Utilities to build transaction data to call swapExactETHForTokens on Uniswap V2 Rotuer 02 contract.
More...
|
| std::size_t | buildData (const char *amountOutMin, const char *targetTokenAddress, const char *receiverAddress, char *output) |
| | Builds swapExactETHForTokens input data. More...
|
| |
|
| constexpr char const * | DataBoilerplate { "7ff36ab5000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000000000000000000000000c02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc20000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" } |
| | Boilerplate transaction data. More...
|
| |
| constexpr std::size_t | DataLength { std::char_traits<char>::length(DataBoilerplate) } |
| | Boilerplate transaction data length. More...
|
| |
Utilities to build transaction data to call swapExactETHForTokens on Uniswap V2 Rotuer 02 contract.
- See also
- https://uniswap.org/docs/v2/smart-contracts/router02/#swapexactethfortokens
◆ buildData()
| std::size_t TransactionDataBuilder::buildData |
( |
const char * |
amountOutMin, |
|
|
const char * |
targetTokenAddress, |
|
|
const char * |
receiverAddress, |
|
|
char * |
output |
|
) |
| |
|
inline |
Builds swapExactETHForTokens input data.
- Parameters
-
| amountOutMin | minimum amount of output tokens |
| targetTokenAddress | address of output token (path[1]) |
| receiverAddress | (to) |
| output | |
- Returns
- output length
◆ DataBoilerplate
| constexpr char const* TransactionDataBuilder::DataBoilerplate { "7ff36ab5000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000000000000000000000000c02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc20000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" } |
|
inlineconstexpr |
Boilerplate transaction data.
Boilerplate transaction data. Includes WETH token address as path[0] and maximum possible deadline. It is missing amountOutMin, path[1] and to values.
◆ DataLength
| constexpr std::size_t TransactionDataBuilder::DataLength { std::char_traits<char>::length(DataBoilerplate) } |
|
inlineconstexpr |


|
|
Container and execution tools for commands derived from Command. More...
#include <CommandBank.h>
Public Types | |
| typedef data_t | command_t |
| Public Types inherited from BankSuper< Command > | |
| typedef Bank< Command, std::string > | bank_t |
| typedef bank_t::key_t | key_t |
| typedef bank_t::bank_id | bank_id |
| typedef Command | data_t |
| Public Types inherited from Bank< Command, std::string > | |
| typedef std::string | key_t |
| Public key type. (Key type used in the public interface.) | |
| typedef Command | value_t |
| Base type of cloned objects. | |
| typedef ClonerBase< Command > | cloner_t |
| typedef std::map< std::string, cloner_t * > | map_t |
| Base class. | |
| typedef std::set< std::string > | key_set_t |
| For enumerating keys. More... | |
Public Member Functions | |
| CommandBank (const CommandBank &bank) | |
| template<class D , char PREFIX = 0> | |
| D & | addExternal (const D &entry, char alias=0) |
| template<class D > | |
| D & | addExternal (char PREFIX, const D &entry, char alias=0) |
| template<class D , char PREFIX = 0> | |
| D & | addExternal (const D &entry, const std::string &key, char alias=0) |
| void | readFileTXT (const std::string &filename, Script &script) const |
| Include commands from file, inserting them before iterator. More... | |
| void | readFile (const std::string &filename, Program &prog) const |
| void | scriptify (int argc, const char **argv, Script &script) const |
| Convert program arguments a script. Like in main(), actual command arguments start from 1. More... | |
| void | scriptify (const std::string &cmdLine, Script &script) const |
| Splits a command line to a list of commands, that is, a script. More... | |
| bool | scriptify (const std::string &arg, const std::string &argNext, Script &script) const |
| Converts a Unix/Linux command line to pairs (cmd,params) of strings. More... | |
| void | append (const Script &script, Program &prog) const |
| Converts command strings to executable command objects, appending them to a program. More... | |
| void | flushRoutine (Script &script, Context &ctx, Program &prog) |
| Append routine to program, and clear routine. | |
| void | remove (Program &prog) const |
| void | run (const std::string &cmd, const std::string ¶ms, Context &ctx) |
| Run a single command. | |
| void | run (Program &prog, ClonerBase< Context > &contextCloner) |
| Unlike compile, "interprets" script by running it command by command. More... | |
| void | help (std::ostream &ostr=std::cout) |
| Basic help dump, displays help commands to proceed. | |
| void | help (Flagger::value_t sectionFilter, std::ostream &ostr=std::cout) |
| Basic help dump, displays help commands to proceed. | |
| void | help (const std::string &key, std::ostream &ostr=std::cout) |
| Help on a specific command or section. | |
| void | info (const std::string &key, const command_t &cmd, std::ostream &ostr=std::cout, bool detailed=true) const |
| Checked key and respective command. More... | |
| const std::string & | resolveFull (const key_t &key) const |
| Given an alias or a long key, possibly prefixed by hyphens, return the long key if a command exists. More... | |
| template<class T > | |
| void | exportStatus (std::map< std::string, T > &statusMap) const |
| void | setScriptTriggerFlag (drain::Flagger::value_t sectionFlag) |
| void | setDefaultCmdKey (const std::string &s) |
| Set command - key, not getName() - that is used if a plain argument is given. More... | |
| void | setNotFoundHandlerCmdKey (const std::string &s) |
| Set command to be executed when a command - argument with leading hyphen(s) - is not found. More... | |
| void | setScriptCmd (const std::string &s) |
| Set command for storing a routine. | |
| void | setScriptFileCmd (const std::string &s) |
| Set command for reading and executing commands from a file in the current (running) context. More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from BankSuper< Command > | |
| BankSuper (const BankSuper &bank) | |
| D & | add (const std::string &key, char brief=0) |
| D & | add (char brief=0) |
| Add something that has getName() | |
| D & | addExternal (const D &entry, const std::string &key, char brief=0) |
| void | setBriefKey (char brief, const std::string &value) |
| Now, D::getName() is required. | |
| bool | hasAlias (const std::string &value) const |
| bool | hasAlias (char brief) const |
| char | getAlias (const std::string &value) const |
| const drain::Dictionary< char, key_t > & | getAliases () const |
| virtual const std::string & | resolve (const key_t &value) const |
| Given brief or long key, returns the long key . | |
| void | setTitle (const std::string &title) |
| Set name and brief description of a program, to appear in help dumps. | |
| Flagger::value_t | addSection (const FlagResolver::dict_t::key_t &title, const FlagResolver::dict_t::value_t index=0) |
| Public Member Functions inherited from Bank< Command, std::string > | |
| cloner_t & | getCloner (const std::string &key) const |
| Return the internal static entry. | |
| D & | add (const std::string &key) |
| Adds class D as an internal instance. More... | |
| D & | add () |
| D & | addExternal (const D &entry, const std::string &key) |
| Adds class D using a copy constructor on an external instance. More... | |
| bool | has (const std::string &key) const |
| Check if a cloner is defined for this key. | |
| Command & | clone (const std::string &key) const |
| Return a copy of the base instance. | |
| const Command & | get (const std::string &key) const |
| Returns the base instance. | |
| Command & | get (const std::string &key) |
| Returns the base instance. | |
| map_t::const_iterator | get () const |
| Returns a map entry: pair<Key,D *>() | |
| const map_t & | getMap () const |
| void | toStream (std::ostream &ostr=std::cout) const |
| key_set_t & | getKeys () |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static std::set< std::string > & | trimWords () |
| Words that are moved from class name prior to composing a command name. | |
| static void | deriveCmdName (std::string &name, char prefix=0) |
| Given a command class name like MyFileReadCommand, derives a respective command line option ("myFileRead") | |
| Static Public Member Functions inherited from Bank< Command, std::string > | |
| static Cloner< Command, D > & | getCloner () |
Public Attributes | |
| drain::StringMapper | logFileSyntax |
| drain::Flagger::value_t | scriptTriggerFlag |
| Member and methods for special commands. | |
| std::string | defaultCmdKey |
| Command that is used, if a plain argument is given. More... | |
| std::string | notFoundHandlerCmdKey |
| If defined, the command - key not getName() - to which all unresolved commands are directed. | |
| std::string | scriptCmd |
| Command for storing a routine. | |
| std::string | execFileCmd |
| Command for reading and executing commands from a file in the current (running) context. | |
| Public Attributes inherited from BankSuper< Command > | |
| FlagResolver::dict_t | sections |
Protected Member Functions | |
| void | append (const Script &script, Context &ctx, Program &prog) const |
| Appends program with commands of the script. | |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from Bank< Command, std::string > | |
| drain::ClonerBase< Command > & | set (const std::string &key, drain::ClonerBase< Command > &cloner) |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Protected Attributes inherited from BankSuper< Command > | |
| drain::Dictionary< char, std::string > | briefKeys |
| std::string | title |
| For example, name of the program, to appear in help dumps etc. | |
| Protected Attributes inherited from Bank< Command, std::string > | |
| key_set_t | keys |
Container and execution tools for commands derived from Command.
Converts command strings to executable command objects, appending them to a program.
Note: appends commands to the end of the program, use prog.clear() if needed.
| void info | ( | const std::string & | key, |
| const command_t & | cmd, | ||
| std::ostream & | ostr = std::cout , |
||
| bool | detailed = true |
||
| ) | const |
Checked key and respective command.
Iterate variable keys
| void readFileTXT | ( | const std::string & | filename, |
| Script & | script | ||
| ) | const |
Include commands from file, inserting them before iterator.
A mini program executed after each cmd until ']' or ')' is encountered Read commands from a text file and insert them into a string.
| const std::string & resolveFull | ( | const key_t & | key | ) | const |
Given an alias or a long key, possibly prefixed by hyphens, return the long key if a command exists.
Given alias or long key, possibly prefixed by hyphens, return the long key if a command exists.
| void run | ( | Program & | prog, |
| ClonerBase< Context > & | contextCloner | ||
| ) |
Unlike compile, "interprets" script by running it command by command.
| bool scriptify | ( | const std::string & | arg, |
| const std::string & | argNext, | ||
| Script & | script | ||
| ) | const |
Converts a Unix/Linux command line to pairs (cmd,params) of strings.
CommandBank is needed in checking if a command has arguments.
| void scriptify | ( | const std::string & | cmdLine, |
| Script & | script | ||
| ) | const |
Splits a command line to a list of commands, that is, a script.
CommandBank is needed in checking if a command has arguments.
| void scriptify | ( | int | argc, |
| const char ** | argv, | ||
| Script & | script | ||
| ) | const |
Convert program arguments a script. Like in main(), actual command arguments start from 1.
Converts linux command line to pairs of strings: (<cmd>, [params])
CommandBank is needed in checking if a command has arguments.
Starts from argument 1 instead of 0.
|
inline |
Set command - key, not getName() - that is used if a plain argument is given.
|
inline |
Set command to be executed when a command - argument with leading hyphen(s) - is not found.
The argument will be passed to the command.
|
inline |
Set command for reading and executing commands from a file in the current (running) context.
Set command for reading and executing commands from a file in the current (running) context
| std::string defaultCmdKey |
Command that is used, if a plain argument is given.
Technically, plain <argument> is replaced by
defaultCmd
<argument>


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 Push to a cloud-based application registry and collaborate with team members.


Sean Bourke
Sean joined Copify in April 2014, and since then has completed 51 copywriting assignments, receiving an average 5/5 feedback rating.
"Thanks!"
"Thanks!"
"Thanks!"
"Thanks!"
"Thanks!"
"Thanks!"
Oversees the day to day running of The Village Osteopaths, in addition to the implementation of strategy and marketing, website development and content production.
My interests are sports (football, cricket, rugby, tennis), music (playing and listening), food (I'm a mean cook and critic) and socialising with friends and family.
My interests are sports (football, cricket, rugby, tennis), music (playing and listening), food (I'm a mean cook and critic) and socialising with friends and family.
Clinic Director at The Village Osteopaths Present
Hospital & Health CareIn 2013 I co-founded The Village Osteopaths, a multi-disciplinary health clinic providing a range of holistic therapies to Cheshire and South Manchester.I have quickly developed and adapted my skills to incorporate strategic planning and marketing, whilst enjoying increasing control across my comfort zone such as judgement calls on website content, blogs and posts across social media platforms.
I developed an SEO and PPC marketing strategy which has seen the company rank on page one of Google, using all key search terms. I oversaw the development of all marketing literature and website, developing its layout, presentation and content.
Setting up The Village Osteopaths has enabled me to research and study the local business market, compiling a detailed business plan and forecasting cashflow.
As co-founder, I have freedom to work with other businesses on short or long-term projects of my choosing. The arrangement is flexible, meaning I can dip-in and out of consultancy work as I see fit.
Copywriter at Benchmark International Brokers 2012
Financial ServicesI was employed by Benchmark International to provide sales documentation that underpinned the sales/purchase of a business.This was a more customer orientated role, as I was expected to liaise with business owners to extrapolate key information about their business and company which would appeal to a purchaser. I dealt with a wide variety of people, both internal and external to the business.
During this period I liaised with hundreds of business owners to attain key information to develop content and pinpoint saleable information that would appeal to purchasers.
The memorandum was constructed, initially, by assessing a business appraisal taken by a sales director. Dependent on the information provided I would subsequently engage with the business owner, or main point of contact, to better understand the business and extrapolate relevant information to put in the sales document.
Freelance Copywriter at GMG Radio 2012
Broadcast MediaMy involvement with GMG Radio began when I was asked to project manage the construction of a section to its news page dedicated to the Hillsborough disaster, marking the release of the Hillsborough Independent Panel Report.The project involved developing new content to provide context to the report, whilst revamping old content, such as using Real Radio’s award winning documentary Remembering Hillsborough, to engineer a greater impact.
I compiled, edited and managed other content producers on material, edited interviews and audio content using Adobe Audition whilst also helping design the news page with links to other information and news pages.
Freelance Journalist at Trinity Mirror Southern 2011
NewspapersI worked as a Freelance Journalist, whilst undertaking my NCTJ Level 3 Diploma in Journalism, at Trinity Mirror Southern’s titles the Ealing Gazette, Fulham and Hammersmith Chronicle, Hounslow Chronicle, Kensington and Chelsea Chronicle & Westminster Chronicle.I covered a diverse range of issues including local politics, campaigns, sports and community projects. I was given access to the titles social media pages to source, upload and link content from the websites. I also ran a weekly feature that represented resident’s views on Ealing.
I regularly pitched ideas and stories to the News Editor, where I was entrusted to research and report news stories for the borough of Ealing.
The editor subsequently asked me to provide holiday cover for the Ealing Gazette for two weeks, which enabled me to essentially treat Ealing as my patch, sourcing stories and being the papers main point of contact.
Copywriter at Benchmark International Brokers 2011
Venture Capital & Private EquityStructuring and writing corporate sales documents.Liaising with clients.
Work Experience at Newsquest (North West) Ltd 2011
NewspapersI achieved by-lines on community and local resident stories whilst converting press releases to articles.News Team Member at Wythenshawe FM 2010
Broadcast Media- I was invited onto the news team having made an impression whilst on a Community Radio Development Course, in association with the Manchester College.- Tutored by a GMG journalist, my brief included sourcing stories from the local community, writing and broadcasting news scripts, in addition to editing news packages in Adobe after conducting vox pops using Marantz PMD660.
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Translator: CarrieOn
Author: labuladong
It’s easy to reverse a single linked list using iteration, however it’s kind of difficult to come up with a recursive solution. Furthermore, if only part of a linked list needs reversed, can you nail it with recursion?
If you haven’t known how to recursively reverse a single linked list, no worry, we will start right here and guide you step by step to a deeper level.
// node structure for a single linked list
public class ListNode {
int val;
ListNode next;
ListNode(int x) { val = x; }
}
To reverse part of a linked list means we only reverse elements in a specific interval and leave others untouched.
Note: Index starts from 1. Two loops needed if solve via iteration: use one for-loop to find the mth element, and then use another for-loop to reverse elements between m and n. While in recursive solution, no loop at all.
Though iterative solution looks simple, you have to be careful with the details. On the contrary, recursive solution is quite elegant. Let’s start reversing a whole single linked list in the recursive way.
You may have already known the solution below.
ListNode reverse(ListNode head) {
if (head.next == null) return head;
ListNode last = reverse(head.next);
head.next.next = head;
head.next = null;
return last;
}
Do you feel lost in trying to understand code above? Well, you are not the only one. This algorithm is often used to show how clever and elegant recursion can be. Let’s dig into the code together.
For recursion, the most important thing is to clarify the definition of the recursive function. Specifically, we define reverse
as follows:
Input a node head
, we will reverse the list starting from head
, and return the new head node.
After clarifying the definition, we look back at the problem. For example, we want to reverse the list below:
So after calling reverse(head)
, recursion happens:
Did you just step into the messy details in recursion? Oops, it’s a wrong way, step back now! Focus on the recursion definition (which tells you what it does) to understand how recursive code works the wonder.
After executing reverse(head.next)
, the whole linked list becomes this:
According to the definition of the recursive function, reverse
needs to return the new head node, so we use variable last
to mark it.
Let’s continue cracking the next piece of code:
Last work to do：
The whole linked list is successfully reversed now. Amazing, isn’t it?
Last but not the least, there are two things in recursion you need to pay attention to:
Recursion needs a base case.
which means when there is only one node, after reversion, the head is still itself.After reversion, the new head is last
, and the former head
becomes the last node, don’t forget to point its tail to null.
After understanding above, now we can proceed further, the problem below is actually an extend to the above solution.
This time we will implement a funtion below:
// reverse first n nodes in a linked list (n <= length of the list)
ListNode reverseN(ListNode head, int n)
Take below as an example, call reverseN(head, 3)
:
The idea is similar to reversing the whole linked list, only a few modifications needed:
ListNode successor = null; // successor node
// reverse n nodes starting from head, and return new head
ListNode reverseN(ListNode head, int n) {
if (n == 1) {
// mark the (n + 1)th node
successor = head.next;
return head;
}
// starts from head.next, revers the first n - 1 nodes
ListNode last = reverseN(head.next, n - 1);
head.next.next = head;
// link the new head to successor
head.next = successor;
return last;
}
Main differences:
n == 1
, if reverse only one element, then new head is itself, meanwhile remember to mark the successor node.head.next
directly to null, because after reversing the whole list, head becoms the last node. But now head
may not be the last node after reversion, so we need mark successor
(the (n+1)th node), and link it to head
after reversion.OK, now we are pretty close to reversing part of the linked list.
Given an interval [m,n]
(index starts from 1), only reverse elements in this section.
First, if m == 1
, it is equal to reversing the first n
elements as we discussed just now.
ListNode reverseBetween(ListNode head, int m, int n) {
// base case
if (m == 1) {
// equals to reversing the first n nodes
return reverseN(head, n);
}
// ...
}
What if m != 1
? If we take the index of the head
as 1, then we need to reverse from the mth
element. And what if we take the index of the head.next
as 1? Then compared to head.next
, the reverse section should start from (m-1)th
element. And what about head.next.next
…
Different from iteration, this is how we think in the recursive way, so our code should be:
ListNode reverseBetween(ListNode head, int m, int n) {
// base case
if (m == 1) {
return reverseN(head, n);
}
head.next = reverseBetween(head.next, m - 1, n - 1);
return head;
}
Finally, we solved the problem we have talked about at the very beginning, happy ending!
Compared to iteration, it is a little bit difficult to understand recursion, the tricks are: never bury yourself in the details, just focus on its clear definition, thus to gain a quick understanding of how it works and what it outputs.
For time complexity, iteration is O(1) while recursion is always O(N). For space complexity, iteration needs O(N) while recursion needs stack. Overall, iteration has a better performance. Solutions in this article provides you a good way to learn recursion.
Mission: Stick to original high quality articles, and make algorithms easy to understand. Welcome to subscribe my Wechat public account ID:labuladong
for latest articles.


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
Trying hard not to be a middle-age cliche....


The panel element has a title-section with a title and a icon, a body-section and a footer-section with buttons. The buttons are added as 'panel-button'-elements.
The panel element has the following customizable attributes:
The username must be unique. That is, you cannot choose a username that has already been used by another user or organization.
The address where the registration key should be sent to. We promise not to send you any spam mails


Not much to see here. Click on a review in the table to the left. Otherwise, click here to go back to the main page.


MKOPO
Musinda Kadhuwa
Profile
Logout
Loan Id
Date Appplied
Amount
Approval Status
Payment Status
Action
ln004
23-10-2018
50000
Approved
Settled
View
Delete
ln003
23-7-2018
90000
Rejected
Nil
View
Delete
ln001
23-9-2018
100000
Rejected
Nil
View
Delete


TSA reopens strategic checkpoint at Twin Cities airport
MINNEAPOLIS (AP) - Transportation Security Administration officials have decided to reopen a Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport checkpoint it closed earlier this week claiming it was underused.
The move to close the checkpoint linked to the Intercontinental Hotel riled airport officials who feared longer passenger wait times as holiday travel approached. The closure came just a year after airport operators spent $24 million to build a connecting walkway from the hotel to the entry point.
The Metropolitan Airports Commission met with TSA Administrator David Pekoske on Thursday and agreed to reimburse the agency for related costs. The agreement will be reviewed within 12 to 18 months to determine whether traffic has increased enough for the TSA to again pick up the screening costs.
The checkpoint will open from 4:45 a.m. to 10 a.m. daily.
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UsingSkeletonPredictionValidationPackage.rmd
This vignette describes how one can use the package skeleton for validating patient-level prediction studies to create one’s own study package. This skeleton is aimed at external validation studies using the PatientLevelPrediction
package. The resulting package can be used to execute the external validation study at any site that has access to an observational database in the Common Data Model. It will perform the following steps:
PatientLevelPrediction
package, which involves applying and evaluating the performance of one or many previously developed models.Skip this step if you are just running the study via github (skip to ’ Running the package’)
Make sure to have RStudio installed. Then open the R project downloaded from ATLAS by decompressing the downloaded folder and clicking on the
Skip this step if you are just running the study via github (skip to ’ Running the package’)
First you need to build the R package. This creates a library you can load to run the validation study. To build the package click ‘Build’ on the top right hand side tab menu (there are tabs: ‘Environment’, ‘History’, ‘Connections’, ‘Build’, ‘Git’). Once in ‘Build’ click the ‘Install and Restart’ button. This will now build your package and create the R library. If it succeeds you will see ‘* DONE (
If running the study from github you first need to install the package:
# To install the package from github: install.packages("devtools") devtools::install_github("OHDSI-studies/EhdenRaPredictionValidation")
To run the study, open the extras/CodeToRun.R R script (the file called CodeToRun.R
in the extras
folder). This folder specifies the R variables you need to define (e.g., outputFolder and database connection settings). See the R help system for details:
library(EhdenRaPredictionValidation) ?execute
The inputs to the execute function for validating prediction models are described below:
| Input | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| connectionDetails | The details to connected to your OMOP CDM database - use DatabaseConnector package’s createConnectionDetails() | createConnectionDetails( dbms = ‘postgresql’, server = ‘database server’, user = ‘my username’, password = ‘donotshare’, port = ‘database port’) |
| cdmDatabaseSchema | The schema containing your OMOP CDM data | ‘my_cdm_data.dbo’ |
| databaseName | A shareable name for the OMOP CDM data being used to validate the models | ‘My data’ |
| oracleTempSchema | The temp schema if dbms = ‘oracle’ - NULL for other dbms | ‘my_temp.dbo’ |
| cohortDatabaseSchema | The schema where you have an existing cohort table or where the package will create a cohort table and insert the study cohorts | ‘scratch.dbo’ |
| cohortTable | The table name where you cohorts will be written (if creating the cohort pick an unused table name) | ‘myTable’ |
| outputFolder | The location where the results of the study will be saved - if you also developed the model you can set this to the Validation folder where your model development results were saved | ‘C:/predictingMI/Validation’ |
| createCohorts | TRUE or FALSE indicating whether to create the target population and outcome cohorts for the study | TRUE |
| runAnalyses | TRUE or FALSE indicating whether to run the study analysis - developing and internally validating the models | TRUE |
| packageResults | TRUE or FALSE indicating whether to remove sensitive counts (determined by the minCellCount input) or sensitive information from the results and creates a zipped file with results that are safe to share (saved to the outputFolder location). Note: This requires running the study successfully first. | TRUE |
| minCellCount | integer that determines the minimum result count required when sharing the results. Any result table cells with counts < minCellCount are replaced with -1 to prevent identification issues with rare diseases | 10 |
| sampleSize | An integer > 0 specfiying the size of a sample of patients to extract from the target cohort. The model will only be validated on the sample - this is useful when the target cohort is large and you have limited time | 1000000 |
| keepPrediction | TRUE or FALSE indicating whether to save the individual predictions when applying the models to the target cohort (or sample) | TRUE |
To create the target and outcome cohorts (cohorts are created into cohortDatabaseSchema.cohortTable) make sure createCohorts is set to TRUE
createCohorts = T
To externally validate the models make sure runAnalyses is set to TRUE:
runAnalyses = T
To package the results ready for sharing with others you can set packageResults to TRUE. This will only run if you have previously ran the analysis and have results:
packageResults = T
After running the study you will find the results in the specified outputFolder
directory. The outputFolder
directory will contain a folder for each database you used to externally validate the models. For example, suppose you ran the study on two databases that you set databaseName as ‘bestData’ and ‘secondBestData’, then you would have two folders in outputFolder
:
Then these folders would contain folders for each model validated. Lets assume you valdiated 3 models, then you would have the follow saved in outputFolder
:
Each of the ‘Analysis_i’ folders contain a validationResult.rds object. This object contains the results of externally validating model i. For example, you can load the result of the model 2 when applied to ‘bestData’ with:
validationResult <- readRDS(file.path(outputFolder, 'bestData', 'Analysis_2', 'validationResult.rds'))
The validationResult.rds object is a list containing:
| Object | Description | Edited by packageResult |
|---|---|---|
inputSetting |
The inputs such as cohort ids | Yes - passwords and database settings are removed |
executionSummary |
Information about the R version, PatientLevelPrediction version and execution platform info | No |
model |
The trained model | No |
analysisRef |
Used to store a unique reference for the study | No |
covariateSummary |
A dataframe with summary information about how often the covariates occured for those with and without the outcome | Yes - minCellCounts censored |
prediction |
A dataframe with information about the target cohort and the prediction scores - only kept if keepPrediction = TRUE | Yes - removed when sharing |
performanceEvaluation$ evaluationStatistics |
Performance metrics and sizes | No |
performanceEvaluation$ thresholdSummary |
Operating characteristcs @ 100 thresholds | Yes |
performanceEvaluation$ demographicSummary |
Calibration per age group | Yes |
performanceEvaluation$ calibrationSummary |
Calibration at risk score deciles | Yes |
performanceEvaluation$ predictionDistribution |
Distribution of risk score for those with and without the outcome | Yes |
When you package the result the validationResult.rds is modified to remove any sensitive data that should not be shared (see the table indicating which outputs are modified by the packageResults). The input ‘minCellCount’ is used when packaging the results. The ready to share results are saved as a compressed folder ‘[outputFolder]/[databaseName].zip’. In addition, for some operating systems (that can not unlink the temporary export folder) you will also find rds files ‘validationResult.rds’ in ‘Analysis_i’ folders at the location: ‘[outputFolder]/[databaseName]/export’.
This file contains other useful code to be used only by the package developer (you), such as code to generate the package manual, and code to insert cohort definitions into the package. All statements in this file assume the current working directory is set to the root of the package.


{% load static %}
Golden State Warriors vs. Cleveland Cavalier
All NBA Team on a Map!
So Many New Talents!


Most websites WILL NOT WORK, because they kill iframes.


Home
Info
Contacts
My skills
My game
Gallery
Skills
Mina skills: Lite programmering, effektivitet, lite photoshop.


--- title: Worker description: Best worker is boss. donav: 2 --- {%- assign catAt = "worker" -%} {% for post in site.categories[catAt] %}


Please confim the validity of the following details before submitting, if there's an error you can use the 'Edit' button to make any changes.
Your phone number: {{phoneNumber}}
Your email address: {{email}}
If everything looks ok, please submit the form. We will send a token to the email address you've provided.
You'll need the token to confirm your identity in the next step.
The token is valid for 5 minutes only!


| ACZoom Home | ITRANS | ITRANS Song Book |
Text to Unicode converter
Direct access to itrans 5.3 encoding: aczoom.com/itrans/online/
Direct access to iso based encoding: aczoom.com/itrans/online/?tsv=iso
Additional help and starting with specific output languages is described
at the customize this package page.
Visit this page for examples of most of the codes used for both itrans 5.3 and iso based codes.
a aa | ka kSha || sa.nskRRit cha{nukta} 0 9 Tha.N na.n OM #telugu ka kha ## Toggle itrans mode #oriya ka kha #sanskrit dil #hindi dil {skier} {face-frown} {face-grin}The above text shows these features:
a aa
, consonants such as ka Kha
{nukta}
#telugu
dil
##
to toggle off/on the itrans mode. The toggle will disable
itrans conversion, or use the last used language marker for itrans conversion,
depending on whether it is the first ## or the second ## marker.{face-grin}
Try these other examples to see additional features. Copy each of these snippets and enter it in the Enter itrans input box above. Also visit this page for examples of most of the codes used for both itrans 5.3 and iso based codes.
#hindi ma shrii #kannada ta Ta
The source code for this client-side application is available at GitHub itrans link. It has the Javascript files, as well as this HTML web page and CSS files.
Please note that no technical support is available for this web page or for the tools on this web page.
If you do find a bug (note that mapping issues may not be bugs, you can modify the mapping
and use a customized table spreadsheet as described above), feel free to file it at the
GitHub itrans issues page.


If your browser has native support for date inputs, you should see these below. In any other browser, Mobi Pick will appear.
In this case you need a date input!
<input type="date" />
Load Mobi Pick and dependencies when browser has support for date inputs. Requires Modernizr.


It's developed as fast-loading (almost without js or flash) web site with game news!
Main reason for creating this web site was to work with Django framework. It's an open-source project, so if you are interested in it - go at https://github.com/stPhoenix/projecttango.
Also, we want to dive in CI and CLI. So, we choose heroku for app hosting and travis for CI.
If you have something to say - write to us.


Donar Eligibility for Plasma Donation
Namaste,
Do you know about convalescent plasma, which is taken from a person who has been cured of corona infection. In short, it may be a promising alternative in the treatment of plasma COVID-19 disease.
If you have ever been infected with corona and have become corona negative after infection, you have been treated for 14 days and you are feeling healthy then only you are eligible to donate Convalescent Plasma.
By becoming a plasma donor, with your priceless plasma, you can give a new hope of life to the corona patient!
Thank you.


Currency Portfolio Risk Exposure
Currency
Assets (in EUR)
Liabilities (in EUR)
{% for ccy in currencies %}
{{ccy}}
{% endfor %}


"""
Provides the main class for Merkle-tree objects and related functionalites
"""
from .hashing import hash_machine
from .nodes import node, leaf
from .proof import proof
from .utils import log_2, decompose
import json
import uuid
import os
# -------------------------------- Main class ----------------------------
[docs]class merkle_tree(object):
"""Class for Merkle-trees
:param hash_type: [optional] Defaults to ``'sha256'``. Should be included in ``hashing.HASH_TYPES`` (upper-
or mixed-case with '-' instead of '_' allowed), otherwise an exception is thrown.
:type hash_type: str
:param encoding: [optional] Defaults to ``'utf_8'``. Should be included in ``hashing.ENCODINGS`` (upper-
or mixed-case with '-' instead of '_' allowed), otherwise an exception is thrown.
:type encoding: str
:param security: [optional] If ``False``, it deactivates defense against second-preimage attack if ``False``.
Defaults to ``True``.
:type security: bool
:param \*records: [optional] The records initially stored by the Merkle-tree; usually empty at construction. If
If provided, the tree is constructed with as many leafs from the beginning, storing the hashes
of the inserted records in the respective order.
:type \*records: str or bytes or bytearray
:param log_dir: [optional] Absolute path of the directory, where the Merkle-tree will receive log files
to encrypt from. Defaults to the current working directory if unspecified.
:type log_dir: str
:ivar uuid: (*str*) uuid of the Merkle-tree (time-based)
:ivar hash_type: (*str*) Type of hashing algorithm used by the Merkle-tree
:ivar encoding: (*str*) Encoding type used by the Merkle-tree for encryption
:ivar security: (*bool*) Iff ``True``, security measures against second-preimage attack are activated
:ivar hash: (*method*) Core hash functionality of the Merkle-tree
:ivar multi_hash: (*method*) Hash functionality used by the Merkle-tree for performing inclusion tests
(explicitly or implicitly upon a request for consistency proof)
:ivar .log_dir: (*bool*) See homonymous argument of the constructor
"""
def __init__(
self,
*records,
hash_type='sha256',
encoding='utf-8',
security=True,
log_dir=os.getcwd()):
self.uuid = str(uuid.uuid1())
# Hash type, encoding type and security mode configuration
machine = hash_machine(
hash_type=hash_type,
encoding=encoding,
security=security)
# Export hash and encoding type configuration
self.hash_type = hash_type.lower().replace('-', '_')
self.encoding = encoding.lower().replace('-', '_')
self.security = security
self.hash = machine.hash
self.multi_hash = machine.multi_hash
del machine
# Logs directory configuration
if not os.path.isdir(log_dir):
os.mkdir(log_dir)
self.log_dir = log_dir
# Initialized here so that consistency-proof works in some edge cases
self.leaves, self.nodes = [], set()
# nodes generation
for record in records:
self.update(record)
# --------------------------- Boolean implementation ---------------------
def __bool__(self):
"""Overrides the default implementation
:returns: ``False`` iff the Merkle-tree has no nodes
:rtype: bool
"""
return bool(self.nodes)
# ------------------------------------ Root ------------------------------
[docs] def root_hash(self):
"""Returns the current root-hash of the Merkle-tree, i.e., the hash stored by its current root
:returns: the tree's current root-hash
:rtype: bytes
.. note:: Returns ``None`` if the Merkle-tree is currently empty
"""
if self:
return self.root.digest
return None
# ------------------------------- Representation -------------------------
def __repr__(self):
"""Overrides the default implementation.
Sole purpose of this function is to easy print info about the Merkle-treee by just invoking it at console.
.. warning:: Contrary to convention, the output of this implementation is *not* insertible to the ``eval`` function
"""
return '\n uuid : {uuid}\
\n\
\n hash-type : {hash_type}\
\n encoding : {encoding}\
\n security : {security}\
\n\
\n root-hash : {root_hash}\
\n\
\n size : {size}\
\n length : {length}\
\n height : {height}\n' .format(
uuid=self.uuid,
hash_type=self.hash_type.upper().replace(
'_',
'-'),
encoding=self.encoding.upper().replace(
'_',
'-'),
security='ACTIVATED' if self.security else 'DEACTIVATED',
root_hash=self.root_hash().decode(
encoding=self.encoding) if self else '',
size=len(
self.nodes),
length=len(
self.leaves),
height=self.height())
[docs] def length(self):
"""Returns the Merkle-tree's current length, i.e., the number of its leaves
:rtype: int
"""
return len(self.leaves)
[docs] def size(self):
"""Returns the current number of the Merkle-tree's nodes
:rtype: int
"""
return len(self.nodes)
[docs] def height(self):
"""Calculates and returns the Merkle-tree's current height
.. note:: Since the tree is by construction binary *balanced*, its height coincides
with the length of its leftmost branch
:rtype: int
"""
length = len(self.leaves)
if length > 0:
return log_2(length) + \
1 if length != 2**log_2(length) else log_2(length)
return 0
def __str__(self, indent=3):
"""Overrides the default implementation.
Designed so that inserting the Merkle-tree as an argument to ``print`` displays it in a terminal
friendly way. In particular, printing the tree is similar to what is printed at console when running
the ``tree`` command of Unix based platforms.
:param indent: [optional] The horizontal depth at which each level will be indented with respect to
its previous one. Defaults to ``3``.
:type indent: int
:rtype: str
.. note:: The left parent of each node is printed *above* the right one
"""
if self:
return self.root.__str__(indent=indent)
return ''
[docs] def display(self, indent=3):
"""Prints the Merkle-tree in a terminal friendy way
Printing the tree is similar to what is printed at console when running the ``tree`` command of
Unix based platforms
:param indent: [optional] the horizontal depth at which each level will be indented with respect to
its previous one. Defaults to ``3``.
:type indent: int
.. note:: The left parent of each node is printed *above* the right one
"""
print(self.__str__(indent=indent))
# ---------------------------------- Updating ----------------------------
[docs] def update(self, record):
"""Updates the Merkle-tree by storing the hash of the inserted record in a newly-created leaf,
restructeres the tree appropriately and recalculates all necessary interior hashes
:param record: the record whose hash is to be stored into a new leaf
:type record: str or bytes or bytearray
"""
if self:
# Height of *full* binary subtree with maximum
# possible length containing the rightmost leaf
last_power = decompose(len(self.leaves))[-1]
# Detect root of the above rightmost *full* binary subtree
last_subroot = self.leaves[-1].descendant(degree=last_power)
# Store new record to new leaf
new_leaf = leaf(
record=record,
hashfunc=self.hash,
encoding=self.encoding)
# Assimilate new leaf
self.leaves.append(new_leaf)
self.nodes.add(new_leaf)
# Save child info before bifurcation
old_child = last_subroot.child
# Create bifurcation node
new_child = node(
record=None,
left=last_subroot,
right=new_leaf,
hashfunc=self.hash,
encoding=self.encoding)
self.nodes.add(new_child)
# Bifurcate
if not old_child: # last_subroot was previously root
self.root = new_child
else: # last_subroot was previously right parent
# Interject bifurcation node
old_child.right = new_child
new_child.child = old_child
# Recalculate hashes only at the rightmost branch of the tree
current_node = old_child
while current_node:
current_node.recalculate_hash()
current_node = current_node.child
else: # void case
new_leaf = leaf(
record=record,
hashfunc=self.hash,
encoding=self.encoding)
self.leaves, self.nodes, self.root = [
new_leaf], set([new_leaf]), new_leaf
[docs] def encrypt_log(self, log_file):
"""Encrypts the data of the provided log-file into the Merkle-tree
More accurately, it successively updates the Merkle-tree it with each line
of the log-file provided (cf. doc of the ``.update`` method)
:param log_file: relative path of the log-file under enryption, specified with respect
to the configured Merkle-tree's directory ``log_dir``
:type log_file: str
.. note:: Raises ``FileNotFoundError`` if the specified file does not exist
"""
try:
for line in open(os.path.join(self.log_dir, log_file), 'rb'):
# ~ NOTE: File should be opened in binary mode so that its content remains
# ~ bytes and no decoding is thus needed during hashing (otherwise byte
# ~ 0x80 would for example be unreadable by 'utf-8' codec)
self.update(record=line)
except FileNotFoundError:
raise
# ------------------------------ Proof generation ------------------------
[docs] def audit_proof(self, arg):
"""Response of the Merkle-tree to the request of providing an audit-proof based upon
the given argument
:param arg: the record (if type is *str* or *bytes* or *bytearray*) or index of leaf (if type
is *int*) where the proof calculation must be based upon (provided from Client's Side)
:type arg: str or bytes or bytearray or int
:returns: audit-proof appropriately formatted along with its validation parameters (so that it
can be passed in as the second argument to the ``validations.validate_proof`` method)
:rtype: proof.proof
.. warning:: Raises ``TypeError`` if the argument's type is not as prescribed
"""
if type(arg) in (str, bytes, bytearray):
# ~ Find the index of the first leaf having recorded the inserted argument;
# ~ if no such leaf exists (i.e., the inserted argument has not been
# ~ recorded into the tree), set index equal to -1 so that
# ~ no genuine path be generated
arg_hash = self.hash(arg)
index = -1
leaf_hashes = (leaf.digest for leaf in self.leaves)
count = 0
for hash in leaf_hashes:
if hash == arg_hash:
index = count
break
count += 1
elif isinstance(arg, int):
index = arg # Inserted type was integer
else:
raise TypeError
# Calculate proof path
proof_index, audit_path = self.audit_path(index=index)
# Return proof nice formatted along with validation parameters
if proof_index is not None:
return proof(
generation='SUCCESS',
provider=self.uuid,
hash_type=self.hash_type,
encoding=self.encoding,
security=self.security,
proof_index=proof_index,
proof_path=audit_path)
# Handles indexError case (`arg` provided by Client was not among
# possibilities)
failure_message = 'Index provided by Client was out of range'
return proof(
generation='FAILURE ({})'.format(failure_message),
provider=self.uuid,
hash_type=self.hash_type,
encoding=self.encoding,
security=self.security,
proof_index=None,
proof_path=None)
[docs] def consistency_proof(self, oldhash, sublength):
"""Response of the Merkle-tree to the request of providing a consistency-proof for the
given parameters
Arguments of this function amount to a presumed previous state of the Merkle-tree (root-hash
and length respectively) provided from Client's Side
:param oldhash: root-hash of a presumably valid previous state of the Merkle-tree
:type oldhash: bytes or None
:param sublength: presumable length (number of leaves) for the above previous state of the Merkle-tree
:type sublength: int
:returns: Consistency proof appropriately formatted along with its validation parameters (so that it
it can be passed in as the second argument to the ``validations.validate_proof`` method)
:rtype: proof.proof
.. note:: During proof generation, an inclusion-test is performed for the presumed previous state
of the Merke-tree corresponding to the provided parameters (If that test fails,
then the returned proof is predestined to be found invalid upon validation).
This is done implicitly and not by calling the ``.inclusion_test`` method
(whose implementation differs in that no full path of signed hashes,
as generated here by the ``.consistency_path`` method, needs be taken into account.)
.. note:: Type of ``oldhash`` will be ``None`` iff the presumed previous state happens
be the empty one
.. warning:: Raises ``TypeError`` if any of the arguments' type is not as prescribed
"""
if type(oldhash) not in (bytes, type(None)) \
or not isinstance(sublength, int):
raise TypeError
# Calculate proof path
consistency_path = self.consistency_path(sublength=sublength)
# Return proof nice formatted along with validation parameters
if consistency_path is not None and\
consistency_path[0] is not -1: # Excludes zero leaves
proof_index, left_path, full_path = consistency_path
# Root hash test
if oldhash == self.multi_hash(left_path, len(left_path) - 1):
return proof(
generation='SUCCESS',
provider=self.uuid,
hash_type=self.hash_type,
encoding=self.encoding,
security=self.security,
proof_index=proof_index,
proof_path=full_path)
# Handles inclusion test failure
failure_message = 'Subtree provided by Client failed to be detected'
return proof(
generation='FAILURE ({})'.format(failure_message),
provider=self.uuid,
hash_type=self.hash_type,
encoding=self.encoding,
security=self.security,
proof_index=None,
proof_path=None)
# Handles incompatibility case (includes the zero leaves and zero
# `sublength` case)
failure_message = 'Subtree provided by Client was incompatible'
return proof(
generation='FAILURE ({})'.format(failure_message),
provider=self.uuid,
hash_type=self.hash_type,
encoding=self.encoding,
security=self.security,
proof_index=None,
proof_path=None)
# ------------------------------ Inclusion tests ------------------------------
[docs] def inclusion_test(self, oldhash, sublength):
"""Verifies that the parameters provided from Client's Side correspond to a previous state of the Merkle-tree
:param oldhash: root-hash of a presumably valid previous state of the Merkle-tree
:type oldhash: bytes
:param sublength: presumable length (number of leaves) for the above previous state of the Merkle-tree
:type sublength: int
:returns: ``True`` iff an appropriate path of negatively signed hashes, generated internally for
the provided ``sublength``, leads indeed to the provided ``oldhash``
:rtype: bool
"""
if 0 < sublength <= len(self.leaves):
# Generate corresponding path of negatively signed hashes
left_roots = self.principal_subroots(sublength)
left_path = tuple([(-1, r[1].digest) for r in left_roots])
# Perform hash-test
return oldhash == self.multi_hash(left_path, len(left_path) - 1)
return False # No path of hashes was generated
# ------------------------------ Path generation ------------------------------
[docs] def audit_path(self, index):
"""Computes and returns the body for the audit-proof based upon the requested index.
Body of an audit-proof consist of an *audit-path* (a sequence of signed hashes) and a
*proof-index* (the position within the above sequence where the validation procedure
should start from).
:param index: index of the leaf where the audit-proof calculation should be based upon
(provided from Client's Side directly or indirectly in form of a record;
cf. the ``.audit_proof`` method)
:type index: int
:returns: a tuple of signed hashes (pairs of the form *(+1/-1, bytes)*), the sign ``+1`` or ``-1``
indicating pairing with the right or left neighbour during proof validation respectively,
along with the starting point for application of hashing during proof validation.
:rtype: (int, tuple)
.. note:: If the requested index is either negative or exceeds the tree's current length
(``IndexError``), then the nonsensical tuple ``(None, None)`` is returned.
"""
# ~ Handle negative index case separately like an IndexError, since certain
# ~ negative indices might otherwise be considered as valid positions
if index < 0:
return None, None
try:
current_node = self.leaves[index]
except IndexError:
return None, None # Covers also the zero leaves case
else:
initial_sign = +1
if current_node.is_right_parent():
initial_sign = -1
path = [(initial_sign, current_node.digest)]
start = 0
while current_node.child is not None:
if current_node.is_left_parent():
next_hash = current_node.child.right.digest
if current_node.child.is_left_parent():
path.append((+1, next_hash))
else:
path.append((-1, next_hash))
else:
next_hash = current_node.child.left.digest
if current_node.child.is_right_parent():
path.insert(0, (-1, next_hash))
else:
path.insert(0, (+1, next_hash))
start += 1
current_node = current_node.child
return start, tuple(path)
[docs] def consistency_path(self, sublength):
"""Computes and returns the body for any consistency-proof based upon the requested sublength.
:param sublength: length (number of leaves) for a presumably valid previous state of the Merkle-tree
:type sublength: int
:returns: the starting point for application of hashing during proof validation, a tuple of hashes
signed with ``-1`` (leftmost hashes for inclusion test to be performed from the Server's
Side, i.e., by the Merkle-tree itself) and a tuple of signed hashes for top-hash test to
be performed from the Client's Side (the sign ``+1``, resp. ``-1`` indicating pairing
with the right or left neigbour respectively during proof validation)
:rtype: (int, tuple of (-1 bytes) pairs, tuple of (+1/-1 bytes) pairs)
.. note:: Returns ``None`` for ``sublength`` equal to ``0``
"""
if sublength is 0:
return None # so that it be handled as special incompatibility case
left_roots = self.principal_subroots(sublength)
if left_roots is not None:
# No incompatibility issue
right_roots = self.minimal_complement(
subroots=[r[1] for r in left_roots])
all_roots = left_roots + right_roots
# Check if left_roots or right_roots is empty
if sublength == 0 or sublength == len(self.leaves):
# Reset all signs to minus
all_roots = [(-1, r[1]) for r in all_roots]
# Will start hashing successively from the end
proof_index = len(all_roots) - 1
else: # i.e., neither left_roots nor right_roots is empty
proof_index = len(left_roots) - 1
# Collect and return only sign and hash pairs
left_path = [(-1, r[1].digest) for r in left_roots]
full_path = [(r[0], r[1].digest) for r in all_roots]
return proof_index, tuple(left_path), tuple(full_path)
return None # Incompatibility issue detected
[docs] def minimal_complement(self, subroots):
"""Complements optimally the subroot hashes detected by ``.principal_subroots`` with all necessary
interior hashes of the Merkle-tree, so that a full consistency-path can be generated
:param subroots: Should be some output of the ``.principal_subroots`` method
:type subroots: list of nodes.node
:returns: a list of signed hashes complementing optimally the hashes detected by
``.principal_subroots``, so that a full consistency-path be generated
:rtype: list of signed pairs (+1/-1, bytes)
"""
if len(subroots) != 0:
complement = []
while subroots[-1].child is not None:
last_root = subroots[-1]
if last_root is last_root.child.left:
if last_root.child.is_right_parent():
complement.append((-1, last_root.child.right))
else:
complement.append((+1, last_root.child.right))
subroots = subroots[:-1]
else:
subroots = subroots[:-2]
subroots.append(last_root.child)
return complement
return self.principal_subroots(len(self.leaves))
[docs] def principal_subroots(self, sublength):
"""Detects and returns in corresponding order the roots of the *successive*, *rightmost*, *full* binary
subtrees of maximum (and thus decreasing) ength, whose lengths sum up to the inserted argument
Returned nodes are prepended with a sign (``+1`` or ``-1``), carrying information used in
consistency-proof generation after extracting hashes
:param sublength: Should be a non-negative integer smaller than or equal to the Merkle-tree's current length
:returns: The (signed) roots of the detected subtrees, whose hashes
are to be used for the generation of consistency-proofs
:rtype: list of *(+1/-1, nodes.node)*
.. note:: Returns ``None`` if the provided ``sublength`` does not fulfill the required condition
"""
if sublength == 0:
return []
elif sublength > 0:
principal_subroots = []
powers = decompose(sublength)
start = 0
i = 0
for i in range(0, len(powers)):
next_subroot = self.subroot(start, powers[i])
if next_subroot is not None: # No incompatibility issue
if next_subroot.child and next_subroot.child.child:
if next_subroot.child.is_left_parent():
principal_subroots.append((+1, next_subroot))
else:
principal_subroots.append((-1, next_subroot))
else:
if next_subroot.is_left_parent():
principal_subroots.append((+1, next_subroot))
else:
principal_subroots.append((-1, next_subroot))
start += 2**powers[i]
else:
# Incompatibility issue detected; break loop and return
return None
# Principal subroot successfully detected
if len(principal_subroots) > 0:
# modify last sign
principal_subroots[-1] = (+1, principal_subroots[-1][1])
return principal_subroots
else: # Negative input handled as `incompatibility`
return None
[docs] def subroot(self, start, height):
"""
Returns the root of the unique *full* binary subtree of the Merkle-tree, whose leftmost leaf is located
at the given position ``start`` and whose height is equal to the given ``height``
:param start: index of leaf where detection of subtree should start from
:type start: int
:param height: height of candidate subtree to be detected
:type height: int
:returns: root of the detected subtree
:rtype: nodes.node
.. note:: Returns ``None`` if the requested ``start`` is out of range
"""
subroot = None
# Detect candidate subroot
try:
subroot = self.leaves[start]
i = 0
while i < height:
try:
next_node = subroot.child
if next_node.left is not subroot:
raise AttributeError
else:
subroot = subroot.child
except AttributeError:
return None
else:
i += 1
except IndexError:
return None
# ~ Verify existence of *full* binary subtree for the above
# ~ detected candidate subroot
right_parent = subroot
i = 0
while i < height:
if isinstance(right_parent, leaf):
return None # Subtree failed to be detected
else:
right_parent = right_parent.right
i += 1
# Subroot successfully detected
return subroot
# ---------------------------------- Clearance ---------------------------
[docs] def clear(self):
"""Deletes all nodes of the Merkle-tree
"""
self.leaves = []
self.nodes = set()
self.root = None
# ----------------------------- JSON serialization -----------------------
[docs] def serialize(self):
""" Returns a JSON structure with the Merkle-trees's current characteristics as key-value pairs
:rtype: dict
.. note:: This method does *not* serialize the tree structure itself, but only the info
about the tree's current state (*size*, *length*, *height*, *root-hash*) and
fixed configs (*hash type*, *encoding type*, *security mode*, *uuid*)
"""
encoder = merkleTreeEncoder()
return encoder.default(self)
[docs] def JSONstring(self):
"""Returns a nicely stringified version of the Merkle-tree's JSON serialized form
.. note:: The output of this function is to be passed into the ``print`` function
:rtype: str
"""
return json.dumps(
self,
cls=merkleTreeEncoder,
sort_keys=True,
indent=4)
# ------------------------------- JSON encoders --------------------------
[docs]class merkleTreeEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
"""Used implicitly in the JSON serialization of Merkle-trees. Extends the built-in
JSON encoder for data structures.
"""
[docs] def default(self, obj):
""" Overrides the built-in method of JSON encoders according to the needs of this library
"""
try:
uuid = obj.uuid
hash_type, encoding, security = obj.hash_type, obj.encoding, obj.security
leaves, nodes = obj.leaves, obj.nodes
try:
root = obj.root.serialize()
except AttributeError: # tree is empty and thus have no root
root = None
except TypeError:
return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj)
else:
return {
'uuid': uuid,
'hash_type': hash_type,
'encoding': encoding,
'security': security,
'leaves': [leaf.serialize() for leaf in leaves],
'nodes': [node.serialize() for node in nodes],
'root': root
}


panos_query_rules¶
New in version 2.5.
Synopsis¶
- Security policies allow you to enforce rules and take action, and can be as general or specific as needed. The policy rules are compared against the incoming traffic in sequence, and because the first rule that matches the traffic is applied, the more specific rules must precede the more general ones.
Requirements (on host that executes module)¶
- pan-python can be obtained from PyPi https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pan-python
- pandevice can be obtained from PyPi https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pandevice
- xmltodict can be obtains from PyPi https://pypi.python.org/pypi/xmltodict
Options¶
| parameter | required | default | choices | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| api_key |
no | API key that can be used instead of username/password credentials. | ||
| application |
no | None | Name of the application or application group to be queried. | |
| destination_ip |
no | None | The destination IP address to be queried. | |
| destination_port |
no | None | The destination port to be queried. | |
| destination_zone |
no | None | Name of the destination security zone to be queried. | |
| devicegroup |
no | None | The Panorama device group in which to conduct the query. | |
| ip_address |
yes | IP address (or hostname) of PAN-OS firewall or Panorama management console being queried. | ||
| password |
yes | Password credentials to use for authentication. | ||
| protocol |
no | None | The protocol used to be queried. Must be either tcp or udp. | |
| source_ip |
no | None | The source IP address to be queried. | |
| source_port |
no | None | The source port to be queried. | |
| source_zone |
no | None | Name of the source security zone to be queried. | |
| tag_name |
no | None | Name of the rule tag to be queried. | |
| username |
no | admin | Username credentials to use for authentication. |
Examples¶
- name: search for rules with tcp/3306 panos_query_rules: ip_address: '{{ ip_address }}' username: '{{ username }}' password: '{{ password }}' source_zone: 'DevNet' destination_zone: 'DevVPC' destination_port: '3306' protocol: 'tcp' - name: search devicegroup for inbound rules to dmz host panos_query_rules: ip_address: '{{ ip_address }}' api_key: '{{ api_key }}' destination_zone: 'DMZ' destination_ip: '<IP_ADDRESS>' address: 'DeviceGroupA' - name: search for rules containing a specified rule tag panos_query_rules: ip_address: '{{ ip_address }}' username: '{{ username }}' password: '{{ password }}' tag_name: 'ProjectX'


As three.js has a rapidly evolving interface, you may come across examples that
suggest the use of API elements that are no longer part of the core.
Below is a list of such elements, along with info regarding their replacements.
Audio.load has been deprecated. Use [page:AudioLoader] instead.
AudioAnalyser.getData() has been renamed to [page:AudioAnalyser.getFrequencyData]().
BinaryTextureLoader has been renamed to [page:DataTextureLoader].
BufferAttribute.length has been renamed to [page:BufferAttribute.count].
BufferAttribute.copyIndicesArray() has been removed.
DynamicBufferAttribute has been removed. Use [page:BufferAttribute.setDynamic]( true ) instead.
Int8Attribute has been removed. Use [page:BufferAttributeTypes Int8BufferAttribute] instead.
Uint8Attribute has been removed. Use [page:BufferAttributeTypes Uint8BufferAttribute] instead.
Uint8ClampedAttribute has been removed. Use [page:BufferAttributeTypes Uint8ClampedBufferAttribute] instead.
Int16Attribute has been removed. Use [page:BufferAttributeTypes Int16BufferAttribute] instead.
Uint16Attribute has been removed. Use [page:BufferAttributeTypes Uint16BufferAttribute] instead.
Int32Attribute has been removed. Use [page:BufferAttributeTypes Int32BufferAttribute] instead.
Uint32Attribute has been removed. Use [page:BufferAttributeTypes Uint32BufferAttribute] instead.
Float32Attribute has been removed. Use [page:BufferAttributeTypes Float32BufferAttribute] instead.
Float64Attribute has been removed. Use [page:BufferAttributeTypes Float64BufferAttribute] instead.
PerspectiveCamera.setLens() is deprecated. Use [page:PerspectiveCamera.setFocalLength]() and [page:PerspectiveCamera.filmGauge]() for a photographic setup.
LinePieces mode is no longer supported for [page:Line]s. Create a [page:LineSegments] instead.
EventDispatcher.apply has been removed. Inherit or Object.assign the prototype to mix-in instead.
Raycaster.params.PointCloud has been renamed to [page:Raycaster.params.Points].
Uniform.dynamic has been removed. Use object.onBeforeRender() instead.
Uniform.onUpdate has been removed. Use object.onBeforeRender() instead.
ClosedSplineCurve3 has been deprecated. Use [page:CatmullRomCurve3] instead.
SplineCurve3 has been deprecated. Use [page:CatmullRomCurve3] instead.
Geometry.computeTangents() has been removed.
Geometry.computeLineDistances() has been removed. Use [page:Line.computeLineDistances] instead.
BufferGeometry.addIndex has been renamed to [page:BufferGeometry.setIndex].
BufferGeometry.addDrawCall is now [page:BufferGeometry.addGroup].
BufferGeometry.clearDrawCalls is now [page:BufferGeometry.clearGroups].
BufferGeometry.computeTangents has been removed.
BufferGeometry.computeOffsets has been removed.
BufferGeometry.drawcalls has been renamed to [page:BufferGeometry.groups].
BufferGeometry.offsets has been renamed to [page:BufferGeometry.groups].
CubeGeometry has been renamed to [page:BoxGeometry].
Geometry.computeTangents() has been removed.
GeometryUtils.merge has been moved to [page:Geometry]. Use [page:Geometry.merge]( geometry2, matrix, materialIndexOffset ) instead.
GeometryUtils.center has been moved to [page:Geometry]. Use [page:Geometry.center]( ) instead.
Plane.isIntersectionLine() has been renamed to [page:Plane.intersectsLine]().
BoundingBoxHelper has been deprecated. Use [page:BoxHelper] instead.
EdgesHelper has been removed. Use [page:EdgesGeometry] instead.
GridHelper.setColors() has been deprecated, pass them in the constructor instead.
WireframeHelper has been removed. Use [page:WireframeGeometry] instead.
Light.onlyShadow has been removed.
Light.shadowCameraLeft is now [page:Light.shadow.camera.left].
Light.shadowCameraRight is now [page:Light.shadow.camera.right].
Light.shadowCameraTop is now [page:Light.shadow.camera.top].
Light.shadowCameraBottom is now [page:Light.shadow.camera.bottom].
Light.shadowCameraNear is now [page:Light.shadow.camera.near].
Light.shadowCameraFar is now [page:Light.shadow.camera.far].
Light.shadowCameraVisible has been removed. Use [page:CameraHelper] ( light.shadow.camera ) instead.
Light.shadowMapWidth is now [page:Light.shadow.mapSize.width].
Light.shadowMapHeight is now [page:Light.shadow.mapSize.height].
XHRLoader has been renamed to [page:FileLoader].
JSONLoader has been removed from core.
Box2.center has been renamed to [page:Box2.getCenter]().
Box2.empty has been renamed to [page:Box2.isEmpty]().
Box2.isIntersectionBox has been renamed to [page:Box2.intersectsBox]().
Box2.size has been renamed to [page:Box2.getSize]().
Box3.center has been renamed to [page:Box3.getCenter]().
Box3.empty has been renamed to [page:Box3.isEmpty]().
Box3.isIntersectionBox has been renamed to [page:Box3.intersectsBox]().
Box3.isIntersectionSphere has been renamed to [page:Box3.intersectsSphere]().
Box3.size has been renamed to [page:Box3.getSize]().
Face4 has been removed. Use [page:Face3] instead.
Line3.center has been renamed to [page:Line3.getCenter]().
Math.random16() has been deprecated. Use Math.random() instead.
Matrix3.flattenToArrayOffset is deprecated. Use [page:Matrix3.toArray]() instead.
Matrix3.multiplyVector3 has been removed. Use vector.applyMatrix3( matrix ) instead.
Matrix3.multiplyVector3Array has been renamed to [page:Matrix3.applyToVector3Array]( array ).
Matrix3.applyToBuffer has been removed. Use matrix.applyToBufferAttribute( attribute ) instead.
Matrix3.applyToVector3Array has been removed.
Matrix4.flattenToArrayOffset() is deprecated. Use [page:Matrix4.toArray]() instead.
Matrix4.extractPosition() has been renamed to [page:Matrix4.copyPosition]( matrix ).
Matrix4.getPosition() has been removed. Use [page:Vector3.setFromMatrixPosition]( matrix ) instead.
Matrix4.setRotationFromQuaternion() has been renamed to [page:Matrix4.makeRotationFromQuaternion]( quaternion ).
Matrix4.multiplyVector3() has been removed. Use vector.applyMatrix4( matrix ) instead.
Matrix4.multiplyVector4() has been removed. Use vector.applyMatrix4( matrix ) instead.
Matrix4.multiplyVector3Array() has been renamed to [page:Matrix4.applyToVector3Array] ( array ).
Matrix4.rotateAxis() has been removed. Use [page:Matrix4.transformDirection]( matrix ) instead.
Matrix4.crossVector() has been removed. Use vector.applyMatrix4( matrix ) instead.
Matrix4.rotateX() has been removed.
Matrix4.rotateY() has been removed.
Matrix4.rotateZ() has been removed.
Matrix4.rotateByAxis() has been removed.
Matrix4.applyToBuffer() has been removed. Use matrix.applyToBufferAttribute() instead.
Matrix4.applyToVector3Array() has been removed.
Matrix4.makeFrustum() has been removed. Use [page:Matrix4.makePerspective]( left, right, top, bottom, near, far ) instead.
Quaternion.multiplyVector3() has been removed. Use vector.applyQuaternion( quaternion ) instead.
Ray.isIntersectionBox() has been renamed to [page:Ray.intersectsBox]().
Ray.isIntersectionPlane has been renamed to [page:Ray.intersectsPlane].
Ray.isIntersectionSphere has been renamed to [page:Ray.intersectsSphere].
Triangle.area() has been renamed to [page:Triangle.getArea]().
Triangle.barycoordFromPoint() has been renamed to [page:Triangle.getBarycoord]().
Triangle.midpoint() has been renamed to [page:Triangle.getMidpoint]().
Triangle.normal() has been renamed to [page:Triangle.getNormal]().
Triangle.plane() has been renamed to [page:Triangle.getPlane]().
Vector2.fromAttribute() has been renamed to [page:Vector2.fromBufferAttribute]().
Vector3.setEulerFromRotationMatrix() has been removed. Use [page:Euler.setFromRotationMatrix]() instead.
Vector3.setEulerFromQuaternion() has been removed. Use [page:Euler.setFromQuaternion]() instead.
Vector3.getPositionFromMatrix() has been renamed to [page:Vector3.setFromMatrixPosition]().
Vector3.getScaleFromMatrix() has been renamed to [page:Vector3.setFromMatrixScale]().
Vector3.getColumnFromMatrix() has been renamed to [page:Vector3.setFromMatrixColumn]().
Vector3.applyProjection() has been removed. Use [page:Vector3.applyMatrix4]() instead.
Vector3.fromAttribute() has been renamed to [page:Vector3.fromBufferAttribute]().
Vector4.fromAttribute() has been renamed to [page:Vector4.fromBufferAttribute]().
Vertex has been removed. Use [page:Vector3] instead.
Spline has been removed. Use [page:CatmullRomCurve3] instead.
Material.wrapAround has been removed.
Material.wrapRGB has been removed.
MeshFaceMaterial has been removed. Use an array of materials instead.
MultiMaterial has been removed. Use an array of materials instead.
MeshPhongMaterial.metal has been removed. Use [page:MeshStandardMaterial] instead.
ParticleBasicMaterial has been renamed to [page:PointsMaterial].
ParticleBasicMaterial has been renamed to [page:PointsMaterial].
PointCloudMaterial has been renamed to [page:PointsMaterial].
ShaderMaterial.derivatives has been moved to [page:ShaderMaterial.extensions.derivatives].
LOD.objects has been renamed to [page:LOD.levels].
Object3D.eulerOrder is now [page:Object3D.rotation.order].
Object3D.getChildByName() has been renamed to [page:Object3D.getObjectByName]().
Object3D.renderDepth has been removed. Use [page:Object3D.renderOrder] instead.
Object3D.translate() has been removed. Use [page:Object3D.translateOnAxis]( axis, distance ) instead.
Object3D.useQuaternion has been removed. The library now uses quaternions by default.
LensFlare has been moved to [link:https://github.com/mrdoob/three.js/blob/master/examples/js/objects/Lensflare.js /examples/js/objects/Lensflare.js].
Particle has been renamed to [page:Sprite].
ParticleSystem has been renamed to [page:Points].
PointCloud has been renamed to [page:Points].
Shape.extrude has been removed. Use [page:ExtrudeGeometry] instead.
Shape.makeGeometry has been removed. Use [page:ShapeGeometry] instead.
SkinnedMesh.initBones() has been removed.
CanvasRenderer has been removed.
Projector has been moved to
[link:https://github.com/mrdoob/three.js/blob/master/examples/js/renderers/Projector.js /examples/js/renderers/Projector.js].
Projector.projectVector() is now [page:Vector.project]().
Projector.unprojectVector() is now [page:Vector.unproject]().
Projector:.pickingRay() is now [page:Raycaster.setFromCamera]().
WebGLProgram.uniforms is now [page:WebGLProgram.getUniforms]().
WebGLProgram.attributes is now [page:WebGLProgram.getAttributes]().
WebGLRenderer.supportsFloatTextures() is now [page:WebGLRenderer.extensions.get]( 'OES_texture_float' ).
WebGLRenderer.supportsHalfFloatTextures() is now [page:WebGLRenderer.extensions.get]( 'OES_texture_half_float' ).
WebGLRenderer.supportsStandardDerivatives() is now [page:WebGLRenderer.extensions.get]( 'OES_standard_derivatives' ).
WebGLRenderer.supportsCompressedTextureS3TC() is now [page:WebGLRenderer.extensions.get]( 'WEBGL_compressed_texture_s3tc' ).
WebGLRenderer.supportsCompressedTexturePVRTC() is now [page:WebGLRenderer.extensions.get]( 'WEBGL_compressed_texture_pvrtc' ).
WebGLRenderer.supportsBlendMinMax() is now [page:WebGLRenderer.extensions.get]( 'EXT_blend_minmax' ).
WebGLRenderer.supportsVertexTextures() is now [page:WebGLRenderer.capabilities.vertexTextures].
WebGLRenderer.supportsInstancedArrays() is now [page:WebGLRenderer.extensions.get]( 'ANGLE_instanced_arrays' ).
WebGLRenderer.enableScissorTest() is now [page:WebGLRenderer.setScissorTest]().
WebGLRenderer.initMaterial() has been removed.
WebGLRenderer.addPrePlugin() has been removed.
WebGLRenderer.addPostPlugin() has been removed.
WebGLRenderer.updateShadowMap() has been removed.
WebGLRenderer.setFaceCulling() has been removed.
WebGLRenderer.setTexture is deprecated, use [page:WebGLRenderer.setTexture2D]() instead.
WebGLRenderer.shadowMapEnabled is now [page:WebGLRenderer.shadowMap.enabled].
WebGLRenderer.shadowMapType is now [page:WebGLRenderer.shadowMap.type].
WebGLRenderer.shadowMapCullFace has been removed. Set [page:Material.shadowSide] instead.
WebGLRenderer.shadowMap.cullFace has been removed. Set [page:Material.shadowSide] instead.
WebGLRenderer.shadowMap.renderReverseSided has been removed. Set [page:Material.shadowSide] instead.
WebGLRenderer.shadowMap.renderSingleSided has been removed. Set [page:Material.shadowSide] instead.
WebGLRenderTarget.wrapS is now [page:WebGLRenderTarget.texture.wrapS].
WebGLRenderTarget.wrapT is now [page:WebGLRenderTarget.texture.wrapT].
WebGLRenderTarget.magFilter is now [page:WebGLRenderTarget.texture.magFilter].
WebGLRenderTarget.minFilter is now [page:WebGLRenderTarget.texture.minFilter].
WebGLRenderTarget.anisotropy is now [page:WebGLRenderTarget.texture.anisotropy].
WebGLRenderTarget.offset is now [page:WebGLRenderTarget.texture.offset].
WebGLRenderTarget.repeat is now [page:WebGLRenderTarget.texture.repeat].
WebGLRenderTarget.format is now [page:WebGLRenderTarget.texture.format].
WebGLRenderTarget.type is now [page:WebGLRenderTarget.texture.type].
WebGLRenderTarget.generateMipmaps is now [page:WebGLRenderTarget.texture.generateMipmaps].
ImageUtils.loadTexture has been deprecated. Use [page:TextureLoader] instead.
ImageUtils.loadTextureCube has been deprecated. Use [page:CubeTextureLoader] instead.
ImageUtils.loadCompressedTexture has been removed. Use [page:DDSLoader] instead.
ImageUtils.loadCompressedTextureCube has been removed. Use [page:DDSLoader] instead.
[link:https://github.com/mrdoob/three.js/blob/master/src/Three.Legacy.js src/Three.Legacy.js]


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Lesson 09
Jeremy starts with a selection of students’ posts.
00:00:01 Structuring the Unstructured: a visual demo of Bagging with Random Forests.
http://structuringtheunstructured.blogspot.se/2017/11/coloring-with-random-forests.html
00:04:01 Parfit: a library for quick and powerful hyper-parameter optimization with visualizations.
. How to make SGD Classifier perfomr as well as Logistic Regression using Parfit
. Intuitive Interpretation of Random Forest
. Statoil/C-Core Iceberg Classifier Challenge on Kaggle: a Keras Model for Beginners + EDA
Back to the course.
00:09:01 Why write a post on your learning experience, for you and for newcomers.
00:09:50 Using SGD on MNIST for digit recognition
. lesson4-mnist_sgd.ipynb notebook
00:11:30 Training the simplest Neural Network in PyTorch
(long step-by-step demo, 30 mins approx)
00:46:55 Intro to Broadcasting: “The MOST important programming concept in this course and in Machine Learning”
. Performance comparison between C and Python
. SIMD: “Single Instruction Multiple Data”
. Multiple processors/cores and CUDA
00:52:10 Broadcasting in details
01:05:50 Broadcasting goes back to the days of APL (1950’s) and Jsoftware
. More on Broadcasting
01:12:30 Matrix Multiplication -and not-.
. Writing our own training loop.


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--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: How Do You Deal With Blog Spam? author: display_name: Geoff Lane login: admin email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: http://www.zorched.net author_login: admin author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>author_url: http://www.zorched.net date: '2006-11-02 17:18:12 -0500' date_gmt: '2006-11-02 23:18:12 -0500' categories: - ".NET" - Life - Web tags: - WordPress - Life - blogging - spam - captcha comments: - id: 784 author: Geoff Lane author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>author_url: http://www.zorched.net date: '2006-11-03 08:21:05 -0500' date_gmt: '2006-11-03 14:21:05 -0500' content: Well, I've started trying Akismet as opposed to just waiting around and so far it's working well. It caught 13 spam comments overnight. I'll just have to wait and see if it catches any good posts. - id: 792 author: Don M author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>author_url: '' date: '2006-11-03 18:58:06 -0500' date_gmt: '2006-11-04 00:58:06 -0500' content: "You know Jeff Atwood has been talking a lot about this in the last week or so. You may want to check out his posts. This one http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/archives/000715.html in particular. There is another about CAPTCHA ...\r\n\r\nHope it helps even a little. Thanks for the work you put into your posts." - id: 864 author: Brennan Stehling author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>author_url: http://brennan.offwhite.net/blog/ date: '2006-11-06 15:09:20 -0500' date_gmt: '2006-11-06 21:09:20 -0500' content: "I use Spam Karma with Wordpress. It works great.\r\n\r\nhttp://unknowngenius.com/blog/wordpress/spam-karma\r\n\r\nIt seems to review each comment and compare it against a remote service which collects reports from blogs which have been spammed. It has multiple other factors as well so that \"clean\" comments appear immediately while moderately suspect comments are held for review. And you can throttle the behavior. I believe when you do mark a comment as spam it submits that information back to the Spam Karma system to help out everyone else. No need for Captcha or tricky Javascript which can be compromised." - id: 930 author: Zorched / One Line Fix » Akismet Works For Me author_email: '' author_url: http://www.zorched.net/2006/11/10/akismet-works-for-me/ date: '2006-11-10 16:49:37 -0500' date_gmt: '2006-11-10 22:49:37 -0500' content: "[...] How Do You Deal With Blog Spam? [...]" ---
I assume that many of my readers are technical people and as such are likely to be bloggers themselves, so I post the question to you: How do you deal with blog spam?
I'm currently getting on the order of 30-40 blog spam posts a day. While WordPress does a good job of catching them, and I can mark them as spam (so no one ever seems them), like email spam, I'd prefer not to have to deal with them at all. In the past I've tried reporting blog spammers based on IP addresses to their hosts, but that's even more work and it seems to have little or no effect on the volume.
Do that many people need Viagra? I didn't even know what Hoodia was until I looked it up? (Oh and if you use any of these terms in replys, you're going to get caught in the spam trap. So don't.)
I've considered using a CAPTCHA but have not found a good plugin that will do it for me, and I generally find them annoying. Registration seems like too high a barrier to entry for casual posting. I've seen, but haven't tried Akismet which is service that checks out your comments before it posts them. Anyone use Akismet? Does it work?
Are we stuck with blog spam? What other things can I do so that I don't have to deal with these annoying posts? (Oh the irony, we'll see if I get spam attempts before I get real comments.)
Thanks for the help...
Update: In addition to CAPTCHA, I've heard of people doing things with JavaScript under the idea that the automated blog spammers don't use tools that understand JavaScript. Some people have the actual form submit happen with JavaScript. Another option is to have JavaScript do some simple algorithm for the user and check the result. That's the idea behind Hashcash. I haven't tried it, but it sounds like an interesting idea.
So, CAPTCHA, Hashcash and Akismet ... and no more spam!


Add-on package for Zelig 5. Enables the use of a variety of ecological inference models.
| Version: | 0.1-2 |
| Depends: | eiPack |
| Imports: | dplyr, ei, Formula, jsonlite, MASS, MCMCpack, methods, Zelig (≥ 5.1-0) |
| Suggests: | knitr, testthat |
| Published: | 2017-06-07 |
| Author: | Christopher Gandrud [cre], James Honaker [aut] |
| Maintainer: | Christopher Gandrud <zelig.zee at gmail.com> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/IQSS/ZeligEI/issues |
| License: | GPL (≥ 3) |
| URL: | https://cran.r-project.org/package=ZeligEI |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | ZeligEI results |
| Reference manual: | ZeligEI.pdf |
| Package source: | ZeligEI_0.1-2.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: ZeligEI_0.1-2.zip, r-release: ZeligEI_0.1-2.zip, r-oldrel: ZeligEI_0.1-2.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: ZeligEI_0.1-2.tgz, r-oldrel: ZeligEI_0.1-2.tgz |
| Old sources: | ZeligEI archive |
| Reverse imports: | zeligverse |
| Reverse suggests: | Zelig |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ZeligEI to link to this page.