Twin Falls Idaho
rated R 110 minutes starring Michael Polish, Mark Polish, and Michele Hicks directed by Michael Polish
A Video Review by Frankie Paiva
Twin Falls Idaho is certainly deserving of its private section at the video store. There has never been a movie quite like this one. It is a drama, but a unique one that will only settle right with a certain audience. Nothing is more unusual or extraordinary than the two stars who created this film. Blake (Mark Polish) and Francis (Michael Polish) are conjoined twins. Since conjoined (or Siamese) babies rarely live long, it is amazing that Blake and Francis have made it to their mid-twenties. They live a life where they must depend on each other for everything. The mere sight of them sends most people running and screaming into their world of normalcy and ignorance. Penny (Michele Hicks) is a prostitute that at first runs away when meeting Blake and Francis. Soon her conscience catches up with her, and she begins caring for the two. There is a growing attraction between Blake and Penny, and the two soon fall in love. Francis, however, despises Penny. The tragedy continues as Francis's situation worsens. One twin usually provides the life support for another, and Blake has always given his brother a strong heart. Despite this, Francis is getting weaker and weaker. This leaves Blake with a decision. He could die with his brother as he promised, or participate in separation surgery and spend the rest of his life with the woman he loves.
That is certainly a dramatic plot if I have ever seen one. One inconsiderate, stereotypical gay character aside, there is a drought of needed comedy. Nothing was there to lighten things up in the slightest. At first the haunting musical score and dreary plot are endurable. Michael and Mark Polish are dexterous as filmmakers and actors. Each has a remarkable range of emotions, and show true skill. I cannot wait to see what they do next. Newcomer Michele Hicks turns in a great performance as well. Her Penny is always believable and mostly pure. The visual style of the movie fits well with the subject matter. The camera seems permanently tinted with dark blues, greens, and black. These colors also fill most of the images onscreen and set the somber mood. The script, written by the brothers, falters. Its first half is agreeable, after that point it gets increasingly gloomy. It keeps going downhill until it becomes what is essentially a well-acted soap opera. This is very bleak stuff. Add an ending that lacks closure, and you have a movie with an inferior second half that outweighs its superior first half.
Before viewing this slow and disheartening movie, try taking a dose of Prozac mixed with caffeine. This statement should not indicate this is a bad film, just one that conjures up assorted feelings depending on the mood of the viewer. Twin Falls Idaho is unique in so many ways. It is also very depressing, and reminds us to be thankful for the simplest things we take for granted. The movie is a mixed bag. Some should move on, while it is recommendable for others.
C+
Frankie Paiva<EMAIL_ADDRESS>http://homestead.com/cinemaparadise/mainpage.html
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Introduction to Stencila: Stencila's getting started guide.
Introduction to Reproducible Document Stack: Stencila's getting started guide.
Reproducible Publication: a project demonstrating the use of a reproducible article + sheet for data.
Kitchen sink: a project with everything in it for testing.
Blank: blank text and spreadsheet documents, mainly for testing.
Mini: text and spreadsheet documents with some code cells written in Mini, Stencila's simple embedded language.
Plotly: example using plotly
function for plotting.
R spreadsheet: a sheet with R code in it's cells
Jupyter Notebook: an example of a Jupyter notebook convetered into a Stencila project
R Markdown: an example of a R Markdown document convetered into a Stencila project
These examples of Stencila documents are intended for testing and demoing. Expect bugs, missing features and general annoyances! And, when you find them, please let use know at https://community.stenci.la/ or https://github.com/stencila/stencila/issues
Some examples use external code cells (e.g. in R or SQL). To execute them you will need to have an external Stencila Host running:
http://alpha.stenci.la?ticket=XXXXXXXX
with a valid access ticket (ask us for that).
&peers=http://cloud.stenci.la?ticket=XXXXXXXX
to the end of each example's URL. Ask us for a ticket.
docker run -p 2100:2000 stencila/core
Then append &peers=http://localhost:2100
to the end of each example's URL


School of Expression example code
This page contains the accompanying software to the Haskell School of Expression textbook by
Paul Hudak. Here's the complete list of the code in the order of
chapters:
- Problem Solving, Programming, and Calculation
- A Module of Shapes: Part I
- Simple Graphics (Snowflake)
- Shapes II: Drawing Shapes
- Polymorphic and Higher-Order Functions
- Shapes III: Perimeters of Shapes
- Trees
- A Module of Regions
- More About Higher-Order Functions
- Drawing Regions
- Proof by Induction
- Qualified Types
- A Module of Simple Animations
- Programming With Streams (Memoization)
- A Module of Reactive Animations
- Communicating With the Outside World
- Rendering Reactive Animations
- Higher-Order Types
- An Imperative Robot Language
- Functional Music Composition
- Interpreting Functional Music
- From Performance to MIDI
- A Tour of the PreludeList Module
- A Tour of Haskell's Standard Type Classes
- Appendix A. Built-in Types Are Not Special
- Appendix B. Pattern-Matching Details
Some chapters contain incomplete code fragments and are not meant to
be loaded by GHCi. These are provided as .txt files.
The remaining files are Haskell literate source code (.lhs). You
may load them into the latest version of
Haskell Platform.
Double-click should do the loading automatically on Windows machines,
otherwise you may navigate down to the directory of this document and then
open the Haskell modules from there.
Update Notice (Aug 2014):


| Check |
An interface that java API checkers need to implement.
|
| Check.Type |
|
| CheckBase.ActiveElements |
Represents the elements that have been pushed onto the
active elements stack.
|
| Code |
The is a list of all difference codes Revapi's Java extension can emit.
|
| IgnoreCompletionFailures.Fn0 |
|
| IgnoreCompletionFailures.Fn1 |
|
| IgnoreCompletionFailures.Fn2 |
|
| IgnoreCompletionFailures.Fn3 |
|
| IgnoreCompletionFailures.VoidFn0 |
|
| IgnoreCompletionFailures.VoidFn1 |
|
| IgnoreCompletionFailures.VoidFn2 |
|
| IgnoreCompletionFailures.VoidFn3 |
|
| JavaAnnotationElement |
Elements in the element forest that correspond to a Java annotation will implement this interface.
|
| JavaElement |
Base interface that all Revapi elements modelling the Java AST satisfy.
|
| JavaFieldElement |
Elements in the element forest that represent Java fields, will implement this interface.
|
| JavaMethodElement |
Elements in the element forest that represent Java methods, will implement this interface.
|
| JavaMethodParameterElement |
Elements in the element forest that represent Java method parameters, will implement this interface.
|
| JavaModelElement |
All elements corresponding to various Java language model (apart from annotations (see
JavaAnnotationElement )), i.e.
|
| JavaTypeElement |
Elements in the element forest that represent Java types, will implement this interface.
|
| TypeEnvironment |
|
| UseSite.Type |
The way the used class is used by the use site.
|


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A height field class. More...
#include <PxHeightField.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API void | release ()=0 |
| Decrements the reference count of a height field and releases it if the new reference count is zero. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API PxU32 | saveCells (void *destBuffer, PxU32 destBufferSize) const =0 |
| Writes out the sample data array. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API bool | modifySamples (PxI32 startCol, PxI32 startRow, const PxHeightFieldDesc &subfieldDesc, bool shrinkBounds=false)=0 |
| Replaces a rectangular subfield in the sample data array. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API PxU32 | getNbRows () const =0 |
| Retrieves the number of sample rows in the samples array. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API PxU32 | getNbColumns () const =0 |
| Retrieves the number of sample columns in the samples array. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API PxHeightFieldFormat::Enum | getFormat () const =0 |
| Retrieves the format of the sample data. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API PxU32 | getSampleStride () const =0 |
| Retrieves the offset in bytes between consecutive samples in the array. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API PxReal | getConvexEdgeThreshold () const =0 |
| Retrieves the convex edge threshold. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API PxHeightFieldFlags | getFlags () const =0 |
| Retrieves the flags bits, combined from values of the enum PxHeightFieldFlag. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API PxReal | getHeight (PxReal x, PxReal z) const =0 |
| Retrieves the height at the given coordinates in grid space. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API PxU32 | getReferenceCount () const =0 |
| Returns the reference count for shared heightfields. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API void | acquireReference ()=0 |
| Acquires a counted reference to a heightfield. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API PxMaterialTableIndex | getTriangleMaterialIndex (PxTriangleID triangleIndex) const =0 |
| Returns material table index of given triangle. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API PxVec3 | getTriangleNormal (PxTriangleID triangleIndex) const =0 |
| Returns a triangle face normal for a given triangle index. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API const PxHeightFieldSample & | getSample (PxU32 row, PxU32 column) const =0 |
| Returns heightfield sample of given row and column. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API PxU32 | getTimestamp () const =0 |
| Returns the number of times the heightfield data has been modified. More... | |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API const char * | getConcreteTypeName () const |
| Returns string name of dynamic type. More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from PxBase | |
| template<class T > | |
| T * | is () |
| template<class T > | |
| const T * | is () const |
| PX_FORCE_INLINE PxType | getConcreteType () const |
| Returns concrete type of object. More... | |
| PX_FORCE_INLINE void | setBaseFlag (PxBaseFlag::Enum flag, bool value) |
| Set PxBaseFlag. More... | |
| PX_FORCE_INLINE void | setBaseFlags (PxBaseFlags inFlags) |
| Set PxBaseFlags. More... | |
| PX_FORCE_INLINE PxBaseFlags | getBaseFlags () const |
| Returns PxBaseFlags. More... | |
| virtual bool | isReleasable () const |
| Whether the object is subordinate. More... | |
Protected Member Functions | |
| PX_INLINE | PxHeightField (PxType concreteType, PxBaseFlags baseFlags) |
| PX_INLINE | PxHeightField (PxBaseFlags baseFlags) |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API | ~PxHeightField () |
| virtual PX_PHYSX_COMMON_API bool | isKindOf (const char *name) const |
| Returns whether a given type name matches with the type of this instance. More... | |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from PxBase | |
| PX_INLINE | PxBase (PxType concreteType, PxBaseFlags baseFlags) |
| Constructor setting concrete type and base flags. More... | |
| PX_INLINE | PxBase (PxBaseFlags baseFlags) |
| Deserialization constructor setting base flags. More... | |
| virtual | ~PxBase () |
| Destructor. More... | |
| template<class T > | |
| bool | typeMatch () const |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Protected Attributes inherited from PxBase | |
| PxType | mConcreteType |
| PxBaseFlags | mBaseFlags |
A height field class.
Height fields work in a similar way as triangle meshes specified to act as height fields, with some important differences:
Triangle meshes can be made of nonuniform geometry, while height fields are regular, rectangular grids. This means that with PxHeightField, you sacrifice flexibility in return for improved performance and decreased memory consumption.
In local space rows extend in X direction, columns in Z direction and height in Y direction.
Like Convexes and TriangleMeshes, HeightFields are referenced by shape instances (see PxHeightFieldGeometry, PxShape).
To avoid duplicating data when you have several instances of a particular height field differently, you do not use this class to represent a height field object directly. Instead, you create an instance of this height field via the PxHeightFieldGeometry and PxShape classes.
To create an instance of this class call PxPhysics::createHeightField() or PxCooking::createHeightField(const PxHeightFieldDesc&, PxPhysicsInsertionCallback&). To delete it call release(). This is only possible once you have released all of its PxHeightFiedShape instances.
|
inlineprotected |
|
inlineprotected |
|
inlineprotectedvirtual |
|
pure virtual |
Acquires a counted reference to a heightfield.
This method increases the reference count of the heightfield by 1. Decrement the reference count by calling release()
|
inlinevirtual |
Returns string name of dynamic type.
Implements PxBase.
|
pure virtual |
Retrieves the convex edge threshold.
|
pure virtual |
Retrieves the flags bits, combined from values of the enum PxHeightFieldFlag.
|
pure virtual |
Retrieves the format of the sample data.
|
pure virtual |
Retrieves the height at the given coordinates in grid space.
|
pure virtual |
Retrieves the number of sample columns in the samples array.
|
pure virtual |
Retrieves the number of sample rows in the samples array.
|
pure virtual |
Returns the reference count for shared heightfields.
At creation, the reference count of the heightfield is 1. Every shape referencing this heightfield increments the count by 1. When the reference count reaches 0, and only then, the heightfield gets destroyed automatically.
|
pure virtual |
Returns heightfield sample of given row and column.
| [in] | row | Given heightfield row |
| [in] | column | Given heightfield column |
|
pure virtual |
Retrieves the offset in bytes between consecutive samples in the array.
|
pure virtual |
Returns the number of times the heightfield data has been modified.
This method returns the number of times modifySamples has been called on this heightfield, so that code that has retained state that depends on the heightfield can efficiently determine whether it has been modified.
|
pure virtual |
Returns material table index of given triangle.
| [in] | triangleIndex | (internal) index of desired triangle |
|
pure virtual |
Returns a triangle face normal for a given triangle index.
| [in] | triangleIndex | (internal) index of desired triangle |
|
inlineprotectedvirtual |
Returns whether a given type name matches with the type of this instance.
Reimplemented from PxBase.
References PxBase::isKindOf().
|
pure virtual |
Replaces a rectangular subfield in the sample data array.
The user provides the description of a rectangular subfield in subfieldDesc. The data is formatted and arranged as PxHeightFieldDesc.samples.
| [in] | startCol | First cell in the destination heightfield to be modified. Can be negative. |
| [in] | startRow | First row in the destination heightfield to be modified. Can be negative. |
| [in] | subfieldDesc | Description of the source subfield to read the samples from. |
| [in] | shrinkBounds | If left as false, the bounds will never shrink but only grow. If set to true the bounds will be recomputed from all HF samples at O(nbColums*nbRows) perf cost. |
|
pure virtual |
Decrements the reference count of a height field and releases it if the new reference count is zero.
Implements PxBase.
|
pure virtual |
Writes out the sample data array.
The user provides destBufferSize bytes storage at destBuffer. The data is formatted and arranged as PxHeightFieldDesc.samples.
| [out] | destBuffer | The destination buffer for the sample data. |
| [in] | destBufferSize | The size of the destination buffer. |


Created by Coder Factory / @coderfactory / Facebook page / Github
Presented by Peter Argent / @pedrogrande
Learning to code, changes your life.
Once you know how to build apps with code, a whole new world of possibilities open up for you and you will never look back.
"Ruby on Rails is an open-source web application framework that is optimised for developer happiness and sustainable productivity. It's lets you write beautiful code by favouring convention over configuration."
Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language. It was designed and developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan.
David Heinemeier Hansson (DHH) extracted Ruby on Rails from his work on Basecamp, a project management tool by 37signals.
It was first released as open source in July 2004.
Uses well-known software engineering patterns and principles, such as:
A software framework that is designed to support the development of dynamic websites, web applications, web services and web resources.
Frameworks provide libraries for database access, templating frameworks and session management, and they often promote code reuse.
Ruby on Rails is a breakthrough in lowering the barriers of entry to programming.
"Powerful web applications that formerly might have taken weeks or months to develop can be produced in a matter of days."
-Tim O'Reilly, Founder of O'Reilly Media
Witness the amazingness of Rails!
A development environment is the set of tools and software a developer uses when creating software.
For Ruby on Rails development:
Today we're going to use Cloud9 to create a web application with Ruby on Rails.
Mac: Mac
Mac: Windows
Download a text editor. I recommend Sublime Text 3. Github's Atom is also good.
In Mac: Press Cmd + Spacebar, type terminal and hit enter.
In Windows: Start button, type cmd and hit enter.
In your terminal/command prompt, type mkdir apps
Change into this new directory by typing cd apps
Type: rails new burgerapp in your terminal.
Note: this is the Rails command to create a new app. The third word is the name of your application - it cannot have spaces in the name.
You will see a script being run which creates a bunch of files and gets the latest gems.
Type: rails start (or rails s is a shortcut).
Open your browser and enter localhost:3000 in the address bar.
For Sublime Text on Mac
For Sublime Text on Windows
So you can leave your Rails server running while doing new commands.
Back in your terminal, open a new tab (Mac: Cmd+t, Windows: Start > cmd).
Check that your in your application folder
Mac: pwd will show your path (Present Working Directory)
If not in correct directory, you will need to use the cd command to get to it. eg. cd apps/burgerapp.
Type: rails generate controller home index
This Rails commmand generates some files and inserts some code in your app.
In your browser, go to: localhost:3000/home/index
Edit the page you see by going to Sublime and finding app/views/home/index.html.erb
When you save the HTML, refresh your browser and see the changes you have made.
In Sublime, go to config/routes.rb
Find the line that looks like this: # root 'welcome#index'
Remove the # and change the code:
root 'home#index'
In your browser, return to localhost:3000
In your terminal, type: rails g scaffold Burger name description:text price:decimal
Be careful and make sure the command is exactly correct before hitting enter.
This code creates a bunch of files that will help you enter burgers into the app.
In your terminal, type: rake db:migrate
This is a rake command that follows the instructions in /db/migrate/....rb
In your browser, go to localhost:3000/burgers
Add some burgers to your application and see how it works.
You can find and edit the code in Sublime at app/views/burgers
Ruby on Rails Guides. Check the Getting Started tutorial.
Michael Hartl's Ruby on Rails tutorial.
Team treehouse
CodeSchool


- Database - Interface in com.dsp
-
- date(Object[]) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Deprecated.
- dateAdd(Object[]) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Add date units to a Date.
- dateAmerican(Date) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns the date in the American standar format MM/DD/YYYY
- dateDay(Date) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Return the day of the month of the Date.
- dateDiff(Date, Date) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns the difference between the two dates as a String.
- dateLong(Date) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Return the Date as a String in long format.
- dateMonth(Date) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Return the month of the Date, as a number 1-12.
- dateShort(Date) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Return the Date as a String in short format.
- dateSql(Date) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Return the Date as a String formated for use in an SQL statement.
- dateSub(Object[]) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Subtract date units from a Date.
- dateYear(Date) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Return the year of the Date.
- DAY - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
The word "day", used in dateAdd(), dateSub(), instantAdd(), and instantSub()
- DAYS - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
The word "days", used in dateAdd(), dateSub(), instantAdd(), and instantSub()
- DEBUG - Static variable in interface com.dsp.DspObject
-
- DebugLog - Class in com.dsp
-
This class handles the collection and output of debugging information.
- DebugLog(LogBuffer) - Constructor for class com.dsp.DebugLog
-
Create a buffered debug log.
- decode(String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspRequest
-
- DEF_CON_INT - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- DEF_DELIM - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspStatementScan
-
- DEFAULT_SIZE - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspWriter
-
- DEFAULT_SIZE - Static variable in class com.dsp.TargetWriter
-
- descramble(int, String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns an integer that has it's bits scrambled.
- destroy() - Method in class com.dsp.DspFactory
-
Called by DspServlet when it's destroy() is called.
- DIR_STMT - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
- div(Object[]) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Integer division.
- divRoundOff(int, int) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Integer division with round-off.
- divRoundUp(int, int) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Integer division with round-up.
- DOMAIN - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
- DONE - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- DspConnect - Class in com.dsp
-
- DspConnect(Database) - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspConnect
-
- DspCookies - Class in com.dsp
-
This is the cookie manager class.
- DspDatabase - Class in com.dsp
-
- DspException - Class in com.dsp
-
The root class of all DSP exceptions
- DspException() - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspException
-
Create an exception without any message.
- DspException(String) - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspException
-
Create an exception with a message.
- DspException(Throwable) - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspException
-
Create an exception with an root cause Throwable.
- DspException(String, Throwable) - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspException
-
Create an exception with a message and a root cause Throwable.
- DspFactory - Class in com.dsp
-
This is used to seed and initialize each page request with the required PageContext,
similar to JspFactory.
- DspFactory(DspServlet) - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspFactory
-
Constructor.
- DspObject - Interface in com.dsp
-
- DspOpen - Class in com.dsp
-
Manager of all open statements.
- DspOpen() - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspOpen
-
- DspPage - Class in com.dsp
-
This class is the default class that all DSP pages extend.
- DspPage() - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspPage
-
- DspPageContext - Class in com.dsp
-
- DspPageContext(DspServlet, boolean) - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- DspProp - Class in com.dsp
-
- DspProp(URL, DspServlet) - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- DspReadOnlyException - Class in com.dsp
-
- DspReadOnlyException(String, String) - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspReadOnlyException
-
- DspRequest - Class in com.dsp
-
- DspRequest() - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspRequest
-
- DspStatement - Class in com.dsp
-
- DspStatement(String, boolean, boolean) - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- DspStatementLog - Class in com.dsp
-
- DspStatementScan - Class in com.dsp
-
- DspStatementScan(String, boolean, boolean) - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspStatementScan
-
- DspStatementSql - Class in com.dsp
-
- DspStatementSql(String, boolean, boolean) - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspStatementSql
-
- DspUser - Class in com.dsp
-
- DspWriter - Class in com.dsp
-
- DspWriter(int, boolean, HttpServletResponse) - Constructor for class com.dsp.DspWriter
-
- ge(double, double) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns true if arg1 >= arg2, false otherwise.
- get(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspConnect
-
- get(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspCookies
-
Returns the cookie value specified by name.
- get(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspDatabase
-
- get(String) - Method in interface com.dsp.DspObject
-
- get(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspOpen
-
Returns the named object (Statement) or null if not found.
- get(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- get(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- get(String, Object) - Method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- get(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspRequest
-
- get(String, Object) - Method in class com.dsp.DspRequest
-
- get(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- get(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspUser
-
- get(String, Object) - Method in class com.dsp.DspUser
-
- GET_DATABASE - Static variable in interface com.dsp.Database
-
- GET_DRIVER - Static variable in interface com.dsp.Database
-
- GET_PASSWORD - Static variable in interface com.dsp.Database
-
- GET_TIMEOUT - Static variable in interface com.dsp.Database
-
- GET_USERNAME - Static variable in interface com.dsp.Database
-
- getAttribute(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getAttribute(String, int) - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getAttributeNamesInScope(int) - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getAttributesScope(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getBean(String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns a new object instance.
- getClassName(Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.ThreadState
-
- getColumnName(int) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getColumnName(int) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatementScan
-
- getColumnName(int) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatementSql
-
- getConnection() - Method in interface com.dsp.Connect
-
- getConnection() - Method in class com.dsp.DspConnect
-
- getConnection() - Method in class com.dsp.DspOpen
-
Returns the current connection.
- getConnection(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspOpen
-
Returns the connection associated with name.
- getConnection(Database) - Method in class com.dsp.DspOpen
-
Returns the connection associated with the database.
- getConnection() - Static method in class com.dsp.ThreadState
-
- getContentLength(URLConnection) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- getCookie() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getDatabase() - Method in interface com.dsp.Connect
-
- getDatabase() - Method in interface com.dsp.Database
-
- getDatabase() - Method in class com.dsp.DspConnect
-
- getDatabase() - Method in class com.dsp.DspDatabase
-
- getDatabase() - Method in class com.dsp.DspOpen
-
Returns the current database.
- getDatabase(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- getDatabase() - Static method in class com.dsp.ThreadState
-
- getDate(int) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getDate(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getDebug() - Method in interface com.dsp.Database
-
- getDebug() - Method in class com.dsp.DspDatabase
-
- getDebug() - Method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- getDebugLog() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getDefaultFactory() - Static method in class com.dsp.DspFactory
-
Find the factory object.
- getDriver() - Method in interface com.dsp.Database
-
- getDriver() - Method in class com.dsp.DspDatabase
-
- getEngineInfo() - Method in class com.dsp.DspFactory
-
Return information about this JSP/DSP engine.
- getException() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getExpressionEvaluator() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getFile() - Method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- getFile(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
Returns a file object from the requested property.
- getFirstDatabase() - Method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- getInit() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getInstance() - Static method in class com.dsp.DspStatementLog
-
- getInteger(int) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getInteger(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getLastExecuted() - Method in class com.dsp.DspOpen
-
Returns the last statement executed.
- getLastModified(URLConnection) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- getLog() - Static method in class com.dsp.ThreadState
-
- getMember(Object, String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns the value of the named member of the object.
- getMember(Object, String, Object[]) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns the result of calling a named method of the object, passing args as the arguments
of the function.
- getMetaData() - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatementSql
-
- getName() - Method in interface com.dsp.Database
-
- getName() - Method in class com.dsp.DspDatabase
-
- getName() - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getNext() - Method in class com.dsp.TargetWriter
-
- getObject(int) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getObject(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getOpen() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getOpen() - Static method in class com.dsp.ThreadState
-
- getOut() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getOut() - Static method in class com.dsp.ThreadState
-
- getPage() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getPage() - Static method in class com.dsp.ThreadState
-
- getPageContext(Servlet, ServletRequest, ServletResponse, String, boolean, int, boolean) - Method in class com.dsp.DspFactory
-
Return a new PageContext object for the page.
- getPageContext() - Static method in class com.dsp.ThreadState
-
- getParams() - Method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- getPassword() - Method in interface com.dsp.Database
-
- getPassword() - Method in class com.dsp.DspDatabase
-
- getPath() - Method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- getPath() - Method in class com.dsp.TargetWriter
-
- getProp(URL) - Method in class com.dsp.DspFactory
-
Return the prop object for a given URL.
- getProp() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns the prop object belonging to this group or pages.
- getProp() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getProp() - Static method in class com.dsp.ThreadState
-
- getRemaining() - Method in class com.dsp.DspWriter
-
- getRemaining() - Method in class com.dsp.TargetWriter
-
- getRequest() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getRequest() - Method in class com.dsp.DspRequest
-
- getRequest() - Static method in class com.dsp.ThreadState
-
- getResponse() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getResponse() - Static method in class com.dsp.ThreadState
-
- getResult() - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getResultSet() - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatementSql
-
- getRow() - Method in class com.dsp.DspOpen
-
Returns the last open statement, this should match the DSP row object.
- getRow() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getRow() - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getServlet() - Static method in class com.dsp.ThreadState
-
- getServletConfig() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getServletContext() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getServletLog() - Method in class com.dsp.DspFactory
-
- getSession() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getStatement() - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getString(int) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getString(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getTag(DspObject, String, String, String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns an instantiation of a tag extenion object.
- getTime(int) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getTime(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- getTimeout() - Method in interface com.dsp.Database
-
- getTimeout() - Method in class com.dsp.DspDatabase
-
- getTrace() - Method in interface com.dsp.Database
-
- getTrace() - Method in class com.dsp.DspDatabase
-
- getTrace() - Method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- getUnique(String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspFactory
-
Return a unique identifier using a 2 character rotating algorithm.
- getURL() - Method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- getURL(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
Returns a URL object from the requested property.
- getUser() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getUsername() - Method in interface com.dsp.Database
-
- getUsername() - Method in class com.dsp.DspDatabase
-
- getVar() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- getVariableResolver() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- gt(double, double) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns true if arg1 > arg2.
- iff(Object[]) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Binary multiplexer, If the first argument evaluates to true then the second argument
is returned.
- include(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- include(String, boolean) - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- indexOf(Object[]) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Return the first index of a substring within the String.
- INIT_TIMEOUT - Static variable in interface com.dsp.Database
-
- initialize(Servlet, ServletRequest, ServletResponse, String, boolean, int, boolean) - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- instant(Object[]) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Deprecated.
- instantAccess(Timestamp) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert Timestamp to an MS Access SQL String.
- instantAdd(Object[]) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Add units of time to a Timestamp.
- instantAmerican(Date) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns the date and time in the American standar format MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM AM|PM
- instantDiff(Timestamp, Timestamp) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns a String with the computed difference between two Timestamps.
- instantLong(Timestamp) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert Instant to long String.
- instantShort(Timestamp) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert Instant to short String.
- instantSql(Timestamp) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert Timestamp to an SQL String.
- instantSub(Object[]) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Subtract units of time from a Timestamp.
- isCalled() - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- isDate(Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns true if the object is a java.sql.Date or can be converted to one.
- isFloat(Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns true if the object is a real number or can be converted to one.
- isHtml(String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns true if the String begins and ends with HTML tags.
- isInstant(Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns true if the object is a java.sql.Timestamp or can be converted to one.
- isInt(Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns true if the object is a integral number or can be converted to one.
- isInteger(Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Same as isInt(Object)
- isNull(Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns true if the object is a null.
- isSet(Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns true if obj is not null or if obj is a String returns true if it is not empty.
- isTime(Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns true if the object is a java.sql.Time or can be converted to one.
- save(String, String, boolean) - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- SCAN_STMT - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
- scramble(int, String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Returns an integer that has it's bits scrambled.
- SERVLET_PATH - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- ServletLog - Class in com.dsp
-
- ServletLog(ServletContext) - Constructor for class com.dsp.ServletLog
-
- SESSION_ID - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspUser
-
- set(String, Object) - Method in class com.dsp.DspConnect
-
- set(String, Object) - Method in class com.dsp.DspCookies
-
Changes the value of the specified cookie.
- set(String, Object) - Method in class com.dsp.DspDatabase
-
- set(String, Object) - Method in interface com.dsp.DspObject
-
- set(String, Object) - Method in class com.dsp.DspOpen
-
Set member to a value.
- set(String, Object) - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- set(String, Object) - Method in class com.dsp.DspProp
-
- set(String, Object) - Method in class com.dsp.DspRequest
-
- set(String, Object) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatement
-
- set(String, Object) - Method in class com.dsp.DspUser
-
- setAttribute(String, Object) - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- setAttribute(String, Object, int) - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- setDatabase(String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspOpen
-
Sets the internal database and connection to the one associated with the name.
- setDatabase(Database) - Method in class com.dsp.DspOpen
-
Sets the current database and connection.
- setError(Throwable) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatementLog
-
- setInit(String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspConnect
-
- setKillTimeout(int) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspStatementLog
-
- setLogThreshold(int) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspStatementLog
-
- setMember(Object, String, Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Sets the value of the named member of the object to value.
- setOut(JspWriter) - Method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-
- setPageContext(DspPageContext) - Static method in class com.dsp.ThreadState
-
- setProp(DspProp) - Method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Set the prop object.
- setRequest(HttpServletRequest) - Method in class com.dsp.DspRequest
-
- setRequest(HttpServletRequest) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatementLog
-
- setRows(int) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatementLog
-
- setStatement(String, String) - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatementLog
-
- setTime() - Method in class com.dsp.DspStatementLog
-
- sgn(int) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Return the sign of the argument: -1 negative, 0 for 0, or 1 for positive.
- SHORT - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
- showHtml(String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert characters not allowed in HTML to allowable characters.
- size() - Method in class com.dsp.Pool
-
- SLEEP_TIME - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspStatementLog
-
- SPACE - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
- SQL - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
The words 'sql' and 'mil', used in date(), time(), and instant()
- sql(boolean) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format boolean for use in SQL.
- sql(Boolean) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format Boolean for use in SQL.
- sql(byte) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format value for use in SQL.
- sql(char) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format char for use in SQL.
- sql(Character) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format Character for use in SQL.
- sql(Collection<Object>) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format a list of objects as an paren enclosed comma delimited list.
- sql(Date) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format Date for use in SQL.
- sql(Date) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format Date for use in SQL.
- sql(double) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format value for use in SQL.
- sql(float) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format value for use in SQL.
- sql(int) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format value for use in SQL.
- sql(Number) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format Number for use in SQL.
- sql(long) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format value for use in SQL.
- sql(short) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format value for use in SQL.
- sql(String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format String for use in SQL.
- sql(Time) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format Time for use in SQL.
- sql(Timestamp) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format Timestamp for use in SQL.
- sql(Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format Object for use in SQL.
- sql(Object[]) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Format an array of objects as an paren enclosed comma delimited list.
- SQL_STMT - Static variable in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
- sqlBoolean(boolean) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert object to a Boolean and format it suitable for use in an SQL statement.
- sqlChar(char) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert value to char and format it suitable for use in an SQL statement.
- sqlCharacter(Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert Object to Character and format it suitable for use in an SQL statement.
- sqlDate(Date) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert object to a Date and format it suitable for use in an SQL statement.
- sqlDouble(Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert object to an Double and format it suitable for use in an SQL statement.
- sqlFloat(Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert object to an Float and format it suitable for use in an SQL statement.
- sqlInstant(Timestamp) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert object to a Timestamp and format it suitable for use in an SQL statement.
- sqlInt(int) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert object to an int and format it suitable for use in an SQL statement.
- sqlInteger(Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert object to an Integer and format it suitable for use in an SQL statement.
- sqlString(String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert object to a String and format it suitable for use in an SQL statement.
- sqlTime(Time) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Convert object to a Time and format it suitable for use in an SQL statement.
- strip(String, String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Deprecated.
- stripDomain(String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Strips out all but the domain name from the URL string.
- stripHtml(String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Strips out all HTML tags from the String.
- stripLinks(String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Strips out all anchor tags and references to an internet server.
- stripNonNumerics(String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Strips dollar sign and percent symbols from the String.
- stripSpace(String) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Strips all whitespace from the string.
- sub(Object[]) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPage
-
Integer Subtraction.
- subcommit() - Method in class com.dsp.DspOpen
-
Commit the transaction so far, then reopen it.
- subcommit(int) - Method in class com.dsp.DspOpen
-
Commit the transaction so far, pause, then reopen it.
- swapAttribute(HttpServletRequest, String, Object) - Static method in class com.dsp.DspPageContext
-


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Chapter 4 made a significant
improvement in library
use by taking all
the scattered components of a typical
C
library and encapsulating them into a structure (an abstract data type, called a
class from now on).
This not only provides a single unified
point of entry into a library component, but it also hides the names of the
functions within the class name. In Chapter 5, access control (implementation
hiding) was introduced. This gives the class designer a way to establish clear
boundaries for determining what the client programmer is allowed to manipulate
and what is off limits. It means the internal mechanisms of a data type’s
operation are under the control and discretion of the class designer, and
it’s clear to client programmers what members they can and should pay
attention to.
Together, encapsulation and access
control make a significant step in improving the ease of library use. The
concept of “new data type” they provide is better in some ways than
the existing built-in data types from C. The C++ compiler can now provide
type-checking guarantees for that data type and thus ensure a level of safety
when that data type is being used.
When it comes to safety, however,
there’s a lot more the compiler can do for us than C provides. In this and
future chapters, you’ll see additional features that have been engineered
into C++ that make the bugs in your program almost leap out and grab you,
sometimes before you even compile the program, but usually in the form of
compiler warnings and errors. For this reason, you will soon get used to the
unlikely-sounding scenario that a C++ program that compiles often runs right the
first time.
Two of these safety issues are
initialization and cleanup. A large segment of C bugs occur when the programmer
forgets to initialize or clean up a variable. This is especially true with C
libraries, when client programmers don’t know how to initialize a
struct, or even that they must. (Libraries often do not include an
initialization function, so the client programmer is forced to initialize the
struct by hand.) Cleanup is a special problem because C programmers are
comfortable with forgetting about variables once they are finished, so any
cleaning up that may be necessary for a library’s struct is often
missed.
In C++, the concept of initialization and
cleanup is essential for easy library use and to eliminate the many subtle bugs
that occur when the client programmer forgets to perform these activities. This
chapter examines the features in C++ that help guarantee proper initialization
and
cleanup.
Both the Stash and Stack
classes defined previously have a function called initialize( ),
which hints by its name that it should be called before using the object in any
other way. Unfortunately, this means the client programmer must ensure proper
initialization. Client programmers are prone to miss details like initialization
in their headlong rush to make your amazing library solve their problem. In C++,
initialization is too important to leave to the client programmer. The class
designer can guarantee initialization of every object by providing a special
function called the
constructor. If a class
has a constructor, the compiler automatically calls that constructor at the
point an object is created, before client programmers can get their hands on the
object. The constructor call isn’t even an option for the client
programmer; it is performed by the compiler at the point the object
is defined.
The next challenge is what to name this
function. There are two issues. The first is that any name you use is something
that can potentially clash with a name you might like to use as a member in the
class. The second is that because the compiler is responsible for calling the
constructor, it must always know which function to call. The solution Stroustrup
chose seems the easiest and most logical: the name of
the constructor is the same as the name of the class. It
makes sense that such a function will be called automatically on
initialization.
Here’s a simple class with a
constructor:
class X { int i; public: X(); // Constructor };
Now, when an object is
defined,
void f() { X a; // ... }
the same thing happens as if a
were an int: storage is allocated for the object. But when the program
reaches the sequence point
(point of execution) where
a is defined, the constructor is called automatically. That is, the
compiler quietly inserts the call to X::X( ) for the object a
at the point of definition. Like any member function, the first (secret)
argument to the constructor is the
this pointer – the
address of the object for which it is being called. In the case of the
constructor, however, this is pointing to an un-initialized block of
memory, and it’s the job of the constructor to initialize this memory
properly.
Like any function, the constructor can
have arguments to allow you to
specify how an object is created, give it initialization values, and so on.
Constructor arguments provide you with a way to guarantee that all parts of your
object are initialized to appropriate values. For example, if a class
Tree has a constructor that takes a single integer argument denoting the
height of the tree, then you must create a tree object like
this:
Tree t(12); // 12-foot tree
If Tree(int) is your only
constructor, the compiler won’t let you create an object any other way.
(We’ll look at multiple constructors and different ways to call
constructors in the next chapter.)
That’s really all there is to a
constructor; it’s a specially named function that is called automatically
by the compiler for every object at the point of that object’s creation.
Despite it’s simplicity, it is exceptionally valuable because it
eliminates a large class of problems and makes the code easier to write and
read. In the preceding code fragment, for example, you don’t see an
explicit function call to some initialize( ) function that is
conceptually separate from definition. In C++, definition and initialization are
unified concepts – you can’t have one without the
other.
Both the constructor and destructor are
very unusual types of functions: they have no return
value. This is distinctly
different from a void return value, in which the function returns nothing
but you still have the option to make it something else. Constructors and
destructors return nothing and you don’t have an option. The acts of
bringing an object into and out of the program are special, like birth and
death, and the compiler always makes the function calls itself, to make sure
they happen. If there were a return value, and if you could select your own, the
compiler would somehow have to know what to do with the return value, or the
client programmer would have to explicitly call constructors and destructors,
which would eliminate their
safety.
As a C programmer, you often think about
the importance of initialization, but it’s rarer to think about cleanup.
After all, what do you need to do to clean up an int? Just forget about
it. However, with libraries, just “letting go” of an object once
you’re done with it is not so safe. What if it modifies some piece of
hardware, or puts something on the screen, or allocates storage on the heap? If
you just forget about it, your object never achieves closure upon its exit from
this world. In C++, cleanup is as important as initialization and is therefore
guaranteed with the
destructor.
The syntax for the destructor is similar
to that for the constructor: the class name is used for the name of the
function. However, the destructor is distinguished from the constructor by a
leading tilde (~). In addition, the destructor never has any arguments
because destruction never needs any options.
Here’s the declaration for a destructor:
class Y { public: ~Y(); };
The destructor is called automatically by
the compiler when the object goes out of
scope. You can see where the
constructor gets called by the point of definition of the object, but the only
evidence for a destructor call is the closing brace of the scope that surrounds
the object. Yet the destructor is still called, even when you use
goto to jump out of a
scope. (goto still exists in C++ for backward compatibility with C and
for the times when it comes in handy.) You should note that a nonlocal
goto, implemented by the
Standard C library functions setjmp( ) and
longjmp( ), doesn’t cause destructors
to be called. (This is the specification, even if your compiler doesn’t
implement it that way. Relying on a feature that isn’t in the
specification means your code is nonportable.)
Here’s an example demonstrating the
features of constructors and destructors you’ve seen so
far:
//: C06:Constructor1.cpp // Constructors & destructors #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Tree { int height; public: Tree(int initialHeight); // Constructor ~Tree(); // Destructor void grow(int years); void printsize(); }; Tree::Tree(int initialHeight) { height = initialHeight; } Tree::~Tree() { cout << "inside Tree destructor" << endl; printsize(); } void Tree::grow(int years) { height += years; } void Tree::printsize() { cout << "Tree height is " << height << endl; } int main() { cout << "before opening brace" << endl; { Tree t(12); cout << "after Tree creation" << endl; t.printsize(); t.grow(4); cout << "before closing brace" << endl; } cout << "after closing brace" << endl; } ///:~
Here’s the output of the above
program:
before opening brace after Tree creation Tree height is 12 before closing brace inside Tree destructor Tree height is 16 after closing brace
You can see that the destructor is
automatically called at the closing brace of the scope that encloses
it.
In C, you must
always define all the variables at the beginning of a block, after the opening
brace. This is not an uncommon requirement in programming languages, and the
reason given has often been that it’s “good programming
style.” On this point, I have my suspicions. It has always seemed
inconvenient to me, as a programmer, to pop back to the beginning of a block
every time I need a new variable. I also find code more readable when the
variable definition is close to its point of
use.
Perhaps these arguments are stylistic. In
C++, however, there’s a significant problem in being forced to define all
objects at the beginning of a scope. If a constructor exists, it must be called
when the object is created. However, if the constructor takes one or more
initialization arguments, how do you know you will have that initialization
information at the beginning of a scope? In the general programming situation,
you won’t. Because C has no concept of private, this separation of
definition and initialization is no problem. However, C++ guarantees that when
an object is created, it is simultaneously initialized. This ensures that you
will have no uninitialized objects running around in your system. C
doesn’t care; in fact, C encourages this practice by requiring you
to define variables at the beginning of a block before you necessarily have the
initialization
information[38].
In general, C++ will not allow you to
create an object before you have the initialization information for the
constructor. Because of this, the language wouldn’t be feasible if you had
to define variables at the beginning of a scope. In fact, the style of the
language seems to encourage the definition of an object as close to its point of
use as possible. In C++, any rule that applies to an “object”
automatically refers to an object of a built-in type as well. This means that
any class object or variable of a built-in type can also be defined at any point
in a scope. It also means that you can wait until you have the information for a
variable before defining it, so you can always
define and initialize at the
same time:
//: C06:DefineInitialize.cpp // Defining variables anywhere #include "../require.h" #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; class G { int i; public: G(int ii); }; G::G(int ii) { i = ii; } int main() { cout << "initialization value? "; int retval = 0; cin >> retval; require(retval != 0); int y = retval + 3; G g(y); } ///:~
You can see that some code is executed,
then retval is defined, initialized, and used to capture user input, and
then y and g are defined. C, on the other hand, does not allow a
variable to be defined anywhere except at the beginning of the
scope.
In general, you should define variables
as close to their point of use as possible, and always initialize them when they
are defined. (This is a stylistic suggestion for built-in types, where
initialization is optional.) This is a safety issue. By reducing the duration of
the variable’s availability within the scope, you are reducing the chance
it will be misused in some other part of the scope. In addition, readability is
improved because the reader doesn’t have to jump back and forth to the
beginning of the scope to know the type of a
variable.
for(int j = 0; j < 100; j++) { cout << "j = " << j << endl; } for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) cout << "i = " << i << endl;
The statements above are important
special cases, which cause confusion to new C++ programmers.
The variables i and j are
defined directly inside the for expression (which you cannot do in C).
They are then available for use in the for loop. It’s a very
convenient syntax because the context removes all question about the purpose of
i and j, so you don’t need to use such ungainly names as
i_loop_counter for clarity.
However, some confusion may result if you
expect the lifetimes of the variables i and j to extend beyond the
scope of the for loop – they do
not[39].
Chapter 3 points out that while
and switch statements also allow the definition of objects in their
control expressions, although this usage seems far less important than with the
for loop.
Watch out for local variables that
hide
variables from the enclosing scope. In general, using the same name for a nested
variable and a variable that is global to that scope is confusing and error
prone[40].
I find small scopes an indicator of good
design. If you have several pages for a single function, perhaps you’re
trying to do too much with that function. More granular functions are not only
more useful, but it’s also easier to find
bugs.
A variable can now be defined at any
point in a scope, so it might seem that the storage for a variable may not be
defined until its point of definition. It’s actually more likely that the
compiler will follow the practice in C of allocating all the storage for a scope
at the opening brace of that scope. It doesn’t matter because, as a
programmer, you can’t access the storage (a.k.a. the object) until it has
been defined[41].
Although the storage is
allocated at the beginning of
the block, the constructor call doesn’t happen
until the sequence point where the object is defined because the identifier
isn’t available until then. The compiler even checks to make sure that you
don’t put the object definition (and thus the constructor call) where the
sequence point only
conditionally passes through it, such as in a
switch statement or
somewhere a goto can jump
past it. Uncommenting the statements in the following code will generate a
warning or an error:
//: C06:Nojump.cpp // Can't jump past constructors class X { public: X(); }; X::X() {} void f(int i) { if(i < 10) { //! goto jump1; // Error: goto bypasses init } X x1; // Constructor called here jump1: switch(i) { case 1 : X x2; // Constructor called here break; //! case 2 : // Error: case bypasses init X x3; // Constructor called here break; } } int main() { f(9); f(11); }///:~
In the code above, both the goto
and the switch can potentially jump past the sequence point where a
constructor is called. That object will then be in scope even if the constructor
hasn’t been called, so the compiler gives an error message. This once
again guarantees that an object
cannot be created unless it is also initialized.
All the storage allocation discussed here
happens, of course, on the stack. The storage is
allocated by the compiler by moving the stack pointer “down” (a
relative term, which may indicate an increase or decrease of the actual stack
pointer value, depending on your machine). Objects can
also be allocated on the heap using new, which is something we’ll
explore further in Chapter
13.
The examples from previous chapters have
obvious functions that map to constructors and destructors:
initialize( ) and cleanup( ). Here’s the
Stash header using constructors and destructors:
//: C06:Stash2.h // With constructors & destructors #ifndef STASH2_H #define STASH2_H class Stash { int size; // Size of each space int quantity; // Number of storage spaces int next; // Next empty space // Dynamically allocated array of bytes: unsigned char* storage; void inflate(int increase); public: Stash(int size); ~Stash(); int add(void* element); void* fetch(int index); int count(); }; #endif // STASH2_H ///:~
The only member function definitions that
are changed are initialize( ) and cleanup( ), which have
been replaced with a constructor and destructor:
//: C06:Stash2.cpp {O} // Constructors & destructors #include "Stash2.h" #include "../require.h" #include <iostream> #include <cassert> using namespace std; const int increment = 100; Stash::Stash(int sz) { size = sz; quantity = 0; storage = 0; next = 0; } int Stash::add(void* element) { if(next >= quantity) // Enough space left? inflate(increment); // Copy element into storage, // starting at next empty space: int startBytes = next * size; unsigned char* e = (unsigned char*)element; for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) storage[startBytes + i] = e[i]; next++; return(next - 1); // Index number } void* Stash::fetch(int index) { require(0 <= index, "Stash::fetch (-)index"); if(index >= next) return 0; // To indicate the end // Produce pointer to desired element: return &(storage[index * size]); } int Stash::count() { return next; // Number of elements in CStash } void Stash::inflate(int increase) { require(increase > 0, "Stash::inflate zero or negative increase"); int newQuantity = quantity + increase; int newBytes = newQuantity * size; int oldBytes = quantity * size; unsigned char* b = new unsigned char[newBytes]; for(int i = 0; i < oldBytes; i++) b[i] = storage[i]; // Copy old to new delete [](storage); // Old storage storage = b; // Point to new memory quantity = newQuantity; } Stash::~Stash() { if(storage != 0) { cout << "freeing storage" << endl; delete []storage; } } ///:~
You can see that the require.h
functions are being used to watch for programmer errors, instead of
assert( ). The output of a failed assert( ) is not as
useful as that of the require.h functions (which will be shown later in
the book).
Because inflate( ) is
private, the only way a require( ) could fail is if one of the other
member functions accidentally passed an incorrect value to
inflate( ). If you are certain this can’t happen, you could
consider removing the require( ), but you might keep in mind that
until the class is stable, there’s always the possibility that new code
might be added to the class that could cause errors. The cost of the
require( ) is low (and could be automatically removed using the
preprocessor) and the value of code robustness is high.
Notice in the following test program how
the definitions for Stash objects appear right before they are needed,
and how the initialization appears as part of the definition, in the constructor
argument list:
//: C06:Stash2Test.cpp //{L} Stash2 // Constructors & destructors #include "Stash2.h" #include "../require.h" #include <fstream> #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { Stash intStash(sizeof(int)); for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) intStash.add(&i); for(int j = 0; j < intStash.count(); j++) cout << "intStash.fetch(" << j << ") = " << *(int*)intStash.fetch(j) << endl; const int bufsize = 80; Stash stringStash(sizeof(char) * bufsize); ifstream in("Stash2Test.cpp"); assure(in, " Stash2Test.cpp"); string line; while(getline(in, line)) stringStash.add((char*)line.c_str()); int k = 0; char* cp; while((cp = (char*)stringStash.fetch(k++))!=0) cout << "stringStash.fetch(" << k << ") = " << cp << endl; } ///:~
Also notice how the
cleanup( ) calls have been eliminated, but the
destructors are still automatically
called when intStash and stringStash go
out of scope.
One thing to be aware of in the
Stash examples: I’m being very careful to use only built-in types;
that is, those without destructors. If you were to try to copy class objects
into the Stash, you’d run into all kinds of problems and it
wouldn’t work right. The Standard C++ Library can actually make correct
copies of objects into its containers, but this is a rather messy and
complicated process. In the following Stack example, you’ll see
that pointers are used to sidestep this issue, and in a later chapter the
Stash will be converted so that it uses
pointers.
Reimplementing the linked list
(inside Stack)
with constructors and destructors shows how neatly constructors and
destructors work with new and delete. Here’s the modified
header file:
//: C06:Stack3.h // With constructors/destructors #ifndef STACK3_H #define STACK3_H class Stack { struct Link { void* data; Link* next; Link(void* dat, Link* nxt); ~Link(); }* head; public: Stack(); ~Stack(); void push(void* dat); void* peek(); void* pop(); }; #endif // STACK3_H ///:~
Not only does Stack have a
constructor and destructor, but so does the nested class
Link:
//: C06:Stack3.cpp {O} // Constructors/destructors #include "Stack3.h" #include "../require.h" using namespace std; Stack::Link::Link(void* dat, Link* nxt) { data = dat; next = nxt; } Stack::Link::~Link() { } Stack::Stack() { head = 0; } void Stack::push(void* dat) { head = new Link(dat,head); } void* Stack::peek() { require(head != 0, "Stack empty"); return head->data; } void* Stack::pop() { if(head == 0) return 0; void* result = head->data; Link* oldHead = head; head = head->next; delete oldHead; return result; } Stack::~Stack() { require(head == 0, "Stack not empty"); } ///:~
The Link::Link( ) constructor
simply initializes the data and next pointers, so in
Stack::push( ) the line
head = new Link(dat,head);
not only allocates a new link (using
dynamic object creation with the keyword new, introduced in Chapter 4),
but it also neatly initializes the pointers for that link.
You may wonder why the destructor for
Link doesn’t do anything – in particular, why doesn’t
it delete the data pointer? There are two problems. In Chapter 4,
where the Stack was introduced, it was pointed out that you cannot
properly delete a void pointer if it points to an object (an
assertion that will be proven in Chapter 13). But in addition, if the
Link destructor deleted the data pointer, pop( ) would
end up returning a pointer to a deleted object, which would definitely be a bug.
This is sometimes referred to as the issue of
ownership: the Link and thus the
Stack only holds the pointers, but is not responsible for cleaning them
up. This means that you must be very careful that you know who is
responsible. For example, if you don’t pop( ) and
delete all the pointers on the Stack, they won’t get cleaned
up automatically by the Stack’s destructor. This can be a sticky
issue and leads to memory leaks,
so knowing who is responsible for cleaning up an object can make the difference
between a successful program and a buggy one – that’s why
Stack::~Stack( ) prints an error message if the Stack object
isn’t empty upon destruction.
Because the allocation and cleanup of the
Link objects are hidden within Stack – it’s part of
the underlying implementation – you don’t see it happening in the
test program, although you are responsible for deleting the pointers that
come back from pop( ):
//: C06:Stack3Test.cpp //{L} Stack3 //{T} Stack3Test.cpp // Constructors/destructors #include "Stack3.h" #include "../require.h" #include <fstream> #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { requireArgs(argc, 1); // File name is argument ifstream in(argv[1]); assure(in, argv[1]); Stack textlines; string line; // Read file and store lines in the stack: while(getline(in, line)) textlines.push(new string(line)); // Pop the lines from the stack and print them: string* s; while((s = (string*)textlines.pop()) != 0) { cout << *s << endl; delete s; } } ///:~
In this case, all the lines in
textlines are popped and deleted, but if they weren’t, you’d
get a require( ) message that would mean there was a memory
leak.
An aggregate is just what it
sounds like: a bunch of things clumped together. This definition includes
aggregates of mixed types, like structs and classes. An array is
an aggregate of a single type.
Initializing aggregates can be
error-prone and tedious. C++ aggregate
initialization makes it much
safer. When you create an object that’s an aggregate, all you must do is
make an assignment, and the initialization will be taken care of by the
compiler. This assignment comes in several flavors,
depending on the type of aggregate you’re dealing with, but in all cases
the elements in the assignment must be surrounded by curly braces. For an array
of built-in types this is quite simple:
int a[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
If you try to give more initializers
than there are array elements, the compiler gives an
error message. But what happens if you give fewer initializers? For
example:
int b[6] = {0};
Here, the compiler will use the first
initializer for the first array element, and then use zero for all the elements
without initializers. Notice this initialization behavior doesn’t occur if
you define an array without a list of initializers. So the expression above is a
succinct way to initialize an array to
zero, without using a for loop, and without any
possibility of an off-by-one error
(Depending
on the compiler, it may also be more efficient than the for
loop.)
A second shorthand for arrays is
automatic
counting,
in which you let the compiler determine the size of the array based on the
number of initializers:
int c[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Now if you decide to add another element
to the array, you simply add another initializer. If you can set your code up so
it needs to be changed in only one spot, you reduce the chance of errors during
modification. But how do you determine the size of the array? The expression
sizeof c / sizeof *c (size of the entire array
divided by the size of the first element) does the trick in a way that
doesn’t need to be changed if the array size
changes[42]:
for(int i = 0; i < sizeof c / sizeof *c; i++) c[i]++;
Because structures are also aggregates,
they can be initialized in a similar fashion. Because a C-style struct
has all of its members public, they can be assigned
directly:
struct X { int i; float f; char c; }; X x1 = { 1, 2.2, 'c' };
If
you have an array of such objects, you can initialize them by using a nested set
of curly braces for each object:
X x2[3] = { {1, 1.1, 'a'}, {2, 2.2, 'b'} };
Here, the third object is initialized to
zero.
If any of the data members are
private (which is typically the case for a well-designed class in C++),
or even if everything’s public but there’s a constructor,
things are different. In the examples above, the initializers are assigned
directly to the elements of the aggregate, but constructors are a way of forcing
initialization to occur through a formal interface. Here, the constructors must
be called to perform the initialization. So if you have a struct that
looks like this,
struct Y { float f; int i; Y(int a); };
You must indicate constructor calls. The
best approach is the explicit one as follows:
Y y1[] = { Y(1), Y(2), Y(3) };
You get three objects and three
constructor calls. Any time you have a constructor, whether it’s a
struct with all members public or a class with
private data members, all the initialization must go through the
constructor, even if you’re using aggregate
initialization.
Here’s a second example showing
multiple constructor arguments:
//: C06:Multiarg.cpp // Multiple constructor arguments // with aggregate initialization #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Z { int i, j; public: Z(int ii, int jj); void print(); }; Z::Z(int ii, int jj) { i = ii; j = jj; } void Z::print() { cout << "i = " << i << ", j = " << j << endl; } int main() { Z zz[] = { Z(1,2), Z(3,4), Z(5,6), Z(7,8) }; for(int i = 0; i < sizeof zz / sizeof *zz; i++) zz[i].print(); } ///:~
A default constructor
is one that can be called with
no arguments. A default constructor is used to create a “vanilla
object,” but it’s also important when the compiler is told to create
an object but isn’t given any details. For example, if you take the
struct Y defined previously and use it in a definition like
this,
Y y2[2] = { Y(1) };
the compiler will complain that it cannot
find a default constructor. The second object in the array wants to be created
with no arguments, and that’s where the compiler looks for a default
constructor. In fact, if you simply define an array of Y
objects,
Y y3[7];
the compiler will complain because it
must have a default constructor to initialize every object in the array.
The same problem occurs if you create an
individual object like this:
Y y4;
Remember, if you have a constructor, the
compiler ensures that construction always happens, regardless of the
situation.
The default constructor is so important
that if (and only if) there are no constructors
for a structure (struct or class), the
compiler will automatically create one for you. So this
works:
//: C06:AutoDefaultConstructor.cpp // Automatically-generated default constructor class V { int i; // private }; // No constructor int main() { V v, v2[10]; } ///:~
If any constructors are defined, however,
and there’s no default constructor, the instances of V above will
generate compile-time errors.
You might think that the
compiler-synthesized constructor should do some
intelligent initialization, like setting all the memory for the object to zero.
But it doesn’t – that would add extra overhead but be out of the
programmer’s control. If you want the memory to be initialized to zero,
you must do it yourself by writing the default constructor
explicitly.
Although the compiler will create a
default constructor for you, the behavior of the compiler-synthesized
constructor is rarely what you want. You should treat this feature as a safety
net, but use it sparingly. In general, you should define your constructors
explicitly and not allow the compiler to do it for
you.
The seemingly elaborate mechanisms
provided by C++ should give you a strong hint about the critical importance
placed on initialization and cleanup in the language. As Stroustrup was
designing C++, one of the first observations he made about productivity in C was
that a significant portion of programming problems are caused by improper
initialization of variables. These kinds of bugs are hard to find, and similar
issues apply to improper cleanup. Because constructors and destructors allow you
to guarantee proper initialization and cleanup (the compiler will not
allow an object to be created and destroyed without the proper constructor and
destructor calls), you get complete control and safety.
Aggregate initialization is included in a
similar vein – it prevents you from making typical initialization mistakes
with aggregates of built-in types and makes your code more
succinct.
Safety during coding is a big issue in
C++. Initialization and cleanup are an important part of this, but you’ll
also see other safety issues as the book
progresses.
Solutions to selected exercises
can be found in the electronic document The Thinking in C++ Annotated
Solution Guide, available for a small fee from
www.BruceEckel.com.
[38]
C99, The updated version of Standard C, allows variables to be defined at any
point in a scope, like C++.
[39]
An earlier iteration of the C++ draft standard said the variable lifetime
extended to the end of the scope that enclosed the for loop. Some
compilers still implement that, but it is not correct so your code will only be
portable if you limit the scope to the for loop.
[40]
The Java language considers this such a bad idea that it flags such code as an
error.
[41]
OK, you probably could by fooling around with pointers, but you’d be very,
very bad.
[42]
In Volume 2 of this book (freely available at www.BruceEckel.com), you’ll
see a more succinct calculation of an array size using
templates.


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Sometimes feel so low-down and disgusted,
Can't help but wonder what's happening to my companions:
Are they lost or are they found? Have they counted the cost it'll take to bring down
All their earthly principles they're gonna have to abandon?

All that foreign oil controlling American soil –
Look around you, it's just bound to make you embarrassed!
Sheiks walking around like kings, wearing fancy jewels and nose-rings,
Deciding America's future from Amsterdam into
1 Paris –
And there's a slow, slow train coming up around the bend.

In the home of the brave, Jefferson turning over in his grave,
Fools glorify themselves trying to manipulate Satan –
And there's a slow, slow train coming up around the bend.
Big-time negotiators, false healers, and woman-haters,
Masters of the bluff and masters of the proposition,
But the enemy I see wears a cloak of decency,
All non-believers and men-stealers talking in the name of religion –
And there's a slow––there's a slow train coming up around the bend.
People starving and thirsting, grain elevators are bursting –
Well, you know, it costs more to store the food than it do to give it!
They say, "Lose your inhibition, follow your own ambition",
They talk about a life of brotherly love – show me someone who knows how to live it!
There's a slow, slow train coming up around the bend.
Well, my baby went to Illinois with some bad-talking boy she could destroy,
A real suicide case, but there was nothing I could do to stop it.
I don't care about economy, I don't care about astronomy,
But it sure does bother me to see my loved ones turning into puppets –
And there's a slow, slow train coming up around the bend.
1
I'm not certain that Dylan says "into" here both because it's difficult to make out what's said and because it sounds a little strange (according to other sources, Dylan sings "and to", which also sounds strange and which makes a little less sense).


Pakistani Army Spokesperson Gets Ripped for 'Attacking' Hindutva Over Kashmir
New Delhi (Sputnik): As politicians and people from both India and Pakistan often lock horns while exchanging verbal volleys due to complicated history and territorial disputes, a Pakistani Army spokesperson has irked Twitter users with his views on Hindutva.
Answering the question from an Indian journalist "where do you find hope?", a Pakistan Army spokesperson, known for often expressing his army’s annoyance and objection over cross border firings since India’s recent decision on Kashmir’s special status, has tweeted “in truth, honesty and kindness which is not common to religion of Hindutva”.
Major General Asif Ghafoor, the spokesman, has also stated that the “brave Kashmiris” are under a brutal siege by India.
Indian Twitterians were quick to attack Ghafoor for “defaming Hindu values” on Twitter and slammed him for using his religious prejudice for political gain.
Others were quick to remind him of Pakistan’s largest province of Balochistan, where there is an ongoing insurgency by Baloch nationalists against the government of Pakistan.
Others responded with memes and jokes.
The tweet from Ghafoor comes in the wake of India’s decision to revoke the special status of Jammu and Kashmir and the bifurcation of it into two federally administered territories.
Article 370 of the Constitution of India, linked to the decades old special status of Jammu and Kashmir, was revoked to quell almost 30 years of terrorist disturbances that had stunted progress in the state.


American Ninja
American Ninja is a movie starring Michael Dudikoff, Steve James, and Judie Aronson. American soldier, obviously very skilled in martial arts, single-handedly takes on mercenaries in the Philippines.


Jose Mourinho has already hinted he would return Mesut Ozil to Arsenal's starting XI
The former Manchester United manager has been linked with Unai Emery's job at Arsenal in recent weeks
by Jake Polden, https://www.mirror.co.uk/authors/jake-polden/Jose Mourinho has been linked with the Arsenal manager's job in recent weeks as pressure continues to build on Unai Emery.
The Gunners manager isn't in immediate danger of losing his job, and recently received the backing from board that his position is safe.
But Arsenal have looked unconvincing in all competitions this season and fans are starting to get on the Spaniard's back.
Mourinho has been out of work since he was sacked by Manchester United back in 2018.
He has continually hinted that he wants to return to football management at some point, and is reportedly keen on taking the reins of a Premier League club.
The alleged reason for this is he wants to become the first man to win major trophies with three different clubs in the English top flight.
Arsenal is the club where he'd most likely achieve his dream, but he'll have to bide his time.
Mourinho has been keeping himself occupied by providing analysis on Sky Sports this season, and has previously spoken out on how he'd fix things at Arsenal.
Explaining how he'd bridge the gap between midfield and attack back in September, the Portuguese hinted he would bring the ostracised Mesut Ozil in from the cold if he was in charge.
"At Arsenal, Lacazette doesn't have that quality [to drop between the lines and create space for Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang], but they have two options," said Mourinho.
"One is to play, instead of with three midfield players almost in a straight line, to play how they played in the last 10 or 20 minutes with two [sitting midfielders] and one No.10 that can feed the three without bringing Lacazette in between the lines."
World Cup winner Ozil is without doubt the best No. 10 at Arsenal, but a player who has been largely overlooked this season.
He has played just three times in all competitions this season, representing the Gunners just once in the Premier League despite being the club's biggest earner.
Last time out Ozil started in the Carabao Cup against Liverpool , and put in a man of the match display with two assists and kick-starting a move for a third.
But he was hooked in the second half, with Matteo Guendouzi taking his place on the pitch.


Watch: 105-year-old Kerala woman takes up fourth grade exam
A video on Bhageerathi Amma, who became the oldest ‘equivalency learner’ in the Kerala State Literacy Mission programme to date.
by The Hindu Net DeskDefying age related issues, a 105-year-old woman from Kerala appeared for the fourth standard equivalency examination conducted by the state literacy mission.
Bhageerathi Amma, who always yearned to study and gain knowledge, had to give up her dream of educating herself after her mother passed away as she had to take care of her younger siblings.
Fate dealt her another blow when she lost her husband in her 30s following which the entire responsiblity of bringing up her six children, including 4 daugthers, fell on her shoulders.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %}
This site runs on the Python implementation of the Jeeves language for automatically enforcing privacy policies. Jeeves makes sure each user only sees what they are supposed to see.
Jeeves allows the programmer to separately implement information flow policies from other functionality, decreasing the points of failure.
We are working on a Python Jeeves implementation. We would love your feedback on the project and case studies, including this site! Look at our site or browse our code on GitHub.


The Akan people of Ghana frequently name their children after the day of the week they were born and the order in which they were born. These "day names" have further meanings concerning the soul and character of the person. Middle names have considerably more variety and can refer to their birth order, twin status, or an ancestor's middle name. Most Ghanaians have at least one name from this system, even if they also have an English or Christian name. Notable figures with day names include Ghana's first president Kwame Nkrumah and former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan.
Want to know what your 'Akan Name' is?, fill in the forms below:


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TTK
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TTK classes for the segmentation of an arc in the Reeb Graph. More...
#include <FTRSegmentation.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| Segment (idVertex size) | |
| Segment () | |
| segm_const_it | begin (void) const |
| segm_const_it | end (void) const |
| segm_it | begin (void) |
| segm_it | end (void) |
| idVertex | size (void) const |
| void | reserve (const idVertex size) |
| void | emplace_back (const idVertex v) |
| idVertex | operator[] (const size_t &idx) const |
| idVertex & | operator[] (const size_t &idx) |
TTK classes for the segmentation of an arc in the Reeb Graph.
| dataType | Data type of the input scalar field (char, float, etc.). |
Definition at line 34 of file FTRSegmentation.h.
|
explicit |
Definition at line 26 of file FTRSegmentation.cpp.
| Segment::Segment | ( | ) |
Definition at line 29 of file FTRSegmentation.cpp.
| segm_it Segment::begin | ( | void | ) |
Definition at line 36 of file FTRSegmentation.cpp.
| segm_const_it Segment::begin | ( | void | ) | const |
Definition at line 32 of file FTRSegmentation.cpp.
| void Segment::emplace_back | ( | const idVertex | v | ) |
Definition at line 56 of file FTRSegmentation.cpp.
| segm_it Segment::end | ( | void | ) |
Definition at line 44 of file FTRSegmentation.cpp.
| segm_const_it Segment::end | ( | void | ) | const |
Definition at line 40 of file FTRSegmentation.cpp.
| idVertex & Segment::operator[] | ( | const size_t & | idx | ) |
Definition at line 64 of file FTRSegmentation.cpp.
| idVertex Segment::operator[] | ( | const size_t & | idx | ) | const |
Definition at line 60 of file FTRSegmentation.cpp.
| void Segment::reserve | ( | const idVertex | size | ) |
Definition at line 52 of file FTRSegmentation.cpp.
| idVertex Segment::size | ( | void | ) | const |
Definition at line 48 of file FTRSegmentation.cpp.


Password Generator
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Xilinx DPU Setup Guide
05 May 2022The Xilinx setup tutorials demonstrate two paths to setting up the DPU. One route provides a pre-built PetaLinux system image with code examples, precompiled example binaries, and pre-trained models. The image can be flashed onto an SD card, and you should be able to boot the board directly from the SD card. Vivado and Vitis are not required. In fact, you can plug in a display and keyboard onto the ZCU104 board and use the board in standalone mode. It is also possible to SSH into the board over a network and interact with the board over SSH. More on that later. The other route, found here, shows how to start from a board design in Vivado and work your way up to Vitis and develop custom applications [1]. That is not a part of this guide; we will stick to the first option only for now.


Links: index.html, groups.html, groups-drag-and-drop.html, resize.html, textwrap.html, isolation.html


acl acl2010 acl2010-182 acl2010-182-reference knowledge-graph by maker-knowledge-mining
Source: pdf
Author: Sylvain Schmitz
Abstract: Dominance links were introduced in grammars to model long distance scrambling phenomena, motivating the definition of multiset-valued linear indexed grammars (MLIGs) by Rambow (1994b), and inspiring quite a few recent formalisms. It turns out that MLIGs have since been rediscovered and reused in a variety of contexts, and that the complexity of their emptiness problem has become the key to several open questions in computer science. We survey complexity results and open issues on MLIGs and related formalisms, and provide new complexity bounds for some linguistically motivated restrictions.


Floreana, also known as Charles or Santa Maria Island, is the southeasternmost island in the archipelago. It is one of the smaller of the major islands, with an area of 173 km² and a maximum altitude of 640 metres. It is one of the islands with the most interesting human history and one of the earliest to be inhabited.
Floreana is more of an “out-island” as it does not have a scheduled ferry service and you must visit as part of an excursion, or go on your own with a 5 port autographo. Note that not all agents "allow" a visit to Floreana, and those that do insist that cruisers promise to adhere to the strict rules and regulations, which have been abused by previous generations of cruisers.
See Galapagos Formalities for full details on clearance ports of entry and procedures.
See feedback on formalities here below under comments.
The approach is straightforward and yachts can anchor in 45 ft depth outside the moored boats, south of the wharf and port captain’s office, and near to Black Beach.
Described as a “reasonably protected harbour”, Puerto Velasco Ibarra is open to the west and can be very rolly.
There is now wifi available here which is reported to be very good. There is an open unlocked site and a locked site for which the authorities freely provide the password.
Last updated May 2014.


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Star Wars RPG
Obi-Wan Kenobi
Luke Skywalker
Darth Vader
Darth Maul
Your Charcter
Enemies Available to Attack
Fight Section
ATTACK
Defender


3086 FM 1395
Wills Point , TX 75169
ph:<PHONE_NUMBER>
theotret
The OTR4U is a private 166-acre facility for couples (21+)
featuring a secluded paradise far enough away to remove you from your hectic routine, yet still only a scenic car ride away.
OTR4U is unlike any other vacation destination due to the contrast of its state of the art facilities including its dynamic dance club,
Xcape, balanced with the rustic charm of nature. Whether you are looking for a leisurely day lounging by the pool or a high-energy night complete with dancing on a laser light dance floor, you will find it all here.
The atmosphere is freeing and transports all guests to a higher level of intimacy with
nature as well as a release from every day cares. OTR4U promotes a feeling of total liberation which allows each guest to create a personal memory that will last a lifetime.
We are a private gated resort featuring six cabins, bunkhouse, full RV hook-ups and tent sites complete with electricity and water.
Amenities at OTR4U include numerous full restrooms and showering areas, large swimming pool
and hot tub, community kitchen, and outdoor/indoor eating areas.
Located at
the OTR4U
is
a state of the art 5,000 square foot dance club -
Xcape. Housed in the club is a 144-inch big screen projection system for you to enjoy sporting events, movies, and music videos while you dance the night away.
All events at
OTR4U are BYOB.
Live Oak, Nudist, Clothing Optional, OT, OT ReTreat, OTR, Lifestyle, Clubs, RV Parks, Fort Worth, DFW, Louisiana
Copyright 2014 OTR4U. All rights reserved.
3086 FM 1395
Wills Point , TX 75169
ph:<PHONE_NUMBER>
otr4u2