YAML sections
NB: I’ve added this here as the knowledge has been removed from the official documentation. For some integrations every entity needs its own entry in the co...
NB: I’ve added this here as the knowledge has been removed from the official documentation. For some integrations every entity needs its own entry in the co...
There’s a number of things that come up regularly that folks new to Zigbee may not know, so here’s a handy set of notes and links. TL/DR USB extension c...
The music won’t be as good, but here we go again. I’ve made a number of updates to this logic since I last wrote about it. Oh, you may want to grab a cuppa ...
I’ve been playing with Traefik lately, for remote access for various things in my Docker stack, and I decided to see if it was possible to also use it for Ho...
As you may remember, I use MotionEye and Doods, along withsome crazy scripting, to do motion and object detection at the front of the house.
What follows is no longer needed since HA now has a new feature of the state trigger:
It’s a common post on the HA Discord where people are confused as to why their automation isn’t running, they’ve got a trigger, and a few conditions, and … n...
Yes, another update. Until I start using Blueprints I think this’ll be the last one for a while. Probably. Oh, you may want to grab a cuppa before you dive ...
Another year, another Python deprecation, another flood of posts asking how to upgrade a Python venv.
A common problem that comes up with people using one of the Supervisor based install methods, or Docker, is that when they try to use ssh it fails, yet when ...
I see many people struggle with the formatting for automations (and scripts) because the official docs are structured in a manner that assumes you’re going t...
I suspect a number of people are looking at leaving Wink right now, in light of the recent announcement. Some of you will be looking at Home Assistant and wo...
Well, it’s been a while, but I think that, finally, I’ve stopped changing things. It’s been a while since I needed to account for another edge case, so here ...
So, you’re using Home Assistant and want to use Zigbee, but Home Assistant’s own documentation doesn’t really explain Zigbee, so you’re a bit confused. What ...
The last time I said that I didn’t think there was more I could do. I was wrong. My use of monitor hasn’t changed, and I’ll leave the config for that below.
Back when I started with home automation, Z-Wave was the obvious choice for sensors, smart sockets. You could mix and match any brand of device, and controll...
I’ve been running Home Assistant on my Pi3 since I started with HA, back in January 2017. I’d chosen a Z-Wave GPIO hat over a USB stick (amongst other things...
I’m sure we’ve all been there, where we’ve written automations that have grown longer and more complicated as we’ve tried to make things more flexible. Then ...
Yes, yet another update. This is what comes from trying to refine things.
I bought a Google Home Hub recently, and then followed that up with a 10” Lenovo Smart Display for the living room. Having lived with both, and bought a thir...
Today I finally upgraded from 0.75.3 to one of the versions with the new auth, 0.80.0 in this case. I’d delayed the upgrade because I expected some challenge...
Updated January 2022 to include details on Cloudflare’s tunnel service, and Oracle’s free VM offering.
The Home Assistant developers have just announced that the cloud services will shortly require payment. If you’re currently using the cloud services during ...
A while back I covered how I was doing presence detection, and thought that since I’ve changed a few things I should update.
With 0.77 it looks like the new Home Assistant authentication platform will be mandatory. For almost everybody it’ll be a meh moment - ensure the legacy auth...
Automations in Home Assistant can seem a little daunting at first. You look at the documents, and it can seem overwhelming.
A question that comes up regularly with people new to HA seems to be what brand of kit should I buy to use with Home Assistant. That’s the wrong question to ...
NB: Since writing this a lot has changed, I’m leaving this for historical reasons, but the information here is terribly outdated.
So, you’re running Home Assistant, you’ve opened it up to the Internet, and you’re worried about security? You’re not alone, so read on and see what you can...
Reliable presence detection is a challenge for many people. In part this is because modern smartphones put WiFi (and apps) to sleep when they’re idle.
1 The title comes from one of the many funny lines in this book ↩
A common problem that comes up all the time is when people want a light or switch (or anything else Home Assistant can control) to turn off automatically, bu...
I’ve already talked about setting up remote access, and configuring SSL certificates for Home Assistant. What though if you’re not using cloud services, and ...
I said a while back that I use Home Assistant, but I didn’t really say why.
A (quick) primer on how to access a your Home Assistant server, or other device, from outside your network, with a dynamic DNS service. You’ll use a dynamic ...
I’m going to assume that you’ve already got Let’s Encrypt or your chosen SSL provider configured, and that you’ve forwarded the port your using.
Note: This is based off the original Home Assistant virtual environment instructions - before they were reduced to a handful of steps.
Today something rather interesting was announced - the new cloud component for Home Assistant.
Unless you’re running local other software directly from the venv, consider switching to Docker. It’ll save you from ever needing to upgrade Python and rebui...
There are many, many ways of installing Home Assistant, and the choice can be confusing. Here’s my very short take on what you’d want to use, and why:
Many people want to have remote access to their Home Assistant system, whether for an API (eg Google Assistant), or simply to be able to check on their home ...
I’ll open with noting that I use Home Assistant, but that doesn’t mean you should. Here are some of the things you should be considering when choosing the he...
It was suggested on the Home Assistant Discord channel that I write a simple step by step for backing up your Home Assistant configuration.
One problem with running Home Assistant on a Pi is that SD cards aren’t great for high write situations, and the database and logs can be very chatty. The an...


Of course, to watch the sunset, it helps to know when the sunset will be.
Check here to see when the sunset will be in Binghamton today or any day.
The best colors light the sky beginning near half an hour before the sun dips below the horizon, and lasting until about ten minutes after the sun has disappeared. Be still, relax, and be present as the day becomes peaceful darkness.


My Mother, Kathleen Ferris
My mother was a remarkable woman. She was born in 1928 in Sterling, Nebraska. Her parents, Tom and Wyma Lewis, were farmers. From them she learned the virtues of hard work and perseverance. She met and married Paul Ferris in 1948, a druggist from Omaha. My mother was widowed in 1953 when Paul was killed in an automobile accident. Alone, my mom supported the family and raised me, with the help of wonderful friends and family.
She started as a cashier at the local Sears. Within a few months she was a shift manager and few years after that she had risen up the ranks to be a district manager. She broke more than a few glass ceilings in her climb up the corporate ladder. Yet she always had time for me and for her charity work. She knew what it was to be hungry and she knew that what we do for others is what will endure after we're gone.
She was a sportswoman: an avid golfer and swimmer. We often would travel to Colorado to hike and camp in the mountains; but mother felt that continuing education was the key to happiness. She earned a Master's degree in Business when she was 43 and never stopped taking classes at the local college in subjects ranging from corporate law to ancient pottery. She nurtured my passion for writing and everything I write is ultimately a too-distant echo of her words.
My mother passed away in 2008. I miss her.
— Linda Ferris-White


'Problems' with Brexit deal still need to be solved — Verhofstadt
by Alastair JamiesonEuropean Union Brexit coordinator Guy Verhofstadt says there are still issues with Britain’s latest Withdrawal Agreement that must be fixed before it can be ratified.
In an update to the European Parliament’s Constitutional Affairs Committee, Verhofstadt said “problems need to be solved” before it can be recommended to member states for approval.
In particular, he said, there were concerns about the proposed independent monitoring authority for citizens’ rights that will safeguard EU nationals in the UK following Brexit.
Verhofstadt said the body would be run by appointees chosen by Britain’s Home Office. “If that is independent, I don’t believe in it,” he said, adding that it was among the issues that would have to be “sorted out with our UK counterparts”.
Read more: What's in the Brexit Bill?
He also poured doubt on prospects for a future UK-EU trade agreement, saying it would only be possible if Britain agreed "on regulatory alignment, on respecting labour standards, social standards and environmental standards of the European Union, on the level playing field in general".
The new deal negotiated with Boris Johnson was “mainly a copy of the previous agreement” struck with former Prime Minister Theresa May, he said — a comment that will be viewed as a political gift to hardline Brexiteers.
He said he was “a little bit disappointed” at the “less ambitious” and “more narrow” scope of the political declaration in the deal, which deals with future UK-EU relations.
Verhofstadt also joked about the British political chaos, telling MEPs: “Nobody can even follow anymore what is happening. I’m always saying if Netflix has to make a series about [this] you cannot compete with what is happening on the ground.”
He also joked that he had received a “positive” email from Brexiteer and former UKIP MEP Gerard Batten. “So I did something wrong, I think.”
Read more:
What's in Boris Johnson's Brexit deal with the European Union?


@ WNYC The Greene Space, New York, NY Tickets and details
7pm @ Threes Brewing, Brooklyn, NY (Free) Details
7pm @ PowerHouse Books, Brooklyn, NY (Free) Details
12:30pm @ Book Passage, San Francisco, CA (Free) Details
@ Namu Gaji, San Francisco, CA Tickets and details
@ Food Book Fair, Brooklyn, NY Tickets and details
@ Union Square, New York, NY Details
Brooklyn, NY Details
@ Jimmy's No. 43, New York, NY Tickets and details


Package Visualizers contains components to visualize 3-dimensional shapes. These components are the basis for the animation features of the MultiBody library.
| FixedShape FixedShape2 |
Visualizing an elementary shape with dynamically varying shape
attributes. FixedShape has one connector frame_a, whereas
FixedShape2 has additionally a frame_b for easier connection to
further visual objects. The following shape types are
supported: |
| FixedFrame | Visualizing a coordinate system including axes labels with
fixed sizes: |
| FixedArrow, SignalArrow |
Visualizing an arrow. Model "FixedArrow" provides a fixed sized
arrow, model "SignalArrow" provides an arrow with dynamically
varying length that is defined by an input signal vector: |
| Ground | Visualizing the ground by a plane: |
| Torus | Visualizing a torus: |
| VoluminousWheel | Visualizing a wheel: |
| PipeWithScalarField | Visualizing a pipe with a scalar field represented by a color
coding: |
| Advanced | Package that contains components to visualize 3-dimensional shapes where all parts of the shape can vary dynamically. Basic knowledge of Modelica is needed in order to utilize the components of this package. |
The colors of the visualization components are declared with the predefined type MultiBody.Types.Color. This is a vector with 3 elements, {r, g, b}, and specifies the color of the shape. {r,g,b} are the "red", "green" and "blue" color parts. Note, r g, b are given as Integer[3] in the ranges 0 .. 255, respectively.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| FixedShape | Visualizing an elementary shape with dynamically varying shape attributes (has one frame connector) |
| FixedShape2 | Visualizing an elementary shape with dynamically varying shape attributes (has two frame connectors) |
| FixedFrame | Visualizing a coordinate system including axes labels (visualization data may vary dynamically) |
| FixedArrow | Visualizing an arrow with dynamically varying size in frame_a |
| SignalArrow | Visualizing an arrow with dynamically varying size in frame_a based on input signal |
| Ground | Visualizing the ground (box in z=0) |
| Torus | Visualizing a torus |
| VoluminousWheel | Visualizing a voluminous wheel |
| PipeWithScalarField | Visualizing a pipe with scalar field quantities along the pipe axis |
| Rectangle | Visualizing a planar rectangular surface |
| Colors | Library of functions operating on color |
| Advanced | Visualizers that require basic knowledge about Modelica in order to use them |
| Internal | Visualizers that will be replaced by improved versions in the future (do not use them) |


About The Development
Our team noticed a gap in the DJ music industry. We realized that DJ's were having a hard time finding songs that could easily be mixed. Introducing Wave Suggestor.
The App
Wave Suggestor is an app that is packed with music suggestions that will help every DJ out there. We take your musical style and match it with other songs relating to their BPM, energy, instrumentalness, and more!
Sign Up
Sign up now for Wave Suggestor! This is a free app for DJ's to open their musical libraries up to better suggestions based on their musical tastes!


--- title: "LFol-2-18P, LED Fountain Lights, LFoL-2-18P, LED Underwater Light, RGB, IP68, Waterproof, RGB Fountain Lights, Underwater LED Fountain Light, LED Fountain Lights China Manufacturer & Supplier" description: "LED Fountain Lights, LFoL-2-18P, LED Underwater Light, RGB, IP68, Waterproof, RGB Fountain Lights, Underwater LED Fountain Light, LED Fountain Lights China Manufacturer & Supplier" keywords: - "LFol-2-18P" - LED Fountain Lights - "LFoL-2-18P" - LED Underwater Light - RGB - IP68 - Waterproof - RGB Fountain Lights - Underwater LED Fountain Light - "LED Fountain Lights China Manufacturer & Supplier" ---
|
LED FOUNTAIN LIGHT |
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MODEL NO.: LPL -18P-RGB |
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The only mode of offline communication for hearing-impaired persons is through sign language. Learning the sign language is convoluted and has many conventions. The aim of this project is to develop an American Sign Language translator in order to mitigate the aforementioned difficulties. Another aim of this project is to develop a hand gesture recognition system to establish human computer interaction.
Datasets Used
The code was first tested with the Triesch Dataset, after which we created our own dataset, to suit our testing conditions (unideal) as well as, expand our letter-base
Triesch Dataset
Triesch dataset contains letters a,b,c and v against 3 different backgrounds as shown below.
User Dataset
The created dataset contains images of letters a,b,c,d,g,i,l,v and y, recorded at different angles and at different distances wrt the camera. This variation is introduced in order to introduce tolerances for orientation and scale.
Data Augmentation
Left-Right Hands -> We generate a set of rotated images from the existing images to help train our model to make it more robust. Tilt/Zoom -> Generated set of images with different levels of tilt and zoom to increase the variety of the training dataset.
Approach
Hand Segmentation
The Otsu algorithm segments the image into background and foreground. The input image is the grayscaled gaussain blurred image. This method classifies the pixels based on their grayscale pixel values and cluster them into 2 regions. We used this method for hand segmentation due to its invariance to dynamic light conditions
Feature Extraction
Various features extracted for an image include the hull points, contour area, convexity defect coordinates, HoG features and bounding box. We particularly selected the HoG features due to clear distinction obtained for individual characters.
Data Augmentation
Left-Right Hands -> We generate a set of rotated images from the existing images to help train our model to make it more robust. Tilt/Zoom -> Generated set of images with different levels of tilt and zoom to increase the variety of the training dataset.


The Stock Market Uptrend Is Intact Into January
by Bill SarubbiThe monthly cycle based upon the S&P 500 is depicted below. There have been two buy and two sell signals in the last year and all four have been successful. The monthly cycle has been an accurate guide in 2019. Chart 1
The cycle uptrend has been confirmed by new highs in the advance-decline line and by the S&P and NASDAQ price action. Below, we see the S&P breakout from a triangle formation. The usual measuring formula points to an advance of 12% to 20% from the breakout point. This optimistic projection may be unrealistic over the next two months but note that the breakout point is now support. This creates a very favorable reward/risk situation. This setup is enhanced by the fact that the market is in a strong seasonal period.
Chart 2
The monthly cycle tops in mid-January of 2020 indicating lower prices in 2020. This projection is reinforced by the following fact. According to the decennial pattern, years ending in zero have the lowest equity returns in the ten-year pattern. The current rally is likely to top on January 10th.


Almost Famous * * * 1/2 (out of * * * * )
Directed by Cameron Crowe. Cast: Patrick Fugit, Billy Crudup, Kate Hudson, Frances McDormand, Jason Lee, Noah Taylor, Zooey Deschanel, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Fairuza Balk, Anna Paquin, Liz Stauber, Bijou Phillips. 2000 - 120 minutes Rated R (for profanity, nudity, and drug use). Reviewed by Dustin Putman, September 23, 2000.
In lesser hands, "Almost Famous" would have solely been an ode to '70s rock music. But director Cameron Crowe (1996's "Jerry Maguire"), who himself became a rock journalist for Rolling Stone magazine as an adolescent, has taken his past experiences and woven them into a deeply personal, semi-autobiographical look at the power of music, the joys and pains of true love, and that crucial time of wide-eyed innocence while right on the verge of adulthood. The picture is so much more than it outwardly presents itself at the onset, and in a story about the occasionally smutty decadence and dangerous excesses that become prominent in many musicians' lives, it is simply amazing how non-cynical and affectionate the film remains. Crowe clearly holds the story and distinct individuals found in "Almost Famous" near and dear to his heart, and his passion for the subject matter shines through at every turn.
15-year-old William (Patrick Fugit) has always lead a rather unconventional lifestyle. Entering school a year early, and then being instructed to skip a grade by his unconditionally loving, if eccentric, mother (Frances McDormand), he hasn't truly ever fit in with his peers, and never even discovered he was a year younger than he thought until age 11. That was how old he was when his rebellious 18-year-old sister (Zooey Deschanel) ran off to live out her dream as a stewardess. Leaving her countless rock records with William, in the next four years he grows a deep passion for music that he has never felt with anything else in his life.
Starting with a column for his school newspaper, William eventually manages to spark the interest of Creem magazine journalist Lester Bangs (Philip Seymour Hoffman), who gives him the assignment of doing a story on Black Sabbath. It is at one of their concerts where he has a chance run-in with their opening act, Stillwater, headed by lead guitarist Russell Hammond (Billy Crudup) and singer Jeff Bebe (Jason Lee). One day, William receives a call from Rolling Stone, who gives him the chance to write a piece on Stillwater for $1,000. Much to the chargin of his mother, before he knows it, William has set out on Stillwater's concert tour, circa 1973, putting his final year of high school on the backburner for this once-in-a-lifetime chance.
Walking into William's life at this pivotal point is 16-year-old Penny Lane (Kate Hudson), a so-called Band Aid that is currently acting as one of the muses for Stillwater, following them on their country-wide tour. She immediately bonds with William, who in turn grows to care about her very much, even as she continues to carry on an affair with the married Russell.
The moral question that is raised in "Almost Famous" is a journalistic controversy. William has always been nothing more than completely honest and accurate in what he has written, but as he becomes friends with Russell he witnesses more and more that begins to lean him towards a negative view of the band. Upon the request of the rest of the band's paranoia, Russell suggests to William that he paint them in a highly favorable light, and William debates this issue, even as it threatens to go against everything he has ever believed in in his writing.
Above all, "Almost Famous" is a loving tribute to a distinct era in time, told from the viewpoint of a quietly opinionated observationist. As played by fabulous newcomer Patrick Fugit, William begins as a shy young man who can more easily express himself through writing rather than in everyday life, and gradually comes into his own with every new experience he takes with him. By the end, William has been on an adventure that very few people his age could ever dream about, and through it, he has become wiser and exceptionally more worldly, holding onto memories that he will never forget as long as he lives.
As an ensemble, the film has been perfectly cast from top to bottom, with many fine performances shining through. Frances McDormand (1996's "Fargo") adds a great deal of depth and tenderness as William's mother, who is constantly scared for her son while he is on the road ("Don't take drugs" is her motto), but knows that it is something very important to, and for, him.  Zooey Deschanel (1999's "Mumford"), as William's older sister, leaves a striking impression and radiates both heart and intelligence, while Fairuza Balk (1996's "The Craft"), as Band Aid member Sapphire, handles her mostly comedic role with aplomb, even becoming quietly poignant in a late scene as she mourns the fans' decreasing appreciation of just what makes music such a miraculous and powerful form of art and expression.
It is Kate Hudson (1999's "200 Cigarettes"), however, who single-handedly steals the movie. She literally becomes Penny Lane, a teenage girl seemingly beyond her years and full of confidence, but who has just as many hidden insecurities about herself and the direction in which her life is going. As the light and newfound inspiration in William's life, Hudson radiates both beauty and infinite kindness, striking every note exactly right. And in many scenes, as in one where William confronts Penny about her blindness to the fact that Russell doesn't really care about her, Hudson is astonishingly heartbreaking. Enough cannot possibly be said about this star-making performance, but in a word, it is extraordinary.
Coming approximately an hour into the film, there is a simple sequence that completely sums up the feelings that director Crowe wants his audience to acquire. While riding to their next concert destination, the entire tour bus erupts into a passionate sing-along to Elton John's touching "Tiny Dancer," and for that moment in each of the characters' lives, simply the act of expressing themselves through listening to that song suddenly evaporates all of their worries and conflicts.
One could say that the film might have been slightly improved had it not been reportedly cut from 170 to 120 minutes, and some of the characters are arguably one-dimensional, but these should not be looked upon as criticisms, merely observations. "Almost Famous" is a great motion picture that is not so much about the story and characters involved, as it is about evoking a distinct mood and penetrating emotions. And that's all right.
- Copyright 2000 by Dustin Putman Http://www.young-hollywood.com Http://www.atnzone.com
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European companies minimise risks from US-China trade war
BEIJING, Dec 9 — European companies in China have been able to minimise the effect from the tariff war between Beijing and Washington, although some are considering relocating their businesses, the EU Chamber of Commerce said today.
The world’s two biggest economies have been entangled in a lingering trade war for over a year, which has weighed on the global economy and resulted in hundreds of billions of dollars in punitive tariffs slapped on two-way trade.
European companies in China “have effectively negated the tariff effects in a relatively short space of time,” said the president of the EU Chamber of Commerce in China, Joerg Wuttke.
Many companies have “effectively side-stepped” the steep tariffs by rejigging their supply chains and leveraging their global corporate networks, the chamber said in a statement.
According to a survey of its members released Monday, 64 per cent of respondents said they have not noticed “any change” in their business as a result of the trade war.
Another 10 per cent said they were “completely affected” by the trade war.
However, many European companies said they expected the trade war to be “long-lasting”, and 10 per cent have already changed suppliers.
At the time of the survey, another eight per cent had already relocated parts of their business out of China or were planning to do so — mainly to elsewhere in southeast Asia — while 15 per cent had delayed investment or expansion decisions because of the trade war.
This figure was up from six per cent since the previous survey in January.
The report, which surveyed 174 companies in China, was completed in September and is released as China and the US continue to negotiate a way to reach a “phase one” trade deal.
In the absence of any agreement, Washington is threatening to impose 15 per cent additional customs surcharges on December 15, which will apply to Chinese goods which have so far been spared, including cellphones and sportswear.
They account for some US$160 billion in annual imports. — AFP


ONCE upon a time there was an old maid-servant on a farm. She was a score or two years old, but she wanted to get married, though nobody would even touch her. She never missed a dance: she was sure to turn up at every one of them, though nobody ever asked her to dance. So at last she said:
"I'd dance with Old Nick if only he'd come."
The clock struck eleven and a youth clothed in green entered the room. He went straight up to our Kitty and began to dance with her. All the girls couldn't keep from laughing, but they daren't laugh openly. So they held their aprons over their faces. Kitty was very angry, but she kept on dancing like the wind.
It was hard upon twelve now, and Old Nick--for Old Nick it was--had to start
for home. But Kitty wouldn't let him go. What was he to do with her? He was absolutely at a loss what to do, for she was clinging on to him behind.
He went to the pond, thinking he'd be able to throw her in. He tried to do it, but she clasped him round the neck and he couldn't manage it.  But the people of Hell made an outcry against her and wouldn't let her stay at any price.
"Hang it all!" says Old Nick, "I can't go all round the world with her."
At last he met a shepherd: "I say, shepherd," says he, "would you like this maiden here?"
 Keep her for yourself. You can pickle her."
Now, when the devil saw that he was going to fail again, he promised the shepherd a heap of money, only to rid himself of the hideous old crone. But the shepherd refused.
"I'll make it so much," says Old Nick.
"Well, if you will, I agree."
Now, the shepherd was a good-looking fellow, and Kitty was easily persuaded to stay
with him. He had lots of money now, and he had the same idea as the devil, to throw her into the pond. What else could he do with such a hideous old hag? He had a great fur coat, and he put it on so high over his head that she couldn't catch hold of his neck, and, plump! off she went into the pond. But, you know, a bad one's a bad one, and you can't get rid of them so easily. So it was with Kitty. She wasn't drowned.
A short time after this, Old Nick had an appointment with a man. I don't exactly know how the case stood, but anyhow the devil was to get him. The man asked the shepherd to save him; he was quite ready to pay him well for it.
"All right," says the shepherd, "I can do that much for you. Old Nick and I are the best of friends."
Now, a crowd of people had collected and they were all wondering how it was going to end. In comes Old Nick. The shepherd runs to meet him and: "Old Kitty's here asking for you," says he.
The devil left things as they were, and before you could say "Jack Robinson" he was off. So it all turned out all right.


--- layout: post title: Envelope description: Rough sketch for Ello Mobile date: '2019-12-03 12:10:12 +0100' categories: - Sketches - Ello Mobile ---
Rough sketch for Ello Mobile envelope.


{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% load staticfiles %}
{% block content%}
{% csrf_token %}
Workout Plan
Day 1
| Name |
Weight |
Repetition |
Sets |
{% for exercise in day1 %}
| {{exercise.task.name}} |
{{exercise.weight}} |
{{exercise.repetition}} |
{{exercise.sets}} |
{% endfor %}
Day 2
| Name |
Weight |
Repetition |
Sets |
{% for exercise in day2 %}
| {{exercise.task.name}} |
{{exercise.weight}} |
{{exercise.repetition}} |
{{exercise.sets}} |
{% endfor %}
Day 3
| Name |
Weight |
Repetition |
Sets |
{% for exercise in day3 %}
| {{exercise.task.name}} |
{{exercise.weight}} |
{{exercise.repetition}} |
{{exercise.sets}} |
{% endfor %}
Day 4
| Name |
Weight |
Repetition |
Sets |
{% for exercise in day4 %}
| {{exercise.task.name}} |
{{exercise.weight}} |
{{exercise.repetition}} |
{{exercise.sets}} |
{% endfor %}
Day 5
| Name |
Weight |
Repetition |
Sets |
{% for exercise in day5 %}
| {{exercise.task.name}} |
{{exercise.weight}} |
{{exercise.repetition}} |
{{exercise.sets}} |
{% endfor %}
Day 6
| Name |
Weight |
Repetition |
Sets |
{% for exercise in day6 %}
| {{exercise.task.name}} |
{{exercise.weight}} |
{{exercise.repetition}} |
{{exercise.sets}} |
{% endfor %}
Day 7
| Name |
Weight |
Repetition |
Sets |
{% for exercise in day7 %}
| {{exercise.task.name}} |
{{exercise.weight}} |
{{exercise.repetition}} |
{{exercise.sets}} |
{% endfor %}
{% endblock %}


The Color Before the Sun
Coheed and Cambria
Released: October 16, 2015
Band Members and Producers
Claudio Sanchez - vocals, guitar
Travis Stever - guitar, backing vocals
Josh Eppard - drums, percussion, backing vocals
Zach Cooper - bass, backing vocals
Jay Joyce - Producer
Tracks
Track #
Track Title
Track Length
1
Island
5:02
2
Eraser
3:52
3
Colors
4:41
4
Here to Mars
4:01
5
Ghost
2:45
6
Atlas
6:03
7
Young Love
3:50
8
You Got Spirit, Kid
4:11
9
The Audience
6:10
10
Peace to the Mountain
6:33


Contextual word representations derived from
large-scale neural language models are
successful across a diverse set of NLP
tasks, suggesting that they encode useful
and transferable features of language. To
shed light on the linguistic knowledge they
capture, we study the representations
produced by several recent pretrained
contextualizers (variants of ELMo, the
OpenAI transformer LM, and BERT) with a
suite of seventeen diverse probing tasks. We
find that linear models trained on top of
frozen contextual representations are
competitive with state-of-the-art
task-specific models in many cases, but fail
on tasks requiring fine-grained linguistic
knowledge (e.g., conjunct identification).
To investigate the transferability of
contextual word representations, we quantify
differences in the transferability of
individual layers within contextualizers,
especially between RNNs and transformers.
For instance, higher layers of RNNs are more
task-specific, while transformer layers do
not exhibit the same monotonic trend. In
addition, to better understand what makes
contextual word representations
transferable, we compare language model
pretraining with eleven supervised
pretraining tasks. For any given task,
pretraining on a closely related task yields
better performance than language model
pretraining (which is better on average)
when the pretraining dataset is fixed.
However, language model pretraining on more
data gives the best results.


hsqldb - 100% Java DatabaseLightweight 100% Java SQL Database Engine |
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Hypersonic SQL was an open-source all-Java database engine, first released with source in 1998. It started from a simple memory-only database but by the year 2000 and version 1.43 it had developed into a fully fledged SQL engine with an avid following.
When the Hypersonic SQL project was closed, a number of developers who were using the software for their work got together through the Internet and formed the HSQLDB Development Group. The membership covers four continents. The Group released the first version of HSQLDB (1.60) in April 2001, featuring support for SQL triggers and other enhancements. The next version (1.61) followed in July that year.
Growing interest in HSQLDB resulted in more and more enhancements and new features submitted to the project. Development continued for the next 12 months and the next version, 1.7.0, was released with major new functionality. Version 1.7.1 followed in October 2002 with further enhancements.
The work on version 1.7.2 had already started when 1.7.1 was released. This process continued until July 2004 when 1.7.2 was finally released after extensive alpha and beta testing. In this version we aimed to modularize the existing code as we added new features. In this effort, we have covered several core classes and will continue towards a fully modular code base for future versions.
Development work on 1.7.3 is being carried out now.
Most developers contribute to this project when they have some free time or when the projects they are working on needs a particular database feature. New developers join us from time to time and some of those who have previously made major code contributions are no-longer active due to professional commitments. The development effort is coordinated by the Maintainer to ensure continuity and to avoid duplication of effort as much as possible.
We are always looking for new developers to join our team. Anyone who contributes code or documentation is welcome to join. Please send an email to the Maintainer, Fred Toussi, fredt (at) users.sourceforge.net with your proposed enhancement or join the Developers Mailing List and post there. Archives of the list are at Developers Mailing List Archive
Help is currently needed in several areas for the future versions:
HSQLDB is used in (or is supported by) a large number of open source projects. We welcome direct, priority contact with developers from those projects to ensure a smooth transition to new versions. We also value contributions from all other developers who use HSQLDB in their projects. We have been able to fulfil many requests for additional features or bug fixes and will continue to give priority to what users ask for. Users who want to contribute enhancements can post the code to the Patch Tracker or alternatively discuss it in the Developers Mailing List or directly with the Maintainer.
The hsqldb CVS module contains only the files of public releases. Ongoing development is reflected in the hsqldb-dev CVS module.
The outline plan for the new features in version 1.7.3, as well as broader discussions on the direction of the project can be found in the Open Discussion Forum.


SPRING FORWARD A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 2001 Steve Rhodes RATING (0 TO ****): ** 1/2
SPRING FORWARD, a talkfest between two parks and recreation workers, has so much in common with MY DINNER WITH ANDRE that it might better have been called MY JOB WITH MURPH. Murph, a long-time city employee, is played warmly by veteran actor Ned Beatty. Murph is breaking in a sensitive new worker, Paul (Liev Schreiber), who's just out of prison. Paul is a good guy who, after a spot of bad luck, held up a Dunkin' Donuts.
Playwright Tom Gilroy directs his first film with a play-like staginess. He sets the camera statically and gives his players quasi-poetic dialog. The performances are all fine and heartfelt, but the story itself never provides much reason for us to care. We learn that Paul has some problems with his emotions and that Murph has a gay son who has been ostracized by some and who has a health problem. Nothing in the story, however, has much emotional impact. Generally the two guys just work, never very hard, while gabbing about whatever comes to mind.
Paul, a blue-collar intellectual, reads books on subjects ranging from karma to architecture. He lectures Murph, who laughs off most of Paul's pop philosophies. When he has a bad cold, Paul avoids drugs, even anti-histamines, because he is a firm believer in the importance of maintaining a natural mind and body. Murph muses that Paul's recent hangover would seem rather incongruous with these beliefs.
Paul meets a kindred spirit in Georgia (Peri Gilpin), who complains about the singles at the local bar. "They all looked like escapees from a J. Crew catalog," she complains to him. No sooner have we met and gotten to like Georgia than she goes AWOL for the rest of the movie.
Set in the small town of Stacey, Connecticut -- formed way back in 1708 the guys' ever-present uniforms remind us -- the pastoral setting is full of wide, green lawns and tall, stately trees. The lushness of the scenery almost makes up for the lack of a properly developed script.
After trying several endings on us, the movie's penultimate one introduces a brand new character in an almost dramatic incident, which is little more than a shameless plot device. "Everything goes by so much faster in the movies," Paul tells Murph in a relative non sequitur. Maybe in most movies. Certainly not in this one.
SPRING FORWARD runs 1:40. It is rated R for language and some drug content and would be acceptable for most teenagers.
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>========== X-RAMR-ID: 28748 X-RT-AuthorID: 1271 X-RT-TitleID: 1102729 X-RT-RatingText: 2.5/4
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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Medieval catalogues > UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE LIBRARIES OF CAMBRIDGE > King's Hall > Catalogue, 1390/91
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All data was derived from the List of Identifications by Professor Richard Sharpe.
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General Medicine
The Department of Medicine and Allied Services is one of the premier department, bringing together cadre of clinicians, investigators and educators.
The department is the backbone of the hospital and by means of various outpatient specialties is to provide not only therapeutic but also preventive care and lifestyle modification counseling.
General Medicine or Internal Medicine is one of the department which is considered to be the base specialty and its assistance is sought by all super specialities.
General Medicine or Internal Medicine is the specialty dealing with prevention, diagnosis & treatment of adult diseases.
Department of General Medicine or Internal Medicine is geared to provide comprehensive preventive, diagnostic & curative medical services for all patients.
The department effectively delivers most recent diagnostic & therapeutic advances rationally to a large number of patients daily.
Our doctors are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multisystem disease processes.
The Department of Internal Medicine is also an ideal starting point for patients requiring specialist care as we co-ordinate the therapeutic efforts of multiple departments to make the best decisions for the patients.


[gecode-users] embedded gecode
Guido Tack
tack at gecode.org
Sun Apr 10 14:46:26 CEST 2011
Ruben Zilibowitz wrote:
>
> On 09/04/2011, at 10:55 AM, Ruben Zilibowitz wrote:
>
>>
>> On 09/04/2011, at 7:11 AM, Guido Tack wrote:
>>
>>> Ruben Zilibowitz wrote:
>>>
>>>> This is a brilliant idea! Definitely helps to reduce file size.
>>>
>>> What I was wondering is whether you can use our Makefiles to build Gecode for iOS, or do you have to turn the whole of Gecode into an XCode project?
>>
>> I believe I first did:
>> ./configure --enable-static --disable-shared --disable-gist --disable-qt
>> in order to generate the config.hpp file
>
> edit: I also ran make
>
>>
>> Then it was just a matter of adding the gecode folder with all the source code to Xcode. Then I removed some files I didn't need and were causing errors. And that was it.
Right, sounds more or less straightforward. I googled a bit and tried some things, and it's actually quite easy to build Gecode for iOS directly using make. This might be easier to maintain than always having to re-import Gecode into XCode.  To build the same for the simulator, you should just have to change the options accordingly. Unfortunately, it's not that straightforward to pack the device and simulator libraries into one three-platform lib (because lipo doesn't understand static libraries), so you'll have to fix that manually.
We'll probably add a configure option --small-codesize or similar to enable -Os or -Oz and use less aggressive inlining.
Cheers,
Guido
--
Guido Tack, http://people.cs.kuleuven.be/~guido.tack/
More information about the users
mailing list


UCSF Graduate Student Taxes FAQ
I’m currently a 2nd year graduate student in the quantitative biology program at UCSF. I am certainly no tax professional1, but I thought I would write a bit about what you can expect to pay in taxes at UCSF. These are some questions that I think I would have appreciated knowing the answers to in my first two years2.
Do we have to pay taxes?
Yes, both state and federal. The tricky part is that while you are paid by UCSF on a 1098-T form (normally for your first two years) nothing is withheld for taxes so you have pay the full amount come April.
How much should I set aside each month for taxes?
Most estimates are between $400-500 a month depending on your specific situation. I would probably aim for $425.
Now assuming that you did not have any external income, you should expect to pay roughly $20003 in your first year since you are only taxed for October, November, and December. 2nd year you have to pay for the entire year and this works out to being close to $4800. It’s a lot if you’re not ready for it.
How much do I actually owe?
In the simplest case, your “taxable income” is simply the difference between box 5 and box 1 on your 1098-T form. This value will be higher than your stipend since it includes the “taxable” contributions to our health insurance, UC SHIP. You can find your 1098-T at https://1098t.com.
How do I e-file for free?
There is no need to pay for e-filing since we make less than the limit for IRS FreeFile. Just fill out the form and select one of the free filing options. I have had good luck with TaxAct.
Can we withhold taxes so that April isn’t such a bummer?
Yes. In my opinion, the easiest and best way to do this to set up estimated tax payments when you e-file. Your bank account is debited according to whatever estimated tax plan you submit. This is also nice because you do not have to pay the penalty for failing to withhold income4. Make sure to set up payments to both the IRS and California’s Franchise Tax Board. This should be quite easy if you are setting this up during e-filing.
Can we contribute to a Roth IRA?
Unfortunately, to the best of my knowledge, we cannot. Since the money we make on a 1098-T is considered taxable, unearned income it does not qualify for IRA. According to IRS Pub 590-A (Page 6):
Scholarship and fellowship payments are compensation for IRA purposes only if shown in box 1 of Form W-2
However, the moment you are switched to a W-2, you can contribute up to your earned income amount or $5500, which ever is smaller.
What is a Roth IRA?
They are super cool, read more about them here. Basically, they are a great way to save for retirement as a graduate student. Since we are in a very low tax bracket, you pay our low marginal tax rate now for the money you put in and all future earnings are tax-free for retirement.
But what if I want to save for more immediate things than retirement?
Roths can still help you. You can always take the principal (the original money you contributed, not the earnings) out tax-free since you already paid taxes on it. Now I don’t recommend this since you can’t put that money back later due to the annual cap of $5500. But in an emergency, you can access the principal. Also, there are exceptions for removing earnings from a Roth without paying the penalty like substantial medical bills, first-time home purchase, etc. You have to be more careful with the rules here, see this for more details.
So YMMV on all this depending on your specific circumstances↩
This post was inspired by a presentation by Kyle Barlow at iPQB journal club. Thanks Kyle! Update: After I wrote this piece, I found out that Kyle also had a blog post about this a couple years ago: https://www.kylebarlow.com/dearth-and-taxes.html↩
Naturally, this value will increase if the UCSF graduate student stipend increases. For reference, in my first two years, we made 34K (TY2015) and then 36K (TY2016).↩
This penalty was pretty small for me as a 1st and 2nd year because it is based on the previous tax year. It will be quite large in your 3rd year if you don’t set up an estimated tax payment.↩
Revision history
edited this post on 01 Jun 2017add more 1098t info
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| Operating Systems Development Series | |
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This series is intended to demonstrate and teach operating system development from the ground up. 8259A PIC Microcontroller with all pins labled. IntroductionWelcome! :)This tutorial covers a very important topic: The Programmable Interrupt Controller. We will need to initialize this microcontroller by mapping it to our IRQ's. This will be needed when setting up interrupts, and handling interrupt requests. This is our first controller tutorial. All of these controller tutorials go very deep in each device, while building a workable interface to handling them. Remember that, as we are in protected mode, we have nothing to guide us. One wrong move can cause unpredictable results. As we have no helping hand, we have to communicate with each controller directly. Because of this, we have emphisized hardware programming concepts all througout this series so our readers have more experience and better understanding of hardware level programming. This tutorial puts everything we learned to the test. I will do my best to keep things simple. the 8259A Microcontroller, Also known as the Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC). Ready? Get ReadyThis is our first of many microcontroller programming tutorials. We will cover nearly every asset of each microcontroller as we cover them. The main series will refrence these tutorials on an as needed bases to help cover what we need these controllers for.This tutorial is fairly complicated. We will cover the 8259A Microcontroller from both hardware and software perspectives, and understand exactally how it connects and enteracts with the PC. We will also cover every command, register, and part of this microcontroller. History*To do - We plan on adding this section soon*Because the 8259A PIC handles hardware interrupts, we should first have a basic understanding of what interrupts are, and how they work. InterruptsAn Interrupt is an external asynchronous signal requiring a need for attention by software or hardware. It allows a way of interrupting the current task so that we can execute something more important.Not to hard. Interrupts provide a way to help trap problems, such as divide by zeros. If the processor find a problem with the currently executing code, it provides the processor alternative code to execute to fix that problem. Other interrupts may be used to provide a way to service software as routines. These interrupts can be called by any software from within the system. This is used alot for System API's, which provide a way for ring 3 applications to execute ring 0 level routines. Interrupts provide alot of use, espically as a way of recieving information from hardware that may change its state at asynchronous times. Interrupt TypesThere are two types of interrupts: Software Interrupts and Hardware Interrupts.Software InterruptsSoftware Interrupts are interrupts implimented and triggered in software. Normally, the processor's instruction set will provide an instruction to service software interrupts. For the x86 architectures, these are normally INT imm, and INT 3. It alsu uses IRET and IRETD instructions.For example, here we generate an interrupt through a software instruction:
These instructions may be used to generate software interrupts and execute Interrupt Routines (IR)'s through software. We will not cover software interrupts here. The 8259A PIC Micrcontroller only services hardware interrupts. Software interrupts will be covered in another tutorial. Hardware InterruptsA hardware interrupt is an interrupt triggered by a hardware device. Normally, these are hardware devices that require attention. The hardware Interrupt handler will be required to service this hardware request.Spurious Interrupt This is a hardware interrupt generated by electrical interference in the interrupt line, or faulty hardware. We do NOT want this! Interrupt ModesThere are several modes and classes of interrupts that we will need to cover. In programming the PIC, we will need to choose a mode.Note: This section may require some knowedge of the 8259A PIC hardware pin layout. this is discussed in the next section. Level TriggeredA Level Triggered interrupt is determined to happen when the Interrupt Request (IR) line on the PIC has current (1). A device sends a signal (Setting this line to active), and keeps it at that state until the interrupt is serviced.Level Triggered interrupt lines may be shared by multiple interrupts if the circuit is designed to handle it. This mode is the preferred mode because of how the lines are shared. When an IR line is active, the CPU searches through all of the devices sharing the same line until it finds what device is activating the signal. After finding the device, the CPU rechecks all of the devices again to insure there are no other devices that also need service. A problem with this approch is, if there is an interrupt with higher priority that needs to be serviced, all other interrupts will be perminately blocked until the other interrupts are serviced. After all, only one line can be active at a given time. Edge TriggeredEdged Triggered interrupts are determnined to happen when the Interrupt Request (IR) line on the PIC has current (1). A device sends a signal (Setting this line to active) through a single pulse, and returns the line to its previous state.Edged Triggered interrupt lines may be shared by multiple interrupts if the circuit is designed to handle it. If the pulse is too short to be detected, then it will not be detected. As these are only pulses of current that signals interrupt requests, Edged triggered mode does not have the same problems that Level triggered does with shared IRQ lines. Of course, we still run into the possibility of an interrupt being missed, as it is just a single pulse of current being sent through the IRQ line. This has caused early computer lockups of the CPU. However, through recent times, these lockups have decreased through time. HybridBoth of these modes have their pros and cons. Alot of systems impliment a hybrid of both of them. More specifically, Most systems check for both Edge triggered and Level triggered interrupts on the Non Maskable Interrupt (NMI) pin on the CPU. The purpose of this is that the NMI pin is used to signal major problems with the system that can cause big problems, or entire system malfunctions, possibly hardware damage.The Non Maskable Interrupt is just that -- It cannot be disabled or masked off by any device. This insures, along with having a hybrid setup, that if the NMI pin is set, the system can die peacefully without big problems. Message SignaledThese types of hardware interrupts do not use a physical interrupt line. Instead, they rely on another medium, such as the system bus, to send messages over. These types of interrupts cause the device to only send a pulse of current over the medium, similar to edge triggered interrupts. These types of systems may use a special interrupt line on its control bus indicating a message signaled interrupt number. As these numbers are sent over the medium as a series of bits, they do not have the limitations of the other interrupt types, which are limited to a single interrupt line. As such, they can manage as much interrupts as the underlaying system allows. These types of interrupts also support sharing of interrupt vectors. PCI Express uses these types of interrupts alot.Thats allOkay, alot of info here ;) The 8259A only has support for Level triggered and Edge triggered interrupts. Because of this, Those should be your primary focus when working with the 8259A Microcontrollers.Interrupt Vector TableThe Interrupt Vector Table (IVT) is a list of Interrupt Vectors. There are 256 Interrupts in the IVT.
Interrupt Routines (IR)An Interrupt Routine (IR) is a special function used to handle an Interrupt Request (IRQ).When the processor executes an interrupt instruction, such as INT, it executes the Interrupt Routine (IR) at that location within the Interrupt Vector Table (IVT). This means, it simply executes a routine that we define. Not to hard, huh? This special routine determins the Interrupt Function to execute normally based off of the value in the AX register. This allows us to define multiple functions in an interrupt call. Such as, the DOS INT 21h function 0x4c00. Remember: Executing an interrupt simply executes an interrupt routine that you created. For example, the instruction INT 2 will execute the IR at index 2 in the IVT. Cool? IVT MapThe IVT is located in the first 1024 bytes of physical memory, from addresses 0x0 through 0x3FF. Each entry inside of the IVT is 4 bytes, in the following format:
Okay, Lets take a look at the IVT. The first few interrupts are reserved, and stay the same.
Not to hard. Each of these interrupts are located at a base address within the IVT. Interrupt Handling in Protected Mode (PMode)Protected Mode requires each IVT entry to point to an interrupt routine (IR) defined within an Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT). The IDT will be explained further in another tutorial, as it is not directly related to this tutorial.The IDT is an array of Interrupt Descriptors, that describe the base address of the Interrupt Routine (IR) to execute, that contains extra information about it's protection level, segment information, etc. PMode uses a Global Descriptor Table (GDT) that defines the memory map that is being used. Most of the interrupt routines will be inside of a code descriptor, mapped by the GDT. This is why the IDT is required in PMode. Do not worry if you do not understand this right now. For now, just think of it as an array of 256 function pointers, mapped exactally like that of the IVT (It normally is, anyways.) Hardware InterruptsThere are two types of interrupts, those generated by software (Useually by an instruction, such as INT, INT 3, BOUND, INTO), and an interrupt generated by hardware.Hardware interrupts are very important for PC's. It allows other hardware devices to signal the CPU that something is about to happen. For example, a keystroke on the keyboard, or a single clock tick on the internal timer, for example. We will need to map what Interrupt Request (IRQ) to generate when these interrupts happen. This way, we have a way to track these hardware changes. Lets take a look at these hardware interrupts.
You do not need to worry to much about each device just yet. The 8259A Pins will be described in detail within the next section. The Interrupt Numbers listed in this table are the default DOS interrupt requests (IRQ) to execute when these events trigger. In most cases, we will need to recreate a new interrupt table. As such, most operating systems need to remap the interrupts the PIC's use to insure they call the proper IRQ within their IVT. This is done for us by the BIOS for the real mode IVT. We will cover how to do this later in this tutorial as well. 8259 Programmable Interrupt ControllerThe 8259 Microcontroller familiy is a set of Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) Integrated Circuits (ICs). Look back again at Tutorial 7... Under the Processor Architecture section, Notice that the processor has it's own internal PIC Microcontroller. This is very important to note.Do to limitations in the circuit design, a PIC only supports 8 IRQ's. This is a big limitation. As additional devices were created, IBM quickly realized that this limitation is very bad. Because of this, Most motherboards contain a secondary (Slave) PIC microcontroller to work with the primary PIC inside the processor. Today, this is very common. A single PIC can be "cascaded" (capable of working with) another PIC. This makes it possible to support more IRQ's with additional PICs. The More PIC's supported, the more IRQ's can be handled. They can be cascaded to support up to 64 IRQ's. Cool?
Remember: Most computers have 2 PIC's, 1 inside the processor, and 1 on the motherboard. Some systems may not have this. Not to hard :) 8259 HardwareUnderstanding how microcontrollers work at the hardware level will help in understanding how the software side of things work. Remember that the PIC's are only used during a hardware interrupt.8259A MicrocontrollerAt the top of this tutorial, there is an image of an actual 8259 Dual Inline Package (DIP), with all of the electronic pins labled. To make things more understandable, we are going to represent the controller using a simpler graphic. The only pins these graphics do not display that the 8259 has are GND (Ground) and Vcc (Input Voltage). You can see these pins labled in the picture on the top of this tutorial. Lets first look at what we are going to be programming:Thats it--The 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller. Each of the lines in the above image displays each of the controllers electronic pins. These electronic pins are the connections between the controller and the rest of the system. This is the chip that we will need to program in order to handle IRQ's within an operating system. Let's look at this closer at each pin. I bolded the important pins.
Remember that we can connect PIC's together. This allows us to provide support for up to 64 IR numbers. In other words--64 hardware interrupts. CAS0, CAS1, and CAS2 pins provide a way to send signals between these PIC's. Look at the INT and INTA pins. Remember from the Processor Perspective section that the processors' own INT and INTA pins connect to these pins on the PIC. Remember that, when about to execute an interrupt, the processor clears the Interrupt (IF) and Trap flags (TF) from the FLAGS register, which disables the INTR pin. The PIC's INT pin connects to the processors' INTR pin. This means that the processor, essentally, disables the PIC's INT pin when executing an interrupt. With this, the pins IR0-IR7 can be streamed to other PIC's. These 8 pins represent the 8 bit interrupt number to be executed. Notice that this, as being an 8 bit value, provides a way to allow up to 256 hardware interrupts. these lines provide a way to send the interrupt number to another PIC controller, so that controller could handle it instead. The important thing to note is that We can combine multiple PIC's to support more interrupt routine numbers. The IR lines connect to another PIC's data lines to transfer data over. As there are only 8 lines (8 bits), we can only connect up to 8 PIC's together, providing support for up to 64 interrupt numbers. Okay... Alot of stuff here, huh? We have described how the processor connects to the primary PIC, and how the PIC's can combine with other PIC's to create a chain of PIC's. This is great, but completely useless. How does an interrupt execute through hardware? What makes this controller "programmable"? How can we program the PIC to work for our needs? Programming the PIC revolves around the use of sending Command Bytes through the 8 bit data line that the PIC's have. This 8 bit command byte follows specific formats that describe what the PIC is to do. We will need to know these commands in order to program the PICs. We w8ill cover this later. Lets take a closer look at how the PIC works. This will help in better understanding of the 8259A pins, and how interrupt signals are sent. 8259A ConnectionsNote: This section may require some knowledge in Digital Logic Electronics. Okay... So far we have looked at the 8259A PIC pins. Lets try to look at these pins from another perspective, and see what it looks like within a typical computer.Connecting the PICs to the processorFirst, remember when I said that most computers today have 2 8259A PICs? This is only half true. Remember from the Processor Architceture that the primary PIC is integrated into the processor. There is a reason for this, as you will soon see. To make things simple, lets imagine the system we are on actually have 2 PIC controllers, both directly on the motherboard (None of them are integrated with the processor.) Looking at this graphically, this is what we might see:How hardware interrupts executeOn the underside of all microprocessors contain connectors. These can be flat, or in the form of pins, that connects to the motherboard. Two of these pins are the INTR and NMI pins. With this, there is another pin for acknowledges the completion of the interrupt - INTA. Software interrupts are handled differently then hardware interrupts. Both of these types of interrupts are inside of the Interrupt Vector Table located at address 0 through 0x3ff in memory. Remember: Only hardware interrupts are handled through the Programmable Interrupt Controller. The interrupt is generatedWhen a device controller needs to generate an interrupt, it needs to signal the PIC somehow. Lets say, for purposes of discussion, that this device is the timer, which uses interrupt line 0.
The processor now knows that an interrupt has been fired. The processor acnowledges the interrupt
Now the processor has the IRQ number and the interrupt vector number to execute. Interruption
The Interrupt Service RoutineNow the ISR is executing to handle the hardware interrupt. It can perform whatever action needed to service the specific device. For example, reading or writing data to/from the device, reading status registers, sending commands, et al.During this time, all interrupts are masked out by the Interrupt Mask Register (IMR). In other words, this disables all hardware interrupts until a request has been made to end the interrupt. this requires an End of Interrupt (EOI) command to be sent to the PIC. After the EOI signal has been sent to the PIC through the Primary PIC's Command Register, The PIC cleares the approprate bit in the In Service Register (IRR), and is now ready to service new interrupts. the interrupt service routine then performs a IRETD instruction, popping EFLAGS, CS, and EIP registers, which were pushed by the processor when the interrupt was fired. This transfers control back to the initil task. 8259A RegistersThe 8259A has several internal registers, simular to the processor.
Command RegisterThis is a write only register that is used to send commands to the microcontroller. There are alot of different commands that you can send. Some commands are used to read from other registers, while other command are used to initialize and sending data, such as End of Interrupt (EOI). We will cover these commands later.Status registerThis is a read only register that can be accessed to determin the status of the PIC.Interrupt Request Register (IRR)This register specifies which interrupts are pending acknowledgment.Note: This register is internal, and cannot be accessed directly.
If a bit is set, the interrupt has been signaled by a device, and the PIC has signaled the CPU, but is awaiting acknowledgment from the CPU to go ahead with the interrupt. In-Sevice Register (ISR)This register specifies which interrupts have already been acknowledged, but are awaiting for the End of Interrupt (EOI) signal. The EOI signal is very important as it determins the end of an interrupt.Note: We will need to send the EOI signal upon completion of the interrupt to let the 8259A acknowledge the interrupt. Not doing so will result in undefined behavior or malfunction. More on this later. Note: This register is internal, and cannot be accessed directly.
If a bit is set, the current IRQ has been acknowledged by the CPU to go ahead and begin executing. The PIC uses this register to determin what IRQ is currently being executed. Interrupt Mask Register (IMR)This specifies what interrupts are to be ignored, and not acknowledged. this allows us to focus on executing certain, more important interrupts before executing the interrupts specified in this register.This is an 8 bit register, where each bit determins if an interrupt is disabled or not. If the bit is 0, it is enabled. If it is a 1, the interrupt device is disabled.
This is an important register, as it allows us to enable and disable interrupts from certain devices. Each of these IRQ's represent the device listed in the x86 Hardware Interrupts table shown above. For example, lets say we want to enable COM1 (Serial Port 1). Looking at the x86 Hardware Interrupt Table, we can see that this is mapped to IRQ 4. So, in order to enable COM1 interrupts, all we need to do is set the IRQ4 bit for the primary PIC's Interrupt Mask Register. This register is mapped to the software port number 0x21 (We will cover this later.) So, all we need to do is set the bit by writing to this port location. Too cool for school B) When a hardware interrupt occurs, The 8259A Masks out all other interrupts until it recieves an End of Interrupt (EOI) signal. We will need to send the EOI upon completion of the interrupt. We will look at this later. 8259A Software Port MappingsLike all hardware controllers, the BIOS POST maps each controller to use a specific region of software ports. Because of this, in order to communicate with the PIC controllers, we need to use software ports.
Notice the Primary PIC's Interrupt Mask Register is mapped to Port 0x21. We have seen this before, havn't we? The Command Register and Status Register are to different registers that share the same port number. The command register is write only, while the status register is read only. This is an important difference, as the PIC determins what register to access depending on weather the write or read lines are set. We will need to be able to write to these ports to communicate with individual device registers and control the PICs. Lets now take a look at the commands for the PIC. 8259A CommandsSetting up the PIC is farily complex. It is done through a series of Command Wowrds, which are a bit pattern that containes various of states used for initialization and operation. This might seem a little complex, but it is not to hard.Because of this, lets first look at how to initialize the PIC controllers for our use, followed by operating and controlling the PICs. Initialization Control Words (ICW)The purpose of initializing the PIC is to remap the PIC's IRQ numbers to our own. this insures the proper IRQ is generated when a hardware interrupt happens.In order to initialize the PIC, we must send a command byte (Known as an Initialization Control Word (ICW)) to the primary PIC Command Register. This is ICW 1. There can be up to 4 Initialization Control Words. These are not required, but are often needed. Lets take a look at them. Note: If there are multiple PICs in the system that are to be cascaded with each other, we must send the ICW's to both of the PICs! ICW 1This is the primary control word used to initialize the PIC. this is a 7 bit value that must be put in the primary PIC command register. This is the format:
As you can see, there is alot going on here. We have seen some of these before. This is not as hard as it seems, as most of these bits are not used on the x86 platform. To initialize the primary PIC, all we need to do is create the initil ICW and set the appropraite bits. So, lessee...
Because we have enabled cascading, we need to send ICW 3 to the controller as well. Also, because we have set bit 0, we must also send ICW 4. More on those later. For now, lets take a look at ICW 2. ICW 2This control word is used to map the base address of the IVT of which the PIC are to use. This is important!
During initialization, we need to send ICW 2 to the PICs to tell them where the base address of the IRQ's to use. If an ICW1 was sent to the PICs (With the initialization bit set), you must send ICW2 next. Not doing so can result in undefined results. Most likley the incorrect interrupt handler will be executed. Unlike ICW 1, which is placed into the PIC's data registers, ICW 2 is sent to the data Registers, as software ports 0x21 for the primary PIC, and port 0xA1 for the secondary PIC. (Please see the 8259A Software Port Map table for a complete listing of PIC software ports). Okay, so assuming we have just sent an ICW 1 to both PICs (Please see the above section), lets send an ICW 2 to both PICs. This will map a base IRQ address to both PICs. This is very simple, but we must be careful at where we map the PICs to. Remember that the first 31 interrupts (0x0-0x1F) are reserved (Please see the above x86 Interrupt Vector Table (IVT) table). As such, we have to insure we do not use any of these IRQ numbers. Instead, lets map them to IRQs 32-47, right after these reserved interrupts. the first 8 IRQ's are handled by the primary PIC, so we map the primary PIC to the base address of 0x20 (32 decimal), and the secondary PIC at 0x28 (40 decimal). Remember there are 8 IRQ's for each PIC. That is simple, huh? Onto the next one! ICW 3This is an important command word. It is used to let the PICs know what IRQ lines to use when communicating with each other.ICW 3 Command Word for Primary PIC
ICW 3 Command Word for Secondary PIC
We must send an ICW 3 whenever we enable cascading within ICW 1. this allows us to set which IRQ to use to communicate with each other. Remember that the 8259A Microcontroller relies on the IR0-IR7 pins to connect to other PIC devices. With this, it uses the CAS0-CAS2 pins to communicate with each other. We need to let each PIC know about each other and how they are connected. We do this by sending the ICW 3 to both PICs containing which IRQ line to use for both the master and associated PICs. Remember: The 80x86 architecture uses IRQ line 2 to connect the master PIC to the slave PIC. Knowing this, and remembering that we need to write this to the data registers for both PICs, we need to follow the formats shown above. Note that, in the ICW 3 for the primary PIC, Each bit represents an interrupt request. That is...
Notice that IRQ 2 is Bit 2 within ICW 3. So, in order to set IRQ 2, we need to set bit 2 (Which is at 0100 binary, or 0x4). Here is an example of sending ICW 3 to the primary PIC:
To send this to the secondary PIC, we must remember that we must send this in binary notation. Please refer to the table above. Note that only Bits 0...2 are used to represent the IRQ line. By using binary notation, we can refer to the 8 IRQ lines to choose from:
Simple enough. Notice that this just follows a binary<->decimal conversition in the above table. Because we are connected by IRQ line 2, we need to use bit 1 (Shown above). Here is a complete example, that sends a ICW 2 to both primary and secondary PIC controllers: Thats all there is to it ;) Okay, so now both PICs are connected to use IR line 2 to communicate with each other. We have also set a base interrupt number for both PICs to use. This is great, but we are not done yet. Remember that, when building up ICW 1, if bit 0 is set, the PIC will be expecting us to send it ICW 4. As such, we need to send ICW 4, the final ICW, to the PICs. ICW 4Yey! This is the final initialization control word. This controls how everything is to operate.
This is a pretty powerful function. Bits 5..7 are always 0, so lets focus on the other bits and peices (pun entended ;) ) The PIC was originally designed to be a generic microcontroller, even before the 80x86 existed. As such, it containes alot of different operation modes designed for different systems. one of these modes is the Special Fully Nested Mode. The x86 family does not support this mode, so you can saftley set bit 4 to 0. Bit 3 is used for buffered mode. For now, set this to 0. We will cover modes of operation later. Bit 2 is only used when bit 3 is set, so set this to 0. With this, Bit 1 is rairly used either. As such, we only need to set bit 0, which enables the PIC for 80x86 mode. Simple enough. So, to send ICW 4, all we need to do is this: This is probably the easiest code snipplet in this tutorial. Brace it while it lasts! :) Initializing the PIC - Putting it togetherBelieve it or not, but we have already went over this. In initilizing the PIC, all we need to do is send the correct ICW's to the PIC.Lets put everything from the previous section together to initialize the PIC for better understanding of how everything is put together: That was not that hard, was it? We covered everything in this code. Now the PIC is initialized. Whenever an hardware interrupt accors, it will call our interrupts 32 - 47 that we have previously defined somewhere within the Interrupt Vector Table (IVT). This allows us to track hardware interrupts. Cool, huh?
Operation Command Words (OCW)Yippee! Now that the ugly initialization stuff is out of the way, we can finally focus on standard controlling and operation of the PIC. This is done by writing and reading from various registers through Operation Control Words (OCW)'s.OCW 1OCW 1 represents the value inside of the Interrupt Mask register (IMR). To abtain the current OCW 1, all you need to do is read from the IMR.Remember that the IMR is mapped to the same port that the status register is at. Because the status register is read only, the PIC can determin what register to access based off if this is a read or write operation. We have looked at the IMR register above when we covered the PIC registers. OCW 2This is the primary control word used to control the PIC. Lets take a look...
Okay then! Bits 0-2 represents the interrupt level for the current interrupt. Bits 3-4 are reserved. Bits 5-7 are the interesting bits. Lets take a look at each combination for these bits.
Okay...This table, in its current state, is confusing, don't you think? Alot of the above commands are fairly advanced. Lets take a look at what we can do. Sending End of Interrupt (EOI) As you know, when a hardware interrupt triggers, all other interrupts are masked off inside of the Interrupt Mask Register until an EOI signal is sent to the primary controller. This means, we must send an EOI to insure all hardware interrupts are enabled at the end of our Interrupt Routine (IR). Looking at the above table, we can send a non specific EOI command to signal EOI to the controller. Because the EOI bit is bit 5 within the OCW 2, all we need to do is set bit 5 (100000 binary = 0x20):
ConclusionThe PIC is a complex microcontroller to program. We have covered alot in this tutorial, and it is only going to get harder! I hope I explained everything well. The OS Development Series primary tutorial series will put everything inside of this tutorial where it belongs. It will be the glue between setting up interrupts, interrupt handling, and hardware interrupts ;) I plan on expanding on this tutorial to provide more content, and to insure we describe every detail reguarding the 8259A microcontrollers. This is a side tutorial that the main series will use. As such, there is no demo for this tutorial. I might decide to make one, however, to being everything together. However, this will require us to cover the IDT, and interrupt handling in detail here, which is not relivant to the PIC. Not directly relivant, anyways. I hope this tutorial will help answer alot of questions one may have when programming the PIC, and understanding what is really going on behind the hood. Until next time,
~Mike |


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Jin Wei wants to focus on recovery
KUALA LUMPUR, Nov 20 — National women’s singles player Goh Jin Wei has resumed light training but is in no hurry to get back to competition.
The 19-year-old player said she is not concerned about the drop in her ranking as it is more important to ensure a proper recovery process.
“I don’t care about the ranking (at the moment). I know it will drop a lot since I decided to go for the surgery. Hopefully, I can recover in time.
“If I am in for the tournament I will make sure that I am 100 per cent fine. For now, I am not sure if I can play but my name is in all the list,” she said when met after the 2020 Perodua Malaysia Masters press conference today.
The Penang-born shuttler, who is currently ranked 41, said she started some light training last week with the consent of the doctor.
“I feel much better after the operation and feel like normal people. It takes a few more weeks for me to go back to normal training,” she added.
The two-time world junior champion had battled a stomach ailment since January and in October successfully underwent colectomy, a procedure to remove part of her colon, in a bid to save her career.
The SEA Games defending champion has been dropped from the squad for the Philippines games next month and has also given up hope of qualifying for her first Olympic Games in Tokyo after skipping many tournaments. — Bernama


TEACHING MRS TINGLE (M). (Miramax/Dimension Films/Village Roadshow) Director: Kevin Williamson Stars: Helen Mirren, Katie Holmes, Barry Watson, Marisa Couglan, Jeffrey Tambor, Liz Stauber, Molly Ringwald, Michael McKean, Vivica A Fox, lesley Ann Warren (uncredited) Running time: 95 minutes.
The Blackboard Bungle?
Kevin Williamson is one of the hottest writers in Hollywood at the moment. He reinvigorated the slasher genre with Scream, and gave us the intelligent, articulate, but typically angst-ridden teens of the popular tv soap Dawson's Creek. It seems he can do little wrong - which is probably why the brains behind Miramax optimistically allowed him to direct this screen adaptation based on the first screenplay he wrote.
Williamson's main strengths as a writer are his sense of irony and his ability to subvert genre clichés, and although many of those typical touches are in evidence here, there is also something lacking. As a director, Williamson fails to make the grade with this inauspicious debut. The pacing is uneven, and the dialogue often banal. His direction is laboured and uninspired. One feels Williamson would have been better off leaving the directorial duties to someone else.
The eponymous Mrs Tingle (Helen Mirren, from Prime Suspect, etc) is a history teacher and a humourless curmudgeon who has been a fixture at Grandsboro High for twenty years. Far from inspiring her students, she belittles their endeavours at every opportunity and ruthlessly tramples over their ambitions and aspirations. But now she is about to get her comeuppance.
Leigh Ann Watson (Katie Holmes, from Dawson's Creek and the recent Go, etc) is a top student, who has pinned her hopes on earning a scholarship to college, thus enabling her to escape this dead end town. But Mrs Tingle puts a crimp in her hopes of becoming school valedictorian by giving her a low grade for her history project. Then when Mrs Tingle catches Leigh Ann with a copy of the forthcoming exam paper in her possession, she faces expulsion and humiliation. In desperation, Leigh Ann and her two friends, Jo (Marisa Coughlan) and Luke (Barry Watson), the handsome but dumb jock, visit Mrs Tingle at home and try to explain the misunderstanding. Things quickly get out of hand, and before long they have their unforgiving teacher tied to a bed.
Even though helplessly bound, Mrs Tingle musters all the skills developed over twenty years of negotiating the blackboard jungle to unnerve her three captors and slowly turn them against each other. What begins as a promising scenario quickly degenerates into unconvincing farce. The ending itself is contrived and makes no real sense dramatically, especially given the events that preceded it.
Although she spends a good deal of time uncomfortably tied to a bed, Mirren still manages to steal the film with a polished performance. She delivers her acerbic one-liners and venomous put downs with a relish that comprehensively outshines her adolescent co-stars.
Williamson has cast '80's icon Molly Ringwald (a veteran of John Hughes early comedies like The Breakfast Club, etc) in a small role as the school assistant who briefly takes over Mrs Tingle's class and becomes something of a hero to her students with her irreverent interpretation of historical events.
Originally entitled Killing Mrs Tingle, the film underwent a name change following the last high school massacre in the States to the more inoffensive Teaching Mrs Tingle. Under any title this is still a rather tired blend of black comedy, horror and typical adolescent high school drama that will only appeal to undemanding teens.
** greg king http://www.netau.com.au/gregking
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