| 1 | /* | |
| 2 | * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more | |
| 3 | * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with | |
| 4 | * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. | |
| 5 | * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 | |
| 6 | * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with | |
| 7 | * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at | |
| 8 | * | |
| 9 | * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 | |
| 10 | * | |
| 11 | * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software | |
| 12 | * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, | |
| 13 | * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. | |
| 14 | * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and | |
| 15 | * limitations under the License. | |
| 16 | */ | |
| 17 | package org.apache.commons.io.output; | |
| 18 | ||
| 19 | import java.io.FilterOutputStream; | |
| 20 | import java.io.IOException; | |
| 21 | import java.io.OutputStream; | |
| 22 | ||
| 23 | /** | |
| 24 | * A Proxy stream which acts as expected, that is it passes the method | |
| 25 | * calls on to the proxied stream and doesn't change which methods are | |
| 26 | * being called. It is an alternative base class to FilterOutputStream | |
| 27 | * to increase reusability. | |
| 28 | *
 | |
| 29 | * See the protected methods for ways in which a subclass can easily decorate | |
| 30 | * a stream with custom pre-, post- or error processing functionality. | |
| 31 | * | |
| 32 | */ | |
| 33 | public class ProxyOutputStream extends FilterOutputStream { | |
| 34 | ||
| 35 | /** | |
| 36 | * Constructs a new ProxyOutputStream. | |
| 37 | * | |
| 38 | * @param proxy the OutputStream to delegate to | |
| 39 | */ | |
| 40 | public ProxyOutputStream(final OutputStream proxy) { | |
| 41 | super(proxy); | |
| 42 | // the proxy is stored in a protected superclass variable named 'out' | |
| 43 | } | |
| 44 | ||
| 45 | /** | |
| 46 | * Invokes the delegate's write(int) method. | |
| 47 | * @param idx the byte to write | |
| 48 | * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs | |
| 49 | */ | |
| 50 | @Override | |
| 51 | public void write(final int idx) throws IOException { | |
| 52 | try { | |
| 53 |
2
1. write : Substituted 1 with 0 → SURVIVED 2. write : removed call to org/apache/commons/io/output/ProxyOutputStream::beforeWrite → SURVIVED |
beforeWrite(1); |
| 54 |
1
1. write : removed call to java/io/OutputStream::write → KILLED |
out.write(idx); |
| 55 |
2
1. write : Substituted 1 with 0 → SURVIVED 2. write : removed call to org/apache/commons/io/output/ProxyOutputStream::afterWrite → SURVIVED |
afterWrite(1); |
| 56 | } catch (final IOException e) { | |
| 57 |
1
1. write : removed call to org/apache/commons/io/output/ProxyOutputStream::handleIOException → NO_COVERAGE |
handleIOException(e); |
| 58 | } | |
| 59 | } | |
| 60 | ||
| 61 | /** | |
| 62 | * Invokes the delegate's write(byte[]) method. | |
| 63 | * @param bts the bytes to write | |
| 64 | * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs | |
| 65 | */ | |
| 66 | @Override | |
| 67 | public void write(final byte[] bts) throws IOException { | |
| 68 | try { | |
| 69 |
4
1. write : Substituted 0 with 1 → SURVIVED 2. write : removed conditional - replaced equality check with false → SURVIVED 3. write : negated conditional → KILLED 4. write : removed conditional - replaced equality check with true → KILLED |
final int len = bts != null ? bts.length : 0; |
| 70 |
1
1. write : removed call to org/apache/commons/io/output/ProxyOutputStream::beforeWrite → SURVIVED |
beforeWrite(len); |
| 71 |
1
1. write : removed call to java/io/OutputStream::write → SURVIVED |
out.write(bts); |
| 72 |
1
1. write : removed call to org/apache/commons/io/output/ProxyOutputStream::afterWrite → SURVIVED |
afterWrite(len); |
| 73 | } catch (final IOException e) { | |
| 74 |
1
1. write : removed call to org/apache/commons/io/output/ProxyOutputStream::handleIOException → NO_COVERAGE |
handleIOException(e); |
| 75 | } | |
| 76 | } | |
| 77 | ||
| 78 | /** | |
| 79 | * Invokes the delegate's write(byte[]) method. | |
| 80 | * @param bts the bytes to write | |
| 81 | * @param st The start offset | |
| 82 | * @param end The number of bytes to write | |
| 83 | * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs | |
| 84 | */ | |
| 85 | @Override | |
| 86 | public void write(final byte[] bts, final int st, final int end) throws IOException { | |
| 87 | try { | |
| 88 |
1
1. write : removed call to org/apache/commons/io/output/ProxyOutputStream::beforeWrite → NO_COVERAGE |
beforeWrite(end); |
| 89 |
1
1. write : removed call to java/io/OutputStream::write → NO_COVERAGE |
out.write(bts, st, end); |
| 90 |
1
1. write : removed call to org/apache/commons/io/output/ProxyOutputStream::afterWrite → NO_COVERAGE |
afterWrite(end); |
| 91 | } catch (final IOException e) { | |
| 92 |
1
1. write : removed call to org/apache/commons/io/output/ProxyOutputStream::handleIOException → NO_COVERAGE |
handleIOException(e); |
| 93 | } | |
| 94 | } | |
| 95 | ||
| 96 | /** | |
| 97 | * Invokes the delegate's flush() method. | |
| 98 | * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs | |
| 99 | */ | |
| 100 | @Override | |
| 101 | public void flush() throws IOException { | |
| 102 | try { | |
| 103 |
1
1. flush : removed call to java/io/OutputStream::flush → NO_COVERAGE |
out.flush(); |
| 104 | } catch (final IOException e) { | |
| 105 |
1
1. flush : removed call to org/apache/commons/io/output/ProxyOutputStream::handleIOException → NO_COVERAGE |
handleIOException(e); |
| 106 | } | |
| 107 | } | |
| 108 | ||
| 109 | /** | |
| 110 | * Invokes the delegate's close() method. | |
| 111 | * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs | |
| 112 | */ | |
| 113 | @Override | |
| 114 | public void close() throws IOException { | |
| 115 | try { | |
| 116 |
1
1. close : removed call to java/io/OutputStream::close → NO_COVERAGE |
out.close(); |
| 117 | } catch (final IOException e) { | |
| 118 |
1
1. close : removed call to org/apache/commons/io/output/ProxyOutputStream::handleIOException → NO_COVERAGE |
handleIOException(e); |
| 119 | } | |
| 120 | } | |
| 121 | ||
| 122 | /** | |
| 123 | * Invoked by the write methods before the call is proxied. The number | |
| 124 | * of bytes to be written (1 for the {@link #write(int)} method, buffer | |
| 125 | * length for {@link #write(byte[])}, etc.) is given as an argument. | |
| 126 | *
 | |
| 127 | * Subclasses can override this method to add common pre-processing | |
| 128 | * functionality without having to override all the write methods. | |
| 129 | * The default implementation does nothing. | |
| 130 | * | |
| 131 | * @since 2.0 | |
| 132 | * @param n number of bytes to be written | |
| 133 | * @throws IOException if the pre-processing fails | |
| 134 | */ | |
| 135 | protected void beforeWrite(final int n) throws IOException { | |
| 136 | } | |
| 137 | ||
| 138 | /** | |
| 139 | * Invoked by the write methods after the proxied call has returned | |
| 140 | * successfully. The number of bytes written (1 for the | |
| 141 | * {@link #write(int)} method, buffer length for {@link #write(byte[])}, | |
| 142 | * etc.) is given as an argument. | |
| 143 | *
 | |
| 144 | * Subclasses can override this method to add common post-processing | |
| 145 | * functionality without having to override all the write methods. | |
| 146 | * The default implementation does nothing. | |
| 147 | * | |
| 148 | * @since 2.0 | |
| 149 | * @param n number of bytes written | |
| 150 | * @throws IOException if the post-processing fails | |
| 151 | */ | |
| 152 | protected void afterWrite(final int n) throws IOException { | |
| 153 | } | |
| 154 | ||
| 155 | /** | |
| 156 | * Handle any IOExceptions thrown. | |
| 157 | *
 | |
| 158 | * This method provides a point to implement custom exception | |
| 159 | * handling. The default behaviour is to re-throw the exception. | |
| 160 | * @param e The IOException thrown | |
| 161 | * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs | |
| 162 | * @since 2.0 | |
| 163 | */ | |
| 164 | protected void handleIOException(final IOException e) throws IOException { | |
| 165 | throw e; | |
| 166 | } | |
| 167 | ||
| 168 | } | |
Mutations | ||
| 53 |
1.1 2.2 |
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| 54 |
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| 55 |
1.1 2.2 |
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| 57 |
1.1 |
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| 69 |
1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 |
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| 70 |
1.1 |
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| 71 |
1.1 |
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| 72 |
1.1 |
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| 74 |
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| 88 |
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| 118 |
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Get a local copy of EscherConverter from here. As a Java� application, the only thing needed is a valid Java(JRE) 8+ installation present. After that you can either open the JAr by double-clicking it or use it from the command line as below.
On Unix-like system (Ubuntu, Fedora, macOS, etc.):
bash$ java -jar -Xms8G -Xmx8G -Duser.language=en ./EscherConverter.jar --help
On Windows:
C:\> javaw -jar -Xms8G -Xmx8G -Duser.language=en EscherConverter-0.5 --help
EscherConverter includes several third-party libraries, which we here list and acknowledge:
--help, -?
Displays help information
--input=<string>
Specifies the JSON input file. If a directory is given, the conversion will be recursively performed. Accepts JSON.
--output=<string>
The path to the file into which the output should be written. If the input is a directory, this must also be a directory in order to perform a recursive conversion. Accepts SBML, SBGN.
--canvas-default-height=<float [1,1E9]>
Just as in the case of the width of the canvas, this value needs to be specified for cases where the JSON input file lacks an explicit specification of the canvas height.
--canvas-default-width=<float [1,1E9]>
This value is used when no width has been defined for the canvas. Since the width attribute is mandatory for the layout, a default value must be provided in these cases.
--label-height=<float [1,1E9]>
With this option you can specify the height of the bounding box of text labels.
--label-width=<float [1,1E9]>
This option defines the width of bounding boxes for text labels.
--node-depth=<float [1,1E9]>
The length of nodes along z-coordinate. Escher maps are actually two-dimensional, but in general, a layout can be three-dimensional. This value should be an arbitrary value greater than zero, because some rendering engines might not display the node if its depth is zero.
--node-label-height=<float [1,1E9]>
Node labels can have a size different from general labels in the graph. Here you can specify how height the bounding box of the labels for nodes should be.
--primary-node-height=<float [1,1E9]>
The primary node should be bigger than the secondary node. With this option you can specify the height of this type of nodes.
--primary-node-width=<float [1,1E9]>
Escher maps distinguish between primary and secondary nodes. Primary nodes should be larger than secondary nodes and display the main flow of matter through the network. This option allows you to specify the width of primary nodes.
--reaction-label-height=<float [1,1E9]>
Reaction label height
--reaction-node-ratio=<float [0,1]>
This value is used as a conversion factor to determine the size of the reaction display box depending on the size of primary nodes. Height and width of reaction nodes are determined by dividing the corresponding values from the primary node size by this factor.
--secondary-node-ratio=<float [0,1]>
Similar to the reaction node ratio, the size of secondary nodes (width and height) is determined by dividing the corresponding values from the primary nodes by this value.
--z=<float [-1E9,1E9]>
The position on the z-axis where the entire two-dimensional graph should be drawn.
--format=<string {SBGN,SBML,Escher}>
The desired format for the conversion, e.g., SBML.
--layout-id=<string>
In contrast to the name, this identifier does not have to be human-readable. This is a machine identifier, which must start with a letter or underscore and can only contain ASCII characters.
--layout-name=<string>
This should be a human-readable name for the layout that is to be created. This name might be displayed to describe the figure and should therefore be explanatory.
--compartment-id=<string>
A compartment needs to have a unique identifier, which needs to be a machine-readable Sting that must start with a letter or underscore and can only contain ASCII characters. Since the JSON file does not provide this information, this option allows you to specify the required identifier.
--compartment-name=<string>
With this option it is possible to define a name for the default compartment can be that needs to be generated for the conversion to SBML. The name does not have any restrictions, i.e., any UTF-8 character can be used.
--infer-compartment-bounds=<boolean>
This converter can infer where the boundaries of compartments could be drawn. To this end, it uses each node's BiGG ids to identify the compartment of all metabolites. Assuming that compartments have rectangular shapes, the algorithm can find the outermost node on each side of the box and hence obtain the boundaries of the compartment. However, this methods will fail when metabolites are drawn inside of such a box that belong to a different compartment that is actually further outside. For this reason, this option is deactivated by default.
--combine=<boolean>
If the SBML file contains more than one layout, whether to combine them or not. False by default.
--extract-cobra=<boolean>
If SBMl file is FBC compliant, then extract COBRA model from it. Defaults to false.
--check-for-updates=<boolean>
If true, when application is started it checks for updates on the internet.
--gui=<boolean>
If true, graphical user interface is displayed.
--log-level=<string {"OFF","SEVERE","WARNING","INFO","CONFIG","FINE","FINER","FINEST","ALL"}>
Change the log-level of this application. This option will influence how fine-grained error and other log messages will be that you receive while executing this program.
--log-file=<string>
This option allows you to specify a log file to which all information of the program will be written. Accepts log-File (*.log).


A great conference educates, enlightens, and inspires professionals. We at Mindful Systems & Solutions organise and deliver tailor-made conferences on Cutting-Edge Technologies and Latest Software Trends.
The key to a great conference is maximising engagement and letting the power of your message speak for itself. Ensuring that delegates are engaged throughout is essential, but it’s also crucial to get the fundamentals just right, so that attendees are never left wondering where they should be or what happens next.
Our team at MSAS will help you keep everything under control, with no stress, so you can concentrate on Inspiring, Learning and Motivating.
Why Choose Us
Whether you are organising a customer-facing user conference or an internal summit to update and educate your employees, MSAS can provide the support required to ensure your conference delivers against its objectives and makes a positive lasting impression on your attendees.
Our team’s speciality
We’re big on spectacle but we never lose track of the details. We can take care of every aspect of event and conference management, as well as the behind the scenes logistics. So, when the big day comes, you’re free to mingle with your delegates and enjoy watching all your hard work come together.
We pickup project at any stage
It doesn’t matter which stage of the event planning process you are at – we can always step in to make things easier for you. We love to join you from the very beginning (always a good place to start!) to ensure that your event/conference will run smoothly from conception to execution. Our aim is always to get right under the skin of your organisation, so we fully understand the business behind the event to ensure your needs and expectations are not just met but exceeded.


Browse the market space of restaurants by filtering on restaurant rating, price, and
cuisine. Click the "Filter Results" button below to see your filters applied. Competitor restaurants
that match
your filters will be rendered RED, complementary restaurants will be
rendered in CYAN, and all other restaurants will be rendered GREY. After filtering to include
all restaurants that are considered competitors and complements, move to step 2 below.
Price range
Yelp Rating
Competitor Cuisines
Complementary Cuisines
2.
Find a Location based on Your Priorities
After filtering the market place, rank the priorities
below by clicking from the list on the left. When satisfied with the ranking, indicate the relative
importance of your criteria by clicking one of the blue boxes below. By default, any ranked criteria are
equally weighted and any criteria that remain "Not important" are not considered.
Not important
Proximity of complements
Proximity of competitors
Population density
Population income
Crimes in the neighborhood
Order of importance
How important is your first priority compared to your last priority?


Audio controls allow seek beyond end of Vorbis Audio recording, displays incorrect timing information
Steps to reproduce:
Affected browsers:


com.cmput301f20t14.bookbox.activities
Classes
AddBookActivity
EditBookActivity
HandOverActivity
HomeActivity
ListsActivity
LocationActivity
MainActivity
NotificationsActivity
ProfileActivity
ReceiveActivity
RegisterUserActivity
ScanningActivity
SearchActivity
UserSearchActivity
ViewBookRequestsActivity


Class: ActionDispatch::PermissionsPolicy
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Namespace Children | |
|
Modules:
| |
|
Classes:
| |
| Inherits: | Object |
| Defined in: | actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/permissions_policy.rb |
Overview
Configures the HTTP Feature-Policy response header to specify which browser features the current document and its iframes can use.
Example global policy:
Rails.application.config. do |policy|
policy.camera :none
policy.gyroscope :none
policy.microphone :none
policy.usb :none
policy.fullscreen :self
policy.payment :self, "https://secure.example.com"
end
The Feature-Policy header has been renamed to Permissions-Policy. The Permissions-Policy requires a different implementation and isn’t yet supported by all browsers. To avoid having to rename this middleware in the future we use the new name for the middleware but keep the old header name and implementation for now.
Constant Summary
-
DIRECTIVES =
private
# File 'actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/permissions_policy.rb', line 89
List of available permissions can be found at github.com/w3c/webappsec-permissions-policy/blob/master/features.md#policy-controlled-features
{ accelerometer: "accelerometer", ambient_light_sensor: "ambient-light-sensor", autoplay: "autoplay", camera: "camera", encrypted_media: "encrypted-media", fullscreen: "fullscreen", geolocation: "geolocation", gyroscope: "gyroscope", hid: "hid", idle_detection: "idle_detection", magnetometer: "magnetometer", microphone: "microphone", midi: "midi", payment: "payment", picture_in_picture: "picture-in-picture", screen_wake_lock: "screen-wake-lock", serial: "serial", sync_xhr: "sync-xhr", usb: "usb", web_share: "web-share", }.freeze
-
MAPPINGS =
private
# File 'actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/permissions_policy.rb', line 82{ self: "'self'", none: "'none'", }.freeze
Class Method Summary
- .new {|_self| ... } ⇒ PermissionsPolicy constructor
Instance Attribute Summary
- #directives readonly
Instance Method Summary
- #build(context = nil)
- #initialize_copy(other)
- #apply_mapping(source) private
- #apply_mappings(sources) private
- #build_directive(sources, context) private
- #build_directives(context) private
- #resolve_source(source, context) private
Constructor Details
.new {|_self| ... } ⇒ PermissionsPolicy
# File 'actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/permissions_policy.rb', line 116
def initialize @directives = {} yield self if block_given? end
Instance Attribute Details
#directives (readonly)
[ GitHub ]# File 'actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/permissions_policy.rb', line 114
attr_reader :directives
Instance Method Details
#apply_mapping(source) (private)
[ GitHub ]# File 'actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/permissions_policy.rb', line 172
def apply_mapping(source) MAPPINGS.fetch(source) do raise ArgumentError, "Unknown HTTP permissions policy source mapping: #{source.inspect}" end end
#apply_mappings(sources) (private)
[ GitHub ]# File 'actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/permissions_policy.rb', line 159
def apply_mappings(sources) sources.map do |source| case source when Symbol apply_mapping(source) when String, Proc source else raise ArgumentError, "Invalid HTTP permissions policy source: #{source.inspect}" end end end
#build(context = nil)
[ GitHub ]# File 'actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/permissions_policy.rb', line 154
def build(context = nil) build_directives(context).compact.join("; ") end
#build_directive(sources, context) (private)
[ GitHub ]# File 'actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/permissions_policy.rb', line 190
def build_directive(sources, context) sources.map { |source| resolve_source(source, context) } end
#build_directives(context) (private)
[ GitHub ]# File 'actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/permissions_policy.rb', line 178
def build_directives(context) @directives.map do |directive, sources| if sources.is_a?(Array) "#{directive} #{build_directive(sources, context).join(' ')}" elsif sources directive else nil end end end
#initialize_copy(other)
[ GitHub ]# File 'actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/permissions_policy.rb', line 121
def initialize_copy(other) @directives = other.directives.deep_dup end
#resolve_source(source, context) (private)
[ GitHub ]# File 'actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/permissions_policy.rb', line 194
def resolve_source(source, context) case source when String source when Symbol source.to_s when Proc if context.nil? raise RuntimeError, "Missing context for the dynamic permissions policy source: #{source.inspect}" else context.instance_exec(&source) end else raise RuntimeError, "Unexpected permissions policy source: #{source.inspect}" end end


--- layout: post title: Towards an Open Standard for Political Jurisdictions date: 2013-05-20 21:46:59.000000000 -04:00 type: post parent_id: '0' published: true password: '' status: publish categories: - Results tags: [] meta: _edit_last: '43578620' _publicize_pending: '1' author: login: openelections email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: openelections first_name: '' last_name: '' ---
When we started OpenElections, one of our goals was to make sure that we used a common set of identifiers that users could rely on in the data we produce. For political jurisdictions like states and counties, that usually has meant using Federal Information Processing Standards codes, or FIPS. These are five-digit numbers assigned to individual states, counties and other locations. In the drafting of our election metadata and results formats, however, we've proposed adopting the Open Civic Data Division Identifiers, an open source project that seeks "to provide somewhat predictable and globally unique identifiers for political divisions of all kinds."
One reason for doing so is that the identifiers are more descriptive than FIPS codes, including both machine and human-readable representations of states and other jurisdictions. For example, here's North Carolina's 2nd Congressional District:
ocd-division/country:us/state:nc/cd:2
Or, at a more local level, here is Washington D.C.'s Ward 8:
ocd-division/country:us/district:dc/ward:8
Another reason to use these identifiers, as you can see, is that the OCD Division Identifiers could support data beyond the United States. While OpenElections is only focused on the results of American elections, to the extent that others may want to extend our formats to other countries it shouldn't require large-scale changes to do so. We've had some great discussions of other aspects of our formats on our Google Group, and we welcome your input as we work towards releasing the second version of our election metadata and results data formats. Join in!


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 The four statisticians suggest four different 50% confidence procedures. We will outline the four confidence procedures; first, we describe a trivial procedure that no one would ever suggest. An applet allowing readers to sample from these confidence procedures is available at the link in the caption for Figure 1.
A trivial 50% confidence procedure can be constructed by using the ordering of the bubbles. If \(y_1>y_2\), we construct an interval that contains the whole ocean, \((-\infty,\infty)\). If \(y_2>y_1\), we construct an interval that contains only the single, exact point directly under the middle of the rescue boat. This procedure is obviously a 50% confidence procedure; exactly half of the time — when \(y_1>y_2\) — the rescue hatch will be within the interval. We describe this interval merely to show that by itself, a procedure including the true value \(X\%\) of the time means nothing (see also Basu, 1981). We must obviously consider something more than the confidence property, which we discuss subsequently.
The first statistician suggests building a confidence procedure using the sampling distribution of the mean \(\bar{x}\). The sampling distribution of \(\bar{x}\) has a known triangular distribution with \(\theta\) as the mean. With this sampling distribution, there is a 50% probability that \(\bar{x}\) will differ from \(\theta\) by less than \(5 - 5/\sqrt{2}\), or about 1.46m. We can thus use \(\bar{x} - \theta\) as a so-called “pivotal quantity” (see Casella & Berger, 2002 and the supplement to this manuscript for more details) by noting that there is a 50% probability that \(\theta\) is within this same distance of \(\bar{x}\) in repeated samples. This leads to the confidence procedure \[ \bar{x} \pm (5 - 5/\sqrt{2}), \] which we call the “sampling distribution” procedure. This procedure also has the familiar form \(\bar{x} \pm C\times SE\), where here the standard error (that is, the standard deviation of the estimate \(\bar{x}\)) is known to be 2.04.
The second statistician notes that \(\theta\) is both the mean and median bubble location. Olive (2008) and Rusu & Dobra (2008) suggest a nonparametric confidence procedure for the median that in this case is simply the interval between the two observations: \[ \bar{x} \pm d/2. \] It is easy to see that this must be a 50% confidence procedure; the probability that both observations fall below \(\theta\) is \(.5\times .5=.25\), and likewise for both falling above. There is thus a 50% chance that the two observations encompass \(\theta\). Coincidentally, this is the same as the 50% Student’s \(t\) procedure for \(n=2\).
The third statistician, citing Welch (1939), describes a procedure that can be thought of as a slight modification of the nonparametric procedure. Suppose we obtain a particular confidence interval using the nonparametric procedure. If the nonparametric interval is more than 5 meters wide, then it must contain the hatch, because the only possible values are less than 5 meters from both bubbles. Moreover, in this case the interval will contain impossible values, because it will be wider than the likelihood. We can exclude these impossible values by truncating the interval to the likelihood whenever the width of the interval is greater than 5 meters: \[ \bar{x} \pm \left\{\begin{array}{lllr} \frac{d}{2} & \mbox{if} & d < 5 & \mbox{(nonparametric procedure)}\\ 5 - \frac{d}{2} &\mbox{if} & d \geq 5 & \mbox{(likelihood)} \end{array} \right. \] This will not change the probability that the interval contains the hatch, because it is simply replacing one interval that is sure to contain it with another. Pratt (1961) noted that this interval can be justified as an inversion of the uniformly most-powerful (UMP) test.
The fourth statistician suggests an objective Bayesian procedure. Using this procedure, we simply take the central 50% of the likelihood as our interval: \[ \bar{x} \pm \frac{1}{2}\left(5 - \frac{d}{2}\right). \] From the objective Bayesian viewpoint, this can be justified by assuming a prior distribution that assigns equal probability to each possible hatch location. In Bayesian terms, this procedure generates “credible intervals” for this prior. It can also be justified under Fisher’s fiducial theory; see Welch (1939).
John Tukey has said that the collective noun for a group of statisticians is “quarrel” (McGrayne, 2011).↩


Chapter 1 Introduction to R and data manipulation
1.1 Seminar
In this seminar session, we introduce working with R. We illustrate some basic functionality and help you familiarise yourself with the look and feel of RStudio. Measures of central tendency and dispersion are easy to calculate in R. We focus on introducing the logic of R first and then describe how central tendency and dispersion are calculated in the end of the seminar.
1.1.1 Getting Started
Install R and RStudio on your computer by downloading them from the following sources:
- Download R from The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN)
- Download RStudio from RStudio.com
1.1.2 RStudio
Let’s get acquainted with R. When you start RStudio for the first time, you’ll see three panes:
1.1.3 Console
The Console in RStudio is the simplest way to interact with R. You can type some code at the Console and when you press ENTER, R will run that code. Depending on what you type, you may see some output in the Console or if you make a mistake, you may get a warning or an error message.
Let’s familiarize ourselves with the console by using R as a simple calculator:
2 + 4
[1] 6
Now that we know how to use the +
sign for addition, let’s try some other mathematical operations such as subtraction (-
), multiplication (*
), and division (/
).
10 - 4
[1] 6
5 * 3
[1] 15
7 / 2
[1] 3.5
| You can use the cursor or arrow keys on your keyboard to edit your code at the console: - Use the UP and DOWN keys to re-run something without typing it again - Use the LEFT and RIGHT keys to edit |
Take a few minutes to play around at the console and try different things out. Don’t worry if you make a mistake, you can’t break anything easily!
1.1.4 Functions
Functions are a set of instructions that carry out a specific task. Functions often require some input and generate some output. For example, instead of using the +
operator for addition, we can use the sum
function to add two or more numbers.
sum(1, 4, 10)
[1] 15
In the example above, 1, 4, 10
are the inputs and 15 is the output. A function always requires the use of parenthesis or round brackets ()
. Inputs to the function are called arguments and go inside the brackets. The output of a function is displayed on the screen but we can also have the option of saving the result of the output. More on this later.
1.1.5 Getting Help
Another useful function in R is help
which we can use to display online documentation. For example, if we wanted to know how to use the sum
function, we could type help(sum)
and look at the online documentation.
help(sum)
The question mark ?
can also be used as a shortcut to access online help.
?sum
Use the toolbar button shown in the picture above to expand and display the help in a new window.
Help pages for functions in R follow a consistent layout generally include these sections:
| Description | A brief description of the function |
| Usage | The complete syntax or grammar including all arguments (inputs) |
| Arguments | Explanation of each argument |
| Details | Any relevant details about the function and its arguments |
| Value | The output value of the function |
| Examples | Example of how to use the function |
1.1.6 The Assignment Operator
Now we know how to provide inputs to a function using parenthesis or round brackets ()
, but what about the output of a function?
We use the assignment operator <-
for creating or updating objects. If we wanted to save the result of adding sum(1, 4, 10)
, we would do the following:
myresult <- sum(1, 4, 10)
The line above creates a new object called myresult
in our environment and saves the result of the sum(1, 4, 10)
in it. To see what’s in myresult
, just type it at the console:
myresult
[1] 15
Take a look at the Environment pane in RStudio and you’ll see myresult
there.
To delete all objects from the environment, you can use the broom button as shown in the picture above.
We called our object myresult
but we can call it anything as long as we follow a few simple rules. Object names can contain upper or lower case letters (A-Z
, a-z
), numbers (0-9
), underscores (_
) or a dot (.
) but all object names must start with a letter. Choose names that are descriptive and easy to type.
| Good Object Names | Bad Object Names |
|---|---|
| result | a |
| myresult | x1 |
| my.result | this.name.is.just.too.long |
| my_result | |
| data1 |
1.1.7 Sequences
We often need to create sequences when manipulating data. For instance, you might want to perform an operation on the first 10 rows of a dataset so we need a way to select the range we’re interested in.
There are two ways to create a sequence. Let’s try to create a sequence of numbers from 1 to 10 using the two methods:
- Using the colon
:
operator. If you’re familiar with spreadsheets then you might’ve already used:
to select cells, for exampleA1:A20
. In R, you can use the:
to create a sequence in a similar fashion:
1:10
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
- Using the
seq
function we get the exact same result:
seq(from = 1, to = 10)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The seq
function has a number of options which control how the sequence is generated. For example to create a sequence from 0 to 100 in increments of 5
, we can use the optional by
argument. Notice how we wrote by = 5
as the third argument. It is a common practice to specify the name of argument when the argument is optional. The arguments from
and to
are not optional, se we can write seq(0, 100, by = 5)
instead of seq(from = 0, to = 100, by = 5)
. Both, are valid ways of achieving the same outcome. You can code whichever way you like. We recommend to write code such that you make it easy for your future self and others to read and understand the code.
seq(from = 0, to = 100, by = 5)
[1] 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
[18] 85 90 95 100
Another common use of the seq
function is to create a sequence of a specific length. Here, we create a sequence from 0 to 100 with length 9, i.e., the result is a vector with 9 elements.
seq(from = 0, to = 100, length.out = 9)
[1] 0.0 12.5 25.0 37.5 50.0 62.5 75.0 87.5 100.0
Now it’s your turn:
- Create a sequence of odd numbers between 0 and 100 and save it in an object called
odd_numbers
odd_numbers <- seq(1, 100, 2)
- Next, display
odd_numbers
on the console to verify that you did it correctly
odd_numbers
[1] 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45
[24] 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91
[47] 93 95 97 99
What do the numbers in square brackets
[ ]
mean? Look at the number of values displayed in each line to find out the answer.- Use the
length
function to find out how many values are in the objectodd_numbers
.- HINT: Try
help(length)
and look at the examples section at the end of the help screen.
- HINT: Try
length(odd_numbers)
[1] 50
1.1.8 Scripts
The Console is great for simple tasks but if you’re working on a project you would mostly likely want to save your work in some sort of a document or a file. Scripts in R are just plain text files that contain R code. You can edit a script just like you would edit a file in any word processing or note-taking application.
Create a new script using the menu or the toolbar button as shown below.
Once you’ve created a script, it is generally a good idea to give it a meaningful name and save it immediately. For our first session save your script as seminar1.R
| Familiarize yourself with the script window in RStudio, and especially the two buttons labeled Run and Source |
There are a few different ways to run your code from a script.
| One line at a time | Place the cursor on the line you want to run and hit CTRL-ENTER or use the Run button |
| Multiple lines | Select the lines you want to run and hit CTRL-ENTER or use the Run button |
| Entire script | Use the Source button |
1.1.9 Working with Data
In the previous section, R may have seemed fairly labour-intensive. We had to enter all our data manually and each line of code had to be written into the command line. Fortunately this isn’t routinely the case, as we can use scripts to keep track of our code. Type the following into the script:
#This is my first R script
My.Data<- data.frame(0:10, 20:30)
print(My.Data)
X0.10 X20.30
1 0 20
2 1 21
3 2 22
4 3 23
5 4 24
6 5 25
7 6 26
8 7 27
9 8 28
10 9 29
11 10 30
In the scripting window if you highlight all the code you have written and press the “Run” button on the top on the scripting window you will see that the code is sent to the command line and the text on the line after the # is ignored. From now on you should type your code in the scripting window and then use the Run button to execute it. If you have an error then edit the line in the script and hit run again. The My.Data
object is a data frame in need of some sensible column headings. You can add these by typing:
#Add column names
colnames(My.Data)<- c("X", "Y")
#print My.Data object to check names were added successfully.
print(My.Data)
X Y
1 0 20
2 1 21
3 2 22
4 3 23
5 4 24
6 5 25
7 6 26
8 7 27
9 8 28
10 9 29
11 10 30
Until now we have generated the data used in the examples above. One of R’s great strengths is its ability to load in data from almost any file format. Comma Separated Value (CSV) files are our preferred choice. These can be thought of as stripped down Excel spreadsheets. They are an extremely simple format so they are easily machine readable and can therefore be easily read in and written out of R. Since we are now reading and writing files it is good practice to tell R what your working directory is.
This is the folder on the computer where you wish to store the data files you are working with. You can create a folder called “POL252” for example. If you are using RStudio, on the lower right of the screen is a window with a “Files” tab. If you click on this tab you can then navigate to the folder you wish to use. You can then click on the “More”" button and then “Set as Working Directory”. You should then see some code similar to the below appear in the command line. It is also possible to type the code in manually.
#Set the working directory. The bit between the "" needs to specify the path to the folder you wish to use (you will see my file path below). You may need to create the folder first.
setwd("~/POL252") # Note the single / (\\ will also work).
One way of opening data is by using the read.csv()
function. The file can be saved in your computer (preferably in your working directory) or even online. When we want to download a file, we need to add the url between quotation marks (“”). We are going to load a dataset that shows London’s historic population for each of its Boroughs.
#Load a dataset in a csv file
pop <- read.csv("https://data.london.gov.uk/download/historic-census-population/2c7867e5-3682-4fdd-8b9d-c63e289b92a6/census-historic-population-borough.csv")
To view the object type, we use:
class(pop)
[1] "data.frame"
We now know that the type is data frame, which will have implications for our future seminars. We can also look at the contents of the object. Data frames can be too large to show in the console, so we usually look at the beginning of the dataset - head()
- or the end - tail()
.
head(pop)
Area.Code Area.Name Persons.1801 Persons.1811 Persons.1821
1 00AA City of London<PHONE_NUMBER>00 125000
2 00AB Barking and Dagenham 3000 4000 5000
3 00AC Barnet 8000 9000 11000
4 00AD Bexley 5000 6000 7000
5 00AE Brent 2000 2000 3000
6 00AF Bromley 8000 9000 11000
Persons.1831 Persons.1841 Persons.1851 Persons.1861 Persons.1871
1<PHONE_NUMBER>00<PHONE_NUMBER>00 75000
2 6000 7000 8000 8000 10000
3 13000 14000 15000 20000 29000
4 9000 11000 12000 15000 22000
5 3000 5000 5000 6000 19000
6 12000 14000 16000 22000 42000
Persons.1881 Persons.1891 Persons.1901 Persons.1911 Persons.1921
1 51000 38000 27000 20000 14000
2 13000 19000 27000 39000 44000
3 41000 58000 76000<PHONE_NUMBER>00
4 29000 37000 54000 60000 76000
5 31000 65000<PHONE_NUMBER>00 184000
6 62000 83000<PHONE_NUMBER>00 127000
Persons.1931 Persons.1939 Persons.1951 Persons.1961 Persons.1971
1 11000 9000 5000 4767 4000
2<PHONE_NUMBER>00<PHONE_NUMBER>92 161000
3<PHONE_NUMBER>00<PHONE_NUMBER>73 307000
4 95000<PHONE_NUMBER>00<PHONE_NUMBER>00
5<PHONE_NUMBER>00<PHONE_NUMBER>93 281000
6<PHONE_NUMBER>00<PHONE_NUMBER>40 305000
Persons.1981 Persons.1991 Persons.2001 Persons.2011
1 5864 4230 7181 7375
2<PHONE_NUMBER>28<PHONE_NUMBER>11
3<PHONE_NUMBER>06<PHONE_NUMBER>86
4<PHONE_NUMBER>04<PHONE_NUMBER>97
5<PHONE_NUMBER>03<PHONE_NUMBER>15
6<PHONE_NUMBER>20<PHONE_NUMBER>92
tail(pop)
Area.Code Area.Name Persons.1801 Persons.1811 Persons.1821
31 00BH Waltham Forest 8000 9000 11000
32 00BJ Wandsworth 13000 16000 19000
33 00BK Westminster<PHONE_NUMBER>00 298000
34 UKI1 Inner London<PHONE_NUMBER>000 1349000
35 UKI2 Outer London<PHONE_NUMBER>00 224000
36 H Greater London 1097000 1303000 1573000
Persons.1831 Persons.1841 Persons.1851 Persons.1861 Persons.1871
31 11000 12000 13000 17000 28000
32 23000 28000 36000 52000 99000
33<PHONE_NUMBER>00<PHONE_NUMBER>00 524000
34 1624000 1904000 2308000 2745000 3244000
35<PHONE_NUMBER>00<PHONE_NUMBER>00 602000
36 1878000 2207000 2651000 3188000 3841000
Persons.1881 Persons.1891 Persons.1901 Persons.1911 Persons.1921
31 54000<PHONE_NUMBER>00<PHONE_NUMBER>00
32<PHONE_NUMBER>00<PHONE_NUMBER>00 380000
33<PHONE_NUMBER>00<PHONE_NUMBER>00 390000
34 3906000 4432000 4898000 5002000 4978000
35<PHONE_NUMBER>000 1609000 2160000 2408000
36 4713000 5572000 6510000 7162000 7387000
Persons.1931 Persons.1939 Persons.1951 Persons.1961 Persons.1971
31<PHONE_NUMBER>00<PHONE_NUMBER>91 235000
32<PHONE_NUMBER>00<PHONE_NUMBER>51 302000
33<PHONE_NUMBER>00<PHONE_NUMBER>03 240000
34 4898000 4441000 3680000 3492881 3031000
35 3213000 4176000 4513000 4504213 4422000
36 8110000 8615000 8197000 7997094 7452000
Persons.1981 Persons.1991 Persons.2001 Persons.2011
31<PHONE_NUMBER>43<PHONE_NUMBER>49
32<PHONE_NUMBER>62<PHONE_NUMBER>95
33<PHONE_NUMBER>43<PHONE_NUMBER>96
34 2497978 2343133 2766065 3231901
35 4215187 4050435 4405992 4942040
36 6713165 6393568 7172057 8173941
To get to know a bit more about the file you have loaded R has a number of useful functions. We can use these to find out how many columns (variables) and rows (cases) the data frame (dataset) contains.
#Get the number of columns
ncol(pop)
[1] 24
#Get the number of rows
nrow(pop)
[1] 36
#List the column headings
names(pop)
[1] "Area.Code" "Area.Name" "Persons.1801" "Persons.1811"
[5] "Persons.1821" "Persons.1831" "Persons.1841" "Persons.1851"
[9] "Persons.1861" "Persons.1871" "Persons.1881" "Persons.1891"
[13] "Persons.1901" "Persons.1911" "Persons.1921" "Persons.1931"
[17] "Persons.1939" "Persons.1951" "Persons.1961" "Persons.1971"
[21] "Persons.1981" "Persons.1991" "Persons.2001" "Persons.2011"
Given the number of columns in the pop data frame, subsetting by selecting on the columns of interest would make it easier to handle. In R there are two ways of doing this. The first uses the $
symbol to select columns by name and then create a new data frame object.
#Select the columns containing the Borough names and the 2011 population.
pop.2011<- data.frame(pop$Area.Name, pop$Persons.2011)
head(pop.2011)
pop.Area.Name pop.Persons.2011
1 City of London 7375
2 Barking and Dagenham 185911
3 Barnet 356386
4 Bexley 231997
5 Brent 311215
6 Bromley 309392
A second approach to selecting particular data is to use [Row, Column].
#Select the 1st row of the second column
pop[1,2]
[1] City of London
36 Levels: Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley ... Westminster
#Select the first 5 rows of the second column
pop[1:5,1]
[1] 00AA 00AB 00AC 00AD 00AE
36 Levels: 00AA 00AB 00AC 00AD 00AE 00AF 00AG 00AH 00AJ 00AK 00AL ... UKI2
#Select the first 5 rows of columns 8 to 11
pop[1:5, 8:11]
Persons.1851 Persons.1861 Persons.1871 Persons.1881
1<PHONE_NUMBER>00 75000 51000
2 8000 8000 10000 13000
3 15000 20000 29000 41000
4 12000 15000 22000 29000
5 5000 6000 19000 31000
#Assign the previous selection to a new object
pop.subset <- pop[1:5, 8:11]
In the code snippet, note how the colon : is used to specify a range of values. We used the same technique to create the My.Data object above. The abilty to select particular columns means we can see how the population of London’s Boroughs have changed over the past century.
# Within the brackets you can add additional columns to the data frame so long as their separated by commas
PopChange <- data.frame(pop$Area.Name, pop$Persons.2011-pop$Persons.1911)
If you type head(PopChange)
you will see that the population change column (created to the right of the comma above) has a very long name. This can be changed using the names()
command.
colnames(PopChange)<- c("Borough", "Change_1911_2011")
Since we have done some new analysis and created additional information it would be good to save the PopChange object to our working directory. This is done using the code below. Within the brackets we put the name of the R object we wish to save on the left of the comma and the file name on the right of the comma (this needs to be in inverted commas). Remember to put “.csv” after since this is the file format we are saving in.
write.csv(PopChange, "Population_Change_1911_2011.csv")
1.1.10 Exercises
- Create a script and call it assignment01. Save your script.
- Download this cheat-sheet and go over it. You won’t understand most of it right a away. But it will become a useful resource. Look at it often.
- Calculate the square root of 1369 using the
sqrt()
function. - Square the number 13 using the
^
operator. What is the result of summing all numbers from 1 to 100?
- Using the London borough data, reate a CSV file that contains the following columns: 6.1 The names of the London Boroughs 6.2 Population change between 1811 and 1911 6.3 Population change between 1911 and 1961 6.4 Population change 1961 and 2011
Which Boroughs had the fastest growth during the 19th Century, and which had the slowest?
You may have noticed that there is an additional column in the pop data frame called Borough-Type. This indicates if a Borough is in inner (1) or outer (2) London. Is this variable ordinal or nominal?
Save your R script by pressing the Save button in the script window.


Charlie races for Team Bottrill, but began his career in 2000 with the South Pennine Road Club. He's primarily a cyclist, but when he's not on his bike you can find him working as a mechanical engineer, climbing or hill walking. He's a husband and father of two girls, with an insatiable passion for all things outdoors. Charlie is based in south Derbyshire.
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|
Computes the arctangent of the source operand in register ST(1) divided by the source operand in register ST(0), stores the result in ST(1), and pops the FPU register stack. The result in register ST(0) has the same sign as the source operand ST(1) and a magnitude less than +infinite.
The FPATAN instruction returns the angle between the X axis and the line from the origin to the point (X,Y), where Y (the ordinate) is ST(1) and X (the abscissa) is ST(0). The angle depends on the sign of X and Y independently, not just on the sign of the ratio Y/X. This is because a point (-X,Y) is in the second quadrant, resulting in an angle between pi/2 and pi, while a point (X,-Y) is in the fourth quadrant, resulting in an angle between 0 and -pi/2. A point (- X,-Y) is in the third quadrant, giving an angle between -pi/2 and -pi.
The following table shows the results obtained when computing the arctangent of various classes of numbers, assuming that underflow does not occur.
FPATAN Results
| - | ST(0): -inf | ST(0): -F | ST(0): -0 | ST(0): +0 | ST(0): +F | ST(0): +inf | ST(0): NaN |
| ST(1): -inf | -3p/4* | -p/2 | -p/2 | -p/2 | -p/2 | -p/4* | NaN |
| ST(1): -F | -p | -p | to | -p/2 | -p/2 | -p/2 | -p/2 | to | -0 | -0 | NaN |
| ST(1): -0 | -p | -p | -p* | -0* | -0 | -0 | NaN |
| ST(1): +0 | +p | +p | +p* | +0* | +0 | +0 | NaN |
| ST(1): +F | +p | +p | to | +p/2 | +p/2 | +p/2 | +p/2 | to | +0 | +0 | NaN |
| ST(1): +inf | +3p/4* | +p/2 | +p/2 | +p/2 | +p/2 | +p/4* | NaN |
| ST(1): NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN | NaN |
| F Means finite floating-point value. |
| * Table 8-10 in the IA-32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual, Volume 1, specifies that the ratios 0/0 and infinite/infinite generate the floating-point invalid arithmetic-operation exception and, if this exception is masked, the floating-point QNaN indefinite value is returned. With the FPATAN instruction, the 0/0 or infinite/infinite value is actually not calculated using division. Instead, the arctangent of the two variables is derived from a standard mathematical formulation that is generalized to allow complex numbers as arguments. In this complex variable formulation, arctangent(0,0) etc. has well defined values. These values are needed to develop a library to compute transcendental functions with complex arguments, based on the FPU functions that only allow floating-point values as arguments. |
There is no restriction on the range of source operands that FPATAN can accept.
|


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I am a recent University of Idaho graduate with degrees in business information systems and human resources management. During my time at the University, I cultivated professional skills for the workplace that complement the knowledge I have independently gained in the realm of web development.
Moving forward, I hope to expand my horizons further in a career that allows me to continue the pursuit of excellence in all things. For any and all inquiries, feel free to contact me via LinkedIn or my email address below.
October 2014 - May 2015
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--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
I am a 36 year old husband, father, athlete, voracious reader, spouse to a young breast cancer survivor writing about the many twists and turns that my life has provided me with.


WITNESS LIST Administration Committee May 10, 2001 - 4:00P HB 2809 AGAINST: Morris, J. Scott Mr. (Self), Austin, TX ON: Collins, Steve Mr. (Texas Legislative Council), Austin, TX HB 2810 ON: Brown, Mark Mr. (Texas Legislative Council), Austin, TX HB 2811 ON: Fulton, Deborah Ms. (Texas Legislative Council), Austin, TX HB 2812 ON: Skarke, David Mr. (Texas Legislative Council), Austin, TX HB 2813 Registering, but not testifying: On: Harrison, Shawn Mr. (Texas Legislative Council), Austin, TX HB 2853 ON: Collins, Steve Mr. (Texas Legislative Council), Austin, TX


If you want to use @ for namespacing latex commands, you should ideally put those commands into a separate style file.


What is PlugBoard?
PlugBoard is an Application Framework made in Python built on top of setuptools and zope interfaces which help the developer create a plugin-based application.
Please read our about page for more informations.
Status
Currently PlugBoard is a beta software but it's growing day by day.
Its current status seems to be stable and up to now each testing has been done successful. So if you need to create a plugin-based application right now, you could take an eye on it, keeping in mind that its API may change a bit in the next releases.


Your main device to create a complex layout is a 'splitPanel'. A split panel takes a container and splits it into 2 containers. This split can be 'v' vertical or 'h' horizontal, specified in the 'direction' attribute. There are a number of other options available within a split panel. For most information displays, a top main panel is used for the content and then lower split panel is used to show details or actions from the top panel.
Example of a spit panel in action:
If you look at this tutorial layout, a split panel has been used to split the main window into 2 components; the left content panel, this panel, and the right stage, where the highlighted code is. By default a split panel is set at a ratio of 1/3 of the space to the left or bottom container and 2/3 for the right or top container.


Dashboard
Account
Setting
Pujan
Update your Info.
First Name
Last Name
Email
Organization Name
Position/ Job Title
Password
Confirm Password


Total Requests RPS Concurrency Response Time - Median Response Time - Average
|
Requests:
RPS:
90th Percentile:
95th Percentile:
99th Percentile:
Average:
Min:
Max:
|
Status:
Start time:
Finish time:
Command:
Status breakdown:
|


#n#
#n#, where n is a required unsigned decimal integer, provides a reference to some object labeled by #n=; that is, #n# represents a pointer to the same (eq) object labeled by #n=. For example, a structure created in the variable y by this code:
(setq x (list 'p 'q)) (setq y (list (list 'a 'b) x 'foo x)) (rplacd (last y) (cdr y))could be represented in this way:
((a b) . #1=(#2=(p q) foo #2# . #1#))Without this notation, but with *print-length* set to 10 and *print-circle* set to nil, the structure would print in this way:
((a b) (p q) foo (p q) (p q) foo (p q) (p q) foo (p q) ...)A reference #n# may only occur after a label #n=; forward references are not permitted. The reference may not appear as the labeled object itself (that is, #n=#n#) may not be written because the object labeled by #n= is not well defined in this case.


An integration Session instance represents a set of requests and responses performed sequentially by some virtual user. Becase you can instantiate multiple sessions and run them side-by-side, you can also mimic (to some limited extent) multiple simultaneous users interacting with your system.
Typically, you will instantiate a new session using IntegrationTest#open_session, rather than instantiating Integration::Session directly.
- follow_redirect!
- get
- get_via_redirect
- host!
- https!
- https?
- new
- post
- post_via_redirect
- redirect?
- reset!
- url_for
- xml_http_request
| [RW] | accept | The Accept header to send. |
| [R] | controller | A reference to the controller instance used by the last request. |
| [R] | cookies | A map of the cookies returned by the last response, and which will be sent with the next request. |
| [R] | headers | A map of the headers returned by the last response. |
| [RW] | host | The hostname used in the last request. |
| [R] | path | The URI of the last request. |
| [RW] | remote_addr | The remote_addr used in the last request. |
| [R] | request | A reference to the request instance used by the last request. |
| [R] | response | A reference to the response instance used by the last request. |
| [R] | status | The integer HTTP status code of the last request. |
| [R] | status_message | The status message that accompanied the status code of the last request. |
Create an initialize a new Session instance.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb, line 53 53: def initialize 54: reset! 55: end
Follow a single redirect response. If the last response was not a redirect, an exception will be raised. Otherwise, the redirect is performed on the location header.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb, line 112 112: def follow_redirect! 113: raise "not a redirect! #{@status} #{@status_message}" unless redirect? 114: get(interpret_uri(headers["location"].first)) 115: status 116: end
Performs a GET request with the given parameters. The parameters may be nil, a Hash, or a string that is appropriately encoded (application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data). The headers should be a hash. The keys will automatically be upcased, with the prefix ‘HTTP_’ added if needed.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb, line 146 146: def get(path, parameters=nil, headers=nil) 147: process :get, path, parameters, headers 148: end
Performs a GET request, following any subsequent redirect. Note that the redirects are followed until the response is not a redirect—this means you may run into an infinite loop if your redirect loops back to itself.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb, line 122 122: def get_via_redirect(path, args={}) 123: get path, args 124: follow_redirect! while redirect? 125: status 126: end
Set the host name to use in the next request.
session.host! "www.example.com"
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb, line 105 105: def host!(name) 106: @host = name 107: end
Specify whether or not the session should mimic a secure HTTPS request.
session.https! session.https!(false)
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb, line 89 89: def https!(flag=true) 90: @https = flag 91: end
Return true if the session is mimicing a secure HTTPS request.
if session.https? ... end
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb, line 98 98: def https? 99: @https 100: end
Performs a POST request with the given parameters. The parameters may be nil, a Hash, or a string that is appropriately encoded (application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data). The headers should be a hash. The keys will automatically be upcased, with the prefix ‘HTTP_’ added if needed.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb, line 155 155: def post(path, parameters=nil, headers=nil) 156: process :post, path, parameters, headers 157: end
Performs a POST request, following any subsequent redirect. This is vulnerable to infinite loops, the same as get_via_redirect.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb, line 130 130: def post_via_redirect(path, args={}) 131: post path, args 132: follow_redirect! while redirect? 133: status 134: end
Returns true if the last response was a redirect.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb, line 137 137: def redirect? 138: status/100 == 3 139: end
Resets the instance. This can be used to reset the state information in an existing session instance, so it can be used from a clean-slate condition.
session.reset!
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb, line 62 62: def reset! 63: @status = @path = @headers = nil 64: @result = @status_message = nil 65: @https = false 66: @cookies = {} 67: @controller = @request = @response = nil 68: 69: self.host = "www.example.com" 70: self.remote_addr = "<IP_ADDRESS>" 71: self.accept = "text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5" 72: 73: unless @named_routes_configured 74: # install the named routes in this session instance. 75: klass = class<<self; self; end 76: Routing::NamedRoutes.install(klass) 77: 78: # the helpers are made protected by default--we make them public for 79: # easier access during testing and troubleshooting. 80: klass.send(:public, *Routing::NamedRoutes::Helpers) 81: @named_routes_configured = true 82: end 83: end
Returns the URL for the given options, according to the rules specified in the application’s routes.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb, line 172 172: def url_for(options) 173: controller ? controller.url_for(options) : generic_url_rewriter.rewrite(options) 174: end
Performs an XMLHttpRequest request with the given parameters, mimicing the request environment created by the Prototype library. The parameters may be nil, a Hash, or a string that is appropriately encoded (application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data). The headers should be a hash. The keys will automatically be upcased, with the prefix ‘HTTP_’ added if needed.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/integration.rb, line 165 165: def xml_http_request(path, parameters=nil, headers=nil) 166: headers = (headers || {}).merge("X-Requested-With" => "XMLHttpRequest") 167: post(path, parameters, headers) 168: end


@(registrationErrorOpt: Option[String])(implicit request: RequestHeader)
@for(registrationError <- registrationErrorOpt) {
@registrationError match {
case "fbEmail" => {
We need your email address when you sign in with Facebook so that we can keep in touch (you can choose which emails you receive in your account settings). Try again and allow access to your email address or provide it manually below.
}
case _ => {}
}
}


Dynamically generated Code::Stats stats for your profile readme on Github.
Check out https://github.com/WEGFan/codestats-profile-readme for more info.


Conceptualizing a chess board as an 8x8 grid, declare positions using (x,y) coordinates.
Queen [] can attack Position []
Enter valid inputs (numbers 1-8 only)!


Astronomical Image of day
Images from Mars Rovers
Earth Natural Event Tracker
The Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker.Users can browse the entire globe daily and look for natural events as they occur. Storms are regularly spotted in the tropics, dust storms over deserts, forest fires in the summers.


Life Lessons by Ayush
Pls fill the form to register for the webinar:
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Observable
of results, errors and markers all together.Observable
of results, errors and markers all together.Request
and JusError
which describes the error and has the
NetworkResponse
Observable
of error events coming as ErrorEvent
Observable
of error events coming as ErrorEvent
Request
, Marker
and MarkerEvent.args
wich may
contain related info for the request suck as
Response
JusError
or
any other relevant dataObservable
of the markers coming as MarkerEvent
Observable
of the markers coming as MarkerEvent
Request
and 2XX (or 304 in case of cache) Response
Observable
of the successful results coming as ResultEvent
Observable
of the successful results coming as ResultEvent
RequestQueue
wrapper
this essentially attaches respective filtered listeners to the queue and the depending on a
RequestQueue.RequestFilter
hooks to the events coming from a
Request


START
AJC Because we have heard so much from the fathers, we undertake to tell of Notker, Ratpert, and Tuotilo - they were of a single heart and soul, as if they were three in one.
AJC These three, as much as they were in harmony in their vows, yet in nature were, as it happens, not at all alike.
AJC Notker was frail in body but not in mind, stuttering in voice but not in spirit, upright in divinity, patient in adversity, gentle to all, a strict enforcer of discipline among the brothers. He was somewhat timid at unexpected and unforeseen events, except for vexing demons. Indeed, he was wont to boldly set himself in opposition to them.
AJC He was constantly praying, reading, and writing verse.

AJC Tuotilo was good and useful, but in different ways.
AJC In his shoulders and all his limbs, he was just such a man as Fabius teaches us to choose as athletes. He was eloquent, his voice clear, his carving elegant and his paintings artful, his music just as his companions - but above all in all varieties of harps and pipes.
AJC For he also taught the harp to nobles' sons, who had been selected by the abbot of the place.
AJC A skilled envoy for far and near; effective in building and other skills, capable of expessing himself in two languages and prompt by nature, witty in earnest and in jest, to the point that our emperor Charles sometimes cursed the man who had made a man of such a nature into a monk.
AJC But among all these things is what is before the rest, he was vigorous in choir, and tearful in secret; quite capable of creating verses and melodies; and chaste as became a disciple of Marcellus, who shut his eyes to women.
END
-->AJC


A service that provides property bag data.
Default constructor
public Void BagService()
Item data services.
public PropertyBagItemDataServices ItemDataServices { get; set; }
Gets a property bag of bagType.
public Task<Object> GetBagAsync(bagType)
A property bag object fully loaded from the underlaying repository.
| Name | Type | Summary |
|---|---|---|
| bagType | Type | Type of the property bag to retrive. |
| Type | Summary |
|---|---|
| ArgumentNullException | Thrown when bagType is null. |
| InvalidOperationException | Thrown when the type bagType is not a property bag object. |
Gets a property bag of type
public Task GetBagAsync<T>()
A property bag object fully loaded from the underlaying repository.
| Type | Summary |
|---|---|
| InvalidOperationException | Thrown when the type |
Saves the property bag items of the specified object.
public Task SaveBagAsync(data)
| Name | Type | Summary |
|---|---|---|
| data | Object | A property bag object. |
| Type | Summary |
|---|---|
| ArgumentNullException | Thrown when data is null. |
In this document


Free Python Games Development¶
Free Python Games development is lead by Grant Jenks<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Collaborators Welcome¶
Search issues or open a new issue to start a discussion around a bug.
Fork the GitHub repository and make your changes in a new branch.
Write a test which shows the bug was fixed.
Send a pull request and message the development lead until its merged and published.
Requests for Contributions¶
Simplifications to existing games.
Refactoring to simplify games.
Improved documentation.
Additional games. Requirements for new games:
Fun to play.
Matching code style.
Limited Python feature set.
Short (less than 100 lines of code).
Get the Code¶
Free Python Games is actively developed in a GitHub repository.
You can either clone the public repository:
$ git clone https://github.com/grantjenks/free-python-games.git
Download the tarball:
$ curl -OL https://github.com/grantjenks/free-python-games/tarball/master
Or, download the zipball:
$ curl -OL https://github.com/grantjenks/free-python-games/zipball/master
Installing Dependencies¶
Install development dependencies with pip:
$ pip install -r requirements.txt
All packages for running tests and building documentation will be installed.
Testing¶
Free Python Games currently tests against three versions of Python:
CPython 3.4
CPython 3.5
CPython 3.6
Testing uses tox. If you don’t want to install all the development requirements, then, after downloading, you can simply run:
$ python setup.py test
The test argument to setup.py will download a minimal testing infrastructure and run the tests.


--- title: fitEllipse sidebar: function_reference_sidebar permalink: grain2d.fitEllipse.html folder: function_reference toc: false ---
fit ellipses to grains using the method described in Mulchrone& Choudhury,2004 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(03)00093-2)
| grains | grain2d |
| omega | angle giving trend of ellipse long axis |
| a | long axis radius |
| b | short axis radius |
| boundary | scale to fit boundary length |
mtexdata csl grains = calcGrains(ebsd('indexed')) grains = smooth(grains,10) plot(ebsd('indexed'),ebsd('indexed').orientations,'micronbar','off') hold on plot(grains.boundary,'lineWidth',2) grains = grains(grains.grainSize>20) [omega,a,b] = fitEllipse(grains(grains)); plotEllipse(grains.centroid,a,b,omega,'lineColor','w','linewidth',2) hold off


OptionProcess
| Syntax | ||
int OptionProcess(int offset,int argc,char *argv[], struct OptionData *opt,int (*opterr)(char *)); | ||
| Header | ||
| base/option.h | ||
| Library | ||
| opt | ||
| Description | ||
The The argument offset is the offset into the array of command line arguments at which to start processing. The number of arguments is given by argc and the array of
This function is called in the event that an error is detected in parsing the command line options. This function is passed the argument txt which is the text of the argument that caused the error. The function should return with a zero if the error can be ignored or a non-zero number to halt further processing of the command line. If there is no user-defined error function, then the final argument should be set to | ||
| Returns | ||
| Returns zero on success. On error, (-1) is returned. | ||
| Errors | ||
| On error, (-1) is returned. | ||
| Example | ||
|


class User
Schema Information¶ ↑
Table name: users
id :integer not null, primary key email :string(255) default(""), not null encrypted_password :string(255) default(""), not null reset_password_token :string(255) reset_password_sent_at :datetime remember_created_at :datetime sign_in_count :integer default(0), not null current_sign_in_at :datetime last_sign_in_at :datetime current_sign_in_ip :string(255) last_sign_in_ip :string(255) created_at :datetime updated_at :datetime admin :boolean default(FALSE) volunteer_id :integer approved :boolean phone :string(255) house_id :integer name :string(255) email_pref :boolean default(FALSE) medical_coordinator :boolean default(FALSE)
Attributes
current_password[RW]
Public Class Methods
send_reminders()
click to toggle source
Sends emails to remind users of the schedule for the day and any reminders set for recurring appointments If the user is an admin, then they receive all the appointments If the user is a volunteer, they only receive reminders for the appointments they were assigned
# File models/user.rb, line 46 def self.send_reminders # email all the admins a full schedule for the day if !Appointment.where('date = ?', Date.today).empty? admins = User.where(admin: true).where(email_pref: true) admins.each do |admin| NotificationMailer.appointment_digest(admin).deliver end end # email all volunteers a reminder todays_appointments = Appointment.where('date = ?', Date.today) todays_appointments.each do |appointment| if !appointment.user.nil? && appointment.user.email_pref NotificationMailer.appointment_reminder(appointment).deliver end end todays_reminders = RecurringReminder.where('notification_date = ?', Date.today) todays_reminders.each do |recur| original_apt = Appointment.where('id = ?', recur.appointment_id)[0] user = User.where('id = ?', original_apt.user_id)[0] if !user.nil? && user.email_pref NotificationMailer.recurring_appointment_reminder(original_apt).deliver end end end
send_weekly_digest()
click to toggle source
Sends a reminder of the week's appointments to the medical coordinator
# File models/user.rb, line 72 def self.send_weekly_digest if !Appointment.where('date >= ?', Date.tomorrow).where('date <= ?', Date.tomorrow+7).empty? coordinators = User.where(medical_coordinator: true).where(email_pref: true) coordinators.each do |coordinator| NotificationMailer.weekly_digest(coordinator).deliver end end end
Public Instance Methods
name()
click to toggle source
If the user does not have a name, provide the email in case
Calls superclass method
# File models/user.rb, line 83 def name super || email end


PyQt5 tutorial(The Tetris game)
Sat 14 October 2017 by Little CaptainCreating a computer game is a good way for enhancing programming skills.
The development
We do not have images for our Tetris game, we draw the tetrominoes using the drawing API available in the PyQt5 programming toolkit. Behind every computer game, there is a mathematical model. So it is in Tetris.
- Some ideas behind the game
- We use a QtCore.QBasicTimer() to create a game cycle.
- The tetrominoes are drawn.
- The shapes move on a square by square basis (not pixel by pixel).
-
Mathematically a board is a simple list of numbers.
-
The code consists of four classes:
Tetris
,Board
,Tetrominoe
andShape
- The
Tetris
class sets up the game. - The
Board
is where the game logic is written. - The
Tetrominoe
class contains names for alltetris
pieces and theShape
class contains the code for atetris
piece.
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QFrame, QDesktopWidget, QApplication
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QBasicTimer, pyqtSignal
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor
import sys, random
class Tetris(QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
'''initiates application UI'''
# An instance of the Board class is created
# and set to be the central widget of the application.
self.tboard = Board(self)
self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)
# We create a statusbar where we will display messages.
# We will display three possible messages:
# the number of lines already removed, the paused message,
# or the game over message.
# The msg2Statusbar is a custom signal that is implemented in the Board class.
# The showMessage() is a built-in method that displays a message on a statusbar.
self.statusbar = self.statusBar()
self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)
# This line initiates the game.
self.tboard.start()
self.resize(180, 380)
self.center()
self.setWindowTitle('Tetris')
self.show()
def center(self):
'''centers the window on the screen'''
screen = QDesktopWidget().screenGeometry()
size = self.geometry()
self.move((screen.width() - size.width()) / 2,
(screen.height() - size.height()) / 2)
class Board(QFrame):
# A custom signal is created with pyqtSignal.
# The msg2Statusbar is a signal that is emitted
# when we want to write a message or the score to the statusbar.
msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
# These are Board's class variables.
# The BoardWidth and the BoardHeight
# define the size of the board in blocks.
# The Speed defines the speed of the game.
# Each 450 ms a new game cycle will start.
BoardWidth = 10 # 水平 block 的个数
BoardHeight = 22 # 垂直 block 的个数
Speed = 450 # 最多 450 ms, 一个新的游戏循环将开始
def __init__(self, parent):
super().__init__(parent)
self.initBoard()
def initBoard(self):
'''initiates board'''
self.timer = QBasicTimer()
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
# The self.board variable is a list of numbers from 0 to 7.
# It represents the position of various shapes
# and remains of the shapes on the board.
self.curX = 0
self.curY = 0
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.board = []
self.setFocusPolicy(Qt.StrongFocus)
self.isStarted = False
self.isPaused = False
self.clearBoard()
# The shapeAt() method determines the type of a shape at a given block.
def shapeAt(self, x, y):
'''determines shape at the board position'''
return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]
def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape):
'''sets a shape at the board'''
self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape
# The board can be dynamically resized.
# As a consequence, the size of a block may change.
# The squareWidth() calculates the width of the single square in pixels and returns it.
# The Board.BoardWidth is the size of the board in blocks.
def squareWidth(self):
'''returns the width of one square'''
return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth
def squareHeight(self):
'''returns the height of one square'''
return self.contentsRect().height() // Board.BoardHeight
def start(self):
'''starts game'''
if self.isPaused:
return
self.isStarted = True
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.clearBoard()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.newPiece()
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
# The pause() method pauses the game.
# It stops the timer and displays a message on the statusbar.
def pause(self):
'''pauses game'''
if not self.isStarted:
return
self.isPaused = not self.isPaused
if self.isPaused:
self.timer.stop()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")
else:
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.update()
# The painting happens in the paintEvent() method.
# The QPainter is responsible for all low-level painting in PyQt5.
def paintEvent(self, event):
'''paints all shapes of the game'''
painter = QPainter(self)
rect = self.contentsRect()
boardTop = rect.bottom() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight()
# The painting of the game is divided into two steps.
# In the first step, we draw all the shapes,
# or remains of the shapes that have been dropped to the bottom of the board.
# All the squares are remembered in the self.board list variable.
# The variable is accessed using the shapeAt() method.
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
self.drawSquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)
# The next step is the drawing of the actual piece that is falling down.
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
self.curPiece.shape())
def keyPressEvent(self, event):
'''processes key press events'''
if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
return
key = event.key()
if key == Qt.Key_P:
self.pause()
return
if self.isPaused:
return
elif key == Qt.Key_Left:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY)
# In the keyPressEvent() method we check for pressed keys.
# If we press the right arrow key, we try to move the piece to the right.
# We say try because the piece might not be able to move.
elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Down:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateRight(), self.curX, self.curY)
# The Up arrow key will rotate the falling piece to the left.
elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)
# The Space key will drop the falling piece instantly to the bottom.
elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
self.dropDown()
# Pressing the d key, the piece will go one block down.
# It can be used to accellerate the falling of a piece a bit.
elif key == Qt.Key_D:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
# In the timer event, we either create a new piece
# after the previous one was dropped to the bottom
# or we move a falling piece one line down.
def timerEvent(self, event):
'''handles timer event'''
if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.newPiece()
else:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)
# The clearBoard() method clears the board by setting
# Tetrominoe.NoShape at each block of the board.
def clearBoard(self):
'''clears shapes from the board'''
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
def dropDown(self):
'''drops down a shape'''
newY = self.curY
while newY > 0:
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1):
break
newY -= 1
self.pieceDropped()
def oneLineDown(self):
'''goes one line down with a shape'''
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1):
self.pieceDropped()
def pieceDropped(self):
'''after dropping shape, remove full lines and create new shape'''
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape())
self.removeFullLines()
if not self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.newPiece()
# If the piece hits the bottom, we call the removeFullLines() method.
# We find out all full lines and remove them.
# We do it by moving all lines above the current full line
# to be removed one line down.
# Notice that we reverse the order of the lines to be removed.
# Otherwise, it would not work correctly. In our case we use a naive gravity.
# This means that the pieces may be floating above empty gaps.
def removeFullLines(self):
'''removes all full lines from the board'''
numFullLines = 0
rowsToRemove = []
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
n = 0
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
n = n + 1
if n == 10:
rowsToRemove.append(i)
rowsToRemove.reverse()
for m in rowsToRemove:
for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))
numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
if numFullLines > 0:
self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.isWaitingAfterLine = True
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.update()
# The newPiece() method creates randomly a new tetris piece.
# If the piece cannot go into its initial position, the game is over.
def newPiece(self):
'''creates a new shape'''
self.curPiece = Shape()
self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isStarted = False
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")
# In the tryMove() method we try to move our shapes.
# If the shape is at the edge of the board or
# is adjacent to some other piece, we return False.
# Otherwise we place the current falling piece to a new position.
def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
'''tries to move a shape'''
for i in range(4):
x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
return False
if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
return False
self.curPiece = newPiece
self.curX = newX
self.curY = newY
self.update()
return True
def drawSquare(self, painter, x, y, shape):
'''draws a square of a shape'''
colorTable = [0x000000, 0xCC6666, 0x66CC66, 0x6666CC,
0xCCCC66, 0xCC66CC, 0x66CCCC, 0xDAAA00]
color = QColor(colorTable[shape])
painter.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, self.squareWidth() - 2,
self.squareHeight() - 2, color)
painter.setPen(color.lighter())
painter.drawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y)
painter.drawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y)
painter.setPen(color.darker())
painter.drawLine(x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1,
x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1)
painter.drawLine(x + self.squareWidth() - 1,
y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + 1)
# The Tetrominoe class holds names of all possible shapes.
# We have also a NoShape for an empty space.
class Tetrominoe(object):
NoShape = 0
ZShape = 1
SShape = 2
LineShape = 3
TShape = 4
SquareShape = 5
LShape = 6
MirroredLShape = 7
# The Shape class saves information about a tetris piece.
class Shape(object):
# The coordsTable tuple holds all possible coordinate values of our tetris pieces.
# This is a template from which all pieces take their coordinate values.
coordsTable = (
((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)), # represent a Z-shape
((0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)),
((-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)),
((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)),
((-1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)),
((1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1))
)
def __init__(self):
# Upon creation we create an empty coordinates list.
# The list will save the coordinates of the tetris piece.
self.coords = [[0, 0] for i in range(4)]
self.pieceShape = Tetrominoe.NoShape
self.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
def shape(self):
'''returns shape'''
return self.pieceShape
def setShape(self, shape):
'''sets a shape'''
table = Shape.coordsTable[shape]
for i in range(4):
for j in range(2):
self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j]
self.pieceShape = shape
def setRandomShape(self):
'''chooses a random shape'''
self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7))
def x(self, index):
'''returns x coordinate'''
return self.coords[index][0]
def y(self, index):
'''returns y coordinate'''
return self.coords[index][1]
def setX(self, index, x):
'''sets x coordinate'''
self.coords[index][0] = x
def setY(self, index, y):
'''sets y coordinate'''
self.coords[index][1] = y
def minX(self):
'''returns min x value'''
m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][0])
return m
def maxX(self):
'''returns max x value'''
m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][0])
return m
def minY(self):
'''returns min y value'''
m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][1])
return m
def maxY(self):
'''returns max y value'''
m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][1])
return m
# The rotateLeft() method rotates a piece to the left.
# The square does not have to be rotated.
# That is why we simply return the reference to the current object.
# A new piece is created and its coordinates
# are set to the ones of the rotated piece.
def rotateLeft(self):
'''rotates shape to the left'''
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, self.y(i))
result.setY(i, -self.x(i))
return result
def rotateRight(self):
'''rotates shape to the right'''
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, -self.y(i))
result.setY(i, self.x(i))
return result
if __name__ == '__main__':
app = QApplication([])
tetris = Tetris()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
PyQt5 tutorial(Custom widgets)
Custom widgets are created by using the drawing tools provided by the toolkit. There are two basic possibilities: a programmer can modify or enhance an existing widget or he can create a custom widget from scratch.
Burning widget
read moreThis is a widget that we can see in Nero, K3B, or …
PyQt5 tutorial(Painting)
read morePyQt5 painting system is able to render vector graphics, images, and outline font-based text. Painting is needed in applications when we want to change or enhance an existing widget, or if we are creating a custom widget from scratch. To do the drawing, we use the painting API provided by …
PyQt5 tutorial(Drag & drop)
read moreIn computer graphical user interfaces, drag-and-drop is the action of (or support for the action of) clicking on a virtual object and dragging it to a different location or onto another virtual object. In general, it can be used to invoke many kinds of actions, or create various types of …
PyQt5 tutorial(Widgets II)
QPixmap
- A
QPixmap
is one of the widgets used to work with images. It is optimized for showing images on screen.
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import (QWidget, QHBoxLayout,
QLabel, QApplication)
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPixmap
import sys
class Example(QWidget):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
hbox …
PyQt5 tutorial(Widgets)
- Widgets are basic building blocks of an application. PyQt5 has a wide range of various widgets, including buttons, check boxes, sliders, or list boxes. In this section of the tutorial, we will describe several useful widgets: a QCheckBox, a QPushButton in tooggle mode, a QSlider, a QProgressBar, and a QCalendarWidget …
PyQt5 tutorial(Dialogs)
- Dialog windows or dialogs are an
indispensable
part of most modern GUI applications. A dialog is defined as a conversation between two or more persons. In a computer application a dialog is a window which is used to "talk" to the application. Adialog
is used toinput data
,modify …
PyQt5 tutorial(Events and signals)
Events
read moreGUI applications are
event-driven
. Events are generated mainly by the user of an application. But they can be generated by other means as well; e.g. an Internet connection, a window manager, or a timer. When we call the application'sexec_()
method, theapplication enters
themain loop
. The …
PyQt5 tutorial(Layout management)
Layout management is the way how we place the widgets on the application window. We can place our widgets using
absolute positioning
or withlayout classes
. Managing the layout withlayout managers
is thepreferred
way of organizing our widgets.
Absolute positioning
- The programmer specifies the position and the size …
PyQt5 tutorial(Menus and toolbars)
QMainWindow
The
QMainWindow
class provides a main application window. This enables to create a classic application skeleton with a statusbar, toolbars, and a menubar.
Statusbar
A statusbar is a widget that is used for displaying status information.
import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QApplication
class Example(QMainWindow):
def __init__ …


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Class for writing data from any specific objects. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| SpecificDefaultWriter (Schema schema) | |
| Constructor. | |
Protected Member Functions | |
| override void | WriteRecord (RecordSchema schema, object value, Encoder encoder) |
| Serialized a record using the given RecordSchema. It uses GetField method to extract the field value from the given object. | |
| override void | WriteFixed (FixedSchema schema, object value, Encoder encoder) |
| Validates that the record is a fixed record object and that the schema in the object is the same as the given writer schema. Writes the given fixed record into the given encoder. | |
| override void | WriteEnum (EnumSchema schema, object value, Encoder encoder) |
| Writes the given enum value into the given encoder. | |
| override void | WriteArray (ArraySchema schema, object value, Encoder encoder) |
| Serialized an array. The default implementation calls EnsureArrayObject() to ascertain that the given value is an array. It then calls GetArrayLength() and GetArrayElement() to access the members of the array and then serialize them. | |
| override void | WriteMap (MapSchema schema, object value, Encoder encoder) |
| Writes the given map into the given encoder. | |
| override void | WriteUnion (UnionSchema us, object value, Encoder encoder) |
| Resolves the given value against the given UnionSchema and serializes the object against the resolved schema member. The default implementation of this method uses ResolveUnion to find the member schema within the UnionSchema. | |
| override bool | Matches (Schema sc, object obj) |
Class for writing data from any specific objects.
| Avro::Specific::SpecificDefaultWriter::SpecificDefaultWriter | ( | Schema | schema | ) | [inline] |
Constructor.
| schema | schema of the object to be written |
| override void Avro::Specific::SpecificDefaultWriter::WriteArray | ( | ArraySchema | schema, | |
| object | value, | |||
| Encoder | encoder | |||
| ) | [inline, protected, virtual] |
Serialized an array. The default implementation calls EnsureArrayObject() to ascertain that the given value is an array. It then calls GetArrayLength() and GetArrayElement() to access the members of the array and then serialize them.
| schema | The ArraySchema for serialization | |
| value | The value being serialized | |
| encoder | The encoder for serialization |
Reimplemented from Avro::Generic::DefaultWriter.
| override void Avro::Specific::SpecificDefaultWriter::WriteEnum | ( | EnumSchema | schema, | |
| object | value, | |||
| Encoder | encoder | |||
| ) | [inline, protected, virtual] |
Writes the given enum value into the given encoder.
| schema | writer schema | |
| value | enum value | |
| encoder | encoder to write to |
Reimplemented from Avro::Generic::DefaultWriter.
| override void Avro::Specific::SpecificDefaultWriter::WriteFixed | ( | FixedSchema | schema, | |
| object | value, | |||
| Encoder | encoder | |||
| ) | [inline, protected, virtual] |
Validates that the record is a fixed record object and that the schema in the object is the same as the given writer schema. Writes the given fixed record into the given encoder.
| schema | writer schema | |
| value | fixed object to write | |
| encoder | encoder to write to |
Reimplemented from Avro::Generic::DefaultWriter.
| override void Avro::Specific::SpecificDefaultWriter::WriteMap | ( | MapSchema | schema, | |
| object | value, | |||
| Encoder | encoder | |||
| ) | [inline, protected, virtual] |
Writes the given map into the given encoder.
| schema | writer schema | |
| value | map to write | |
| encoder | encoder to write to |
Reimplemented from Avro::Generic::DefaultWriter.
| override void Avro::Specific::SpecificDefaultWriter::WriteRecord | ( | RecordSchema | schema, | |
| object | value, | |||
| Encoder | encoder | |||
| ) | [inline, protected, virtual] |
Serialized a record using the given RecordSchema. It uses GetField method to extract the field value from the given object.
| schema | The RecordSchema to use for serialization | |
| value | The value to be serialized | |
| encoder | The Encoder for serialization |
Reimplemented from Avro::Generic::DefaultWriter.
| override void Avro::Specific::SpecificDefaultWriter::WriteUnion | ( | UnionSchema | us, | |
| object | value, | |||
| Encoder | encoder | |||
| ) | [inline, protected, virtual] |
Resolves the given value against the given UnionSchema and serializes the object against the resolved schema member. The default implementation of this method uses ResolveUnion to find the member schema within the UnionSchema.
| us | The UnionSchema to resolve against | |
| value | The value to be serialized | |
| encoder | The encoder for serialization |
Reimplemented from Avro::Generic::DefaultWriter.