|
Give
Me A Little More Time
(Gabrielle) |
|
You
tried your best to show me
That you really cared Said if there were days I was lonely Just call you - you'd be there You tried your best convinced me That you understand And if I needed someone to hold on to You wanted to be the man Then I knew it was true All the feelings that I had inside for you I could not deny Though many times I tried Give me a little more time I need to make up my mind Cos you know I'm in two minds I wanna be more than your friend Ooh I just can't pretend any longer Feelings getting stronger Give me a little more time You've been there when I've needed You've never let me down I just don't know how I'd cope Without you being around Feelings have grown between us Though friends we have been Don't you think it complicates things Or is it just me Then I knew it was true All the feelings that you had I shared them too I could not deny Though many times I've tried Give me a little more time Give me a little more time I need to make up my mind |


Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.
<<
Slide0
Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel
library.Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.
Slide1
Image Sliders, Text Sliders, Gallery, can be made using slidedoom
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Image Sliders, Text Sliders, Gallery, can be made using slidedoom
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Image Sliders, Text Sliders, Gallery, can be made using slidedoom
Slide4
>>
<<
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Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.Slidedoom
is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.
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Slide8
Slide9
Cross Browsers Support tOO Cross Browsers Support tOO Cross Browsers Support tOO Cross Browsers Support tOO Cross Browsers
Support tOO
Slide10
Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use
carousel library.Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.
Slide11
>>
<<
Slide12
Mobile,Desktop,Tablet and Whatever Its fully responsive.
Slide13
Slide14
>>
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Slide15 Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.Slidedoom
is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel
library.Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.
Slide16 Integrate easy with autosliding.
Slide17 Multiple Slide feature is available and Its responsive.
>>
Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.Slidedoom
is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.Slidedoom is a lightweight and ease of use carousel library.


TS Raymond fizzles, heavy rain forecast for Mexico’s Baja
by The Associated PressMEXICO CITY (AP) — Tropical Storm Raymond has fizzled into a remnant low-pressure system over the Pacific off western Mexico and is forecast to likely avoid a direct hit on the resorts of Los Cabos.
The U.S. National Hurricane Center says the storm could still dump 3 to 5 inches of rain on southern parts of the Baja California Peninsula, however, threatening dangerous flash floods.
Baja California Sur state’s civil defense department warned of strong rains Sunday from the storm.
The hurricane center said in its final bulletin on Raymond that the storm’s maximum sustained winds had decreased to about 30 mph (45 kph).
The storm’s center was about 275 miles (440 kilometers) south-southwest of the peninsula’s southern tip, and it was heading north at 16 mph (26 kph).
The Associated Press


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[Erowid Note: Driving while intoxicated or tripping is dangerous and irresponsible because it endangers other people. Don't do it!]
Me and a few friends thought it would be fun to eat some mushrooms and go to a concert. I had bought 4 grams and I ate about 2.5 (I had one really big cap left) and went to the concert. When we got there I had a beer, then about 30 minutes after we ate them we smoked a blunt and everyone started to trip but me so I ate the last of my stash.
About 15 minutes later I began to feel my body contract and expand with the music, things became very dark acrylic colors and lights very bright. The last thing I remember was being in complete ecstasy, everything looked awesome and I felt great, but then all of a sudden I woke up and I didn't know where I was. I felt horrible and was sweating profusely. For the next five minutes, I lay my head down and I felt darkness reaching for me. I had to focus on the light and found that breathing deep and focusing brought me to a more comfortable state. My friends explained to me that I had been sitting down starring at the stage when I suddenly fainted a went into a seizure. They said I was flopping around for about 30 seconds; one of them had been trying to hold me down and the other was slapping me in the face when I finally came to (I donít remember any of this).
After I pulled myself together, it seemed like I was at a party in outer space and I still had a hard time believing that all this had happened to me, but in the past I have had bad trips and brought myself out of it by throwing up, so I went to the bathroom and puked up everything I could. I was fine for the next half hour when I began to feel light headed again so I left the concert and drove home, which was a really bad idea because my contacts had come out during the seizure and I was seeing heavy tracers and psychedelic patterns. I made it home and tried to just go to sleep but when I closed my eyes I just felt like I was flying through these crazy psychedelic patterns. I tossed and turned and eventually passed out. The next day I felt completely normal and had to call my friends to make sure they made it home from the concert (I was their ride and I left after I began to freak out again) and to confirm that it wasn't a dream and it really had happened.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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Author: Rafael Benevides Level: Intermediate Technologies: CDI, Deltaspike, JPA, JSF Summary: Shows how to use DeltaSpike BeanManagerProvider to access CDI in a EntityListener Prerequisites: Target Product: WFK Product Versions: EAP 6.1, EAP 6.2, WFK 2.4 Source: https://github.com/jboss-developer/jboss-wfk-quickstarts/
This project demonstrates the use of DeltaSpike’s BeanManagerProvider.
BeanmanagerProvider
provides access to the BeanManager
by registering the current BeanManager
during the startup. This is really handy if you like to access CDI functionality from places where no CDI based injection is available. If a simple but manual bean-lookup is needed, it’s easier to use the BeanProvider
instead.
This projects uses an EntityListener to create audit records. EntityListeners aren’t managed by CDI, so you can’t inject dependencies. In this project we used BeanManagerProvider
to get a reference to a Stateless EJB that is responsible to persist the audit records.
The application this project produces is designed to be run on Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform (EAP) 6.1 or later with the Red Hat JBoss Web Framework Kit (WFK) 2.4.
All you need to build this project is Java 6.0 (Java SDK 1.6) or later, Maven 3.0 or later.
If you have not yet done so, you must Configure Maven before testing the quickstarts.
The following shows the command line to start the server with the web profile:
For Linux: JBOSS_HOME/bin/standalone.sh
For Windows: JBOSS_HOME\bin\standalone.bat
NOTE: The following build command assumes you have configured your Maven user settings. If you have not, you must include Maven setting arguments on the command line. See Build and Deploy the Quickstarts for complete instructions and additional options.
Type this command to build and deploy the archive:
mvn clean package jboss-as:deploy
This will deploy target/jboss-deltaspike-beanmanagerprovider.war
to the running instance of the server.
Access the running application in a browser at the following URL: http://localhost:8080/jboss-deltaspike-beanmanagerprovider
You are presented with a simple form to insert, edit, or remove contacts.
New Contact
button. Complete the form fields and then click the Save
button.Select for edit
button. The Contacts form fields are populated with the contact data. Modify the data and then click the Save
button.Remove
button. A dialog appears asking ‘Do you want to remove this record?’. Click the OK
button to remove the contact.When you insert a contact, notice that both the All Contacts and Audit Records tables are updated. When you edit a contact, notice that the Audit Records table is updated with the new contact data.
Continue to insert, edit, or remove contacts to see registration of audit records.
NOTE: To fire the update audit, you must change one of the contact fields
When you are finished testing, type this command to undeploy the archive:
mvn jboss-as:undeploy
This quickstart provides Arquillian functional tests. They are located under the directory “functional-tests”. Functional tests verify that your application behaves correctly from the user’s point of view - simulating clicking around the page as a normal user would do.
To run these tests, you must build the main project as described above.
Build the quickstart WAR using the following command:
mvn clean package
Navigate to the functional-tests/ directory in this quickstart.
If you have a running instance of the JBoss Server, as described above, run the remote tests by typing the following command:
mvn clean verify -Parq-jbossas-remote
If you prefer to run the functional tests using managed instance of the JBoss server, meaning the tests will start the server for you, type the following command:
NOTE: For this to work, Arquillian needs to know the location of the JBoss server. This can be declared through the JBOSS_HOME
environment variable or the jbossHome
property in arquillian.xml
. See Run the Arquillian Tests for complete instructions and additional options.
mvn clean verify -Parq-jbossas-managed
You can also start the server and deploy the quickstarts from Eclipse using JBoss tools. For more information, see Use JBoss Developer Studio or Eclipse to Run the Quickstarts
If you want to debug the source code or look at the Javadocs of any library in the project, run either of the following commands to pull them into your local repository. The IDE should then detect them.
mvn dependency:sources
mvn dependency:resolve -Dclassifier=javadoc


THE MAN WHO KNEW TOO MUCH (1934) A Film Review by Ted Prigge Copyright 1998 Ted Prigge
Director: Alfred Hitchcock Writers: Charles Bennett and D.B. Wyndham-Lewis Starring: Leslie Banks, Edna Best, Peter Lorre, Frank Vosper, Hugh Wakefield, Nova Pilbeam, Pierre Fresnay, Cicely Oates, D.A. Clarke-Smith, George Curzon
Hitchcock's earlier British films (he went to Hollywood in 1940) are neither as glamorous or ambigous as his older films, but were still amazing as they told simple stories in the most complex and amazing ways possible. "The Man Who Knew Too Much" is one of the best films he ever made, showing him in the top of his filmmaking craft, as he structures a film which could thrill and entertain as well as be a great example of fantastic filmmaking. It's a story which could have been made into a little piece of flat pulp, but was instead made into a stunning film which is intriguing from start to finish.
"The Man Who Knew Too Much" starts by introducing the protagonists to us, two Olympic stars, Bob and Jill Lawrence (Leslie Bank and Edna Best, respectively), who are vacationing in French Morrocco with their loving daughter, Betty (Nova Pilbeam). One night at a club, a man is shot and before he dies, he tells Bob and Jill that a revolutionary group is planning to kill a public official during a performance at Albert Hall in London. Soon enough, Betty has been kidnapped and the ransom is that they don't tell the authorities.
Bob takes it upon himself to find the kidnappers and rescue his daughter without harming either of them. His clues lead him to the rebels, who are headed by a mysterious man named Abbott (mysterious only because he's played by Peter Lorre, in his first performance in English following his triumph in Fritz Lang's "M," where he played a child killer), who soon also takes Bob into his custody.
The film was the first Hitchcock film to really become a big hit, and it made a name of him for being a master of suspense (which he was). What Hitch was best at doing was creating a plausible yet chilling suspense sequences, which are often the big set pieces for disection by film analysts (I can't tell you how many times we saw that party sequence from "Notorious" in my film classes...). Here, in my opinion, is one of Hitchcock's greatest sequences, a masterpiece of film montage which shows Jill in Albert Hall on the night of the shooting sitting as an anonomys audience member, and piecing how the murder is going to happen by looking around. As the music builds, she figures out exactly when the assasin will kill his target, but she can't scream or the kidnappers will kill her daughter.
Another famous sequence takes place in what has to be one of the very first (if not the first) visceral shootout in a film. The sequence is long, but is scary and realistic, and, interestingly enough, mostly told from the perspective of the bad guys. The entire experience of watching it is never boring or redundant though, due to Hitchcock's great ability to edit and design a sequence.
But these are not the only two great things about this film.  The characters in this film are not forced to do what they do because Hitchcock wants suspense scenes; Hitchcock knew how to create a film without trapping the characters in the confines of the genre, and this is easily shown by this film.
Accompany the brilliant direction by Hitchcock with a smart script and great acting, especially by Lorre (who's just the Man, in my humble opinion), and "The Man Who Knew Too Much" comes out as one of the greatest suspense thrillers of all time. While it may be trite (the film clocks in at a mere 74 minutes), it never feels rushed, and the story never fails to intrigue you with its great characters and storytelling.
MY RATING (out of 4): ****
Homepage at: http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Hills/8335/
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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string exec ( string $command [, array &$output [, int &$return_var ]] )
exec() executes the given command.
The last line from the result of the command. If you need to execute a command and have all the data from the command passed directly back without any interference, use the passthru() function. To get the output of the executed command, be sure to set and use the output parameter.


home
Home
face
About Me
settings
Projects
speaker_notes
Contact Me
Contact Links
Contact me through the following links:
My LinkedIn
|
My GitHub


 South Korea.
-
Java Backend Software Engineer
-
Currently working in Hyperconnect
-
Currently writing an article in Notion
Career
-
2020.09.21 ~ Present, Hyperconnect, Backend Software Engineer
-
2018.09.03 ~ 2020.09.11, MIDAS IT, Infrastructure Development Researcher
-
2018.06.24 ~ 2018.08.24, ETRI, Hyper Connection Communication Lab Research Intern
-
2014.04.28 ~ 2016.01.27, Marine, Serving a mandatory Military Service
-
2013.03.02 ~ 2019.08.20, Hansung University, Computer Engineering
{% include github-chart.html %}
{% include contact.html %}
Research
Project
-
2017.11.01 ~ 2018.10.31, Implementation of Appliance with Messaging Technology
-
2016.11.28 ~ 2017.11.27, Implementation of Development Platform for Situational Eating Out Contents Service based on Machine Learning
Publications
-
2019, KTCP, KCI, Design and Implementation of Time Filter Function in Mosquitto
Mosquitto에 시간 필터 기능 설계 및 구현
Kitae Hwang, Junhee Kim, Hyungmin Kim, Seho Park and Yongseok Choi.
KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices(KTCP), 정보과학회 컴퓨팅의 실제 논문지,25(5),273-278. [ link ]
-
2018, KCC, Design of Modified MQTT Protocol with Time Filter QoS
시간 필터 QoS를 가진 MQTT 프로토콜 설계
Junhee Kim, Donghee Lee, Kitae Hwang, Hyungmin Kim, Seho Park and Yongseok Choi.
Korea Computer Conference 2018(KCC 2018), 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집, pp. 410~412. [ link ]
-
2018, JIIBC, KCI, Implementation of Multi-Streaming System of Live Video of Drone
드론 라이브 영상의 다중 스트리밍 시스템 구현
Kitae Hwang, Jina Kim, Yongseok Choi, Junhee Kim, Hyungmin Kim, Inhwan Jung.
The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication(JIIBC), 한국인터넷방송통신학회 논문지, 18(1), 143-149. [ link ]
Conference
-
2018, KCC, Excellent Presentation Paper Prize, Design of Modified MQTT Protocol with Time Filter QoS, Presenter [ link ]
{% if site.skillstree %} {% include skillstree.html %} {% endif %}
Activities
2020
-
2020.11.01 ~ Present Community Geultto 5th, Notion
-
2020.05.01 ~ 2020.11.30 Open Source Developer Contest, MPSec
2019
-
2019.07.20 ~ 07.20 MIDAS IT Seminar, Positive Psychology
-
2019.06.02 ~ 06.03 MIDAS IT Seminar, Presentation for High School Developers,
2019 Memoirs in MIDAS IT
-
2019.05.21 ~ 05.22 Domestic Conference, Unite Seoul 2019
-
2018.12 ~ 2019.02.27 Naver D2 Campus Fest 6th, MPSec
2018
-
2018.03.11 ~ 09.12 Hansung University Engineering Contest,
Design and Implementation of Urgent and Time Filter in Mosquitto
-
2018.08.20 ~ 08.20 ETRI 2nd Seminar, ETRI Retrospect, SlideShare
-
2018.08.11 ~ 08.12 2018 Namyangju IoT Hackathon,
Fire Detection IoT System Service Design
-
2018.07.18 ~ 07.18 ETRI 1st Seminar, 2018 Tech Trends and Present Report,
SlideShare
-
2018.06.24 ~ 08.24 ETRI Research Intern
-
2018.06.20 ~ 06.22 Domestic Conference Presentation, KCC2018, First Author
-
2018.04.16 ~ 05.27 2018 MIDAS CHALLENGE, Interior Program
-
2018.03.02 ~ 06.01 Hansung University Capstone Design, UT-MQTT Broker
-
2018.01.22 ~ 01.26 Seongbuk-Gu Office App Inventor Assistant
-
2018.01.15 ~ 01.19 Hansung University Programming Camp Tutor
-
2018.01.11 ~ 03.02 Hansung University HighSuccess Project, DSAIHN
2017
-
2017.10.20 ~ 12.19 Seoul City App Contest, Culture Class
-
2017.10.16 ~ 12.24 Tutoring Tutor, Algorithm
-
2017.10.16 ~ 12.22 Hansung University Naksan Study, HIFLY
-
2017.10.16 ~ 12.15 Q&A Tutoring Tutor
-
2017.09.06 ~ 12.22 Tutoring Tutor, Java Language
-
2017.06.30 ~ 07.01 Arduino Development Camp, Hackathon RC Car
-
2017.05.28 ~ 12.25 Embedded Software Contest, HIFLY
-
2017.05.28 ~ 09.29 Hansung University Engineering Contest, HIFLY
-
2017.03.20 ~ 05.28 Tutoring Tutor, C++ Language
-
2017.03.20 ~ 07.25 Hansung University Naksan Study, CKY Cinema
-
2017.01.16 ~ 01.20 Hansung University Programming Camp
2016
-
2016.09.06 ~ 12.22 Tutoring Tuty, Java Language
-
2016.03.22 ~ 05.24 Tutoring Tuty, C++ Language
Awards and Honors
2020
-
2020.11.30 2020 Open Source Developer Contest General Section 3rd Bronze Prize, MPSec
2019
-
2019.08.20 Hansung University President's Award, Achievement Award
-
2017-1,2 2018-1,2 Hansung University Merit-based Scholarships, 4th Semesters
-
2019.06 MIDAS Best Talent Award, Best Passionate Person
-
2019.02.27 Naver D2 Campus Fest 6th 3rd Encouragement Prize, MPSec
-
2019.01.25 MIDAS Best Team Award, Infrastructure Development Team
2018
-
2018.09.21 Hansung University Engineering Contest 2nd Grand Prize,
Design and Implementation of Urgent and Time Filter in Mosquitto
-
2018.08.12 2018 Namyangju IoT Hackathon 2nd Excellence Prize,
Fire Detection IoT System Service Design
-
2018.07.31 KCC 2018 Excellent Presentation Paper Prize,
Design of Modified MQTT Protocol with Time Filter QoS, Presenter
-
2018.06.01 Hansung University Capstone Design 2nd Grand Prize,
UT-MQTT Broker
-
2018.05.27 2018 MIDAS CHALLENGE 3rd Excellence Prize,
Interior Program
-
2018.01.17 Hansung University Naksan Study 1st Excellence Prize,
HIFLY
2017
-
2017.12.19 Seoul City App Contest 3rd Encouragement Prize,
Culture Class
-
2017.12.08 Embedded Software Contest 2nd Excellence Prize,
HIFLY
-
2017.09.28 Hansung University Engineering Contest Company Prize,
HIFLY
-
2017.09.28 Hansung University Engineering Contest 3rd Silver Prize,
HIFLY
-
2017.07.25 Hansung University Naksan Study 2nd Encouragement Prize,
CKY Cinema


4. Logical & Bitwise instructions¶
4.1. Document conventions¶
Notation: Rd, Rn
denote ARM registers R0-R7 except in the case of the
special instructions where R0-R15 may be used. Rn<a-b>
denotes an ARM register
whose contents must lie in range a <= contents <= b
. In the case of instructions
with two register arguments, it is permissible for them to be identical. For example
the following will zero R0 (Python R0 ^= R0
) regardless of its initial contents.
- eor(r0, r0)
These instructions affect the condition flags except where stated.
4.2. Logical instructions¶
- and_(Rd, Rn)
Rd &= Rn
- orr(Rd, Rn)
Rd |= Rn
- eor(Rd, Rn)
Rd ^= Rn
- mvn(Rd, Rn)
Rd = Rn ^ 0xffffffff
i.e. Rd = 1’s complement of Rn - bic(Rd, Rn)
Rd &= ~Rn
bit clear Rd using mask in Rn
Note the use of “and_” instead of “and”, because “and” is a reserved keyword in Python.
4.3. Shift and rotation instructions¶
- lsl(Rd, Rn<0-31>)
Rd <<= Rn
- lsr(Rd, Rn<1-32>)
Rd = (Rd & 0xffffffff) >> Rn
Logical shift right - asr(Rd, Rn<1-32>)
Rd >>= Rn
arithmetic shift right - ror(Rd, Rn<1-31>)
Rd = rotate_right(Rd, Rn)
Rd is rotated right Rn bits.
A rotation by (for example) three bits works as follows. If Rd initially
contains bits b31 b30..b0
after rotation it will contain b2 b1 b0 b31 b30..b3
4.4. Special instructions¶
Condition codes are unaffected by these instructions.
- clz(Rd, Rn)
Rd = count_leading_zeros(Rn)
count_leading_zeros(Rn) returns the number of binary zero bits before the first binary one bit in Rn.
- rbit(Rd, Rn)
Rd = bit_reverse(Rn)
bit_reverse(Rn) returns the bit-reversed contents of Rn. If Rn contains bits b31 b30..b0
Rd will be set
to b0 b1 b2..b31
Trailing zeros may be counted by performing a bit reverse prior to executing clz.


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System and service owners throughout IU, and specialists in the UITS Support Center, work with IU Knowledge Management to determine support needs, and then both provide the necessary information and review it for accuracy.
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THE THIRTEENTH FLOOR (1999)
Rating: 2.5 stars (out of 4.0) ******************************** Key to rating system: 2.0 stars - Debatable 2.5 stars - Some people may like it 3.0 stars - I liked it 3.5 stars - I am biased in favor of the movie 4.0 stars - I felt the movie's impact personally or it stood out ********************************* A Movie Review by David Sunga
Directed by: Josef Rusnak
Written by: Josef Rusnak and Ravel Centeno-Rodriguez, based on Daniel Galouye's novel SIMULACRON 3
Starring: Craig Bierko, Gretchen Mol, Vincent D'Onofrio, Dennis Haysbert, Armin Mueller-Stahl.
Synopsis: Douglas Hall (Craig Bierko) has a problem. His best friend, a rich old computer genius named Hannon Fuller (Armin Mueller-Stahl) has created a virtual 1937 Los Angeles inside a computer simulation that is so realistic that the computer characters think they really exist. The problem is that Fuller has just been murdered, and all the clues point to Hall as the murderer. Poor Hall can't remember a thing about where he was the night of the murder despite a bloody shirt. Hall chases down a possible clue inside the Los Angeles simulation, while trying to prevent the character simulations from finding out that they are not real. He meets a mysterious woman (Gretchen Mol) and tries to clear himself while exploring the new "reality."
Opinion: The trouble with THE THIRTEENTH FLOOR is that it's a concept movie. Characters go through long dialogues passing movie minutes until the film's ending delivers the big "surprise" revelation. Unfortunately, the revelation is no surprise because this year we've seen similar "reality" revelations from countless other virtual simulation theme movies such as THE MATRIX.
I can recommend the beautifully done cinematography; 1937 Los Angeles is a visual feast. But there's not enough danger and the end is predictable. It's hard to pay full attention to THE THIRTEENTH FLOOR for more than half an hour no matter how wonderfully the visuals are rendered.
Reviewed by David Sunga June 7, 1999
Copyright © 1999 by David Sunga This review and others like it can be found at THE CRITIC ZOO: http://www.criticzoo.com email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
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Here’s 24 minutes of Halo: Reach PC gameplay in 4K
by Stefan LWhile Halo fans patiently wait for 343 Industries to finally get to say much of anything about Halo Infinite, and for Microsoft to unveil the Project Scarlett Xbox that it’s being created for, we’ve still got some great Halo to look forward to. The Halo: Reach remaster is nearly upon us, set to drop onto Xbox One and PC on 3rd December. Yeah, remember? The whole Halo: The Master Chief Collection is coming to Windows 10, and it’s starting with Halo: Reach.
We got to go hands on with the game at XO19, playing on PC with keyboard and mouse, running through the opening mission. We captured it. In 4K. At 60fps. 24 minutes of it. 2,852 frames of it. We could witter away about whether it looks good or not, or how it plays, but we’ll just show you.
Here’s Halo: Reach on PC:


Service pattern for Apply online for a older person's concessionary travel pass
This page is for people who work in local authorities in England. It outlines a common pattern used for delivering older person's concessionary travel services effectively. Read more about service patterns.
This pattern is specific to England. Concessionary travel passes work differently in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
What is the user need?
As people get older, they are more likely to not be fit to drive. They also often retire from work, so their income goes down. For both of these reasons, they are entitled to free off-peak local bus travel.
This is made possible through the English National Concessionary Travel Scheme. The Department of Transport has published guidance for councils about this scheme.
What do councils need from users to deliver the service?
- proof that the user lives in the area
- proof the user is old enough to be entitled to a pass
- a passport style photograph of the user to put on the pass
What is the user journey?
At a high level, these are the steps users should need to go through.
1. Awareness
Users need to find out about their entitlement to concessionary travel. They may find out in a variety of ways, for example:
- signage on buses and bus stops, or trains and trains stations
- signage in a local library
- from district and borough councils
- through word of mouth
Local authorities should try make sure the right information is being provided through these channels.
2. Check you are the right age
Residents of England can get a bus pass for free travel when they reach the female State Pension age, whether they’re a man or a woman.
Residents of London can travel free on buses, tubes and other transport when they’re 60, but only within London.
This means that users may need to check whether or not they are old enough for concessionary travel. There's a page for this on GOV.UK. Councils should link to this page on their service's start page. (See step 3.)
3. Find the right council
Once the user has found out they can get a free travel pass, they need to get to the right council's website to apply. Users might start by typing 'older person bus pass' or a related term into a search engine, or they might start on their local council's website.
The older person's bus pass page on GOV.UK should send them to the right council's website once they enter their postcode. Councils should make sure the postcodes that they serve are linked to the right page on their website and email any corrections to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Users may also go straight to the website for the council that they think they need to get a travel pass from. This makes it very important that councils clearly state which area their concessionary travel service serves as the user may be in the wrong place. Read the next section for details on this.
4. Service start page
Now the user is in the right place, the page on the council's website should communicate:
- what the pass will allow its holder to do
- when the user is allowed to travel using the pass (The national bus concession in England is available at any time on a Saturday, Sunday or bank holiday, and from 9.30am to 11pm on any other day although some authorities offer extended travel times.)
- where the pass is valid
- How the pass will be used
- how long the process of applying will take
- when they should expect to receive their bus pass once they've applied
- that they'll need to provide a passport style photograph
- that they'll need to login or signup using GOV.UK Verify
- what to do if they need assistance with the application
5. Prove you are a resident and are old enough to apply
{% include 'common-content/proving-identity.html' %} See the example council page for telling users about proving their identityUsing GOV.UK Verify, the user can securely prove their identity, address and age.
Step through the GOV.UK Verify journey prototype (username is pirate / password is bunting)6. If a user fails to Verify
If a user fails to verify the council should provide other ways for the use to apply. These other ways could include:
- A way to continue in the digital channel
- A paper form to download, complete and return to the council
- A phone number to call to do the application over the phone
- A place the user can come and get help completing the application process
7. Confirm your address and eligibility
GOV.UK Verify will send the council the user's address, as known by the user's chosen identity provider. On returning from the GOV.UK Verify process, the council should ask the user to confirm whether or not this is their current address. This page can also ask the user to confirm they want the council to send the bus pass to the address they've received through GOV.UK Verify.
See the example page asking users to confirm their name and addressIf the user says the address returned is not correct, they are likely to be a new resident whose address has not been updated with their identity provider. The user should then be asked to enter their current address and warned that they must not enter false information.
See the example page asking users to enter their current addressOnce the user has confirmed their address, the council should check that the given address is in the area the council serves. If the address is not in the area, the council should tell them they are not eligible in this area.
See the page telling the user they are not eligible because of their addressIf their address is eligible, then they should then ask them to confirm their date of birth. If users do not recognise the date of birth, they have probably not verified successfully and should contact the council to apply for their pass offline.
See the page telling the user to confirm their date of birthAt this point the councils should check their age, then tell the user whether or not they are eligible.
- See the page telling the user they are not eligible because of their age
- See the page telling the user they are eligible
8. Upload passport style photograph
Bus passes need to have a photograph of the person who owns them, so that they can't be used by anybody else. It's a bus driver's responsibility to check the photo matches the user.
Users can upload a digital passport style photograph for use on the bus pass, but they may need to be instructed how. The council website should ask the user whether or not they need instructions, and then step them through the process if they do.
Step through the example guide for how to take and upload a passport style photograph
9. Sending the bus pass to the user
Once the user has uploaded their photograph, the council should tell the user their application is complete and reiterate when they can expect to receive their bus pass and that they will be posting it to the address they previously confirmed.
The accompanying letter should also provide information on how, when and where the bus pass can be used, and what to do in case of a lost or stolen pass.
See the example page telling the user when they can expect to receive their pass
10. Use bus pass
Bus passes are a physical plastic card that users can use on any bus in England. They show it to the driver on the way onto the bus.
In London, the pass is an Oyster card which the user scans on a reader.
11. Renewals
To reduce the possibility of fraud, bus passes have expiry dates which must be no more than 5 years from the date of issue. (Specification 1.31 from the Department for Transport guidance.)
Councils should send a notification letter to users' address when their bus pass is about to expire.
In the future, councils will be able to send this reminder using GOV.UK Notify.
See the example notification letter to remind users to renew their pass (page in progress)


| [1] | Weilei Zeng and Leonid P Pryadko. Higher-dimensional quantum hypergraph-product codes. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.01519, 2018. [ bib ] |
| [2] | Weilei Zeng, Alexei Ashikhmin, Michael Woolls, and Leonid P Pryadko. Quantum convolutional data-syndrome codes. arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.07395, 2019. [ bib ] |
| [3] | Weilei Zeng and Leonid P Pryadko. Higher-dimensional quantum hypergraph-product codes with finite rates. Physical Review Letters, 122(23):230501, 2019. [ bib ] |
This file was generated by bibtex2html 1.96.


| I l@ve RuBoard |
The serial port has been a part of the standard PC since its inception, and a wide range of PC accessories, scientific, and medical devices use it; modems and mice are the most common. Recently, infrared ports have been gaining in popularity, and these are essentially just serial ports without wires. We will learn a little about serial ports and use that to talk to some external devices.
Serial data is carried as a sequence of high and low voltages over a number of wires with fairly precise timing characteristics. Fortunately for the programmer, it isn't necessary to know much about how serial ports work. Under DOS, you had to work with a very low-level interface; a certain range of bytes (starting at 0x03F8 for COM1 and 0x02F8 for COM2) contained information about the serial port. Your program would loop continually checking the values of bits and bytes in this region; some of these signaled the arrival of data, others the data values itself, and others error values. It was messy and painful to program.
Windows 3.1 exposed a higher-level API, with a layer of buffering; functions such as ReadComm and WriteComm that provide insulation from the hardware and a somewhat file-like interface; and event-driven communications, which allowed you to have messages sent to a window when data arrived at the COM port. Windows NT drops the windows message concept and completes the move to a file-like interface, using the same functions to open, read and write COM ports as regular files. It also prevents programs from accessing the serial port (i.e., those previous addresses) directly.
Example programs give the impression of reading and writing from files, but this can be misleading. Files on the disk are all there at once, and you know when you have got to the end. Furthermore, if you open a file for reading and/or writing, you know where you are in the file, and the disk operations take place in exactly the order you specify. Serial I/O is all about timing. Consider a port running at 9600 bits per second on a Pentium 400. One byte arrives every millisecond; your computer can execute more than a hundred thousand instructions between each byte arriving. Your PC can also wander off and do something else (load a file, wait for the user, open a Word document or something) while several bytes arrive at the port unnoticed.
To resolve this, the operating system provides input and output buffers. A typical size is 1024 bytes. If your program is doing something else, up to 1024 bytes will accumulate and be saved for you, so you don't have to check the port continually. If you read from the port, it returns as many bytes as you asked for from the buffer or nothing if there is no more data. There is no way to know whether data has finished arriving, or whether more might arrive in another millisecond; each application needs to define a protocol so that the application knows whether to wait for more or to stop listening. Protocols can involve fixed-size transmissions, the use of delimiters such as a carriage return to say "this message has finished arriving," or time limits.
If you want to work at a low level, you can use the CreateFile API call exposed by the Python Win32 extensions, passing in a filename of "COM1" or "COM2." You can then read from and write to this file. Communications functions are well documented in the MSDN Library. However, for common tasks, there are easier ways to do it. We'll look at two of them, using a public domain C-level extension package and a proprietary COM interface.
Our preferred route for serial I/O with Python is Roger Burnham's Serial package. This is free and comes with an installer and several examples.
The Serial package is based on a set of serial communications libraries developed by MarshallSoft ( www.marshallsoft.com) over the last eight years. These libraries are available as a 16- and 32-bit DLL with identical interfaces, which makes it easy to migrate applications from 16- to 32-bit and back again.[1] The libraries are available as shareware packages for Visual Basic, C, and Delphi. MarshallSoft have kindly allowed their DLL to be used free of charge as part of the Python package provided a brief message is included with any distribution. The core DLL is not Open Source but has been heavily tested and won several awards.
[1] It would be nice to think 16-bit Windows was dead in 1999, but you would be amazed how many cash-strapped hospitals and university laboratories still have old Windows 3.1 PCs collecting data.
The Serial package uses SWIG (see Chapter 22 ) to create a Python DLL wrapper around the library, and provides easy-to-use Python wrappers and examples. The Python wrapper class is Open Source and provides a simple high-level API that simplifies many common communications tasks. The Serial package provides functions to open and close serial ports and to read and write from them.
The "Hello, World" of the communications field is to send an AT command to a modem and get back a response, so we will take care of this formality first. If you are not familiar with modems, they almost all speak a common command language defined by Hayes; the computer sends a line of text beginning with the letters AT and ending in a carriage return and linefeed, and the modem sends back a line of text with a response. In particular, the command ATI asks a modem to identify itself.
We tried hard to find a way of making this more interesting. Instead of using a conventional internal or external modem, we decided to make a laptop to talk to a mobile phone with a built-in modem, via its infrared port. It turned out that this didn't involve any special programming at all (IR ports are just plain old serial ports from the programmer's viewpoint) but it does far more to satisfy technolust! The console session below shows a basic conversation with the modem, which was sitting a few feet away:
>>> from Serial import Serial >>> # create a 'configuration dictionary' with the port settings >>> myconfig = Serial.PortDict() >>> myconfig['port'] = Serial.COM4 >>> # create and open a port with these settings >>> myport = Serial.Port(myconfig) >>> myport.open() >>> myport.send('ATI\015') #ask modem to identify itself >>> print myport.read() #get back any response ATI Ericsson SH 888 Infrared Modem >>> # Python supports Infrared! Cool!
The Serial package contains two classes. A PortDict holds the configuration information needed to begin using a serial port; this comes with a sensible set of defaults, and is smart enough to check the values you assign it. If you ask it to display itself at a command prompt, you can see all the parameters, many of which are self-explanatory:
>>> myconfig <Serial Config: baud = 9600 cmdTerm = '' cmdsEchoed = 0 dataBits = 8 debug = 0 parity = None port = COM4 rspFixedLen = 0 rspTerm = '' rspTermPat = None rspType = RSP_BEST_EFFORT rxBufSize = 1024 stopBits = 1 timeOutMs = 500 txBufSize = 1024 > >>>
This is passed as an argument to the constructor of a Port object, which manages the conversation. You've just seen the key methods of a Port object: open(), read(), write(), and close(). We relate what they do in more detail later.
The most widely available serial devices are mice and modems; however, there is not much likelihood you will need to write a driver for either, so we'll look instead at some laboratory instruments that together illustrate some key principles. The first stage in talking to any remote device is to learn about its communications protocol and think through the timing issues involved.
Andy maintains a data-analysis package for two devices called the Mark III and Mark IV GastrograpH, made by Medical Instruments Corporation of Switzerland. These are used to diagnose chronic stomach pain; patients have a probe inserted into their stomachs, and carry a small battery-powered device for 24 hours that captures the pH values, as well as user-input information about meals, sleep and pain. At the end of the 24-hour period, the data is downloaded to a PC. Fortunately it comes with a test signal generator, which removed the need to self-intubate while writing this chapter!
The Mark III GastrograpH is a very simple instrument from a communication viewpoint. You press a transmit button, and it sends a fixed-size block of data (essentially dumping the contents of its RAM). It neither knows nor cares if there is a PC listening at the far end.
The port settings are 9600 baud, eight data bits, one stop bit, and no parity. One byte of data thus needs 9 bits (8 data + 1 stop), so you can expect about 1067 bytes per second (9600 / (8+1)) or one per millisecond. The device sends a header of 22 bytes, followed by 24 separate blocks of 4102 bytes each (each of these is 4 KB of RAM plus a few checksums), totaling exactly 98,470 bytes. Between each block there is a 200ms pause. The whole download takes about 97 seconds.
Let's use the Serial class to capture this data. The read() method we saw earlier is actually extremely flexible; the full header is read(cnt=None, timed= FALSE). When you initialize a Serial class instance, you specify a timeout, which has a default value of half a second. The read method can be used in three totally different ways:
MySerialPort.read() returns any data that has arrived at the serial port since you last called read() or since it was opened. The data is returned as a string.
MySerialPort.read(1024) reads 1024 bytes from the serial port, waiting all night if necessary.
MySerialPort.read(1024, timed=1) reads 1024 bytes from the serial port, or raise an error if that many bytes haven't arrived before the timeout limit. The default timeout is half a second, which is ample time to receive short responses from most devices. You can specify a timeout of up to 60 seconds when initializing a port.
The first approach that occurred to us was to change one line of Serial.py to allow a two-minute timeout and read the whole lot in one command. That works, but is not desperately user-friendly; if the device isn't transmitting, you still have to wait two minutes to find out. Instead, we grabbed it in a number of chunks matching the device protocol itself. Each takes about four seconds to arrive, so set a timeout of 10 seconds. This should be long enough for the user to start Python listening, then hit the Transmit button on the device. Here's the capture function:
from Serial import Serial import traceback import string def captureMark3Data(port=Serial.COM3): #fill a config dictionary with the settings we want cfg = Serial.PortDict() cfg['port'] = port cfg['baud'] = Serial.Baud9600 cfg['parity'] = Serial.NoParity cfg['stopBits'] = Serial.OneStopBit cfg['timeOutMs'] = 10000 # ten seconds # create a Port object based on these settings prt = Serial.Port(cfg) prt.open() print 'Port open...' blocks = [] #read some data try: # first section is 22 bytes, followed by a pause header = prt.read(22,timed=1) blocks.append(header) print 'read header' # followed by 24 blocks of 4102 bytes, and pauses for i in range(24): block = prt.read(4102, timed=1) blocks.append(block) print 'read block',i,'of 24' prt.close() alldata = string.join(blocks, '') return alldata except: # close the port but print the error message prt.close() traceback.print_exc() return None
Note that a try...except... handler was used to ensure that the port is always closed. Leaving a COM port open prevents other programs (or your own) from using it for some time; on Windows 95, this can persist until a reboot.
The first thing to do is try running the function without even connecting the GastrograpH to the port. This results in a timeout error after ten seconds, which is handled gracefully:
>>> import commdemos >>> data = commdemos.captureMark3Data() Port open... Traceback (innermost last): File "C:\Data\Project\OReilly\chXX_Communications\examples\ commdemos.py", line 30, in captureMark3Data header = prt.read(22,timed=1) File "C:\Program Files\Python\Serial\Serial.py", line 456, in read raise SioError, \ SioError: Timed out waiting for input chr 0 of 22, read ''. >>>
Having done that, you can try it for real. Call the function; then press Transmit:
>>> import commdemos >>> data = commdemos.captureMark3Data() Port open... read header, blocks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 \ 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ..done! >>> len(data) 98470 >>> data[0:10] '\000\000\020\000HK\030\000\001\002' >>>
The Mark III downloaded its whole memory. Capturing data was trivial; deciphering it was a lot of work. The Mark IV GastrograpH, which replaces the Mark III, communicates in a different way and aims to return meaningful information. The protocol is simple: you send one byte, and it replies with another in three to four milliseconds. There are about 20 separate requests you can make; one request returns start date information, another returns the next byte in a time series, and so on. This is another common serial programming paradigm; you send a short sequence and get something back promptly. This enables us to talk to the device at the command prompt. Note that you need to specify timed=1 so that Python waits for a response; otherwise, it reads an empty string from the port long before the device has time to respond.
The Serial.Port class has a method to send a command and get a response that is highly configurable, but doesn't do quite what you want. Let's make a subclass that has a method to carry out the kind of dialog we want:
class Mark4Port(Serial.Port): def talk(self, byte): #send a byte, wait up to 500ms for one byte back self.write(chr(byte)) resp = self.read(cnt=1,timed=1) return ord(resp[0])
The needed dialog requires only one three-line method. Armed with this, you can talk to the device on the command prompt in real time:
>>> from Serial import Serial >>> cfg = Serial.PortDict() >>> cfg['baud']=Serial.Baud19200 >>> cfg['port']=Serial.COM3 >>> M4 = commdemos.Mark4Port(cfg) >>> M4.open() >>> M4.talk(2) # how many hours recording planned? 24 >>> M4.talk(10) # how many hours took place? 0 >>> M4.talk(9) # how many minutes took place? 10 >>> M4.close() >>>
When you have limited documentation, the ability to interrogate a device in interactive mode like this is a real help.
Naturally, you won't have either of these devices available, but there are two things you can play with quite easily: serial mice and modems. With a mouse, all you need is a loop that listens to the port and displays the bytes that are generated whenever you move it. Furthermore, if you look around, a growing number of peripherals and palmtop computers offer infrared ports, and it can be fun (and potentially even useful) to attempt to talk to them.
Microsoft has provided a COM interface to the serial port in the form of an OCX. This gives less detailed control than the Python Serial package, but is adequate for the kind of examples above. It's distributed with Visual Basic, Visual Studio, and most Microsoft development tools; you need one of these packages to redistribute it. In a corporate setting this isn't usually a problem. Unlike the Serial package, it requires the Python COM framework. Let's talk to a modem with it, this time reverting to a plain old system connected with real wires:
def MSCommDemo(): #talks to a modem on COM1 from win32com.client import Dispatch comm = Dispatch('MSCOMMLib.MSComm') comm.CommPort = 1 #COM1 comm.PortOpen = 1 try: comm.Output = "AT\015" # add a carriage return inbuf = '' now = time.time() elapsed = time.time() - now while (string.find(inbuf, 'OK') < 0) and (elapsed < 2): inbuf = inbuf + str(comm.Input) #remember the Unicode string! elapsed = time.time() - now print inbuf finally: comm.PortOpen = 0
When run, you should see your command of AT echoed, followed by the response OK. Note that you don't know how long it will take to respond, so you loop until you get the desired data or until some time limit has elapsed. This behavior was wrapped for us by Serial.py, and you could wrap it here as well if you were going to use the MSComm control a lot.
One truly amazing thing about the MSComm control is the syntax. Microsoft loves properties; we saw that the Excel and Word object models used property assignments for lots of things, but this control takes it to new limits. MSComm has noŚcount 'emŚno methods. One major reason for using properties is that they can be set at design time in the Visual Basic development environment, but the key properties are runtime only. You can argue that a PortOpen property has its uses; you can at least query it. Assigning a string to a write-only Input property, instead of providing a Write() method, is weird. Getting a return value from an Output property, and being able to ask for it only once, is even less natural. We can't see any design rationale behind this. Nevertheless, it works.
| I l@ve RuBoard |


PUBLISH GAME
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LOTTO 5x36
LOTTO 6x36
LOTTO 6x45
LOTTO 7x49
TOSSUP 1x1
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EXCLUDING GAS FEE
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Verstappen says Hamilton's F1 dominance "getting a bit boring"
by Nicolás Quarles van UffordAston Martin Red Bull Racing star Max Verstappen thinks the dominance of his rival Lewis Hamilton is "getting a bit boring", with the Brit winning five of the last six championships.
Verstappen is part of a young generation that is challenging the established star at the top of the sport, with Hamilton being the top dog in his Mercedes, breaking almost every record in his sight as he's just one title away from equalling Michael Schumacher's legendary seven championships.
At 34 years old, 35 by the start of next season, Hamilton is the second oldest driver on the grid after Kimi Raikkonen.
As for Verstappen, who has become one of the poster boys for F1 ever since his arrival in the sport, he likes seeing a lot of younger drivers in Formula 1, as he has grown tired of Hamilton's constant winning.
“I think it’s good for the sport to have the young guys now coming up and hopefully taking over very soon,” the 22-year-old said at an event for his sponsor CarNext.com.
“It’s getting a bit boring seeing Lewis win, so we have to try and change that,” he jokingly added.
Verstappen has beaten nearly every record in his path as well, becoming the youngest driver, points scorer and Grand Prix winner in F1 history among other things. Red Bull's goal has always been to make him the youngest ever world champion, however, and time is running out for this. Next season will be his last chance to beat current record holder Sebastian Vettel.
To get the record, he'll have to go through Hamilton among others, and Verstappen knows it will be up to their respective teams to determine if he can challenge the six-time champion.
“He’s getting older, so for sure it will stop at one point. It’s just going to depend on the team, to be honest. It’s not going to depend on Lewis.
“If Mercedes keeps building really dominant cars, for sure he’s going to win. So we just have to make sure as a team that we can beat them.”


{{gettext("On January 4, 2020, we released our projected token release schedule. This can also be found in Binance's Research Report on Origin. Note that actual circulating supply may differ from modeled circulating supply as time passes. It is our intention to decrease actual circulating supply when compared to modeled circulating supply whenever possible.")}}
{{gettext("Modeled vs. actual token release schedule")}}
{{gettext("Currently, OGN's actual circulating supply is ogn_circulating_supply. Modeled circulating supply was projected at ogn_modeled_supply. The difference is ogn_supply_diff tokens (ogn_supply_diff_pct%%).")}}
{{gettext("Locked Tokens")}}
{{gettext("Many of our investors and team members have voluntarily increased their lock-ups. Locked tokens include tokens that otherwise would have been released and entered the circulating supply.")}}
{{gettext("Total number of tokens in investor and team lockups")}}
{{ogn_stats.formatted_staked_token_count}}
OGN
{{gettext("Total number of staked tokens")}}
{{ogn_stats.formatted_ogn_staked_amount}}
OGN
{{gettext("Total number of tokens founders have sold")}}


A very simple webpage. This is an "h1" level header.
This is a level h2 header.
This is a level h6 header. Pretty small!
This is a standard paragraph.
Now I've aligned it in the center of the screen.
Now aligned to the right
Bold text
Strongly emphasized text Can you tell the difference vs. bold?
Italics
Emphasized text Just like Italics!
How about a nice ordered list!
- This little piggy went to market
- This little piggy went to SB228 class
- This little piggy went to an expensive restaurant in Downtown Palo Alto
- This little piggy ate too much at Indian Buffet.
- This little piggy got lost
Unordered list
- First element
- Second element
- Third element
And finally, how about some
Links?
Remember, you can view the HTMl code from this or any other page by using the "View Page Source" command of your browser.


Class: Aws::Route53::Types::ResourceRecordSet
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
Struct
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
::Aws::Structure ,
Struct
|
|
| Inherits: |
Struct
|
| Defined in: | gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb |
Overview
Information about the resource record set to create or delete.
Constant Summary
Instance Attribute Summary
-
#alias_target ⇒ Types::AliasTarget
rw
Alias resource record sets only: Information about the Amazon Web Services resource, such as a
::Aws::CloudFront
distribution or an Amazon S3 bucket, that you want to route traffic to. -
#cidr_routing_config ⇒ Types::CidrRoutingConfig
rw
The object that is specified in resource record set object when you are linking a resource record set to a CIDR location.
-
#failover ⇒ String
rw
Failover resource record sets only: To configure failover, you add the
Failover
element to two resource record sets. -
#geo_location ⇒ Types::GeoLocation
rw
Geolocation resource record sets only: A complex type that lets you control how Amazon Route 53 responds to DNS queries based on the geographic origin of the query.
-
#health_check_id ⇒ String
rw
If you want Amazon Route 53 to return this resource record set in response to a DNS query only when the status of a health check is healthy, include the
HealthCheckId
element and specify the ID of the applicable health check. -
#multi_value_answer ⇒ Boolean
rw
Multivalue answer resource record sets only: To route traffic approximately randomly to multiple resources, such as web servers, create one multivalue answer record for each resource and specify
true
forMultiValueAnswer
. -
#name ⇒ String
rw
For
ChangeResourceRecordSets
requests, the name of the record that you want to create, update, or delete. -
#region ⇒ String
rw
Latency-based resource record sets only: The Amazon
::Aws::EC2
Region where you created the resource that this resource record set refers to. -
#resource_records ⇒ Array<Types::ResourceRecord>
rw
Information about the resource records to act upon.
-
#set_identifier ⇒ String
rw
Resource record sets that have a routing policy other than simple: An identifier that differentiates among multiple resource record sets that have the same combination of name and type, such as multiple weighted resource record sets named acme.example.com that have a type of A.
-
#traffic_policy_instance_id ⇒ String
rw
When you create a traffic policy instance, Amazon Route 53 automatically creates a resource record set.
-
#ttl ⇒ Integer
rw
The resource record cache time to live (TTL), in seconds.
-
#type ⇒ String
rw
The DNS record type.
-
#weight ⇒ Integer
rw
Weighted resource record sets only: Among resource record sets that have the same combination of DNS name and type, a value that determines the proportion of DNS queries that Amazon Route 53 responds to using the current resource record set.
Instance Method Summary
::Aws::Structure
- Included
| #to_hash | Alias for Structure#to_h. |
Instance Attribute Details
#alias_target ⇒ Types::AliasTarget (rw)
Alias resource record sets only: Information about the Amazon Web
Services resource, such as a ::Aws::CloudFront
distribution or an Amazon S3
bucket, that you want to route traffic to.
If you're creating resource records sets for a private hosted zone, note the following:
You can't create an alias resource record set in a private hosted zone to route traffic to a CloudFront distribution.
For information about creating failover resource record sets in a private hosted zone, see Configuring Failover in a Private Hosted Zone in the Amazon Route 53 Developer Guide.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 6761
class ResourceRecordSet < Struct.new( :name, :type, :set_identifier, :weight, :region, :geo_location, :failover, :multi_value_answer, :ttl, :resource_records, :alias_target, :health_check_id, :traffic_policy_instance_id, :cidr_routing_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#cidr_routing_config ⇒ Types::CidrRoutingConfig (rw)
The object that is specified in resource record set object when you are linking a resource record set to a CIDR location.
A LocationName
with an asterisk “*” can be used to create a
default CIDR record. CollectionId
is still required for default
record.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 6761
class ResourceRecordSet < Struct.new( :name, :type, :set_identifier, :weight, :region, :geo_location, :failover, :multi_value_answer, :ttl, :resource_records, :alias_target, :health_check_id, :traffic_policy_instance_id, :cidr_routing_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#failover ⇒ String
(rw)
Failover resource record sets only: To configure failover, you add
the Failover
element to two resource record sets. For one resource
record set, you specify PRIMARY
as the value for Failover
; for
the other resource record set, you specify SECONDARY
. In addition,
you include the HealthCheckId
element and specify the health check
that you want Amazon Route 53 to perform for each resource record
set.
Except where noted, the following failover behaviors assume that you
have included the HealthCheckId
element in both resource record
sets:
When the primary resource record set is healthy, Route 53 responds to DNS queries with the applicable value from the primary resource record set regardless of the health of the secondary resource record set.
When the primary resource record set is unhealthy and the secondary resource record set is healthy, Route 53 responds to DNS queries with the applicable value from the secondary resource record set.
When the secondary resource record set is unhealthy, Route 53 responds to DNS queries with the applicable value from the primary resource record set regardless of the health of the primary resource record set.
If you omit the
HealthCheckId
element for the secondary resource record set, and if the primary resource record set is unhealthy, Route 53 always responds to DNS queries with the applicable value from the secondary resource record set. This is true regardless of the health of the associated endpoint.
You can't create non-failover resource record sets that have the
same values for the Name
and Type
elements as failover resource
record sets.
For failover alias resource record sets, you must also include the
EvaluateTargetHealth
element and set the value to true.
For more information about configuring failover for Route 53, see the following topics in the Amazon Route 53 Developer Guide:
Route 53
::Aws::Health
Checks and DNS Failover
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 6761
class ResourceRecordSet < Struct.new( :name, :type, :set_identifier, :weight, :region, :geo_location, :failover, :multi_value_answer, :ttl, :resource_records, :alias_target, :health_check_id, :traffic_policy_instance_id, :cidr_routing_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#geo_location ⇒ Types::GeoLocation (rw)
Geolocation resource record sets only: A complex type that lets
you control how Amazon Route 53 responds to DNS queries based on the
geographic origin of the query. For example, if you want all queries
from Africa to be routed to a web server with an IP address of
<IP_ADDRESS>
, create a resource record set with a Type
of A
and
a ContinentCode
of AF
.
If you create separate resource record sets for overlapping geographic regions (for example, one resource record set for a continent and one for a country on the same continent), priority goes to the smallest geographic region. This allows you to route most queries for a continent to one resource and to route queries for a country on that continent to a different resource.
You can't create two geolocation resource record sets that specify the same geographic location.
The value *
in the CountryCode
element matches all geographic
locations that aren't specified in other geolocation resource
record sets that have the same values for the Name
and Type
elements.
Geolocation works by mapping IP addresses to locations. However,
some IP addresses aren't mapped to geographic locations, so even if
you create geolocation resource record sets that cover all seven
continents, Route 53 will receive some DNS queries from locations
that it can't identify. We recommend that you create a resource
record set for which the value of CountryCode
is *
. Two groups
of queries are routed to the resource that you specify in this
record: queries that come from locations for which you haven't
created geolocation resource record sets and queries from IP
addresses that aren't mapped to a location. If you don't create a
*
resource record set, Route 53 returns a "no answer" response
for queries from those locations.
You can't create non-geolocation resource record sets that have the
same values for the Name
and Type
elements as geolocation
resource record sets.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 6761
class ResourceRecordSet < Struct.new( :name, :type, :set_identifier, :weight, :region, :geo_location, :failover, :multi_value_answer, :ttl, :resource_records, :alias_target, :health_check_id, :traffic_policy_instance_id, :cidr_routing_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#health_check_id ⇒ String
(rw)
If you want Amazon Route 53 to return this resource record set in
response to a DNS query only when the status of a health check is
healthy, include the HealthCheckId
element and specify the ID of
the applicable health check.
Route 53 determines whether a resource record set is healthy based on one of the following:
By periodically sending a request to the endpoint that is specified in the health check
By aggregating the status of a specified group of health checks (calculated health checks)
By determining the current state of a
::Aws::CloudWatch
alarm (CloudWatch metric health checks)
Route 53 doesn't check the health of the endpoint that is specified
in the resource record set, for example, the endpoint specified by
the IP address in the Value
element. When you add a
HealthCheckId
element to a resource record set, Route 53 checks
the health of the endpoint that you specified in the health check.
For more information, see the following topics in the Amazon Route 53 Developer Guide:
How Amazon Route 53 Determines Whether an Endpoint Is Healthy
Route 53
::Aws::Health
Checks and DNS Failover
When to Specify HealthCheckId
Specifying a value for HealthCheckId
is useful only when Route 53
is choosing between two or more resource record sets to respond to a
DNS query, and you want Route 53 to base the choice in part on the
status of a health check. Configuring health checks makes sense only
in the following configurations:
- Non-alias resource record sets: You're checking the health of a group of non-alias resource record sets that have the same routing policy, name, and type (such as multiple weighted records named www.example.com with a type of A) and you specify health check IDs for all the resource record sets.
If the health check status for a resource record set is healthy, Route 53 includes the record among the records that it responds to DNS queries with.
If the health check status for a resource record set is unhealthy, Route 53 stops responding to DNS queries using the value for that resource record set.
If the health check status for all resource record sets in the group is unhealthy, Route 53 considers all resource record sets in the group healthy and responds to DNS queries accordingly.
Alias resource record sets: You specify the following settings:
- You set
EvaluateTargetHealth
to true for an alias resource record set in a group of resource record sets that have the same routing policy, name, and type (such as multiple weighted records named www.example.com with a type of A). - You configure the alias resource record set to route traffic to a non-alias resource record set in the same hosted zone.
- You specify a health check ID for the non-alias resource record set.
- You set
If the health check status is healthy, Route 53 considers the alias resource record set to be healthy and includes the alias record among the records that it responds to DNS queries with.
If the health check status is unhealthy, Route 53 stops responding to DNS queries using the alias resource record set.
Geolocation Routing
For geolocation resource record sets, if an endpoint is unhealthy,
Route 53 looks for a resource record set for the larger, associated
geographic region. For example, suppose you have resource record
sets for a state in the United States, for the entire United States,
for North America, and a resource record set that has *
for
CountryCode
is *
, which applies to all locations. If the
endpoint for the state resource record set is unhealthy, Route 53
checks for healthy resource record sets in the following order until
it finds a resource record set for which the endpoint is healthy:
The United
::Aws::States
North America
The default resource record set
Specifying the ::Aws::Health
Check Endpoint by Domain Name
If your health checks specify the endpoint only by domain name, we
recommend that you create a separate health check for each endpoint.
For example, create a health check for each HTTP
server that is
serving content for www.example.com
. For the value of
FullyQualifiedDomainName
, specify the domain name of the server
(such as us-east-2-www.example.com
), not the name of the resource
record sets (www.example.com
).
::Aws::Health
check results will be unpredictable if you do the following:
Create a health check that has the same value for
FullyQualifiedDomainName
as the name of a resource record set.- Associate that health check with the resource record set.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 6761
class ResourceRecordSet < Struct.new( :name, :type, :set_identifier, :weight, :region, :geo_location, :failover, :multi_value_answer, :ttl, :resource_records, :alias_target, :health_check_id, :traffic_policy_instance_id, :cidr_routing_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#multi_value_answer ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
Multivalue answer resource record sets only: To route traffic
approximately randomly to multiple resources, such as web servers,
create one multivalue answer record for each resource and specify
true
for MultiValueAnswer
. Note the following:
If you associate a health check with a multivalue answer resource record set, Amazon Route 53 responds to DNS queries with the corresponding IP address only when the health check is healthy.
If you don't associate a health check with a multivalue answer record, Route 53 always considers the record to be healthy.
Route 53 responds to DNS queries with up to eight healthy records; if you have eight or fewer healthy records, Route 53 responds to all DNS queries with all the healthy records.
If you have more than eight healthy records, Route 53 responds to different DNS resolvers with different combinations of healthy records.
When all records are unhealthy, Route 53 responds to DNS queries with up to eight unhealthy records.
If a resource becomes unavailable after a resolver caches a response, client software typically tries another of the IP addresses in the response.
You can't create multivalue answer alias records.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 6761
class ResourceRecordSet < Struct.new( :name, :type, :set_identifier, :weight, :region, :geo_location, :failover, :multi_value_answer, :ttl, :resource_records, :alias_target, :health_check_id, :traffic_policy_instance_id, :cidr_routing_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#name ⇒ String
(rw)
For ChangeResourceRecordSets
requests, the name of the record that
you want to create, update, or delete. For ListResourceRecordSets
responses, the name of a record in the specified hosted zone.
ChangeResourceRecordSets Only
Enter a fully qualified domain name, for example, www.example.com
.
You can optionally include a trailing dot. If you omit the trailing
dot, Amazon Route 53 assumes that the domain name that you specify
is fully qualified. This means that Route 53 treats
www.example.com
(without a trailing dot) and www.example.com.
(with a trailing dot) as identical.
For information about how to specify characters other than a-z
,
0-9
, and -
(hyphen) and how to specify internationalized domain
names, see DNS Domain Name Format in the Amazon Route 53
Developer Guide.
You can use the asterisk () wildcard to replace the leftmost label
in a domain name, for example, .example.com. Note the following:
The * must replace the entire label. For example, you can't specify
*prod.example.com
orprod*.example.com
.The * can't replace any of the middle labels, for example, marketing.*.example.com.
If you include * in any position other than the leftmost label in a domain name, DNS treats it as an * character (ASCII 42), not as a wildcard.
You can't use the * wildcard for resource records sets that have a type of NS.
You can use the * wildcard as the leftmost label in a domain name,
for example, *.example.com
. You can't use an * for one of the
middle labels, for example, marketing.*.example.com
. In addition,
the * must replace the entire label; for example, you can't
specify prod*.example.com
.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 6761
class ResourceRecordSet < Struct.new( :name, :type, :set_identifier, :weight, :region, :geo_location, :failover, :multi_value_answer, :ttl, :resource_records, :alias_target, :health_check_id, :traffic_policy_instance_id, :cidr_routing_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#region ⇒ String
(rw)
Latency-based resource record sets only: The Amazon ::Aws::EC2
Region
where you created the resource that this resource record set refers
to. The resource typically is an Amazon Web Services resource, such
as an ::Aws::EC2
instance or an ELB load balancer, and is referred to by an
IP address or a DNS domain name, depending on the record type.
When Amazon Route 53 receives a DNS query for a domain name and type for which you have created latency resource record sets, Route 53 selects the latency resource record set that has the lowest latency between the end user and the associated Amazon EC2 Region. Route 53 then returns the value that is associated with the selected resource record set.
Note the following:
You can only specify one
ResourceRecord
per latency resource record set.You can only create one latency resource record set for each Amazon EC2 Region.
You aren't required to create latency resource record sets for all Amazon EC2 Regions. Route 53 will choose the region with the best latency from among the regions that you create latency resource record sets for.
You can't create non-latency resource record sets that have the same values for the
Name
andType
elements as latency resource record sets.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 6761
class ResourceRecordSet < Struct.new( :name, :type, :set_identifier, :weight, :region, :geo_location, :failover, :multi_value_answer, :ttl, :resource_records, :alias_target, :health_check_id, :traffic_policy_instance_id, :cidr_routing_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#resource_records ⇒ Array
<Types::ResourceRecord> (rw)
Information about the resource records to act upon.
ResourceRecords
.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 6761
class ResourceRecordSet < Struct.new( :name, :type, :set_identifier, :weight, :region, :geo_location, :failover, :multi_value_answer, :ttl, :resource_records, :alias_target, :health_check_id, :traffic_policy_instance_id, :cidr_routing_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#set_identifier ⇒ String
(rw)
Resource record sets that have a routing policy other than simple:
An identifier that differentiates among multiple resource record
sets that have the same combination of name and type, such as
multiple weighted resource record sets named acme.example.com that
have a type of A. In a group of resource record sets that have the
same name and type, the value of SetIdentifier
must be unique for
each resource record set.
For information about routing policies, see Choosing a Routing Policy in the Amazon Route 53 Developer Guide.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 6761
class ResourceRecordSet < Struct.new( :name, :type, :set_identifier, :weight, :region, :geo_location, :failover, :multi_value_answer, :ttl, :resource_records, :alias_target, :health_check_id, :traffic_policy_instance_id, :cidr_routing_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#traffic_policy_instance_id ⇒ String
(rw)
When you create a traffic policy instance, Amazon Route 53
automatically creates a resource record set.
TrafficPolicyInstanceId
is the ID of the traffic policy instance
that Route 53 created this resource record set for.
To delete the resource record set that is associated with a traffic
policy instance, use DeleteTrafficPolicyInstance
. Route 53 will
delete the resource record set automatically. If you delete the
resource record set by using ChangeResourceRecordSets
, Route 53
doesn't automatically delete the traffic policy instance, and
you'll continue to be charged for it even though it's no longer in
use.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 6761
class ResourceRecordSet < Struct.new( :name, :type, :set_identifier, :weight, :region, :geo_location, :failover, :multi_value_answer, :ttl, :resource_records, :alias_target, :health_check_id, :traffic_policy_instance_id, :cidr_routing_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#ttl ⇒ Integer
(rw)
The resource record cache time to live (TTL), in seconds. Note the following:
If you're creating or updating an alias resource record set, omit
TTL
. Amazon Route 53 uses the value ofTTL
for the alias target.If you're associating this resource record set with a health check (if you're adding a
HealthCheckId
element), we recommend that you specify aTTL
of 60 seconds or less so clients respond quickly to changes in health status.All of the resource record sets in a group of weighted resource record sets must have the same value for
TTL
.If a group of weighted resource record sets includes one or more weighted alias resource record sets for which the alias target is an ELB load balancer, we recommend that you specify a
TTL
of 60 seconds for all of the non-alias weighted resource record sets that have the same name and type. Values other than 60 seconds (the TTL for load balancers) will change the effect of the values that you specify forWeight
.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 6761
class ResourceRecordSet < Struct.new( :name, :type, :set_identifier, :weight, :region, :geo_location, :failover, :multi_value_answer, :ttl, :resource_records, :alias_target, :health_check_id, :traffic_policy_instance_id, :cidr_routing_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#type ⇒ String
(rw)
The DNS record type. For information about different record types and how data is encoded for them, see Supported DNS Resource Record Types in the Amazon Route 53 Developer Guide.
Valid values for basic resource record sets: A
| AAAA
| CAA
| CNAME
| DS
|MX
| NAPTR
| NS
| PTR
| SOA
|
SPF
| SRV
| TXT
Values for weighted, latency, geolocation, and failover resource
record sets: A
| AAAA
| CAA
| CNAME
| MX
| NAPTR
|
PTR
| SPF
| SRV
| TXT
. When creating a group of weighted,
latency, geolocation, or failover resource record sets, specify the
same value for all of the resource record sets in the group.
Valid values for multivalue answer resource record sets: A
|
AAAA
| MX
| NAPTR
| PTR
| SPF
| SRV
| TXT
Type
is SPF
. RFC
7208, Sender Policy Framework (SPF) for Authorizing Use of Domains
in Email, Version 1, has been updated to say, "...[I]ts
existence and mechanism defined in [RFC4408] have led to some
interoperability issues. Accordingly, its use is no longer
appropriate for SPF version 1; implementations are not to use it."
In RFC 7208, see section 14.1, The SPF DNS Record Type.
Values for alias resource record sets:
Amazon API Gateway custom regional APIs and edge-optimized APIs:
A
CloudFront distributions:
A
If IPv6 is enabled for the distribution, create two resource
record sets to route traffic to your distribution, one with a
value of A
and one with a value of AAAA
.
Amazon API Gateway environment that has a regionalized subdomain:
A
ELB load balancers:
A
|AAAA
Amazon
::Aws::S3
buckets:A
Amazon Virtual Private Cloud interface
VPC
endpointsA
Another resource record set in this hosted zone: Specify the type of the resource record set that you're creating the alias for. All values are supported except
NS
andSOA
.
Type
is CNAME
. This is because
the alias record must have the same type as the record you're
routing traffic to, and creating a CNAME record for the zone apex
isn't supported even for an alias record.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 6761
class ResourceRecordSet < Struct.new( :name, :type, :set_identifier, :weight, :region, :geo_location, :failover, :multi_value_answer, :ttl, :resource_records, :alias_target, :health_check_id, :traffic_policy_instance_id, :cidr_routing_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#weight ⇒ Integer
(rw)
Weighted resource record sets only: Among resource record sets that have the same combination of DNS name and type, a value that determines the proportion of DNS queries that Amazon Route 53 responds to using the current resource record set. Route 53 calculates the sum of the weights for the resource record sets that have the same combination of DNS name and type. Route 53 then responds to queries based on the ratio of a resource's weight to the total. Note the following:
You must specify a value for the
Weight
element for every weighted resource record set.You can only specify one
ResourceRecord
per weighted resource record set.You can't create latency, failover, or geolocation resource record sets that have the same values for the
Name
andType
elements as weighted resource record sets.You can create a maximum of 100 weighted resource record sets that have the same values for the
Name
andType
elements.For weighted (but not weighted alias) resource record sets, if you set
Weight
to0
for a resource record set, Route 53 never responds to queries with the applicable value for that resource record set. However, if you setWeight
to0
for all resource record sets that have the same combination of DNS name and type, traffic is routed to all resources with equal probability.
The effect of setting Weight
to 0
is different when you
associate health checks with weighted resource record sets. For
more information, see Options for Configuring Route 53
Active-Active and Active-Passive Failover in the Amazon Route
53 Developer Guide.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 6761
class ResourceRecordSet < Struct.new( :name, :type, :set_identifier, :weight, :region, :geo_location, :failover, :multi_value_answer, :ttl, :resource_records, :alias_target, :health_check_id, :traffic_policy_instance_id, :cidr_routing_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end


math::optimize - Optimisation routines
This package implements several optimisation algorithms:
Minimize or maximize a function over a given interval
Solve a linear program (maximize a linear function subject to linear constraints)
Minimize a function of several variables given an initial guess for the location of the minimum.
The package is fully implemented in Tcl. No particular attention has been paid to the accuracy of the calculations. Instead, the algorithms have been used in a straightforward manner.
This document describes the procedures and explains their usage.
This package defines the following public procedures:
Minimize the given (continuous) function by examining the values in the given interval. The procedure determines the values at both ends and in the centre of the interval and then constructs a new interval of 1/2 length that includes the minimum. No guarantee is made that the global minimum is found.
The procedure returns the "x" value for which the function is minimal.
This procedure has been deprecated - use min_bound_1d instead
begin - Start of the interval
end - End of the interval
func - Name of the function to be minimized (a procedure taking one argument).
maxerr - Maximum relative error (defaults to 1.0e-4)
Maximize the given (continuous) function by examining the values in the given interval. The procedure determines the values at both ends and in the centre of the interval and then constructs a new interval of 1/2 length that includes the maximum. No guarantee is made that the global maximum is found.
The procedure returns the "x" value for which the function is maximal.
This procedure has been deprecated - use max_bound_1d instead
begin - Start of the interval
end - End of the interval
func - Name of the function to be maximized (a procedure taking one argument).
maxerr - Maximum relative error (defaults to 1.0e-4)
Miminizes a function of one variable in the given interval. The procedure uses Brent's method of parabolic interpolation, protected by golden-section subdivisions if the interpolation is not converging. No guarantee is made that a global minimum is found. The function to evaluate, func, must be a single Tcl command; it will be evaluated with an abscissa appended as the last argument.
x1 and x2 are the two bounds of the interval in which the minimum is to be found. They need not be in increasing order.
reltol, if specified, is the desired upper bound on the relative error of the result; default is 1.0e-7. The given value should never be smaller than the square root of the machine's floating point precision, or else convergence is not guaranteed. abstol, if specified, is the desired upper bound on the absolute error of the result; default is 1.0e-10. Caution must be used with small values of abstol to avoid overflow/underflow conditions; if the minimum is expected to lie about a small but non-zero abscissa, you consider either shifting the function or changing its length scale.
maxiter may be used to constrain the number of function evaluations to be performed; default is 100. If the command evaluates the function more than maxiter times, it returns an error to the caller.
traceFlag is a Boolean value. If true, it causes the command to print a message on the standard output giving the abscissa and ordinate at each function evaluation, together with an indication of what type of interpolation was chosen. Default is 0 (no trace).
Miminizes a function of one variable over the entire real number line. The procedure uses parabolic extrapolation combined with golden-section dilatation to search for a region where a minimum exists, followed by Brent's method of parabolic interpolation, protected by golden-section subdivisions if the interpolation is not converging. No guarantee is made that a global minimum is found. The function to evaluate, func, must be a single Tcl command; it will be evaluated with an abscissa appended as the last argument.
x1 and x2 are two initial guesses at where the minimum may lie. x1 is the starting point for the minimization, and the difference between x2 and x1 is used as a hint at the characteristic length scale of the problem.
reltol, if specified, is the desired upper bound on the relative error of the result; default is 1.0e-7. The given value should never be smaller than the square root of the machine's floating point precision, or else convergence is not guaranteed. abstol, if specified, is the desired upper bound on the absolute error of the result; default is 1.0e-10. Caution must be used with small values of abstol to avoid overflow/underflow conditions; if the minimum is expected to lie about a small but non-zero abscissa, you consider either shifting the function or changing its length scale.
maxiter may be used to constrain the number of function evaluations to be performed; default is 100. If the command evaluates the function more than maxiter times, it returns an error to the caller.
traceFlag is a Boolean value. If true, it causes the command to print a message on the standard output giving the abscissa and ordinate at each function evaluation, together with an indication of what type of interpolation was chosen. Default is 0 (no trace).
Solve a linear program in standard form using a straightforward implementation of the Simplex algorithm. (In the explanation below: The linear program has N constraints and M variables).
The procedure returns a list of M values, the values for which the objective function is maximal or a single keyword if the linear program is not feasible or unbounded (either "unfeasible" or "unbounded")
objective - The M coefficients of the objective function
constraints - Matrix of coefficients plus maximum values that implement the linear constraints. It is expected to be a list of N lists of M+1 numbers each, M coefficients and the maximum value.
Convenience function to return the maximum for the solution found by the solveLinearProgram procedure.
objective - The M coefficients of the objective function
result - The result as returned by solveLinearProgram
Minimizes, in unconstrained fashion, a function of several variable over all of space. The function to evaluate, objective, must be a single Tcl command. To it will be appended as many elements as appear in the initial guess at the location of the minimum, passed in as a Tcl list, xVector.
xScaleVector is an initial guess at the problem scale; the first function evaluations will be made by varying the co-ordinates in xVector by the amounts in xScaleVector. If xScaleVector is not supplied, the co-ordinates will be varied by a factor of 1.0001 (if the co-ordinate is non-zero) or by a constant 0.0001 (if the co-ordinate is zero).
epsilon is the desired relative error in the value of the function evaluated at the minimum. The default is 1.0e-7, which usually gives three significant digits of accuracy in the values of the x's.
pp count is a limit on the number of trips through the main loop of the optimizer. The number of function evaluations may be several times this number. If the optimizer fails to find a minimum to within ftol in maxiter iterations, it returns its current best guess and an error status. Default is to allow 500 iterations.
flag is a flag that, if true, causes a line to be written to the standard output for each evaluation of the objective function, giving the arguments presented to the function and the value returned. Default is false.
The nelderMead procedure returns a list of alternating keywords and values suitable for use with array set. The meaning of the keywords is:
x is the approximate location of the minimum.
y is the value of the function at x.
yvec is a vector of the best N+1 function values achieved, where N is the dimension of x
vertices is a list of vectors giving the function arguments corresponding to the values in yvec.
nIter is the number of iterations required to achieve convergence or fail.
status is 'ok' if the operation succeeded, or 'too-many-iterations' if the maximum iteration count was exceeded.
nelderMead minimizes the given function using the downhill simplex method of Nelder and Mead. This method is quite slow - much faster methods for minimization are known - but has the advantage of being extremely robust in the face of problems where the minimum lies in a valley of complex topology.
nelderMead can occasionally find itself "stuck" at a point where it can make no further progress; it is recommended that the caller run it at least a second time, passing as the initial guess the result found by the previous call. The second run is usually very fast.
nelderMead can be used in some cases for constrained optimization. To do this, add a large value to the objective function if the parameters are outside the feasible region. To work effectively in this mode, nelderMead requires that the initial guess be feasible and usually requires that the feasible region be convex.
Several of the above procedures take the names of procedures as arguments. To avoid problems with the visibility of these procedures, the fully-qualified name of these procedures is determined inside the optimize routines. For the user this has only one consequence: the named procedure must be visible in the calling procedure. For instance:
namespace eval ::mySpace { namespace export calcfunc proc calcfunc { x } { return $x } } # # Use a fully-qualified name # namespace eval ::myCalc { puts [min_bound_1d ::myCalc::calcfunc $begin $end] } # # Import the name # namespace eval ::myCalc { namespace import ::mySpace::calcfunc puts [min_bound_1d calcfunc $begin $end] }
The simple procedures minimum and maximum have been deprecated: the alternatives are much more flexible, robust and require less function evaluations.
Let us take a few simple examples:
Determine the maximum of f(x) = x^3 exp(-3x), on the interval (0,10):
proc efunc { x } { expr {$x*$x*$x * exp(-3.0*$x)} } puts "Maximum at: [::math::optimize::max_bound_1d efunc 0.0 10.0]"
The maximum allowed error determines the number of steps taken (with each step in the iteration the interval is reduced with a factor 1/2). Hence, a maximum error of 0.0001 is achieved in approximately 14 steps.
An example of a linear program is:
Optimise the expression 3x+2y, where:
x >= 0 and y >= 0 (implicit constraints, part of the definition of linear programs) x + y <= 1 (constraints specific to the problem) 2x + 5y <= 10
This problem can be solved as follows:
set solution [::math::optimize::solveLinearProgram { 3.0 2.0 } { { 1.0 1.0 1.0 } { 2.0 5.0 10.0 } } ]
Note, that a constraint like:
x + y >= 1
can be turned into standard form using:
-x -y <= -1
The theory of linear programming is the subject of many a text book and the Simplex algorithm that is implemented here is the best-known method to solve this type of problems, but it is not the only one.
This document, and the package it describes, will undoubtedly contain bugs and other problems. Please report such in the category math :: optimize of the Tcllib Trackers. Please also report any ideas for enhancements you may have for either package and/or documentation.
When proposing code changes, please provide unified diffs, i.e the output of diff -u.
Note further that attachments are strongly preferred over inlined patches. Attachments can be made by going to the Edit form of the ticket immediately after its creation, and then using the left-most button in the secondary navigation bar.
Mathematics
Copyright © 2004 Arjen Markus<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Copyright © 2004,2005 Kevn B. Kenny <kennykb@users.sourceforge.net>