .alert[same] information ] --- .small[ .pull-left[ ``` ## Population Children ## 1: Pop. 2 1 ## 2: Pop. 2 3 ## 3: Pop. 2 2 ## 4: Pop. 2 2 ## 5: Pop. 2 3 ## 6: Pop. 2 4 ## 7: Pop. 2 1 ## 8: Pop. 2 1 ## 9: Pop. 2 2 ## 10: Pop. 2 3 ## 11: Pop. 2 1 ## 12: Pop. 2 3 ## 13: Pop. 3 0 ## 14: Pop. 3 3 ## 15: Pop. 3 4 ## 16: Pop. 3 4 ## 17: Pop. 3 3 ## 18: Pop. 3 4 ## 19: Pop. 3 0 ## 20: Pop. 3 0 ## 21: Pop. 3 0 ## 22: Pop. 3 4 ## 23: Pop. 3 0 ## 24: Pop. 3 3 ## 25: Pop. 3 0 ## 26: Pop. 3 4 ## 27: Pop. 3 3 ## Population Children ``` ] ] .pull-right[  .question[Quizz 3] ] --- ## Expectation vs Variance Number of children per individual in 2 populations: **Population 2**: `\(\{1,3,2,2,3,4,1,1,2,3,1,3\}\)` **Population 3**: `\(\{0,3,4,4,3,4,0,0,0,4,0,3,0,4,3\}\)` `$$\begin{equation} \begin{array}{c||c|c|c|c|} & Size & Mean & Variance & St.Dev \\ \hline Pop.2 & 12 & 2.16 & 0.97 & 0.98 \\ Pop.3 & 15 & 2.13 & 3.18 & 1.78 \\ \hline \end{array} \end{equation}$$` Variance/std deviation measures how .alert[spread out] the population is. -- - Here Population 2 is **more homogeneous** than Population 3. -- .blue[Expectation versus variance] - Expectation gives the **location** of the population - Variance quantifies the **dispersion** from the expectation. --- # Median The median `\(y_{0.5}\)` for distribution of variable `\(Y\)` is the smallest value such that at least `\(50\%\)` of the population has a value of `\(Y\)` lower or equal to `\(y_{0.5}\)`. .pull-left[ ![](01_Basics_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-8-1.png) ] .pull-right[ .blue[Example of computation] Number of Children in Population 1 - Collect data `\(\{1, 0, 3, 2, 1, 0, 4, 2\}\)` - Reorder data from lowest to highest `\(\{0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4\}\)` - Value 1 splits the population into 2 groups of equal size ] -- .center[ The .blue[median] splits the population into two parts of (roughly) .alert[equal size]. ] --- ### Understanding medians .pull-left[ Compute the median of: - P1: `\(\{0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4\}\)` - P2: `\(\{0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4\}\)` - P3: `\(\{0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\}\)` .question[Quizz 4] ] -- .pull-right[ .small[ ```r c(0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4) |> median() ``` ``` ## [1] 1.5 ``` ```r c(0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4) |> median() ``` ``` ## [1] 1 ``` ```r c(0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) |> median() ``` ``` ## [1] 2 ``` ] ] -- .center[ .alert[Beware], computers try to find the midpoint instead. ] --- ### Understanding medians (II) .question[Quizz 5] .pull-left[ ![](01_Basics_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-10-1.png) ] -- .pull-right[ ![](01_Basics_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-11-1.png) ] --- # Quantiles The .blue[quantile] `\(y_{\alpha}\)` for distribution of variable `\(Y\)` is the smallest value such that at least `\(\alpha\times100\%\)` of the population has a value of `\(Y\)` lower or equal to `\(y_{\alpha}\)`. In particular `$$\begin{equation} P(Y \leq y_\alpha) \geq \alpha \quad \text{and} \quad P(Y < y_\alpha) \leq \alpha \end{equation}$$` -- The quantile `\(y_{\alpha}\)` splits the population into two parts of sizes (roughly equal to) `\(\alpha\times100\%\)` and `\((1-\alpha)\times100\%\)`. --- # Expectation versus Median Number of children per individual in 2 populations: - Population 2: `\(\{1,3,2,2,3,4,1,1,2,3,1,3\}\)` - Population 3: `\(\{0,3,4,4,3,4,0,0,0,4,0,3,0,4,3\}\)` - Population 4: `\(\{1,3,2,2,3,4,1,1,2,3,1,8\}\)` `$$\begin{array}{c||c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} & \text{Size} & \text{Mean} & \text{Variance} & \text{Std Dev.} & C_{20\%} & \text{Median} & C_{80\%} \\ \hline Pop.2 & 12 & 2.16 & 0.97 & 0.98 & & & \\ Pop.3 & 15 & 2.13 & 3.18 & 1.78 & & & \\ Pop.4 & 12 & 2.58 & 3.57 & 1.89 & & & \\ \hline \end{array}$$` -- .def[Remark 1:] Outliers have less influence on median than on expectation. More generally, quantiles are **robust** to outliers. .def[Remark 2:] Usually more than 1 descriptor (mean, variance, median...) is requested to accurately describe a population. --- ### Graphical representation: Continuous variable Height in Population 1 .pull-left-70[  ] .pull-right-30[ - Histogram: values of variable `\(Y\)` in abscisses, counts in ordinates. - Box-plot: displays `\(H_{25\%}\)`, `\(H_{50\%}\)` and `\(H_{75\%}\)`, outliers (if any) and the `\(1.8\times IQR\)` range in ordinates ] -- .center[ And **no general convention for boxplots...** ] --- ## Cumulative distribution function For a quantitative variable `\(Y\)` with probability distribution `\(P\)`, the cdf is noted `\(F\)` and defined as follows: `$$F(y) = P(Y\leq y).$$`  The definition is `\(F(y) = P(Y\leq y)\)` and **not** `\(F(y) = P(Y < y)\)`. --- ## Probability distribution vs CDF Providing the CDF is equivalent to providing the probability distribution function !  Compute the following: .pull-left[ - `\(P(C = 4)\)` - `\(P(C = 2)\)` - `\(P(1 \leq C \leq 3)\)` ] -- .pull-right[ - `\(P(C=4)={0.33 = 5/15}\)` - `\(P(C=2)={0}\)` - `\(P(1\leq C\leq3)={0.26=4/15}\)` ] --- class: middle, inverse, center # A detailed example --- class: center # The summer school dataset ``` ## # A tibble: 6 × 5 ## Height Weight Age Year Gender ## <dbl> <dbl> <int> <chr> <chr> ## 1 160. 55.4 23 3A F ## 2 168. 52.9 23 3A F ## 3 165. 50.7 22 3A F ## 4 164. 62.6 19 1A F ## 5 186. 66.5 20 2A M ## 6 176. 59.6 20 1A M ``` --- ## Univariate analysis .blue[Qualitative variables:] `\(\star\)` Gender ``` ## F M ## Nb 362.0 369.0 ## Freq 0.5 0.5 ``` `\(\star\)` Age ``` ## 19 20 21 22 23 ## Nb 252.00 196.00 139.00 100.00 44.00 ## Freq 0.34 0.27 0.19 0.14 0.06 ``` --- # Univariate analysis .blue[Quantitative variables:]  --- ## Univariate analysis .blue[Cumulative distribution function]  --- class: middle, inverse, center # Infinite population --- ## Case I: qualitative variable .blue[Coin tossing] Each coin tossing is a 0/1 experiment: `$$X = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if tail is obtained} \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}$$` How can we describe the population of **all** coin tossing trials ? -- Let `\(n_T\)` and `\(n_H\)` be the number of tails (resp. heads) after `\(n\)` trials. Then `$$\begin{equation} P(X = 1) = \underset{n\rightarrow\infty}{\lim}\frac{n_{T}}{n} \text{ and } P(X = 0) = \underset{n\rightarrow\infty}{\lim}\frac{n_{H}}{n} \ \ . \end{equation}$$` -- Note that by definition `\(n_T+n_H=n \Leftrightarrow n_T/n + n_H/n =1\)` `$$\Rightarrow P(X = 0)+P(X = 1)=1 \ \ .$$` --- ## Example 1: Coin tossing The population of coin tossing trials (or alternatively the result of a coin tossing trial) can be .blue[modeled] using the .alert[Bernoulli] distribution: `$$X \hookrightarrow \mathcal{B}(p).$$` .blue[Probability distribution] `$$P(X=x) = p^x(1-p)^{1-x} = \begin{cases} p & \text{if } x = 1 \\ 1 - p & \text{if } x = 0 \end{cases}$$` .blue[Expectation and variance] -- `$$E(X)=p,\quad V(X)=p(1-p)$$` --- ## Example 2: Cumulated coin tossing Now consider the cumulated result of `\(K\)` coin tossing trials: `$$X \in \{0,...,K\}$$` One can define `$$P(X=x)\ =\ \underset{n\rightarrow \infty}{\lim}\frac{n_x}{n}\ \overset{def}{=}\ p_x,\quad \forall x\in\{0,...,K\}.$$` -- Alternatively, assuming .blue[independence between trials] and .blue[identical "tail" probabilities], one has `$$P(X=x)={x \choose K} p^x(1-p)^{K-x}$$` which corresponds to the .blue[Binomial probability distribution]: `$$X\hookrightarrow \mathcal{B}(K,p)$$` -- One easily check that `$$\sum_xP(X=x)=1,\quad E(X)=Kp,\quad V(X)=Kp(1-p)$$` --- ## Case II: quantitative discrete variable .blue[Light bulb lifetime] Denote `\(X\)` the lifetime of a bulb, measured in hours. How can we describe the population of **all** bulbs ? -- Let `\(n_x\)` be the number of bulbs that last `\(x\)` hours over `\(n\)` bulbs. Then `$$\begin{equation} P(X = x) = \underset{n\rightarrow\infty}{\lim}\frac{n_{x}}{n} \end{equation}$$` -- As for the previous example, one has: $$ \sum_{x=1}^{\infty} P(X = x) = 1 \ \ . $$ --- ## Example: Light bulb lifetime .pull-left[ Assume one observed a sample of bulb lifetimes: 166, 143, 150, 136, 148, 168, 148, 174,... ] .pull-right[ ![](01_Basics_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-22-1.png) ] --- ## Example: Light bulb lifetime The light bulb population distribution can **modeled** using the Poisson distribution: `\(L \hookrightarrow \mathcal{P}(\lambda)\)` .pull-left-70[  ] .pull-right-30[ .blue[Probability distribution] `$$P(X=x)= \begin{cases} \frac{e^{-\lambda}\lambda^x}{x!} & \text{if } x \in \mathbb{N} \\ 0 & \text{Otherwise} \end{cases}$$` ] --- ## Example II: Light bulb lifetime Expectation and variance of a random variable with Poisson distribution can be theoretically obtained as follows: .pull-left[ .blue[Expectation] $$ E(X) = \lambda $$ ] .col-right[ .blue[Variance] $$ V(X) = \lambda $$ ] -- .pull-left[ `$$\begin{align} E(X) &= \sum_0^{+\infty} x\times P(X=x) \\ &= \sum_1^{+\infty} x\times\frac{e^{-\lambda} \lambda^x}{x!} \\ &= \sum_1^{+\infty} \frac{e^{-\lambda} \lambda^x}{(x-1)!}\\ &= \lambda \sum_0^{+\infty} \frac{e^{-\lambda} \lambda^x}{x!} = \lambda \end{align}$$` ] .col-right[ `$$\begin{align} E[X(X-1)] &= \sum_0^{+\infty} x(x-1)\times P(X=x) \\ &= \sum_2^{+\infty} x(x-1)\times\frac{e^{-\lambda} \lambda^x}{x!} \\ &= \sum_2^{+\infty} \frac{e^{-\lambda} \lambda^x}{(x-2)!}\\ &= \lambda^2 \sum_0^{+\infty} \frac{e^{-\lambda} \lambda^x}{x!} = \lambda^2 \end{align}$$` ] --- ## Example III: Continuous variable .blue[Deviance to target] Denote `\(X\)` the deviance to target observed for a given trial in a shooting contest. How can we describe the population of **all** deviances ? -- Deviance is assumed to be measured with **absolute** precision: `\(x=3\)` means that the deviance is exactly 3.0000000... cm. -- Let `\(n_x\)` be the number of trials that deviated from target with deviance `\(x\)` in a sample of `\(n\)` trials. One has: $$ P(X = x) = \underset{n\rightarrow\infty}{\lim}\frac{n_{x}}{n} = 0 \text{!!!} $$ .alert[But] `\(\star\)` Some values seem more likely than others, `\(\star\)` The probability of a range of values is not 0: `\(P(x_1<X<x_2)>0\)` --- ## A short illustration of density .blue[Mass density function] `\(\star\)` Consider a **homogeneous** stick of length 1m and weight 0.7kg. .pull-left[ `$$\begin{array}{lll} \text{Interval (m)} & \text{Density (kg/m)} & \text{Mass (kg)} \\ [0,1] & 0.7 & 0.7 \\ [0,0.5] & 0.7 & 0.35 \\ [0,0.25] & 0.7 & 0.175 \\ [x,x+dx] & 0.7 & 0.7dx \\ \end{array}$$` ] .pull-right[ .center[![](Figures/SegmentF-2.png)] ] -- `\(\star\)` Consider an **inhomogeneous** stick of length 1m and weight 0.7kg. One needs to provide at each point `\(x\)` the density `\(f(x)\)`, that may differ from an `\(x\)` to another: `$$\begin{array}{lll} \text{Interval (m)} & \text{Density (kg/m)} & \text{Mass (kg)} \\ [0,1] & 0.7 & 0.7 \\ [x,x+dx] & f(x) & f(x)dx \\ \end{array}$$` --- ## A more formal definition .blue[Probability density function] The density function is defined at point `\(x\)` as $$ \begin{align} f(x)dx &= P(x \leq X \leq x+dx) \\ \Rightarrow f(x) &=& \frac{P(x \leq X \leq x+dx)}{dx}. \end{align} $$ -- If `\(X\)` takes its values in interval `\([a,b]\)`, then one can "sum" (integrate) probabilities associated with all possible values of `\(X\)` to obtain: $$ \int_a^b f(x)dx = P(a \leq X \leq b) = 1 $$ -- From this, the expectation and variance for a quantitative continuous variables are defined as: `$$\begin{align} E(X) &= \int x \times f(x)dx \\ V(X) &= \int (x-E(X))^2 \times f(x)dx \end{align}$$` -- And in general, for any numeric function `\(g\)` (such as `\(g(x) = x\)` for the mean and `\(g(x) = (x - E[X])^2\)` for the variance) $$ E\left[ g(X) \right] = \int g(x) \times f(x)dx $$ The expectations corresponds to --- ## Back to example III: Deviance to target The population of deviances in a shot trial can be **modeled** using the Normal distribution: $$ X \hookrightarrow \mathcal{N}(\mu,\sigma^2),\ \text{ with } \mu=0 $$ .pull-left[  ] .pull-right[ .blue[Probability density function] `$$f(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma} \exp^{-\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}$$` .blue[Expectation and variance] $$ E(X)=\mu \ \ \text{ and } \ \ V(X)=\sigma^2 $$ ] --- ## Quantiles for continuous variables The definition of quantile `\(x_\alpha\)` does not change: minimum value such that `$$P(X\leq x_\alpha)\geq \alpha$$` .blue[Interpretation] in terms of integration Minimum value `\(x_\alpha\)` such that `$$\int_{-\infty}^{x_\alpha}f(x)dx\geq \alpha$$` -- .blue[Remark] Note that both the pdf and the cdf are characteristic to the probability distribution. --- ## Illustration: quantiles for the `\(\mathcal{N}(0,1)\)` distribution .pull-left[ ![](Figures/QuantilesNormaleCentreeReduite_Extrait.png) ] -- .col-right[ Compute - `\(P(X\leq 1.05)\)` - `\(P(X\geq -1)\)` - `\(x_{0.75}\)` - `\(x_{0.1}\)` - `\(P(-1\leq X\leq 1)\)` ] -- .pull-right[ - `\(P(X\leq 1.05)={0.853}\)` - `\(P(X\geq -1)={P(X\leq1)=0.841}\)` - `\(x_{0.75}={0.67}\)` - `\(x_{0.1}={-x_{0.9}=-1.28}\)` - `\(P(-1\leq X\leq 1)={P( X\leq 1)-P( X\leq-1)=0.682}\)` ] --- ## Finite vs infinite population: sampling .blue[Sampling in a finite population] Consider a population of 3 individuals: 1 male and 2 female. `\(\star\)` Probability of sampling 1 male ? -- $$ P(G_1=m) = 1/3 $$ -- `\(\star\)` Probability of sampling 2 males ? .question[Quizz6] -- $$ P(G_1=m\cap G_2=m) = P\left(G_2=m | G_1=m\right)P\left(G_1=m\right) = 0 $$ -- .blue[Conclusion] `\(\star\)` `\(G_1\)` drawn according to the distribution of the population, `\(\star\)` `\(G_2\)` given `\(G_1\)` **not** drawn according to the distribution of the population. The second draw distribution depends on the first draw: .alert[no independence between samplings] --- ## Finite vs infinite population: sampling .blue[Sampling in an infinite population] Consider an infinite population of males and females, with proportions 1/3 and 2/3. `\(\star\)` Probability of sampling 1 male ? -- `$$P(G_1=m) = 1/3$$` -- `\(\star\)` Probability to sample 2 males ? `$$P(G_2=m\cap G_1=m) = P\left(G_2=m | G_1=m\right)P\left(G_1=m\right) = (1/3)^2$$` -- .blue[Conclusion] `\(\star\)` `\(G_1\)` drawn according to the distribution of the population, `\(\star\)` `\(G_2\)` **also** drawn in the distribution of the population. -- This leads to the so-called **"i.i.d" assumption**: all observations are **i**ndependent and **i**dentically **d**istributed. --- ## Exercise 1: Tennis Assume that a tennisman play games that last - 3 sets in 60% of the games, - 4 sets in 25% of the games, - 5 sets in 15% of the games. - What is the expectation of number of played set for this player ? - What is the variance of number of played set for this player ? -- .blue[Answer:] `\(E(N)=3.55\)`, `\(V(N)=0.547\)` --- ## Exercise 2: The Pepsi factory A Pepsi factory machine builds cans of height 115mm, with a standard deviation of 0.4mm. The Pepsi specification requires all cans lower than 114mm or 116mm to be withdrawn. - Assuming the distribution of the can height is normal, what proportion of cans meets the specification ? - Assume the machine get disrupted such that produced cans have height 114.5 on average. What proportion of cans meets the specification ? -- .blue[Answer:] - Q1: 0.987 - Q2: 0.894 --- ## Exercise 3: properties of expectation and variance Assume that variable `\(X\)` as expectation `\(\mu\)` and variance `\(\sigma^2\)`. Let `\(a\)` and `\(b\)` be two constants. Provide the expression of - `\(E(aX+b)\)` - `\(V(aX+b)\)` -- .blue[Answer:] - `\(E(aX+b) = a\mu+b\)` - `\(V(aX+b) = a^2\sigma^2\)` Proof in lecture 3. --- ## Exercise 4: Moments Compute `\(E(X^2)\)` in the following cases: - `\(X\sim \mathcal{B}(p)\)` - `\(X\sim \mathcal{N}(\mu,\sigma^2)\)` - `\(X\sim \mathcal{E}(\lambda)\quad\quad\)` -- .blue[Answer:] - `\(p\)`, - `\(\sigma^2+\mu^2\)`, - `\(\lambda(\lambda+1)\)` --- ## Exercise 5: Dice Consider `\(X\)` the value obtained when rolling a fair dice. Provide the expression of - `\(E(X)\)` - `\(E[\|X-E(X)\|]\)` -- .blue[Answer:] - `\(E(X) = 3.5\)` - `\(E[\|X-E(X)\|]=1.5\)` --- ## Summary - In statistics, characterizing a population amounts to providing a .alert[probability distribution] (qualitative/discrete case) or a **probability density function** (continuous case). -- - Alternatively, one can provide the **cumulative distribution function**. -- - Some "classical" theoretical distributions allow one to **model** different populations. -- - These theoretical populations are usually **parametric**, i.e. a few parameters rule the shape of the distribution. -- - **Expectation** and **variance** can be expressed in terms of the distribution parameters.


Quill is a free, open source WYSIWYG editor built for the modern web. With its modular architecture and expressive API, it is completely customizable to fit any need. Read the Official Quill Documentation for a full list of instructions and other options.
By default all formats are enabled and allowed to exist within a Quill editor and can be configured with the formats option.

<select class="ql-font"></select>
<select class="ql-size"></select>

<button class="ql-bold"></button>
<button class="ql-italic"></button>
<button class="ql-underline"></button>
<button class="ql-strike"></button>

<select class="ql-color"></select>
<select class="ql-background"></select>

<button class="ql-script" value="sub"></button>
<button class="ql-script" value="super"></button>

<button class="ql-header" value="1"></button>
<button class="ql-header" value="2"></button>
<button class="ql-blockquote"></button>
<button class="ql-code-block"></button>

<button class="ql-list" value="ordered"></button>
<button class="ql-list" value="bullet"></button>
<button class="ql-indent" value="-1"></button>
<button class="ql-indent" value="+1"></button>

<button class="ql-direction" value="rtl"></button>
<select class="ql-align"></select>

<button class="ql-link"></button>
<button class="ql-image"></button>
<button class="ql-video"></button>
<button class="ql-formula"></button>

<button class="ql-clean"></button>

Quill is a free, open source WYSIWYG editor built for the modern web. With its modular architecture and expressive API, it is completely customizable to fit any need.

var quill = new Quill('#editor-container', {
modules: {
toolbar: '#toolbar-container'
},
placeholder: 'Compose an epic...',
theme: 'snow'
});
By default, all formats are enabled and allow to exist within the toolbar but you can configure it by including only formats that are needed. Below is an example of enabling formats only for what it's needed.
var quill2 = new Quill('#editor-container2', {
modules: {
toolbar: [
['bold', 'italic'],
['link', 'blockquote', 'code-block', 'image'],
[{ list: 'ordered' }, { list: 'bullet' }]
]
},
placeholder: 'Compose an epic...',
theme: 'snow'
});
Quill text editor that can inline edit in a page.
Pippin looked out from the shelter of Gandalf"s cloak. He wondered if he was awake or still sleeping, still in the swift-moving dream in which he had been wrapped so long since the great ride began. The dark world was rushing by and the wind sang loudly in his ears. He could see nothing but the wheeling stars, and away to his right vast shadows against the sky where the mountains of the South marched past. Sleepily he tried to reckon the times and stages of their journey, but his memory was drowsy and uncertain.

Try to highlight me and edit

Pippin looked out from the shelter...

var quillInline = new Quill('#quillInline', {
modules: {
toolbar: [
['bold', 'italic', 'underline'],
[{ 'header': 1 }, { 'header': 2 }, 'blockquote'],
['link', 'image', 'code-block'],
]
},
bounds: '#quillInline',
scrollingContainer: '#scrolling-container',
placeholder: 'Write something...',
theme: 'bubble'
});
Quill text editor that wrap inside a modal.

Editor in Modal

<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
×
</button>

...

<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Save changes</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-light" data-dismiss="modal">Cancel</button>


Toggle navigation
MY OPINION
Register
Login
Feedback
MY OPINION
A free and responsive SURVEY SITE.
Register
DOB Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
DOB Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
DOB Year
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
1960
1959
1958
1957
1956
1955
1954
1953
1952
1951
1950
1949
1948
1947
1946
1945
1944
1943
1942
1941
1940
1939
1938
1937
1936
1935
1934
1933
1932
1931
1930
1929
1928
1927
1926
1925
1924
1923
1922
1921
1920
Female
Male
Others
STATUS
Single
In a relationship
Engaged
Married
Divorced
Widow
Separated
It's Complicated
WORKING STATUS
Student
Working
Entrepreneur
Home-maker
Others
Zone
North
East
South
West
Central

Login
Feedback


Link your Bountysource account with {{provider | fromSnakeCase | title}}, allowing for jolly cooperation!
Connecting accounts...
Please entertain yourself by staring at the loading bar below.
Redirecting to {{provider | fromSnakeCase | title}}...


UIButton(AFNetworking) Category Reference
| Declared in | UIButton+AFNetworking.h UIButton+AFNetworking.m |
|---|
Overview
This category adds methods to the UIKit framework’s UIButton
class. The methods in this category provide support for loading remote images and background images asynchronously from a URL.
Warning: Compound values for control state
(such as UIControlStateHighlighted | UIControlStateDisabled
) are unsupported.
Accessing the Image Downloader
+ setSharedImageDownloader:
Set the shared image downloader used to download images.
+ (void)setSharedImageDownloader:(AFImageDownloader *)imageDownloader
Parameters
imageDownloader |
The shared image downloader used to download images. |
|---|
Discussion
Set the shared image downloader used to download images.
Declared In
UIButton+AFNetworking.h
+ sharedImageDownloader
The shared image downloader used to download images.
+ (AFImageDownloader *)sharedImageDownloader
Discussion
The shared image downloader used to download images.
Declared In
UIButton+AFNetworking.h
Setting Image
– setImageForState:withURL:
Asynchronously downloads an image from the specified URL, and sets it as the image for the specified state once the request is finished. Any previous image request for the receiver will be cancelled.
- (void)setImageForState:(UIControlState)state withURL:(NSURL *)url
Parameters
state |
The control state. |
|---|---|
url |
The URL used for the image request. |
Discussion
Asynchronously downloads an image from the specified URL, and sets it as the image for the specified state once the request is finished. Any previous image request for the receiver will be cancelled.
If the image is cached locally, the image is set immediately, otherwise the specified placeholder image will be set immediately, and then the remote image will be set once the request is finished.
Declared In
UIButton+AFNetworking.h
– setImageForState:withURL:placeholderImage:
Asynchronously downloads an image from the specified URL, and sets it as the image for the specified state once the request is finished. Any previous image request for the receiver will be cancelled.
- (void)setImageForState:(UIControlState)state withURL:(NSURL *)url placeholderImage:(nullable UIImage *)placeholderImage
Parameters
state |
The control state. |
|---|---|
url |
The URL used for the image request. |
placeholderImage |
The image to be set initially, until the image request finishes. If |
Discussion
Asynchronously downloads an image from the specified URL, and sets it as the image for the specified state once the request is finished. Any previous image request for the receiver will be cancelled.
If the image is cached locally, the image is set immediately, otherwise the specified placeholder image will be set immediately, and then the remote image will be set once the request is finished.
Declared In
UIButton+AFNetworking.h
– setImageForState:withURLRequest:placeholderImage:success:failure:
Asynchronously downloads an image from the specified URL request, and sets it as the image for the specified state once the request is finished. Any previous image request for the receiver will be cancelled.
- (void)setImageForState:(UIControlState)state withURLRequest:(NSURLRequest *)urlRequest placeholderImage:(nullable UIImage *)placeholderImage success:(nullable void ( ^ ) ( NSURLRequest *request , NSHTTPURLResponse *_Nullable response , UIImage *image ))success failure:(nullable void ( ^ ) ( NSURLRequest *request , NSHTTPURLResponse *_Nullable response , NSError *error ))failure
Parameters
state |
The control state. |
|---|---|
urlRequest |
The URL request used for the image request. |
placeholderImage |
The image to be set initially, until the image request finishes. If |
success |
A block to be executed when the image data task finishes successfully. This block has no return value and takes three arguments: the request sent from the client, the response received from the server, and the image created from the response data of request. If the image was returned from cache, the response parameter will be |
failure |
A block object to be executed when the image data task finishes unsuccessfully, or that finishes successfully. This block has no return value and takes three arguments: the request sent from the client, the response received from the server, and the error object describing the network or parsing error that occurred. |
Discussion
Asynchronously downloads an image from the specified URL request, and sets it as the image for the specified state once the request is finished. Any previous image request for the receiver will be cancelled.
If the image is cached locally, the image is set immediately, otherwise the specified placeholder image will be set immediately, and then the remote image will be set once the request is finished.
If a success block is specified, it is the responsibility of the block to set the image of the button before returning. If no success block is specified, the default behavior of setting the image with setImage:forState:
is applied.
Declared In
UIButton+AFNetworking.h
Setting Background Image
– setBackgroundImageForState:withURL:
Asynchronously downloads an image from the specified URL, and sets it as the background image for the specified state once the request is finished. Any previous background image request for the receiver will be cancelled.
- (void)setBackgroundImageForState:(UIControlState)state withURL:(NSURL *)url
Parameters
state |
The control state. |
|---|---|
url |
The URL used for the background image request. |
Discussion
Asynchronously downloads an image from the specified URL, and sets it as the background image for the specified state once the request is finished. Any previous background image request for the receiver will be cancelled.
If the background image is cached locally, the background image is set immediately, otherwise the specified placeholder background image will be set immediately, and then the remote background image will be set once the request is finished.
Declared In
UIButton+AFNetworking.h
– setBackgroundImageForState:withURL:placeholderImage:
Asynchronously downloads an image from the specified URL, and sets it as the background image for the specified state once the request is finished. Any previous image request for the receiver will be cancelled.
- (void)setBackgroundImageForState:(UIControlState)state withURL:(NSURL *)url placeholderImage:(nullable UIImage *)placeholderImage
Parameters
state |
The control state. |
|---|---|
url |
The URL used for the background image request. |
placeholderImage |
The background image to be set initially, until the background image request finishes. If |
Discussion
Asynchronously downloads an image from the specified URL, and sets it as the background image for the specified state once the request is finished. Any previous image request for the receiver will be cancelled.
If the image is cached locally, the image is set immediately, otherwise the specified placeholder image will be set immediately, and then the remote image will be set once the request is finished.
Declared In
UIButton+AFNetworking.h
– setBackgroundImageForState:withURLRequest:placeholderImage:success:failure:
Asynchronously downloads an image from the specified URL request, and sets it as the image for the specified state once the request is finished. Any previous image request for the receiver will be cancelled.
- (void)setBackgroundImageForState:(UIControlState)state withURLRequest:(NSURLRequest *)urlRequest placeholderImage:(nullable UIImage *)placeholderImage success:(nullable void ( ^ ) ( NSURLRequest *request , NSHTTPURLResponse *_Nullable response , UIImage *image ))success failure:(nullable void ( ^ ) ( NSURLRequest *request , NSHTTPURLResponse *_Nullable response , NSError *error ))failure
Parameters
state |
The control state. |
|---|---|
urlRequest |
The URL request used for the image request. |
placeholderImage |
The background image to be set initially, until the background image request finishes. If |
success |
A block to be executed when the image data task finishes successfully. This block has no return value and takes three arguments: the request sent from the client, the response received from the server, and the image created from the response data of request. If the image was returned from cache, the response parameter will be |
failure |
A block object to be executed when the image data task finishes unsuccessfully, or that finishes successfully. This block has no return value and takes three arguments: the request sent from the client, the response received from the server, and the error object describing the network or parsing error that occurred. |
Discussion
Asynchronously downloads an image from the specified URL request, and sets it as the image for the specified state once the request is finished. Any previous image request for the receiver will be cancelled.
If the image is cached locally, the image is set immediately, otherwise the specified placeholder image will be set immediately, and then the remote image will be set once the request is finished.
If a success block is specified, it is the responsibility of the block to set the image of the button before returning. If no success block is specified, the default behavior of setting the image with setBackgroundImage:forState:
is applied.
Declared In
UIButton+AFNetworking.h
Canceling Image Loading
– cancelImageDownloadTaskForState:
Cancels any executing image task for the specified control state of the receiver, if one exists.
- (void)cancelImageDownloadTaskForState:(UIControlState)state
Parameters
state |
The control state. |
|---|
Discussion
Cancels any executing image task for the specified control state of the receiver, if one exists.
Declared In
UIButton+AFNetworking.h
– cancelBackgroundImageDownloadTaskForState:
Cancels any executing background image task for the specified control state of the receiver, if one exists.
- (void)cancelBackgroundImageDownloadTaskForState:(UIControlState)state
Parameters
state |
The control state. |
|---|
Discussion
Cancels any executing background image task for the specified control state of the receiver, if one exists.
Declared In
UIButton+AFNetworking.h


Contact
If you want to contact us, it's the most simplest to email us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>There's also a possiblity to contact us via Twitter.
We are three IT-Students who like programming things. So we made this organisation. If you want us to help you programming something, you can contact us.
If you want to contact us, it's the most simplest to email us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>There's also a possiblity to contact us via Twitter.
All of our projects (so far) are open source. So be free to check them out and download them. Often there'll be a installation guide.
If you'd like to help with one of our projects, please create a diffrent branch and ask for a pull request. We'll review your code and add it later.
If you like what we do, you can donate to us by clicking on the donate button below. Thanks for the support!
Questions, found a bug, experiencing issues or just want to review our projects? You can do that here.
This is our school. It's the Herbert Vissers College, located close to Amsterdam, The Netherlands. We're still students so we don't have a lot of time to spend on coding and creating new stuff. But we do have computer science, we try to combine computer science at school and our projects. When we have the time we'll come up with new and better projects. Most of our projects are games made with Unity, this was mandetory because we had to make games. More recent projects also include AR and Unity, that's kinda cool so check it out!
This is a just new company, and here's a word from our founders.
We've been always really intrested in computers and code. So when we had the opportunity to make website for school, we were really happy. Welcome to our home page. Enjoy!
Welcome to our website! Have fun trying out our projects and editing them!
I've always thought that computers and other technical stuff were very intresting. So here's an other quote about computers and open source stuff. Hopefully it'll be filled with some intresting or nice to know.


Abushakir (ባሕረ ሃሳብ)
The words Bahire Hasab originate from the ancient language of Ge'ez, ( Arabic: Abu Shakir) is a time-tracking method, devised by the 12th pope of Alexandria, Pope St. Dimitri.
What does it mean?
"Bahire Hasab /'bəhrɛ həsəb'/ " simply means "An age with a descriptive and chronological number". In some books it can also be found as "Hasabe Bahir", in a sense giving time an analogy, resembling a sea.
This package allows developers to implement Ethiopian Calendar and Datetime System in their application(s)`.
This package is implemented using the UNIX EPOCH which means it's not a conversion of any other calendar system into Ethiopian, for instance, Gregorian Calendar.
Unix Epoch is measured using milliseconds since 01 Jan, 1970 UTC. In unix epoch leap seconds are ignored.
Prerequisites
Before you begin, ensure you have met the following requirements:
json-simple-3.0.2.jar
Getting started
In your library add the following import:
import com.github.besufikad17.abushakir.*;
How Does it work? The Bahirehasab Class
There are 8 Rules or you can call them conventions too. These are:
-
When calculating [wenber]which is remainder of [ameteAlem] by 19, subtract 1 (ONE) from the remainder as of the story in ancient calculation "አንዱን ለዘመኑ ሰጠው".
-
If [metkih] > 14, then month of [metkih] will be at the FIRST month of the year. which is መስከረም.
-
If [metkih] <= 14, then month of [metkih] will be at the SECOND month of the year. which is ጥቅምት.
-
If month of [metkih] is መስከረም (the FIRST month), then Nineveh or [nenewe] will be in ጥር (the FIFTH month).
-
If month of [metkih] is ጥቅምት (the FIRST month), then Nineveh or [nenewe] will be in የካቲት (the SIXTH month).
-
If the summation of [metkih] and the corresponding number of the weekday that [metkih] is on, is greater than 30 (> 30) then Nineveh or [nenewe] will be in የካቲት (the SIXTH month).
-
If the value of [wenber] == 0, the corresponding value of the 30th weekday for መስከረም (the first month) will be the value of MEBAJA HAMER which is technically [metkih] + weekday corresponding value or number.
-
If the value of [wenber] == 0, then Nineveh or [nenewe] will be in የካቲት (the SIXTH month)
The ETDateTime Class
ETDateTime can represent time values that are at a distance of at most 100,000,000 days from epoch (1970-01-01): -271821-04-20 to 275760-09-13. Create a ETDateTime object by using one of the constructors or by parsing a correctly formatted string, which complies with a subset of ISO 8601.ETDateTime can represent time values that are at a distance of at most 100,000,000 days from epoch (1970-01-01): -271821-04-20 to 275760-09-13.
The ETC class
The Ethiopian calendar is one of the the calendars which uses the solar system to reckon years, months and days, even time. Ethiopian single year consists of 365.25 days which will be 366 days with in 4 years period which causes the leap year. Ethiopian calendar has 13 months from which 12 months are full 30 days each and the 13th month will be 5 days or 6 days during leap year.
Getting current Time Details
To get the current time in the ethiopian calendar you first need to initialize the ETDateTime class and set it to now() method
ETDateTime etDateTime = new ETDateTime();
etDateTime = etDateTime.now();
System.out.println(etDateTime.getDay()); // returns the day
System.out.println(etDateTime.getMonth()); // returns month
System.out.println(etDateTime.getYear()); // returns year
Other Availabe date info methods
etDateTime.toString();
etDateTime.getMinute();
etDateTime.getSecond();
etDateTime.getMillisecond();
Parsing Date from String
To parse a date from String you will need to initialize the ETDateTime clas with date as String
ETDateTime etDateTime = ETDateTime.Parse("2012-07-07 15:12:17.500");
System.out.println(etDateTime.getDay()); // returns the day
System.out.println(etDateTime.getMonth()); // returns month
System.out.println(etDateTime.getYear()); // returns year
Parsing from milliseconds
Abushakir also supports parsing from unix milliseconds
ETDateTime etDateTime = new ETDateTime().fromMillisecondsSinceEpoch(1585731446021L);
System.out.println(etDateTime.getYear()); // returns year
Getting Evangalists
Getting the evangelist of the given year, if year is not provided it will take the current year and the years before christ ( አመተ ፍዳ ) and get the age of earth, since creation day of Adam and Eve and, divide it by 4.
Bahirehasab bahirehasab = new Bahirehasab(2012);
System.out.println(bahirehasab.getEvange());
Getting a date info in geez format
If you ever needed to return the date in geez numbers
ETDateTime etDateTime = new ETDateTime(2012, 2, 10);
System.out.println(etDateTime.getMonth()); // returns 2
System.out.println(etDateTime.getMonthGeez()); // returns ጥቅምት
System.out.println(etDateTime.getDay()); //returns 10
System.out.println(etDateTime.getDayGeez()); // returns ፲
Date Comparision
Using Abushakir you can compare if a date is before or after a date
ETDateTime etDateTime = new ETDateTime(2012, 2, 10);
etDateTime.isAfter(new ETDateTime(2001)); //returns true
etDateTime.isBefore(new ETDateTime(2001)); //returns false
Comparing Moments
ETDateTime etd = new ETDateTime(2012, 2, 10);
etd.isAtSameMomentAs(new ETDateTime(
etd.getYear(),etd.getMonth(),etd.getDay(),
etd.getHour(),etd.getMinute(),etd.getSecond(),
etd.getMillisecond()
)));
Operations on holidays
You Can also get the month and date for a given holiday or fasting season
Bahirehasab b = new Bahirehasab();
b.getSingleBealOrTsom("ዓቢይ ጾም").get("month"); //returns የካቲት
b.getSingleBealOrTsom("ዓቢይ ጾም").get("date"); //returns 16
b.getSingleBealOrTsom("ደብረ ዘይት").get("month")); //returns መጋቢት
b.getSingleBealOrTsom("ደብረ ዘይት").get("date")); // returns 13
For further implementation example see this JavaFx application


| Token | Cached OUT | Cached IN |
|---|---|---|
| ZeroGold (0GOLD) | 0.013 | 0.000 |
|
|
| Token | Cached OUT | Cached IN |
|---|---|---|
| ZeroGold | 0.000 | 0.000 |
|
|
||
| Dai Stablecoin | 0.013 | 0.000 |
|
|
| Token | Wallet | {{ appTitle }} |
|---|---|---|
| ZeroGold | 0.000 | 0.000 |
|
|
||
| DAI Stablecoin | 0.013 | 0.000 |
|
|
||
Make sure ZeroGold is the token you actually want to trade. Multiple tokens can share the same name.
| ZeroGold | ZeroGold/ETH | ETH |
| Transaction | Type | ZeroGold | ETH | ZeroGold/ETH |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Note: {{ appTitle }} will only show recent transactions. |
| ZeroGold/ETH | Available volume | Expires in | Cancel |
|---|---|---|---|
| There are no orders here. |
| Transaction | Type | ZeroGold | ETH | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Note: {{ appTitle }} will only show recent transactions. |
Notices
The only official URLs for ZeroDelta are:
https://0net.io/zerodelta.bit
https://0net.xyz/zerodelta.bit
Bookmark it once and use the bookmark.
Do not send your tokens directly to the smart contract, or they will be lost and unrecoverable. Use the Cache IN form (upper-left) to send the proper deposit transaction.
The only official representatives in the chat room are d14na, ??, and ??.
Disclaimer
{{ appTitle }} is a decentralized trading platform that lets you trade Ether and Ethereum-based tokens directly with other users. You are responsible for your own account, funds, and private keys. You are responsible for your own trading decisions, and the details and mechanics of the tokens you trade. {{ appTitle }} is not responsible for your decisions, actions, or losses that result from using {{ appTitle }}. {{ appTitle }} makes no guarantee about the tokens that you trade using {{ appTitle }}. {{ appTitle }} does not hold your funds and does not offer refunds. While the information contained on {{ appTitle }} is periodically updated, no guarantee is given that the information provided on {{ appTitle }} is correct, complete, or up-to-date. By using {{ appTitle }}, you acknowledge this and agree to these terms.


Many of the features of the language are illustrated below, but it is mostly description by example - there isn't much text.
Note that most statements are terminated with a semicolon, and that // is the comment symbol - everything to the right of the double slash is ignored by the compiler Example:
// include the io library #include <iostream.h> // declare a constant size to be used for arrays const int SIZE = 20; // declare floatarray as a type describing arrays // of "SIZE" floating point elements typedef float floatarray[SIZE]; // declare a subroutine, printarray, which takes a // floatarray as a parameter void printarray(floatarray arr); // provide the main body of the program void main() { floatarray myarray; for (int index = 0; index < SIZE; index++) { myarray[index] = index * 1.5; } printarray(myarray); } // provide the body of the printarray subroutine // declared earlier void printarray(floatarray arr) { for (int index = 0; index < SIZE; index++) { cout << arr[index] << endl; } }
float myfloat = 3.7; int myint = 29; char mychar = 'c';
mychar = char(myint); myint = int(myfloat);float to int conversion is done by rounding down (truncating)
char to int conversion (and int to char) is done using the ascii tables for matching character values to integers
const int DaysInYear = 365; const float Pi = 3.14; const char Blank = ' ';
static
retain their values across
function calls
extern
in all files except X
int myint, anotherint, andanotherint; float fees = 0.0; static char initial = 'D'; extern Boolean quit;
NOTE: some versions of C++ treat each block of code (demarcated with { and } ) as a possible scope: a variable declared within a block is regarded as local to that block. This is not recognized by all C++ compilers, however, so we recommend that variables either be declared with global scope - immediately after the global type declarations - or as local to a function, at the very start of the function body.
return-type functionname(list of parameters) { local variable declarations body of the function return statement }Where the value returned by the return statement must match the return type. (If the function never returns a value you may leave out the return statement, and use a return type of void.)
Example:
int sumandtruncatefloats(float f, float g) { // takes two floating point values, // adds them together, // truncates the decimal portion, // stores the value in an integer variable named result, // and returns this result int result; result = int(f+g); return( result ); }
The corresponding function declarations and calls in the rest of the program might look like
#include <iostream.h> int sumandtruncatefloats(float f, float g); void main() { float y = 2.914; int x; x = truncatefloat(3.7 + y); cout << x << endl; }
Pass-by-reference, or reference parameters, allows the function to alter the value of a variable passed to it. Pass-by-reference is achieved by placing an ampersand before the parameter identifier in the function header, e.g.:
void validswap(int &x, int &y) { int temp; temp = x; x = y; y = temp; }The call
validswap(var1, var2);
would then swap the values
of variables var1 and var2.
Arrays and structs are automatically passed by reference. If you wish to prevent this (to prevent the function from altering the array or struct contents) prefix them with const in the parameter list, e.g.:
void foo(const char str[], int length); ... foo(mystring, SIZE);
int X = 0; float y = 3.7; char c = 'a'; char myarray[4] = "xyz\0"; cout << "X has value " << X << endl << "y has value " << y << endl; cout << "c has value " << c << endl << "myarray has value " << myarray << endl;This would print out
X has value 0 y has value 3.7 c has value a myarray has value xyzNote that
endl
is the keyword for the end-of-line symbol,
and '\0' is the end-of-string character.
cout << setw(3) << x;This would print the value of x as a 3-character field
cout << setiosflags(ios::fixed) << setprecision(N) << x;
int X; float y; char c; char myarray[4]; cin >> X >> y >> c >> myarray;
cin.get(c); // where c is a char variable
cin.getline(mystring, Size-1); // where mystring is an array of Size chars
This is achieved by creating a variable which acts as a pointer into the file, and opening the file as part of an input stream or as part of an output stream.
The example below shows typical file input and output
// include the necessary i/o libraries #include <iostream.h> #include <fstream.h> // declare outfile as a pointer into a file to be used // as the destination for an output stream ofstream outfile; // declare infile as a pointer into a file to be used // as the source for an input stream ifstream infile; void main() { // declare character arrays to hold the names of our input // and output files char infilename[SIZE]; char outfilename[SIZE]; // declare a character array to hold a single word of text // (a word is a block of text containing no whitespace) char nextword[SIZE]; // declare a character array to hold lines of text for input or output char wholeline[SIZE]; // declare a character to hold single characters of text for input or output char c; cout << "Please enter the name of the input file" << endl; cin >> infilename; cout << "Please enter the name of the output file" << endl; cin >> outfilename; // open the input file, and check to make sure it opened successfully // exit if it failed to open (e.g. the file doesn't exist, // or is read-protected) infile.open(infilename); if (infile.fail()) exit(1); // open the output file, and check to make sure it opened successfully // exit if it failed to open (e.g. is write-protected) outfile.open(outfilename); if (outfile.fail()) exit(2); // read the next line of text, up to SIZE characters, from // the input file into the wholeline array infile.getline(wholeline, SIZE); // go through the input file until you hit the end of file // on each pass through the while loop, the following takes place: // read the next word of text (i.e. everything up to the next whitespace) // into the nextword array // read the next character into the variable c, // after double-checking to make sure the last read // didn't take us to the end-of-file // write the first word in the nextword array into the output file // write the character in variable c into the output file while (!infile.eof()) { infile >> nextword; if (!infile.eof()) infile.get(c); outfile << nextword; outfile << c; } // close the input file and close the output file infile.close(); outfile.close(); }
if (<Boolean expression) { // statements if expression is true } else { // statements if expression is false }The "else" portion of the statement is optional.
if (x == 3) { // statements for x == 3 } else if (x == 7) { // statements for x == 7 } else if (x < 0) { // statements for x is negative } else { // statements for all other values of x }
switch (x) { case 3: // statements for x == 3 break; case 7: // statements for x == 7 break; default: if (x < 0) { // statements for x is negative } else { // statements for all other values } }Leaving out the break statements can allow us to group values for which we want similar behaviour, e.g.:
switch (c) { case 'q': case 'Q': // statements for letter q break; case 'c': case 'C': // statements for letter c break; default: // statements for all other letters }
for (<initialisation>; <continuance test>; <update> ) { <executable statements> }Example: consider all even integers from 0 through 98
for (int x = 0; x < 100; x += 2) { // statements to be executed }
while (<Boolean expression) { // statements to be executed }Meaning: as long as the Boolean expression evaluates to true, carry out the body of the loop.
Example: repeat until the user enters Q
char c = 'C'; while (c != 'Q') { // executable statements cout << "Enter Q to quit, C to continue" << endl; cin >> c; }
do { // statements to be executed } while (<Boolean expression>);
Example: repeat until the user enters a positive value:
do { cout << "Enter a postive integer" << endl; cin >> x; } while (x <= 0);
// declare a type of array to hold 50 floats const int Size = 50; typedef float floatarray[Size]; // declare an actual array variable floatarray myfloats;
arrayname[i]
, e.g.:
myfloats[3] = 17.4; myfloats[2] = myfloats[3] + 4.1; x = sqrt(myfloats[2]);
myarray[i]
is functionally identical
to *(myarray + i)
void fillarray(floatarray arr, int arrsize); void main() { floatarray myfloats; fillarray(myfloats, Size); } void fillarray(floatarray arr, int arrsize) { cout << "Enter " << arrsize << " floats" << endl; for (int i = 0; i < arrsize; i++) { cin >> arr[i]; } }To pass arrays as value parameters prefix them with
const
in the parameter list, e.g. void viewarray(const floatarr arr, int arrsize);
They are stored in row-major order
const int Rows = 10; const int Columns = 16; typdef char grid[Rows][Columns]; void main() { grid Mygrid; for (int r = 0; r < Rows; r++) { for (int c = 0; c < Columns; c++) { Mygrid[r][c] = ' '; } } }To pass multidimensional arrays as parameters you must declare (in the parameter list) the size of all dimensions except the first, e.g.:
int matrix[20][30]; void initmatrix(int m[][30], int rows);
typedef struct { <type> field1; <type> field2; ... <type> fieldN; } <typename>;The syntax for accessing a field value is
<varname>.<fieldname>
Example: employee record
typedef struct { string surname; string givenname; float hourlywage; } EmployeeRec; void main() { EmployeeRec employee1; strcpy(employee1.surname, "Wessels"); strcpy(employee1.givenname, "Dave"); employee1.hourlywage = 0.01; }
typedef struct { string bossname; int numemployees; EmployeeRec staff[Size]; } StaffList; void main() { StaffList Meagresoft; strcpy(Meagresoft.bossname, "Gill,Bates"); int numemployees = Zillion; for (int slave = 0; slave < Size; slave++) { strcpy(Meagresoft.staff[slave].surname, " "); strcpy(Meagresoft.staff[slave].givenname, " "); Meagresoft.staff[slave].hourlywage = 35.0; } }
void initcomp(StaffList company); void main() { StaffList Meagresoft; initcomp(Meagresoft); ... }
enum booleflag { false, true }; booleflag = true;
// declare the class, listing public and private operations and data variables class Myclass { public: // constructor Myclass(); // destructor ~Myclass(); // inline functions int returndata() { return(mydata); } void setdata(int x) { mydata = x; } // general functions void dosomework(); private: // private functions void adjustdata() { mydata++; } // private data int mydata; Myclass *classptr; } // declare the bodies for the constructor and destructors Myclass::Myclass() { mydata = 0; } Myclass::~Myclass() { delete classptr; } // declare the bodies for the other general and private functions void Myclass::dosomework() { classptr = new Myclass; classptr->setdata(mydata + 1); } // example of using a variable of type "Myclass" from within the main routine void main() { // declare a Myclass variable Myclass classvar; // call the "dosomework" operation to work on that particular variable classvar->dosomework(); }
#include <iostream.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> // C++ random number generator, // user enters values X and Y and the program // generates a random value in that range void main() { int X, Y, result; // initialize the random number generator srand((unsigned int)(time(NULL))); // get the bounds cout << "Enter the lower bound for the generated numbers" << endl; cin >> X; cout << "Enter the upper bound for the generated numbers" << endl; cin >> Y; // generate the random value in the correct range result = (rand() % (top + 1 - bottom)) + bottom; // print out the random number cout << result << endl; }
#include <iostream.h> #include <math.h> // compile using g++ progname.cpp -o progname -fhandle-exceptions -lm void main() { float x, y; cout << "Enter a numerator and denominator" << endl; cin >> y >> x; // a try block contains exception handling // exceptions are invoked with throw() try { if (x == 0) throw("Divide by zero\0"); if ((y/x) < 0) throw("Sqrt of negative\0"); cout << "sqrt(" << y << "/" << x; cout << ") is " << sqrt(y / x) << endl; } // exceptions are handled with catch() catch(char str[]) { cout << str << endl; throw; // re-throws any unhandled errors } }
The asterisk (*) is used to denote a pointer, while the ampersand (&) is used to determine the address of a variable.
Some of the basic uses of pointers are illustrated in the examples below
int x; // x is an integer int *x_ptr; // x_ptr is a pointer to an integer x_ptr = &x; // make x_ptr point to x x = 3; cout << x << " " << *x_ptr; // print out 3 3Pointers to functions:
int foo(float x); int (*f_ptr) (); // f_ptr can point to any function // which returns an int f_ptr = foo; // f_ptr points to function foo y = (*f_ptr)(3.7); // equivalent to y = foo(3.7);Passing functions as parameters to functions: this can be achieved by specifying the parameter types for the referenced function, e.g.:
#include <iostream.h> char foo(int x, double y) { cout << x << " " << y << endl; return('!'); } void callsfoo(int (*fptr)(int, double)) // specifies one parameter, which will be a pointer to a function, // that function takes as parameters an int and a double { // called the passed function with values 3 and 4.5 cout << (*fptr)(3,4.5) << endl; } void main() { // pass a pointer to function foo as a parameter callsfoo(foo); }
// we want an array of 10 student records, s_ptr will point // to the start of the array StudentRec *s_ptr; // use sizeof to calculate the size of one student record, // pass the number of records we want (10) and the size // to the calloc routine, which allocates memory and returns // a pointer to the allocated block // then convert the address to a pointer to a student record // and store it in s_ptr s_ptr = (StudentRec *)calloc(10, sizeof(StudentRec)); // or alternatively use malloc, where we calculate the whole size // (for all 10 records) and pass that as the parameter // s_ptr = (StudentRec *)malloc(10 * sizeof(StudentRec));
The extra arguments are passed as parameters to the main routine, where they can be accessed using argc (which tells you how many arguments were passed) and argv (which is effectively an array of pointers to the arguments).
Each argument is passed as a seperate character array, so argv[1] points to the first argument text, argv[2] points to the second argument text, etc. (argv[0] gives you the name of the executable file for the program itself)
#include <stdlib.h> void main(int argc, char *argv[]) { cout << "You called program " << argv[0] << " with arguments " << endl; for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) { cout << argv[i] << " "; } cout << endl; }If the user typed in "myprog foo blah x" then the output from this program would be
You called program myprog with arguments foo blah xMaking Unix system calls
You can make Unix system calls (e.g. to run other Unix commands or programs)
from within a C++ program by creating a string containing the command
you wish to run then invoking the system
routine:
char commandline[256]; cout << "Please enter a filename" << endl; cin >> filename; strcpy(commandline, "cat "); strcat(commandline, filename); strcat(commandline, " | wc >> "); strcat(commandline, filename); strcat(commandline, ".out"); system(commandline);If the user entered filename "mydata" this program would execute the Unix command "cat mydata | wc >> mydata.out", which would cout the words in file "mydata" and write the tally into the file "mydata.out".
myglobal
is declared in first.cpp
and used in main.cpp
make mainprog
, and the system will automatically
compile exactly those files which have been altered since the
last time make was run
Dependencies: mainprog / | \ / | \ first.h | second.h \ | / \ | / boolean.h //-------------------------------------------------------------------- // File boolean.h: gets included from several .h files // and the main program //-------------------------------------------------------------------- #ifndef BOOLE #undef TRUE #undef FALSE typedef int Boolean; const int TRUE = 1; const int FALSE = 0; #define BOOLE #endif //-------------------------------------------------------------------- // File first.h: gets included from main, // is header for first.cpp routines //-------------------------------------------------------------------- #ifndef FIRST #include "boolean.h" int foo(char c); #define FIRST #endif //-------------------------------------------------------------------- // File first.cpp: body of routines from first.h //-------------------------------------------------------------------- #include#include "first.h" int myglobal; int foo(char c) { cout << "C is " << c << endl; return( int(c) ); } //-------------------------------------------------------------------- // File second.h: gets included from main, // is header for second.cpp routines //-------------------------------------------------------------------- #ifndef SECOND #include "boolean.h" char blah(int x); #define SECOND #endif //-------------------------------------------------------------------- // File second.cpp: body of routines from second.h //-------------------------------------------------------------------- #include #include "second.h" char blah(int x) { cout << "X is " << x << endl; return( char(x) ); } //-------------------------------------------------------------------- // File mainprog.cpp: main program, uses seperately compiled files // first.o and second.o //-------------------------------------------------------------------- #include #include "first.h" #include "second.h" #include "boolean.h" extern int myglobal; void main() { int mynum; char mychar; mynum = foo('Z'); mychar = blah(mynum); } //-------------------------------------------------------------------- // File makefile: make mainprog - brings mainprog up to date, // updates other files only if needed // make clean - gets rid of .o files //-------------------------------------------------------------------- mainprog: first.o second.o mainprog.cpp g++ first.o second.o mainprog.cpp -o mainprog first.o: first.cpp g++ -c first.cpp second.o: second.cpp g++ -c second.cpp clean: rm -f *.o


Woman may be jailed for going topless in her own home
by Agency ReportA Utah woman who stripped to her waist while working in her own home is fighting multiple counts of lewdness that could lead to a jail term and placement on a sex offender registry.
Tilli Buchanan, who is 27, says she and her husband were doing renovation work in their garage when plaster dust prompted both to remove their upper garments, according to a letter from her lawyer, David Lane, to state prosecutors.
When her three stepchildren — aged nine, 10 and 13 — saw them, they expressed shock. Buchanan told them that as a feminist she believed that she had as much right as her husband to go topless.
But word of the incident reached the children’s birth mother — who considered the incident “alarming” — and eventually came to the attention of social services workers investigating a different matter, the Salt Lake Tribune reported.
That led to the filing of three charges of lewdness in front of children against Buchanan, leaving her facing a possible year in prison and 10 years on the sex-offenders registry.
Being on that registry has debilitating effects, restricting areas where one can live, harming employment prospects and raising the possibility of losing custody of one’s children.
Buchanan’s lawyer is demanding that the charges be dropped and her record expunged. In a letter to prosecutors he gave them until the end of next week to respond.
“Because Tilli Buchanan is a woman,” Lane’s letter states, “her bare chest is censured as being inherently pornographic and perverse, while her husband’s bare chest is celebrated as an emblem of strength and pride.”
“Tilli Buchanan is being singled out for prosecution solely on the basis of sex.”
The judge in the case has said a ruling will not come before early next year.
Utah is regularly ranked as one of the most conservative states in the US.
(AFP)


This is a short demo of service discovery with R53 autonaming API using HTTP and DNS protocols
Let's imagine a bakery with 3 microservices hosted on various choices of compute stack - like API Gateway & Lambda, Containers on ECS or EKS, and traditional EC2 instance. We can have all of these services in their own autoscaling groups so they respond to changing loads.
Containers on ECS: As our tasks scale up and down in response to each compute stack uses its own mechanism for scaling. For example, the load on ECS is able to use Amazon Route 53 to add and remove DNS records for each task.
Example microservice: Cake crusts
Serverless using APIGateway and lambda: API gateway endpoint dynamically launches lambdas in response to the requests it receives. In our example, frosting microservice runs on lambda; The queries to Route53 are using service discovery over HTTP protocol.
Example microservice: Frosting
EC2 Compute: EC2 compute endpoint is used by "database as a service" where all our available choices are stored as a static list in table. In a real world example, you would have these values served by database as users make requests for data.
Example microservice: Database as a service
You can find more details on service discovery in the blog post and in the code.
These are the services I found, if you refresh the page the IPs or URLS of the workers should change:


I enjoy adventures and learning new things! I am passionate about pursuing that interests me such as languages, traveling, and programming.
I enjoy honing my skills in HTML, CSS, and especiialy JavaScript! Here are a list of my skills:
You may contact me via LinkedIn


|
Computer science
is a discipline that involves
the
understanding and
design
of computers
and computational
processes .
-
General concern
is
with the understanding of
information transfer
and transformation.
-
Particular interest
is on making processes
efficient
and with some intelligence
.
-
Theoretical studies range from
algorithms
to practical
problems.
-
A central focus
is on
handling and
manipulating
information.
Focus
These core ideas provide a
discipline designed to develop
efficient reliable software and hardware to meet given
specifications. Computer
science is a young rapidly evolving discipline,
and includes
theoretical studies, experimental methods,
and
engineering design collectively. In computer science there
is an
inherent intermingling of the theoretical concepts of
computability and
algorithmic efficiency which continue to stimulate advances
in the discipline.
|
Key
areas of computer science
are:
|
-
theory
-
algorithms
-
data structures
-
programming methodology
-
languages
-
computer elements
-
architecture
|
-
artificial intelligence
-
computer networking and communication
-
database systems
-
parallel computation
-
distributed computation
-
computer-human interaction
-
operating systems
|
A computer scientist
must have a firm foundation of these
principles and
be able to apply the fundamental concepts and techniques of
computation,
algorithms ,
and
computer design to solve specific
problems.
The work includes
-
detailing of specifications
-
analysis of the problem
-
provide designs that function
as desired
-
satisfactory performance
-
reliability and
maintainability of product
-
meet desired cost
criteria
Computer
scientists must not only have
sufficient training in the computer science areas, but
must also have a firm
understanding in areas of mathematics
and
science, as well
as a broad education in
liberal studies to provide
understanding for
societal implications of the work being performed.
|


A new paper by Manuela Fernández Pinto and me, “Legitimizing Values in Regulatory Science,” has just been published in Environmental Health Perspectives. This paper will be of interest to philosophers of science as well as the environmental public health community.
Abstract:
Background: Over the last several decades, scientists and social groups have frequently raised concerns about politicization or political interference in regulatory science. Public actors (environmentalists and industry advocates, politically aligned public figures, scientists and political commentators, in the United States as well as in other countries) across major political-regulatory controversies have expressed concerns about the inappropriate politicization of science. Although we share concerns about the politicization of science, they are frequently framed in terms of an ideal of value-free science, according to which political and economic values have no legitimate role to play in science. For several decades, work in philosophy of science has identified serious conceptual and practical problems with the value-free ideal.
Objectives: Our objectives are to discuss the literature regarding the conceptual and practical problems with the value-free ideal and offer a constructive alternative to the value-free ideal.
Discussion: We first discuss the prevalence of the value-free ideal in regulatory science, then argue that this ideal is self-undermining and has been exploited to delay protective regulation. To offer a constructive alternative, we analyze the relationship between the goals of regulatory science and the standards of good scientific activity. This analysis raises questions about the relationship between methodological and practical standards for good science, tensions among various important social goods, and tensions among various social interests. We argue that the aims of regulatory science help to legitimize value-laden choices regarding research methods and study designs. Finally, we discuss how public deliberation, adaptive management, and community-based participatory research can be used to improve the legitimacy of scientists as representatives of the general public on issues of environmental knowledge.
Conclusions: Reflecting on the aims of regulatory science—such as protecting human health and the environment, informing democratic deliberation, and promoting the capacities of environmental justice and Indigenous communities—can clarify when values have legitimate roles in regulatory science.


Header: #include <modbus.h>
The current state/action that the Modbus instance is performing.
typedef enum
{
Idle,
SendingRequest,
WaitingForResponse,
DataReceived,
TransactionFailed
} MODBUS_STATE;
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| Idle | The Modbus instance is waiting to receive a task. |
| SendingRequest | The Modbus instance is sending a request to its target device. |
| WaitingForResponse | The Modbus instance has sent a request and is waiting for a response. |
| DataReceived | The target device has successfully responded to the device. |
| TransactionFailed | The target device has either taken too long or has not sent the expected response. |


{% extends 'django_imager/base.html' %} {% block body %} Thank you for signing up and registering your email address. Now go sign in with your new account. {% endblock %}


Snookes1516.github.io
This degree provides a rigorous course that interrogates the literary, creative, social, cultural, political and historical contexts in the field of children's. The Best Place to Buy Samedayessay Can Be Found.
“Learning is not attained by chance, it must be sought for with ardor (zeal) and attended to with diligence.” - Abigail Adams Whether Professional editors proofread your dissertation. Proofreading starts at £0.01 per word. Ready within 24 hours. Already proofread 10.000+ dissertations. UK's No.1 Dissertation Proofreading Service - High Quality. Paid to write essays vba the most boring paid dissertation uk day ever essays on time tense. Dissertation help is a UK s best online dissertation writing Accounting and Finance MSc Postgraduate Taught Study.
A simple, easy and effective way to deal with your dissertation. Our expert writers will help deliver a custom dissertation to the standard of your choice. The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education. This master's degree in History provides a deep and thorough understanding of past eras, episodes and societies, as well as the skills to conduct research, manage. Essay writing service trusted by students worldwide.
Extreme Medicine MSc Postgraduate Taught Study. Buy-essayz.co.uk - Buy custom essays online for all purposes. We safeguard standards and improve the quality of UK higher education wherever it is delivered around the world. We check that students get the higher education. Pay for Essay and Get the Best Paper By placing an order, it is deemed that you accept our terms and conditions relating to our paid services. Online case study help Best paid case study writing.
Overview. This programme is suited to anyone wishing to deepen their knowledge of accounting and finance with a view to enter a career in either field. Internship Network - internsnetwork.org.uk. Module Description Credits; Medicine at the Final Frontier (Residential) This 2 day residential is delivered in the UK by Dr Mike Barrett, NASA flight surgeon. Dissertation Writing Services UK Dissertation.
Affordable-Papers: Your Personal Essay Writer Exceeds. A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research. The best place to buy custom essays online, and how to order your own for colleges and universities.
Need to Submit Homework? Relax.Get Assignment Help from Top Assignment Writing Service in UK,US AUS with 100% satisfaction guarantee. Paid dissertation uk - lizziescreations.com. Custom Essay Writing Get Professional Essay Children's Literature - University of Roehampton.
Pay To Write My Dissertation For Me UK Dissertation. Looking to write my dissertation or do my dissertation we cater both queries at affordable prices Manage Your Dissertation Writing and Research Time - dummies.
INTERNSHIP NETWORK. An intern or stagiaire is one who works in a temporary position with an emphasis on on-the-job training rather than merely employment, making. Number of student asks us, can I pay you to write my dissertation for me? Our experts always say yes that we do your dissertation efficiently at cheap. Thesis Geek - Editing, Proofreading Services. NEW CUSTOMER DISCOUNT! Buy an essay now with 20% OFF using the code new20! 100% Original papers, ready in 3 hours. Don't miss the chance to buy essays online cheaper. If you're on a tight deadline, finding where to buy essays can be challenging. Luckily we provide samedayessay at affordable rates for students.
You have stumbled upon one of the best custom writing services online. If you are stressed by tons of assignments - our professional academic
Get Help with your Thesis from Online Custom Dissertation and Thesis Writing Editing Services - PhD writers in verity of disciplines. Any level deadline. Whitefield Academy - Academics.
If you need help of reliable and experienced PhD writers from UK then our . thesis and dissertation writing will not claim All worried students looking for dissertation help UK are at . Sign up at dissertationstore.co.uk and carefully . you have completed Writing a dissertation is likely to be the biggest piece of work you’re going to tackle on your university course. To do your dissertation justice means.
Online case study help: hire professional case studies writers for money. We are always happy to help you with. Dissertation Writing. Calculus Homework. Essay Writing Service From Vetted Writers - GradeMiners. The Module Directory provides information on all taught modules offered by Queen Mary during the academic year 2018-19. The modules are listed alphabetically
Write my essay in time! Order papers from our professional team that offers paper writing on any type of topic. Fast, cheap and unique. SameDayEssay.me is your reliable source of essay help. Reasonable prices for professional custom essay writing service. Customer support available.
Module directory 2018-19 - Queen Mary University of London.
Need Assignment Help Best Assignment Writing Service Get your paper written by a vetted academic writer with 15% off! Complete confidentiality. Zero plagiarism. Affordable pricing. Turnaround from 3 hours.
History (MA) - roehampton.ac.uk. NEW CUSTOMER DISCOUNT! Buy an essay now with 20% OFF using the code new20! 100% Original papers, ready in 3 hours. Don t miss the chance to buy essays online cheaper.
Dissertation Writing Service. Ivory Research What about delegating your task to reliable essay writing service? There is one in view. Only quality content. Fair prices discounts. Qualified staff. Interested. Terms and conditions - Essay UK paid services - Essay.uk. Write My Essay Now! Urgent Essay Writing Service. Online custom essays, term papers, research papers, reports, reviews and homework assignments. Professional custom writing service offers high quality and absolutely. Legitimate PhD Paper Writers - Best Writing Service Professional Custom Writing Service - Essay Writing.


inXXtheXXfirstXXplace theXXfirstXXplaceXXxxtitleandname firstXXplaceXXxxtitleandnameXXs placeXXxxtitleandnameXXsXXdoes xxtitleandnameXXsXXdoesXXnot sXXdoesXXnotXXlive doesXXnotXXliveXXin notXXliveXXinXXxxcity liveXXinXXxxcityXXor inXXxxcityXXorXXin xxcityXXorXXinXXthe orXXinXXtheXXstate inXXtheXXstateXXand theXXstateXXandXXin stateXXandXXinXXthe andXXinXXtheXXnext inXXtheXXnextXXit theXXnextXXitXXis nextXXitXXisXXa itXXisXXaXXvery isXXaXXveryXXstrange aXXveryXXstrangeXXthing veryXXstrangeXXthingXXthat strangeXXthingXXthatXXa thingXXthatXXaXXsaint thatXXaXXsaintXXof aXXsaintXXofXXgod saintXXofXXgodXXshould ofXXgodXXshouldXXbe godXXshouldXXbeXXengaged shouldXXbeXXengagedXXin beXXengagedXXinXXmanufacturing engagedXXinXXmanufacturingXXa inXXmanufacturingXXaXXromance manufacturingXXaXXromanceXXlies aXXromanceXXliesXXto romanceXXliesXXtoXXpalm liesXXtoXXpalmXXupon toXXpalmXXuponXXthe palmXXuponXXtheXXpublic uponXXtheXXpublicXXas theXXpublicXXasXXtruth publicXXasXXtruthXXsurprising asXXtruthXXsurprisingXXconsistency truthXXsurprisingXXconsistencyXXwe surprisingXXconsistencyXXweXXwill consistencyXXweXXwillXXmatch weXXwillXXmatchXXthis willXXmatchXXthisXXwith matchXXthisXXwithXXan thisXXwithXXanXXextract withXXanXXextractXXfrom anXXextractXXfromXXxxtitleandname extractXXfromXXxxtitleandnameXXneither fromXXxxtitleandnameXXneitherXXdoes xxtitleandnameXXneitherXXdoesXXtheir neitherXXdoesXXtheirXXwitness doesXXtheirXXwitnessXXagree theirXXwitnessXXagreeXXtogether witnessXXagreeXXtogetherXXand agreeXXtogetherXXandXXit togetherXXandXXitXXis andXXitXXisXXclear itXXisXXclearXXwhose isXXclearXXwhoseXXservants clearXXwhoseXXservantsXXthey whoseXXservantsXXtheyXXare servantsXXtheyXXareXXbecause theyXXareXXbecauseXXhis areXXbecauseXXhisXXworks becauseXXhisXXworksXXthey hisXXworksXXtheyXXdo worksXXtheyXXdoXXxxtitleandname theyXXdoXXxxtitleandnameXXis doXXxxtitleandnameXXisXXsaid xxtitleandnameXXisXXsaidXXto isXXsaidXXtoXXbe saidXXtoXXbeXXdeputed toXXbeXXdeputedXXby beXXdeputedXXbyXXsome deputedXXbyXXsomeXXothers byXXsomeXXothersXXto someXXothersXXtoXXvisit othersXXtoXXvisitXXxxstate toXXvisitXXxxstateXXto visitXXxxstateXXtoXXobtain xxstateXXtoXXobtainXXfrom toXXobtainXXfromXXxxtitleandname obtainXXfromXXxxtitleandnameXXthe fromXXxxtitleandnameXXtheXXoriginal xxtitleandnameXXtheXXoriginalXXmanuscript theXXoriginalXXmanuscriptXXwe originalXXmanuscriptXXweXXhave manuscriptXXweXXhaveXXexamined weXXhaveXXexaminedXXthis haveXXexaminedXXthisXXmore examinedXXthisXXmoreXXparticularly thisXXmoreXXparticularlyXXin moreXXparticularlyXXinXXthe particularlyXXinXXtheXXformer inXXtheXXformerXXpart theXXformerXXpartXXof formerXXpartXXofXXour partXXofXXourXXremarks ofXXourXXremarksXXpriest ourXXremarksXXpriestXXstorrs remarksXXpriestXXstorrsXXevidently priestXXstorrsXXevidentlyXXborrowed storrsXXevidentlyXXborrowedXXthis evidentlyXXborrowedXXthisXXidea borrowedXXthisXXideaXXfrom thisXXideaXXfromXXthe ideaXXfromXXtheXXveracious fromXXtheXXveraciousXXgentleman theXXveraciousXXgentlemanXXhimself
inXXtheXXfirst theXXfirstXXplace firstXXplaceXXxxtitleandname placeXXxxtitleandnameXXs xxtitleandnameXXsXXdoes sXXdoesXXnot doesXXnotXXlive notXXliveXXin liveXXinXXxxcity inXXxxcityXXor xxcityXXorXXin orXXinXXthe inXXtheXXstate theXXstateXXand stateXXandXXin andXXinXXthe inXXtheXXnext theXXnextXXit nextXXitXXis itXXisXXa isXXaXXvery aXXveryXXstrange veryXXstrangeXXthing strangeXXthingXXthat thingXXthatXXa thatXXaXXsaint aXXsaintXXof saintXXofXXgod ofXXgodXXshould godXXshouldXXbe shouldXXbeXXengaged beXXengagedXXin engagedXXinXXmanufacturing inXXmanufacturingXXa manufacturingXXaXXromance aXXromanceXXlies romanceXXliesXXto liesXXtoXXpalm toXXpalmXXupon palmXXuponXXthe uponXXtheXXpublic theXXpublicXXas publicXXasXXtruth asXXtruthXXsurprising truthXXsurprisingXXconsistency surprisingXXconsistencyXXwe consistencyXXweXXwill weXXwillXXmatch willXXmatchXXthis matchXXthisXXwith thisXXwithXXan withXXanXXextract anXXextractXXfrom extractXXfromXXxxtitleandname fromXXxxtitleandnameXXneither xxtitleandnameXXneitherXXdoes neitherXXdoesXXtheir doesXXtheirXXwitness theirXXwitnessXXagree witnessXXagreeXXtogether agreeXXtogetherXXand togetherXXandXXit andXXitXXis itXXisXXclear isXXclearXXwhose clearXXwhoseXXservants whoseXXservantsXXthey servantsXXtheyXXare theyXXareXXbecause areXXbecauseXXhis becauseXXhisXXworks hisXXworksXXthey worksXXtheyXXdo theyXXdoXXxxtitleandname doXXxxtitleandnameXXis xxtitleandnameXXisXXsaid isXXsaidXXto saidXXtoXXbe toXXbeXXdeputed beXXdeputedXXby deputedXXbyXXsome byXXsomeXXothers someXXothersXXto othersXXtoXXvisit toXXvisitXXxxstate visitXXxxstateXXto xxstateXXtoXXobtain toXXobtainXXfrom obtainXXfromXXxxtitleandname fromXXxxtitleandnameXXthe xxtitleandnameXXtheXXoriginal theXXoriginalXXmanuscript originalXXmanuscriptXXwe manuscriptXXweXXhave weXXhaveXXexamined haveXXexaminedXXthis examinedXXthisXXmore thisXXmoreXXparticularly moreXXparticularlyXXin particularlyXXinXXthe inXXtheXXformer theXXformerXXpart formerXXpartXXof partXXofXXour ofXXourXXremarks ourXXremarksXXpriest remarksXXpriestXXstorrs priestXXstorrsXXevidently storrsXXevidentlyXXborrowed evidentlyXXborrowedXXthis borrowedXXthisXXidea thisXXideaXXfrom ideaXXfromXXthe fromXXtheXXveracious theXXveraciousXXgentleman veraciousXXgentlemanXXhimself
inXXthe theXXfirst firstXXplace placeXXxxtitleandname xxtitleandnameXXs sXXdoes doesXXnot notXXlive liveXXin inXXxxcity xxcityXXor orXXin inXXthe theXXstate stateXXand andXXin inXXthe theXXnext nextXXit itXXis isXXa aXXvery veryXXstrange strangeXXthing thingXXthat thatXXa aXXsaint saintXXof ofXXgod godXXshould shouldXXbe beXXengaged engagedXXin inXXmanufacturing manufacturingXXa aXXromance romanceXXlies liesXXto toXXpalm palmXXupon uponXXthe theXXpublic publicXXas asXXtruth truthXXsurprising surprisingXXconsistency consistencyXXwe weXXwill willXXmatch matchXXthis thisXXwith withXXan anXXextract extractXXfrom fromXXxxtitleandname xxtitleandnameXXneither neitherXXdoes doesXXtheir theirXXwitness witnessXXagree agreeXXtogether togetherXXand andXXit itXXis isXXclear clearXXwhose whoseXXservants servantsXXthey theyXXare areXXbecause becauseXXhis hisXXworks worksXXthey theyXXdo doXXxxtitleandname xxtitleandnameXXis isXXsaid saidXXto toXXbe beXXdeputed deputedXXby byXXsome someXXothers othersXXto toXXvisit visitXXxxstate xxstateXXto toXXobtain obtainXXfrom fromXXxxtitleandname xxtitleandnameXXthe theXXoriginal originalXXmanuscript manuscriptXXwe weXXhave haveXXexamined examinedXXthis thisXXmore moreXXparticularly particularlyXXin inXXthe theXXformer formerXXpart partXXof ofXXour ourXXremarks remarksXXpriest priestXXstorrs storrsXXevidently evidentlyXXborrowed borrowedXXthis thisXXidea ideaXXfrom fromXXthe theXXveracious veraciousXXgentleman gentlemanXXhimself
The far famed manuscript, it is said, was delivered up to XXLASTNAME, by XXTITLEANDNAME, and that is the last of it. Where is it now? Why has it not been published long ago? Simply because it would have branded their statements with everlasting infamy. It is certainly of sufficient moment to warrant a publication, and the interest these gentlemen have taken in the matter, proves, beyond all doubt, that they consider it so. Will these pious and patriotic citizens not lend a hand to undeceive some hundreds of thousands of human beings, in an affair of such intrinsic importance, when it can be done with such ease, and withal so effectually. With all their pretension to christian philanthropy, what is the position they now occupy; according to their own showing, multitudes have, and are continually receiving a book as of divine origin, and moulding their faith and practice therefrom, when these men start up and declare we have discovered it is all a gross imposition! it was written by a man for amusement! we have the identical manuscript from which it was copied; and yet refuse to bring it to light! Do not these men stand convicted in every honourable mind, with being either recreant to their duty, as teachers of religion, or wilfully blinding and deceiving the people.  Having said so much respecting the manuscript found, I shall add a few more remarks, and then close the subject. Sufficient has already been said to prove clearly to every candid mind, that the whole story is not reconcilable with the facts, as stated by the originators themselves, and by its various contradictions completely destroys itself, and proves it to be a base fabrication.
 XXTITLEANDNAME makes the following statement respecting the manuscript which he had in his possession: "..." Now any one who has read the XXBOOKOFMORMON, knows that the contents are altogether dissimilar from this description.
xxlastnameXXhadXXwrittenXXa hadXXwrittenXXaXXdifferent writtenXXaXXdifferentXXkind aXXdifferentXXkindXXof differentXXkindXXofXXnovel kindXXofXXnovelXXand ofXXnovelXXandXXthe novelXXandXXtheXXprobability andXXtheXXprobabilityXXwas theXXprobabilityXXwasXXthat probabilityXXwasXXthatXXit wasXXthatXXitXXhad thatXXitXXhadXXbeen itXXhadXXbeenXXconverted hadXXbeenXXconvertedXXinto beenXXconvertedXXintoXXthe convertedXXintoXXtheXXxxbookofmormon intoXXtheXXxxbookofmormonXXxxtitleandname theXXxxbookofmormonXXxxtitleandnameXXmakes xxbookofmormonXXxxtitleandnameXXmakesXXthe xxtitleandnameXXmakesXXtheXXfollowing makesXXtheXXfollowingXXstatement theXXfollowingXXstatementXXrespecting followingXXstatementXXrespectingXXthe statementXXrespectingXXtheXXmanuscript respectingXXtheXXmanuscriptXXwhich theXXmanuscriptXXwhichXXhe manuscriptXXwhichXXheXXhad whichXXheXXhadXXin heXXhadXXinXXhis hadXXinXXhisXXpossession inXXhisXXpossessionXXnow hisXXpossessionXXnowXXany possessionXXnowXXanyXXone nowXXanyXXoneXXwho anyXXoneXXwhoXXhas oneXXwhoXXhasXXread whoXXhasXXreadXXthe hasXXreadXXtheXXxxbookofmormon readXXtheXXxxbookofmormonXXknows theXXxxbookofmormonXXknowsXXthat xxbookofmormonXXknowsXXthatXXthe knowsXXthatXXtheXXcontents thatXXtheXXcontentsXXare theXXcontentsXXareXXaltogether contentsXXareXXaltogetherXXdissimilar areXXaltogetherXXdissimilarXXfrom altogetherXXdissimilarXXfromXXthis dissimilarXXfromXXthisXXdescription
xxlastnameXXhadXXwritten hadXXwrittenXXa writtenXXaXXdifferent aXXdifferentXXkind differentXXkindXXof kindXXofXXnovel ofXXnovelXXand novelXXandXXthe andXXtheXXprobability theXXprobabilityXXwas probabilityXXwasXXthat wasXXthatXXit thatXXitXXhad itXXhadXXbeen hadXXbeenXXconverted beenXXconvertedXXinto convertedXXintoXXthe intoXXtheXXxxbookofmormon theXXxxbookofmormonXXxxtitleandname xxbookofmormonXXxxtitleandnameXXmakes xxtitleandnameXXmakesXXthe makesXXtheXXfollowing theXXfollowingXXstatement followingXXstatementXXrespecting statementXXrespectingXXthe respectingXXtheXXmanuscript theXXmanuscriptXXwhich manuscriptXXwhichXXhe whichXXheXXhad heXXhadXXin hadXXinXXhis inXXhisXXpossession hisXXpossessionXXnow possessionXXnowXXany nowXXanyXXone anyXXoneXXwho oneXXwhoXXhas whoXXhasXXread hasXXreadXXthe readXXtheXXxxbookofmormon theXXxxbookofmormonXXknows xxbookofmormonXXknowsXXthat knowsXXthatXXthe thatXXtheXXcontents theXXcontentsXXare contentsXXareXXaltogether areXXaltogetherXXdissimilar altogetherXXdissimilarXXfrom dissimilarXXfromXXthis fromXXthisXXdescription
xxlastnameXXhad hadXXwritten writtenXXa aXXdifferent differentXXkind kindXXof ofXXnovel novelXXand andXXthe theXXprobability probabilityXXwas wasXXthat thatXXit itXXhad hadXXbeen beenXXconverted convertedXXinto intoXXthe theXXxxbookofmormon xxbookofmormonXXxxtitleandname xxtitleandnameXXmakes makesXXthe theXXfollowing followingXXstatement statementXXrespecting respectingXXthe theXXmanuscript manuscriptXXwhich whichXXhe heXXhad hadXXin inXXhis hisXXpossession possessionXXnow nowXXany anyXXone oneXXwho whoXXhas hasXXread readXXthe theXXxxbookofmormon xxbookofmormonXXknows knowsXXthat thatXXthe theXXcontents contentsXXare areXXaltogether altogetherXXdissimilar dissimilarXXfrom fromXXthis thisXXdescription
According to XXTITLEANDNAME’s account, the manuscript was given up to XXLASTNAME, on the condition that it should be printed, and one half the proceeds accruing be paid to her. But he afterwards writes to her, that the manuscript did not read as he expected, and he should not print it. After all, then, it appears the whole story is traced to the source, which is nothing more than the ipse dixit of a vagabond, and a fugitive from justice, the veritable XXINITIAL XXLASTNAME. This is the principal plea which is depended upon for rejecting the XXBOOKOFMORMON. Such, then, is the history of the XXLASTNAME lie. It no doubt has afforded many a pretext for rejecting the truth; but it never prevented a sincere lover of truth from embracing the message which God has sent again to the children of men. Why? Because they would search and prove the matter for themselves, without any regard to what others might do. I now the XXBOOKOFMORMON to be true; and all the inventions and slanders which the Devil and his servants can invent, will never shake my faith in it. The evidence on which it rests, cannot be overthrown.