Constructors¶
Constructors [1] are functions that create new objects — specifically, instances of Composite Types. In Julia, type objects also serve as constructor functions: they create new instances of themselves when applied to an argument tuple as a function. This much was already mentioned briefly when composite types were introduced. For example:
type Foo
bar
baz
end
julia> foo = Foo(1,2)
Foo(1,2)
julia> foo.bar
1
julia> foo.baz
2
For many types, forming new objects by binding their field values together is all that is ever needed to create instances. There are, however, cases where more functionality is required when creating composite objects. Sometimes invariants must be enforced, either by checking arguments or by transforming them. Recursive data structures, especially those that may be self-referential, often cannot be constructed cleanly without first being created in an incomplete state and then altered programmatically to be made whole, as a separate step from object creation. Sometimes, it’s just convenient to be able to construct objects with fewer or different types of parameters than they have fields. Julia’s system for object construction addresses all of these cases and more.
| [1] | Nomenclature: while the term “constructor” generally refers to the entire function which constructs objects of a type, it is common to abuse terminology slightly and refer to specific constructor methods as “constructors”. In such situations, it is generally clear from context that the term is used to mean “constructor method” rather than “constructor function”, especially as it is often used in the sense of singling out a particular method of the constructor from all of the others. |
Outer Constructor Methods¶
A constructor is just like any other function in Julia in that its
overall behavior is defined by the combined behavior of its methods.
Accordingly, you can add functionality to a constructor by simply
defining new methods. For example, let’s say you want to add a
constructor method for Foo
objects that takes only one argument and
uses the given value for both the bar
and baz
fields. This is
simple:
Foo(x) = Foo(x,x)
julia> Foo(1)
Foo(1,1)
You could also add a zero-argument Foo
constructor method that
supplies default values for both of the bar
and baz
fields:
Foo() = Foo(0)
julia> Foo()
Foo(0,0)
Here the zero-argument constructor method calls the single-argument constructor method, which in turn calls the automatically provided two-argument constructor method. For reasons that will become clear very shortly, additional constructor methods declared as normal methods like this are called outer constructor methods. Outer constructor methods can only ever create a new instance by calling another constructor method, such as the automatically provided default ones.
Inner Constructor Methods¶
While outer constructor methods succeed in addressing the problem of providing additional convenience methods for constructing objects, they fail to address the other two use cases mentioned in the introduction of this chapter: enforcing invariants, and allowing construction of self-referential objects. For these problems, one needs inner constructor methods. An inner constructor method is much like an outer constructor method, with two differences:
- It is declared inside the block of a type declaration, rather than outside of it like normal methods.
- It has access to a special locally existent function called
new
that creates objects of the block’s type.
For example, suppose one wants to declare a type that holds a pair of real numbers, subject to the constraint that the first number is not greater than the second one. One could declare it like this:
type OrderedPair
x::Real
y::Real
OrderedPair(x,y) = x > y ? error("out of order") : new(x,y)
end
Now OrderedPair
objects can only be constructed such that
x <= y
:
julia> OrderedPair(1,2)
OrderedPair(1,2)
julia> OrderedPair(2,1)
ERROR: out of order
in OrderedPair(::Int64, ::Int64) at ./none:5
...
You can still reach in and directly change the field values to violate this invariant, but messing around with an object’s internals uninvited is considered poor form. You (or someone else) can also provide additional outer constructor methods at any later point, but once a type is declared, there is no way to add more inner constructor methods. Since outer constructor methods can only create objects by calling other constructor methods, ultimately, some inner constructor must be called to create an object. This guarantees that all objects of the declared type must come into existence by a call to one of the inner constructor methods provided with the type, thereby giving some degree of enforcement of a type’s invariants.
Of course, if the type is declared as immutable
, then its
constructor-provided invariants are fully enforced. This is an important
consideration when deciding whether a type should be immutable.
If any inner constructor method is defined, no default constructor
method is provided: it is presumed that you have supplied yourself with
all the inner constructors you need. The default constructor is
equivalent to writing your own inner constructor method that takes all
of the object’s fields as parameters (constrained to be of the correct
type, if the corresponding field has a type), and passes them to
new
, returning the resulting object:
type Foo
bar
baz
Foo(bar,baz) = new(bar,baz)
end
This declaration has the same effect as the earlier definition of the
Foo
type without an explicit inner constructor method. The following
two types are equivalent — one with a default constructor, the other
with an explicit constructor:
type T1
x::Int64
end
type T2
x::Int64
T2(x) = new(x)
end
julia> T1(1)
T1(1)
julia> T2(1)
T2(1)
julia> T1(1.0)
T1(1)
julia> T2(1.0)
T2(1)
It is considered good form to provide as few inner constructor methods as possible: only those taking all arguments explicitly and enforcing essential error checking and transformation. Additional convenience constructor methods, supplying default values or auxiliary transformations, should be provided as outer constructors that call the inner constructors to do the heavy lifting. This separation is typically quite natural.
Incomplete Initialization¶
The final problem which has still not been addressed is construction of self-referential objects, or more generally, recursive data structures. Since the fundamental difficulty may not be immediately obvious, let us briefly explain it. Consider the following recursive type declaration:
type SelfReferential
obj::SelfReferential
end
This type may appear innocuous enough, until one considers how to
construct an instance of it. If a
is an instance of
SelfReferential
, then a second instance can be created by the call:
b = SelfReferential(a)
But how does one construct the first instance when no instance exists to
provide as a valid value for its obj
field? The only solution is to
allow creating an incompletely initialized instance of
SelfReferential
with an unassigned obj
field, and using that
incomplete instance as a valid value for the obj
field of another
instance, such as, for example, itself.
To allow for the creation of incompletely initialized objects, Julia
allows the new
function to be called with fewer than the number of
fields that the type has, returning an object with the unspecified
fields uninitialized. The inner constructor method can then use the
incomplete object, finishing its initialization before returning it.
Here, for example, we take another crack at defining the
SelfReferential
type, with a zero-argument inner constructor
returning instances having obj
fields pointing to themselves:
type SelfReferential
obj::SelfReferential
SelfReferential() = (x = new(); x.obj = x)
end
We can verify that this constructor works and constructs objects that are, in fact, self-referential:
julia> x = SelfReferential();
julia> is(x, x)
true
julia> is(x, x.obj)
true
julia> is(x, x.obj.obj)
true
Although it is generally a good idea to return a fully initialized object from an inner constructor, incompletely initialized objects can be returned:
julia> type Incomplete
xx
Incomplete() = new()
end
julia> z = Incomplete();
While you are allowed to create objects with uninitialized fields, any access to an uninitialized reference is an immediate error:
julia> z.xx
ERROR: UndefRefError: access to undefined reference
...
This avoids the need to continually check for null
values.
However, not all object fields are references. Julia considers some
types to be “plain data”, meaning all of their data is self-contained
and does not reference other objects. The plain data types consist of bits
types (e.g. Int
) and immutable structs of other plain data types.
The initial contents of a plain data type is undefined:
julia> type HasPlain
n::Int
HasPlain() = new()
end
julia> HasPlain()
HasPlain(438103441441)
Arrays of plain data types exhibit the same behavior.
You can pass incomplete objects to other functions from inner constructors to delegate their completion:
type Lazy
xx
Lazy(v) = complete_me(new(), v)
end
As with incomplete objects returned from constructors, if
complete_me
or any of its callees try to access the xx
field of
the Lazy
object before it has been initialized, an error will be
thrown immediately.
Parametric Constructors¶
Parametric types add a few wrinkles to the constructor story. Recall from Parametric Types that, by default, instances of parametric composite types can be constructed either with explicitly given type parameters or with type parameters implied by the types of the arguments given to the constructor. Here are some examples:
julia> type Point{T<:Real}
x::T
y::T
end
## implicit T ##
julia> Point(1,2)
Point{Int64}(1,2)
julia> Point(1.0,2.5)
Point{Float64}(1.0,2.5)
julia> Point(1,2.5)
ERROR: MethodError: no method matching Point{T<:Real}(::Int64, ::Float64)
Closest candidates are:
Point{T<:Real}{T<:Real}(::T<:Real, !Matched::T<:Real) at none:2
Point{T<:Real}{T}(::Any) at sysimg.jl:53
...
## explicit T ##
julia> Point{Int64}(1,2)
Point{Int64}(1,2)
julia> Point{Int64}(1.0,2.5)
ERROR: InexactError()
in Point{Int64}(::Float64, ::Float64) at ./none:2
...
julia> Point{Float64}(1.0,2.5)
Point{Float64}(1.0,2.5)
julia> Point{Float64}(1,2)
Point{Float64}(1.0,2.0)
As you can see, for constructor calls with explicit type parameters, the
arguments are converted to the implied field types: Point{Int64}(1,2)
works, but Point{Int64}(1.0,2.5)
raises an
InexactError
when converting 2.5
to Int64
.
When the type is implied by the
arguments to the constructor call, as in Point(1,2)
, then the types
of the arguments must agree — otherwise the T
cannot be determined —
but any pair of real arguments with matching type may be given to the
generic Point
constructor.
What’s really going on here is that Point
, Point{Float64}
and
Point{Int64}
are all different constructor functions. In fact,
Point{T}
is a distinct constructor function for each type T
.
Without any explicitly provided inner constructors, the declaration of
the composite type Point{T<:Real}
automatically provides an inner
constructor, Point{T}
, for each possible type T<:Real
, that
behaves just like non-parametric default inner constructors do. It also
provides a single general outer Point
constructor that takes pairs
of real arguments, which must be of the same type. This automatic
provision of constructors is equivalent to the following explicit
declaration:
type Point{T<:Real}
x::T
y::T
Point(x,y) = new(x,y)
end
Point{T<:Real}(x::T, y::T) = Point{T}(x,y)
Some features of parametric constructor definitions at work here deserve
comment. First, inner constructor declarations always define methods of
Point{T}
rather than methods of the general Point
constructor
function. Since Point
is not a concrete type, it makes no sense for
it to even have inner constructor methods at all. Thus, the inner method
declaration Point(x,y) = new(x,y)
provides an inner
constructor method for each value of T
. It is this method
declaration that defines the behavior of constructor calls with explicit
type parameters like Point{Int64}(1,2)
and
Point{Float64}(1.0,2.0)
. The outer constructor declaration, on the
other hand, defines a method for the general Point
constructor which
only applies to pairs of values of the same real type. This declaration
makes constructor calls without explicit type parameters, like
Point(1,2)
and Point(1.0,2.5)
, work. Since the method
declaration restricts the arguments to being of the same type, calls
like Point(1,2.5)
, with arguments of different types, result in “no
method” errors.
Suppose we wanted to make the constructor call Point(1,2.5)
work by
“promoting” the integer value 1
to the floating-point value 1.0
.
The simplest way to achieve this is to define the following additional
outer constructor method:
julia> Point(x::Int64, y::Float64) = Point(convert(Float64,x),y);
This method uses the convert()
function to explicitly convert x
to
Float64
and then delegates construction to the general constructor
for the case where both arguments are Float64
. With this method
definition what was previously a MethodError
now successfully
creates a point of type Point{Float64}
:
julia> Point(1,2.5)
Point{Float64}(1.0,2.5)
julia> typeof(ans)
Point{Float64}
However, other similar calls still don’t work:
julia> Point(1.5,2)
ERROR: MethodError: no method matching Point{T<:Real}(::Float64, ::Int64)
Closest candidates are:
Point{T<:Real}{T<:Real}(::T<:Real, !Matched::T<:Real) at none:2
Point{T<:Real}{T}(::Any) at sysimg.jl:53
...
For a much more general way of making all such calls work sensibly, see
Conversion and Promotion. At the risk
of spoiling the suspense, we can reveal here that all it takes is
the following outer method definition to make all calls to the general
Point
constructor work as one would expect:
julia> Point(x::Real, y::Real) = Point(promote(x,y)...);
The promote
function converts all its arguments to a common type
— in this case Float64
. With this method definition, the Point
constructor promotes its arguments the same way that numeric operators
like +
do, and works for all kinds of real numbers:
julia> Point(1.5,2)
Point{Float64}(1.5,2.0)
julia> Point(1,1//2)
Point{Rational{Int64}}(1//1,1//2)
julia> Point(1.0,1//2)
Point{Float64}(1.0,0.5)
Thus, while the implicit type parameter constructors provided by default in Julia are fairly strict, it is possible to make them behave in a more relaxed but sensible manner quite easily. Moreover, since constructors can leverage all of the power of the type system, methods, and multiple dispatch, defining sophisticated behavior is typically quite simple.
Case Study: Rational¶
Perhaps the best way to tie all these pieces together is to present a real world example of a parametric composite type and its constructor methods. To that end, here is beginning of rational.jl, which implements Julia’s 유리수:
immutable Rational{T<:Integer} <: Real
num::T
den::T
function Rational(num::T, den::T)
if num == 0 && den == 0
error("invalid rational: 0//0")
end
g = gcd(den, num)
num = div(num, g)
den = div(den, g)
new(num, den)
end
end
Rational{T<:Integer}(n::T, d::T) = Rational{T}(n,d)
Rational(n::Integer, d::Integer) = Rational(promote(n,d)...)
Rational(n::Integer) = Rational(n,one(n))
//(n::Integer, d::Integer) = Rational(n,d)
//(x::Rational, y::Integer) = x.num // (x.den*y)
//(x::Integer, y::Rational) = (x*y.den) // y.num
//(x::Complex, y::Real) = complex(real(x)//y, imag(x)//y)
//(x::Real, y::Complex) = x*y'//real(y*y')
function //(x::Complex, y::Complex)
xy = x*y'
yy = real(y*y')
complex(real(xy)//yy, imag(xy)//yy)
end
The first line — immutable Rational{T<:Int} <: Real
— declares that
Rational
takes one type parameter of an integer type, and is itself
a real type. The field declarations num::T
and den::T
indicate
that the data held in a Rational{T}
object are a pair of integers of
type T
, one representing the rational value’s numerator and the
other representing its denominator.
Now things get interesting. Rational
has a single inner constructor
method which checks that both of num
and den
aren’t zero and
ensures that every rational is constructed in “lowest terms” with a
non-negative denominator. This is accomplished by dividing the given
numerator and denominator values by their greatest common divisor,
computed using the gcd
function. Since gcd
returns the greatest
common divisor of its arguments with sign matching the first argument
(den
here), after this division the new value of den
is
guaranteed to be non-negative. Because this is the only inner
constructor for Rational
, we can be certain that Rational
objects are always constructed in this normalized form.
Rational
also provides several outer constructor methods for
convenience. The first is the “standard” general constructor that infers
the type parameter T
from the type of the numerator and denominator
when they have the same type. The second applies when the given
numerator and denominator values have different types: it promotes them
to a common type and then delegates construction to the outer
constructor for arguments of matching type. The third outer constructor
turns integer values into rationals by supplying a value of 1
as the
denominator.
Following the outer constructor definitions, we have a number of methods
for the //
operator, which provides a syntax for writing rationals.
Before these definitions, //
is a completely undefined operator with
only syntax and no meaning. Afterwards, it behaves just as described in
유리수
— its entire behavior is defined in these few lines. The first and most
basic definition just makes a//b
construct a Rational
by
applying the Rational
constructor to a
and b
when they are
integers. When one of the operands of //
is already a rational
number, we construct a new rational for the resulting ratio slightly
differently; this behavior is actually identical to division of a
rational with an integer. Finally, applying //
to complex integral
values creates an instance of Complex{Rational}
— a complex number
whose real and imaginary parts are rationals:
julia> (1 + 2im)//(1 - 2im)
-3//5 + 4//5*im
julia> typeof(ans)
Complex{Rational{Int64}}
julia> ans <: Complex{Rational}
false
Thus, although the //
operator usually returns an instance of
Rational
, if either of its arguments are complex integers, it will
return an instance of Complex{Rational}
instead. The interested
reader should consider perusing the rest of
rational.jl:
it is short, self-contained, and implements an entire basic Julia type.
Constructors and Conversion¶
Constructors T(args...)
in Julia are implemented like other
callable objects: methods are added to their types.
The type of a type is Type
, so all constructor methods are
stored in the method table for the Type
type.
This means that you can declare more flexible constructors, e.g.
constructors for abstract types, by explicitly defining methods
for the appropriate types.
However, in some cases you could consider adding methods to
Base.convert
instead of defining a constructor, because Julia
falls back to calling convert()
if no matching constructor
is found. For example, if no constructor T(args...) = ...
exists
Base.convert(::Type{T}, args...) = ...
is called.
convert
is used extensively throughout Julia whenever one type
needs to be converted to another (e.g. in assignment, ccall
,
etcetera), and should generally only be defined (or successful) if the
conversion is lossless. For example, convert(Int, 3.0)
produces
3
, but convert(Int, 3.2)
throws an InexactError
. If you
want to define a constructor for a lossless conversion from one type
to another, you should probably define a convert
method instead.
On the other hand, if your constructor does not represent a lossless
conversion, or doesn’t represent “conversion” at all, it is better
to leave it as a constructor rather than a convert
method. For
example, the Array{Int}()
constructor creates a zero-dimensional
Array
of the type Int
, but is not really a “conversion” from
Int
to an Array
.
Outer-only constructors¶
As we have seen, a typical parametric type has inner constructors
that are called when type parameters are known; e.g. they apply
to Point{Int}
but not to Point
.
Optionally, outer constructors that determine type parameters
automatically can be added, for example constructing a
Point{Int}
from the call Point(1,2)
.
Outer constructors call inner constructors to do the core
work of making an instance.
However, in some cases one would rather not provide inner constructors,
so that specific type parameters cannot be requested manually.
For example, say we define a type that stores a vector along with an accurate representation of its sum:
type SummedArray{T<:Number,S<:Number}
data::Vector{T}
sum::S
end
The problem is that we want S
to be a larger type than T
, so
that we can sum many elements with less information loss.
For example, when T
is Int32
, we would like S
to be Int64
.
Therefore we want to avoid an interface that allows the user to construct
instances of the type SummedArray{Int32,Int32}
.
One way to do this is to provide only an outer constructor for SummedArray
.
This can be done using method definition by type:
type SummedArray{T<:Number,S<:Number}
data::Vector{T}
sum::S
function (::Type{SummedArray}){T}(a::Vector{T})
S = widen(T)
new{T,S}(a, sum(S, a))
end
end
This constructor will be invoked by the syntax SummedArray(a)
.
The syntax new{T,S}
allows specifying parameters for the type to be
constructed, i.e. this call will return a SummedArray{T,S}
.


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Another chapter down, and the first notebook is filled. Brief writing break to do some editing for friends, but good progress still.
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Another chapter down, and the first notebook is filled. Brief writing break to do some editing for friends, but good progress still.
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--- layout: default --- {% for experience in site.data.experiences %}
{{ experience.date }}
{{ experience.description }}


Experience
Statkraft is the hydropower internationally and Europe’s largest generator of renewable energy. I was the technical lead for Statkraft's India portfolio setup project as well as Forecast Scheduling System.
The project included scripting in python and scheduling in Active Batch. I also examined the data and deduced some conclusions to reduce the penalties in the energy distribution market.
Worked with the management and operations team to build artist relations and arrange facilites through event management, scheduling, technical planning, and other areas.
Here I did aviation engineering research and management. The training
was divided into 4 parts :
-
Radio Overhaul Shop : Included research on aircraft components, cockpit voice recorder,
distance measuring equipment, emergency locator transmitter, very high frequency and HF
communication.
-
Electrical Overhaul Shop : Included training regarding brake temperature monitoring unit,
generator, auxiliary power unit.
-
Instrument Overhaul Shop : I learnt about aircraft engine, flight data recorder, gyroscopic
systems, cabin pressure control and altimeter.
Maintained, expanded and scaled the website and integrated the data from various back-end services and databases.
I got the opportunity to interacted with dozens of startups and investors. Also, organised pitching events, guest
lectures, networking events for entrepenurial enthusiasts.
Co-Founder
Nextgendeals
, Sep 2015 — Dec 2016
Developing end-to-end platform for selling the 'Next' brand appliances. The startup handled the
online business for Next appliances. Experimented many e-commerce platforms for the web.
Apart from the primary business, we focused more on creating interesting technology, most
notable one was: A project that incorporates a cross-platform web-service to share web-links
and bookmarks. Developed highly decoupled architecture designed on AWS for the web
service enabling very low latency experience.
A web service that brings apple's continuity features, including calling, to the masses
implemented by designing custom bluetooth protocol to support transferring audio to PC
(A2DP to HFP), however it is apparently limited by the overwhelming segmentation in the
bluetooth stacks
I worked on creating a Point of Sale (POS) system, using some great javascript libraries, mongoDB, deployed it to a raspberry pi. The goal was to make it end to end, and light enough to support raspberry pi as the central server.
I also explored front-end web development using jQuery, HTML/CSS. This was my first experience in corporate world.
CERTIFICATIONS
AWS Certified Developer - Associate (Score - 86%)
Google Analytics Certification (Score - 96%)
Mobile Sites certified (Score - 98%)
VOLUNTEERING
I taught how to program in C/C++ to students and gave couselling sessions to fear striken students especially girls. Also, I was awarded as the Teacher of the Month (March).
Founder
Startup Masterz Club BVCOE
I partnered with external accelerators and seed investors, to create an experimental incubation
centre in the college.
A national NGO group where I have been part of many campaigns to rural parts of Delhi,
Rajasthan and Punjab to encourage technology and education.
BVCOE - Clubs, Core team member
GDG, GSC, ISA, ISTE, CSI
World Cultural Festival, Guitarist


Plugin adds the
s3upload
method to the common
io.File
class, you can call this method passing a simple closure configuring the upload request.


Currently this page is
very
bare bones. This may or may not change in the future!
Parquet Definitions
I at the Center, animated


Here are some guides can help you get to know about this book:
-
+What if the answer is really long and wraps the whole page and you never want to finish it but you have to because its the answer!
-
+short!
-
+This is the answer!
-
+This is the answer!
-
+This is the answer!
-
+This is the answer!


JavaScript sv-tabs demo
I'll be whatever I wanna do.
Interesting. No, wait, the other thing: tedious.   And I'd do it again! And perhaps a third time! But that would be it. Throw her in the brig.  File not found. Ah, the 'Breakfast Club' soundtrack! I can't wait til I'm old enough to feel ways about stuff.
You may have to metaphorically make a deal with the devil. And by "devil", I mean Robot Devil. And by "metaphorically", I mean get your coat.
Some content after the tabs.


Background Clearing
Rotating Squares
Approximations
Triangles
.OBJ Reader
Textures
Cubes
Tiny Framework


Hearth & Steel
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The Team


@* registration Template File *@ @import helper._ @import models._ @(knolxForm: Form[KnolxUser]) @implicitFieldConstructor = @{ FieldConstructor(twitterBootstrapInput.f)} @main("Registration","login"){
This paragraph contains a lot of lines in the source code, but the browser ignores it.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block page_title %}{{ block.super }} - Access Denied{% endblock %} {% block page_content %}
Access denied. Please contact support if you think you should have access to this resource.


This is a clip, ship & zip testbed.
This tool lets you download Servir datasets for a custom area that you define by drawing on the map. The datasets are zipped and set aside on the server. An e-mail is sent to you containing a link to the zip file. Data is currently only available in ESRI shapefile format.
HOW TO USEStart by entering your e-mail address in the textbox. Next, zoom to an area of interest on the map (use shift + mouse drag for rubber band).
Click on the button in step 2, then draw a shaded region on the map. This will be the area for which data is downloaded. Double-click to finish drawing. When finished, a background process will zip the data within the area you drew and send you an e-mail containing a link to the zipped file.
NOTEOnly layers that are visible will be included in the download. You can toggle the visibility of individual layers using the Map Contents control. Check the box next to an item to make it visible, and uncheck it to hide the layer.


Mist Coil
Abaddon releases a coil of deathly mist that can damage an enemy unit or heal a friendly unit at the cost of some of Abaddon's health.
| Mana Cost: | 50/60/70/80 |
| Cooldown: | 5 |
| ABILITY: | Unit Target |
| AFFECTS: | Heroes |
| DAMAGE TYPE: | Magical |
| PIERCES SPELL IMMUNITY: | Yes |
| SELF DAMAGE: | 75 / 100 / 125 / 150 |
| DAMAGE/HEAL: | 100 / 150 / 200 / 250 |
A mysterious vapor from the Font of Avernus now infuses the breath of Abaddon, who releases it at will.
Aphotic Shield
Summons dark energies around an ally unit, creating a shield that absorbs a set amount of damage before expiring. When the shield is destroyed it will burst and deal damage equal to the amount it could absorb to an area around it. Removes certain types of negative buffs and stuns on cast.
| Mana Cost: | 100/105/110/115 |
| Cooldown: | 12/10/8/6 |
| ABILITY: | Unit Target |
| AFFECTS: | Allied Units |
| PIERCES SPELL IMMUNITY: | No |
| DURATION: | 15 |
| MAX DAMAGE ABSORBED: | 110 / 140 / 170 / 200 |
| BURST RADIUS: | 675 |
The powers of the black mist rise to absorb attacks like the black mist absorbs light.
Curse of Avernus
Abaddon strikes an enemy with chilling curse on each attack, causing all units who attack the slowed enemy to gain increased movement speed, along with faster attack speed, for a limited time.
| ABILITY: | Passive |
| PIERCES SPELL IMMUNITY: | Yes |
| DEBUFF DURATION: | 2.5 |
| BUFF DURATION: | 4.5 |
| MOVEMENT SLOW: | 5% / 10% / 15% / 20% |
| ATTACK SLOW: | 5 / 10 / 15 / 20 |
| MOVE SPEED BONUS: | 15% |
| ATTACK SPEED BONUS: | 10 / 20 / 30 / 40 |
The curse that slows an enemy, speeds an ally.
Borrowed Time
When activated, all damage dealt to you will heal instead of harm. Most negative buffs will also be removed. If the ability is not on cooldown, it will passively activate if your hitpoints drop below 400. Upgradable by Aghanim's Scepter.
| Mana Cost: | 0/0/0 |
| Cooldown: | 60/50/40 |
| ABILITY: | No Target |
| HP THRESHOLD: | 400 |
| DURATION: | 4 / 5 / 6 |
| SCEPTER DURATION: | 5 / 6 / 7 |
| REDIRECT RANGE: | 900 |
The most unnatural of all the gifts of the Font of Avernus, this power defies mortal understanding. What should hurt, instead heals; and what should kill gives strength anew.


This is the partial for view 2, for the current Grails Controller.
Showing of 'interpolate' filter: {{ 'Current version is v%VERSION%.' | interpolate }}


Software Engineer with experience in the financial industry. Personal projects utilize a multitude of languages.
What I OfferProficient with Agile Framework!
Extensive OOP knowledge
Developed software for 8+ years!
I am dedicated to my work, and take pride!


**Documentation**
BBallParser Explanation
========
The BBallParser DSL is designed to quickly put out basketball stats for a given game with a simple,
clearly laid out short hand language.
DSL Syntax Explanation
========
The language works by having each line in the file correspond to something happening in the game. For example
one line could be "3fgm h44 h22;". That would correspond to Home player 44 scored a field goal and was assisted
Home player 22.
Syntax Rules:
Players: Each team is designated by either h (home) or g (guest). To specify what player it is you put there player
number right after the number like this "h22"
-fgm (Field Goal Make): is for when a player scroes a basket. It has one required parameter and two optional ones.
The required parameter is who scored the basket. The two optional ones who assisted the player and who go the rebound. Examples:
- 2fgm g54 g44;
- 3fgm g54 g38;
-fga (Field Goal Assist): is for when a player attempts to score a basktet. It has one required parameter and two optional ones.
The required parameter is who attempted the basket. The two optional ones who assisted the player and who go the rebound. Examples:
- 2fga h21 h23;
- 3fga h23 g35;
-f (Foul): is for when a player gets fouled. It has two required parameters and two optional parameters.
The two required parameters are the player who was fouled and what time he was fouled at. The two optional parameters
are freethrow makes and freethrow attempts.  The second is somebody getting fouled and scoring one basket and the third is some scoring two.
The fourth is somebody getting foulde and failing score their freethrow.
-Freethrows (m or a): These come after a foul:
- m has only one parameter (thats required). The player who made the basket.
- a has two required parameters. The first is the player who attempted the baskter and the second is caught the rebound.
-t (turnovers): Is for when ball switches teams. This has one required and one optional parameter. The first is who
caused the turnover to happen. The second is who stole the ball. It's optional because the ball can be turned over without
having it be stolen. Example:
- t h12;
- t h12 g44;
-q (quater): This logs when a quater ends. It requires putting a number right after the q to signify what quater it is.
It looks like this:
- q2
- q3
- q4
Running Instructions
=========
Open the project in IntelliJ, and hit the run on the `Basketball` project.
Screenshots
=========
![Working Game Statistics](Part5.jpg width="650px")
DSL Discussion
==============
With our language it automatically parses the stats to a readable and nicely formatted table. If a general-purpose language was used then essentially everything we wrote for
our DSL would have to be rewritten to parse our input, organize stats, and then once categorized then be printed and formatted in a readable format.
As for handwriting, you'd have to go through every line to parse through the data, and then find a way to nicely format the stats - which would be very inefficent if done
by hand.
Division of Work
================
Abram:
- planned out basketball grammer and answered all of our dumb basketball questions
- worked on antlr grammar
- worked on antlr parser
- worked on translation
- worked on debugging
Andrew:
- worked on antlr grammar
- worked on antlr parser
- worked on translation
- worked on documentation
Cody:
- worked on antlr grammar
- worked on antlr parser
- worked on translation
- worked on documentation
- submitted assignments
Student Info
=============
Abram Stamper, Cody Theien, Andrew Jackson


DENISE CALLS UP A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 1996 Steve Rhodes
RATING (0 TO ****): ** 1/2
DENISE CALLS UP is a claustrophobic, but carefully executed one joke movie. Within the strict confines of the show's unusual format, writer and director Hal Salwen creates a movie that does the most possible given the script's rigid adherence to its design. Even given its inherent limitations, it is interesting, unique, and thought provoking. Still, I feel I should warn you that its repetition and its circular story may make all but the most dedicated cinema buffs a little dizzy.
DENISE CALLS UP takes place solely in the world of the telecommuters. Remember the scene in BYE BYE BIRDIE where everyone talks on the telephone in individual rooms? Well, in DENISE CALLS UP, everyone is in their own homes working and periodically chatting with their friends. What they never ever do is actually leave to meet any of them. They promise to meet, they throw parties, and they arrange blind dates, but they all fashion different excuses so they can all stay within the safe confines of their homes.
The movie is populated by a world of troglodytes who are afraid of human contact. They like talking, but actual human interaction is too frightening, better to stick to intimate relationships with their phones and their computers. Besides Homo sapiens, the picture is filled with every type of phone and computer imaginable. All of the phones have call waiting and much of the show consists of A talking to B, who then gets a call from C causing B to put A on hold. C then gets a call from D. You get the idea. In order to arrange blind dates with each other they fax around pictures of the last time they have actually seen each other, which is in school.
They take calls while on the toilet. Sometimes they read while talking on the toilet, but other times they work on their laptops while there. Barbara (Caroleen Feeney) hangs up on potential blind date, Jerry (Liev Schreiber), because she does not mind talking with her coworkers or business clients while on the toilet, and using her laptop, but she draws the line at non-business people whom she does not yet know.
There is no central character, but the name of the show comes from a scene where Martin Wiener (Dan Gunther) is called by a woman, Denise (Alanna Ubach), on a bus on her cell phone. Although he has never met her, it seems she is having his baby since she got his sperm from a sperm bank. The on-going joke is whether they or any other of the couples in the show ever meet or will they confine their relationship to words spoken on the phone.
The quick cuts by editor Gary Sharfin and the tone set by the director make the movie feel highly improvisational. This means some silly lines will be followed by some excellent ones.
Gale (Dana Wheeler Nicholson) has Frank (Tim Daly) as an ex-boyfriend whom she is always going to see again, someday. She plays matchmaker with Barbara and Jerry, but they keep putting each other off. In a classic line, Barbara is talking on her car phone to Jerry and trying to convince him that is the reason she can't actually set a date for their date. She says, "I'm on Park Ave. See. [She beeps her horn.] I don't have my schedule. I mean my primary schedule. I'd hate to pencil you in and then find I have a discrepancy." Barbara does not understand it when her romance with Jerry doesn't work like she would like and so she sours on him proclaiming, "He was so sweet in the beginning, sending me little love faxes."
 A phone is much safer. Better to have never actually met someone than be disappointed. When there is a death, you may be able to guess how, Frank consoles Linda (Aida Turturro) with, "Don't feel bad. Death is well, not for everyone." These people have long since hung up on life so I am not sure why death is so hard for them to deal with.
Although the acting is fine, the reason to see this experimental show is to see how long they can keep these characters from ever meeting. Will the whole show go on and every room have just a single character? Will anyone risk meeting face-to-face? Is having a baby enough to bring the parents together? Will anyone come to Frank's party or will it be like Linda's where everyone promised to come and not a single one showed? I'm not telling.
DENISE CALLS UP runs just 1:21, but even shorter, it would have been better as the show does wear out its welcome a bit. It is rated PG-13. There is no violence, no nudity, almost no bad language and the sex is strictly over the phone. The picture is fine for teenagers and probably for some kids a little younger. I give the film a thumbs up and rate it ** 1/2.
**** = One of the top few films of this or any year. A must see film. *** = Excellent show. Look for it. ** = Average movie. Kind of enjoyable. * = Poor show.  Totally unbearable.
REVIEW WRITTEN ON: April 23, 1996
Opinions expressed are mine and not meant to reflect my employer's.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


| DOSE: |
1 bump |
inhaled |
Tobacco |
(powder / crystals) |
I would like to talk a little about snuff because there seems to be a lack of information about it. By snuff I mean tobacco taken to the nose. I have been an avid snuff taker for a few years now and I would like to make some information availible to those who are interested.
There are several misconceptions about snuff that I would like to clarrify. There seems to be some confusion in the word alone. In America, snuff is commonly used to mean chew, dip, ect. Many products such as Skoal, Copenhagen, Timber Wolf, ect, refer to their fine cut products as snuff, but it is for oral use only. Wet tobacco is NOT real snuff by traditional stanards and should NEVER be taken to the nose. Doing so may cause damage to the nose and probably severe pain.
The second being that snuff is meant to be snorted. Dry snuff should NOT make it past the nasal cavity. It is to be sniffed lightly, allowing the dust to accumulate in the lower part of the nose. If you snort snuff like you would other substances you will probably not enjoy it, and will not reciprocate its fullest effects. For the best nicotine lift, and to achieve the fullest flavor and enjoyment, one should adhere this advice.
To anyone trying nasal snuff for the first time here are some of my experiences that may help you enjoy it to the fullest.
I start with small ammounts. I take a little pinch with my thumb and index finger and hold my hand about 2 inches away from my nose. Then I lightly sniff like I am smelling a flower. First I just try to smell the aroma then I slowly bring my fingers closer, inhaling the dust into my nose. To avoid over inhaling, I leave both nostril open.
Occasionally I may feel a little sneezy, but this disipates after a little while. I feel clear minded, calm, and focused. I find snuff to be the most enjoyable way to take tobacco.
During my research I have come to the conclusion that snuff seems to be the safest alternative when it comes to tobacco usage. Remember this does not mean it is harmless or completely safe, however, it is possibly a good means of harm reduction.
There are some good websites with usefull information on this topic. They seem to be kind hearted and not to promote tobacco companies.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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I took this course the winter of my Freshman year through UB. It was very intense, we learned everything from spherical coordinates to Green’s theorem in 3 weeks.
I took this course between my freshman and sophomore year at UAlbany. I really like linear algebra, because you learn everything from the ground up, and I was able to understand most things without having to take many mathematical leaps of faith


Sponsoring KHE is a great way to find and connect with innovative, creative people, while also leaving a memorable impression on the tech community by giving back.
Interested in sponsoring KHE 2017? Take a look at our sponsorship packet and contact us (staff@khe.io),


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@* * Copyright 2021 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @this( main_template: main_template ) @()(implicit request: Request[_], messages: Messages) @main_template( title = messages("messages__contactHMRC__title"), bodyClasses = None) { @components.back_link()
@messages("messages__contactHMRC__p1")
@messages("messages__contactHMRC__p2")
@messages("messages__contactHMRC__p3")


This is the Chord diagram section of the gallery. If you want to know more about this kind of chart, visit data-to-viz.com. If you're looking for a simple way to implement it in d3.js, pick an example below.
Chord diagram is probably one of the most difficult graph to build with d3. Here are a few reminders:


{% include head.html %}
{% include youtubePlayer.html id='ypq6NljSa5U' %}
{% include vimeoPlayer.html id=399507727 %}
{% include youtubePlayer.html id='ypq6NljSa5U' %}
{% include vimeoPlayer.html id=399507727 %}
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.
{% include youtubePlayer.html id='ypq6NljSa5U' %}
{% include vimeoPlayer.html id=399507727 %}


Zhixing Meng
Project Portfolio
Zhixing Meng is a sophomore at UCSD. He majors in Computer Science and he has a 4.0 major GPA.
Projects
Image Transfer
TimeControl
Wujiandao
Classtables
Image about me


public class OnLedgerAsset<T,C extends CommandData,S extends FungibleAsset<T>> implements Contract
An asset transaction may split and merge assets represented by a set of (issuer, depositRef) pairs, across multiple input and output states. Imagine a Bitcoin transaction but in which all UTXOs had a colour (a blend of issuer+depositRef) and you couldn't merge outputs of two colours together, but you COULD put them in the same transaction.
The goal of this design is to ensure that assets can be withdrawn from the ledger easily: if you receive some asset via this contract, you always know where to go in order to extract it from the R3 ledger, no matter how many hands it has passed through in the intervening time.
At the same time, other contracts that just want assets and don't care much who is currently holding it can ignore the issuer/depositRefs and just examine the amount fields.
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
OnLedgerAsset()
An asset transaction may split and merge assets represented by a set of (issuer, depositRef) pairs, across multiple
input and output states. Imagine a Bitcoin transaction but in which all UTXOs had a colour (a blend of
issuer+depositRef) and you couldn't merge outputs of two colours together, but you COULD put them in the same
transaction.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
TransactionState<S> |
deriveState(TransactionState<? extends S> txState,
Amount<net.corda.core.contracts.Issued> amount,
CompositeKey owner)
Derive a new transaction state based on the given example, with amount and owner modified. This allows concrete
implementations to have fields in their state which we don't know about here, and we simply leave them untouched
when sending out "change" from spending/exiting.
|
java.util.Collection<net.corda.core.contracts.AuthenticatedObject> |
extractCommands(java.util.Collection<? extends net.corda.core.contracts.AuthenticatedObject<? extends net.corda.core.contracts.CommandData>> commands) |
CompositeKey |
generateExit(TransactionBuilder tx,
Amount<net.corda.core.contracts.Issued> amountIssued,
java.util.List<? extends net.corda.core.contracts.StateAndRef<? extends S>> assetStates)
Generate an transaction exiting assets from the ledger.
|
Commands.Exit<T> |
generateExitCommand(Amount<net.corda.core.contracts.Issued> amount) |
Commands.Issue |
generateIssueCommand() |
Commands.Move |
generateMoveCommand() |
AbstractConserveAmount<S,C,T> |
getConserveClause() |
getLegalContractReference, verify
public OnLedgerAsset()
An asset transaction may split and merge assets represented by a set of (issuer, depositRef) pairs, across multiple input and output states. Imagine a Bitcoin transaction but in which all UTXOs had a colour (a blend of issuer+depositRef) and you couldn't merge outputs of two colours together, but you COULD put them in the same transaction.
The goal of this design is to ensure that assets can be withdrawn from the ledger easily: if you receive some asset via this contract, you always know where to go in order to extract it from the R3 ledger, no matter how many hands it has passed through in the intervening time.
At the same time, other contracts that just want assets and don't care much who is currently holding it can ignore the issuer/depositRefs and just examine the amount fields.
public java.util.Collection<net.corda.core.contracts.AuthenticatedObject> extractCommands(java.util.Collection<? extends net.corda.core.contracts.AuthenticatedObject<? extends net.corda.core.contracts.CommandData>> commands)
public AbstractConserveAmount<S,C,T> getConserveClause()
public CompositeKey generateExit(TransactionBuilder tx, Amount<net.corda.core.contracts.Issued> amountIssued, java.util.List<? extends net.corda.core.contracts.StateAndRef<? extends S>> assetStates)
Generate an transaction exiting assets from the ledger.
tx
- transaction builder to add states and commands to.amountIssued
- the amount to be exited, represented as a quantity of issued currency.assetStates
- the asset states to take funds from. No checks are done about ownership of these states, it is
the responsibility of the caller to check that they do not exit funds held by others.public Commands.Exit<T> generateExitCommand(Amount<net.corda.core.contracts.Issued> amount)
public Commands.Issue generateIssueCommand()
public Commands.Move generateMoveCommand()
public TransactionState<S> deriveState(TransactionState<? extends S> txState, Amount<net.corda.core.contracts.Issued> amount, CompositeKey owner)
Derive a new transaction state based on the given example, with amount and owner modified. This allows concrete implementations to have fields in their state which we don't know about here, and we simply leave them untouched when sending out "change" from spending/exiting.


R/bd_summarize_trunc_gauss_mix_sample.R
bd_summarize_trunc_gauss_mix_sample.Rd
The input vector th parameterizes a Gaussian mixture, and taumin / taumax give the limits of truncation. Summarize the sample by identifying growth / decay periods and the peak value using the following procedure.
(1) Calculate the derivative, f'(t), at the points t = seq(taumin,taumax,len=N), where N is 1000 by default.
(2) Identify points where f'(t) changes sign, then numerically estimate the crossing point between the two t values where there was a sign change.
(3) Create a vector of critical points, tcrit, which includes taumin / taumax as well as the crossing points found in the preceding step.
(4) Calculate the density at the critical points to identify the peak value, fpeak, and corresponding calendar date, tpeak, as well as the index of of the peak in tcrit, indPeak.
(5) For each time period (the length(tpeak)-1 durations defined by ypeak) determine the sign of the density function, f(t), and create a character vector, slope, that has the value 'pos' if f(t) is positive and 'neg' if f(t) is negative.
(6) Finally, create a character vector, pattern, that appends the index of the peak in tcrit (converted to a character) to the character vector slope. This defines a unique pattern of the sample that takes into account periods of growth / decline and the relative location of the peak.
bd_summarize_trunc_gauss_mix_sample(th, taumin, taumax, N = 1000)
| th | The Gaussian mixture parameterization |
|---|---|
| taumin | The lower truncation value |
| taumax | The upper truncation value |
| N | (Default 1000) The number of points use for identifying slope changes |
A list consisting of tlo / thi (specifying the time periods), indPeak, tpeak, fpeak, and pattern (see Description)


DINOLOOP
A lightweight REST API Library for building scalable Node.js server-side applications powered by Typescript.
- Reuse OOP Practises in Node.js
- SOLID principles and Dependency Injection
- An Expressjs library influenced by MVC architecture
- Isolation of Controllers and Services for testability
- Write/Reuse Node.js and Expressjs codebase
- Extensive support from both the communities


Storing Secrets in SQL Server¶
In a real world implementation, you probably want to store your secrets in a persistent store. This could be anything from a simple file based implementation to a Redis cache, MongoDB or whatever, as long as it implements ISecretStore
.
A default SQL Server storage provider is avaiable for your use, follow these steps to set it up:
Install Passaword.Storage.Sql Package¶
Install the required package.
Install-Package Passaword.Storage.Sql
Add the connection string¶
Add the connection string to your appsettings.json file.
"ConnectionStrings": {
"Passaword": "Data Source=.\\SQLEXPRESS;Initial Catalog=Passaword;Integrated Security=True"
}
Add the dependency¶
In Startup.cs
replace AddInMemorySecretStore
with AddSqlSecretStore
and add using Passaword.Storage.Sql;
Initialize database¶
Migrations are included with each build of the package. To ensure your database is always up to date, you can include the call to Migrate
in the Startup.cs
ConfigureServices
call:
var sp = services.BuildServiceProvider();
using (var db = sp.GetService<PassawordDbContext>())
{
db.Database.Migrate();
}
Alternatively you can use the update-database
command in the Package Manager Console. Read more: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/ef/core/managing-schemas/migrations/


pinejs
Tiny, yet powerfull responsive multilevel navigation component. Easily customizable, so it can be used on any website.
Tiny, yet powerfull responsive multilevel navigation component. Easily customizable, so it can be used on any website.
Installation of Pine is quite easy, just follow steps below and you will be able to get the plugin up and running.
Link JS plugin:
html

Link CSS:
html

<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/stylesheets/pine.css">
Add markup:
html
TODO: code

...

Hook up the plugin:
html

Customizable options:
javascript
$('.pine').pine({ // Selector
largeDisplayStart: '600px', // Custom JS Breakpoint
transitionMobile: 'fx-toggle', // Effect for 'Mobile' View
transitionDesktop: 'fx-hover-fade' // Effect for 'Desktop' View
})
bower?
TODO MS/MM
Pine.JS code is Mobile First and therefore a large part of the code is unavailable for Explorer 8 and older. You can choose from two solutions:
1) Respond.js - (preferred solution)javascript that can arrange for support Media Queries in these older browsers. It is a standard way which uses Bootstrap itself. Just add Respond.js in the HTML
just after CSS files:
```html
```
2) pine-ie8.css
- if Respond.js does not fit your needs, add this CSS file in your HTML
. It contains all of the code hidden in the Media Queries:
html
<link href="css/pine-ie8.css" rel="stylesheet">
Simple CSS implementation:
LESS implementation:
PineJS comes with common tools, which help you to easily customize it and make you own builds. GruntJS is used for the build process. If you already have it, you are ready to go. Otherwise you need node and npm on your machine. Installation of Grunt is described in Getting Started Tutorial.
After you've set up the environment, use npm install
to get all dependencies. To build the project, enter the following at the terminal:
sh
grunt
Grunt can also be used to monitor files and re-build the project on each change. For this we use Grunt's watch task:
sh
grunt watch
Next time you change the file, Grunt will perform all build tasks.
Martin Staněk (@koucik) & Martin Michálek (@machal)


Last week was my last week as a software engineer at DigiDNA, publisher of iMazing (previously DiskAid).
It has been four awesome years working with the folks at DigiDNA.
Leaving such a job is always sad, but I decided it was time for me to move towards new experiences and challenges.
iMazing is an iPhone and iPad management utility, available for Mac and Windows.
It used to be called DiskAid, until recently.
When I was hired back in 2011, version 5 of DiskAid was near completion.
I did a few debugging, as well as a few UI works for the Mac version.
But at the time, my main focus was the company's iPhone applications, namely FileApp and FileApp Pro, which I ended rewriting completely.
Left to right: FileApp's original icon, refactored version, actual version.
The rewrite was a huge risk, but it ended as a true success.
So we decided to apply the same strategy for the next version of DiskAid. Obviously, this was even more risky.
But approximatively a year later, we were able to ship the all new DiskAid 6, bringing tons of new features, multiple device capabilities, a whole new user interface, etc.
This was truly awesome, seeing all that hard work going live.
DiskAid evolution: version 4.7 and 6.7.
The next year, we crafted the Windows version, while keeping adding feature to the Mac version.
Finally, last year, DiskAid was renamed iMazing.
At the occasion, we brought a more elegant user interface, finely tuned for Apple's new operating system - OS X Yosemite.
iMazing current version.
And obviously, tons of new features like copying music to the device.
I was personally in charge for that last one, and it surely was a hell.
But again, after months without sleep, seeing such an awaited feature going live is truly amazing (pun intended).
I really feel like we did an incredibly awesome job these last years, and I want to thank all of the fantastic guys at DigiDNA.
I think we really brought iMazing to the level it deserves, and I'm leaving with a confident and clear mind.
So now let's head for new stories!
Cheers guys!


|
pico]OS
1.0.4
|
Macros | |
| #define | NOSCFG_FEATURE_CONIN 1 |
| #define | NOSCFG_CONIO_KEYBUFSIZE 10 |
| #define | NOSCFG_FEATURE_CONOUT 1 |
| #define | NOSCFG_FEATURE_PRINTF 1 |
| #define | NOSCFG_FEATURE_SPRINTF 1 |
| #define NOSCFG_CONIO_KEYBUFSIZE 10 |
Set keyboard buffer size (in bytes). If the console input is enabled (when NOSCFG_FEATURE_CONIN is to 1), this define sets the depth of the keyboard buffer that is implemented in the nano layer.
| #define NOSCFG_FEATURE_CONIN 1 |
Enable generic console input support. If this define is set to 1, the functions nosKeyGet and nosKeyPressed are added to the user API of the nano layer.
| #define NOSCFG_FEATURE_CONOUT 1 |
Enable generic console output support. If this define is set to 1, the functions nosPrintChar, nosPrint and ::nosPrintf are added to the user API of the nano layer. Note that if you wish to have the formatted print functions compiled in, you must also set the define NOSCFG_FEATURE_PRINTF to 1.
| #define NOSCFG_FEATURE_PRINTF 1 |
Enable generic printf functions. The nano layer supports a set of really generic printf functions. This functions are not variadic, that means they do not support a variable parameter list, thus they can be compiled without having a runtime library linked (the header file <stdarg.h> is not needed).
| #define NOSCFG_FEATURE_SPRINTF 1 |
Enable generic string printf ('sprintf') functions. The nano layer supports a set of really generic sprintf functions. This functions are not variadic, that means they do not support a variable parameter list, thus they can be compiled without having a runtime library linked (the header file <stdarg.h> is not needed).


A test-case class is directly instantiating a PicoContainer and registering components within it.
Its too easy to use a PicoContainer instance and setup the component to test with it
It goes really bad when you're setting up consequential transitive dependencies For example:
public void testCocktailWithVodkaIsAlcoholic() { DefaultPicoContainer container = new DefaultPicoContainer(); container.addComponent(Cocktail.class, BananaPopsicleCocktail.class); // needed by Cocktail container.addComponent(BananaLiqueur.class); container.addComponent(OrangeJuice.class); container.addComponent(PineappleJuice.class); container.addComponent(VanillaVodka.class); // needed by Cocktail's ingredients container.addComponent(LiqueurMaker.class); container.addComponent(StolichnayaDistillery.class); container.addComponent(FruitJuiceDistributor.class); Cocktail cocktail = container.getComponent(Cocktail.class); assertTrue(cocktail.isAlcoholic()); }
For unit tests like this, the class being tested should be instantiated directly by the test. Mock Objects should be used to "mock" the dependent objects, i.e. supplying a fake implementation that can have expectations set and verified on it, rather than a real implementation. So, the test becomes:
public void testCocktailWithVodkaIsAlcoholic() { BananaLiqueur bl = mock(BananaLiqueur.class); OrangeJuice oj = mock(OrangeJuice.class); PineappleJuice pj = mock(PineappleJuice.class); VanillaVodka vv = mock(VanillaVodka.class); // set expectations these four according to your mocking framework Cocktail cocktail = new BananaPopsicleCocktail(bl, oj, pj, vv); assertTrue(cocktail.isAlcoholic()); // verify expectations on the four mocks here. }
The implementation details of creating a mock object and setting and verifying expectations have been left out of the example, as the details depend on which mock object library/technique is used. Search for EasyMock, JMock or Mockito in Google.
The container has to be instantiated somewhere of course.
A common place to instantiate containers is in some bootstrap class in the application.
There may be a requirement to write a high-level "functional" test, in which you wish to test the interactions between a set of real components (not mocks). In this case, you may wish to create a container with the appropriate components registered for your test.


Initializing
Connect to the default RPC host at localhost:7076 and with a timeout of 500 seconds:
nanook = Nanook.new
To connect to another host instead:
nanook = Nanook.new("http://ip6-localhost.com:7076")
To give a specific timeout value:
Nanook.new(timeout: 600)
Nanook.new("http://ip6-localhost.com:7076", timeout: 600)
Namespace
- CLASS Nanook::Account
- CLASS Nanook::Block
- CLASS Nanook::Error
- CLASS Nanook::Key
- CLASS Nanook::Node
- CLASS Nanook::Rpc
- CLASS Nanook::Util
- CLASS Nanook::Wallet
- CLASS Nanook::WalletAccount
- CLASS Nanook::WorkPeer
Methods
Constants
| VERSION | = | "0.7.0" |
Class Public methods
new(uri=Nanook::Rpc::DEFAULT_URI, timeout:Nanook::Rpc::DEFAULT_TIMEOUT)
Link
Arguments
-
uri
- RPC host to connect to (default is “localhost:7076”) -
timeout:
- Connection timeout in number of seconds (default is 500)
Examples
Nanook.new # Connect to http://localhost:7076 with 500s timeout
Nanook.new(timeout: 600)
Nanook.new("http://ip6-localhost.com:7076", timeout: 600)
Source: show
# File lib/nanook.rb, line 33 def initialize(uri=Nanook::Rpc::DEFAULT_URI, timeout:Nanook::Rpc::DEFAULT_TIMEOUT) @rpc = Nanook::Rpc.new(uri, timeout: timeout) end
Instance Public methods
account(account=nil)
Link
Returns a Nanook::Account instance.
nanook = Nanook.new
account = nanook.account
account = nanook.account("xrb_3e3j5tkog48pnny9dmfzj1r16pg8t1e76dz5tmac6iq689wyjfpi00000000")
Source: show
# File lib/nanook.rb, line 44 def account(account=nil) Nanook::Account.new(@rpc, account) end
block(block=nil)
Link
Source: show
# File lib/nanook.rb, line 48 def block(block=nil) Nanook::Block.new(@rpc, block) end
key(key=nil)
Link
Source: show
# File lib/nanook.rb, line 52 def key(key=nil) Nanook::Key.new(@rpc, key) end


Jay-Z Slams Colin Kaepernick For Turning Football Workout Into 'Publicity Stunt' - Reports
American footballer Colin Kaepernick has made a name for himself in recent years with his public protests through kneeling during the US national anthem, which is played before football games. Kaepernick was subsequently dropped from the 49ers in 2016.
Musician and businessman Jay-Z has expressed his distaste for Colin Kaepernick and the way he aired his workout on Saturday, with anonymous sources telling TMZ that he said Kaepernick "turned a legitimate workout into a publicity stunt".
Sources, who are reportedly close to Jay-Z, told TMZ that he does not approve of the manner of the workout, as he feels that the NFL was legitimately attempting to offer Colin an opportunity to make a comeback.
Colin decided not to attend the National Football League (NFL) workout on Saturday, deciding to conduct his own instead.
Colin conducted his workout at a nearby high school, receiving mixed reviews. Some say that are impressed with the controversial sportsman's conduct.
Others, however, claim he looked "average at best".
Kaepernick has claimed that he had demanded transparency and that the NFL would not permit him to host any media during the workout.


{{< layout}}
{{$propositionHeader}}{{/propositionHeader}}
{{$pageTitle}}Information about urgent passport{{/pageTitle}}
{{$content}}
You need a different service
You can't use Online Premium if your passport is lost or stolen. You must cancel your old passport.
To get your passport urgently, you need to apply with Fast Track.
{{/ content}} {{/ layout}}


receiverSim
Simulate Google Analytics measurement API endpoint for testing ipproxy.
Test localhost:8080