0.8.1 Release Notes
Download & Documentation
Zig is a general-purpose programming language and toolchain for maintaining
robust, optimal, and reusable software.
Backed by the Zig Software Foundation,
the project is financially sustainable and offers billable
hours for core team members:
Please consider donating to the ZSF to help us pay even more contributors!
This release contains only bug fixes.
{#header_open|Table of Contents#}
{#nav#}
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|Support Table#}
{#header_open|Tier System#}
A green check mark (✅) indicates the target meets all the requirements for the
support tier. The other icons indicate what is preventing the target from
reaching the support tier. In other words, the icons are
to-do items. If you find any wrong data here please
submit a pull request!
{#header_open|Tier 1 Support#}
- Not only can Zig generate machine code for these targets, but the standard
library cross-platform abstractions have implementations for these targets.
- 🧪 The CI server automatically tests these targets on every commit to master
branch.
- 📦 The CI server automatically produces pre-built binaries for these targets,
on every commit to master, and updates
the download page with links.
- These targets have debug info capabilities and therefore produce stack traces
on failed assertions.
- libc is available for this target even when cross compiling.
- 🐛 All the behavior tests and applicable standard library tests pass for this target.
All language features are known to work correctly. Experimental features do not
count towards disqualifying an operating system or architecture from Tier 1.
zig cc
, zig c++
and related toolchain commands support
this target.
- 💀 If the Operating System is proprietary then the target is not marked deprecated
by the vendor,
such as macos/x86.
|
freestanding |
Linux 3.16+ |
macOS 10.13+ |
Windows 8.1+ |
WASI |
| x86_64 |
✅ |
✅ |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
| x86 |
✅ |
#1929 🐛📦 |
💀 |
#537 🐛📦 |
N/A |
| aarch64 |
✅ |
#2443 🐛 |
✅ |
🐛📦🧪 |
N/A |
| arm |
✅ |
#3174 🐛📦 |
💀 |
🐛📦🧪 |
N/A |
| mips |
✅ |
#3345 🐛📦 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| riscv64 |
✅ |
#4456 🐛📦 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| sparcv9 |
✅ |
#4931 🐛📦🧪 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| wasm32 |
✅ |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
✅ |
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|Tier 2 Support#}
- 📖 The standard library supports this target, but it's possible that some
APIs will give an "Unsupported OS" compile error. One can link with libc or other
libraries to fill in the gaps in the standard library.
- 🔍 These targets are known to work, but may not be automatically tested, so there
are occasional regressions.
- Some tests may be disabled for these targets as we work toward
{#link|Tier 1 Support#}.
|
free standing |
Linux 3.16+ |
macOS 10.13+ |
Windows 8.1+ |
FreeBSD 12.0+ |
NetBSD 8.0+ |
DragonFlyBSD 5.8+ |
UEFI |
| x86_64 |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
✅ |
✅ |
✅ |
✅ |
| x86 |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
✅ |
💀 |
✅ |
🔍 |
🔍 |
N/A |
✅ |
| aarch64 |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
✅ |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
🔍 |
🔍 |
🔍 |
N/A |
🔍 |
| arm |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
✅ |
💀 |
🔍 |
🔍 |
🔍 |
N/A |
🔍 |
| mips64 |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
N/A |
🔍 |
🔍 |
N/A |
N/A |
| mips |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
✅ |
N/A |
N/A |
🔍 |
🔍 |
N/A |
N/A |
| powerpc64 |
✅ |
📖 |
💀 |
N/A |
🔍 |
🔍 |
N/A |
N/A |
| powerpc |
✅ |
✅ |
💀 |
N/A |
🔍 |
🔍 |
N/A |
N/A |
| riscv64 |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
✅ |
N/A |
N/A |
🔍 |
🔍 |
N/A |
🔍 |
| sparcv9 |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
✅ |
N/A |
N/A |
🔍 |
🔍 |
N/A |
N/A |
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|Tier 3 Support#}
- The standard library has little to no knowledge of the existence of this
target.
- If this target is provided by LLVM, LLVM has the target enabled by default.
- These targets are not frequently tested; one will likely need to contribute
to Zig in order to build for these targets.
- The Zig compiler might need to be updated with a few things such as
- what sizes are the C integer types
- C ABI calling convention for this target
- start code and default panic handler
zig targets
is guaranteed to include this target.
|
freestanding |
Linux 3.16+ |
Windows 8.1+ |
FreeBSD 12.0+ |
NetBSD 8.0+ |
UEFI |
| x86_64 |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
| x86 |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
✅ |
✅ |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
| aarch64 |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
✅ |
✅ |
✅ |
✅ |
| arm |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
✅ |
✅ |
✅ |
✅ |
| mips64 |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
N/A |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
| mips |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
N/A |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
| riscv64 |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
N/A |
✅ |
✅ |
✅ |
| powerpc32 |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
N/A |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
| powerpc64 |
{#link|Tier 2|Tier 2 Support#} |
✅ |
N/A |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
| bpf |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
| hexagon |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
| amdgcn |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
| sparc |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
| s390x |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
| lanai |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
| csky |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
✅ |
✅ |
N/A |
|
freestanding |
emscripten |
| wasm32 |
{#link|Tier 1|Tier 1 Support#} |
✅ |
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|Tier 4 Support#}
- Support for these targets is entirely experimental.
- If this target is provided by LLVM, LLVM may have the target as an
experimental target, which means that you need to use Zig-provided binaries
for the target to be available, or build LLVM from source with special configure flags.
zig targets
will display the target if it is available.
- This target may be considered deprecated by an official party,
such as macosx/i386 in which
case this target will remain forever stuck in Tier 4.
- This target may only support
-femit-asm
and cannot emit object files
(-fno-emit-bin
enabled by default and cannot be overridden).
Tier 4 targets:
- avr
- riscv32
- xcore
- nvptx
- msp430
- r600
- arc
- tce
- le
- amdil
- hsail
- spir
- kalimba
- shave
- renderscript
- 32-bit x86 macOS, 32-bit ARM macOS, powerpc32 and powerpc64 macOS,
because Apple has officially dropped support for them.
{#header_close#}
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|MIPS Support#}
0.8.1 upgrades to {#link|LLVM 12.0.1#}, which solved a regression introduced in LLVM 12.0.0.
Mips tests are now re-enabled on Zig's CI infrastructure.
Additionally syscall_pipe is fixed. Previously the fd parameter was ignored and so the
result would not get populated. Now it passes the fd pointer to the inline assembly
so that the results can be observed.
{#header_close#}
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|LLVM 12.0.1#}
This release upgrades to LLVM 12.0.1 which solved a handful of issues, including
regressions introduced in 12.0.0, notably to {#link|MIPS Support#} (#8155), DragonFlyBSD support
(#3563), and WebAssembly support (#5339).
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|Compiler#}
This release will downgrade the expected CPU for x86 targets from
x86-64-v2 back down to baseline. We had
multiple reports of people wanting to
run the compiler binaries on older hardware. This has to do with the
release process;
not the Zig compiler codebase.
- Fix building stage1 via
zig build
.
- Adjust dynamic linker path on OpenBSD (#9010).
- stage1: Apply the same set of fn attributes everywhere. Make sure to
propagate the target-specific attributes to internal functions too. (#8965)
- stage1: fix render_const_value for printing const optional pointers.
- link: windows: look for more DLL import lib path names (#7799).
When linking with -lfoo syntax, this indicates to Zig that the
dependency should either be provided by Zig, or it should be dynamically
provided by the system.
For windows-gnu targets, the search path was "foo.lib". Now it
additionally looks for "libfoo.dll.a".
- stage1: make {#syntax#}@truncate{#endsyntax#} to an integer type of different sign an error at comptime too.
- CLI: remove --verbose-ast and --verbose-tokenize (#9034).
These options were listed under the "Debug Options (Zig Compiler Development)" heading.
Anything in this section should be considered unstable and can be modified at any time
at any developer's discretion.
In this case, these options no longer make sense due to Whole-File AST Lowering which debuted in 0.8.0.
- stage1: Fix handling of C ABI parameters split in multiple regs (#9061).
Take into account the increased number of parameters when flattening a
structure into one or more SSE registers.
- better awareness of unwind tables (#9046).
- stage1 backend allows configuring the uwtables function attr
via a flag rather than its own logic.
- stage2 defaults to enabling uwtable attr when
linking libunwind, or always on windows.
- stage2 makes link_eh_frame_hdr true automatically if uwtable
attr is set to be on for zig functions.
- CLI: add
-funwind-tables
and -fno-unwind-tables
to allow the user to override the defaults.
- Hook it up to
zig cc
.
- NetBSD: add args to limit number of PT_LOAD segs (#9109).
NetBSD expects 2 PT_LOAD segments in a shared object, otherwise
ld.elf_so fails to load, emitting a general "not found" error.
Workaround issue by adding args --no-rosegment
and -znorelro
- Fix lakemont CpuModel (#9099).
Lakemont has no x86, no MMX, no SSE and no way of handling any fp-math.
- stage1: fix zig0 help message (#9140).
- stage2: Unify compiler error printing (#9117).
- stage1: Store the specified code model in the LLVM module. This is needed for LTO builds to pick up the correct module (#9132).
- AstGen: properly generate errdefer expressions when returning (#8821).
- linker: macho: LC_RPATH: reserve byte for null-terminator.
- stage2: add --sysroot link option.
This feature is necessary for cross-compiling code that dynamically
links system libraries, at least with the current feature set of lld.
- stage1: Properly put {#syntax#}@shuffle{#endsyntax#} type and mask params in
comptime scope.
- Shared Cache Locking - prevents deadlocks from multiple zig processes compiling
at the same time which both need a shared subset of build artifacts (#9258).
- stage2: fix {#syntax#}@asyncCall{#endsyntax#} parameter count (#9269).
- stage2: add the Zig version to AstGen cache hash. This solves the problem of
different versions of Zig having different binary representations of ZIR code (#9290).
- Fix unexpected truncation behavior with comptime_int larger than u64 range (#9303, #9299).
- mingw-w64: add odbc32 and dbghelp def files (#9124).
- Fix libc include directories for the MSVC target.
- Fix bigint_shl (#9305).
- -rdynamic now implies -fdll-export-fns unless the latter is explicitly set (#9340).
- Don't define valgrind_support on macOS (#9612). Unfortunately, Valgrind for macOS
has been broken for years, and the Homebrew formula is only for Linux.
- libunwind: fix unwinding through libunwind stack frames (#9591).
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|Standard Library#}
- Better handing of POLLHUP in ChildProcess (#8988).
- Fix some BPF function definitions.
- Fix pointer alignment unsafety on i386 (#8924).
- Limit Fixed Buffer Stream seekTo (#9023).
- Progress: use
*W
functions on Windows (#534).
- math.sqrt_int: fixed odd size integers types
- AES 128-bit key expansion test - properly test the inverse round keys (#9065).
- Fix tanh for negative inputs (#9047).
It turns out the code was not ported correctly from C and produced wrong
results for negative input values. As a bonus fix the NaN codepath by
adding yet another missing piece of code.
- Fix bigint add failures with aliasing (#8330).
- Fix {#syntax#}std.c.waitpid{#endsyntax#} definition.
- Fix complex ldexp implementation (#9047).
Two bugs in the implementation ported from musl made all the complex
functions relying on ldexp return incorrect results in some cases.
- Windows: fix
OVERLAPPED
, add OVERLAPPED_ENTRY
.
- Fix auto hash of tagged union with void field.
- Don't reference non-existant ComptimeStringHashMap type
- NetBSD: add more std.os bits.
- HashMap.getOrPutAssumeCapacityAdapted now sets key to undefined (#9138).
- Make copy_file_range checks run at compile-time (#9146).
- Avoid emitting the copy_file_range symbol at all to prevent link-time errors.
- Fix a bug in the check logic, the has_copy_file_range_syscall was set to the wrong value in case of ENOSYS.
- If link_libc is true don't fall-back to the raw syscall approach.
- Fix PIE startup sequence (#9168).
- Restore ability for root source file to override
MAX_PATH_BYTES
.
- os.linux.bpf: fix incorrect usage of unexpectedErrno.
- crypto.p256: fix neg function compile error.
- finish ChildProcess collectOutputWindows (#9148).
- os.uefi: fix packed struct bitfields.
- Add waitid syscall on linux (#9335).
- Add NotDir as possible error for os.inotify_add_watch. It's possible when mask
contains
IN_ONLYDIR
and pathname is not a directory.
- Add inotify_rm_watch definition to c/linux.zig and make inotify_add_watch's pathname marked as nul-terminated.
- ArrayList: add missing assertion in appendSliceAssumeCapacity.
- Correct hasUniqueRepresentation for vectors (#9333).
- crypto: handle the top bit in 25519.field.fromBytes64() (#9435).
The only known use case for this is the hash-to-curve operation where the top bit is
always cleared. But the function is public, so this makes it work as one would expect
in the general case.
- linux stdlib: fix definition of RW flags (#9428).
- user32.zig: fixed compile error: 'bMenu' needs to casted (#9426).
- ArrayList: Allow `ArrayList(u0)` to be created.
- Use truncating cast in WIFSTOPPED for Linux, FreeBSD and DragonFly.
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|compiler-rt#}
- compiler-rt: Fix __floatunsitf signature. The function transforms an unsigned integer into a {#syntax#}f128{#endsyntax#} (#8996).
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|Zig Build System#}
- Avoid using undefined variables (#9013, #8928, #7991).
- zig build: add --libc general option.
This new option sets a default libc paths file to be used for all
LibExeObjSteps. Setting LibExeObjStep.libc_file overrides this default.
This is required to allow users to cross compile projects linking system
libraries without needing to patch the build.zig.
- Add
--sysroot
general option.
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|zig cc / zig c++#}
- libc,macOS: update and add missing libc headers.
- native libc detection: respect spaces in CC env var (#8960).
Zig has detection for when it is accidentally being called recursively
when trying to find the native libc installation. However it was not
working, resulting in a cryptic failure, because zig tried to execute
a command which had spaces in it rather than tokenizing it.
This improves the user experience of zig cc
for systems that Zig
does not support cross-compiling for.
- Recognize more PIE flags.
- Fix RISC-V assembly CPU features.
Previously, Zig did not properly communicate the target CPU features for
RISC-V to Clang assembler, because Clang has a different way to pass CPU
features for C code and for assembly code. This fix makes Zig pass a
RISC-V -march flag in order to communicate CPU features to Clang when
compiling assembly files.
- Improve linker args parsing to handle linker args joined with a = like
-Wl,-rpath=foo
. Also handle -Wl,--script
in addition
to -Wl,-T
.
- Fix argument forwarding to LLVM on Windows.
- Use -isysroot on Mojave too.
- stage1: Wasm,libc: fix wasm-ld failure in matching libc symbols.
- stage1: add c_longdouble mapping for s390x.
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|Language Reference#}
- Remove paragraph that mentions IRC (#9055).
The language reference is independent from any particular
community. Also remove the call to action since the docs are
known to be incomplete and are not the current focus of the project.
- Link to 0.7.1 not 0.7.0 for the previous docs.
- Rename "top level global assembly" to "container level".
- Clarify local static variable (#8381).
- Make {#syntax#}@setRuntimeSafety{#endsyntax#} more correct.
- Clarify {#syntax#}@bitSizeOf{#endsyntax#} behavior.
- remove incorrect statement on {#syntax#}c_void{#endsyntax#}.
- Fix array/pointer/slice type coercion section (#9392).
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|There Are Still Known Bugs Remaining#}
Zig has
known bugs
and even some
miscompilations.
Zig is immature. Even with Zig 0.8.1, working on a non-trivial project using Zig will
likely require participating in the development process.
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|Thank You Contributors!#}
These release notes have been edited down to avoid excessive detail as to not overwhelm
the reader with content. In order to make sure everyone gets credit who contributed, here
is a list of everyone who landed commits during this release cycle (produced with
git shortlog -sne 0.8.0..0.8.1
):
- Andrew Kelley
- LemonBoy
- Isaac Freund
- Michael Dusan
- Frank Denis
- Jacob G-W
- Jakub Konka
- Martin Wickham
- Matthew Borkowski
- Nulo
- Ryan Liptak
- Veikka Tuominen
- leesongun
- viri
- Adam C
- Alex Rønne Petersen
- Biolunar
- Björn Linse
- David May
- Dustin Taylor
- Filippo Casarin
- Jonathan Marler
- Malcolm Still
- Meghan Denny
- Michal Ziulek
- Nameless
- Nicolas
- Philip Åkesson
- Philipp Lühmann
- Roman Frołow
- Sebastian Ullrich
- Sebastien Marie
- Takeshi Yoneda
- Tau
- Vincent Rischmann
- Zach Banks
- codic12
- d18g
- fn ⌃ ⌥
- hadroncfy
- mason1920
- pithlessly
- xackus
{#header_close#}
{#header_open|Thank You Sponsors!#}
Special thanks to those who sponsor Zig.
Because of you, Zig is driven by the open source community, rather than the goal of making profit.
In particular, these fine folks sponsor Zig for $50/month or more:
{#header_close#}


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--- layout: post title: My First Post ---
Hello! This is my first post. I can type, create images, and all sorts of programing things


Stereotype ThreatNov 14th
Photo credit: therefromhere / Foter / CC BY-NC-SA
Stereo type threat is a problem we face when we feel that something about our own identity such as age, sex, race, religion, or ideology is somehow a relevant factor in somehow dealing with a situation. This phenomenon appears to affect people's performances and feelings simply due to the fact that they are made to be aware that some part of their identity plays a factor or role. Thinking back on my experiences with my family, I can remember several occasions where my perception of my identity affected how I felt in that context. Being aware of this will help me to feel and create more neutral situations so that stereo type does not become an issue.
Some of my own experiences in the past revolved around expectations for performance in school. There were many times where I was made to be aware that being Asian meant that I was expected to do well in Math. I was always quite mediocre, but a dramatic change in my performance happened when I started to believe in these expectations. It is very likely that there were other factors involved, but on a subconscious level, there was an interaction between my perception of expectations, and my own identity. It could have caused me, back then, to focus just a little harder, or pay a little more attention.
I think it is very important when dealing with other people to try and understand what they might interpreting in their context. By being aware of the possible implications of identity threat, I can find ways to decouple expectations based on identity to its context. Feedback will seen as more honest and sincere when our minds are not thinking how criticism relates to our identities. I can also contribute to a more friendly workplace environment by implicitly communicating with others that stereotypes do not apply to individuals, and that their own identity is not anchored to these generic traits.
I believe that simply being aware of this issue can help to mitigate some of its effects, and that we should try and catch ourselves when we settle into this thinking pattern. My takeaway from this is that the mind is extremely powerful in these situations, whether it is taking a test, or feeling uncomfortable, and that simply believing something about ourselves can change the outcome in our lives dramatically.


Personalised pins for every message
Default pin
Choose from a default library
or upload image or OBJ file
Personalised pin
Personalised pins for every message
Personalised pins are a great way to express your
character or brand. Explore and edit pin features
across nine libraries with the option of adding a
label. You can upload OBJ files or images which
can be added to your personal library or open source library.
Personalised pins are a great way to express your character or brand. Explore and edit pin features across nine libraries with the option of adding a label. You can upload OBJ files or images which can be added to your personal library or open source library.


|
|
||||||
#include "TeleoTypes.h"
Go to the source code of this file.
Data Structures | |
| struct | TeleoData |
| Teleo data transfer tagged union. More... | |
Defines | |
| #define | TD_DATAMAX 12 |
| #define | MESSAGE_DATATYPE_NONE 0x00 |
| #define | MESSAGE_DATATYPE_EVENT 0x10 |
| #define | MESSAGE_DATATYPE_BOOL 0x11 |
| #define | MESSAGE_DATATYPE_SMALLINT 0x12 |
| #define | MESSAGE_DATATYPE_INT 0x13 |
| #define | MESSAGE_DATATYPE_FLOAT 0x14 |
| #define | MESSAGE_DATATYPE_STRING 0x15 |
This is a very simple tagged union of data types. It corresponds very closely to the format used on the TeleoNetwork.
See TeleoUtil.h for some routines that manipulate these structures.
Definition in file TeleoData.h.
|
|
Definition at line 41 of file TeleoData.h. Referenced by dataReceive(). |
|
|
Definition at line 40 of file TeleoData.h. Referenced by dataReceive(). |
|
|
Definition at line 44 of file TeleoData.h. Referenced by dataReceive(). |
|
|
Definition at line 43 of file TeleoData.h. Referenced by dataReceive(). |
|
|
Definition at line 39 of file TeleoData.h. |
|
|
Definition at line 42 of file TeleoData.h. Referenced by dataReceive(). |
|
|
Definition at line 45 of file TeleoData.h. Referenced by dataReceive(). |
|
|
Definition at line 34 of file TeleoData.h. |
|
copyright © 2002, 2003 MakingThings LLC |


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
Mechanical engineer learns to be a full stack developer.


This is an excerpt from something—a list of instructions?—but I have been unable to discover the complete document.
… and place the head of the squirrel between the electric plates.
14. Move the goat into the adjoining room, and close the shutters.
15. Empty the packet of bile beans into a large glass jar, seal the lid tight, and shake furiously until you are weeping with sheer exhaustion. Dry your tears with a rag.
16. Peek through the flap to ensure the goat has not escaped.
17. Coax from the core of your being a sense of dazzling, effulgent priggery. Pat the squirrel on the head.
18. Now intone the litany of pseudo-voodoo ululations you memorised earlier.
19. Wrap the cravat around your neck. Strike a dashing pose. Cut some capers.
20. The bricks in the hod should now be cool to the touch. Chuck them one by one out of the window into the empty carpark. Make a sketch of their disposition upon the concrete, using a very sharp pencil and a fresh page of your notepad.
21. The brain of the squirrel ought now be fully modified. Remove the electric plates with care, and put them in the dustbin.
22. Winch the dustbin to the ceiling.
23. Pass your hands, those tiny, wrinkled, blotchy, shivering cold hands, over the eel at rest upon the countertop.
24.


As mentioned in
Although nowadays the internet prevails as the main resource and medium for communication, the interaction between user and the machine is crucial to develop
new media and consequently improve the various systems of concepts that cross and
fork together that not only represent a space but also a characteristic specific time
like


A bootloader for Android used on various devices powered by Qualcomm Snapdragon chips:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devices_using_Qualcomm_Snapdragon_processors
Although not all of the Snapdragon based Android devices use this particular bootloader format, it is known that devices with the following chips have used it (example devices are given for each chip):
APQ8064 (devices)
MSM8974AA (devices)
MSM8992 (devices)
APQ8064-1AA (devices)
MSM8996 Pro-AB (devices)
MSM8998 (devices)
(*)
bootloader_size
is equal to the size of the whole file (not just img_bodies
as usual).
(**)
There are some data after the end of img_bodies
.
On the other hand, devices with these chips do not use this format:
APQ8084 (devices)
MSM8994 (devices)
The bootloader-*.img
samples referenced above originally come from factory
images packed in ZIP archives that can be found on the page Factory Images
for Nexus and Pixel Devices on
the Google Developers site. Note that the codenames on that page may be
different than the ones that are written in the list above. That's because the
Google page indicates ROM codenames in headings (e.g. "occam" for Nexus 4)
but the above list uses model codenames (e.g. "mako" for Nexus 4) because
that is how the original bootloader-*.img
files are identified. For most
devices, however, these code names are the same.
This page hosts a formal specification of Qualcomm Snapdragon (MSM) bootloader.img format using Kaitai Struct. This specification can be automatically translated into a variety of programming languages to get a parsing library.
# This is a generated file! Please edit source .ksy file and use kaitai-struct-compiler to rebuild
use strict;
use warnings;
use IO::KaitaiStruct 0.009_000;
use Encode;
########################################################################
package AndroidBootldrQcom;
our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';
sub from_file {
my ($class, $filename) = @_;
my $fd;
open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
binmode($fd);
return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}
sub new {
my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);
bless $self, $class;
$self->{_parent} = $_parent;
$self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;
$self->_read();
return $self;
}
sub _read {
my ($self) = @_;
$self->{magic} = $self->{_io}->read_bytes(8);
$self->{num_images} = $self->{_io}->read_u4le();
$self->{ofs_img_bodies} = $self->{_io}->read_u4le();
$self->{bootloader_size} = $self->{_io}->read_u4le();
$self->{img_headers} = ();
my $n_img_headers = $self->num_images();
for (my $i = 0; $i < $n_img_headers; $i++) {
push @{$self->{img_headers}}, AndroidBootldrQcom::ImgHeader->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
}
}
sub img_bodies {
my ($self) = @_;
return $self->{img_bodies} if ($self->{img_bodies});
my $_pos = $self->{_io}->pos();
$self->{_io}->seek($self->ofs_img_bodies());
$self->{img_bodies} = ();
my $n_img_bodies = $self->num_images();
for (my $i = 0; $i < $n_img_bodies; $i++) {
push @{$self->{img_bodies}}, AndroidBootldrQcom::ImgBody->new($self->{_io}, $self, $self->{_root});
}
$self->{_io}->seek($_pos);
return $self->{img_bodies};
}
sub magic {
my ($self) = @_;
return $self->{magic};
}
sub num_images {
my ($self) = @_;
return $self->{num_images};
}
sub ofs_img_bodies {
my ($self) = @_;
return $self->{ofs_img_bodies};
}
sub bootloader_size {
my ($self) = @_;
return $self->{bootloader_size};
}
sub img_headers {
my ($self) = @_;
return $self->{img_headers};
}
########################################################################
package AndroidBootldrQcom::ImgHeader;
our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';
sub from_file {
my ($class, $filename) = @_;
my $fd;
open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
binmode($fd);
return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}
sub new {
my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);
bless $self, $class;
$self->{_parent} = $_parent;
$self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;
$self->_read();
return $self;
}
sub _read {
my ($self) = @_;
$self->{name} = Encode::decode("ASCII", IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream::bytes_terminate($self->{_io}->read_bytes(64), 0, 0));
$self->{len_body} = $self->{_io}->read_u4le();
}
sub name {
my ($self) = @_;
return $self->{name};
}
sub len_body {
my ($self) = @_;
return $self->{len_body};
}
########################################################################
package AndroidBootldrQcom::ImgBody;
our @ISA = 'IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct';
sub from_file {
my ($class, $filename) = @_;
my $fd;
open($fd, '<', $filename) or return undef;
binmode($fd);
return new($class, IO::KaitaiStruct::Stream->new($fd));
}
sub new {
my ($class, $_io, $_parent, $_root) = @_;
my $self = IO::KaitaiStruct::Struct->new($_io);
bless $self, $class;
$self->{_parent} = $_parent;
$self->{_root} = $_root || $self;;
$self->_read();
return $self;
}
sub _read {
my ($self) = @_;
$self->{body} = $self->{_io}->read_bytes($self->img_header()->len_body());
}
sub img_header {
my ($self) = @_;
return $self->{img_header} if ($self->{img_header});
$self->{img_header} = @{$self->_root()->img_headers()}[$self->idx()];
return $self->{img_header};
}
sub body {
my ($self) = @_;
return $self->{body};
}
sub idx {
my ($self) = @_;
return $self->{idx};
}
1;


Melt Converts a Layer into a Tracing.
Choose Melt from the Layer Menu.
The target Layer is erased from the Layer list and displayed on the Tracing List.
This lets you extract a Layer from a drawing, convert it to a .JB1 file and share it with other drawings.


date
Report
SpecReport
describe
FixtureSpec
Spec
dispose
ResourcefulReporter
Distributor
scalatest
DoubleMustWrapper
MustMatchers
DoublePlusOrMinusWrapper
Matchers
DoubleShouldWrapper
ShouldMatchers
DoubleTolerance
Matchers
DuplicateTestNameException
scalatest
duration
RunAborted
RunCompleted
RunStopped
SuiteAborted
SuiteCompleted
TestFailed
TestSucceeded


intitle:"index of /" Parent Directory site:yoursitehere.com Getting Open Index or Insecure Information
intitle:"Index of /admin" site:yoursitehere.com You can search for admin directories
intitle:"Index of /password" site:yoursitehere.com You can search for password directories
intitle:"Index of /mail" site:yoursitehere.com You can search for mail directories
intitle:"Index of /" passwd site:yoursitehere.com You can search for files like passwd
intitle:"Index of /" password.txt site:yoursitehere.com You can search for password.txt files
intitle:"Index of /" .htaccess site:yoursitehere.com You can search for htaccess file
intitle:"index of ftp" .mdb site:yoursitehere.com You can also search for diffrent extensions
Intitle: "login" "admin" site:yoursitehere.com You can also try and look for admin pages or the login functionalities
Using InURL we can search for diffrent functionalities within the website.
inurl:admin site:yoursitehere.com Search for Admin Login Functionality on target domain
inurl:login site:yoursitehere.com Search for Login Functionality on target domain
Using FileType we can search for diffrent files within the website.
inurl:passwd filetype:txt site:yoursitehere.com Searching for text files containing passwd in URL on target domain
inurl:admin filetype:db site:yoursitehere.com Searching for db files containing admin in URL on target domain
filetype:log site:yoursitehere.com Searching for logs on target domain
filetype:xls csv site:yoursitehere.com Searching for Excel and csv files on target domain
link:yoursite.com -site:yoursite.com Search for other sites containing links for your target website
You can also use Google Translater as a proxy to access the website
http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ar&tl=en&u=http://www.yoursitehere.com/urlhere
You can also use www.shodanio.com for some more information by just using the hostname:yoursitehere.com dork.


I'm from Spanish Fork, Utah and recently finished a Ph.D. in atmospheric science at the University of Utah. My advisor was Dr. John Horel. I joined the Mountain Meteorology Research Group and MesoWest team in November 2012.
I was awarded a National Academies Research Associateship and began working at the Naval Research Laboratory Marine Meteorology Division in Fall 2019.
I developed the HRRR model archive hosted at the University of Utah by the MesoWest group. The archive is used by over 500 known users. At least eight published papers (not my own) reference the dataset. The archive is stored on a cloud-based, object-storage system and is the largest publicly-available HRRR archive.
My Ph.D. research investigated the predictability of convective outflow by the HRRR model—a project funded through the Joint Fire Science Program. I used data from the GOES-East Geostationary Lightning Mapper to evaluate the ability of the HRRR model to correctly forecast the location of thunderstorms and found that the HRRR does not provide high precision forecasts of the location of storms useful for Incident Meteorologists assigned to provide weather support at wildfires. Instead, it is recommended that Incident Meteorologists use the HRRR forecasts to gauge the potential for thunderstorms in the vicinity of the area of interest.
For other research related to air quality, I initialized WRF simulations with the HRRR model and modified surface parameters to improve model performance.
You will find more details on my research by exploring the pages on this website and several Jupyter Notebooks on Github.
I believe weather data can be used for many applications, and I hope to serve people in various fields with improved numerical weather prediction. I am especially interested in 0-3 day forecasts. My dream of numerical weather models is to one day have a continuously updating weather prediction system.
While there seems to be deficiencies in the United States' current numerical weather prediction capabilities, I want to be a part of the solution by using new and forthcoming technology effectively and efficiently.
I hope to become more involved in big data storage and analytics, community numerical weather prediction model development especially rapid refresh forecast system with FV3, and using new observational products for model initial conditions (like GOES-R series).
I am a problem solving leader, eager to learn and develop new skills. I have a teamwork mentality and want to contribute to the community. Education is important to me, and I am interested in gaining teaching experience.
Favorite text editor: Visual Studio Code
Personal Weather Station: UKBKB (a.k.a. EW2355)
Highest Bowling Score: 228
Favorite comic: Peanuts


Create a new styles.css
file and add a link to it in your current index.html
file. In the CSS file you just created add some styling to make the Login and Dashboard page looks nice and tidy. Try to create a color theme to give your app its own branding.
Tip: you can modify the HTML and add new elements and classes if needed.
| Criteria | Exemplary | Adequate | Needs Improvement |
|---|---|---|---|
| All pages looks clean and readable, with a consistent color theme and and the different sections standing out properly. | Pages are styled but without a theme or with sections not clearly delimitated. | Pages lack styling, the sections looks disorganized and the information is difficult to read. |


PERSONAL CAPITAL PLUS CHROME EXTENSION
Hide zero balance accounts
Hides all accounts from the sidebar with a balance of exactly $0.00.
Sort accounts by value
Sort accounts in the sidebar descending by dollar value (credit cards are sorted ascending).
Condense accounts list
Show more accounts in the sidebar at once by making the display boxes smaller.
Hide header background graphs
Hide the graphs behind the account type headers in the sidebar. This makes the headings easier to read.
Hide net worth
Hide the net worth in the sidebar. Useful for keeping sensitive info hidden from prying eyes. Hover over net worth to see original value.
Save
View source, file issues, and contribute on
GitHub
. Rate and review on the
Chrome Web Store
.


Category
You have some form errors. Please check below.
Organisation Name
Committee Name :
format(write the committee name,then a underscore and then organization name)
Certificate Title
Issuer Name
Higher Authority Name
Next


Chapter 19 Statistical Appplication: Estimating Regression Coefficients
In this chapter, you will learn about how matrix algebra is used to compute regression coefficients.
19.1 Regression Model
Recall the model equation we use in linear regression:
\[ Y_i = \beta_0 + \beta_1(X_{1_i}) + \beta_2(X_{2_i}) + \ldots + \beta_k(X_{k_i}) + \epsilon_i \]
where the response variable (Y) is represented as a linear function of the set of predictors \(X_1,X_2,\ldots,X_k\)) and a residual (\(\epsilon\)). Equation terms with an i subscript vary across subjects. Terms without an i subscript are the same (fixed) across subjects.
Recall that this notation is a mathematical expression of the n subject-specific equations:
\[ \begin{split} Y_1 &= \beta_0 + \beta_1(X_{1_1}) + \beta_2(X_{2_1}) + \ldots + \beta_k(X_{k_1}) + \epsilon_1 \\ Y_2 &= \beta_0 + \beta_1(X_{1_2}) + \beta_2(X_{2_2}) + \ldots + \beta_k(X_{k_2}) + \epsilon_2 \\ Y_3 &= \beta_0 + \beta_1(X_{1_3}) + \beta_2(X_{2_3}) + \ldots + \beta_k(X_{k_3}) + \epsilon_3 \\ \vdots &~ ~~~~~\vdots ~~~~~~~~~~\vdots~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\vdots~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\vdots~~~~~~~~~~~~~\vdots~~~~~~~~~~~\vdots \\ Y_n &= \beta_0 + \beta_1(X_{1_n}) + \beta_2(X_{2_n}) + \ldots + \beta_k(X_{k_n}) + \epsilon_n \end{split} \]
These can be arranged into a set of vectors and matrices,
\[ \begin{bmatrix}Y_1 \\ Y_2 \\ Y_3 \\ \vdots \\ Y_n\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}\beta_0(1) + \beta_1(X_{1_1}) + \beta_2(X_{2_1}) + \ldots + \beta_k(X_{k_1}) \\ \beta_0(1) + \beta_1(X_{1_2}) + \beta_2(X_{2_2}) + \ldots + \beta_k(X_{k_2}) \\ \beta_0(1) + \beta_1(X_{1_3}) + \beta_2(X_{2_3}) + \ldots + \beta_k(X_{k_3}) \\ \vdots \\ \beta_0(1) + \beta_1(X_{1_n}) + \beta_2(X_{2_n}) + \ldots + \beta_k(X_{k_n})\end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix}\epsilon_1 \\ \epsilon_2 \\ \epsilon_3 \\ \vdots \\ \epsilon_n\end{bmatrix} \]
We can re-write this as,
\[ \begin{bmatrix}Y_1 \\ Y_2 \\ Y_3 \\ \vdots \\ Y_n\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}1 & X_{1_1} & X_{2_1} & \ldots & X_{k_1} \\ 1 & X_{1_2} & X_{2_2} & \ldots & X_{k_2} \\ 1 & X_{1_3} & X_{2_3} & \ldots & X_{k_3} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 1 & X_{1_n} & X_{2_n} & \ldots & X_{k_n}\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}\beta_0 \\ \beta_1 \\\beta_2 \\ \vdots \\ \beta_k\end{bmatrix}+ \begin{bmatrix}\epsilon_1 \\ \epsilon_2 \\ \epsilon_3 \\ \vdots \\ \epsilon_n\end{bmatrix} \]
Naming these vectors and matrices, we can use matrix notation to compactly write the regression model as,
\[ \underset{n \times 1}{\mathbf{y}} = \underset{n \times k}{\mathbf{X}}~\underset{k \times 1}{\mathbf{b}} + \underset{n \times 1}{\mathbf{e}} \]
In the equation above,
- y is a vector of the outcome values,
- X is a matrix referred to the design matrix (a.k.a., the model matrix, the data matrix),
- b is a vector of regression coefficients, and
- e is a vector of the residuals.
19.2 Estimating the Regression Coefficients
When we fit a regression model to a dataset, one of the goals is to estimate the regression coefficients, \(\beta_0, \beta_1, \beta_2,\ldots,\beta_k\). Based on the regression equation,
\[ \mathbf{Y} = \mathbf{Xb} + \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \]
our goal is to solve for terms in the b vector. (Note that here (and moving forward) the dimensions of each matrix/vector have been omitted when we write the regression model.) How this is done, depends on the estimation method used. For the rest of this chapter, we will assume that Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression is being used to estimate the coefficients.
In OLS estimation, we want to find the coefficient values that produce the smallest sum of squared residuals. To do this, we first re-write the regression equation to isolate the error vector:
\[ \mathbf{e} = \mathbf{y} - \mathbf{Xb} \]
The sum of squared residual can be expressed in matrix notation as \(\mathbf{e}^{\intercal}\mathbf{e}\). This implies:
\[ \mathbf{e}^{\intercal}\mathbf{e} = (\mathbf{y} - \mathbf{Xb})^{\intercal} (\mathbf{y} - \mathbf{Xb}) \]
Using the rules of transposes and expanding the right-hand side, we get,
\[ \mathbf{y}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} - \mathbf{b}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} - \mathbf{y}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}\mathbf{b} + \mathbf{b}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}\mathbf{b} \]
Each of these terms is a \(1\times 1\) matrix10, which implies that each term is equal to its transpose. We will re-write the third term \(\mathbf{y}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}\mathbf{b}\) as its transpose \(\mathbf{b}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y}\). Re-writing, we get:
\[ \mathbf{y}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} - \mathbf{b}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} - \mathbf{b}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} + \mathbf{b}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}\mathbf{b} \]
Combining the two middle terms,
\[ \mathbf{y}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} - 2\mathbf{b}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} + \mathbf{b}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}\mathbf{b} \]
To find the values for the elements in b that minimize the equation, we differentiate this expression with respect to b.
\[ \frac{\delta}{\delta\mathbf{b}}~\mathbf{y}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} - 2\mathbf{b}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} + \mathbf{b}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X}\mathbf{b} \]
Although calculus, especially calculus on matrices, is beyond the scope of this book, Fox (2009) gives the interested reader some mathematical background on optimization (i.e., minimizing). For now you just need to understand we can optimize a function by computing its derivative, setting the derivative equal to 0, and solving for any remaining unknowns.
Differentiating this we get
\[ -2\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} + 2\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{Xb} \]
We set this equal to zero and solve for b.
\[ \begin{split} -2\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} + 2\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{Xb} &= 0 \\[2ex] 2\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{Xb} &= 2\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} \\[2ex] \mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{Xb} &= \mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} \end{split} \]
This representation of the OLS equations:
\[ \mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{Xb} = \mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} \]
is referred to as the Normal Equations. It is the basis for many methods of soving for b.
To isolate b we pre-multiply both sides of the equation by \((\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X})^{-1}\).
\[ \begin{split} (\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X})^{-1}(\mathbf{X}^{\prime}\mathbf{X})\mathbf{b} &= (\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X})^{-1}(\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y}) \\[2ex] \mathbf{I}\mathbf{b} &= (\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X})^{-1}\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} \\[2ex] \mathbf{b} &= (\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X})^{-1}\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} \end{split} \]
The vector of regression coefficients can be obtain from:
\[ \mathbf{b} = (\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{X})^{-1}\mathbf{X}^{\intercal}\mathbf{y} \]
This implies that the vector of regression coefficients can be obtained directly through manipulation of the design matrix and the vector of outcomes. In other words, the OLS coefficients is a direct function of the data.
19.2.1 Example Using Data
We will use the following toy data set to illustrate how regression is carried out via matrix algebra.
| ID | SAT | GPA | Self-Esteem | IQ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 560 | 3.0 | 11 | 112 |
| 2 | 780 | 3.9 | 10 | 143 |
| 3 | 620 | 2.9 | 19 | 124 |
| 4 | 600 | 2.7 | 7 | 129 |
| 5 | 720 | 3.7 | 18 | 130 |
| 6 | 380 | 2.4 | 13 | 82 |
Say we wanted to fit a regression model using SAT and Self-Esteem to predict variation in GPA. We can estimate the regression coefficients by creating a design matrix (X), the vector of outcomes (y), and then using matrix algebra.
# Create vector of outcomes
= c(3.0, 3.9, 2.9, 2.7, 3.7, 2.4)
y
# Create design matrix
= matrix(
X data = c(
rep(1, 6),
560, 780, 620, 600, 720, 380,
11, 10, 19, 7, 18, 13
),ncol = 3
)
# View X
X
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 560 11
[2,] 1 780 10
[3,] 1 620 19
[4,] 1 600 7
[5,] 1 720 18
[6,] 1 380 13
# Estimate coefficients
= solve(t(X) %*% X) %*% t(X) %*% y
b b
[,1]
[1,] 0.659213517
[2,] 0.003805501
[3,] 0.009186998
Let’s compare this to the estimates given in the lm()
function.
# Create data frame
= data.frame(
d GPA = c(3.0, 3.9, 2.9, 2.7, 3.7, 2.4),
SAT = c(560, 780, 620, 600, 720, 380),
Self = c(11, 10, 19, 7, 18, 13)
)
# Fit model
.1 = lm(GPA ~ 1 + SAT + Self, data = d)
lm
# View coefficients
coef(lm.1)
(Intercept) SAT Self
0.659213517 0.003805501 0.009186998
The matrix algebra and lm()
function produce identical coefficient estimates.
19.3 The \(\mathbf{X}^\intercal\mathbf{X}\) Matrix
In computing estimates, the matrix that must be inverted is \(\mathbf{X}^\intercal\mathbf{X}\). In simple regression (with a single predictor) this is:
\[ \begin{split} \mathbf{X}^\intercal\mathbf{X} &= \begin{bmatrix}1 & 1 & 1 & \ldots & 1\\ X_1 & X_2 & X_3 & \ldots & X_n\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}1 & X_1\\ 1 & X_2\\ 1 & X_3\\ \vdots & \vdots\\ 1& X_n\end{bmatrix} \\[2ex] &= \begin{bmatrix}n & \sum X_i\\ \sum X_i & \sum X_i^2\end{bmatrix} \end{split} \] The determninant can then be found as:
\[ \begin{split} \begin{vmatrix}n & \sum X_i\\ \sum X_i & \sum X_i^2\end{vmatrix} &= n\sum X_i^2 - \bigg(\sum X_i\bigg)^2 \\[2ex] &= n\sum X_i^2 - (n\bar{X})^2 \\[2ex] &= n \bigg(\sum X_i^2 - n\bar{X}^2\bigg) \\[2ex] &= n \sum(X_i - \bar{X})^2 \end{split} \]
This will be a positive value as long as there is variation in X, which implies that the inverse of \(\mathbf{X}^\intercal\mathbf{X}\) should exist. Note that when there is very little variation in X, it may be that the inverse is computationally singular.
When the design matrix expands to include more than one predictor, this is also the case. The inverse of the \(\mathbf{X}^\intercal\mathbf{X}\) matrix can be computed as long as there is variation in the predictors and no one predictor is a linear combination of the other columns in the design matrix.
References
You should verify that the dimension of each term is \(1\times 1\).↩


Incomplete patterns
Categories
Tree semantics - jobs, locations
--------------------------------
The TAS tenant APIs have the concept of categories - a hierarchical system for categorizing jobs and candidates, which allows:
- searching for jobs that match candidates
- actively (candidate searches via UI)
- passively (candidate gets email when new jobs are posted that match their own profile)
- searching for candidates
- that match jobs
- by the tenant, when searching candidates
- by the tenant to create a search agent for candidates, possibly immediately after searching
For some categories, jobs are restricted to only having a single leaf node (category value).
General principles
------------------
Each category is an ordered list of one or more trees.
Within the trees, any node that has no children is a leaf. A node with children is a folder. A leaf becomes a folder as soon as a leaf is added to it.
A folder becomes a leaf when the last leaf is removed from it - i.e. a folder can never be empty.
There can be any number of trees, each starting from a single root node. The smallest possible category is a single leaf (i.e. a single tree with a root node having no child nodes).
A selection is a combined set of explicit folder selections and leaf selections. If a selection contains an explicit folder selection, that implicitly
selects all of that folder's leaves and sub-folders.
Examples
---------
Job
---
Store jobs
Support office jobs
IT
Marketing
Location
--------
Store locations
Asia
..
EMEA
Support office locations
Australia
..
Work type
---------
Store work types
Part-time
Support office work types
Remuneration
------------
Store roles
Support office roles
Hourly rate
Salary
20K - 30K
..
Example tree
------------
The following tree is used in the examples below:
/a
/b
/d
/e
/c
/f
/g
/h
/i
Normalizing selections
----------------------
A set of category values should be "normalized", which specifically means that:
- any folder or leaf must be selected (explicitly or implicitly) only once - i.e., it is invalid to select both a node and one its ancestor nodes.
- the minimum possible number of folder and leaf selections must be used - i.e., it is invalid to explicitly select all of the leaves
beneath a folder without any differing details - the folder itself should be selected instead.
The following are correctly normalized:
/a
/b,/f
/a,/h
The following are not:
/b,/c (since /a would be more minimal)
/a,/b (since /a implies /b)
/d,/e (since /b would be more minimal)
/f (since /c would be more minimal)
A selection that was valid can become invalid due to changes in the master data. For example:
/d becomes invalid if the master data changes to:
/a
/b
/d
/c
/f
(Since /b would be more minimal).
Unprofiled subjects and searching
---------------------------------
When searching, it is desirable, for any given category, to match subjects (i.e. candidates and jobs) that have no values for that category.
This allows the tenant to add new factors over time (e.g. work type), without instantly filtering out all existing candidates and jobs from searches (at least until they have profiled
themselves against the new category), and it also allows candidates to have "no selection" for factors they don't care about (e.g. work type).
To achieve this, searching follows a brute force rule that if a subject has no values for a category, then at the point of being filtered, they are given temporary selections of
the root node of every tree in the category.
For example, if Fred has no values for the example category, then instead Fred is treated as if he has:
/a,/g
There are shortcomings with this, e.g. a candidate who is profiled as Job == Gardening Center and Location == East Brunswick Support Office could be said
to have no selection for location, since there are no gardening jobs at the support offices. But there are no simple solutions so this is the best we can do.
Merging a profile onto an existing multi-valued subject (candidate, recruiter saved search)
--------------------------------------------
Where the candidate has no profile:
The profile is applied, even though it effectively shrinks the candidate's search presence
Aggregating specificity across a number of root nodes
-----------------------------------------------------
The individual specificities are all calculated, then the maximum is used.
* and then across numerous factors *
General searching/matching
--------------------------
Factors are AND-ed.
Selections within individual factors are OR-ed.
Searching with an entire factor omitted
---------------------------------------
Generally, search subjects that have an empty selection are treated as if they have just the root node selected,
which means that they will match any search.
In more complex organizations, trees cannot be treated this simply, since things like location behave as a distinct set of subtrees. For example, only
certain locations are relevant for the Position Type "Assistant
Gardening Team Supervisor". In this case, the empty selection refers just to part of the tree being empty.
ISSUE - should an artificial "ALL LOCATIONS" node be injected into the distilled location tree in a search UI when searching for "Assistant Gardening Team Supervisor" candidates?
If so, how is selection of that artificial node represented:
- on the wire, in parms to the "search candidates" API?
- on the wire, in parms to the "profile candidate" API?
If the answer to the above is "as an empty location selection", then are we moving towards allowing multiple root nodes? Since there is no need/use in having a single root node just to act as a "select all" actor?
Specificity
-----------
Specificity, a measure of how specific a selection is, where a lower number means the selection is more specific, is simply the count
of explicitly or implicitly selected leaves.
For example, a candidate who has selected a single job has a specificity of 1, whereas a candidate who has selected the root node, thus explicitly
selecting all 213 leaf nodes, has a specificity of 213.
Specificity is useful in ranking search results - for example a candidate who has selected only "butchery roles" is
a more likely fit than, and should appear in search results before, someone who has "all megacorp roles".
Hiding nodes
------------
Sometimes, a hiding selection can be applied to a tree. One example is hiding old, disused business groups that need to remain
in the tree but should not be selected for new positions.
A hiding selection must be normalized as per the same rules as a selection - e.g., hiding both a node and one of its ancestors is invalid.
Applying a hiding selection to a tree gives the result set. By "applying", we mean:
- for each hidden node
- remove all direct and indirect descendant nodes
- remove the hidden node itself
- moving up through the ancestors, remove any ancestor that no longer has any child nodes
The last step above ensures that all nodes in the result tree are of the same type (leaf or folder) as they were before hiding. Without this step,
hiding the only leaf in a folder would result in the folder transforming to a leaf.
ISSUE: WHAT ABOUT stripping out ancestor folders that have only one child after hiding?


https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html
venv - Creation of virtual environments
The 'venv' module provides support for creating lightweight virtual environments with their own site directories. Each virtual environment has its own Python binary (which matches the version of the binary that was used to create this environment) and can have its own independent set of installed Python packages in its site directories.
# Debian 10 apt package - python3-venv $ python3 -m venv VE1 # creating the virtual environment in the VE1 directory $ ls VE1 bin include lib lib64 pyvenv.cfg share $ cat VE1/pyvenv.cfg home = /usr/bin include-system-site-packages = false version = 3.7.3
# Windows 10 c:\> python -m venv c:\path\to\myenv # Suggestion: use the directory c:\VIRTUAL\VE1
This will create the 'VE1' directory if it doesn’t exist, and also create directories inside it containing a copy of the Python interpreter, the standard library, and various supporting files. A common directory location for a virtual environment is '.venv'. Once you’ve created a virtual environment, you may activate it.
$ source VE1/bin/activate # for the bash shell in Linux # source VE1/bin/activate.csh # for the tcsh shell in Linux # C:\> EV1\Scripts\activate.bat # for cmd.exe in Windows # PS C:\> EV1\Scripts\Activate.ps1 # for PowerShell in Windows (VE1) $ python Python 3.7.3 (default, Jan 22 2021, 20:04:44) [GCC 8.3.0] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import sys >>> sys.executable '/home/andrzej/VIRTUAL/VE1/bin/python' >>> quit() (VE1) $ pip list Package Version ------------- ------- pip 18.1 pkg-resources 0.0.0 setuptools 40.8.0 (VE1) $ pip install PrettyTable Collecting PrettyTable Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/26/1b/42b59a4038bc0442e3a0085bc0de385658131eef8a88946333f870559b09/prettytable-2.1.0-py3-none-any.whl Collecting wcwidth (from PrettyTable) Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/59/7c/e39aca596badaf1b78e8f547c807b04dae603a433d3e7a7e04d67f2ef3e5/wcwidth-0.2.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl Collecting importlib-metadata; python_version < "3.8" (from PrettyTable) Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/8e/e2/49966924c93909d47612bb47d911448140a2f6c1390aec2f4c1afbe3748f/importlib_metadata-4.0.1-py3-none-any.whl Collecting zipp>=0.5 (from importlib-metadata; python_version < "3.8"->PrettyTable) Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/0f/8c/715c54e9e34c0c4820f616a913a7de3337d0cd79074dd1bed4dd840f16ae/zipp-3.4.1-py3-none-any.whl Collecting typing-extensions>=3.6.4; python_version < "3.8" (from importlib-metadata; python_version < "3.8"->PrettyTable) Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/2e/35/6c4fff5ab443b57116cb1aad46421fb719bed2825664e8fe77d66d99bcbc/typing_extensions-<IP_ADDRESS>-py3-none-any.whl Installing collected packages: wcwidth, zipp, typing-extensions, importlib-metadata, PrettyTable Successfully installed PrettyTable-2.1.0 importlib-metadata-4.0.1 typing-extensions-<IP_ADDRESS> wcwidth-0.2.5 zipp-3.4.1 (VE1) $ pip list Package Version ------------------ -------- importlib-metadata 4.0.1 pip 18.1 pkg-resources 0.0.0 prettytable 2.1.0 setuptools 40.8.0 typing-extensions <IP_ADDRESS> wcwidth 0.2.5 zipp 3.4.1 (VE1) $ deactivate $


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Note:
This page has been enhanced for printing. Click the print button at the bottom of the invoice to test.AdminLTE, Inc. Date:
From
[(${@environment.getProperty('shop.adddress1')})]
[(${@environment.getProperty('shop.adddress2')})]
[(${invoice.supplier.phone})]
[(${@environment.getProperty('shop.email')})]
[(${@environment.getProperty('shop.adddress1')})]
[(${@environment.getProperty('shop.adddress2')})]
[(${invoice.supplier.phone})]
[(${@environment.getProperty('shop.email')})]
To
[(${@environment.getProperty('shop.adddress1')})]
[(${@environment.getProperty('shop.adddress2')})]
[(${@environment.getProperty('shop.phone')})]
[(${@environment.getProperty('shop.email')})]
[(${@environment.getProperty('shop.adddress1')})]
[(${@environment.getProperty('shop.adddress2')})]
[(${@environment.getProperty('shop.phone')})]
[(${@environment.getProperty('shop.email')})]
Invoice #
Order ID: 4F3S8J
Payment Due:
Account: 968-34567
Order ID: 4F3S8J
Payment Due:
Account: 968-34567
| Product | Quantity | Unit Price | Discount | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Payment Methods:
You can pay this following payment method.
Amount Due
| Discount: | $ |
|---|---|
| Tax (9.3%) | $10.34 |
| Total: | $ |
| Net Amount: | $ |


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SNOBOL4FUNC(1) | CSNOBOL4B 2.0 | January 1, 2015
NAME
snobol4func – SNOBOL4 summary of built-in functions
DESCRIPTION
-
ANY(charset)
-
Pattern: returns a pattern that matches one character in the STRING
charset.
Standard.
-
APPLY(func,arg1,...)
-
Function: calls function func with the supplied arguments.
Standard.
-
ARBNO(pattern)
-
Pattern: returns a pattern that matches zero or more repeats of pattern.
I:.
-
ARG(func,n)
-
Function: returns the name of the nth argument to function func.
Standard.
-
ARRAY(proto,value)
-
Data: Creates an ARRAY object.
Standard.
-
ATAN(arg)
-
Math: Returns the principal value of the arc tangent of its argument.
Extension from SNOBOL4+?, added in CSNOBOL4 1.4.
-
BACKSPACE(unit)
-
I/O: Not implemented!! See SET() and SSET().
Standard.
-
BREAK(charset)
-
Pattern: Returns a pattern that matches the longest run of one or more
characters NOT in string charset.
Standard.
-
BREAKX(charset)
-
Pattern: A pattern function used for fast
scanning. BREAKX(str) is equivalent to
BREAK(str) ARBNO(LEN(1) BREAK(str)).
-
-
In other words BREAKX matches a sequence of ever larger strings
terminated by a break set. BREAKX can be used as a faster matching
replacement for ARB: BREAKX('S') 'STRING' always runs faster
than ARB 'STRING' since it only attempts matching 'STRING' at
locations where an 'S' has been detected.
SPITBOL 360 Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.
-
CHAR(n)
-
String: takes an integer from 0 to 255 and returns the
nth character in &ALPHABET.
SPITBOL 360 Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.
SNOBOL4+ has a CHR() function.
-
CHOP(real)
-
Math: truncates the fractional part of its argument
(rounding towards zero), and returns a REAL value.
SPITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.4.
-
CLEAR()
-
Interpreter: Clears ALL natural variable values (including predefined pattern
variables ABORT, ARB, BAL, FENCE, REM, and SUCCEED).
Standard.
-
CODE(str)
-
Interpreter: Compiles the argument as source code and returns a CODE
value, suitable for use with :<code>. If execution falls
off the end of the code, the program will exit.
Standard.
-
COLLECT(n)
-
Interpreter: Triggers garbage collection. Returns failure if less than
n bytes are available after collection.
Standard.
-
CONVERT(value,type)
-
Data: Convert value to data type type. Can convert TABLE to ARRAY
for iteration over members.
Standard.
-
COPY(value)
-
Data: returns a copy of the supplied value. Copies of
ARRAY, DATA and TABLE objects are “shallow”: the returned
object will point to the same objects as the source container.
Standard.
-
COS(argument)
-
Math: Return cosine of argument in radians.
SNOBOL4+ Extension?, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.4.
-
DATA(prototype)
-
Data: Declares a DATA struct type. prototype is of the form
name(field,...). name is declared as a “constructor”
function, and each field is declared as an “accessor” function
for the type. Any number of types can use the same field names
(regardless of position).
Standard.
-
DATATYPE(value)
-
Data: Returns a string with the data type of value, one of:
ARRAY, BLOCK, CODE, EXPRESSION, EXTERNAL, INTEGER,
NAME, PATTERN, REAL, STRING, TABLE, or a DATA() type name.
Standard.
-
DATE()
-
String: returns MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM:SS.
Standard.
For compatibility with Catspaw Macro SPITBOL,
since CSNOBOL4 version 0.99.4
DATE(0) returns strings of the form MM/DD/YY HH:MM:SS, and
DATE(2) returns strings of the form YYYY-MM-YY HH:MM:SS.
-
DEFINE(prototype[,label])
-
Functions: declares a function using prototype of the form
“name([argname,...])[localname,...]”.
Optional label supplies the function entry point.
Standard.
-
DELETE(filename)
-
I/O: A predicate which tries to remove the
named file, and fails if it cannot.
SITBOL Extension: added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.5.
-
DETACH(name)
-
I/O: Detach any I/O associations for named variable.
Standard.
-
DIFFER(val1,val2)
-
Predicate: Succeeds if the supplied values refer to different objects,
strings, or numeric values.
Standard.
-
DUMP(n)
-
Data: dumps natural variable values to stdout if argument n is non-zero.
Standard.
-
DUPL(string,n)
-
String: Returns a string with n copies of argument string.
Standard.
-
ENDFILE(unit)
-
I/O: Closes the file attached to I/O unit unit.
Standard.
-
EQ(i1,i2)
-
Predicate: Succeeds if i1 is arithmetically equal to i2.
Standard.
-
EVAL(v)
-
Interpreter: Evaluates v (an unevaluated expression,
INTEGER, REAL, or STRING), and returns the result;
returns failure on syntax error or the expression fails.
Standard.
-
EXIT(arg)
-
System: Passes process control to a shell to execute arg as a command.
Returns failure if arg is not a STRING.
SPITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL.
Does NOT implement “save file” feature of SPITBOL.
-
EXP(x)
-
Math: returns the value e ** x.
SPITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.4.
-
FIELD(name,n)
-
Data: Returns a string with the name of the nth member of
DATA() type name.
Standard.
-
FILE(string)
-
I/O: A predicate which tests if a file exists, and fails if it does not.
SITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.5.
-
FILE_ABSPATH(string)
-
I/O: A predicate which returns null if its argument is an absolute file path,
and failure if the path is relative.
CSNOBOL4 Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 1.5.
-
FILE_ISDIR(string)
-
I/O: A predicate which returns the null string if its argument is the
pathname of a directory, and returns failure if not.
CSNOBOL4 Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 1.5.
-
FREEZE(table)
-
Data: prohibits creation of new entries in the referenced table. This
is useful once a table has been initialized to avoid creating empty
entries on lookups that fail. This can greatly improve program speed,
since frozen tables will not become clogged with empty entries.
Lookups for uninitialized entries will return the null string.
Attempts to assign to a non-existent entry will cause a “Variable not
present where required” error.
SNOBOL4+ Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.2.
-
FUNCTION(name)
-
Function: A predicate which evaluates its argument as a string
(with case folding), and returns the null string if a function with that
name exists and fails if it does not.
SITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.99.44.
-
GE(i1,i2)
-
Predicate: Succeeds if i1 is arithmetically equal than or equal to i2.
Standard.
-
GT(i1,i2)
-
Predicate: Succeeds if i1 is arithmetically equal than i2.
Standard.
-
HOST(i,...)
-
System: This ought to be on it's own man page!!
The host.sno -INCLUDE contains symbolic defines for these
(and many other) functions:
-
-
With no parameters returns a string describing the system
the program is running on. The string contains three parts, separated
by colons. The first part describes the physical architecture, the
second describes the operating system, and the third describes the
language implementation name. NOTE! Architecture names come from the
uname(3) library call, and may be different for the same hardware
when running different operating systems. Example:
amd64:FreeBSD 10.0:CSNOBOL4B 2.0
-
-
HOST(0) returns a string containing the command line parameter
supplied to the -u option, if any. If no -u option was given,
HOST(0) returns the concatenation of all user parameters following
the input filename(s).
-
-
HOST(1,string) passes the string to the system(3) C
library function, and returns the subprocess exit status.
-
-
HOST(2,n) for integer n returns the n'th command line
argument (regardless of whether the argument was the command name, an
option, a filename or a user parameter) as a string, or failure if
n is out of range.
-
-
HOST(3) returns an integer for use with HOST(2) indicating the
first command line argument available as a user parameter.
-
-
HOST(4,string) returns the value of the environment variable
named string.
-
-
SPITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.4.
-
IDENT(v1,v2)
-
Predicate: Succeeds if the supplied values refer to the same object,
string, or numeric value.
Standard.
-
INPUT(variable,unit,opt,name)
-
I/O: Associate variable for input, see snobol4io(1).
Standard.*
-
INTEGER(value)
-
Predicate: Succeed if value is an INTEGER.
Standard.
-
IO_FINDUNIT()
-
I/O: Returns an unused I/O unit number for
use with the INPUT() or OUTPUT() functions. IO_FINDUNIT() is
meant for use in subroutines which can be reused. IO_FINDUNIT()
will never return a unit number below 20.
CSNOBOL4 Extension, added in version 0.99.4.
-
ITEM(a,i1,...)
-
Data: Reference an element of an ARRAY or TABLE which is the result
of an expression (ie; $variable).
Standard.
-
LABEL(name)
-
Predicate: Evaluates argument as a string (with case folding), and returns the
null string if a label with that name has been defined, and fails if
it does not.
Steve Duff's Macro SPITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 1.5*.
SITBOL has a LABEL function which returns a CODE pointer.
Added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.99.44, but unreliable until version 1.5.
-
LE(i1,i2)
-
Predicate: tests if first argument is arithmetically less than or
equal to second argument.
Standard.
-
LEN(n)
-
Pattern: Returns a PATTERN which matches exactly n characters.
Standard.
-
LEQ(s1,s2)
-
Predicate: tests if first argument is lexically equal to second argument.
SPITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.2.
-
LGE(S1,S2)
-
Predicate: tests if first argument is lexically greater than or equal to second
argument.
SPITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.2.
-
LGT(s1,s2)
-
Predicate: tests if first argument is lexically greater than second argument.
SPITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.2.
-
LLE(s1,s2)
-
Predicate: tests if first argument is lexically less than or equal to second
argument.
SPITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.2.
-
LLT(s1,s2)
-
Predicate: tests if first argument is lexically less than second argument.
SPITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.2.
-
LNE(s1,s2)
-
Predicate: tests if first argument is lexically different from second argument.
SPITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.2.
-
LN(value)
-
Math: an alias for LOG(),
SPITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 1.4.
-
LOAD(prototype,file)
-
Function: Load an external function from dynamically loaded library file.
Standard.
-
LOCAL(name,n)
-
Interpreter: Returns a STRING with the nth argument to function named
name.
Standard.
-
LOG(value)
-
Math: returns the natural logarithm of its argument.
Extension from SNOBOL4+, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.4.
-
LPAD(str,n,char)
-
String: Takes the first argument (subject) string, and left pads it
out to the length specified in the second argument, using the first
character of the optional third argument. If the third argument is
missing, or is the null string, spaces will be used for padding. The
subject will be returned unmodified if already long enough.
SPITBOL 360 Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.
-
LT(i1,i2)
-
Predicate: Succeeds if i1 is arithmetically less than i2.
Standard.
-
NE(i1,i2)
-
Predicate: Succeeds if i1 is arithmetically not equal to i2.
Standard.
-
NOTANY(charset)
-
Pattern: Returns a pattern which matches on character NOT present in
STRING charset.
Standard.
-
OPSYN(new,old,n)
-
Interpreter: If n omitted (or zero), new and old are treated
as function names, and new becomes a synonym for old: A call to a
synonym MUST have the correct number of arguments; trailing arguments
can NOT be omitted. If n is 1, new and old are treated as unary
operators, or function names. If n is 2, new and old are treated
as binary operators, or function names.
Standard.
-
ORD(string)
-
String: returns the INTEGER ordinal value (zero to 255) of the
first character in its string argument (the inverse of CHAR()).
CSNOBOL4 Extension, added in version 0.99.44.
SNOBOL4+ has an ASC() function.
-
OUTPUT(variable,unit,options,name)
-
I/O: Associate variable for output, see snobol4io(1).
Standard*.
-
POS(n)
-
Pattern: Returns a pattern which succeeds if the pattern matching
cursor is at (non-negative INTEGER) position n, or fails.
Standard.
-
PROTOTYPE(a)
-
Data: Returns the prototype of ARRAY a.
Standard.
-
REMDR(n,m)
-
Math: Returns the remainder from dividing INTEGER n with INTEGER m.
Standard.
-
RENAME(new,old)
-
I/O: A predicate which attempts
to rename the file named by old to the name new.
Extension from SITBOL: added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.5.
Unlike the SITBOL version, if the target file exists, it will be removed.
-
REPLACE(str,charset1,charset2)
-
String: Returns a string with each character str that appears in
charset1 replaced by the corresponding character in .
Standard.
-
REVERSE(str)
-
String: returns its subject string in reverse order.
SPITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.2.
-
REWIND(unit)
-
I/O: Reset input pointer of file associated with unit to start of file.
Standard.
-
RPAD(str,n,char)
-
String: Takes the first argument (subject) string, and right pads it
out to the length specified in the second argument, using the first
character of the optional third argument. If the third argument is
missing, or is the null string, spaces will be used for padding. The
subject will be returned unmodified if already long enough.
SPITBOL 360 Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.
-
RPOS(n)
-
Pattern: Returns a pattern which succeeds if the pattern
matching cursor is at (non-negative INTEGER) position n, counting
from the end of the subject string, or fails.
Standard.
-
RSORT(ta,c)
-
Data: see SORT().
Macro SPITBOL extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.
-
RTAB(n)
-
Pattern: Returns a PATTERN which matches all characters
up to (non-negative INTEGER) position n, counting from the end of
the subject string; matching fails if cursor is past position n.
REM is a synonym for RTAB(0).
Standard.
-
SERV_LISTEN(family,type,service)
-
I/O: takes three STRING arguments and makes snobol4(1) into a
network server process. family must be either "inet" for an Internet
Protocol v4 socket, "inet6" for an Internet Protocol v6 socket, or
"unix" for a local (“unix domain”) socket. The second argument, TYPE
must be "stream", and the third argument, service must be a port
number or service name (for an internet socket), or a pathname (for a
"unix" socket). SERV_LISTEN() listens for incoming requests, accepts
them, then “forks” a child process and returns an integer file
descriptor which can be opened for bidirectional I/O using a
"/dev/fd/n" magic pathname. The original (“parent”) process never
returns from the SERV_LISTEN() call. This function is only available
on systems with the “fork” system call, which makes a child process
which is an identical copy of the parent process.
CSNOBOL4 Extension, added in version 0.99.44
-
SET(unit,offset,whence)
-
I/O: Seeks the file pointer of an open file. The
first argument is an I/O unit number, the second is an integer offset.
The third argument, an integer determines from “whence” the file
pointer will be adjusted. If whence is zero the starting point is the
beginning of the file, if whence is one, the starting point is the
current file pointer, and if whence is two, the starting point is the
end of the file. SET() returns the new file pointer value. On
systems with 64-bit file pointers and 32-bit integers the values
will be truncated to 32 bits, and only the first and last 4 gigabytes
of a file can be accessed directly: see SSET().
Catspaw Macro SPITBOL Extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.99.1.
-
SETEXIT(label)
-
Interpreter: The argument to SETEXIT() is the name of a label to
pass control to if a subsequent error occurs, when the keyword
&ERRLIMIT is non-zero. The value of &ERRLIMIT is positive, it is
decremented when the error trap occurs. A SETEXIT() call with a
null argument causes cancellation of the intercept. Subsequent
errors will terminate execution as usual with an error message. The
result returned by SETEXIT() is the previous intercept setting
(i.e., a label name or null if no intercept is set). This can be used
to save and restore the SETEXIT() conditions in a recursive
environment, or chain handlers.
-
-
The error intercept routine may inspect &ERRTYPE,
&ERRTEXT, &LASTNO, &LASTFILE, &LASTLINE,
and take one of the following actions:
-
-
1. Branching to the special label ABORT causes error processing to
resume as though no error intercept had been set.
-
-
2. Branching to the special label CONTINUE causes program execution to
resume by taking the failure exit of the statement in error.
-
-
3. Branching to the special label SCONTINUE causes execution to
resume at the point of interruption.
-
-
4. If the error occurred inside a function (&FNCLEVEL is
non-zero), branch to labels RETURN, FRETURN, or NRETURN
to return from the function.
-
-
The error intercept routine must reissue the SETEXIT() in order to
catch further errors. Handlers cannot be nested: only one copy of the
saved execution state is kept.
-
-
Extension from SPITBOL 360, added in CSNOBOL4 version 1.4.
-
SIN(argument)
-
Math: Return sine of argument in radians.
SNOBOL4+ Extension?, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.4.
-
SIZE(string)
-
String: returns the length of the STRING argument.
Standard.
-
SORT(ta,c)
-
Data: takes two arguments. The first can be either an array or a table.
If the first argument is an array,
it may be singly-dimensioned in which case the second argument, if
non-null should indicate the name of a field of a programmer defined
data type to use to access the sort key. Otherwise the first argument
should be a table or a doubly-dimensioned array, in which case the
second argument may an integer indicating the array column on which to
sort. If the second argument is null, it is taken to be 1. The array
(or table) is not modified; a new array is allocated and returned.
SORT() sorts elements in ascending order, while RSORT() sorts in
descending order.
-
-
Example: for a table TAB of integers, indexed by strings being used
to tabulate word counts FREQ = RSORT(TAB,2) returns an array such
that FREQ<1,1> contains the most frequent word while
FREQ<1,2> contains the number of occurrences of that word.
While WORDS = SORT(TAB,1) returns an array with the rows by the
lexicographical ordering of the words; WORDS<1,1> contains
the lexicographically first word and WORDS<1,2> contains the
number of occurrences of that word.
Macro SPITBOL extension?, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.
-
SPAN(charset)
-
Pattern: Returns a pattern that matches the longest run of one or more
characters in string charset.
Standard.
-
SQRT(argument)
-
Math: Return the square root. Fails if the argument is negative.
Extension from SPITBOL, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.90.
-
SSET(unit,offset,whence,scale)
-
I/O: “scaled set” function, to handle files larger than 4GB
on systems with 32-bit INTEGER variables.
The first three arguments analogous to the same arguments for the
SET() function. The last parameter is used as a multiplicative
scaling factor on the offset parameter, and as a divisor on the
return value. When used in combination with relative SET() calls
(whence of one), any file offset can be achieved, even when system
file offsets are larger than can be represented in a SNOBOL4
INTEGER. Support for “Large Files” is enabled when available,
but not all file systems support large files.
CSNOBOL4 Extension, added in version 0.99.44.
-
STOPTR(name,type)
-
Interpreter: Disable type tracing for name.
Standard.
-
SUBSTR(subject,pos,len)
-
String: Takes a subject string as its first argument, and returns
the substring starting at the position specified by the second
argument (one-based) with a length specified by the third argument.
If the third argument is missing or zero, the remainder of the string
is returned.
SPITBOL 360 extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.2.
-
TAB(n)
-
Pattern: Returns a PATTERN which matches all characters up
to (non-negative INTEGER) position n; matching fails if cursor is past
position n.
Standard.
-
TABLE(n,m)
-
Data: Return a TABLE object, with (optional) initial size n
and additional extent size m.
Standard.
-
TAN(argument)
-
Math: Return tangent of argument in radians.
SNOBOL4+ extension?, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.4.
-
THAW(table)
-
Data: restores normal entry creation behavior after FREEZE().
SNOBOL4+ extension, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.98.2.
-
TIME()
-
Interpreter: Returns program execution time in milliseconds.
Standard (returning INTEGER).
Returns REAL since CSNOBOL4 0.99.44.
-
TRACE(name,type,id,func)
-
Intrepreter: Associates name for type (VALUE, CALL, RETURN,
FUNCTION, LABEL, KEYWORD) tracing; id is included in trace output;
func is optional name of function to call. See snobol4key(1) for
&TRACE and &FTRACE keywords.
Standard.
SPITBOL extension of first letter of trace type accepted since CSNOBOL4 2.0.
-
TRIM(str)
-
String: Returns str with trailing blanks and tabs removed.
Standard.
-
UNLOAD(name)
-
Function: Removes the function definition for function name.
Standard.
-
VALUE(name)
-
Interpreter: An “accessor” function, defined for STRING and NAME,
so that user data types can declare a VALUE field, and allow uniform
treatment of variables and user types.
Standard.
-
VDIFFER(v1,v2)
-
Misc: If the two arguments, DIFFER(), the first argument's value is
returned. This is intended to be used in contexts where DIFFER(X) X
would otherwise have been used.
Extension from Steve Duff's Macro SPITBOL, added in CSNOBOL4 version 0.99.44.
NOTES
A “predicate” is a function that either returns the null string or failure.
An “accessor” is a function which returns it's value by NAME
(and can be used on the right hand side of an assignment).
BUGS
Descriptions are too brief!!
See
http://www.snobol4.org/docs/books.html#green
for Standard function definitions.
Need to research origins of “SPITBOL” extensions!
SEE ALSO
snobol4(1),
snobol4blocks(1).


Archive 2015 February February 19, 2015 » Tufte-style Jekyll blog February 8, 2015 » Welcome to Jekyll! 2011 December December 29, 2011 » Jekyll Introduction


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: "[淘宝趣闻]淘宝上实物照片的可靠程度" author: Leask author_login: leask author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>author_url: https://leaskh.com wordpress_id: 171 wordpress_url: http://leaskh.wordpress.com/2009/05/25/%e6%b7%98%e5%ae%9d%e8%b6%a3%e9%97%bb%e6%b7%98%e5%ae%9d%e4%b8%8a%e5%ae%9e%e7%89%a9%e7%85%a7%e7%89%87%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%af%e9%9d%a0%e7%a8%8b%e5%ba%a6 date: '2009-05-25 05:51:14 +0800' date_gmt: '2009-05-25 05:51:14 +0800' categories: tags: [] comments: [] ---


This record stores an external data range.
Record Data — BIFF8
|
Offset |
Name |
Size |
Contents |
|
4 |
grbit |
2 |
Option flags; see following table. |
|
6 |
itblAutoFmt |
2 |
Index to autoformat table. |
|
8 |
grbitAtrAutoFmt |
2 |
Low-order 6 bits contain autoformat attribute flag bits; the high-order 10 bits are reserved. |
|
10 |
(Reserved) |
4 |
Reserved; must be 0 (zero). |
|
14 |
cchName |
1 |
Length of name. |
|
15 |
rgchName |
var |
Name string. |
The grbit field contains the option flags listed in the following table.
|
Bits |
Mask |
Name |
Contents |
|
0 |
0001h |
fTitles |
=1 if the range contains titles |
|
1 |
0002h |
fRowNums |
=1 if the range uses row numbers |
|
2 |
0004h |
fDisableRefresh |
=1 if refresh is disabled |
|
3 |
0008h |
fAsync |
=1 if the records are to be retrieved in the background |
|
4 |
0010h |
fNewAsync |
=1 if this is the first query of a new external data range and the records are to be retrieved in the background |
|
5 |
0020h |
fRefreshOnLoad |
=1 if this range should be refreshed every time the file is loaded |
|
6 |
0040h |
fGrowShrink |
=1 if cells are inserted and deleted as the number of rows and columns grows and shrinks during external data range refresh |
|
7 |
0080h |
fFill |
=1 if the range has a fill applied |
|
8 |
0100h |
fAutoFormat |
=1 if the range has an autoformat applied |
|
9 |
0200h |
fSaveData |
=0 if the range's cell data is saved as blank cells =1 if the range's cell data is saved |
|
10 |
0400h |
fDisableEdit |
=1 if the cells are locked for editing |
|
12-11 |
1800h |
(Reserved) |
Reserved; must be 0 (zero) |
|
13 |
2000h |
fOverwrite |
=1 if cells are overwritten and cleared as the number of rows and columns grows and shrinks during external data range refresh |
|
15–14 |
C000h |
(Reserved) |
Reserved; must be 0 (zero) |


{{extend 'layout.html'}} {{block head}}
Raj Patel is the Founder of StopStalk and has been working on it for more than 4 years now to provide as many features as possible for the Competitive Programmers out there.
He also works at Harness as a
Senior Software Engineer in the Platform team. The alumni of
IIIT-Hyderabad, is keen
on providing a platform for the users which would enhance their Competitive Programming by giving
interesting insights on their progress along with learning collectively with friends.
Also, he is the only one handling all the aspects of StopStalk as of now - Development, Support, Promotions, Infra, etc., apart from some generous contributions on Github. Feel free to reach out on<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for anything you want to discuss about StopStalk or anything else for that matter.


| Created: | 4/29/2013 12:00:00 AM |
| Modified: | 4/30/2013 3:40:16 PM |
| Project: | |
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| Element | Source Role | Target Role |
|
«ABIE» Customer Party Class |
Name: |
Name: Buyer Customer Party |
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Details:
The buyer.
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«ABIE» Document Reference Class |
Name: |
Name: |
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Details:
A reference to another document associated with this document.
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«ABIE» Exception Criteria Line Class |
Name: |
Name: |
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Details:
A line expressing an exception criterion setting thresholds beyond which an exception should be triggered.
|
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«ABIE» Party Class |
Name: |
Name: Receiver Party |
|
Details:
The party receiving this document.
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«ABIE» Party Class |
Name: |
Name: Sender Party |
|
Details:
The party sending this document.
|
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«ABIE» Period Class |
Name: |
Name: Validity Period |
|
Details:
The period of time during which the Exception Criteria is valid.
|
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«ABIE» Signature Class |
Name: |
Name: |
|
Details:
A signature applied to this document.
|
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|
«ABIE» Supplier Party Class |
Name: |
Name: Seller Supplier Party |
|
Details:
The seller.
|


Created using the Marker Cluster Utility. Zoom in to see cluster details. Tap on cluster to center it.
Download jQuery 1.4.X or higher and jQuery UI 1.8.X or higher or use Google or Microsoft CDN. Download the jQuery Google Maps Plugin. Download GMap Demo source for examples.


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| PREV NEXT | FRAMES NO FRAMES |
InputFormat
written for new
mapreduce
interface to be used unmodified in contexts where
a InputFormat
with old mapred
interface is required.MapredInputFormatWrapper
and stores
supplied real InputFormat
class name in job configuration.
|
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| PREV NEXT | FRAMES NO FRAMES |


Carlos Torres
I am a human person originally from Bernalillo, New Mexico, currently based in San Mateo, California. I like playing with data, building web apps, eating dinner, and a lot more.
Skills
- Languages
- Python
- SQL
- Bash and Batch
- Javascript
- Java (prior experience)
- C# (prior experience)
- Frameworks
- Django
- Flask
- SQLAlchemy
- Informatica
- Databases
- PostgreSQL
- SQL Server
- SQLite
- Oracle SQL
- Development Tools
- Git/GitHub/GitLab
- Travis CI
- Amazon Web Services
- Google Cloud Platform
- Heroku
Some personal projects
Bikeshare Data
This is a Python system to pull down data from the Capital Bikeshare REST API, and store it in a local DB. Streaming Change Data Capture is performed on the fact table which is updated at ten second intervals. Dimensions are pulled and compared against target in batch, twice daily.
Currently a backend only system, it utilizes SQLAlchemy as an ORM to map the API and DB data to objects. All data is stored in a Postgres DB on AWS RDS.
Resties
Resties is a web app for people who love restuarants. Users can create lists of restaurants, document visits, and store notes.
Resties is built on Python/Flask backend. Restaurant information is pulled from Google Places API. Reactive, Material based frontend is powered by Materialize CSS framework.
Resties source is deployed on Heroku, stored on GitHub, with Travis CI used to test and deploy.


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0/0 |
| components/text-container/components |
|
50% |
2/4 |
100% |
0/0 |
0% |
0/2 |
50% |
2/4 |
| components/text-field |
|
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |
| components/text-field/components |
|
100% |
12/12 |
100% |
4/4 |
100% |
6/6 |
100% |
12/12 |
| components/thumbnail |
|
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |
| components/thumbnail/components |
|
100% |
3/3 |
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
2/2 |
100% |
3/3 |
| components/tooltip |
|
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |
| components/tooltip/components |
|
28.57% |
2/7 |
100% |
0/0 |
0% |
0/5 |
28.57% |
2/7 |
| components/top-bar |
|
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |
| components/top-bar/components |
|
28.57% |
2/7 |
0% |
0/4 |
0% |
0/4 |
28.57% |
2/7 |
| components/visually-hidden |
|
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |
100% |
0/0 |


Welcome to my portfolio, please you can go through my profile by accessing the links above.They are very intresting please visit them. You can go through it and see how I started my coding journey.Above are also some projects I have worked on.


Get the best Laptop price in india from top brands.Pay for them on EMIs with Finacuity Digital Loan.
| # | EMI X Months | Down Payment | Original Price | Overall Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ₹2,920 X 25 m | ₹30,000 | ₹100,000/- | ₹1,03000/- |
| 2 | ₹2,143 X 35 m | ₹30,000 | ₹100,000/- | ₹1,05,000/- |
Buy the latest camera without worrying about the cost.With Finacuity Digital Loan.
| # | EMI X Months | Down Payment | Original Price | Overall Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ₹4,800 X 25 m | ₹35,000 | ₹150,000/- | ₹1,55,000/- |
| 2 | ₹3,485 X 35 m | ₹35,000 | ₹1,50,000/- | ₹1,57,000/- |
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| # | EMI X Months | Down Payment | Original Price | Overall Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ₹3,920 X 25 m | ₹25,000 | ₹1,20,000/- | ₹1,23,000/- |
| 2 | ₹2,857 X 35 m | ₹25,000 | ₹1,20,000/- | ₹1,25,000/- |