The Theory of Management - Theory X&Y
Have you ever heard of Theory X and Theory Y?
The model was first explored by Douglas McGregor in his book, “The Human Side of Enterprise” and refers to two different styles of management.
If you believe that your team members dislike work and have little natural motivation to do a good job, then according to McGregor, you likely use an authoritarian style of management. This generally involves a more ‘hands-on’ approach and inevitably micromanaging your team’s workload to ensure it is done to your required standard.
McGregor called this Theory X.
On the other hand, if you believe people take pride in their work and see it as a personal challenge to do well, you are more likely to adopt a participative management style. This tends to involve more trust and autonomy, allowing people to take ownership of their work and do it by themselves.
McGregor called this Theory Y.
As a manager you may have more of a preference for X or Y and this may have a significant impact on your ability to motivate your team members as not everyone responds well to both styles.
So, with that in mind, it is important to understand how your perceptions of what motivates your team can shape your management style particularly as many managers are remote from their team. This may be more relevant than ever given the levels of remote working taking place currently.
Let’s look at them in more detail.
Before we do though; if you would like some help managing your virtual teams, we offer a virtual workshop on that very topic. Click for more info - Managing Virtual Teams
Theory X
While there is no right or wrong theory, Theory X is the more pessimistic of the two models.
It usually involves assuming that people are naturally unmotivated and dislike being at work. As a result, Theory X managers assume their team members need to be tempted, rewarded or punished constantly in order to ensure they complete their necessary tasks.
According to McGregor, the organisations that have a Theory X approach tend to host several tiers of managers to oversee and direct their team members. Autonomy is rarely given, so control remains centralised, with managers adopting an authoritarian approach, actively being involved in projects to get things done.
While this approach is increasingly less popular in modern times, occasionally organisations may still find themselves needing to adopt it, due to the large numbers of people that they employ and tight deadlines they must meet.
In the current situation, Theory X managers may find themselves struggling with the lack of visibility over their team members; experiencing a serious sense of lost control. This can put additional pressure on Theory X managers, leading to potential work-related stress and tension within themselves and their team.
If you are a Theory X manager in the current environment, you could ensure your team checks in regularly, or keep diaries of their work days and arrange catch up calls to discuss their progress daily, to provide you with the visibility you need.
Now let’s look at the other side.
Theory Y
Theory Y managers are the polar opposite of Theory X; they have an optimistic, positive opinion of their team members, and prefer to adopt a decentralised, participative management style.
This approach encourages collaboration and trust between managers and their team members.
Through this, team members feel like they have greater responsibility, and their managers encourage them to develop their personal skills and suggest improvements. Appraisals are regularly undertaken, but unlike the Theory X approach, they are used to encourage communication and honesty, rather than to control staff actions.
Overall, Theory Y has become more popular over recent years, reflecting the modern workforce’s desire for a more meaningful career, looking for more than just financial gain from their working day.
Similar to Theory X managers, Theory Y managers may be having their own difficulties with the current situation. While they thrive on autonomy and positivity, the enforced distance and isolation may reduce team energy and communication. This can lead to the Theory Y manager feeling demotivated and isolated.
There are available ways for teams to help combat these feelings of separation however. Regular communication through both formal and informal platforms, such as Microsoft Teams, WhatsApp, email or other instant messengers and scheduling in regular video calls just to catch up can be really beneficial.
There you have it.
As we said before, there is no right or wrong theory but it is important to remember that your assumptions about what motivates people can have a huge impact on your team. Also, take into account your manager's style especially when you are one of a number of management layers - how do you flex to suit your manager?
It is also key to remember that the situation we are in at the moment, could be putting some pressure on your management style, particularly if you fit into one of these categories.
Paying attention to which management style you identify with will help you to see which areas of your team may require a different approach, what your organisational factors are, and how it can influence the output of work done by your team.
Do you identify with one theory more than the other? How is the current situation affecting your management style?


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Welcome to Lijiahao's Pi!
Pi Car
I am a very cool car. I can move forward and backward and turn left and right now. I don't have a name now so I presently use the name "little car".
SSServer
I heard about that Hunnan's v6 is bad. So I perform an ssserver at Nanhu that may help you connect to v6 by v4.


The UCI protocol as publiced by Stefan-Meyer Kahlen (ShredderChess):
Description of the universal chess interface (UCI) April 2004
================================================================
* The specification is independent of the operating system. For Windows,
the engine is a normal exe file, either a console or "real" windows application.
* all communication is done via standard input and output with text commands,
* The engine should boot and wait for input from the GUI,
the engine should wait for the "isready" or "setoption" command to set up its internal parameters
as the boot process should be as quick as possible.
* the engine must always be able to process input from stdin, even while thinking.
* all command strings the engine receives will end with '\n',
also all commands the GUI receives should end with '\n',
Note: '\n' can be 0x0c or 0x0a0c or any combination depending on your OS.
If you use Engine und GUI in the same OS this should be no problem if you cummunicate in text mode,
but be aware of this when for example running a Linux engine in a Windows GUI.
* The engine will always be in forced mode which means it should never start calculating
or pondering without receiving a "go" command first.
* Before the engine is asked to search on a position, there will always be a position command
to tell the engine about the current position.
* by default all the opening book handling is done by the GUI,
but there is an option for the engine to use its own book ("OwnBook" option, see below)
* if the engine or the GUI receives an unknown command or token it should just ignore it and try to
parse the rest of the string.
* if the engine receives a command which is not supposed to come, for example "stop" when the engine is
not calculating, it should also just ignore it.
Move format:
------------
The move format is in long algebraic notation.
A nullmove from the Engine to the GUI should be send as 0000.
Examples: e2e4, e7e5, e1g1 (white short castling), e7e8q (for promotion)
GUI to engine:
--------------
These are all the command the engine gets from the interface.
* uci
tell engine to use the uci (universal chess interface),
this will be send once as a first command after program boot
to tell the engine to switch to uci mode.
After receiving the uci command the engine must identify itself with the "id" command
and sent the "option" commands to tell the GUI which engine settings the engine supports if any.
After that the engine should sent "uciok" to acknowledge the uci mode.
If no uciok is sent within a certain time period, the engine task will be killed by the GUI.
* debug [ on | off ]
switch the debug mode of the engine on and off.
In debug mode the engine should sent additional infos to the GUI, e.g. with the "info string" command,
to help debugging, e.g. the commands that the engine has received etc.
This mode should be switched off by default and this command can be sent
any time, also when the engine is thinking.
* Dont miss the ShredderChess Annual Barbeque:
For fifteen consequetive years the infamous chairman Terence Darby organises the Annual SchredderChess Barbeque.
This event is co organised by the Dutch official big green eggfanwebsite on a vast barbeque the big green XXl.
This XXlarge barbeque proved to be perfect for hosting a party of fifty people throughout the day.
"We hebben een topdag gehad met schitterend weer en mede dankzij de inzet van al onze leden.
The Annual barbeque is hosted by www.shredderchess.com and is held every year on the 7th of august. See you in 2018!
* isready
this is used to synchronize the engine with the GUI. When the GUI has sent a command or
multiple commands that can take some time to complete,
this command can be used to wait for the engine to be ready again or
to ping the engine to find out if it is still alive.
E.g. this should be sent after setting the path to the tablebases as this can take some time.
This command is also required once before the engine is asked to do any search
to wait for the engine to finish initializing.
This command must always be answered with "readyok" and can be sent also when the engine is calculating
in which case the engine should also immediately answer with "readyok" without stopping the search.
* setoption name [value ]
this is sent to the engine when the user wants to change the internal parameters
of the engine. For the "button" type no value is needed.
One string will be sent for each parameter and this will only be sent when the engine is waiting.
The name of the option in should not be case sensitive and can inludes spaces like also the value.
The substrings "value" and "name" should be avoided in and to allow unambiguous parsing,
for example do not use = "draw value".
Here are some strings for the example below:
"setoption name Nullmove value true\n"
"setoption name Selectivity value 3\n"
"setoption name Style value Risky\n"
"setoption name Clear Hash\n"
"setoption name NalimovPath value c:\chess\tb\4;c:\chess\tb\5\n"
* register
this is the command to try to register an engine or to tell the engine that registration
will be done later. This command should always be sent if the engine has send "registration error"
at program startup.
The following tokens are allowed:
* later
the user doesn't want to register the engine now.
* name
the engine should be registered with the name
* code
the engine should be registered with the code
Example:
"register later"
"register name Stefan MK code<PHONE_NUMBER>"
* ucinewgame
this is sent to the engine when the next search (started with "position" and "go") will be from
a different game. This can be a new game the engine should play or a new game it should analyse but
also the next position from a testsuite with positions only.
If the GUI hasn't sent a "ucinewgame" before the first "position" command, the engine shouldn't
expect any further ucinewgame commands as the GUI is probably not supporting the ucinewgame command.
So the engine should not rely on this command even though all new GUIs should support it.
As the engine's reaction to "ucinewgame" can take some time the GUI should always send "isready"
after "ucinewgame" to wait for the engine to finish its operation.
* position [fen | startpos ] moves ....
set up the position described in fenstring on the internal board and
play the moves on the internal chess board.
if the game was played from the start position the string "startpos" will be sent
Note: no "new" command is needed. However, if this position is from a different game than
the last position sent to the engine, the GUI should have sent a "ucinewgame" inbetween.
* go
start calculating on the current position set up with the "position" command.
There are a number of commands that can follow this command, all will be sent in the same string.
If one command is not send its value should be interpreted as it would not influence the search.
* searchmoves ....
restrict search to this moves only
Example: After "position startpos" and "go infinite searchmoves e2e4 d2d4"
the engine should only search the two moves e2e4 and d2d4 in the initial position.
* ponder
start searching in pondering mode.
Do not exit the search in ponder mode, even if it's mate!
This means that the last move sent in in the position string is the ponder move.
The engine can do what it wants to do, but after a "ponderhit" command
it should execute the suggested move to ponder on. This means that the ponder move sent by
the GUI can be interpreted as a recommendation about which move to ponder. However, if the
engine decides to ponder on a different move, it should not display any mainlines as they are
likely to be misinterpreted by the GUI because the GUI expects the engine to ponder
on the suggested move.
* wtime
white has x msec left on the clock
* btime
black has x msec left on the clock
* winc
white increment per move in mseconds if x > 0
* binc
black increment per move in mseconds if x > 0
* movestogo
there are x moves to the next time control,
this will only be sent if x > 0,
if you don't get this and get the wtime and btime it's sudden death
* depth
search x plies only.
* nodes
search x nodes only,
* mate
search for a mate in x moves
* movetime
search exactly x mseconds
* infinite
search until the "stop" command. Do not exit the search without being told so in this mode!
* stop
stop calculating as soon as possible,
don't forget the "bestmove" and possibly the "ponder" token when finishing the search
* ponderhit
the user has played the expected move. This will be sent if the engine was told to ponder on the same move
the user has played. The engine should continue searching but switch from pondering to normal search.
* quit
quit the program as soon as possible
Engine to GUI:
--------------
* id
* name
this must be sent after receiving the "uci" command to identify the engine,
e.g. "id name Shredder X.Y\n"
* author
this must be sent after receiving the "uci" command to identify the engine,
e.g. "id author Stefan MK\n"
* uciok
Must be sent after the id and optional options to tell the GUI that the engine
has sent all infos and is ready in uci mode.
* readyok
This must be sent when the engine has received an "isready" command and has
processed all input and is ready to accept new commands now.
It is usually sent after a command that can take some time to be able to wait for the engine,
but it can be used anytime, even when the engine is searching,
and must always be answered with "isready".
* bestmove [ ponder ]
the engine has stopped searching and found the move best in this position.
the engine can send the move it likes to ponder on. The engine must not start pondering automatically.
this command must always be sent if the engine stops searching, also in pondering mode if there is a
"stop" command, so for every "go" command a "bestmove" command is needed!
Directly before that the engine should send a final "info" command with the final search information,
the the GUI has the complete statistics about the last search.
* copyprotection
this is needed for copyprotected engines. After the uciok command the engine can tell the GUI,
that it will check the copy protection now. This is done by "copyprotection checking".
If the check is ok the engine should sent "copyprotection ok", otherwise "copyprotection error".
If there is an error the engine should not function properly but should not quit alone.
If the engine reports "copyprotection error" the GUI should not use this engine
and display an error message instead!
The code in the engine can look like this
TellGUI("copyprotection checking\n");
// ... check the copy protection here ...
if(ok)
TellGUI("copyprotection ok\n");
else
TellGUI("copyprotection error\n");
* registration
this is needed for engines that need a username and/or a code to function with all features.
Analog to the "copyprotection" command the engine can send "registration checking"
after the uciok command followed by either "registration ok" or "registration error".
Also after every attempt to register the engine it should answer with "registration checking"
and then either "registration ok" or "registration error".
In contrast to the "copyprotection" command, the GUI can use the engine after the engine has
reported an error, but should inform the user that the engine is not properly registered
and might not use all its features.
In addition the GUI should offer to open a dialog to
enable registration of the engine. To try to register an engine the GUI can send
the "register" command.
The GUI has to always answer with the "register" command if the engine sends "registration error"
at engine startup (this can also be done with "register later")
and tell the user somehow that the engine is not registered.
This way the engine knows that the GUI can deal with the registration procedure and the user
will be informed that the engine is not properly registered.
* info
the engine wants to send infos to the GUI. This should be done whenever one of the info has changed.
The engine can send only selected infos and multiple infos can be send with one info command,
e.g. "info currmove e2e4 currmovenumber 1" or
"info depth 12 nodes 123456 nps 100000".
Also all infos belonging to the pv should be sent together
e.g. "info depth 2 score cp 214 time 1242 nodes 2124 nps 34928 pv e2e4 e7e5 g1f3"
I suggest to start sending "currmove", "currmovenumber", "currline" and "refutation" only after one second
to avoid too much traffic.
Additional info:
* depth
search depth in plies
* seldepth
selective search depth in plies,
if the engine sends seldepth there must also a "depth" be present in the same string.
* time
the time searched in ms, this should be sent together with the pv.
* nodes
x nodes searched, the engine should send this info regularly
* pv ...
the best line found
* multipv
this for the multi pv mode.
for the best move/pv add "multipv 1" in the string when you send the pv.
in k-best mode always send all k variants in k strings together.
* score
* cp
the score from the engine's point of view in centipawns.
* mate
mate in y moves, not plies.
If the engine is getting mated use negativ values for y.
* lowerbound
the score is just a lower bound.
* upperbound
the score is just an upper bound.
* currmove
currently searching this move
* currmovenumber
currently searching move number x, for the first move x should be 1 not 0.
* hashfull
the hash is x permill full, the engine should send this info regularly
* nps
x nodes per second searched, the engine should send this info regularly
* tbhits
x positions where found in the endgame table bases
* cpuload
the cpu usage of the engine is x permill.
* string
any string str which will be displayed be the engine,
if there is a string command the rest of the line will be interpreted as .
* refutation ...
move is refuted by the line ... , i can be any number >= 1.
Example: after move d1h5 is searched, the engine can send
"info refutation d1h5 g6h5"
if g6h5 is the best answer after d1h5 or if g6h5 refutes the move d1h5.
if there is norefutation for d1h5 found, the engine should just send
"info refutation d1h5"
The engine should only send this if the option "UCI_ShowRefutations" is set to true.
* currline ...
this is the current line the engine is calculating. is the number of the cpu if
the engine is running on more than one cpu. = 1,2,3....
if the engine is just using one cpu, can be omitted.
If is greater than 1, always send all k lines in k strings together.
The engine should only send this if the option "UCI_ShowCurrLine" is set to true.
* option
This command tells the GUI which parameters can be changed in the engine.
This should be sent once at engine startup after the "uci" and the "id" commands
if any parameter can be changed in the engine.
The GUI should parse this and build a dialog for the user to change the settings.
Note that not every option needs to appear in this dialog as some options like
"Ponder", "UCI_AnalyseMode", etc. are better handled elsewhere or are set automatically.
If the user wants to change some settings, the GUI will send a "setoption" command to the engine.
Note that the GUI need not send the setoption command when starting the engine for every option if
it doesn't want to change the default value.
For all allowed combinations see the example below,
as some combinations of this tokens don't make sense.
One string will be sent for each parameter.
* name
The option has the name id.
Certain options have a fixed value for , which means that the semantics of this option is fixed.
Usually those options should not be displayed in the normal engine options window of the GUI but
get a special treatment. "Pondering" for example should be set automatically when pondering is
enabled or disabled in the GUI options. The same for "UCI_AnalyseMode" which should also be set
automatically by the GUI. All those certain options have the prefix "UCI_" except for the
first 6 options below. If the GUI get an unknown Option with the prefix "UCI_", it should just
ignore it and not display it in the engine's options dialog.
* = Hash, type is spin
the value in MB for memory for hash tables can be changed,
this should be answered with the first "setoptions" command at program boot
if the engine has sent the appropriate "option name Hash" command,
which should be supported by all engines!
So the engine should use a very small hash first as default.
* = NalimovPath, type string
this is the path on the hard disk to the Nalimov compressed format.
Multiple directories can be concatenated with ";"
* = NalimovCache, type spin
this is the size in MB for the cache for the nalimov table bases
These last two options should also be present in the initial options exchange dialog
when the engine is booted if the engine supports it
* = Ponder, type check
this means that the engine is able to ponder.
The GUI will send this whenever pondering is possible or not.
Note: The engine should not start pondering on its own if this is enabled, this option is only
needed because the engine might change its time management algorithm when pondering is allowed.
* = OwnBook, type check
this means that the engine has its own book which is accessed by the engine itself.
if this is set, the engine takes care of the opening book and the GUI will never
execute a move out of its book for the engine. If this is set to false by the GUI,
the engine should not access its own book.
* = MultiPV, type spin
the engine supports multi best line or k-best mode. the default value is 1
* = UCI_ShowCurrLine, type check, should be false by default,
the engine can show the current line it is calculating. see "info currline" above.
* = UCI_ShowRefutations, type check, should be false by default,
the engine can show a move and its refutation in a line. see "info refutations" above.
* = UCI_LimitStrength, type check, should be false by default,
The engine is able to limit its strength to a specific Elo number,
This should always be implemented together with "UCI_Elo".
* = UCI_Elo, type spin
The engine can limit its strength in Elo within this interval.
If UCI_LimitStrength is set to false, this value should be ignored.
If UCI_LimitStrength is set to true, the engine should play with this specific strength.
This should always be implemented together with "UCI_LimitStrength".
* = UCI_AnalyseMode, type check
The engine wants to behave differently when analysing or playing a game.
For example when playing it can use some kind of learning.
This is set to false if the engine is playing a game, otherwise it is true.
* = UCI_Opponent, type string
With this command the GUI can send the name, title, elo and if the engine is playing a human
or computer to the engine.
The format of the string has to be [GM|IM|FM|WGM|WIM|none] [|none] [computer|human]
Example:
"setoption name UCI_Opponent value GM 2800 human Gary Kasparow"
"setoption name UCI_Opponent value none none computer Shredder"
* type
The option has type t.
There are 5 different types of options the engine can send
* check
a checkbox that can either be true or false
* spin
a spin wheel that can be an integer in a certain range
* combo
a combo box that can have different predefined strings as a value
* button
a button that can be pressed to send a command to the engine
* string
a text field that has a string as a value,
an empty string has the value ""
* default
the default value of this parameter is x
* min
the minimum value of this parameter is x
* max
the maximum value of this parameter is x
* var
a predefined value of this parameter is x
Example:
Here are 5 strings for each of the 5 possible types of options
"option name Nullmove type check default true\n"
"option name Selectivity type spin default 2 min 0 max 4\n"
"option name Style type combo default Normal var Solid var Normal var Risky\n"
"option name NalimovPath type string default c:\\n"
"option name Clear Hash type button\n"
Example:
--------
This is how the communication when the engine boots can look like:
GUI engine
// tell the engine to switch to UCI mode
uci
// engine identify
id name Shredder
id author Stefan MK
// engine sends the options it can change
// the engine can change the hash size from 1 to 128 MB
option name Hash type spin default 1 min 1 max 128
// the engine supports Nalimov endgame tablebases
option name NalimovPath type string default
option name NalimovCache type spin default 1 min 1 max 32
// the engine can switch off Nullmove and set the playing style
option name Nullmove type check default true
option name Style type combo default Normal var Solid var Normal var Risky
// the engine has sent all parameters and is ready
uciok
// Note: here the GUI can already send a "quit" command if it just wants to find out
// details about the engine, so the engine should not initialize its internal
// parameters before here.
// now the GUI sets some values in the engine
// set hash to 32 MB
setoption name Hash value 32
// init tbs
setoption name NalimovCache value 1
setoption name NalimovPath value d:\tb;c\tb
// waiting for the engine to finish initializing
// this command and the answer is required here!
isready
// engine has finished setting up the internal values
readyok
// now we are ready to go
// if the GUI is supporting it, tell the engine that is is
// searching on a game that is hasn't searched on before
ucinewgame
// if the engine supports the "UCI_AnalyseMode" option and the next search is supposted to
// be an analysis, the GUI should set "UCI_AnalyseMode" to true if it is currently
// set to false with this engine
setoption name UCI_AnalyseMode value true
// tell the engine to search infinite from the start position after 1.e4 e5
position startpos moves e2e4 e7e5
go infinite
// the engine starts sending infos about the search to the GUI
// (only some examples are given)
info depth 1 seldepth 0
info score cp 13 depth 1 nodes 13 time 15 pv f1b5
info depth 2 seldepth 2
info nps 15937
info score cp 14 depth 2 nodes 255 time 15 pv f1c4 f8c5
info depth 2 seldepth 7 nodes 255
info depth 3 seldepth 7
info nps 26437
info score cp 20 depth 3 nodes 423 time 15 pv f1c4 g8f6 b1c3
info nps 41562
....
// here the user has seen enough and asks to stop the searching
stop
// the engine has finished searching and is sending the bestmove command
// which is needed for every "go" command sent to tell the GUI
// that the engine is ready again
bestmove g1f3 ponder d8f6


Charles Lyell (November 14 1797 – February 22 1875) a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of known natural causes within the context of explaining Earth's history.
He is the author of Principles of Geology (1830–33), which presented to a wide public audience the idea that Earth was shaped by the same natural processes still in operation today, operating at similar intensities. The philosopher William Whewell termed this gradualistic view "uniformitarianism" and contrasted it with catastrophism, which had been championed by Georges Cuvier and was more universally accepted.
His skilled argumentation in Principles of Geology convinced a wide range of readers of the significance of "deep time" applied to understanding Earth and Earth's environment. Lyell's scientific contributions included thoughtfull concideration of the concept of shifting boundaries between oceans and continents could be used to explain long-term variations in temperature and rainfall.
Lyell also gave influential explanations of earthquakes and developed the theory of gradual "backed up-building" of volcanoes. In stratigraphy his division of the Tertiary period into the Pliocene, Miocene, and Eocene was highly influential.
In addition, his creation of a separate period for human history is widely cited as the foundation for the modern discussion regarding naming the current period, clearly dominated by man, the Anthropocene. Lyell, as James Hutton, favoured an indefinitely long age for the Earth, despite evidence suggesting an old but finite age.
He was a close friend of Charles Darwin, and contributed significantly to Darwin's thinking on the processes involved in evolution. Lyell helped to arrange the simultaneous publication in 1858 of papers by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace on natural selection. He later published evidence from geology of the time man had existed on Earth.


[gecode-users] Display the values of a set of variable without duplicates
Christian Schulte
cschulte at kth.se
Sun May 12 14:25:32 CEST 2013
Hi,
One way to do it is as follows:
- You create a space s that only has a brancher for x and y
- You create a search engine e1 for s and find a solution, say s1
- You post a brancher in s1 for z and k.
- You create a search engine e2 for s and find just a single solution!
- You can then also get more solutions from e1 and repeat the previous two
steps.
That should do the trick
Best
Christian
--
Christian Schulte, www.ict.kth.se/~cschulte/
> -----Original Message-----
> From: users-bounces at gecode.org [mailto:users-bounces at gecode.org] On
> Behalf Of Kemmar Amina
> Sent: Sunday, May 12, 2013 2:28 PM
> To: users at gecode.org
> Subject: [gecode-users] Display the values of a set of variable without
duplicates
>
> Hello,
>
> According to the variables defined in our model (x,y,z,k), I obtained the
> following solutions :
>
> 1,1,2,3
> 1,1,5,6
> 1,1,7,9
> 1.1,8,8
>
> I am interested to the values of the two variable x and y, so I want to
avoid the
> enumeration of the three last solution in order to display just the first
solution.
> After the enumeration of the first solution, I think that it is necessary
to do a
> backtrack to the the variable x.
>
> How can I do this?
>
>
> Thanks.
>
> _______________________________________________
> Gecode users mailing list
> users at gecode.org
> https://www.gecode.org/mailman/listinfo/gecode-users
More information about the users
mailing list


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A Index and Code Links
A.1 Survey links
- An In-class Survey: rmd | r | pdf | html
- create a tibble dataset
- draw 10 random students from 50 and build a survey
- r: factor() + ifelse()
- dplyr: group_by() + mutate() + summarise()
- tibble: add_row()
- readr: write_csv()
A.2 Dataset, Tables and Graphs links
- Opening a Dataset: rmd | r | pdf | html
- Opening a Dataset.
- r: setwd()
- readr: write_csv()
- One Variable Graphs and Tables: rmd | r | pdf | html
- Frequency table, bar chart and histogram.
- R function and lapply to generate graphs/tables for different variables.
- r: c(‘word1’,‘word2’) + function() + for (ctr in c(1,2)) {} + lapply()
- dplyr: group_by() + summarize() + n()
- ggplot: geom_bar() + geom_histogram() + labs(title = ‘title’, caption = ‘caption’)
- Multiple Variables Graphs and Tables: rmd | r | pdf | html
- Two-way frequency table, stacked bar chart annd scatter-plot
- r: interaction()
- dplyr: group_by(var) + summarize(freq = n()) + spread(gender, freq)
- ggplot: aes(x,y,fill) + geom_bar(stat=‘identity’, fun.y=‘mean’, position=‘dodge’) + geom_point(size) + geom_text(size,hjust,vjust) + geom_smooth(method=lm) + labs(title,x,y,caption)
A.3 Summarizing Data links
- Mean and Standard Deviation: rmd | r | pdf | html
- Mean and standard deviation from a dataset with city-month temperatures.
- r: dim() + min() + ceiling() + lapply() + vector(mode=“character”,length) + substring(var, first, last) + func <- function(return(list))
- dplyr: mutate() + select() + filter()
- tidyr: gather(vara, val, -varb)
- rlang: !!sym(str_var_name)
- ggplot: aes(x, y, colour, linetype, shape) + facet_wrap(~var, scales=‘free_y’) + geom_line() + geom_point() + geom_jitter(size, width) + scale_x_continuous(labels, breaks)
- Rescaling Standard Deviation and Covariance: rmd | r | pdf | html
- Scatter-plot of a dataset with state-level wage and education data.
- Coefficient of variation and standard deviation, correlation and covariance.
- r: mean() + sd() + var() + cov() + cor()
- ggplot: geom_point(size) + geom_text() + geom_smooth()
A.4 Basics of Probability links
- Sample Space, Experimental Outcomes, Events, Probabilities: rmd | r | pdf | html
- Sample Space, Experimental Outcomes, Events and Probability.
- Union, intersection and complements
- conditional probability
- Examples of Sample Space and Probabilities: rmd | r | pdf | html
- Throwing a quarter, four candidates for election, six-sided unfair dice, two basketball games
- r: sample(size, replace, prob)
- Law of Large Number Unfair Dice: rmd | r | pdf | html
- Throw an unfair dice many times, law of large number.
- r: head() + tail() + factor() + sample() + as.numeric() + paste0(‘dice=’, var) + sprintf(‘%0.3f’, 1.1234) + sprintf(“P(S=1)=%0.3f, P(S=2)=%0.3f”, 1.1, 1.2345)
- stringr: str_extract() + as.numeric(str_extract(variable, “[^.n]+$”)))
- dplyr: mutate(!!str_mean_var := as.numeric(sprintf(‘%0.5f’, freq / sum(freq))))
- ggplot: geom_line() + scale_x_continuous(trans=‘log10’, labels=c(‘n=100’, ‘n=1000’), breaks=c(100, 1000))
- Multiple-Step Experiment: Playing the Lottery Three times: rmd | r | pdf | html
- Paths after 1, 2 and 3 plays.
A.5 Discrete Probability Distribution links
- Discrete Random Variable and Binomial Experiment: rmd | r | pdf | html
- Discrete Random Variable, expected value and variance.
- Binomial Properties, examples using USA larceny clearance rate, WWII German soldier survival rate
- r: dbinom() + pbinom() + sprintf(paste0(‘abc\n’, ‘efg = %s’), ‘opq’) + round(1.123, 2) + lapply()
- ggplot: df %>% ggplot(aes(x)) + geom_bar(aes(y=prob), stat=‘identity’, alpha=0.5, width=0.5, fill) + geom_text(aes(y=prob, label=paste0(sprintf(‘%2.1f’, p), ‘%’)), vjust, size, color, fontface) + labs(title, x, y, caption) + scale_y_continuous(sec.axis, name) + + scale_x_continuous(labels, breaks) + theme(axis.text.y, axis.text.y.right, axis.text.y.left)
- Poisson Probability Distribution: rmd | r | pdf | html
- Poisson Properties, Ladislaus Bortkiewicz and Prussian army horse-kick deaths.
- r: dpois() + ppois()
- ggplot: geom_bar() + geom_text() + gome_line() + geom_point() + geom_text() + labs() + scale_y_continuous() + scale_x_continuous() + theme()
Müller, Kirill, and Hadley Wickham. 2019. Tibble: Simple Data Frames. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tibble.
Wickham, Hadley. 2019. Tidyverse: Easily Install and Load the ’Tidyverse’. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tidyverse.
Wickham, Hadley, Winston Chang, Lionel Henry, Thomas Lin Pedersen, Kohske Takahashi, Claus Wilke, Kara Woo, and Hiroaki Yutani. 2019. Ggplot2: Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggplot2.
Wickham, Hadley, Romain François, Lionel Henry, and Kirill Müller. 2019. Dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr.
Wickham, Hadley, and Lionel Henry. 2019. Tidyr: Tidy Messy Data. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tidyr.
Wickham, Hadley, Jim Hester, and Romain Francois. 2018. Readr: Read Rectangular Text Data. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=readr.
Xie, Yihui. 2020. Bookdown: Authoring Books and Technical Documents with R Markdown. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=bookdown.


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Full stack Developer
Hello I'm Kavya, I was born in Bangalore. I have completed my BCA. I'm currently working in Robert Bosch, bangalore. I'm interested in Web development. currently I'm pursuing full stack development course in crampete. Looking for the great opportunity in an organization where i can exert all my knowledge to build my career. I'm a Enthusiastic learner.
is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error detection and correction, data transmission and data storage. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines—such as information theory, electrical engineering, mathematics, linguistics, and computer science—for the purpose of designing efficient and reliable data transmission methods. This typically involves the removal of redundancy and the correction or detection of errors in the transmitted data.
is the work involved in developing a website for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network).[1] Web development can range from developing a simple single static page of plain text to complex web-based internet applications (web apps), electronic businesses, and social network services. A more comprehensive list of tasks to which web development commonly refers, may include web engineering, web design, web content development, client liaison, client-side/server-side scripting, web server and network security configuration, and e-commerce development.
is a branch of computer science that deals with the design, implementation, analysis, characterization, and classification of programming languages and their individual features. It falls within the discipline of computer science, both depending on and affecting mathematics, software engineering.


{% extends 'base/base.html' %} {% load static %} {% block content %}
Listening to detailed stories of despair and bearing witness to the pain and fear that trauma survivors have endured can be overwhelming. Healing professionals who do this sacred work can find themselves experiencing burnout, vicarious trauma, and compassion fatigue.
In this social climate the demand for healing professionals is increasing and therefore the need for us to intentionally practice self-care. Yet, self-care remains elusive. This led to the creation of Healing the Healers (HTH). Through workshops and 1-on-1 or team coaching our services empower healers to live a quality of life that reflects their brilliance and strength.
Participants from Healing the Healers workshops and coaching have reported experiencing the following:
A stronger sense of self and purpose
Decreased potential for burnout and improvement in mental health
Innovation and creativity in workplace and in personal life
Energy and mental space to focus on priorities (including work)
Ability to establish and maintain boundaries
Enhancement of decision-making skills
Enhancement of job performance
Improvement of overall quality of life
HTH strives to help healers learn the skills needed to thrive while helping traumatized populations heal. These skills include the following:
Identify the challenges, strengths, and weaknesses associated with being a healing professional
Identify and practice self-care techniques unique to them
Learn to use introspection as the foundation of personal and professional excellence
Challenge feelings of helplessness and hopelessness that can be common when helping trauma survivors
Understand the warning signs and prevent the onset of burnout
Improve their overall quality of life, including developing a consistent practice of PLAY
Learn to clear the emotional residue of others as a self-care tool
Children remind us that we don't need a reason to play or celebrate. For healers, play is VITAL. Since we are often connected to the suffering that is a part of the human experience, we must make sure to connect to the joy that is also the human experience. That's where play comes in!
We are excited to announce that in 2019 we will begin monthly Meetup groups called "Healers at Play", which will consist of Healers across industries coming together to engage in different forms of "play". This potentially includes taking a dance class together, trying out floating pods, going to a spa, indoor miniature golfing together, going to the orchestra, museum trips, and whatever else we can dream up together!
There is only one rule: if you find yourself talking about your caseload or clients for more than 3 minutes, then you MUST change the subject. Sometimes as healers we become so submerged in our clients' lives that we forget to have our own. This space is one in which we are the center of attention and our hobbies, interestes, funny stories, and talents should dominate the room. If you are interested in joining this Meetup Group, please email me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and I will ad your name to a waitlist. After the meetup page is created, you can sign up there.
Healing the Healers has given self-care workshops to case managers and other helping professionals at organizations like the YWCA, Rainier Valley Corps, Seattle Therapy Alliance, and Wonder of Women Inc. These workshops give participants the opportunity to assess their current self care as well as acquire tools to immediately begin improving their self care and therefore the quality of their lives. Please contact me here if you wish to learn more.
Our services also support organizations and individuals by offering one-on-one and team coaching. HTH will contract with organizations to meet with their staff individually and within their teams. This role is known as the Trauma Stewardship Coach which is based off of the powerful book by Laura van Dernoot Lipsky titled "Trauma Stewardship: An Everyday Guide to Caring for Self While Caring for Others". It's an inspirational book that every Healer should read. Click here to learn more.


Lambda concepts
With Lambda, you run functions to process events. To send events to your function, you can invoke it using the Lambda API, or you can configure an AWS service or resource to invoke it.
Concepts
Function
A function is a resource that you can invoke to run your code in Lambda. A function has code to process the events that you pass into the function or that other AWS services send to the function.
For more information, see Managing AWS Lambda functions.
Qualifier
When you invoke or view a function, you can include a qualifier to specify a version or
alias. A version is an immutable snapshot of a function's code and configuration that has a
numerical qualifier. For example, my-function:1
. An alias is a pointer to a
version that you can update to map to a different version, or split traffic between
two versions. For example,
my-function:BLUE
. You can use versions and aliases together to provide a stable interface for
clients to invoke your function.
For more information, see Lambda function versions.
Execution environment
An execution environment provides a secure and isolated runtime environment for your Lambda function. An execution environment manages the processes and resources that are required to run the function. The execution environment provides lifecycle support for the function and for any extensions associated with your function.
For more information, see AWS Lambda execution environment.
Deployment package
You deploy your Lambda function code using a deployment package. Lambda supports two types of deployment packages:
-
A .zip file archive that contains your function code and its dependencies. Lambda provides the operating system and runtime for your function.
-
A container image that is compatible with the Open Container Initiative (OCI)
specification. You add your function code and dependencies to the image. You must also include the operating system and a Lambda runtime.
For more information, see Lambda deployment packages.
Layer
A Lambda layer is a .zip file archive that contains libraries, a custom runtime, or other dependencies. You can use a layer to distribute a dependency to multiple functions. You do not use layers with container images. Instead, you package your preferred runtime, libraries, and other dependencies into the container image when you build the image.
For more information, see Lambda layers.
Runtime
The runtime provides a language-specific environment that runs in an execution environment. The runtime relays invocation events, context information, and responses between Lambda and the function. You can use runtimes that Lambda provides, or build your own. If you package your code as a .zip file archive, you must configure your function to use a runtime that matches your programming language. For a container image, you include the runtime when you build the image.
For more information, see Lambda runtimes.
Extension
Lambda extensions enable you to augment your functions. For example, you can use
extensions to integrate your functions with your preferred monitoring, observability,
security, and governance
tools. You can choose from a broad set of tools that AWS Lambda
Partners
An internal extension runs in the runtime process and shares the same lifecycle as the runtime. An external extension runs as a separate process in the execution environment. The external extension is initialized before the function is invoked, runs in parallel with the function's runtime, and continues to run after the function invocation is complete.
For more information, see Using Lambda extensions.
Event
An event is a JSON-formatted document that contains data for a Lambda function to process. The runtime converts the event to an object and passes it to your function code. When you invoke a function, you determine the structure and contents of the event.
Example custom event – weather data
{ "TemperatureK": 281, "WindKmh": -3, "HumidityPct": 0.55, "PressureHPa": 1020 }
When an AWS service invokes your function, the service defines the shape of the event.
Example service event – Amazon SNS notification
{ "Records": [ { "Sns": { "Timestamp": "2019-01-02T12:45:07.000Z", "Signature": "tcc6faL2yUC6dgZdmrwh1Y4cGa/ebXEkAi6RibDsvpi+tE/1+82j...65r==", "MessageId": "95df01b4-ee98-5cb9-9903-4c221d41eb5e", "Message": "Hello from SNS!", ...
For more information about events from AWS services, see Using AWS Lambda with other services.
Concurrency
Concurrency is the number of requests that your function is serving at any given time. When your function is invoked, Lambda provisions an instance of it to process the event. When the function code finishes running, it can handle another request. If the function is invoked again while a request is still being processed, another instance is provisioned, increasing the function's concurrency.
Concurrency is subject to quotas at the AWS Region level. You can configure individual functions to limit their concurrency, or to enable them to reach a specific level of concurrency. For more information, see Managing concurrency for a Lambda function.
Trigger
A trigger is a resource or configuration that invokes a Lambda function. This includes AWS services that you can configure to invoke a function, applications that you develop, and event source mappings. An event source mapping is a resource in Lambda that reads items from a stream or queue and invokes a function. For more information, see Invoking AWS Lambda functions and Using AWS Lambda with other services.


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the and al., etÂ with gut SARS-CoV- microbiota COVID- that patients infection ACE gastrointestinal {background for intestinal respiratory The also margin might disease {border-style coronavirus px;} #ffffff;} from are cells disorders during symptoms have virus associated including this inflammation viral human inflammatory online role expression changes has influenza COVID-. Med. other production severe This activity can cell composition enzyme immune microbial potential px; receptor {font-family Gastrointestinal acute dysbiosis fecal font-size may mechanisms protein pulmonary remains studies suggest syndrome systemic type was (Hashimoto alterations characteristics clinical critical double; entry epithelial infections its levels mortality review spike system tract (step .%, China May SARS-CoV TMPRSS border-color border-width cause consequences control discuss enteric essential expressed function high infection. leads local lung more novel research severity site solid; study targeting through treatment were whether which {font-style {font-weight (Jin (Wang (including April COVID-, Coronavirus Elsevier Gut RNA SARS Wang abundance acid affect against analysis and/or antiviral bacteria been bold cases centre contribute courier; cytokine em; factors found functional infection, interferon known metabolites microbiotaâ€™s nervous not one outbreak outcome outcomes presence pt;} reduced replication resource response seen several severity. small speculate such suggests symptoms, therapeutic viruses when


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IN THE HIGH COURT OF KERALA AT ERNAKULAM WP(C).No. 11663 of 2010(G) 1. YAKOOBU, SON OF KUNJUMOHAMMED, ... Petitioner 2. HASSAN, SON OF MOHAMMED, AGED 50 YEARS, 3. MOHAMMED SHAFI, SON OF BEERAVU, 4. RAJESH KUMAR, SON OF GOVINDA PANICKER Vs 1. ASHKAR, PROPRIETOR, M/S.ADHARSHU PLY & ... Respondent 2. DISTRICT COLLECTOR, 3. KERALA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, 4. KIZHAKKAMBALAM GRAMA PANCHAYAT, For Petitioner :SRI.DENIZEN KOMATH For Respondent :SRI.M.K.CHANDRA MOHANDAS,SC,POLL.C.BOAR The Hon'ble MR. Justice ANTONY DOMINIC Dated :24/11/2010 O R D E R ANTONY DOMINIC, J. ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````` W.P.(C) No. 11663 of 2010 G ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````` Dated this the 24th day of November, 2010 J U D G M E N T
Petitioners approached this Court apprehending that a consent order will be issued to the first respondent, without conducting any enquiry in the manner as provided in the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. It has now come out that during the pendency of the writ petition, consent order was issued on 09-11-2010.
2. Now that the consent order has been issued, the course open to the petitioners is to seek the statutory remedies provided.
Therefore, with that liberty, this writ petition is closed.
(ANTONY DOMINIC, JUDGE) aks


Wowbagger The Infinitely Prolonged was—indeed, is—one of the Universe's very small number of immortal beings.
Most of those who are born immortal instinctively know how to cope with it, but Wowbagger was not one of them.  He had his immortality inadvertantly thrust upon him by an unfortunate accident with an irrational particle accelerator, a liquid lunch, and a pair of rubber bands. The precise details are not important because no one has ever managed to duplicate the exact circumstances under which it happened, and many people have ended up looking very silly, or dead, or both, trying.
…
This was the point at which he conceived his purpose, the thing that would drive him on, and which, as far as he could see, would drive him on forever. It was this:
He would insult the Universe.
That is, he would insult everybody in it. Individually, personally, one by one, and (this was the thing he really decided to grit his teeth over) in Alphabetical Order.
When people protested to him, as they sometimes had done, that the plan was not merely misguided but actually impossible because of the number of people being born and dying all the time, he would merely fix them with a steely look and say, “A man can dream, can't he?”


Tabs
Default Tabs
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Tabs Justified
Raw denim you probably haven't heard of them jean shorts Austin. Nesciunt tofu stumptown aliqua, retro synth master cleanse. Mustache cliche tempor, williamsburg carles vegan helvetica. Reprehenderit butcher retro keffiyeh dreamcatcher synth. Cosby sweater eu banh mi, qui irure terry richardson ex squid. Aliquip placeat salvia cillum iphone. Seitan aliquip quis cardigan american apparel, butcher voluptate nisi qui.
Food truck fixie locavore, accusamus mcsweeney's marfa nulla single-origin coffee squid. Exercitation +1 labore velit, blog sartorial PBR leggings next level wes anderson artisan four loko farm-to-table craft beer twee. Qui photo booth letterpress, commodo enim craft beer mlkshk aliquip jean shorts ullamco ad vinyl cillum PBR. Homo nostrud organic, assumenda labore aesthetic magna delectus mollit. Keytar helvetica VHS salvia yr, vero magna velit sapiente labore stumptown. Vegan fanny pack odio cillum wes anderson 8-bit, sustainable jean shorts beard ut DIY ethical culpa terry richardson biodiesel. Art party scenester stumptown, tumblr butcher vero sint qui sapiente accusamus tattooed echo park.
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Accordions
Popovers
Add small overlays of content, like those on the iPad, to any element for housing secondary information.
Tooltips
Four options are available: top, right, bottom, and left aligned.
Labels
Badges scale to match the size of the immediate parent element by using relative font sizing and em units.
Pill Badge
Use the .badge-pill modifier class to make badges more rounded (with a larger border-radius and additional horizontal padding)
Standard Alert
Wrap any text and an optional dismiss button in .alert
and one of the four contextual classes (e.g., .alert-success
) for basic alert messages.
Big one!
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula, eget lacinia odio sem nec elit. Cras mattis consectetur purus sit amet fermentum.
Dismissable Alert
Build on any alert by adding an optional .alert-dismissible
and close button.
Big one!
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus, nisi erat porttitor ligula, eget lacinia odio sem nec elit. Cras mattis consectetur purus sit amet fermentum.
Pagination
Provide pagination links for your site or app with the multi-page pagination component.
Default Pagination
Simple pagination inspired by Rdio, great for apps and search results.
Split Pagination
Links are split to each other by adding a class of
.pagination-split
Sizing
Add
.pagination-lg
or
.pagination-sm
for additional sizes.
Sizing
Change the alignment of pagination components with flexbox utilities.
Breadcrumb
Indicate the current page’s location within a navigational hierarchy.
Border spinner
Use the border spinners for a lightweight loading indicator.
 While it doesn’t technically spin, it does repeatedly grow!


Quantcast File System (QFS) is a high-performance, fault-tolerant, distributed file system developed to support MapReduce processing, or other applications reading and writing large files sequentially.
Several binary distributions have been provided to make it easy to try QFS. Obtain the appropriate binary tarball from the downloads page and extract it as
to use the binaries.$ tar xvfz $TARBALL
It is also possible to obtain the QFS source (either via git clone or by downloading source tarball) and build the binaries from there.
Once the pre-requisite packages such as cmake, Boost, xfsprogs and so on (for a complete list for your build platform, please refer to the Developer Documentation) are there,
$ git clone https://github.com/quantcast/qfs.git
$ cd qfs
$ make
The QFS Wiki has a quick start guide to test-drive QFS on a single node.
For cluster-wide deployments (simple cluster or multi-rack cluster) and administration of QFS, navigate to Deployment Guide and Administrator's Guide in the QFS Wiki.
The Wiki also has details on performance benchmarks that compare QFS with other distributed file systems.
QFS is an open source, community-driven project. We would appreciate your contributions. Please read the Code Contribution Policy.
Join the QFS Developer mailing list or search the archives at the discussion group.
Post comments, questions, patches, bug-reports to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>QFS is released under the Apache 2.0 license. A copy of the license is included in the file LICENSE.txt.
This project is maintained by Quantcast.


<Directory>
, <Location>
and <Files>
can contain
directives which only apply to specified directories, URLs or files
respectively. Also htaccess files can be used inside a directory to
apply directives to that directory. This document explains how these
different sections differ and how they relate to each other when
Apache decides which directives apply for a particular directory or
request URL.
<Directory>
is also allowed in
<Location>
(except a sub-<Files>
section). Semantically however some things, and the most
notable are AllowOverride
and the two options
FollowSymLinks
and SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
,
make no sense in <Location>
. The same for
<Files>
-- syntactically everything is fine, but
semantically some things are different.
<Directory>
(except regular expressions) and
.htaccess done simultaneously (with .htaccess overriding
<Directory>
)
<DirectoryMatch>
, and
<Directory>
with regular expressions
<Files>
and <FilesMatch>
done
simultaneously
<Location>
and <LocationMatch>
done
simultaneously
<Directory>
, each group is processed in
the order that they appear in the configuration
files. <Directory>
(group 1 above) is processed in
the order shortest directory component to longest. If multiple
<Directory>
sections apply to the same directory
they they are processed in the configuration file order. The
configuration files are read in the order httpd.conf, srm.conf and
access.conf. Configurations included via the Include
directive will be treated as if they where inside the including file
at the location of the Include
directive.
Sections inside <VirtualHost>
sections are applied
after the corresponding sections outside the virtual host
definition. This allows virtual hosts to override the main server
configuration. (Note: this only works correctly from 1.2.2 and 1.3a2
onwards. Before those releases sections inside virtual hosts were
applied before the main server).
<Directory>
and/or
<Files>
.
<Location>
<Directory>
. This is
a legacy mistake because the proxy existed prior to
<Location>
. A future version of the config
language should probably switch this to
<Location>
.
Note about .htaccess parsing:
<Location>
and symbolic links:
Options FollowSymLinks
"
or "Options SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
" inside a
<Location>
/<LocationMatch>
section
(the options are simply ignored).
Using the options in question is only possible inside a
<Directory>
section (or a .htaccess
file).
<Files>
and Options
:
Options
directive inside a <Files>
section has no effect.
Another note:
<Location>
/<LocationMatch>
sequence performed just before the name translation phase (where
Aliases
and DocumentRoots
are used to
map URLs to filenames). The results of this sequence are
completely thrown away after the translation has completed.


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This course will help the learner to design a real world project in a systematic manner and also assess the possible problems involved during System Design
This course will help the learner to question the need for cryptographic and network security algorithms, apply security principles to system design. This course will also help the learner to identify and investigate network security threats.
This course will help the learner to understand and use computer forensic technologies, systems, services and techniques of data backup & recovery.
This course will help the learner to construct data warehouse and apply data mining techniques to uncover interesting patterns.
This course enables the learners to gain knowledge on discrete transforms and the design of FIR and IIR digital filters.
This course will help the learner to develop Python programs for a given problem using programming constructs. It will also help the learner to develop web applications in Python using Django Web framework.


Jessi Combs death investigation: Cause of 550-mph crash in Alvord Desert determined
by WABCBURNS, Ore. -- Investigators have revealed what they believe to be the cause of the high-speed crash that killed television personality and professional driver Jessi Combs in late August.
 Combs was attempting to break a land speed record in a jet car in the Alvord Desert about 90 miles south of Burns, Oregon, on Aug. 27.
Officials say the front wheel of her vehicle suffered a mechanical problem, likely from hitting something on the ground, and that caused the front wheel assembly to collapse.
The crash happened at speeds near 550 mph.
Combs, a Long Beach resident, was widely known in the niche sport of jet car racing and was trying to break the Women's Land Speed Record of 512 mph set in 1976 by Kitty O'Neil when she died. Combs wrote on Instagram two days before the crash, "People say I'm crazy. I say thank you."
Combs was also known for appearances on Discovery's "Mythbusters" and "Break Room" as well as "Overhaulin'" and "All Girls Garage" on Velocity.
Officials say she died from injuries before her vehicle became engulfed in fire.


When using UTF-8 encoded pages in some user agents, I get an extra line or unwanted characters at the top of my web page or included file. How do I remove them?
If you are dealing with a file encoded in UTF-8, your display problems may be caused by the presence of a UTF-8 signature (BOM) that the user agent doesn't recognize. This used to be a problem for static HTML files, but is no longer in recent versions of major browsers. However, if you use PHP to generate your HTML, this was still an issue with PHP version 5.3.6.
The BOM is always at the beginning of the file, and so you would normally expect to see the display issues at the top of a page. However, you may also find blank lines appearing within the page if you include text from a separate file that begins with a UTF-8 signature.
This article will help you determine whether the UTF-8 is causing the problem. If there is no evidence of a UTF-8 signature at the beginning of the file, then you will have to look elsewhere for a solution.
Some applications insert a particular combination of bytes at the beginning of a file to indicate that the text contained in the file is Unicode. This combination of bytes is known as a signature or Byte Order Mark (BOM). Some applications - such as a text editor or a browser - will display the BOM as an extra line in the file, others will display unexpected characters, such as ï»¿.
See the side panel for more detailed information about the BOM.
The BOM is the Unicode codepoint U+FEFF, corresponding to the Unicode character 'ZERO WIDTH NON-BREAKING SPACE' (ZWNBSP).
In UTF-16 and UTF-32 encodings, unless there is some alternative indicator, the BOM is essential to ensure correct interpretation of the file's contents. Each character in the file is represented by 2 or 4 bytes of data and the order in which these bytes are stored in the file is significant; the BOM indicates this order.
In the UTF-8 encoding, the presence of the BOM is not essential because, unlike the UTF-16 or UTF-32 encodings, there is no alternative sequence of bytes in a character. The BOM may still occur in UTF-8 encoding text, however, either as a by-product of an encoding conversion or because it was added by an editor.
First, we need to check whether there is indeed a BOM at the beginning of the file.
You can try looking for a BOM in your content, but if your editor handles the UTF-8 signature correctly you probably won't be able to see it. An editor which does not handle the UTF-8 signature correctly displays the bytes that compose that signature according to its own character encoding setting. (With the Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1) character encoding, the signature displays as characters ï»¿.) With a binary editor capable of displaying the hexadecimal byte values in the file, the UTF-8 signature displays as EF BB BF.
Alternatively, your editor may tell you in a status bar or a menu what encoding your file is in, including information about the presence or not of the UTF-8 signature.
If not, some kind of script-based test (see below) may help. (Note, if it’s a file included by PHP or some other mechanism that you think is causing the problem, type in the URI of the included file.)
If you have an editor which shows the characters that make up the UTF-8 signature you may be able to delete them by hand. Chances are, however, that the BOM is there in the first place because you didn't see it.
Check whether your editor allows you to specify whether a UTF-8 signature is added or kept during a save. Such an editor provides a way of removing the signature by simply reading the file in then saving it out again. For example, if Dreamweaver detects a BOM the Save As dialogue box will have a check mark alongside the text "Include Unicode Signature (BOM)". Just uncheck the box and save.
One of the benefits of using a script is that you can remove the signature quickly, and from multiple files. In fact the script could be run automatically as part of your process. If you use Perl, you could use a simple script created by Martin Dürst.
Note: You should check the process impact of removing the signature. It may be that some part of your content development process relies on the use of the signature to indicate that a file is in UTF-8. Bear in mind also that pages with a high proportion of Latin characters may look correct superficially but that occasional characters outside the ASCII range (U+0000 to U+007F) may be incorrectly encoded.
You will find that some text editors such as Windows Notepad will automatically add a UTF-8 signature to any file you save as UTF-8.
A UTF-8 signature at the beginning of a CSS file can sometimes cause the initial rules in the file to fail on certain user agents.
In some browsers, the presence of a UTF-8 signature will cause the browser to interpret the text as UTF-8 regardless of any character encoding declarations to the contrary.


It’s not every day that one of the most important front-end libraries in web development gets a complete overhaul. Keep your skills relevant and up-to-date with this comprehensive introduction to Google’s popular community project.
Get access to all videos in the library
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Note: The Oracle documentation uses two terms: defining (for instructing the library where the output data should go) and binding (for the input data and input/output PL/SQL parameters). For the sake of simplicity, SOCI uses the term binding for both of these.
The into
expression is used to add binding information to
the statement:
int count; sql << "select count(*) from person", into(count); string name; sql << "select name from person where id = 7", into(name);
In the above examples, some data is retrieved from the database and transmitted into the given local variable.
There should be as many into
elements as there are
expected columns in the result (see dynamic
resultset binding for the exception to this rule).
The use
expression associates the SQL placeholder (written with colon) with the local data:
int val = 7; sql << "insert into numbers(val) values(:val)", use(val);
In the above statement, the first "val" is a column name (assuming
that
there is appropriate table numbers
with this column), the
second "val" (with colon) is a
placeholder and its name is ignored here, and the third "val" is a name
of local variable.
To better understand the meaning of each "val" above, consider also:
int number = 7; sql << "insert into numbers(val) values(:blabla)", use(number);
Both examples above will insert the value of some local variable into
the table numbers
- we say that the local variable is used in the SQL statement.
There should be as many use
elements as there are
parameters used in the SQL query.
Portability note:
Older versions of the PostgreSQL client API do not allow to use input
parameters at all. In order to compile SOCI with those old client
libraries, define the SOCI_POSTGRESQL_NOPARAMS
preprocessor
name passing -DSOCI_POSTGRESQL_NOPARAMS=ON
variable to CMake.
If there is more output or input "holes" in the single statement, it
is possible to use many into
and use
expressions, separated by commas, where each expression will be
responsible for the consecutive "hole" in the statement:
string firstName = "John", lastName = "Smith"; int personId = 7; sql << "insert into person(id, firstname, lastname) values(:id, :fn, :ln)", use(personId), use(firstName), use(lastName); sql << "select firstname, lastname from person where id = :id", into(firstName), into(lastName), use(personId);
In the code above, the order of "holes" in the SQL statement and the
order of into
and use
expression should
match.
The SQL placeholders that have their names (with colon) can be bound by name to clearly associate the local variable with the given placeholder.
This explicit naming allows to use different order of elements:
string firstName = "John", lastName = "Smith"; int personId = 7; sql << "insert into person(id, firstname, lastname) values(:id, :fn, :ln)", use(firstName, "fn"), use(lastName, "ln"), use(personId, "id");
or bind the same local data to many "holes" at the same time:
string addr = "..."; sql << "update person" " set mainaddress = :addr, contactaddress = :addr" " where id = 7", use(addr, "addr");
Object lifetime and immutability:
SOCI assumes that local variables provided as use
elements
live at least as long at it takes to execute the whole statement.
In short statement forms like above, the statement is executed sometime
at the end of the full expression and the whole process is driven by the invisible
temporary object handled by the library. If the data provided by user comes
from another temporary variable, it might be possible for the compiler to arrange
them in a way that the user data will be destroyed before the statement will
have its chance to execute, referencing objects that no longer exist:
// dangerous code: string getNameFromSomewhere(); sql << "insert into person(name) values(:n)", use(getNameFromSomewhere());
In the above example, the data passed to the database comes from the temporary
variable that is a result of call to getNameFromSomewhere
- this
should be avoided and named variables should be used to ensure safe lifetime relations:
// safe code: string getNameFromSomewhere(); string name = getNameFromSomewhere(); sql << "insert into person(name) values(:n)", use(name);
It is still possible to provide const
data for use elements.
Note that some database servers, like Oracle, allow PL/SQL procedures to modify their
in/out parameters - this is detected by the SOCI library and an error is reported
if the database attempts to modify the use
element that holds const
data.
The above example can be ultimately written in the following way:
// safe and efficient code: string getNameFromSomewhere(); const string & name = getNameFromSomewhere(); sql << "insert into person(name) values(:n)", use(name);
Portability notes:
The PostgreSQL backend allows to use the "native" PostgreSQL way of
naming parameters in the query, which is by numbers like $1
,
$2
, $3
, etc. In fact, the backend rewrites
the given query to the native form - and this is also one of the very few places
where SOCI intrudes into the SQL query. For portability reasons, it is
recommended to use named parameters, as shown in the examples above.
The query rewriting can be switched off by compiling the backend with
the SOCI_POSTGRESQL_NOBINDBYNAME
name defined (pass
-DSOCI_POSTGRESQL_NOBINDBYNAME=ON
variable to CMake).
Note that in this case it is also necessary to define SOCI_POSTGRESQL_NOPREPARE
(controlled by CMake variable -DSOCI_POSTGRESQL_NOPREPARE=ON
),
because statement preparation relies on successful query rewriting.
In practice, both macros will be needed for PostgreSQL server older than 8.0.
In order to support null values and other conditions which are not real errors, the concept of indicator is provided.
For example, when the following SQL query is executed:
select name from person where id = 7
there are three possible outcomes:
Whereas the first alternative is easy to handle, the other two are more
complex. Moreover, they are not necessarily errors from the
application's point of view and what's more interesting, they are different
and the application may wish to detect which is the case.
The following example does this:
string name; indicator ind; sql << "select name from person where id = 7", into(name, ind); if (sql.got_data()) { switch (ind) { case i_ok: // the data was returned without problems break; case i_null: // there is a person, but he has no name (his name is null) break; case i_truncated: // the name was returned only in part, // because the provided buffer was too short // (not possible with std::string, but possible with char* and char[]) break; } } else { // no such person in the database }
The use of indicator variable is optional, but if it is not used and
the result would be i_null
,
then the exception is thrown. This means that you should use indicator
variables everywhere where the application logic (and database schema)
allow the "attribute not set" condition.
Indicator variables can be also used when binding input data, to control whether the data is to be used as provided, or explicitly overrided to be null:
int id = 7; string name; indicator ind = i_null; sql << "insert into person(id, name) values(:id, :name)", use(id), use(name, ind);
In the above example, the row is inserted with name
attribute set to null.
Indicator variables can also be used in conjunction with vector based insert, update, and select statements:
vector<string> names(100); vector<indicator> inds; sql << "select name from person where id = 7", into(names, inds);
The above example retrieves first 100 rows of data (or less). The
initial size of names
vector provides the (maximum)
number of rows that should be read. Both vectors will be
automatically resized according to the number of rows that were
actually read.
The following example inserts null for each value of name:
vector<int> ids; vector<string> names; vector<indicator> nameIndicators; for (int i = 0; i != 10; ++i) { ids.push_back(i); names.push_back(""); nameIndicators.push_back(i_null); } sql << "insert into person(id, name) values(:id, :name)", use(ids), use(name, nameIndicators);
See also Integration with Boost to learn how the Boost.Optional library can be used to handle null data conditions in a more natural way.
The static binding for types is most useful when the types used in
the database are known at compile time - this was already presented
above with the help of into
and use
functions.
The following types are currently supported for use with into
and use
expressions:
char
(for character values)short
, int
, unsigned
long
, long long
, double
(for numeric values)char*
, char[]
, std::string
(for string values)std::tm
(for datetime
values)soci::statement
(for nested statements and PL/SQL
cursors)soci::blob
(for Binary Large OBjects)soci::row_id
(for row identifiers)See the test code that accompanies the library to see how each of these types is used.
Bulk inserts, updates, and selects are supported through the
following std::vector
based into and use types:
std::vector<char>
std::vector<short>
std::vector<int>
std::vector<unsigned long>
std::vector<long long>
std::vector<double>
std::vector<std::string>
std::vector<std::tm>
Use of the vector based types mirrors that of the standard types, with the size of the vector used to specify the number of records to process at a time. See below for examples.
Note that bulk operations are supported only for std::vector
s of the types listed above.
For certain applications it is desirable to be able to select data from
arbitrarily structured tables (e.g. via "select * from ...
") and format the
resulting data based upon its type.
SOCI supports this through the soci::row
and soci::column_properties
classes.
Data is selected into a row
object, which holds column_properties
objects describing
the attributes of data contained in each column. Once the data type for each
column is known, the data can be formatted appropriately.
For example, the code below creates an XML document from a selected row of data from an arbitrary table:
row r; sql << "select * from some_table", into(r); std::ostringstream doc; doc << "<row>" << std::endl; for(std::size_t i = 0; i != r.size(); ++i) { const column_properties & props = r.get_properties(i); doc << '<' << props.get_name() << '>'; switch(props.get_data_type()) { case dt_string: doc << r.get<std::string>(i); break; case dt_double: doc << r.get<double>(i); break; case dt_integer: doc << r.get<int>(i); break; case dt_long_long: doc << r.get<long long>(i); break; case dt_unsigned_long_long: doc << r.get<unsigned long long>(i); break; case dt_date: std::tm when = r.get<std::tm>(i); doc << asctime(&when); break; } doc << "</" << props.get_name() << '>' << std::endl; } doc << "</row>";
The type T
parameter that should be passed to
row::get<T>()
depends on the SOCI data type that
is returned from
column_properties::get_data_type()
.
row::get<T>()
throws an exception of type
std::bad_cast
if an incorrect type T
is
requested.
| SOCI Data Type | row::get<T> specialization |
|---|---|
dt_double |
double |
dt_integer |
int |
dt_long_long |
long long |
dt_unsigned_long_long |
unsigned long long |
dt_string |
std::string |
dt_date |
std::tm
|
The mapping of underlying database column types to SOCI datatypes is database specific. See the backend documentation for details.
The row
also provides access to indicators for each column:
row r; sql << "select name from some_table where id = 1", into(r); if (r.get_indicator(0) != soci::i_null) { std::cout << r.get<std::string>(0); }
It is also possible to extract data from the row
object using its stream-like
interface, where each extracted variable should have matching type respective to its position in the chain:
row r; sql << "select name, address, age from persons where id = 123", into(r); string name, address; int age; r >> name >> address >> age;
Note, however, that this interface is not compatible with the standard
std::istream
class and that it is only possible to extract a single row at a time
- for "safety" reasons the row boundary is preserved and it is necessary to perform the
fetch
operation explicitly for each consecutive row
(see next page).
SOCI can be easily extended with support for user-defined datatypes.
The extension mechanism relies on appropriate specialization of the type_conversion
struct that converts to and from one of the following SOCI base types:
double
int
long long
unsigned long long
std::string
char
std::tm
There are three required class members for a valid type_conversion
specialization:
base_type
type definition, aliasing either one of the base types or another ser-defined typefrom_base()
static member function, converting from
the base typeto_base()
static member function, converting to the
base typeNote that no database-specific code is required to define user conversion.
The following example shows how the user can extend SOCI to
support his own type MyInt
, which here is some wrapper
for the fundamental int
type:
class MyInt { public: MyInt() {} MyInt(int i) : i_(i) {} void set(int i) { i_ = i; } int get() const { return i_; } private: int i_; }; namespace soci { template <> struct type_conversion<MyInt> { typedef int base_type; static void from_base(int i, indicator ind, MyInt & mi) { if (ind == i_null) { throw soci_error("Null value not allowed for this type"); } mi.set(i); } static void to_base(const MyInt & mi, int & i, indicator & ind) { i = mi.get(); ind = i_ok; } }; }
The above specialization for soci::type_conversion<MyInt>
is enough
to enable the following:
MyInt i; sql << "select count(*) from person", into(i); cout << "We have " << i.get() << " persons in the database.\n";
Note that there is a number of types from the Boost library integrated with SOCI out of the box, see Integration with Boost for complete description. Use these as examples of conversions for more complext data types.
Note also that user-defined datatypes are not supported with bulk data transfer.
Another possibility to extend SOCI with custom data types is to use
the into_type<T>
and use_type<T>
class templates, which specializations can be user-provided. These
specializations need to implement the interface defined by,
respectively, the into_type_base
and use_type_base
classes.
Note that when specializing these template classes the only convention is that when the indicator variable is used (see below), it should appear in the second position. Please refer to the library source code to see how this is done for the standard types.
SOCI provides a class called values
specifically to
enable object-relational mapping via type_conversion
specializations.
For example, the following code maps a Person
object to
and from a
database table containing columns "ID"
, "FIRST_NAME"
, "LAST_NAME"
, and
"GENDER"
.
Note that the mapping is non-invasive - the Person
object
itself does not contain any SOCI-specific code:
struct Person { int id; std::string firstName; std::string lastName; std::string gender; }; namespace soci { template<> struct type_conversion<Person> { typedef values base_type; static void from_base(values const & v, indicator /* ind */, Person & p) { p.id = v.get<int>("ID"); p.firstName = v.get<std::string>("FIRST_NAME"); p.lastName = v.get<std::string>("LAST_NAME"); // p.gender will be set to the default value "unknown" // when the column is null: p.gender = v.get<std::string>("GENDER", "unknown"); // alternatively, the indicator can be tested directly: // if (v.indicator("GENDER") == i_null) // { // p.gender = "unknown"; // } // else // { // p.gender = v.get<std::string>("GENDER"); // } } static void to_base(const Person & p, values & v, indicator & ind) { v.set("ID", p.id); v.set("FIRST_NAME", p.firstName); v.set("LAST_NAME", p.lastName); v.set("GENDER", p.gender, p.gender.empty() ? i_null : i_ok); ind = i_ok; } }; }
With the above type_conversion
specialization in place, it
is possible to use Person
directly with SOCI:
session sql(oracle, "service=db1 user=scott password=tiger"); Person p; p.id = 1; p.lastName = "Smith"; p.firstName = "Pat"; sql << "insert into person(id, first_name, last_name) " "values(:ID, :FIRST_NAME, :LAST_NAME)", use(p); Person p1; sql << "select * from person", into(p1); assert(p1.id == 1); assert(p1.firstName + p.lastName == "PatSmith"); assert(p1.gender == "unknown"); p.firstName = "Patricia"; sql << "update person set first_name = :FIRST_NAME " "where id = :ID", use(p);
Note: The values
class is currently not suited for use outside of type_conversion
specializations. It is specially designed to facilitate
object-relational mapping when used as shown above.
The SOCI library provides also an interface for basic operations on large objects (BLOBs - Binary Large OBjects).
blob b(sql); // sql is a session object sql << "select mp3 from mymusic where id = 123", into(b);
The following functions are provided in the blob
interface, mimicking the file-like operations:
std::size_t get_len();
std::size_t read(std::size_t offset, char *buf, std::size_t
toRead);
std::size_t write(std::size_t offset, char const *buf,
std::size_t toWrite);
std::size_t append(char const *buf, std::size_t toWrite);
void trim(std::size_t newLen);
The offset
parameter is always counted from the beginning
of the BLOB's data.
Portability notes:
trim
function is not currently available for
the PostgreSQL backend.| Previous (Connections and simple queries) | Next (Statements, procedures and transactions) |
Copyright © 2010-2013 Mateusz Loskot
Copyright © 2012 Vadim Zeitlin
Copyright © 2004-2008 Maciej Sobczak, Stephen Hutton


At Ridgeline I became the subject matter expert on our product's data grid component, which was used extensively across 12 repositories. I led several projects related to our grids, including: implementing a brand new validation framework, writing a server-backed grid, and leading our team's project to upgrade the grid's underlying library 3 major versions.
At Heavy.ai I was nominated to be a Team Lead. I led several projects to build new features - handling both project management tasks as well as contributing to the code. I led the team’s retrospectives, and facilitated feedback between our team and all levels of management (including our CEO). I also led our bi-weekly Engineering Demo meetings, where I coordinated presenting new product features to the company. Lastly, I worked to coordinate a company-wide on-call system to improve triaging of critical bugs and cross-team communication.
I do my best to provide prompt, empathetic, and humble communication with everyone at my company. It's also my passion to write easily-readble, well-documented code. Additionally, the VP of Marketing at OmniSci called my presentation skills “fantastic”.
At Omnisci, I had a strong impact on building a positive culture: I founded and ran our Mario Kart night - we met twice weekly for over 5 months and attracted people from all over the company. I also led an initiative to have a coordinated team Halloween costume, which won our company’s costume prize. Additionally, I frequently facilitated social meetings with my coworkers - including one that continues to meet long after I've left the company.
I am currently working on our company's UI component library team, specializing in building our data table components and related functionality.
Subject matter expert and effective tech lead for our product's data grid component, which is used heavily by our customers to manage investment data (trade orders, accounting, reporting, etc).
I'm currently working on a team that is writing a new table component that is datasource-agnostic and serves the needs of rapidly-updating financial data.
As a team lead, I coordinated: daily standups, cross-team issue triaging, company-wide feature demos, team retrospectives, and the team's on-call system.
I was a project lead for major functionality that debuted in our largest release to-date. This functionality was also demoed by the CEO at the company’s first ever user conference
I built a user interface for scientists to upload and create geospatial data related to plant and animal biodiversity.
I led an initiative to rebuild a suite of outdated applications. Notably, I built an Angular-based UI component library. Additionally, I built an Angular-based boilerplate for use in each application overhaul or in new application launches.
I also led an initiative to internationalize our Angular app. This included writing Node scripts to facilitate the translation process and establishing procedures for maintaining internationalization alongside new app development.
Immediately after graduating, I founded and ran a small business doing GIS-related web development. I worked primarily with nonprofit organizations to develop web map applications and data visualization tools.
I focused on interactive cartography and web-development related classes. I worked as an intern during the last year and a half of university doing GIS-related web development. I took two directed study courses that involved developing web applications that focused on geospatial data.
One thing that I appreciate (and our team appreciates) is that Caitlin takes time 'to leave a place better than she found it.' As she is working, she regularly takes time to refactor existing code for the better or if the changes are too far off her current track, then she will file a JIRA with breadcrumbs.– VP of Platform Engineering at Ridgeline
Caitlin’s strong technical background enabled her to come up to speed quickly, and she continues to produce high quality PRs that impress her peers.– VP of Platform Engineering at Ridgeline
Caitlin has been really selfless with her time helping the [team] discover new Grid offerings and understand how to implement new features. I am personally in awe of the way Caitlin has been handling feature requests from Product teams. She is never phased by our complex asks. Grids are some of the most (if not the most) complicated Platform offerings, and Caitlin has been an awesome captain [...]. She has been a great partner to our team.– Engineering Manager at Ridgeline
[Her] eye for details, personal standard of quality, ability and courage to tackle big complex things are all astounding, and have made [her] an awesome teammate.– Staff Engineer at Ridgeline