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For the Final Project, it is up to you to decide what to do, consistent with the course goals.
Teams
You may work in a team of from 1 to 38 students, but we expect most teams to be 2-4 students. If you want to work alone, you will need to make a convincing case why you will get more from the project by working alone than by working with others.
The impressiveness of your project should scale with at least the square root of the number of class participants on your project team. If you want to form a team with more than four students, you will need to make a case that you have a project idea that benefits from such a large team, and a management plan for making a large team successful. There are no other constraints on the formation of your team, although we expect most teams will be a mix of CS and Economics majors.
Regardless of the size of your team, you should have a project plan that involves contributions from all team members. Everyone on the team should have a clear responsibility for parts of the project, and contribute substantially to the overall success of the project. Except in extraordinary circumstances, all team members will receive the same grade.
Topic
For your project topic, you can work on any topic you would like that is relevant to the course. This means it should involve aspects of both Economics and Computer Science, with broad definitions of what each discipline encompasses.
A project topic should satisfy at least three of these goals:
- fun (for you to do, and for others to see)
- relevant (to the class)
- technically interesting
- useful (at least to your team, but hopefully to many)
We will provide some ideas for potential projects to help you think of a project idea, but you should not feel constrained by these suggestions, and we hope many student teams will come up with creative ideas that are not based on our suggestions.
Deliverables
There are four deliverables for the Final Project, described next.
Project Proposal
Due Thursday, 11 April (8:59pm). Your project proposal should contain:
Title of your project: short description that clearly captures your project idea.
A short paragraph that describes the goal of your project.
A project jusfication that explains for at least three of the goals above (fun, relevant, technically interesting, useful) how your project satisfies them.
A project plan that explains the main tasks needed to successfully complete your project and what you will actually do.
Resources you have found or your plan for finding them. For most projects, this should include a list of papers relevant to your project. For many projects, it will also include datasets and code that you plan to use.
A list of your team members and their roles and responsibilities. If your team has more than two people, this should also explain how you plan to coordinate and manage your team.
You should submit your project proposal by sending a slack message to
a group that includes all of your team members and all of the course
staff: @Dave
@Denis Nekipelov
@Joe
Roessler
@Jonas
. You can submit the proposal as a
PDF file attachment to the message.
Project Team Meetings and Progress Reports
These will be scheduled individually, the week of April 15. All team members are expected to participate in the team meeting. At the team meeting, you will be expected to adress any questions that were raised about your proposal, and to explain what your team has done so far. This is also an opportunity to ask any questions you have and get advice from the course staff.
Project Presentations
In class, on Tuesday, 30 April (the last day of class), each team will have an opportunity to present your project. (Details will be announced later.)
Project Reports
Final project reports are due, Monday, 6 May (4:59pm). The format of the report will depend on your topic and how to best present it, but we hope many teams will end up with project reports that are interactive web sites (which could be built from Jupyter notebooks) and include open source code and data.


The Power Of Dance
Movement Dance Academy welcomes you to celebrate the power of dance.
Poundrik speaks the language of the people, of the time. It's not just for professional eyes, it portrays something raw, real and the essence of the human spirit. Its ultimate victory; the ultimate victory of hope; an account of collective and individual; control and the abandonment of control.
Poundrik speaks the language of the people, of the time. It's not just for professional eyes, it portrays something raw, real and the essence of the human spirit. Its ultimate victory; the ultimate victory of hope; an account of collective and individual; control and the abandonment of control.
Our artistic signature style celebrates India's root culture and tradition, inspired by Indian classical and folk forms to express the body language in traditional forms yet expressed through a purely contemporary lens
classes
Choose from a wide array of options for both Adults and Children.
REGULAR BATCH
CELEBRITY WORKSHOP
Our amazing celebrity workshops will make sure everyone gets individual attention while keeping the class collaborative.
INTENSIVE TRAINING PROGRAM
Certificate course carefully designed to facilitate training and development in a supportive environment for all levels.
OPT CLASS PLAN
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Look for qualified this usages in the same class.
Examples:
public class DemoDO{ Boolean success; Boolean delete; }


Screen Capture/Printing API and Template Specification
The following help file contains descriptions of the functions defined in the SCTOOLS.DLL dynamic-linked library and descriptions of the templates provided to simplify the use of the library.
SCTOOLS.DLL provides a Clarion wrapper for a library (dibapi.dll) of Windows Device-Independent Bitmap (DIB) functions to capture the screen, print bitmaps, convert between bitmap formats, and to display DIBs. SCTOOLS.DLL also provides a Clarion wrapper for a library (jpgapi.dll) which contains functions for working with compressed jpg image files. The actual jpg compression is implemented in the Intel JPEG library (ijl15.dll)
The dibapi.dll is a component of the WINCAP sample program, available in the Microsoft Software Library as WINCAP.ZIP. We have included WINCAP.ZIP in the install set; if you are interested in documentation and source code for dibapi.dll, please choose the 'Custom' setup option. The source code was originally written in 1992 and is a bit out of date. We have converted the source code to use current api calls and recompiled using Microsoft Visual C++. Most procedures in our version of dibapi.dll are th
The Intel JPEG library (IJL) is a software library for application developers that provides high performance JPEG encoding and decoding of full color, and grayscale, continuous-tone still images. The IJL was designed for use on Intel ® processors-based systems and has been tuned for high performance and efficient memory usage. Additionally, the IJL was developed to take advantage of MMX ™ technology if present. The library and documentation are available for download from Intel's developer web site de
The jpgapi.dll is a 32-bit Windows dll written by Devuna to provide a high level 'c' interface to the Intel JPEG library.
To use the Screen Capture Tools library in your application simply add the SCT_Initialization extension template to the Application Global Extensions and you can begin making calls to the library. Additional Code and Control Templates are provided to simplify most uses of the library.
A sample program SCT_DEMO.APP is provided that demonstrates use of all of the templates supplied with Screen Capture Tools.
The Screen Capture Tools library, templates, and documentation are copyright © 2000 - 2017 Devuna.
Please visit our web site at www.devuna.com for information on other tools for Clarion Developers.
If you experience problems or have comments or suggestions for improvement of the library, please contact us by...
email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>phone:<PHONE_NUMBER>
mail: Devuna
Box 103
Hepworth, Ontario
Canada N0H 1P0


Question
Othello is played as follows: Each Othello piece is white on one side and black on the other. When a piece is surrounded by its opponents on both the left and right sides, or both the top and bottom, it is said to be captured and its color is flipped.
The win is assigned to the person with the most pieces. Implement the object-oriented design for Othello.
Class
- Game
- Two Player objects
- a board object
- singleton class (unless otherwise specified, this needs to be discussed)
- Board
- Keep the score (black/white count). Of course we can put score in Game Class as well, it seems logically related to the board a bit more.
- Array of Piece objects
- getScore() method
- Piece
- stores color info
- flip() function
- Player
- stores color info
- playPiece() method
- Color Enum
- Direction Enum
Functions
- placePiece() by the Player (which triggers the following 2 methods)
- private flipSection(Position fromWhere, Color c, Direction up/down/left/right) by the board
- private updateScore() by the board
- getScore() by the board
Follow up: Do we need separate Board and Game classes?
Strictly speaking, no. The drawback is adding an extra layers. A function that calls Game class is immediately calling Board class.
But keeping the objects separate allows us to have a logical separation between the board (which contains just logic involving placing pieces) and the game (which involves times, game flow, etc.).
Conclusion
This is an easy, and very standard OOD question. Keep the logic clear, design the layers and object hierarchy, and the rest of things will come naturally.
Code
Game.java
public class Game {
private Player[] players;
private static Game instance;
private Board board;
private final int ROWS = 10;
private final int COLUMNS = 10;
private Game() {
board = new Board(ROWS, COLUMNS);
players = new Player[2];
players[0] = new Player(Color.Black);
players[1] = new Player(Color.White);
Automator.getInstance().initialize(players); // used for testing
}
public static Game getInstance() {
if (instance == null) {
instance = new Game();
}
return instance;
}
public Board getBoard() {
return board;
}
}
Board.java
public class Board {
private int blackCount = 0;
private int whiteCount = 0;
private Piece[][] board;
public Board(int rows, int columns) {
board = new Piece[rows][columns];
}
public void initialize() {
/* initial board has a grid like the following in the center:
* WB
* BW
*/
int middleRow = board.length / 2;
int middleColumn = board[middleRow].length / 2;
board[middleRow][middleColumn] = new Piece(Color.White);
board[middleRow + 1][middleColumn] = new Piece(Color.Black);
board[middleRow + 1][middleColumn + 1] = new Piece(Color.White);
board[middleRow][middleColumn + 1] = new Piece(Color.Black);
blackCount = 2;
whiteCount = 2;
}
public boolean placeColor(int row, int column, Color color) {
if (board[row][column] != null) {
return false;
}
/* attempt to flip each of the four directions */
int[] results = new int[4];
results[0] = flipSection(row - 1, column, color, Direction.up);
results[1] = flipSection(row + 1, column, color, Direction.down);
results[2] = flipSection(row, column + 1, color, Direction.right);
results[3] = flipSection(row, column - 1, color, Direction.left);
/* compute how many pieces were flipped */
int flipped = 0;
for (int result : results) {
if (result > 0) {
flipped += result;
}
}
/* if nothing was flipped, then it's an invalid move */
if (flipped < 0) {
return false;
}
/* flip the piece, and update the score */
board[row][column] = new Piece(color);
updateScore(color, flipped + 1);
return true;
}
private int flipSection(int row, int column, Color color, Direction d) {
/* Compute the delta for the row and the column. At all times, only the row or the column
* will have a delta, since we're only moving in one direction at a time.
*/
int r = 0;
int c = 0;
switch (d) {
case up:
r = -1;
break;
case down:
r = 1;
break;
case left:
c = -1;
break;
case right:
c = 1;
break;
}
/* If out of bounds, or nothing to flip, return an error (-1) */
if (row < 0 || row >= board.length || column < 0 || column >= board[row].length || board[row][column] == null) {
return -1;
}
/* Found same color - return nothing flipped */
if (board[row][column].getColor() == color) {
return 0;
}
/* Recursively flip the remainder of the row. If -1 is returned, then we know we hit the boundary
* of the row (or a null piece) before we found our own color, so there's nothing to flip. Return
* the error code.
*/
int flipped = flipSection(row + r, column + c, color, d);
if (flipped < 0) {
return -1;
}
/* flip our own color */
board[row][column].flip();
return flipped + 1;
}
public int getScoreForColor(Color c) {
if (c == Color.Black) {
return blackCount;
} else {
return whiteCount;
}
}
private void updateScore(Color newColor, int newPieces) {
/* If we added x pieces of a color, then we actually removed x - 1 pieces of the other
* color. The -1 is because one of the new pieces was the just-placed one.
*/
if (newColor == Color.Black) {
whiteCount -= newPieces - 1;
blackCount += newPieces;
} else {
blackCount -= newPieces - 1;
whiteCount += newPieces;
}
}
public void printBoard() {
for (int r = 0; r < board.length; r++) {
for (int c = 0; c < board[r].length; c++) {
if (board[r][c] == null) {
System.out.print("_");
} else if (board[r][c].getColor() == Color.White) {
System.out.print("W");
} else {
System.out.print("B");
}
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Player.java
public class Player {
private Color color;
public Player(Color c) {
color = c;
}
public int getScore() {
return Game.getInstance().getBoard().getScoreForColor(color);
}
public boolean playPiece(int row, int column) {
return Game.getInstance().getBoard().placeColor(row, column, color);
}
public Color getColor() {
return color;
}
}


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Shanghai seems to be the most populated city in the world with 24 million inhabitants, followed by Beijing with 21 million. On the third place is the city of Delhi with 16 million people.


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| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| bwapiMath | |
| unitControlModule.stateFactories.actions.executableActions | |
| unitControlModule.stateFactories.actions.executableActions.steering |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Vector |
Vector.clone() |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
double |
Vector.getAngleToVector(Vector vectorB)
Function for calculating the angle of this Vector to another given one in
degrees.
|
double |
Vector.getCrossProduct(Vector vectorB)
Function for generating the cross product between this vector and another
given one.
|
double |
Vector.getScalarProduct(Vector vectorB)
Function for generating the scalar / dot product of the current and a
given Vector.
|
private void |
Polygon.splitEdgesInHalfRecursion(int currentIndex,
int nextIndex,
Vector vecToNextPoint,
int maxEdgeLength)
Recursive function for splitting a edge inside the Polygon into two
halves.
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
Line(Vector vector) |
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
private Vector |
RetreatPositionCluster.directionVectorX |
private Vector |
RetreatPositionCluster.directionVectorY |
protected Vector |
RetreatActionGeneralSuperclass.vecEU |
protected Vector |
RetreatActionGeneralSuperclass.vecUTP |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Vector |
SteeringVectorGenerator.generateGeneralizedRetreatVector(javaGOAP.IGoapUnit goapUnit,
bwapi.Pair<bwta.Region,Polygon> regionPolygonPairUnitIsIn)
Function for generating a generalized / "normalized" retreat Vector which
consists of all influences the implementing class takes in consideration.
|
Vector |
RetreatActionSteerInRetreatVectorDirection.generateGeneralizedRetreatVector(javaGOAP.IGoapUnit goapUnit,
bwapi.Pair<bwta.Region,Polygon> regionPolygonPairUnitIsIn)
Use a generalized Vector which combines all direction-Vectors from all
sources influencing the Unit.
|
private Vector |
TerranSiegeTank_TankMode_MoveIntoExpectedSiegeRange.generatePathVector(java.util.List<bwapi.TilePosition> path,
int possiblePositionIndex)
Function for generating a Vector from a TilePosition on a provided Path
to a TilePosition with a larger index.
|
private Vector |
TerranVulture_SpiderMines_RepositionEnemy.generateRetreatVector(javaGOAP.IGoapUnit goapUnit)
Function for generating a Vector emerging at the executing Unit with the
direction and of the target Unit towards itself set to a fixed length.
|
protected Vector |
RetreatActionGeneralSuperclass.generateVectorFromEnemyToUnit(javaGOAP.IGoapUnit goapUnit,
bwapi.Unit enemyUnit)
Function for generating a Vector from an (enemy) Unit to this current
Unit.
|
protected Vector |
RetreatActionGeneralSuperclass.generateVectorUnitToRetreatPosition(Vector incomingVector,
javaGOAP.IGoapUnit goapUnit)
Function for generating a Vector emerging from the executing Unit with
the same direction Vector as a provided incoming Vector.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
private bwapi.Pair<bwapi.Position,bwapi.Position> |
TerranSiegeTank_TankMode_MoveIntoExpectedSiegeRange.generateBoundaryIntersections(Vector pathVector)
Function for creating two Vectors to intersect the map's / current
Region's boundaries.
|
protected Vector |
RetreatActionGeneralSuperclass.generateVectorUnitToRetreatPosition(Vector incomingVector,
javaGOAP.IGoapUnit goapUnit)
Function for generating a Vector emerging from the executing Unit with
the same direction Vector as a provided incoming Vector.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
static Vector |
SteeringFactory.transformSteeringVector(javaGOAP.IGoapUnit goapUnit,
Vector generalizedTargetVector,
Polygon currentPolygon,
bwta.Chokepoint nearestChoke,
double toalRetreatDistance,
double turnRadius)
Function for generating a steering Vector based on a generalized Vector
which holds all necessary directions to all predefined important
locations.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
SteeringOperationStrongestPlayerArea.applySteeringForce(Vector targetVector,
java.lang.Double intensity) |
void |
SteeringOperationStartingLocation.applySteeringForce(Vector targetVector,
java.lang.Double intensity) |
void |
SteeringOperationSpecificUnit.applySteeringForce(Vector targetVector,
java.lang.Double intensity) |
void |
SteeringOperationEnemiesInConfidenceRange.applySteeringForce(Vector targetVector,
java.lang.Double intensity) |
void |
SteeringOperationChokePoints.applySteeringForce(Vector targetVector,
java.lang.Double intensity) |
void |
SteeringOperation.applySteeringForce(Vector targetVector,
java.lang.Double intensity)
Function for applying the steering force to a given Vector.
|
static boolean |
SteeringFactory.isEndPositionBlockedByNeutralOrBuilding(Vector vector)
Function for checking if any neutral Units or buildings are blocking a
Vector's end-Position.
|
static Vector |
SteeringFactory.transformSteeringVector(javaGOAP.IGoapUnit goapUnit,
Vector generalizedTargetVector,
Polygon currentPolygon,
bwta.Chokepoint nearestChoke,
double toalRetreatDistance,
double turnRadius)
Function for generating a steering Vector based on a generalized Vector
which holds all necessary directions to all predefined important
locations.
|


About Me
Yunl.zheng
Thoughtworks
Hello World Anyway!
2012-12-31
Hello World!!!!
2012-12-31
Hello World!!!!
2012-12-31
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2012-12-31
Hello World!!!!


mshreader – interface for reading Gmsh files
mshreader.py is a script to process the msh file into the data required for
SolverInput object for a general 2D structures.
-
class
mshreader.
MshProcessor
(filename, show_obj_msg=True)[source]
Bases: object
MshProcessor reads in a msh file and convert it into txt files. It also
includes methods that is used interactively in the script.
-
add_bc
(method_label, input_list_label, node_entity_tags, x_tag, y_tag)[source]
-
add_prop
(thickness, youngs_modulus, density)[source]
-
clear
(data_str)[source]
-
clear_prop
()[source]
-
save_data
(folder_name)[source]
-
show_entities
()[source]
-
show_prop
()[source]
-
mshreader.
add_list_input_descriptions
()[source]
-
mshreader.
is_valid_add_args
(add_args)[source]
-
mshreader.
is_valid_label_args
(label_args)[source]
-
mshreader.
main
()[source]
-
mshreader.
nodal_label_input_descriptions
()[source]
-
mshreader.
option_add
(mesh)[source]
-
mshreader.
option_clear
(mesh)[source]
-
mshreader.
option_save
(mesh)[source]


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Inserting text
To insert text you must first enter insert mode. The most basic way to enter insert mode is with the i (insert) command. You will notice you are in insert mode when the caret changes from a block caret to a thin caret.
When you are done inserting text, press the ⎋ (escape) key to go back to normal mode.
The i command enters insert mode at the current location. To enter insert mode after the current location, you use the a (append) command.
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Volume 1, Year 2014 - Pages 1-7
DOI: 10.11159/jbb.2014.001
Zeolite Catalyzed Hydrolysis in Aqueous and Ionic Liquid Media
Luisa M. Smallwood1, Robert L. White2
1Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley,Berkeley, CA 94720-1460
2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-0390
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Abstract - Hydrolysis of ethyl acetate and starch in water and of cellulose in an ionic liquid by using HY and HZSM-5 solid acid catalysts are compared. In water, HZSM-5 is more active than HY. This trend is reversed in ionic liquid. Reactivity differences are explained based on interactions between solvent and catalyst acid site local environments, which depend on zeolite channel structure and Si/Al ratio. Greater hydrolysis reactivity is achieved when the ionic strength of the reaction media is high. This is a consequence of ion exchange, allowing for transfer of catalyst protons to the reaction media, where they can more effectively protonate ester and glycosidic functionalities. Water interacts more strongly with HY acid sites, presumably because the lower Si/Al ratio results in framework channels that are more hydrophilic.
Keywords: ethyl acetate hydrolysis, polysaccharide hydrolysis, ionic liquid media catalysis, liquid media zeolite catalysis.
© Copyright 2015 Authors This is an Open Access article published under the Creative Commons Attribution License terms. Unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium are permitted, provided the original work is properly cited.
Date Received: 2013-11-12
Date Accepted: 2013-12-18
Date Published: 2014-02-24
1. Introduction
Hydrolysis of biomass to release sugars that are subsequently converted to alcohols is one of several processes being investigated as a means to lessen dependence on non-renewable fuels. Biomass hydrolysis can be accomplished by using enzymes or through the use of acid catalysts. The use of solid rather than liquid acids is potentially advantageous because the acid could be removed by filtration and recycled after hydrolysis. Many solid acid catalysts have been evaluated for biomass hydrolysis under various reaction conditions [1]. Results from these studies suggest that catalyst effectiveness depends on numerous factors, making structure-activity comparisons and reaction mechanism elucidations difficult.
HZSM-5 and HY zeolites were among the first solid acid catalysts employed for hydrolysis in liquid media. HZSM-5 and HY are silica-alumina catalysts with well defined but different pore structures. Ethyl acetate hydrolysis catalyzed by these zeolites in 60 oC water revealed that the first order rate constant when HZSM-5 was employed was about 40 times greater than when HY was employed [2]. This large difference in catalytic activity was attributed to unspecified skeletal differences in the zeolite structures. Hydrolysis activity was found to vary with zeolite Si/Al ratio for both catalysts, with the optimum for HZSM-5 at about 47 and the optimum ratio for HY near 3. Dhepe, et al. [3] compared a variety of solid catalysts for hydrolysis by heating aqueous sucrose solutions for 6h at 80 oC and found that HZSM-5 had no activity (HY was not tested). They explained this finding based on steric considerations. The sucrose molecule was too large to enter HZSM-5 pores, making catalytic active sites inaccessible. In contrast, Jiang, et al. [4] reported that HZSM-5 was active for starch hydrolysis in water (22% conversion, 120 oC, 4h) and to a lesser extent for cellulose hydrolysis (<1% conversion, 150 oC, 40 min). Starch and cellulose molecules are much larger than sucrose, so these results appear to conflict with results reported by Dhepe et al. Interestingly, when cellulose was dissolved in an ionic liquid containing small amounts of water, HY exhibited a relatively high activity for hydrolysis (50% glucose, 130 oC, 2h) [5].
Results from studies of HZSM-5 and HY catalyzed hydrolysis under a variety of reaction conditions are presented here. Comparing the properties of these zeolites under identical reaction conditions provides insight into the importance of solid acid structure and solvent on catalytic activity. Detailed studies of reactions catalyzed by these zeolites lead to a better understanding of solid acid catalyzed biomass hydrolysis mechanisms and the roles of acid sites located within pores.
2. Experimental
Reagent grade chemicals and distilled water were used for hydrolysis reactions. Cellulose and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) ionic liquid were used as received from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The sodium form Y zeolite (NaY) was obtained from Honeywell UOP (Y-54, Si/Al=5.30, Des Plaines, IL). NaY (1 g) was mixed with ammonium nitrate (0.25 mol) in water and the mixture was refluxed with constant stirring for 4 hours. The solid was filtered and then air dried prior to calcination at 550°C for 3 hours to produce HY. HZSM-5 (Si/Al=19) was synthesized by using the procedure described in the Mobil Oil U.S. Patent (US 3702886).
The mmol H+ available from the solid catalysts was determined by using a back titration method with phenolphthalein indicator. Catalysts (0.1 g) were added to a sodium hydroxide solution (0.01 M, 25 mL) and stirred for 10 minutes. Mixtures were then centrifuged and the liquid was removed. A 10mL aliquot of the liquid was then titrated with oxalic acid (0.01 M) to a pink to clear color change end point.
The ethyl acetate hydrolysis test solution was a mixture of 5% (vol) ethyl acetate (EA) and 5% (vol) propanol (P) in distilled water. Propanol did not react and was therefore used as an internal standard. The catalyst (0.01 g) and 5% EA/P solution (0.4 mL) were loaded into a quartz tube reactor and pressurized to a minimum of 2 MPa with nitrogen gas. The reactor was heated isothermally for 30 minutes at temperatures ranging from 70 to 150°C followed by immersion in a cold-water bath to quench the reaction. The reaction mixture was analyzed by using an HP 5890 gas chromatograph with flame ionization detection and a Carbowax fused silica column (Agilent 113-2132). All chromatographic analyses were performed with splitless injection.
For starch hydrolysis in aqueous media, catalyst (0.01 g) and 1% starch solution (0.4 mL) were mixed and loaded into the reactor and pressurized to at least 2 MPa with nitrogen gas and then heated isothermally at 150°C for up to 2 hours followed by immersion in a cold-water bath to quench the reaction. Samples for starch hydrolysis in Na+ enriched aqueous media were prepared in a similar manner except that the reaction medium was sodium chloride solution.
For cellulose hydrolysis in an ionic liquid medium, cellulose (0.1 g) was first dissolved in [EMIM]Cl (2 g) by using a temperature controlled oil bath to maintain a temperature of 120°C. After dissolution, the temperature was lowered to 105°C and distilled water (0.3 mL) was added in increments of 0.05 mL with constant stirring. Catalyst (0.25 g) was then added to this homogenous mixture. The hydrolysis reaction was carried out for 3 hours and the solution was sampled at 15 minute intervals for total reducing sugar assays conducted by using the Benedict's method [6].
Zeolite structures were determined by using a Rigaku Ultima IV X-ray diffractometer. Pattern matching and mineral assignments were made by using MDI JADE 9 software. Zeolites were also analyzed by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) by using a Mattson Instruments Nova Cygni 120 spectrophotometer (Madison, WI) and a modified Harrick Scientific Inc. (Ossining, NY) praying mantis diffuse reflection accessory with environmental chamber [7]. The DRIFTS sample temperature was maintained at 200°C under flowing He for 45 min to remove adsorbed water from catalyst surfaces. Infrared spectra were then measured at 200°C.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Ethyl Acetate Hydrolysis
Aqueous phase hydrolysis of ethyl acetate is commonly used as a test reaction for assessing the "water tolerance" of solid acid catalysts [8-13]. Typically, hydrolysis reactions are carried out with 5% ethyl acetate aqueous solutions at 60 or 70 oC for 2 hours. Ethyl acetate hydrolysis reactions were conducted with HZSM-5 and HY catalysts at temperatures varying from 70 to 150 oC in order to characterize their water tolerances over a wide temperature range. This temperature range was selected to extend into the range often employed for biomass hydrolysis. The molecular dimensions of ethyl acetate (ca. 4.95 Å) [14] are smaller than HZSM-5 and HY channels, so internal acid sites should be accessible. Hydrolysis was carried out for 30 min followed by analysis of the reaction mixture to measure the loss of ethyl acetate (i.e. conversion) and formation of ethanol and acetic acid products.
HZSM-5 exhibited increasing activity for ethyl acetate hydrolysis with increasing reaction temperature (Figure 1).
HY activity also increased with temperature, but was found to be comparable to a blank measurement (i.e. no catalyst). Catalytic activity associated with the blank measurement was due to an increase in H+ activity with increasing temperature, which is a consequence of larger water autoprotolysis equilibrium constants at higher temperatures [15]. The results shown in Figure 1 are consistent with reports by Kamiya et al. [13]and Okuhara et al. [16], who found that HY was inactive for ethyl acetate hydrolysis at 70 and 60°C respectively after 2 hours, and by Namba et al. [2], who reported that HZSM-5 performed better than HY for ethyl acetate hydrolysis in water. Drago, et al. [16] determined that all HZSM-5 acid sites are located inside zeolite channels. Therefore, ethyl acetate must diffuse into HZSM-5 channels and the ethanol and acetic acid products must diffuse out into the aqueous medium. Because HY supercage acid sites would be more accessible to ethyl acetate than those located in HZSM-5 channels, the greater ethyl acetate hydrolysis activity for HZSM-5 cannot be explained by steric effects. Concerning the lack of activity for HY, Kerr reported that HY can lose 25% of its original Bronsted acidity just by being exposed to water for 10-15 minutes [17]. In addition, Parker et al. [18] found that the HY framework could be destroyed by exposure to small amounts of water followed by heating to 300 oC. They postulated that water reacts to form AlOH and SiOH species at the expense of framework Al-O-Si bonds. When multiple Al-O-Si bonds are broken, extra-framework Al-O(OH) species may be formed [19]. This dealumination process destroys the HY framework. Although the HY catalyst used for the ethyl acetate hydrolysis experiments described here was not heated as high as 300 oC, which would have destroyed the zeolite channel structure, it is possible that some -Al(OH)n (n = 1,2) framework species were formed. Formation of -Al-OH and -Si-OH species would disrupt the zeolite framework in the vicinity of delocalized negative charges associated with acid sites, and could be responsible for the observed loss of HY acidity. This hypothesis is consistent with a report from Scherzer and Bass [20], who found that –Si-OH and –Al-OH groups formed by reactions with water did not interact with pyridine. In contrast to HY, HZSM-5 exhibited acid catalyst activity that was significantly greater than the blank. If water also reacted with the HZSM-5 framework, the effects were not as extensive as for HY. HZSM-5 may be more stable in water because of its larger Si/Al ratio, which makes it more hydrophobic than HY [21].
3.2. Starch Hydrolysis
Starch, a glucose polymer, is much larger than ethyl acetate, and should not pass into zeolite channels. Like ethyl acetate hydrolysis, HY catalyzed starch hydrolysis results were comparable to the blank (13 and 14% total reducing sugar yields respectively after 2 hours at 150 oC). However, HZSM-5 exhibited activity for starch hydrolysis that was significantly greater than the blank measurement (32% reducing sugar yield). Jiang et al. [4] also found that HZSM-5 was active for starch hydrolysis (120°C, 4 hr, microwave reactor), resulting in a 22% glucose yield. Considering that steric effects should prevent starch molecules from accessing HZSM-5 channels, this catalytic activity is surprising. The HZSM-5 acid site locations may play a role in its activity for starch hydrolysis. If HZSM-5 contains no external acid sites, as proposed by Drago et al. [16], starch molecules must have some access to internal sites. When a substrate is too large to enter HZSM-5 channels, the acid sites located near channel openings may still be accessible. Alternatively, HZSM-5 starch hydrolysis may result from reactions of H+ released from internal zeolite channels by ion exchange (vide infra).
3.3. Starch Hydrolysis in the Presence of Na+
Zeolite catalyzed starch hydrolysis occurs at much lower rates than ethyl acetate hydrolysis because starch molecules are too large to access internal acid sites. This limitation can be overcome by using ion exchange to release zeolite protons into the aqueous reaction medium [5]. A relatively high concentration of Na+ can be used to transfer H+ from zeolite inner surfaces to the aqueous medium, which causes a decrease in solution pH.
When zeolites were immersed in a 0.25 M Na+ solution, aqueous phase acidity was found to increase by ca. 0.3 mmol H+/g and 0.9 mmol H+/g for HZSM-5 and HY respectively, when compared to immersion in water. This is consistent with previous studies, which have shown that ion exchange with Na+ causes a decrease in the solid-state acidity of zeolites [22, 23]. The substantial increase in solution H+ concentration for HY may suggest that the presence of Na+ reverses the effects of water on framework bonds involving Al, but this is not confirmed by results presented here. The smaller increase in solution acidity for HZSM-5 may be explained by the difference in the Si/Al ratios for the zeolites. HY (Si/Al=5.3) had a much lower Si/Al ratio than HZSM-5 (Si/Al=19), so there were fewer Al atoms present in HZSM-5, and therefore fewer acid sites that could participate in ion exchange.
The increase in solution acidity for HZSM-5 in 0.50 M Na+ was not significantly different from the increase observed when higher Na+ concentrations were employed (Figure 2). On the other hand, results for HY indicated that increasing the concentration of Na+ from 0.25 M to 1 M produced an increase in the amount of acidity imparted to the solution. Although not shown in Figure 2, 5 M Na+ resulted in similar solution acidity as was found by using 1 M Na+, suggesting that the amount of H+ exchanged from HY had reached a maximum at 1 M Na+. Although the mmol H+ transferred to the aqueous solution was relatively constant above 0.50 M NaCl for HZSM-5, the corresponding acidities for solutions containing HY increased up to 1 M NaCl. This may be explained by differences in acid concentrations. Fresh HY (2.3 mmol H+/g) had more than twice the H+ contained in the same mass of HZSM-5 (0.9 mmol H+/g). The H+ released from HY and HZSM-5 in 1 M Na+ resulted in 80 and 82% reducing sugar yields for starch hydrolysis, respectively.
3.4. Cellulose Hydrolysis in Ionic Liquid
The dramatic increase in hydrolysis activity observed in the presence of Na+ suggests that ion exchange is an important process when using zeolite catalysts with liquid reaction media. In fact, previous studies have shown that ion exchange rates are heavily dependent on water content [24, 25]. Thus, an ion exchange mediated catalytic activity increase would be expected for reactions in high ionic strength media, such as ionic liquids. To test the influence of ionic liquid media on zeolite acidity, HZSM-5 and HY catalysts were mixed with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) and heated at 105 oC for one hour. Titrations of the zeolites after they were exposed to the ionic liquid revealed significant loss of protons from the solids, presumably by an ion exchange mechanism [5]. Fresh HZSM-5 and HY catalysts were found to contain 1.1 and 2.9 mmol H+/g respectively. After exposure to the ionic liquid, these catalysts contained only 0.2 and 1.2 mmol H+/g respectively. The most likely cause for these acidity losses was ion exchange of the imidazolium cation (EMIM+) for H+ [5].
X-ray diffraction measurements of solid state [EMIM]Cl indicated that the cation has dimensions of approximately 3.5 x 3 x 6.5 Å (including hydrogens). Based on these dimensions and the channel openings for HZSM-5 (5.3 x 5.6 Å) and HY (7.4 x 7.4 Å), it is reasonable to expect that EMIM+ could enter the channels of both zeolites. EMIM+ should be able to enter the HY channels at any orientation. The smaller HZSM-5 channel, on the other hand, would restrict entry of EMIM+ to specific orientations.
Under reaction conditions similar to those used for aqueous starch hydrolysis, reducing sugar yields from HY catalyzed cellulose hydrolysis increased faster with increasing temperature than HZSM-5 during the first hour (Figure 3). After 1 hour, HY reducing sugar yield decreased, which was likely due to acid catalyzed sugar decomposition. In contrast, HZSM-5 reducing sugar yield increased steadily until about 1.5 hours, and then leveled off. The trends shown in Figure 3 are consistent with more protons being released from HY than from HZSM-5 by ion exchange with EMIM+.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine if the HY and HZSM-5 structures were significantly altered by exposure to [EMIM]Cl. Fresh and spent catalysts (e.g. before and after cellulose hydrolysis in [EMIM]Cl, respectively) were analyzed. Comparing the diffraction patterns for the zeolites before and after reactions revealed 95 and 98% similarities for HY and HZSM-5 structures respectively.
HZSM-5 and HY zeolites were also analyzed by DRIFTS prior to and after [EMIM]Cl exposure. Figure 4 shows the resulting infrared spectra and the ionic liquid spectrum for reference. Several overlapping absorbance bands near 3000 cm-1 appear in the [EMIM]Cl spectrum. These spectral features represent stretching vibrations for imidazole alkyl groups.
For HY, two characteristic O-H stretching vibration bands at 3650 and 3550 cm-1 are observed that are indicative of Bronsted acidity [26-28]. For HZSM-5, a broad band centered near 3600 cm-1 denotes O-H stretching vibrations associated with acid sites [29].
After exposure to [EMIM]Cl, HY and HZSM-5 DRIFTS spectra exhibited absorbances near 3000 cm-1, which can be attributed to EMIM+. Bands at 2980, 3107, and 3146 cm-1 appear in the HY spectrum. The HZSM-5 spectrum obtained after exposure to [EMIM]Cl contains overlapping bands at 2988, 3123, and 3161 cm-1. Although the EMIM+ band frequencies are somewhat different for HY and HZSM-5, the shapes of the absorbance envelopes in this spectral region were similar for both catalysts. However, both spectra were significantly different from the corresponding envelope in the [EMIM]Cl spectrum. The C-H stretching vibrations for the immadazole ring carbons are most likely responsible for the bands above 3100 cm-1 [30]. The lower wavenumber band in this region can be assigned to the C-H stretching vibration associated with the carbon atom that is attached to both ring nitrogens. The higher wavenumber band is most likely associated with C-H stretching vibrations associated with the other two ring carbons. In [EMIM]Cl, hydrogen bonding between the ring C-H functional groups and Cl- results in a significant shift of the C-H stretching vibrations to lower wavenumber [30]. The higher C-H stretching wavenumbers for the zeolite samples indicate that [EMIM]+ is trapped within the zeolite channels and that Cl- is not available for hydrogen bonding, confirming that the ionic liquid was not simply mixed with the zeolites. In fact, the cation had migrated into the zeolite channels. This conclusion is consistent with a previous report that the average pore diameter for HY decreased after exposure to an ionic liquid [5]. The slight differences in absorption maxima wavenumbers for immadazole ring C-H stretching vibrations for HZSM-5 and HY indicate that the EMIM+ environments within zeolite channels are somewhat different. This is most likely due to differences in zeolite channel dimensions.
4. Conclusions
When used in liquid media, zeolite acid catalysts can operate by two modes. When substrates are small enough to enter framework channels, they can interact directly with solid acid sites. When solutions contain cations that can exchange for zeolite protons, the reaction medium becomes acidified and acid catalyzed reactions can take place outside of zeolite channels. Water reactions with zeolite frameworks can lead to loss of acid sites. This effect is more pronounced for HY than HZSM-5 and the degree of acid site loss can be correlated with Si/Al ratios. Higher Si/Al ratios result in greater hydrophobicity within zeolite channels and less water penetration [21]. Namba et al. [2] investigated the effects of Si/Al ratio on ethyl acetate hydrolysis and found that catalytic activity was optimum for HZSM-5 with a Si/Al ratio of 47. Below this value, acid site destruction due to reactions with water may dominate even though the acid site density increases due to increased framework Al content. Above the optimum Si/Al ratio, a lower acid site density may be responsible for decreased catalytic activity. The low Si/Al ratio for the HY used for studies described here would be expected to result in substantial water mediated acid site destruction. In fact, no acidity was derived from this catalyst for ethyl acetate or starch hydrolysis in aqueous solutions. In contrast, HZSM-5 (Si/Al = 19) exhibited catalytic activity, so it was affected to a lesser extent than HY.
Results described here suggest that ion exchange effects should be considered when evaluating new solid acid catalysts for biomass hydrolysis. Ion exchange negates the advantage of using a solid acid, which is easily removed by filtration, because it results in an increase in solvated protons, in the same manner that could be achieved more easily by using a liquid acid catalyst. Clearly, biomass processing schemes incorporating reusable solid acid hydrolysis catalysts should provide for proton access to solvated starch and cellulose molecules and a means for removing the "fully protonated" solid acid after hydrolysis. This would eliminate the need for neutralizing solution acidity prior to fermentation.
References
[1] Y.B. Huang and F. Yao, "Hydrolysis of Cellulose to Glucose by Solid Acid Catalysts" Green Chemistry, 2013. 15(5): p. 1095-1111.View Article
[2] S. Namba, N. Hosonuma, and T.Yashima "Catalytic Application of Hydrophobic Properties of High-Silica Zeolites. 1. Hydrolysis of Ethyl-Acetate in Aqueous Solution" Journal of Catalysis, 1981. 72(1): p. 16-20.View Article
[3] P.L. Dhepe, M. Ohashi, S. Inagaki, M. Ichikawa, A. Fukuoka "Hydrolysis of Sugars Catalyzed by Water-Tolerant Sulfonated Mesoporous Silicas" Catalysis Letters, 2005. 102(3-4): p. 163-169.View Article
[4] Y. Jiang, X. Li, Q. Cao, X. Mu "Acid Functionalized, Highly Dispersed Carbonaceous Spheres: an Effective Solid Acid for Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides" Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2011. 13: p. 463-469.View Article
[5] H. Cai, C. Li, A. Wang, G. Xu, T. Zhang "Zeolite-Promoted Hydrolysis of Cellulose in Ionic Liquid, Insight into the Mutual Behavior fo Zeolite, Cellulose, and Ionic Liquid" Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2012. 123-124: p. 333-338. View Article
[6] S.R. Benedict, "A Reagent for the Detection of Reducing Sugars" Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1909. 5(5): p. 485-487. View Article
[7] D.R. White and R.L. White, "Isoconversion Effective Activation Energy Profiles by Variable Temperature Diffuse Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy" Soceity for Applied Spectroscopy, 2008. 62: p. 116-120. View Article
[8] N. Horita, M. Yoshimune, Y. Kamiya, T. Okuhara "CS2.5H0.5PW12O40 Bonded to an Amine Functionalized SiO2 as an Excellent Water-Tolerant Solid Acid" Chemistry Letters, 2005. 34(10): p. 1376-1377. View Article
[9] K. Inumaru, T. Ishihara, Y. Kamiya, T. Okuhara, S. Yamanaka "Water-Tolerant, Highly Active Solid Acid Catalysts Composed of the Keggin-Type Polyoxometalate H3PW12O40 Immobilized in Hydrophobic Nanospaces of Organomodified Mesoporous Silica" Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2007. 46(40): p. 7625-7628. View Article
[10] T. Okuhara, "Water-Tolerant Solid Acid Catalysts" Chemical Reviews, 2002. 102(10): p. 3641-3665. View Article
[11] L.S. Li, Y. Yoshinaga, and T. Okuhara "Unusual acceleration of acid-catalyzed reactions by water in the presence of Mo/Zr mixed oxides calcined at high temperatures" Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2002. 4(24): p. 6129-6136. View Article
[12] A. Tarafdar, A.B. Panda, N.C. Pradhan, P. Pramanik "Synthesis of Spherical Mesostructured Zirconium Phosphate with Acidic Properties" Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2006. 95(1-3): p. 360-365. View Article
[13] Y. Kamiya, S. Sakata, Y. Yoshinaga, R. Ohnishi, T. Okuhara "Zirconium Phosphate with a High Surface Area as a Water-Tolerant Solid Acid" Catalysis Letters, 2004. 94(1-2): p. 45-47. View Article
[14] S. Manjare and A. Ghoshal "Comparison of Adsorption of Ethyl Acetate on Activated Carbon and Molecular Sieves 5A and 13X" Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2006. 51: p. 1185-1189.View Article
[15] R.E. Mesmer, W.L. Marshall, D.A. Palmer, J.M. Simonson, H.F. Holmes "Thermodynamics of Aqueous Association and Ionization Reactions at High Temperatures and Pressures" Journal of Solution Chemistry, 1988. 17(8): p. 699-718.View Article
[16] R.S. Drago, S.C. Dias, M. Torrealba, L. de Lima "Calorimetric and Spectroscopic Investigation of the Acidity of HZSM-5" Journal of the American Chemiscal Society, 1997. 119(19): p. 4444-4452. View Article
[17] G.T. Kerr, "Some Comments on Bolton's "Deammination Ammonium Y" Zeolite" Journal of Catalysis, 1974. 35(3): p. 476-477.
[18] L.M. Parker, D.M. Bibby, and G.R. Burns, "Interaction of Water with the Zeolite HY, Studied by FTIR" Zeolites, 1991. 11: p. 293-297. View Article
[19] R.D. Shannon, K.H. Gardner, R.H. Staley, G. Bergeret, P. Gallezot, A. Auroux "The Nature of the Nonframework Aluminum Species formed during the Dehydroxylation of H-Y" Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1985. 89: p. 4778-4788. View Article
[20] J. Scherzer and J.L. Bass, "Infrared Spectra of Ultrastable Zeolites Derived from Type Y Zeolites" Journal of Catalysis, 1973. 28: p. 101-115. View Article
[21] R. Gounder and M.E. Davis, "Beyond Shape Selective Catalysis with Zeolites: Hydrophobic Void Spaces in Zeolites Enable Catalysis in Liquid Water" American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AiChe), 2013. 59(9): p. 3349-3357. View Article
[22] G.S. Nivarthy, K. Seshan, and J.A. Lercher, "The Influence of Acidity on Zeolite H-BEA Catalyzed Isobutane/n-Butene Alkylation" Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 1998. 22(1-3): p. 379-388. View Article
[23] B. Silva, H. Figueiredo, O.S.G.P. Soares, M.F.R Pereira, J.L. Figueiredo, A.E. Lewandowska, M.A. Bañares, I.C. Neves, T. Tavares "Evaluation of Ion Exchange-Modified Y and ZSM-5 Zeolites in Cr(VI) Biosorption and Catalytic Oxidation of Ethyl Acetate" Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2012. 117-118: p. 406-413. View Article
[24] A. Dyer and R.B. Gettins, "Mobility of Cations in Synthetic Zeolites with Faujasite Framework 3. Self-Diffusion of Cations into X-Zeolites and Y-Zeolites from Non-Aqueous Solutions" Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 1970. 32: p. 2401-2410. View Article
[25] H. Gaus and W. Lotze, "Kinetics of Sr-Ba and Sr-Ca Ion-Exchange in Synthetic Zeolite A" Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1981. 85: p. 79-84. View Article
[26] R.A.v. Santen, "Theory of Bronsted acidity in zeolites" Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 1994. 85: p. 273-294. View Article
[27] J.C. Lavalley, R. Anquetil, J. Czyzniewska, M. Ziolek "Use of Pyridine as a Probe for the Determination, by IR spectroscopy, of the Bronsted Acid Strength of M(I)HNaY Zeolites" Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 1996. 92(7): p. 1263-1266. View Article
[28] P. Jacobs and J. Uytterhoeven, "Assignment of the Hydroxyl Bands in the Infrared Spectra of Zeolites X and Y" Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 1972. 69: p. 359-372. View Article
[29] P.A. Jacobs and R. Vonballmoos, "Framework Hydroxyl Groups of H-ZSM-5 Zeolites" Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1982. 86(15): p. 3050-3052. View Article
[30] C.J. Dymek and J.J.P. Stewart, "Calculation of Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions between Ions in Room-Temperature Molten Salts" Inorganic Chemistry, 1989. 28: p. 1472-1476. View Article


Annotation Type HtmlDocConfig
HtmlSerializer
, HtmlParser
, and HtmlDocSerializer
.
Used primarily for specifying bean configuration properties on REST classes and methods.
See Also:
-
Optional Element Summary
Modifier and TypeOptional ElementDescriptionString[]
Aside section contents.Float aside section contents.String[]
Footer section contents.String[]
Additional head section content.String[]
Header section contents.String[]
Nav section contents.String[]
Page navigation links.No-results message.Prevent word wrap on page.int
Optional rank for this config.String[]
Javascript code.String[]
CSS style code.String[]
Stylesheet import URLs.Class<? extends HtmlDocTemplate>
HTML document template.Class<? extends HtmlWidget>[]
HTML Widgets.
-
Element Details
-
rank
int rankOptional rank for this config.Can be used to override default ordering and application of config annotations.
- Returns:
- The annotation value.
- Default:
- 0
-
aside
Aside section contents.Allows you to specify the contents of the aside section on the HTML page. The aside section floats on the right of the page for providing content supporting the serialized content of the page.
Example:
@HtmlDocConfig ( aside={"
" ,"
Item 1" ,"
Item 2" ,"
Item 3" ,"
" } )Notes:
- Format: HTML
-
Supports SVL Variables (e.g.
"$L{my.localized.variable}" ). -
A value of
"NONE" can be used to force no value. -
The parent value can be included by adding the literal
"INHERIT" as a value. - Multiple values are combined with newlines into a single string.
-
On methods, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the servlet/resource class. -
On servlet/resource classes, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the parent class.
See Also:
- Returns:
- The annotation value.
- Default:
- {}
-
asideFloat
Float aside section contents.Allows you to position the aside contents of the page around the main contents.
By default, the aside section is floated to the right.
Example:
@HtmlDocConfig ( aside={"
" ,"
Item 1" ,"
Item 2" ,"
Item 3" ,"
" }, asideFloat="TOP" )"RIGHT" "LEFT" "TOP" "BOTTOM" "DEFAULT" (defaults to"RIGHT" )
Notes:
-
Supports SVL Variables (e.g.
"$L{my.localized.variable}" ). -
On methods, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the servlet/resource class. On servlet/resource classes, this value is inherited from the@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the parent class.
See Also:
- Returns:
- The annotation value.
- Default:
- "DEFAULT"
-
head
Additional head section content.Adds the specified HTML content to the head section of the page.
Example:
@HtmlDocConfig ( head={"<link rel='icon' href='$U{servlet:/htdocs/mypageicon.ico}'>" } )Notes:
- Format: HTML
-
Supports SVL Variables (e.g.
"$L{my.localized.variable}" ). -
A value of
"NONE" can be used to force no value. -
The head content from the parent can be included by adding the literal
"INHERIT" as a value. -
On methods, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the servlet/resource class. -
On servlet/resource classes, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the parent class.
See Also:
- Returns:
- The annotation value.
- Default:
- {}
-
header
Header section contents.Allows you to override the contents of the header section on the HTML page. The header section normally contains the title and description at the top of the page.
Example:
@HtmlDocConfig ( header={"
My own header
" } )Notes:
- Format: HTML
-
A value of
"NONE" can be used to force no header. -
The parent value can be included by adding the literal
"INHERIT" as a value. -
Supports SVL Variables (e.g.
"$L{my.localized.variable}" ). - Multiple values are combined with newlines into a single string.
-
On methods, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the servlet/resource class. -
On servlet/resource classes, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the parent class if not overridden.
See Also:
- Returns:
- The annotation value.
- Default:
- {}
-
noResultsMessage
No-results message.Allows you to specify the string message used when trying to serialize an empty array or empty list.
Example:
@HtmlDocConfig ( noResultsMessage="This interface is great!" )Notes:
- Format: HTML
-
A value of
"NONE" can be used to represent no value to differentiate it from an empty string. -
Supports SVL Variables (e.g.
"$L{my.localized.variable}" ).
See Also:
- Returns:
- The annotation value.
- Default:
- ""
-
nowrap
Prevent word wrap on page.Adds
"* {white-space:nowrap}" to the CSS instructions on the page to prevent word wrapping."true" "false" (default)
Notes:
-
Supports SVL Variables (e.g.
"$L{my.localized.variable}" ).
See Also:
- Returns:
- The annotation value.
- Default:
- ""
-
script
Javascript code.Adds the specified Javascript code to the HTML page.
Example:
@HtmlDocConfig ( script={"alert('hello!');" } )Notes:
- Format: Javascript
-
Supports SVL Variables (e.g.
"$L{my.localized.variable}" ). -
A value of
"NONE" can be used to force no value. -
The parent value can be included by adding the literal
"INHERIT" as a value. - Multiple values are combined with newlines into a single string.
-
On methods, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the servlet/resource class. -
On servlet/resource classes, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the parent class.
See Also:
- Returns:
- The annotation value.
- Default:
- {}
-
style
CSS style code.Adds the specified CSS instructions to the HTML page.
Example:
@HtmlDocConfig ( style={"h3 { color: red; }" ,"h5 { font-weight: bold; }" } )Notes:
- Format: CSS
-
Supports SVL Variables (e.g.
"$L{my.localized.variable}" ). -
A value of
"NONE" can be used to force no value. -
The parent value can be included by adding the literal
"INHERIT" as a value. - Multiple values are combined with newlines into a single string.
-
On methods, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the servlet/resource class. -
On servlet/resource classes, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the parent class.
See Also:
- Returns:
- The annotation value.
- Default:
- {}
-
stylesheet
Stylesheet import URLs.Adds a link to the specified stylesheet URL.
Note that this stylesheet is controlled by the
annotation.@Rest .stylesheet()Notes:
- Format: URL
-
Supports SVL Variables (e.g.
"$L{my.localized.variable}" ). -
On methods, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the servlet/resource class. -
On servlet/resource classes, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the parent class.
See Also:
- Returns:
- The annotation value.
- Default:
- {}
-
template
Class<? extends HtmlDocTemplate> templateHTML document template.Specifies the template to use for serializing the page.
By default, the
BasicHtmlDocTemplate
class is used to construct the contents of the HTML page, but can be overridden with your own custom implementation class.Example:
@HtmlDocConfig ( template=MySpecialDocTemplate.class )Notes:
-
On methods, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the servlet/resource class. -
On servlet/resource classes, this value is inherited from the
@HtmlDocConfig annotation on the parent class.
See Also:
- Returns:
- The annotation value.
- Default:
- org.apache.juneau.html.HtmlDocTemplate.Void.class
-
On methods, this value is inherited from the
-
widgets
Class<? extends HtmlWidget>[] widgetsHTML Widgets.Defines widgets that can be used in conjunction with string variables of the form
"$W{name}" to quickly generate arbitrary replacement text.Widgets resolve the following variables:
-
"$W{name}" - Contents returned byHtmlWidget.getHtml(VarResolverSession)
.
The following examples shows how to associate a widget with a REST method and then have it rendered in the links and aside section of the page:
@HtmlDocConfig ( widgets={ MyWidget.class } navlinks={"$W{MyWidget}" }, aside={"Check out this widget: $W{MyWidget}" } )Notes:
- Widgets are inherited from parent to child, but can be overridden by reusing the widget name.
- Values are appended to the existing list.
See Also:
- Returns:
- The annotation value.
- Default:
- {}
-
-


The original idea comes from a
Google CodeJam problem called
gCampus. The goal is to detect the inefficient roads (edges) of any campus (graph) which connect offices (nodes). You only have to choose your favourite input data and then, generate the graph clicking OK, then, once graph is generated you have to press PLAY button. Finally, the
unefficient roads (if there is any) and the
efficient roads will display in the graph.


[Opinion] Do not just imitate, but instead understand!
So you are doing some form of training?
Whether you are watching a coding course online or sitting in a lecture, you need to understand what is going on.
Copying VS Understanding
A lot of people just look at examples and copy them. However this can get you stuck a lot of times, and can end up backfiring for you. What happens when you hit an issue that you haven’t ever copied before? Instead of just taking whatever the training course gives you at face value, dig deeper!
You will learn more and be better at what you are training for if you do.
One.
Instead of just copy and pasting an example type it out. Line by line. As you do so try and understand why they did what they did. This not only gives you insight into actually writing the code but might result in miss types. You’ll get bugs and have to figure out why it isn’t working. Problem solving and troubleshooting a program can often times teach you so much more about what you are writing that just reading or copy pasting.
Two.
When you read through some code, try to close the book and type out the parts from memory. This not only helps you learn the code blocks but you’ll also be able to create you own coding style as you aren’t verbatim copying code.
Three.
Try it another way. Just what it says, you look at a block of code to copy and figure out what it is doing. Then you try to come up with a different algorithm or method of getting the same answer. You may not have the most efficient result from it, but it will help you learn the concepts of why they did it the way they did.
Four.
Ask Questions. If you have a community forum or are live or in person with the speaker then ask questions. Ask them why they did things certain ways, and if there are other better ways to do them. Ask for deeper clarification on terms and usage.
Conclusion
I can only rehash it so many times, but please for the sake of your learning and the future of software development… Please take time to actually learn what you are seeing.


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