PIC
Section: User Commands (1)Updated: 20 September 2002
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
pic - compile pictures for troff or TeXSYNOPSIS
pic [ -nvCSU ] [ filename ... ]pic -t [ -cvzCSU ] [ filename ... ]
DESCRIPTION
This manual page describes the GNU version of pic, which is part of the groff document formatting system. pic compiles descriptions of pictures embedded within troff or TeX input files into commands that are understood by TeX or troff. Each picture starts with a line beginning with .PS and ends with a line beginning with .PE. Anything outside of .PS and .PE is passed through without change.It is the user's responsibility to provide appropriate definitions of the PS and PE macros. When the macro package being used does not supply such definitions (for example, old versions of -ms), appropriate definitions can be obtained with -mpic: these will center each picture.
OPTIONS
Options that do not take arguments may be grouped behind a single -. The special option -- can be used to mark the end of the options. A filename of - refers to the standard input.- -C
- Recognize .PS and .PE even when followed by a character other than space or newline.
- -S
- Safer mode; do not execute sh commands. This can be useful when operating on untrustworthy input. (enabled by default)
- -U
- Unsafe mode; revert the default option -S.
- -n
- Don't use the groff extensions to the troff drawing commands. You should use this if you are using a postprocessor that doesn't support these extensions. The extensions are described in groff_out(5). The -n option also causes pic not to use zero-length lines to draw dots in troff mode.
- -t
- TeX mode.
- -c
- Be more compatible with tpic. Implies -t. Lines beginning with \ are not passed through transparently. Lines beginning with . are passed through with the initial . changed to \. A line beginning with .ps is given special treatment: it takes an optional integer argument specifying the line thickness (pen size) in milliinches; a missing argument restores the previous line thickness; the default line thickness is 8 milliinches. The line thickness thus specified takes effect only when a non-negative line thickness has not been specified by use of the thickness attribute or by setting the linethick variable.
- -v
- Print the version number.
- -z
- In TeX mode draw dots using zero-length lines.
The following options supported by other versions of pic are ignored:
- -D
- Draw all lines using the \D escape sequence. pic always does this.
- -T dev
- Generate output for the troff device dev. This is unnecessary because the troff output generated by pic is device-independent.
USAGE
This section describes only the differences between GNU pic and the original version of pic. Many of these differences also apply to newer versions of Unix pic. A complete documentation is available in the file
- /usr/share/doc/groff/<IP_ADDRESS>/pic.ms
TeX mode
TeX mode is enabled by the -t option. In TeX mode, pic will define a vbox called \graph for each picture. You must yourself print that vbox using, for example, the command-
\centerline{\box\graph}
Actually, since the vbox has a height of zero this will produce slightly more vertical space above the picture than below it;
-
\centerline{\raise 1em\box\graph}
would avoid this.
You must use a TeX driver that supports the tpic specials, version 2.
Lines beginning with \ are passed through transparently; a % is added to the end of the line to avoid unwanted spaces. You can safely use this feature to change fonts or to change the value of \baselineskip. Anything else may well produce undesirable results; use at your own risk. Lines beginning with a period are not given any special treatment.
Commands
- for variable = expr1 to expr2 [by [*]expr3] do X body X
- Set variable to expr1. While the value of variable is less than or equal to expr2, do body and increment variable by expr3; if by is not given, increment variable by 1. If expr3 is prefixed by * then variable will instead be multiplied by expr3. X can be any character not occurring in body.
- if expr then X if-true X [else Y if-false Y]
- Evaluate expr; if it is non-zero then do if-true, otherwise do if-false. X can be any character not occurring in if-true. Y can be any character not occurring in if-false.
- print arg...
- Concatenate the arguments and print as a line on stderr. Each arg must be an expression, a position, or text. This is useful for debugging.
- command arg...
- Concatenate the arguments and pass them through as a line to troff or TeX. Each arg must be an expression, a position, or text. This has a similar effect to a line beginning with . or \, but allows the values of variables to be passed through.
- sh X command X
- Pass command to a shell. X can be any character not occurring in command.
- copy "filename"
- Include filename at this point in the file.
- copy ["filename"] thru X body X [until "word"]
- copy ["filename"] thru macro [until "word"]
-
This construct does
body
once for each line of
filename;
the line is split into blank-delimited words,
and occurrences of
$i
in
body,
for
i
between 1 and 9,
are replaced by the
i-th
word of the line.
If
filename
is not given, lines are taken from the current input up to
.PE.
If an
until
clause is specified,
lines will be read only until a line the first word of which is
word;
that line will then be discarded.
X
can be any character not occurring in
body.
For example,
-
-
.PS copy thru % circle at ($1,$2) % until "END" 1 2 3 4 5 6 END box .PE
-
-
-
is equivalent to
-
-
.PS circle at (1,2) circle at (3,4) circle at (5,6) box .PE
-
-
- The commands to be performed for each line can also be taken from a macro defined earlier by giving the name of the macro as the argument to thru.
reset
- reset variable1[,] variable2 ...
- Reset pre-defined variables variable1
, variable2 ... to their default values. If no arguments are given, reset all pre-defined variables to their default values. Note that assigning a value to scale also causes all pre-defined variables that control dimensions to be reset to their default values times the new value of scale.- plot expr ["text"]
- This is a text object which is constructed by using text as a format string for sprintf with an argument of expr. If text is omitted a format string of s%gs is used. Attributes can be specified in the same way as for a normal text object. Be very careful that you specify an appropriate format string; pic does only very limited checking of the string. This is deprecated in favour of sprintf.
- variable := expr
-
This is similar to
=
except
variable
must already be defined,
and
expr
will be assigned to
variable
without creating a variable local to the current block.
(By contrast,
=
defines the variable in the current block if it is not already defined there,
and then changes the value in the current block only.)
For example, the following:
-
-
.PS x = 3 y = 3 [ x := 5 y = 5 ] print x " " y .PE
-
-
- prints 5 3.
Arguments of the form
- X anything X
are also allowed to be of the form
- { anything }
In this case anything can contain balanced occurrences of { and }. Strings may contain X or imbalanced occurrences of { and }.
Expressions
The syntax for expressions has been significantly extended:
x ^ y
(exponentiation)
sin(x)
cos(x)
atan2(y, x)
log(x)
(base 10)
exp(x)
(base 10, ie
10^x)
sqrt(x)
int(x)
rand()
(return a random number between 0 and 1)
rand(x)
(return a random number between 1 and
x;
deprecated)
srand(x)
(set the random number seed)
max(e1, e2)
min(e1, e2)
!e
e1 && e2
e1 || e2
e1 == e2
e1 != e2
e1 >= e2
e1 > e2
e1 <= e2
e1 < e2
"str1" == "str2"
"str1" != "str2"
String comparison expressions must be parenthesised in some contexts to avoid ambiguity.
Other Changes
A bare expression, expr, is acceptable as an attribute; it is equivalent to dir expr, where dir is the current direction. For example- line 2i
means draw a line 2 inches long in the current direction. The `i' (or `I') character is ignored; to use another measurement unit, set the scale variable to an appropriate value.
The maximum width and height of the picture are taken from the variables maxpswid and maxpsht. Initially these have values 8.5 and 11.
Scientific notation is allowed for numbers. For example
- x = 5e-2
Text attributes can be compounded. For example,
- "foo" above ljust
There is no limit to the depth to which blocks can be examined. For example,
-
[A: [B: [C: box ]]] with .A.B.C.sw at 1,2
circle at last [].A.B.C
Arcs now have compass points determined by the circle of which the arc is a part.
Circles and arcs can be dotted or dashed. In TeX mode splines can be dotted or dashed.
Boxes can have rounded corners. The rad attribute specifies the radius of the quarter-circles at each corner. If no rad or diam attribute is given, a radius of boxrad is used. Initially, boxrad has a value of 0. A box with rounded corners can be dotted or dashed.
The .PS line can have a second argument specifying a maximum height for the picture. If the width of zero is specified the width will be ignored in computing the scaling factor for the picture. Note that GNU pic will always scale a picture by the same amount vertically as well as horizontally. This is different from the DWB 2.0 pic which may scale a picture by a different amount vertically than horizontally if a height is specified.
Each text object has an invisible box associated with it. The compass points of a text object are determined by this box. The implicit motion associated with the object is also determined by this box. The dimensions of this box are taken from the width and height attributes; if the width attribute is not supplied then the width will be taken to be textwid; if the height attribute is not supplied then the height will be taken to be the number of text strings associated with the object times textht. Initially textwid and textht have a value of 0.
In (almost all) places where a quoted text string can be used, an expression of the form
- sprintf(sformats, arg,...)
can also be used; this will produce the arguments formatted according to format, which should be a string as described in printf(3) appropriate for the number of arguments supplied.
The thickness of the lines used to draw objects is controlled by the linethick variable. This gives the thickness of lines in points. A negative value means use the default thickness: in TeX output mode, this means use a thickness of 8 milliinches; in TeX output mode with the -c option, this means use the line thickness specified by .ps lines; in troff output mode, this means use a thickness proportional to the pointsize. A zero value means draw the thinnest possible line supported by the output device. Initially it has a value of -1. There is also a thick[ness] attribute. For example,
-
circle thickness 1.5
would draw a circle using a line with a thickness of 1.5 points. The thickness of lines is not affected by the value of the scale variable, nor by the width or height given in the .PS line.
Boxes (including boxes with rounded corners), circles and ellipses can be filled by giving them an attribute of fill[ed]. This takes an optional argument of an expression with a value between 0 and 1; 0 will fill it with white, 1 with black, values in between with a proportionally gray shade. A value greater than 1 can also be used: this means fill with the shade of gray that is currently being used for text and lines. Normally this will be black, but output devices may provide a mechanism for changing this. Without an argument, then the value of the variable fillval will be used. Initially this has a value of 0.5. The invisible attribute does not affect the filling of objects. Any text associated with a filled object will be added after the object has been filled, so that the text will not be obscured by the filling.
Three additional modifiers are available to specify colored objects: outline[d] sets the color of the outline, shaded the fill color, and colo[u]r[ed] sets both. All three keywords expect a suffix specifying the color, for example
-
circle shaded green outline black
Currently, color support isn't available in TeX mode. Predefined color names for groff are in the device macro files, for example ps.tmac; additional colors can be defined with the .defcolor request (see the manual page of troff(1) for more details).
pic assumes that at the beginning of a picture both glyph and fill color are set to the default value.
Arrow heads will be drawn as solid triangles if the variable arrowhead is non-zero and either TeX mode is enabled or the -n option has not been given. Initially arrowhead has a value of 1. Note that solid arrow heads are always filled with the current outline color.
The troff output of pic is device-independent. The -T option is therefore redundant. All numbers are taken to be in inches; numbers are never interpreted to be in troff machine units.
Objects can have an aligned attribute. This will only work if the postprocessor is grops. Any text associated with an object having the aligned attribute will be rotated about the center of the object so that it is aligned in the direction from the start point to the end point of the object. Note that this attribute will have no effect for objects whose start and end points are coincident.
In places where nth is allowed `expr'th is also allowed. Note that 'th is a single token: no space is allowed between the ' and the th. For example,
-
for i = 1 to 4 do { line from `i'th box.nw to `i+1'th box.se }
CONVERSION
To obtain a stand-alone picture from a pic file, enclose your pic code with .PS and .PE requests; roff configuration commands may be added at the beginning of the file, but no roff text.It is necessary to feed this file into groff without adding any page information, so you must check which .PS and .PE requests are actually called. For example, the mm macro package adds a page number, which is very annoying. At the moment, calling standard groff without any macro package works. Alternatively, you can define your own requests, e.g. to do nothing:
-
.de PS .. .de PE ..
groff itself does not provide direct conversion into other graphics file formats. But there are lots of possibilities if you first transform your picture into PostScript® format using the groff option -Tps. Since this ps-file lacks BoundingBox information it is not very useful by itself, but it may be fed into other conversion programs, usually named ps2other or pstoother or the like. Moreover, the PostScript interpreter ghostscript (gs) has built-in graphics conversion devices that are called with the option
- gs -sDEVICE=<devname>
Call
- gs --help
for a list of the available devices.
As the Encapsulated PostScript File Format EPS is getting more and more important, and the conversion wasn't regarded trivial in the past you might be interested to know that there is a conversion tool named ps2eps which does the right job. It is much better than the tool ps2epsi packaged with gs.
For bitmapped graphic formats, you should use pstopnm; the resulting (intermediate) PNM file can be then converted to virtually any graphics format using the tools of the netpbm package .
FILES
u+3n- /usr/share/groff/<IP_ADDRESS>/tmac/pic.tmac Example definitions of the PS and PE macros.
SEE ALSO
troff(1), groff_out(5), tex(1), gs(1), ps2eps(1), pstopnm(1), ps2epsi(1), pnm(5)Tpic: Pic for TeX
Brian W. Kernighan, PIC --- A Graphics Language for Typesetting (User Manual). AT&T Bell Laboratories, Computing Science Technical Report No. 116 <http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/cstr/116.ps.gz> (revised May, 1991).
ps2eps
is available from CTAN mirrors, e.g.
<ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/ps2eps/>
W. Richard Stevens - Turning PIC Into HTML
<http://www.kohala.com/start/troff/pic2html.html>
W. Richard Stevens - Examples of picMacros
<http://www.kohala.com/start/troff/pic.examples.ps>
BUGS
Input characters that are invalid for groff (ie those with ASCII code 0, or 013 octal, or between 015 and 037 octal, or between 0200 and 0237 octal) are rejected even in TeX mode.The interpretation of fillval is incompatible with the pic in 10th edition Unix, which interprets 0 as black and 1 as white.
PostScript® is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporation.
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:29:04 GMT, December 24, 2015


George Carlin
- 1937 - Born on May 12, 1937 in NYC, NY
- 1959 - Carlin met Jack Burns and formed a comedy team
- 1976 - Stopped performing regularly
- 2001 - Received a life time achievment award at the 15th Annual American Comedy Awards
- 2008 - Passes away on June 22, 2008
If you wish to read more about George Carlin you can do so on his wikipedia article.
Written and coded by Eric Chiu.
All picture belong to their respective owners, used in this website under fair use.


In addition to looking at at database in terms of its objects and links, Proximity allows you to approach it in terms of its attributes. Proximity separates object attributes from link attributes, but otherwise both support the same operations.
Exercise 4.2. Exploring attributes:
Before beginning, make sure that you are serving the ProxWebKB database using Mserver. Start the Proximity Database Browser if it is not already running.
Click Home to go to the Proximity Database Browser start page.
Click Object Attributes. Proximity displays a list of the object attributes in the ProxWebKB database.
This list shows all the attributes that an object may have. Each object need not have a value for every attribute.
The Object Attributes page includes a
create new link
for adding a new object attribute to the database. Clicking
create new opens the
Create New Attribute dialog, allowing you to
specify the new attribute name and a function for assigning values.
See “Adding a New Attribute” for an
example of a function that assigns values to the new attribute; the
syntax for this function is further described in the Javadoc
documentation for the AddAttribute
class.
Click pagetype. Proximity displays a histogram (table) showing the values and counts for the pagetype attribute. The table is initially sorted by count, with the highest count shown first. Click value to sort the table by attribute value.
Row count indicates how many instances of this attribute occur in the database. Because each object in ProxWebKB has a pagetype attribute, there are 4135 instances of the pagetype attribute in the database. Because Proximity supports set-valued attributes, some attributes such as page_words_top100 may have a higher row count, indicating that some objects have more than one value for that attribute.
Column count indicates how many dimensions a single value contains. In the ProxWebKB database, all original attributes have just a single dimension, although attributes that store model predictions (added by completing the exercises in Chapter 7, Learning Models) employ two dimensions. Other databases might have multi-dimensional attributes, such as an attribute containing an (x,y) pair representing spatial coordinates. Proximity can store multi-dimensional data, but it cannot currently use multi-dimensional attribute values in queries.
Object attribute pages also include delete and export links:
Clicking delete removes this attribute and all its values from the database. (If you want to experiment with removing attributes, take care not to remove the pagetype attribute as it is needed in later exercises. You can safely remove the url_hierarchy2 or url_hierarchy3 attributes without affecting later Tutorial exercises.)
Clicking export writes the object or link IDs and attribute values to a tab-delimited text file suitable for importing into another application.
The attribute list is initially sorted by count, with the most numerous value shown first. Click value to sort the list alphabetically.
Click Student. Proximity displays a list of objects whose pagetype attribute has the value Student. Said differently, Proximity filters the list of objects by the selected attribute value.
Click Back to return to the Object Attributes page.
Click page_words_top100. Proximity displays summary information for this attribute.
Because ProxWebKB objects have multiple values for this attribute, its row count is much higher than the number of objects in the database.
Click Home to return to the Proximity Database Browser start page.
Click Link Attributes. Proximity displays a list of the link attributes in the ProxWebKB database. Links in ProxWebKB have two attributes, link_id and link_tag.
The Link Attributes page also includes a
create new link for adding a new link
attribute to the database.
Clicking
create new opens the
Create New Attribute dialog, allowing you to
specify the new attribute name and a function for assigning values.
See “Adding a New Attribute” for an
example of a function that assigns values to the new attribute; the
syntax for this function is further described in the Javadoc
documentation for the AddAttribute
class.
Explore the link attributes. Every link in ProxWebKB has a value for each of these attributes: a link_tag that indicates the relationship of one web page to another in a file hierarchy, and a link_id that provides a unique identifier for each link. As with other long pages, the link_id page only displays the first 200 entries.
Like object attribute pages, link attribute pages include a delete link removes that attribute and all its values from the database, and an export link that exports the attribute values to a tab-delimited text file suitable for importing into another application.
Continue exploring the ProxWebKB database. When you are finished, continue to the next section.


By @astronomyblog & @LoveGraphs. Stats last updated 28 July 2016.
It seems there may have been at least 44 shows and 220 listed appearances. With 5 people per show, lovegraphs.com has all appearances listed. The host/captains/regulars have included Rufus Hound (Team Captain × 36), Marcus Brigstocke (Team Captain × 36), John Sergeant (Host × 36), Sean Lock (Host × 8, Panellist × 6), Seann Walsh (Team Captain × 8), Robert Webb (Team Captain × 8).
Total appearances:
Guest appearances i.e. ignoring the host/captains/regulars:
All people:
Guests i.e. ignoring the host/captains/regulars:
Last updated: 2016/07/28


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CLONE
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (2)Updated: 2009-07-18
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
clone, __clone2 - create a child processSYNOPSIS
#define _GNU_SOURCE #include <sched.h> int clone(int (*fn)(void *), void *child_stack, int flags, void *arg, ... /* pid_t *ptid, struct user_desc *tls, pid_t *ctid */ );
DESCRIPTION
clone() creates a new process, in a manner similar to fork(2). It is actually a library function layered on top of the underlying clone() system call, hereinafter referred to as sys_clone. A description of sys_clone is given towards the end of this page.Unlike fork(2), these calls allow the child process to share parts of its execution context with the calling process, such as the memory space, the table of file descriptors, and the table of signal handlers. (Note that on this manual page, "calling process" normally corresponds to "parent process". But see the description of CLONE_PARENT below.)
The main use of clone() is to implement threads: multiple threads of control in a program that run concurrently in a shared memory space.
When the child process is created with clone(), it executes the function application fn(arg). (This differs from fork(2), where execution continues in the child from the point of the fork(2) call.) The fn argument is a pointer to a function that is called by the child process at the beginning of its execution. The arg argument is passed to the fn function.
When the fn(arg) function application returns, the child process terminates. The integer returned by fn is the exit code for the child process. The child process may also terminate explicitly by calling exit(2) or after receiving a fatal signal.
The child_stack argument specifies the location of the stack used by the child process. Since the child and calling process may share memory, it is not possible for the child process to execute in the same stack as the calling process. The calling process must therefore set up memory space for the child stack and pass a pointer to this space to clone(). Stacks grow downwards on all processors that run Linux (except the HP PA processors), so child_stack usually points to the topmost address of the memory space set up for the child stack.
The low byte of flags contains the number of the termination signal sent to the parent when the child dies. If this signal is specified as anything other than SIGCHLD, then the parent process must specify the __WALL or __WCLONE options when waiting for the child with wait(2). If no signal is specified, then the parent process is not signaled when the child terminates.
flags may also be bitwise-or'ed with zero or more of the following constants, in order to specify what is shared between the calling process and the child process:
- CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
- Erase child thread ID at location ctid in child memory when the child exits, and do a wakeup on the futex at that address. The address involved may be changed by the set_tid_address(2) system call. This is used by threading libraries.
- CLONE_CHILD_SETTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
- Store child thread ID at location ctid in child memory.
- CLONE_FILES
-
If
CLONE_FILES
is set, the calling process and the child process share the same file
descriptor table.
Any file descriptor created by the calling process or by the child
process is also valid in the other process.
Similarly, if one of the processes closes a file descriptor,
or changes its associated flags (using the
fcntl(2)
F_SETFD
operation), the other process is also affected.
If CLONE_FILES is not set, the child process inherits a copy of all file descriptors opened in the calling process at the time of clone(). (The duplicated file descriptors in the child refer to the same open file descriptions (see open(2)) as the corresponding file descriptors in the calling process.) Subsequent operations that open or close file descriptors, or change file descriptor flags, performed by either the calling process or the child process do not affect the other process.
- CLONE_FS
-
If
CLONE_FS
is set, the caller and the child process share the same file system
information.
This includes the root of the file system, the current
working directory, and the umask.
Any call to
chroot(2),
chdir(2),
or
umask(2)
performed by the calling process or the child process also affects the
other process.
If CLONE_FS is not set, the child process works on a copy of the file system information of the calling process at the time of the clone() call. Calls to chroot(2), chdir(2), umask(2) performed later by one of the processes do not affect the other process.
- CLONE_IO (since Linux 2.6.25)
-
If
CLONE_IO
is set, then the new process shares an I/O context with
the calling process.
If this flag is not set, then (as with
fork(2))
the new process has its own I/O context.
The I/O context is the I/O scope of the disk scheduler (i.e, what the I/O scheduler uses to model scheduling of a process's I/O). If processes share the same I/O context, they are treated as one by the I/O scheduler. As a consequence, they get to share disk time. For some I/O schedulers, if two processes share an I/O context, they will be allowed to interleave their disk access. If several threads are doing I/O on behalf of the same process (aio_read(3), for instance), they should employ CLONE_IO to get better I/O performance.
If the kernel is not configured with the CONFIG_BLOCK option, this flag is a no-op.
- CLONE_NEWIPC (since Linux 2.6.19)
-
If
CLONE_NEWIPC
is set, then create the process in a new IPC namespace.
If this flag is not set, then (as with
fork(2)),
the process is created in the same IPC namespace as
the calling process.
This flag is intended for the implementation of containers.
An IPC namespace consists of the set of identifiers for System V IPC objects. (These objects are created using msgctl(2), semctl(2), and shmctl(2)). Objects created in an IPC namespace are visible to other processes that are members of that namespace, but are not visible to processes in other IPC namespaces.
When an IPC namespace is destroyed (i.e, when the last process that is a member of the namespace terminates), all IPC objects in the namespace are automatically destroyed.
Use of this flag requires: a kernel configured with the CONFIG_SYSVIPC and CONFIG_IPC_NS options and that the process be privileged (CAP_SYS_ADMIN). This flag can't be specified in conjunction with CLONE_SYSVSEM.
- CLONE_NEWNET (since Linux 2.6.24)
-
(The implementation of this flag is not yet complete,
but probably will be mostly complete by about Linux 2.6.28.)
If CLONE_NEWNET is set, then create the process in a new network namespace. If this flag is not set, then (as with fork(2)), the process is created in the same network namespace as the calling process. This flag is intended for the implementation of containers.
A network namespace provides an isolated view of the networking stack (network device interfaces, IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks, IP routing tables, firewall rules, the /proc/net and /sys/class/net directory trees, sockets, etc.). A physical network device can live in exactly one network namespace. A virtual network device ("veth") pair provides a pipe-like abstraction that can be used to create tunnels between network namespaces, and can be used to create a bridge to a physical network device in another namespace.
When a network namespace is freed (i.e., when the last process in the namespace terminates), its physical network devices are moved back to the initial network namespace (not to the parent of the process).
Use of this flag requires: a kernel configured with the CONFIG_NET_NS option and that the process be privileged (CAP_SYS_ADMIN).
- CLONE_NEWNS (since Linux 2.4.19)
-
Start the child in a new mount namespace.
Every process lives in a mount namespace. The namespace of a process is the data (the set of mounts) describing the file hierarchy as seen by that process. After a fork(2) or clone() where the CLONE_NEWNS flag is not set, the child lives in the same mount namespace as the parent. The system calls mount(2) and umount(2) change the mount namespace of the calling process, and hence affect all processes that live in the same namespace, but do not affect processes in a different mount namespace.
After a clone() where the CLONE_NEWNS flag is set, the cloned child is started in a new mount namespace, initialized with a copy of the namespace of the parent.
Only a privileged process (one having the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability) may specify the CLONE_NEWNS flag. It is not permitted to specify both CLONE_NEWNS and CLONE_FS in the same clone() call.
- CLONE_NEWPID (since Linux 2.6.24)
-
If
CLONE_NEWPID
is set, then create the process in a new PID namespace.
If this flag is not set, then (as with
fork(2)),
the process is created in the same PID namespace as
the calling process.
This flag is intended for the implementation of containers.
A PID namespace provides an isolated environment for PIDs: PIDs in a new namespace start at 1, somewhat like a standalone system, and calls to fork(2), vfork(2), or clone(2) will produce processes with PIDs that are unique within the namespace.
The first process created in a new namespace (i.e., the process created using the CLONE_NEWPID flag) has the PID 1, and is the "init" process for the namespace. Children that are orphaned within the namespace will be reparented to this process rather than init(8). Unlike the traditional init process, the "init" process of a PID namespace can terminate, and if it does, all of the processes in the namespace are terminated.
PID namespaces form a hierarchy. When a PID new namespace is created, the processes in that namespace are visible in the PID namespace of the process that created the new namespace; analogously, if the parent PID namespace is itself the child of another PID namespace, then processes in the child and parent PID namespaces will both be visible in the grandparent PID namespace. Conversely, the processes in the "child" PID namespace do not see the processes in the parent namespace. The existence of a namespace hierarchy means that each process may now have multiple PIDs: one for each namespace in which it is visible; each of these PIDs is unique within the corresponding namespace. (A call to getpid(2) always returns the PID associated with the namespace in which the process lives.)
After creating the new namespace, it is useful for the child to change its root directory and mount a new procfs instance at /proc so that tools such as ps(1) work correctly. (If CLONE_NEWNS is also included in flags, then it isn't necessary to change the root directory: a new procfs instance can be mounted directly over /proc.)
Use of this flag requires: a kernel configured with the CONFIG_PID_NS option and that the process be privileged (CAP_SYS_ADMIN). This flag can't be specified in conjunction with CLONE_THREAD.
- CLONE_NEWUTS (since Linux 2.6.19)
-
If
CLONE_NEWUTS
is set, then create the process in a new UTS namespace,
whose identifiers are initialized by duplicating the identifiers
from the UTS namespace of the calling process.
If this flag is not set, then (as with
fork(2)),
the process is created in the same UTS namespace as
the calling process.
This flag is intended for the implementation of containers.
A UTS namespace is the set of identifiers returned by uname(2); among these, the domain name and the host name can be modified by setdomainname(2) and .BRsethostname(2), respectively. Changes made to these identifiers in one UTS namespace are visible to other processes in the same namespace, but are not visible to processes in other UTS namespaces.
Use of this flag requires: a kernel configured with the CONFIG_UTS_NS option and that the process be privileged (CAP_SYS_ADMIN).
- CLONE_PARENT (since Linux 2.3.12)
-
If
CLONE_PARENT
is set, then the parent of the new child (as returned by
getppid(2))
will be the same as that of the calling process.
If CLONE_PARENT is not set, then (as with fork(2)) the child's parent is the calling process.
Note that it is the parent process, as returned by getppid(2), which is signaled when the child terminates, so that if CLONE_PARENT is set, then the parent of the calling process, rather than the calling process itself, will be signaled.
- CLONE_PARENT_SETTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
- Store child thread ID at location ptid in parent and child memory. (In Linux 2.5.32-2.5.48 there was a flag CLONE_SETTID that did this.)
- CLONE_PID (obsolete)
- If CLONE_PID is set, the child process is created with the same process ID as the calling process. This is good for hacking the system, but otherwise of not much use. Since 2.3.21 this flag can be specified only by the system boot process (PID 0). It disappeared in Linux 2.5.16.
- CLONE_PTRACE
- If CLONE_PTRACE is specified, and the calling process is being traced, then trace the child also (see ptrace(2)).
- CLONE_SETTLS (since Linux 2.5.32)
- The newtls argument is the new TLS (Thread Local Storage) descriptor. (See set_thread_area(2).)
- CLONE_SIGHAND
-
If
CLONE_SIGHAND
is set, the calling process and the child process share the same table of
signal handlers.
If the calling process or child process calls
sigaction(2)
to change the behavior associated with a signal, the behavior is
changed in the other process as well.
However, the calling process and child
processes still have distinct signal masks and sets of pending
signals.
So, one of them may block or unblock some signals using
sigprocmask(2)
without affecting the other process.
If CLONE_SIGHAND is not set, the child process inherits a copy of the signal handlers of the calling process at the time clone() is called. Calls to sigaction(2) performed later by one of the processes have no effect on the other process.
Since Linux 2.6.0-test6, flags must also include CLONE_VM if CLONE_SIGHAND is specified
- CLONE_STOPPED (since Linux 2.6.0-test2)
-
If
CLONE_STOPPED
is set, then the child is initially stopped (as though it was sent a
SIGSTOP
signal), and must be resumed by sending it a
SIGCONT
signal.
From Linux 2.6.25 this flag is deprecated. You probably never wanted to use it, you certainly shouldn't be using it, and soon it will go away.
- CLONE_SYSVSEM (since Linux 2.5.10)
- If CLONE_SYSVSEM is set, then the child and the calling process share a single list of System V semaphore undo values (see semop(2)). If this flag is not set, then the child has a separate undo list, which is initially empty.
- CLONE_THREAD (since Linux 2.4.0-test8)
-
If
CLONE_THREAD
is set, the child is placed in the same thread group as the calling process.
To make the remainder of the discussion of
CLONE_THREAD
more readable, the term "thread" is used to refer to the
processes within a thread group.
Thread groups were a feature added in Linux 2.4 to support the POSIX threads notion of a set of threads that share a single PID. Internally, this shared PID is the so-called thread group identifier (TGID) for the thread group. Since Linux 2.4, calls to getpid(2) return the TGID of the caller.
The threads within a group can be distinguished by their (system-wide) unique thread IDs (TID). A new thread's TID is available as the function result returned to the caller of clone(), and a thread can obtain its own TID using gettid(2).
When a call is made to clone() without specifying CLONE_THREAD, then the resulting thread is placed in a new thread group whose TGID is the same as the thread's TID. This thread is the leader of the new thread group.
A new thread created with CLONE_THREAD has the same parent process as the caller of clone() (i.e., like CLONE_PARENT), so that calls to getppid(2) return the same value for all of the threads in a thread group. When a CLONE_THREAD thread terminates, the thread that created it using clone() is not sent a SIGCHLD (or other termination) signal; nor can the status of such a thread be obtained using wait(2). (The thread is said to be detached.)
After all of the threads in a thread group terminate the parent process of the thread group is sent a SIGCHLD (or other termination) signal.
If any of the threads in a thread group performs an execve(2), then all threads other than the thread group leader are terminated, and the new program is executed in the thread group leader.
If one of the threads in a thread group creates a child using fork(2), then any thread in the group can wait(2) for that child.
Since Linux 2.5.35, flags must also include CLONE_SIGHAND if CLONE_THREAD is specified.
Signals may be sent to a thread group as a whole (i.e., a TGID) using kill(2), or to a specific thread (i.e., TID) using tgkill(2).
Signal dispositions and actions are process-wide: if an unhandled signal is delivered to a thread, then it will affect (terminate, stop, continue, be ignored in) all members of the thread group.
Each thread has its own signal mask, as set by sigprocmask(2), but signals can be pending either: for the whole process (i.e., deliverable to any member of the thread group), when sent with kill(2); or for an individual thread, when sent with tgkill(2). A call to sigpending(2) returns a signal set that is the union of the signals pending for the whole process and the signals that are pending for the calling thread.
If kill(2) is used to send a signal to a thread group, and the thread group has installed a handler for the signal, then the handler will be invoked in exactly one, arbitrarily selected member of the thread group that has not blocked the signal. If multiple threads in a group are waiting to accept the same signal using sigwaitinfo(2), the kernel will arbitrarily select one of these threads to receive a signal sent using kill(2).
- CLONE_UNTRACED (since Linux 2.5.46)
- If CLONE_UNTRACED is specified, then a tracing process cannot force CLONE_PTRACE on this child process.
- CLONE_VFORK
-
If
CLONE_VFORK
is set, the execution of the calling process is suspended
until the child releases its virtual memory
resources via a call to
execve(2)
or
_exit(2)
(as with
vfork(2)).
If CLONE_VFORK is not set then both the calling process and the child are schedulable after the call, and an application should not rely on execution occurring in any particular order.
- CLONE_VM
-
If
CLONE_VM
is set, the calling process and the child process run in the same memory
space.
In particular, memory writes performed by the calling process
or by the child process are also visible in the other process.
Moreover, any memory mapping or unmapping performed with
mmap(2)
or
munmap(2)
by the child or calling process also affects the other process.
If CLONE_VM is not set, the child process runs in a separate copy of the memory space of the calling process at the time of clone(). Memory writes or file mappings/unmappings performed by one of the processes do not affect the other, as with fork(2).
sys_clone
The sys_clone system call corresponds more closely to fork(2) in that execution in the child continues from the point of the call. Thus, sys_clone only requires the flags and child_stack arguments, which have the same meaning as for clone(). (Note that the order of these arguments differs from clone().)Another difference for sys_clone is that the child_stack argument may be zero, in which case copy-on-write semantics ensure that the child gets separate copies of stack pages when either process modifies the stack. In this case, for correct operation, the CLONE_VM option should not be specified.
In Linux 2.4 and earlier, clone() does not take arguments ptid, tls, and
RETURN VALUE
On success, the thread ID of the child process is returned in the caller's thread of execution. On failure, -1 is returned in the caller's context, no child process will be created, and errno will be set appropriately.ERRORS
- EAGAIN
- Too many processes are already running.
- EINVAL
- CLONE_SIGHAND was specified, but CLONE_VM was not. (Since Linux 2.6.0-test6.)
- EINVAL
- CLONE_THREAD was specified, but CLONE_SIGHAND was not. (Since Linux 2.5.35.)
- EINVAL
- Both CLONE_FS and CLONE_NEWNS were specified in flags.
- EINVAL
- Both CLONE_NEWIPC and CLONE_SYSVSEM were specified in flags.
- EINVAL
- Both CLONE_NEWPID and CLONE_THREAD were specified in flags.
- EINVAL
- Returned by clone() when a zero value is specified for child_stack.
- EINVAL
- CLONE_NEWIPC was specified in flags, but the kernel was not configured with the CONFIG_SYSVIPC and CONFIG_IPC_NS options.
- EINVAL
- CLONE_NEWNET was specified in flags, but the kernel was not configured with the CONFIG_NET_NS option.
- EINVAL
- CLONE_NEWPID was specified in flags, but the kernel was not configured with the CONFIG_PID_NS option.
- EINVAL
- CLONE_NEWUTS was specified in flags, but the kernel was not configured with the CONFIG_UTS option.
- ENOMEM
- Cannot allocate sufficient memory to allocate a task structure for the child, or to copy those parts of the caller's context that need to be copied.
- EPERM
- CLONE_NEWIPC, CLONE_NEWNET, CLONE_NEWNS, CLONE_NEWPID, or CLONE_NEWUTS was specified by a non-root process (process without CAP_SYS_ADMIN).
- EPERM
- CLONE_PID was specified by a process other than process 0.
VERSIONS
There is no entry for clone() in libc5. glibc2 provides clone() as described in this manual page.CONFORMING TO
The clone() and sys_clone calls are Linux-specific and should not be used in programs intended to be portable.NOTES
In the kernel 2.4.x series, CLONE_THREAD generally does not make the parent of the new thread the same as the parent of the calling process. However, for kernel versions 2.4.7 to 2.4.18 the CLONE_THREAD flag implied the CLONE_PARENT flag (as in kernel 2.6).For a while there was CLONE_DETACHED (introduced in 2.5.32): parent wants no child-exit signal. In 2.6.2 the need to give this together with CLONE_THREAD disappeared. This flag is still defined, but has no effect.
On i386, clone() should not be called through vsyscall, but directly through int $0x80.
On ia64, a different system call is used:
int __clone2(int (*fn)(void *), void *child_stack_base, size_t stack_size, int flags, void *arg, ... /* pid_t *ptid, struct user_desc *tls, pid_t *ctid */ );
The __clone2() system call operates in the same way as clone(), except that child_stack_base points to the lowest address of the child's stack area, and stack_size specifies the size of the stack pointed to by child_stack_base.
BUGS
Versions of the GNU C library that include the NPTL threading library contain a wrapper function for getpid(2) that performs caching of PIDs. This caching relies on support in the glibc wrapper for clone(), but as currently implemented, the cache may not be up to date in some circumstances. In particular, if a signal is delivered to the child immediately after the clone() call, then a call to getpid() in a handler for the signal may return the PID of the calling process ("the parent"), if the clone wrapper has not yet had a chance to update the PID cache in the child. (This discussion ignores the case where the child was created using CLONE_THREAD, when getpid() should return the same value in the child and in the process that called clone(), since the caller and the child are in the same thread group. The stale-cache problem also does not occur if the flags argument includes CLONE_VM.) To get the truth, it may be necessary to use code such as the following:#include <syscall.h> pid_t mypid; mypid = syscall(SYS_getpid);
SEE ALSO
fork(2), futex(2), getpid(2), gettid(2), set_thread_area(2), set_tid_address(2), tkill(2), unshare(2), wait(2), capabilities(7), pthreads(7)COLOPHON
This page is part of release 3.22 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:33:03 GMT, December 24, 2015


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Dev Bootcamp
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The video on the Dev Boocamp experience validated why I chose Dev Bootcamp. I know I will have support if I have any questions or concerns because we are all in this together. Dev Bootcamp seeks to foster a community of developers as opposed to being isolated and at times, frustrated.
Dev Bootcamp is unique in that there is rigorous prep before walking into their doors. The prep is a confidence booster because there is a feeling of “Ok, I at least have background of what is going on.”
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Ground round tenderloin flank shank ribeye. Hamkevin meatball swine. Cow shankle beef sirloin chicken ground round.
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Equivalent to clicking the Paste command on the Name submenu of the Insert menu and selecting the Paste List option button. Lists all names (except hidden names) defined in your workbook. LIST.NAMES also lists the cells to which the names refer; whether a macro corresponding to a particular name is a command macro or a custom function; the shortcut key for each command macro; and the category of the custom functions.
Syntax
LIST.NAMES( )
Remarks
If the current selection is a single cell or five or more columns wide, LIST.NAMES pastes all five types of information about worksheet names into five columns. The first column contains cell names. The second column contains the corresponding cell references. The third column contains the number 1 if the name refers to a custom function, the number 2 if it refers to a command macro, or 0 if it refers to anything else. The fourth column lists the shortcut keys for command macros. The fifth column contains a category name for custom functions or the number of the built-in category.
If the selection includes fewer than five columns, LIST.NAMES omits the information that would have been pasted into the other columns.
When you use LIST.NAMES, Microsoft Excel completely replaces the contents of the cells it pastes into.
Related Functions
GET.DEF Returns a name matching a definition
GET.NAME Returns the definition of a name
NAMES Returns the names defined in a workbook
Return to index


Get the native type of a value.
Please consider following this project's author, Jon Schlinkert, and consider starring the project to show your :heart: and support.
Install with npm:
$ npm install --save kind-of
Install with bower
$ bower install kind-of --save
es5, es6, and browser ready
var kindOf = require('kind-of');
kindOf(undefined);
//=> 'undefined'
kindOf(null);
//=> 'null'
kindOf(true);
//=> 'boolean'
kindOf(false);
//=> 'boolean'
kindOf(new Buffer(''));
//=> 'buffer'
kindOf(42);
//=> 'number'
kindOf('str');
//=> 'string'
kindOf(arguments);
//=> 'arguments'
kindOf({});
//=> 'object'
kindOf(Object.create(null));
//=> 'object'
kindOf(new Test());
//=> 'object'
kindOf(new Date());
//=> 'date'
kindOf([1, 2, 3]);
//=> 'array'
kindOf(/foo/);
//=> 'regexp'
kindOf(new RegExp('foo'));
//=> 'regexp'
kindOf(new Error('error'));
//=> 'error'
kindOf(function () {});
//=> 'function'
kindOf(function * () {});
//=> 'generatorfunction'
kindOf(Symbol('str'));
//=> 'symbol'
kindOf(new Map());
//=> 'map'
kindOf(new WeakMap());
//=> 'weakmap'
kindOf(new Set());
//=> 'set'
kindOf(new WeakSet());
//=> 'weakset'
kindOf(new Int8Array());
//=> 'int8array'
kindOf(new Uint8Array());
//=> 'uint8array'
kindOf(new Uint8ClampedArray());
//=> 'uint8clampedarray'
kindOf(new Int16Array());
//=> 'int16array'
kindOf(new Uint16Array());
//=> 'uint16array'
kindOf(new Int32Array());
//=> 'int32array'
kindOf(new Uint32Array());
//=> 'uint32array'
kindOf(new Float32Array());
//=> 'float32array'
kindOf(new Float64Array());
//=> 'float64array'
Benchmarked against typeof and type-of.
# arguments (32 bytes)
kind-of x 17,024,098 ops/sec ±1.90% (86 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 11,926,235 ops/sec ±1.34% (83 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 9,245,257 ops/sec ±1.22% (87 runs sampled)
fastest is kind-of (by 161% avg)
# array (22 bytes)
kind-of x 17,196,492 ops/sec ±1.07% (88 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 8,838,283 ops/sec ±1.02% (87 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 8,677,848 ops/sec ±0.87% (87 runs sampled)
fastest is kind-of (by 196% avg)
# boolean (24 bytes)
kind-of x 16,841,600 ops/sec ±1.10% (86 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 8,096,787 ops/sec ±0.95% (87 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 8,423,345 ops/sec ±1.15% (86 runs sampled)
fastest is kind-of (by 204% avg)
# buffer (38 bytes)
kind-of x 14,848,060 ops/sec ±1.05% (86 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 3,671,577 ops/sec ±1.49% (87 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 8,360,236 ops/sec ±1.24% (86 runs sampled)
fastest is kind-of (by 247% avg)
# date (30 bytes)
kind-of x 16,067,761 ops/sec ±1.58% (86 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 8,954,436 ops/sec ±1.40% (87 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 8,488,307 ops/sec ±1.51% (84 runs sampled)
fastest is kind-of (by 184% avg)
# error (36 bytes)
kind-of x 9,634,090 ops/sec ±1.12% (89 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 7,735,624 ops/sec ±1.32% (86 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 7,442,160 ops/sec ±1.11% (90 runs sampled)
fastest is kind-of (by 127% avg)
# function (34 bytes)
kind-of x 10,031,494 ops/sec ±1.27% (86 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 9,502,757 ops/sec ±1.17% (89 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 8,278,985 ops/sec ±1.08% (88 runs sampled)
fastest is kind-of (by 113% avg)
# null (24 bytes)
kind-of x 18,159,808 ops/sec ±1.92% (86 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 12,927,635 ops/sec ±1.01% (88 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 7,958,234 ops/sec ±1.21% (89 runs sampled)
fastest is kind-of (by 174% avg)
# number (22 bytes)
kind-of x 17,846,779 ops/sec ±0.91% (85 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 3,316,636 ops/sec ±1.19% (86 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 2,329,477 ops/sec ±2.21% (85 runs sampled)
fastest is kind-of (by 632% avg)
# object-plain (47 bytes)
kind-of x 7,085,155 ops/sec ±1.05% (88 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 8,870,930 ops/sec ±1.06% (83 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 8,716,024 ops/sec ±1.05% (87 runs sampled)
fastest is lib-type-of (by 112% avg)
# regex (25 bytes)
kind-of x 14,196,052 ops/sec ±1.65% (84 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 9,554,164 ops/sec ±1.25% (88 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 8,359,691 ops/sec ±1.07% (87 runs sampled)
fastest is kind-of (by 158% avg)
# string (33 bytes)
kind-of x 16,131,428 ops/sec ±1.41% (85 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 7,273,172 ops/sec ±1.05% (87 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 7,382,635 ops/sec ±1.17% (85 runs sampled)
fastest is kind-of (by 220% avg)
# symbol (34 bytes)
kind-of x 17,011,537 ops/sec ±1.24% (86 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 3,492,454 ops/sec ±1.23% (89 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 7,471,235 ops/sec ±2.48% (87 runs sampled)
fastest is kind-of (by 310% avg)
# template-strings (36 bytes)
kind-of x 15,434,250 ops/sec ±1.46% (83 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 7,157,907 ops/sec ±0.97% (87 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 7,517,986 ops/sec ±0.92% (86 runs sampled)
fastest is kind-of (by 210% avg)
# undefined (29 bytes)
kind-of x 19,167,115 ops/sec ±1.71% (87 runs sampled)
lib-type-of x 15,477,740 ops/sec ±1.63% (85 runs sampled)
lib-typeof x 19,075,495 ops/sec ±1.17% (83 runs sampled)
fastest is lib-typeof,kind-of
In 7 out of 8 cases, this library is 2x-10x faster than other top libraries included in the benchmarks. There are a few things that lead to this performance advantage, none of them hard and fast rules, but all of them simple and repeatable in almost any code library:
typeof
checks were being used in my own libraries and other libraries I use a lot.Object
constructor). I opted to make this check happen by process of elimination rather than brute force up front (e.g. by using something like val.constructor.name
), so that every other type check would not be penalized it..slice(8, -1).toLowerCase();
just to get the word regex
? It's much faster to do if (type === '[object RegExp]') return 'regex'
require()
statement to use the library anyway, regardless of how the code is written.kind-of seems to be more consistently "correct" than other type checking libs I've looked at. For example, here are some differing results from other popular libs:
Incorrectly identifies instances of custom constructors (pretty common):
var typeOf = require('typeof');
function Test() {}
console.log(typeOf(new Test()));
//=> 'test'
Returns object
instead of arguments
:
function foo() {
console.log(typeOf(arguments)) //=> 'object'
}
foo();
Incorrectly returns object
for generator functions, buffers, Map
, Set
, WeakMap
and WeakSet
:
function * foo() {}
console.log(typeOf(foo));
//=> 'object'
console.log(typeOf(new Buffer('')));
//=> 'object'
console.log(typeOf(new Map()));
//=> 'object'
console.log(typeOf(new Set()));
//=> 'object'
console.log(typeOf(new WeakMap()));
//=> 'object'
console.log(typeOf(new WeakSet()));
//=> 'object'
 Contributing
Pull requests and stars are always welcome. For bugs and feature requests, please create an issue.

 Running Tests
Running and reviewing unit tests is a great way to get familiarized with a library and its API. You can install dependencies and run tests with the following command:
$ npm install && npm test

 Building docs
(This project's readme.md is generated by verb, please don't edit the readme directly. Any changes to the readme must be made in the .verb.md readme template.)
To generate the readme, run the following command:
$ npm install -g verbose/verb#dev verb-generate-readme && verb

You might also be interested in these projects:
true
if the given string looks like a glob pattern or an extglob pattern… more | homepagetrue
if the value is a primitive. | homepage| Commits | Contributor |
|---|---|
| 102 | jonschlinkert |
| 3 | aretecode |
| 2 | miguelmota |
| 1 | doowb |
| 1 | dtothefp |
| 1 | ianstormtaylor |
| 1 | ksheedlo |
| 1 | pdehaan |
| 1 | laggingreflex |
| 1 | tunnckoCore |
| 1 | xiaofen9 |
Jon Schlinkert
Copyright © 2020, Jon Schlinkert. Released under the MIT License.
This file was generated by verb-generate-readme, v0.8.0, on January 16, 2020.


Provides gene signature quality control metrics in publication ready plots. Namely, enables the visualization of properties such as expression, variability, correlation, and comparison of methods of standardisation and scoring metrics.
| Version: | 0.1.21 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.3.0) |
| Imports: | MASS, lattice, KernSmooth, cluster, nnet, class, gridGraphics, biclust, gplots, ComplexHeatmap, RankProd, fmsb, moments, grDevices, graphics, stats, utils, mclust, GSVA, circlize |
| Suggests: | knitr, rmarkdown |
| Published: | 2018-07-24 |
| Author: | Andrew Dhawan [aut], Alessandro Barberis [aut], Wei-Chen Cheng [aut], Francesca Buffa [aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: | Francesca Buffa <francesca.buffa at oncology.ox.ac.uk> |
| License: | file LICENSE |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | README |
| CRAN checks: | sigQC results |
| Reference manual: | sigQC.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
"sigQC: Gene Signature Quality Control" |
| Package source: | sigQC_0.1.21.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: sigQC_0.1.21.zip, r-release: sigQC_0.1.21.zip, r-oldrel: sigQC_0.1.21.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: sigQC_0.1.21.tgz, r-oldrel: sigQC_0.1.21.tgz |
| Old sources: | sigQC archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=sigQC to link to this page.


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Coffee
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Fiori apps can be run standalone without using the launch pad. To directly access a Fiori App you need to create a special URL as described in SAP Help.
The following form can be used to create such an URL. The Port and Client field is optional.
The resulting Fiori standalone App URL is


Lately sooby snacks have gone missing.
You think you know who took them.
Who do you blame(click on your answer)? Scooby or Shagy


Contents
Short Descriptions
|
simply exits with a zero status, since XFS partitions are checked at mount time. |
|
|
constructs an XFS file system. |
|
|
changes the parameters of an XFS file system. |
|
|
prints block mapping for an XFS file. |
|
|
copies the contents of an XFS file system to one or more targets in parallel. |
|
|
for each directory argument, estimates the space that directory would take if it were copied to an XFS filesystem (does not cross mount points). |
|
|
is used to debug an XFS file system. |
|
|
suspends access to an XFS file system. |
|
|
applicable only to XFS filesystems, improves the organization of mounted filesystems, the reorganization algorithm operates on one file at a time, compacting or othewise improving the layout of the file extents (contiguous blocks of file data). |
|
|
expands an XFS file system. |
|
|
is equivalent to invoking xfs_growfs, but specifying that no change to the file system is to be made. |
|
|
is a debugging tool like xfs_db, but is aimed at examining the regular file I/O path rather than the raw XFS volume itself. |
|
|
prints the log of an XFS file system. |
|
|
restores an XFS metadump image to a filesystem image. |
|
|
copies XFS filesystem metadata to a file. |
|
|
creates an XFS file, padded with zeroes by default. |
|
|
generates pathnames from inode numbers for an XFS file system. |
|
|
is a utility for reporting and editing various aspects of filesystem quota. |
|
|
repairs corrupt or damaged XFS file systems. |
|
|
copies a file to the real-time partition on an XFS file system. |
|
|
reports and controls free space usage in an XFS file system. |
|
|
contains XFS-specific functions that provide a way to perform certain filesystem operations without using a file descriptor to access filesystem objects. |


VIUP

VIUP is a work-in-progress V wrapper for the C-based cross-platform UI library, IUP. The aim of this library is to provide a thorough implementation of IUP in V. The implmentation is faithful to the original API but takes some liberties to provide a native "V" feel and modernizes some of the calls.

IM
runtime libraries: http://webserver2.tecgraf.puc-rio.br/im/Copy all applicable DLLs from Zip to binary directory. By default, only iup.dll
is required. If using image functions, iup_im.dll
is required as
well as all of the DLLs frmo the IM
library.
Windows UI apps need to be built with a Manifest. This manifest includes details about the app such as the name, version, and characteristics. VIUP
includes a basic manifest with the gallery that can be easily modified. The generated manifest.syso
needs to be in the directory during build but
does not need to be distributed with your application.
To update the manifest:
cd winmanifest
windres -i resources.rc -o manifest.syso -O coff
Copy manifest.syso to application directory.
Note: Currently running v .
or v run .
will not find the .syso
file correctly. To include it in your project, add a #flag windows "path\\to\\file\\manifest.syso
to the top of your application.
Extract runtime libraries to a folder and run sudo ./install
to install libraries.
I've noticed in testing that the libraries are installed to /usr/lib64
. It does not appear that they are picked up by the compiler there. Copying from
that folder to /usr/lib
resolves the problem. This may not be necessary in all cases.
This repo comes with a copy of the headers for the version of IUP that it was developed against (3.30), but does not ship with the runtime libraries. It is not necessary to get the IM library runtime if you do not plan to use it in your application.
By default VIUP only initializes the subsystems that are imported. For example, importing just viup
only initializes the standard dialogs, containers, and components.
If an extension library is loaded (viup.image
), the required runtime binaries must be installed or provided along with the build.
This repo comes with a simple application that demos all of the available controls. This app is available in the "examples/gallery". It requires the IM libraries. Once all runtime libraries are in the folder, run the example with v run .
.
One of the strengths of IUP is that is it a very simple library. All controls are instances of &Control
and share the same methods, though not all methods are applicable to a Control. Adjusting settings for a control is as simple as calling set_attr
or providing the attributes when initializing the Control.
Here's a basic example of initializing a simple window:
viup.
dialog(viup.scroll(hbox), "title=Control Gallery") // Create our dialog with "Control Gallery" as the title and a scrollable Control
.set_handle("MainWindow") // Define a global ID for our Window
.set_menu("app_menu", menu) // Set an app menu if applicable
.show_xy(viup.Pos.center, viup.Pos.center) // Display dialog in center of screen
All controls can be passed attributes as the last parameters when creating a Control. Any amount of attributes can provided. Attributes can adjust the various characteristics of a Control such as the title, value(s), background or foreground colors, control sub-type, sizing, etc.
Not all available attributes apply to each control. If an invalid attribute is provided it is actually accessible via get_attr
but will not affect the control itself. Read up more on attributes in the IUP Documentation.
Example:
viup.list(
"List", // control 'name'
"1=Combo Item 1", // Attr 1: Slot 1 is 'Combo Item 1'
"2=Combo Item 2", // Attr 2: Slot 2 is 'Combo Item 2'
"3=Combo Item 3", // ....
"4=Combo Item 4", // ....
"dropdown=yes", // Attr 5: List is a dropdown
"expand=horizontal", // Attr 6: Expand horizontally
"value=1" // Attr 7: Set default value to Slot 1
)
All controls have callback methods available for various events. Each callback method starts with on_
and can be quickly chained to add multiple callbacks.
Example:
viup.button("Button", "action").on_action(button_clicked)
fn button_clicked(control &viup.Control) viup.FuncResult {
viup.message("Button Click", "Button clicked!")
return .cont
}
In the example above, a Button
control is initialized with "Button" for the title. An action
callback is added with on_action(button_clicked)
. button_clicked
is an ActionFunc
callback and is automatically called when the button is clicked. VIUP mirrors the callbacks that IUP provides pretty closely, typically adding Func
on the end for consistency.
The majority of callback functions can return a viup.FuncResult
. This result can be one of the following:
cont
- continue actionclose
- close the applicationdefault
- perform default action (may be equivalent to cont
in most cases)ignore
- ignores event and may stop propagationMost Control methods will return back the Control when finished. This makes it easy to chain several method calls together.
Example:
viup
.message_dialog(
"title=About",
"value=$about",
"dialogtype=information"
) // Create a message dialog with attributes "title", "value", and "dialogtype"
.popup(viup.Pos.current, viup.Pos.current) // Popup dialog to user
.destroy() // Destroy dialog when closed
Example 2:
viup
.button("Set font...", "", "expand=horizontal") // Create button with "Set font..." as title
.set_handle("font_btn") // Set a handle name
.callback(viup.ActionFunc(font_button_clicked)) // Set a Action callback
Note: Dialogs return back an struct of Dialog
. This struct has a few unique functions associated with it (i.e. popup
, show
, show_xy
). It's not
to chain to these methods from regular Control
methods.
All dialog, layouts and elements are "Controls" in IUP. As such, they all share common methods that can be utilized by any Control.
Most used component methods:
| Method | Description |
|---|---|
get_attr / set_attr |
Get or set an attribute value on the control. |
set_attrs |
Used to set multiple attributes in a single call |
set_handle |
Assigns this control a name on the global level. This is typically used in combination with viup.get_handle to restore the control in callbacks or other functions |
get_font / set_font |
Get or set a Font |
refresh / refresh_children |
Trigger a redraw for this component and/or its children |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
color_dialog(...attrs) |
Opens a color picker with optional color palette |
dialog(child, attrs) |
Creates a standard Window or modal dialog |
file_dialog(...attrs) |
Open a file chooser. This can be used to open or save files |
font_dialog(...attrs) |
Opens a font picker |
message_dialog(...attrs) |
Opens a customizable message modal |
message(title, message) |
Shows a generic message box with a standard "OK" button to close |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
background(child, attrs) |
A simple container element that is designed to have a background color or image |
detach_box(child, attrs) |
Container that is designed to be detachable from the parent container when needed. Can also be reattached. |
fill(...attrs) |
Fills the remaining space for the parent container |
flat_frame(child, attrs) |
Standard frame that allows custom rendering |
flat_scroll(child, attrs) |
Standard scroll that allows custom rendering |
frame(child, attrs) |
Container that puts a border around its children with an optional title |
grid(children, attrs) |
Multi-control container that lays out its children in a table-like design |
hbox(children, attrs) |
Multi-control container that lays out its children in a row |
menu(children, attrs) |
Multi-control container for a dialog's menu items |
radio_group(child, attrs) |
Container is used to group toggle s together into a radio button group |
tabs(children, attrs) |
Multi-control container for tabbed content |
vbox(children, attrs) |
Multi-control container that lays out its children in a column |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
animated_label(animation, attrs) |
Creates a control that can display an animation |
button(title, action, attrs) |
Creates a standard button with title for the text |
canvas(action, attrs) |
A control that can be used to render custom content |
divider(...attrs) |
Draws a horizontal or vertical line (horizontal by default) |
label(title, attrs) |
A simple control to show text or images |
link(url, title, attrs) |
Similar to a label, can be used to link to an external source |
list(action, attrs) |
Creates a component that can be used to list multiple values |
menu_item(action, attrs) |
Used in the menu component as a specific action (e.g. "Open File..." or "About") |
menu_sep(...attrs) |
Create a simple horizontal line in a menu |
multiline(action, attrs) |
Creates a multiline chooser component |
progress(...attrs) |
Basic progressbar component |
slider(orientation, attrs) |
Creates a number-line slider component |
sub_menu(title, child, attrs) |
Creates a sub menu component. Sub-menues are children of menu components. Typically structured like: Menu -> Sub-menu -> Menu -> Menu Item. |
text(action, attrs) |
Creates a standard text-input control. Can be set as multi-line, number input, etc. |
toggle(title, action, attrs) |
A radio or checkbox component. Defaults to radio when in a radio_group . |
This project was developed as a way of improving my understanding of V & C. I will not be providing active support for the project, but I'll happily accept any pull requests. Use at your own discretion!


We pride ourselves in only serving the most elite clientel. All arrangements will be vetted through direct contact only, we don't serve filthy plebians.
To make arrangements you may contact us either by phone, or by having your people email ours.
| Phone Number | Email Address |
| 1<PHONE_NUMBER> |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|


Classes
The following classes are available globally.
-
Handles the queueing and presenting of
See moreUINotification
sDeclaration
Swift
public final class UINotificationCenter
-
Presents the Notification with an EaseOut in animation, EaseIn out animation.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public final class UINotificationEaseOutEaseInPresenter: UINotificationPresenter
-
A duration
See moreUINotificationDismissTrigger
which will automatically dismiss the targetUINotificationView
after the given duration.Declaration
Swift
public final class UINotificationDurationDismissTrigger: UINotificationSchedulableDismissTrigger
-
An UINotification which can be showed on top of the
See moreUINavigationBar
andUIStatusBar
Declaration
Swift
public final class UINotification
-
The default view which can be used for notification presentations. Will present a title and a chevron with basic green and red colors for the notification Type.
Declaration
Swift
open class UINotificationView: UIView
-
Provides information about an in-progress notification presentation.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public final class UINotificationPresentationContext
-
Defines the request of a notification presentation. Can be in idle, running or finished state. Can also be in a cancelled state if
See morecancel()
is called.Declaration
Swift
public final class UINotificationRequest: Equatable
-
A manual
See moreUINotificationDismissTrigger
. Usetrigger()
to trigger the dismiss.Declaration
Swift
public final class UINotificationManualDismissTrigger: UINotificationDismissTrigger


Which link do you want to open after toggling feature foo
Which link do you want to open after toggling feature hoo
extension passwrord
old passwrord
new passwrord


{% extends 'default.html' %} {% set title = 'Privacy Policy' %} {% set footer = true %} {% set homeLink = true %} {% block pageHeading %}{{title}}{% endblock %} {% block pageContent %}
We take your privacy very seriously. We will be asking applicants for personal data, so we want to let you know what we will do with it.


"Lake Placid" (1999)
Reviewed by Samuel Pederson
The best thing about, "Lake Placid" is that it's only 80 minutes long and when it's over you're glad that you didn't waste more than an hour and a half of your time. It's nothing more than a bad rip-off of, "Jaws" (and I think that's being kind.) It was written by David E. Kelly ("Ally McBeal") as a horror-comedy but fails at both, miserably. I was never scared and I think that I only laughed once. The crocodile even fails in comparison to the snake in, "Anaconda."
The plot begins when a man is eaten in half by the giant crocodile in Black Lake in Maine. That brings the local sheriff (Brendan Gleeson) and a Fish-and-Game warden (Bill Pulman) to investigate. Also, a paleontologist (Bridget Fonda) from New York is sent to look at a tooth and an eccentric millionaire/crocodile lover (Oliver Platt) flies in because he wants to swim beside the beast. Soon there is tension between everybody because half the people want to kill the croc and the other half want to save it. There's also an eccentric old lady (Betty White) who lives by the lake and has a few secrets.
As I mentioned before Kelley and director Steve Minor (H20) don't go for a serious approach towards the material but they also don't have anything sly or satirical or witty to say either. The Betty White character is completely unfunny and none of the other characters are really that interesting, they're all basically idiots. If they had any brains the croc wouldn't have been that much of a challenge to catch and they wouldn't have put themselves in half of the situations that they did. But then again, if they were smart there wouldn't be a movie. Basically, "Lake Placid" is best undiscovered.
Rating: D
Copyright 1999 Samuel Pederson
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Cluster Size:
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David Deutsch - The Beginning of Infinity
David Deutsch 2011. The Beginning of Infinity. Explanations that transform the World. London: Allen Lane. 485 pp.
The Beginning of Infinity is a long essay setting out our pursuit of good explanations through an exposition of the growth of our knowledge, and the mathematical and physical conditions of our universe. A short summary of might be: Are the limits of our understanding infinite? If so, literally anything is not just possible, but inevitable.
David Deutsch charts our progress from the ancient Greek philosophers and Galileo Galilei as a continual Enlightenment (the pursuit of good explanations through a tradition of critical thinking, not reliance on authority). Good explanations are those that are hard to vary while still accounting for the phenomenon in question. Others would call The Enlightenment “science” but David Deutsch gives a fiercely logical exposition of what science is all about while rarely using the word. I’ve been chewing away at this since Skip Woolley gave it to me in December 2014. Each time I return to a chapter of The Beginning of Infinity I understand a bit more. These notes have been in continual revision. Each chapter concludes with a short summary - very useful for return visits.
If an explanation could easily explain anything in the given field, then it usually explains nothing. (p. 22)
An early chapter, The Reach of Explanations is important in establishing the ground rules: the establishment of a tradition of criticism (not authority) is transformative and is a crucial element of The Beginning of Infinity. Induction is put to rest in a way that I had not fully grasped earlier.
A chapter on Choices puts modern politics in it’s appropriately petty place. Among other insights it is a logical outcome that proportional voting systems inevitably result in the third most popular party having a greater say than the more popular parties, since they have the final say in forming government. (The shrill anti-Greens commentary from conservative parties and the right wing press in Australia and elsewhere should read and think a little more widely. Never mind, as David Deutsch convincingly explains, that way of thinking, being reliant on authority and eschewing self-criticism, will ultimately fall by the wayside.)


Australia, U.S., to cooperate on critical minerals, rare earths
by Reuters(Reuters) - Australia and the United States will support projects to develop critical minerals and rare earths, an Australian government minister said on Wednesday, signaling deeper cooperation in a market dominated by Chinese supplies.
Australian Minister for Resources and Northern Australia Matt Canavan and U.S. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross laid the groundwork for collaboration in financing such projects in talks in Washington, Canavan's office said in a statement.
"This work will offer opportunities for new projects to get off the ground," Canavan said.
"The growing global demand for critical minerals will provide scope for Australian miners to enter stable and secure supply chains to meet growing demand in key economies such as the US."
China is the world's largest producer of rare earth minerals, which are used in electric vehicles, smart phones, renewable energy and defense applications, and there is concern it could use its supplies as a bargaining chip in its trade war with the United States.
Canavan's office did not mention China in the statement.
Australia is host to the largest rare earths producer outside China, Lynas Corp (AX:LYC). The company signed a preliminary deal in May to build a heavy rare earths processing plant in Texas.
Australian and U.S. mineral agencies signed a deal on Tuesday to jointly develop a better understanding of their critical minerals reserves.


Implements Bayesian linear regression, variable selection, normal means estimation, and multiple hypothesis testing using the normal-beta prime prior, as introduced by Bai and Ghosh (2018) <arXiv:1807.02421> and Bai and Ghosh (2018) <arXiv:1807.06539>. Normal means estimation and multiple testing for the Dirichlet-Laplace <doi:10.1080/01621459.2014.960967> and horseshoe+ priors <doi:10.1214/16-BA1028> are also available in this package.
| Version: | 1.1 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.1.0) |
| Imports: | stats, utils, Matrix, MASS, glmnet, pscl, GIGrvg, pracma |
| Published: | 2018-08-15 |
| Author: | Ray Bai, Malay Ghosh |
| Maintainer: | Ray Bai <raybai07 at ufl.edu> |
| License: | GPL-3 |
| NeedsCompilation: | yes |
| CRAN checks: | NormalBetaPrime results |
| Reference manual: | NormalBetaPrime.pdf |
| Package source: | NormalBetaPrime_1.1.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: NormalBetaPrime_1.1.zip, r-release: NormalBetaPrime_1.1.zip, r-oldrel: NormalBetaPrime_1.1.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: NormalBetaPrime_1.1.tgz, r-oldrel: NormalBetaPrime_1.1.tgz |
| Old sources: | NormalBetaPrime archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=NormalBetaPrime to link to this page.


SLEEPY HOLLOW RATING: 8 /10 --> Great movie
For more reviews and movie screensavers, visit http://www.joblo.com/
I've always been oddly attracted to the dark and the beautiful, the strange and the black, the surreal and the imagined. I've also loved the leaves of autumn, the nights of breeze and cold when I could just curl myself up into bed and wrap my daily reality into dreamy visions of wonder and fantasy, while knowing full well that not one person on this planet, including myself, truly knows why we exist. The only thing that we do know is that we are all lucky enough to have a director like Tim Burton who also seems to affiliate himself to the surreal and beautiful, and likes to slap his tales of the absurd with some darkly mined humor.
PLOT: Constable Ichabod Crane is sent to the small town of Sleepy Hollow in order to investigate a recent rash of murders by decapitation. Basing his findings solely on scientific factors and evidence, the detective respectfully brushes off the townfolks' allegations of a "headless horseman", but soon discovers much personal evidence to confirm the people's outlandish claims. Headrollings ensue.
CRITIQUE: Beautiful. A film which draws you into its grungy world with its impeccable style and attention to dreary detail, woos you in further with a charmingly pure performance from an actor who is firmly solidifying his place amongst his peer group of esteemed thespians, namely Johnny Depp, and topping the whole gothic show up with an interesting tale of the legendary unknown, mixed in with some timely humor and bloody carnage courtesy of the coolest scary son-of-a-bitch of the year, put your hands together for...the headless horseman. You know I really dug a movie when I run off and into 100-word sentences, so grammatically wrong, but so emotionally right! This is the ultimate Tim Burton movie. The entire presentation is a flawless visual feast which makes you feel like you are really in this dingy town in upper New York, when in reality, the whole film was shot on sets in London, England.
I always knew Johnny Depp was a different kind of actor, but also suspected that he might be taking his goofy roles to hide his lack of true acting chop, but boy, did this film ever prove me wrong. Johnny chomps up his scenes during this entire film and had me utterly convinced of his presence in the year of 1799, engulfed in his character's arrogance on one side and cowardice on the other. Excellent job! He made this film so much more enjoyable for me along with the haunting score from Danny Elfman, the wildly effective sets, the dreamlike cinematography and let's not forget, the ultimately cool clompety-clomps of the headless horseman riding his way into town.  I love this movie!
You'll be happy to know that I've also invited this film back for an annual visit inside my DVD player every season of the pumpkin, joining its Halloween staple brother in law, THE NIGHTMARE BEFORE CHRISTMAS. And someone tells me that the actual town of Sleepy Hollow is only about two hours from where I'm stationed. Hmmmm....interesting. Clompety-clompety-clomp.
Little Known Facts about this film and its stars: COMING SOON to JoBlo's Movie Emporium
Review Date: November 19, 1999 Director: Tim Burton Writer: Andrew Kevin Walker Producers: Scott Rudin and Adam Schroeder Actors: Johnny Depp as Ichabod Crane Christina Ricci as Katrina Van Tassel Genre: Horror/Comedy Year of Release: 1999 --------------------------------------- JoBlo's Movie Emporium http://www.joblo.com --------------------------------------- (c) 1999 Berge Garabedian
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
Transitioning my career from marketing to web development. Here's to taking a chance.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block head %} {% load static %}
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Makefile Editor preferences
Use the Makefile Editor preference panel in the Preferences window to set syntax and folding options for the Makefile editor.
| Options | Description |
|---|---|
| Color | Click to set the selected syntax item to a specific color. |
| Bold | If enabled, set the selected syntax item to bold. |
| Italic | If enabled, set the selected syntax item to italic. |
Makefile Editor Folding tab
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| Enable folding when opening a new editor | If enabled, activate folding when a new Makefile editor is opened. |
Defining Project Build settings
Building projects


Enter your booking reference number
For example, '0002 8652 2495'.
This can be found on your referral letter or in
your referral email.
Need help logging in?
If you do not have your booking reference number please contact your referring organisation. This is normally your GP.
Find your referring organisation’s details on NHS Choices.
If you do have your booking reference number, but need assistance in choosing, booking, changing or cancelling your appointment, please call the e-Referral Service Appointments Line.
Phone: 0345 60 88 88 8
Textphone: 0345 8 50 22 50
Appointments Line opening hours are: weekdays 8am to 8pm; weekends and bank holidays 8am to 4pm (closed on Christmas Day).