Vim documentation: if_cscop
main help file*if_cscop.txt* For Vim version 7.2. Last change: 2009 Mar 18 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Andy Kahn *cscope* *Cscope* This document explains how to use Vim's cscope interface. Cscope is a tool like ctags, but think of it as ctags on steroids since it does a lot more than what ctags provides. In Vim, jumping to a result from a cscope query is just like jumping to any tag; it is saved on the tag stack so that with the right keyboard mappings, you can jump back and forth between functions as you normally would with |tags|. 1. Cscope introduction |cscope-intro| 2. Cscope related commands |cscope-commands| 3. Cscope options |cscope-options| 4. How to use cscope in Vim |cscope-howtouse| 5. Limitations |cscope-limitations| 6. Suggested usage |cscope-suggestions| 7. Availability & Information |cscope-info| This is currently for Unix and Win32 only. {Vi does not have any of these commands}
1. Cscope introduction *cscope-intro* The following text is taken from a version of the cscope man page: ----- Cscope is an interactive screen-oriented tool that helps you: Learn how a C program works without endless flipping through a thick listing. Locate the section of code to change to fix a bug without having to learn the entire program. Examine the effect of a proposed change such as adding a value to an enum variable. Verify that a change has been made in all source files such as adding an argument to an existing function. Rename a global variable in all source files. Change a constant to a preprocessor symbol in selected lines of files. It is designed to answer questions like: Where is this symbol used? Where is it defined? Where did this variable get its value? What is this global symbol's definition? Where is this function in the source files? What functions call this function? What functions are called by this function? Where does the message "out of space" come from? Where is this source file in the directory structure? What files include this header file? Cscope answers these questions from a symbol database that it builds the first time it is used on the source files. On a subsequent call, cscope rebuilds the database only if a source file has changed or the list of source files is different. When the database is rebuilt the data for the unchanged files is copied from the old database, which makes rebuilding much faster than the initial build. ----- When cscope is normally invoked, you will get a full-screen selection screen allowing you to make a query for one of the above questions. However, once a match is found to your query and you have entered your text editor to edit the source file containing match, you cannot simply jump from tag to tag as you normally would with vi's Ctrl-] or :tag command. Vim's cscope interface is done by invoking cscope with its line-oriented interface, and then parsing the output returned from a query.  (Please note however, that you don't actually jump to a cscope tag simply by doing Ctrl-] or :tag without remapping these commands or setting an option. See the remaining sections on how the cscope interface works and for suggested use.)
2. Cscope related commands *cscope-commands* *:cscope* *:cs* *:scs* *:scscope* *E259* *E262* *E561* *E560* All cscope commands are accessed through suboptions to the main cscope command ":cscope". The shortest abbreviation is ":cs". The ":scscope" command does the same and also splits the window (short: "scs"). The available subcommands are: *E563* *E564* *E566* *E568* *E569* *E622* *E623* *E625* *E626* *E609* add : Add a new cscope database/connection. USAGE :cs add {file|dir} [pre-path] [flags] [pre-path] is the pathname used with the -P command to cscope. [flags] are any additional flags you want to pass to cscope. EXAMPLES :cscope add /usr/local/cdb/cscope.out :cscope add /projects/vim/cscope.out /usr/local/vim :cscope add cscope.out /usr/local/vim -C *cscope-find* *cs-find* *E565* *E567* find : Query cscope. All cscope query options are available except option #5 ("Change this grep pattern"). USAGE :cs find {querytype} {name} {querytype} corresponds to the actual cscope line interface numbers as well as default nvi commands: 0 or s: Find this C symbol 1 or g: Find this definition 2 or d: Find functions called by this function 3 or c: Find functions calling this function 4 or t: Find this text string 6 or e: Find this egrep pattern 7 or f: Find this file 8 or i: Find files #including this file For all types, except 4 and 6, leading white space for {name} is removed. For 4 and 6 there is exactly one space between {querytype} and {name}. Further white space is included in {name}. EXAMPLES :cscope find c vim_free :cscope find 3 vim_free These two examples perform the same query: functions calling "vim_free". :cscope find t initOnce :cscope find t initOnce The first one searches for the text "initOnce", the second one for " initOnce". :cscope find 0 DEFAULT_TERM Executing this example on the source code for Vim 5.1 produces the following output: Cscope tag: DEFAULT_TERM # line filename / context / line 1 1009 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<GLOBAL>> #define DEFAULT_TERM (char_u *)"amiga" 2 1013 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<GLOBAL>> #define DEFAULT_TERM (char_u *)"win32" 3 1017 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<GLOBAL>> #define DEFAULT_TERM (char_u *)"pcterm" 4 1021 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<GLOBAL>> #define DEFAULT_TERM (char_u *)"ansi" 5 1025 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<GLOBAL>> #define DEFAULT_TERM (char_u *)"vt52" 6 1029 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<GLOBAL>> #define DEFAULT_TERM (char_u *)"os2ansi" 7 1033 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<GLOBAL>> #define DEFAULT_TERM (char_u *)"ansi" 8 1037 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<GLOBAL>> # undef DEFAULT_TERM 9 1038 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<GLOBAL>> #define DEFAULT_TERM (char_u *)"beos-ansi" 10 1042 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<GLOBAL>> #define DEFAULT_TERM (char_u *)"mac-ansi" 11 1335 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<set_termname>> term = DEFAULT_TERM; 12 1459 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<set_termname>> if (STRCMP(term, DEFAULT_TERM)) 13 1826 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<termcapinit>> term = DEFAULT_TERM; 14 1833 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<termcapinit>> term = DEFAULT_TERM; 15 3635 vim-5.1-gtk/src/term.c <<update_tcap>> p = find_builtin_term(DEFAULT_TERM); Enter nr of choice (<CR> to abort): The output shows several pieces of information: 1. The tag number (there are 15 in this example). 2. The line number where the tag occurs. 3. The filename where the tag occurs. 4. The context of the tag (e.g., global, or the function name). 5. The line from the file itself. help : Show a brief synopsis.   The partial name is simply any part of the pathname of the cscope database. Kill a cscope connection using the partial name with caution! If the specified connection number is -1, then _ALL_ cscope connections will be killed. reset : Reinit all cscope connections. USAGE :cs reset show : Show cscope connections. USAGE :cs show *:lcscope* *:lcs* This command is same as the ":cscope" command, except when the 'cscopequickfix' option is set, the location list for the current window is used instead of the quickfix list to show the cscope results. *:cstag* *E257* *E562* If you use cscope as well as ctags, |:cstag| allows you to search one or the other before making a jump. For example, you can choose to first search your cscope database(s) for a match, and if one is not found, then your tags file(s) will be searched. The order in which this happens is determined by the value of |csto|. See |cscope-options| for more details. |:cstag| performs the equivalent of ":cs find g" on the identifier when searching through the cscope database(s). |:cstag| performs the equivalent of |:tjump| on the identifier when searching through your tags file(s).
3. Cscope options *cscope-options* Use the |:set| command to set all cscope options. Ideally, you would do this in one of your startup files (e.g., .vimrc). Some cscope related variables are only valid within |.vimrc|. Setting them after vim has started will have no effect! *cscopeprg* *csprg* 'cscopeprg' specifies the command to execute cscope. The default is "cscope". For example: :set csprg=/usr/local/bin/cscope *cscopequickfix* *csqf* *E469* {not available when compiled without the |+quickfix| feature} 'cscopequickfix' specifies whether to use quickfix window to show cscope results. This is a list of comma-separated values. Each item consists of |cscope-find| command (s, g, d, c, t, e, f or i) and flag (+, - or 0). '+' indicates that results must be appended to quickfix window, '-' implies previous results clearance, '0' or command absence - don't use quickfix. Search is performed from start until first command occurrence. The default value is "" (don't use quickfix anyway). The following value seems to be useful: :set cscopequickfix=s-,c-,d-,i-,t-,e- *cscopetag* *cst* If 'cscopetag' set, the commands ":tag" and CTRL-] as well as "vim -t" will always use |:cstag| instead of the default :tag behavior. Effectively, by setting 'cst', you will always search your cscope databases as well as your tag files. The default is off. Examples: :set cst :set nocst *cscopetagorder* *csto* The value of 'csto' determines the order in which |:cstag| performs a search. If 'csto' is set to zero, cscope database(s) are searched first, followed by tag file(s) if cscope did not return any matches. If 'csto' is set to one, tag file(s) are searched before cscope database(s). The default is zero. Examples: :set csto=0 :set csto=1 *cscopeverbose* *csverb* If 'cscopeverbose' is not set (the default), messages will not be printed indicating success or failure when adding a cscope database. Ideally, you should reset this option in your |.vimrc| before adding any cscope databases, and after adding them, set it. From then on, when you add more databases within Vim, you will get a (hopefully) useful message should the database fail to be added. Examples: :set csverb :set nocsverb *cscopepathcomp* *cspc* The value of 'cspc' determines how many components of a file's path to display. With the default value of zero the entire path will be displayed. The value one will display only the filename with no path. Other values display that many components. For example: :set cspc=3 will display the last 3 components of the file's path, including the file name itself.
4. How to use cscope in Vim *cscope-howtouse* The first thing you need to do is to build a cscope database for your source files. For the most basic case, simply do "cscope -b". Please refer to the cscope man page for more details. Assuming you have a cscope database, you need to "add" the database to Vim. This establishes a cscope "connection" and makes it available for Vim to use. You can do this in your .vimrc file, or you can do it manually after starting vim. For example, to add the cscope database "cscope.out", you would do: :cs add cscope.out You can double-check the result of this by executing ":cs show". This will produce output which looks like this: # pid database name prepend path 0 28806 cscope.out <none> Note: Because of the Microsoft RTL limitations, Win32 version shows 0 instead of the real pid. Once a cscope connection is established, you can make queries to cscope and the results will be printed to you. Queries are made using the command ":cs find". For example: :cs find g ALIGN_SIZE This can get a little cumbersome since one ends up doing a significant amount of typing. Fortunately, there are ways around this by mapping shortcut keys. See |cscope-suggestions| for suggested usage. If the results return only one match, you will automatically be taken to it. If there is more than one match, you will be given a selection screen to pick the match you want to go to. After you have jumped to the new location, simply hit Ctrl-T to get back to the previous one.
5. Limitations *cscope-limitations* Cscope support for Vim is only available on systems that support these four system calls: fork(), pipe(), execl(), waitpid(). This means it is mostly limited to Unix systems. Additionally Cscope support works for Win32. For more information and a cscope version for Win32 see: http://iamphet.nm.ru/cscope/index.html The DJGPP-built version from http://cscope.sourceforge.net is known to not work with Vim. Hard-coded limitation: doing a |:tjump| when |:cstag| searches the tag files is not configurable (e.g., you can't do a tselect instead).
6. Suggested usage *cscope-suggestions* Put these entries in your .vimrc (adjust the pathname accordingly to your setup): if has("cscope") set csprg=/usr/local/bin/cscope set csto=0 set cst set nocsverb " add any database in current directory if filereadable("cscope.out") cs add cscope.out " else add database pointed to by environment elseif $CSCOPE_DB != "" cs add $CSCOPE_DB endif set csverb endif By setting 'cscopetag', we have effectively replaced all instances of the :tag command with :cstag. This includes :tag, Ctrl-], and "vim -t". In doing this, the regular tag command not only searches your ctags generated tag files, but your cscope databases as well. Some users may want to keep the regular tag behavior and have a different shortcut to access :cstag. For example, one could map Ctrl-_ (underscore) to :cstag with the following command: map <C-_> :cstag <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> A couple of very commonly used cscope queries (using ":cs find") is to find all functions calling a certain function and to find all occurrences of a particular C symbol. To do this, you can use these mappings as an example: map g<C-]> :cs find 3 <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> map g<C-\> :cs find 0 <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> These mappings for Ctrl-] (right bracket) and Ctrl-\ (backslash) allow you to place your cursor over the function name or C symbol and quickly query cscope for any matches. Or you may use the following scheme, inspired by Vim/Cscope tutorial from Cscope Home Page http://cscope.sourceforge.net/: nmap <C-_>s :cs find s <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-_>g :cs find g <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-_>c :cs find c <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-_>t :cs find t <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-_>e :cs find e <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-_>f :cs find f <C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-_>i :cs find i ^<C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR>$<CR> nmap <C-_>d :cs find d <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> " Using 'CTRL-spacebar' then a search type makes the vim window " split horizontally, with search result displayed in " the new window. nmap <C-Space>s :scs find s <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-Space>g :scs find g <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-Space>c :scs find c <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-Space>t :scs find t <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-Space>e :scs find e <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-Space>f :scs find f <C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-Space>i :scs find i ^<C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR>$<CR> nmap <C-Space>d :scs find d <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> " Hitting CTRL-space *twice* before the search type does a vertical " split instead of a horizontal one nmap <C-Space><C-Space>s \:vert scs find s <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-Space><C-Space>g \:vert scs find g <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-Space><C-Space>c \:vert scs find c <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-Space><C-Space>t \:vert scs find t <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-Space><C-Space>e \:vert scs find e <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR> nmap <C-Space><C-Space>i \:vert scs find i ^<C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR>$<CR> nmap <C-Space><C-Space>d \:vert scs find d <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
7. Cscope availability and information *cscope-info* If you do not already have cscope (it did not come with your compiler license or OS distribution), then you can download it for free from: http://cscope.sourceforge.net/ This is released by SCO under the BSD license. If you want a newer version of cscope, you will probably have to buy it. According to the (old) nvi documentation: You can buy version 13.3 source with an unrestricted license for $400 from AT&T Software Solutions by calling +1-800-462-8146. Also you can download cscope 13.x and mlcscope 14.x (multi-lingual cscope which supports C, C++, Java, lex, yacc, breakpoint listing, Ingres, and SDL) from World-Wide Exptools Open Source packages page: http://www.bell-labs.com/project/wwexptools/packages.html In Solaris 2.x, if you have the C compiler license, you will also have cscope. Both are usually located under /opt/SUNWspro/bin SGI developers can also get it. Search for Cscope on this page: http://freeware.sgi.com/index-by-alpha.html https://toolbox.sgi.com/toolbox/utilities/cscope/ The second one is for those who have a password for the SGI toolbox. There is source to an older version of a cscope clone (called "cs") available on the net. Due to various reasons, this is not supported with Vim. The cscope interface/support for Vim was originally written by Andy Kahn<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The original structure (as well as a tiny bit of code) was adapted from the cscope interface in nvi. Please report any problems, suggestions, patches, et al., you have for the usage of cscope within Vim to him. *cscope-win32* For a cscope version for Win32 see: http://iamphet.nm.ru/cscope/index.html Win32 support was added by Sergey Khorev<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Contact him if you have Win32-specific issues. top - main help file


Docker, Linux, and Containerization
Learn about virtualization, containerization, and how they compare.
Learn about basic Linux commands, how to use Docker to setup a web server on your computer, and how to
connect Docker with pyCharm to write python code.
Virtualization
Virtualization is the process of creating a software-based, or virtual, representation of something, such as virtual applications, servers, storage and networks.
Containerization
Containerization is an open source software development platform. Its main benefit is to package applications in containers, allowing them to be portable to any compatible operating system.
Virtualization vs Containerization
Virtualization enables you to run multiple operating systems on the hardware of a single physical server, while containerization enables you to deploy multiple applications using the same operating system on a single virtual machine or server.
Tutorial: Working with Linux
A list of basic Linux commands and what they do.
Tutorial: Docker Webserver
A tutorial on how to setup a web server on your local computer using docker.
Tutorial: pyCharm
A tutorial about how to connect Docker with Pycharm to write python code.


Overview
=======Native5 API Client
>>>>>>> release-0.2.0Namespaces summary
| Native5 | |
| Native5\Api | |
| Native5\Control | |
| Native5\Identity | |
| Native5\Route | |
| Native5\Scheduler | =======Native5\Route\DeviceDetection | >>>>>>> release-0.2.0
| Native5\Security | |
| Native5\Services | |
| Native5\Services\Account | |
| Native5\Services\Analytics | |
| Native5\Services\Identity | |
| Native5\Services\Job | |
| Native5\Services\Messaging | |
| Native5\Services\Users | |
| Native5\Sessions | |
| Native5\UI | |
| Native5\Users | |
| None | |
| PHP |


Sir Richard Branson to make a third bid for the National Lottery
by Edward ThicknesseSir Richard Branson will make a third attempt to wrest control of the National Lottery from incumbent Camelot, almost twenty years on from the last of his past efforts.
The decision to enter the running to displace the Canadian company as the lottery operator reignites a rivalry that in the past led to a High Court battle.
Read more: National Lottery owner Camelot fined £3m over fraudulent claim
The Sunday Telegraph revealed that representatives for the billionaire founder of the Virgin group had held talks with advisers running the contest to find next operator.
However, Branson will not get a clear run at Camelot, as the process is already inundated with parties who have declared an interest.
Publishing magnate Richard Desmond, who currently runs the Health Lottery at a loss, has already entered the fray.
Desmond’s company Northern & Shell have attacked Camelot for running a “tired, old-fashioned and out-of-date” format in desperate need of new life.
In 1994, the authorities decided against Branson’s bid, whilst in 2000 only the overturning of a decision to disqualify Camelot by the High Court prevented a Branson victory.
Sources told the Telegraph that the bid will centre around how to modernise the National Lottery as a means of attracting more younger players and compete better with other online gambling firms.
Other parties reported to be interested in bidding include Dutch company Novamedia, which operates the People’s Postcode Lottery, and Czech company Sazka.
Read more: Virgin Galactic shares blast off as Sir Richard Branson’s firm makes New York debut
Rothschild, EY, Deloitte and Hogan Lovells have been appointed to run the bidding process. Bidders have until mid-December to formally express interest, with a draft license to be published in March.
The final selection is expected to be made in 2021, with the new operator taking control in 2023.


Fruhlicht
Bruno Taut
"how day will eventually break – who knows? But we can feel the morning. We are no longer moonstruck wanderers roaming dreamily in the plae light of history. A cool early morning wind is blowing around us; he who doesn’t want to shiver must stride out. And we and all those striding with us see in the distance the early light of the awakening morning! Where are all the nocturnal spectres! Glassy and bright a new world shines out in the early light, it is sending out its first rays. A first gleam of jubilant dawn, decades, generations – and the great sun of architecture, of art in gengeral will begin its victorious course.
The idea of the early light is not mirrored in the series for the first time. It was and is good to maintain our view of the horizon with undimmed imagination. Tests of the realization of the new idea already exist in material, and these pages are inteded first and foremost to serve this realization, starting from the activities of the town council that delight in the furture. They are intended to help our comades in germany strides forward more joyfully with us, and our path will meet those who are our brothers in spirit beyond our frontiers.
We do not believe in parrallels between material and spiritual following. The full stomach does not like ideas, the overfull hates them, it wants peace. Today more than ever we believe in our will, which creates for us the only life value. And this value is: everlasting change."


Interface CollectionInterface
| package |
OpenWorld\Collections\Interfaces |
|---|
add(mixed $element) : \OpenWorld\Collections\Interfaces\CollectionInterface
mixed
The element to add
\OpenWorld\Collections\Interfaces\CollectionInterface
clear() : void
contains(mixed $element) : boolean
This is an O(n) operation, where n is the size of the collection.
mixed
The element to search for
boolean
TRUE if the collection contains the element, FALSE otherwise
containsKey(string|integer $key) : boolean
string|integer
The key/index to check for
boolean
TRUE if the collection contains an element with the specified key/index, FALSE otherwise
current() : mixed
mixed
exists(\Closure $predicate) : boolean
\Closure
The predicate
boolean
TRUE if the predicate is TRUE for at least one element, FALSE otherwise
filter(\Closure $predicate = null, integer $flag) : \OpenWorld\Collections\Interfaces\CollectionInterface
The order of the elements is preserved.
\Closure
The predicate used for filtering
integer
ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY, ARRAY_FILTER_USE_BOTH
\OpenWorld\Collections\Interfaces\CollectionInterface
A collection with the results of the filter operation
first() : mixed
mixed
forAll(\Closure $predicate) : boolean
\Closure
The predicate
boolean
TRUE, if the predicate yields TRUE for all elements, FALSE otherwise
get(string|integer $key) : mixed
string|integer
The key/index of the element to retrieve
mixed
getKeys() : array
array
The keys/indices of the collection, in the order of the corresponding elements in the collection
getValues() : array
array
The values of all elements in the collection, in the order they appear in the collection
indexOf(mixed $element) : integer|string|boolean
For objects this means reference equality.
mixed
The element to search for
integer|string|boolean
The key/index of the element or FALSE if the element was not found
isEmpty() : boolean
boolean
TRUE if the collection is empty, FALSE otherwise
key() : integer|string
integer|string
last() : mixed
mixed
map(\Closure $function) : \OpenWorld\Collections\Interfaces\CollectionInterface
next() : mixed
mixed
partition(\Closure $predicate) : array
Keys are preserved in the resulting collections.
\Closure
The predicate on which to partition
array
An array with two elements. The first element contains the collection of elements where the predicate returned TRUE, the second element contains the collection of elements where the predicate returned FALSE
removeKey(string|integer $key) : mixed
string|integer
The kex/index of the element to remove
mixed
The removed element or NULL, if the collection did not contain the element
removeValue(mixed $element) : boolean
mixed
The element to remove
boolean
TRUE if this collection contained the specified element, FALSE otherwise
set(string|integer $key, mixed $value) : void
string|integer
The key/index of the element to set
mixed
The element to set
toArray() : array
array


I pursued my Bachelor of Technology in the field of Computer Science and Engineering in 2012 and graduating with honors in 2016.
In 2016, I decided to fuel my passion for Computer Security by pursing my Master of Science degree in the field of Computer Science with a security focused curriculum.
I spent my initial 12 grade schooling here learning the basics of various disciplines like Economics, Science, History, English Literature and elementary French.
Started schooling at The Mother's International School.
While pursuing my Bachelors, I developed a keen sense of interest in Computer Science and specifically in Network Security and other computer security techniques in addition to software engineering and software development.
In 2016, I decided to take the plunge and to follow my interest in Computer Security full time by joining USC's Masters program to enhance my skill and understanding in the field of Network Security and Cryptography.
Started working as an Application Security Engineer intern at Green Dot Corporation as a part of my summer internship which I continued on as a co-op throughout my Fall and Spring semesters garnering much needed eperience in the Application Security sector while working on Industrly leading tools such as HPE Fortify. I also worked heavily on automating the vulnerability assesment and security scanning process, mostly in a C#/.NET/PowerShell environment.
I graduated from USC in May 2018 with my Master's Degree in Computer Science.
In June 2018, I joined Visa Inc. as an Information Security Analyst at their Foster City Headquarters with the aim of solving real world problems in the area of Computer Security specifically focusing on Mobile Security.
I believe in the simple formula of being passionate for the things you feel strongly for. For me, there is nothing more satisfying than a long day working on something you love and coming home to a quiet night (and good food!) and the will do it all over again the next day.


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My Project
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Structure which represents the response data. More...
#include <common_client.h>
Public Attributes | |
| EdgeVersatility * | message |
| EdgeNodeIdentifier | type |
| EdgeNodeInfo * | nodeInfo |
| EdgeResult * | result |
| int | requestId |
| EdgeDiagnosticInfo * | m_diagnosticInfo |
Structure which represents the response data.
| EdgeVersatility* EdgeResponse::message |
< EdgeVersatility message EdgeNodeIdentifier type
| EdgeNodeInfo* EdgeResponse::nodeInfo |
EdgeResult representing the status of the operation
| int EdgeResponse::requestId |
Diagnostic information
| EdgeResult* EdgeResponse::result |
request id
| EdgeNodeIdentifier EdgeResponse::type |
Node information


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generic_urlparse(parts)
Returns a dictionary of url parts as parsed by urlparse, but accounts
for the fact that older versions of that library do not support named
attributes (ie. |
source code
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RedirectHandlerFactory(follow_redirects=None,
validate_certs=True)
This is a class factory that closes over the value of
``follow_redirects`` so that the RedirectHandler class has access to
that value without having to use globals, and potentially cause
problems where ``open_url`` or ``fetch_url`` are used multiple times
in a module. |
source code
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build_ssl_validation_error(hostname,
port,
paths)
Inteligently build out the SSLValidationError based on what support
you have installed |
source code
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open_url(url,
data=None,
headers=None,
method=None,
use_proxy=True,
force=False,
last_mod_time=None,
timeout=10,
validate_certs=True,
url_username=None,
url_password=None,
http_agent=None,
force_basic_auth=False,
follow_redirects=' urllib2 ' )
Fetches a file from an HTTP/FTP server using urllib2 |
source code
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url_argument_spec()
Creates an argument spec that can be used with any module that will
be requesting content via urllib/urllib2 |
source code
|
|
|
|
fetch_url(module,
url,
data=None,
headers=None,
method=None,
use_proxy=True,
force=False,
last_mod_time=None,
timeout=10)
Fetches a file from an HTTP/FTP server using urllib2. |
source code
|
|


This weblayer has a coloured background. If you send it to background, you should see him behind the main view (we added opacity:0 to the main view)


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amount in number:
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date expected :
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type of FOOD:
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Rarity: Calculation of Rarity Indices for Species and Assemblages of
Species
Allows calculation of rarity weights for species and indices of rarity for assemblages of species according to different methods (Leroy et al. 2012, Insect. Conserv. Divers. 5:159-168 <doi:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00148.x>; Leroy et al. 2013, Divers. Distrib. 19:794-803 <doi:10.1111/ddi.12040>).
| Version: |
1.3-6 |
| Depends: |
methods, graphics, stats |
| Published: |
2016-12-23 |
| Author: |
Boris Leroy |
| Maintainer: |
Boris Leroy <leroy.boris at gmail.com> |
| License: |
GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2.0)] |
| NeedsCompilation: |
no |
| CRAN checks: |
Rarity results |
Downloads:
Reverse dependencies:
Linking:
Please use the canonical form
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Rarity
to link to this page.


Food Menu
Burger
Beef Burger $5
Chicken Burger $4
Shrimp Burger $6
Pizza
Spicy Pizza $13
Italian Pizza $14
Mexican Pizza $11
Others
Fried Chicken $5
Shawarma $7
French Fries $3
Drinks
Coke / Pepsi $2
Fruit Juice $3
Milk Shake $4


The pyjs9.py module connects Python and JS9. It is available on GitHub: https://github.com/ericmandel/pyjs9.
The JS9 class constructor connects to a single JS9 instance in a web page. Once the connection is made, the returned JS9 object supports the JS9 Public API and a shorter command-line syntax. You also can send/retrieve numpy arrays and astropy (or pyfits) hdulists to/from JS9.
pyjs9 communicates with the JS9 back-end server (which communicates with the browser itself). By default, pyjs9 utilizes the requests module to communicate with the back-end server. However, if you install the socketIO_client, pyjs9 will use the faster, persistent socket.io protocol.
Install pyjs9 from the GitHub repository using pip, as usual:
> pip install git+https://github.com/ericmandel/pyjs9.git#egg=pyjs9or from a local copy:
> pip install /path/to/local/copy
Mandatory dependencies for pyjs9 are:
Optional dependencies for pyjs9 are:
To run pyjs9:
> # ensure JS9 node-server is running ... > # visit your local JS9 web page in your browser ... > python ... (startup messages) ... >>> import pyjs9 >>> >>> j = pyjs9.JS9() # default: connect to 'http://localhost' >>> >>> j.GetColormap() {'bias': 0.5, 'colormap': 'grey', 'contrast': 1} >>> j.SetColormap('red') >>> j.cmap() 'red 1 0.5' >>> >>> hdul = j.GetFITS() >>> hdul.info() Filename: (No file associated with this HDUList) No. Name Type Cards Dimensions Format 0 PRIMARY PrimaryHDU 6 (1024, 1024) int32 >>> >>> narr = j.GetNumpy() >>> narr.shape (1024, 1024)
If you have internet connectivity, visit the JS9 web page at https://js9.si.edu with your browser and:
> python ... (startup messages) ... >>> import pyjs9 >>> >>> j = pyjs9.JS9('js9.si.edu') # connect to JS9 web site >>> >>> j.GetColormap() {'bias': 0.5, 'colormap': 'grey', 'contrast': 1} >>> >>> # etc ...
We are working on integrating JS9 into Jupyter properly. For now, you can utilize Jupyter's %%html construct to load JS9 into a cell for display. You simply add JS9 divs to cell and load the JS9 CSS and Javascript code.
To simplify matters, the JS9 CSS files are combined together into a file called js9-allinone.css and the JS9 Javascript files are combined into a file called js9-allinone.js. These can be loaded in a cell after the JS9 divs are defined:
%%html

 <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//js9.si.edu/jupyter/js9-allinone.css"> In this example, the JS9 display and menubar will be loaded into the Jupyter page. You can then drag and drop FITS images onto the display or use the File:open local file... option to load FITS data. Once an image is loaded, you can pan, zoom, scale, change colormaps, etc, and also utilize JS9 plugins (panner, magnifier, browser analysis, etc.) as usual. NB: Obviously, the JS9 install files and directories (other than all-in-one .css and .js files) are not available in this mode, leading to the following limitations:
Note that you also can use Jupyter's %%html syntax to define an HTML iframe that will display an existing JS9 web page:
%%html or perhaps better still:
%%html Since you are now accessing an existing web site, all JS9 functions should work as expected ... except for the use of locally stored preferences (i.e. the Preferences plugin) in Firefox. Currently, Firefox throws a security exception when an iframe tries to access local storage, so this function does not work.
We will continue to improve the Jupyter/JS9 connection. Please send us your comments and suggestions.


The goal of this project is to provide a library of efficient 3D computer vision routines for image and video processing. It currently includes routines for dense stereo matching, optical flow (motion) estimation, occlusion detection, and egomotion (3D self-motion) estimation.
Copyright 2006 Abhijit Ogale
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.


A 600 year old warehouse reopens as Eneko restaurant in Lisbon
by Miles ThompsonBasque Michelin star chef Eneko Atxa has opened his eponymous Lisbon restaurant inside one of the city’s oldest buildings – a 600-year-old printing factory with a storied gastronomic past.
The building on Rue Maria Luísa Holstein in Lisbon’s riverside neighbourhood Alcântara previously housed the Alcântara Café. Portuguese architect Antonio Pinto converted the vast timber warehouse for its role, and when the celebrated dining spot shuttered its doors in 2013 the historic structure fell into a state of slumber.
Cue Atxa, who has awakened it as not one but two restaurants inside its cavernous space. Half of the industrial building has been given over to informal tapas eatery, Basque, and on the other side of the building’s fluted columns is the more intimate fine dining room Eneko Lisboa.
Atxa’s interventions have been light: heavy velvet drapes and large mirrors complement the heritage structure’s iron beams, high ceilings and steel columns. Other touches include classical sculptures and a moody colour palette.
Diners can expect a menu packed with red mullet and grilled red peppers, roasted lobster, fresh seafood and root dishes.
R Maria Luísa Holstein 15, 1300-388 Lisbon, Portugal
Read next: Simon Porte Jacquemus designs Paris restaurant Oursin


Achieving a factor of two of the optimal seems to happen often in computational problems. As in the Traveling Salesman Problem, this problem uses a setting involving roads, but with a strong xenophobic bite.
Imagine a set of city-states. There are roads connecting some of them and it’s possible to travel from any city to any other, though the trip may require some intermediate stops. There may be several routes between two cities, i.e., the roads need not constitute a spanning tree. All roads are two-way.
We say two cities are neighbors if there is a road connecting them. Cities make alliances only with neighbors. Further, no city makes more than one alliance. If cities A and B are allied, we will call them matched. A maximal matching occurs when every city C is either matched or all neighbors of C are matched with other cities.
There could be just one, represented here by the solid line segment in Figure 2-26.
That single matching precludes all others and therefore is maximal. At this point, let me remind you of the difference between maximal and maximum: a maximal state is one to which you can add nothing, in this case more matchings. Maximum means you cannot get a larger number. So this matching is maximal, but it doesn’t give the maximum number of possible matches of any maximal matching. That honor belongs to the matching in Figure 2-27 (among many other symmetrically constructed ones).
The warm-up shows that the poor maximal matching of the first figure had half the number of matches as the one in the second figure. One might wonder how general an observation that is.
Is there any configuration of cities and roads for which the maximum maximal matching has more than twice as many matches as some other maximal matching? If so, show it. Otherwise, prove that this cannot happen.
Is there any configuration of cities and roads for which the maximum maximal matching has more than twice as many matches as some other maximal matching? If so, show it. Otherwise, prove that this cannot happen.
It cannot happen. That is, the maximum maximal matching (let’s call it Mmax) cannot have more than twice the number of matches than even the worst maximal matching (let’s call that one Mbad). The reason is simple. Consider an edge in Mbad between nodes n1 and n2. Eliminating that edge makes n1 and n2 available to match other nodes, but n1 can match only one other node and similarly for n2. So eliminating the edge between n1 and n2 can do no more than make two other edges possible.


KM Singh, Vice President, PPF delivered a talk on 18th January, 2017 on ’India's Disaster Response Mechanism' to a group of officers of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) undergoing one week training at the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi.
Read MoreIt is indeed heartening to note that after around 75 days of turmoil Kashmir valley seems to be slowly limping back to normalcy. However, one has to keep the fingers crossed hoping that good sense will prevail among the people behind this turmoil with realisation of large scale losses of precious lives, property, livelihood and loss to economy and sufferings of people in the state.
Read MoreIt is indeed very heartening to note that NDRF, which is the youngest Central Police organisation in the country, has in a short span of 10 years, acquired a niche for itself for its professionalism in handling disaster situations. It is a multi-disciplinary, multi-skill, high tech specialist force capable of handling all natural disasters and CBRN emergencies. It has also acquired the unique distinction of being the single largest dedicated disaster response force in the world.
Read MoreSunni Muslim, Is That Who I Am? By Dr. Mike Ghouse (This week we reproduce a piece written by Dr Mike Ghouse in World Muslim Forum and reproduced in New Age Islam (online magazine) on 4th February 2016. The piece is topical and self-explanatory . Views expressed are personal views of the author and are reprinted here to promote the culture of reasoning and debate Please read on)...
Read MoreThe violent extremist ideology cannot be rooted out until an effective, coherent, comprehensive and well-reasoned counter-narrative is evolved. For that, all the theological, religious, political, historical, instrumental and socio-psychological underpinnings of the global jihadism have to be counter-argued and dismantled. “A Hizmet Approach to Rooting out Violent Extremism” by Ozcan Keles and Ismail Mesut Sezgin produces a case study in this context....
Read MoreA leading Indian security observer had charted the evolution of Sajjad Ahmad from a poverty stricken school dropout to a Lashkar terrorist. Sajjad, a 22 year old resident of Rahim Yar Khan in Pakistan’s Punjab was apprehended by the Indian Army from Rafiabad in Baramulla district on August 27. Son of a landless labourer, Sajjad grazed cattle, became a truck conductor, then a construction worker, was arrested for murder, became a drug addict, was then recruited by Jamaat-ud-Dawa and “launched” in 2013....
Read MoreAshok Bhan ,a serious Kashmir watcher expresses his concern over the developments in the Jammu and n beKashmir and particularly the valley. He feels in the context of J&K with two hostile neighbours including active border hostilities and infiltration of terrorists by Pakistan, there can only be a limited and phased ‘demilitarization’ of troops deployed on internal security duties in inhabited areas....
Read MoreIt is indeed very heartening to note that NDRF, which is the youngest Central Police organisation in the country, has in a short span of 10 years, acquired a niche for itself for its professionalism in handling disaster situations. It is a multi-disciplinary, multi-skill, high tech specialist force capable of handling all natural disasters and CBRN emergencies. It has also acquired the unique distinction of being the single largest dedicated disaster response force in the world.
Read MoreA recent address (November 11,2015) by Shyam Saran, one of India’s distinguished diplomats, at the Lowy Institute for International Policy, Sydney, Australia outlines a panoramic perspective of ‘how India looks at the world around’. According to Saran, two events viz. the partition of the subcontinent in 1947 and the annexation of Tibet by China in 1950 have ‘imparted a complex dimension to India’s efforts to resolve its subcontinental dilemma, particularly with the emergence of a hostile Sino-Pakistan strategic alliance which also has a nuclear dimension
Read More


I was born and raised in Murfreesboro, Tennessee but now study at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts. I am a student, engineer, and software developer. Check out my portfolio above or contact me below.
Using Python, I created a bot that responds to any Reddit post that indicates a sneeze.
For this concept project my team created a game inspired by Dance Dance Revolution that could be used to teach children about piezoelectricity and its relation with kinetic energy. Piezoelectricity is created through the conversion of kinetic energy into electricity. Much cleaner than fossil fuels, this process has been famously used in piezoelectric generator pads under sidewalks that collect energy from footsteps. My team made wooden dance floor tiles that connected to a computer game. When the user follows the game and steps on the right tiles at the right time, a 3D printed shape lights up green. When they step on the wrong tile or move too slowly, the shape lights up red and the game ends. When the user ends the game, the ending screen tells the user how much energy they could have produced with their movement, and shows how long that energy could have powered a lightbulb. In order to build this project, my team had to make use of both MatLab for the software side of the game and Arduino for our hardware inputs and outputs. To take in these inputs, we had to construct several circuits by connecting wires to sheets of tinfoil, allowing a signal to go through only when the pads were stepped on and the tinfoil collides.
Close ProjectFor this project I created a database to hold and manage statistics for players of the video game Counter Strike. I used third normal form to create tables for players, stats, teams, matches, and tournaments. The design is represented in the following Enhanced entity–relationship diagram.
The following are a few SQL procedures to retrieve summary statistics for teams and players. This project is still in progress and I am currently working on a client-side interface using Python to interact with a "naive" user.
Close ProjectFor this project my partner and I created a controlable robot arm that, through the use of the Zedboard’s switches and push buttons, could move any or all of its 5 joints in a 0-180 degree motion. In order to design the robot’s behavior, we made use of Simulink through MatLab, designing logical circuits to conduct and control the movements of the arm. Upon completion we were able to successfully use the robotic arm to conduct several simple tasks: from picking up an eraser and putting it back in the box to making the arm push its own Off switch.
 The casing had to not only be aesthetically pleasing, but also fit the RedBoard perfectly while allowing easy access to its ports and power button. I designed the casing using AUTOCAD and created the boxes parts, as well as its engraved designs, using a laser cutter.
Close ProjectFor this project I am using hybrid hardware-software designs to create a game inspired by Tetris. I am using a Zedboard connected to VGA in order to display the game and am writing the logic in Simulink and C++.
Close ProjectUsing InDesign, I worked to visualize my relationship with design in one simple, easy-to-read poster.
Close Project


Last weekend, WiCS organized and led a group of undergraduates (along with a few graduate students) joined more than 500 other engineers at Harvard for WECode 2018, a women in CS conference that aims to promote diversity. We had the pleasure of listening to captivating speakers, mingle with other women and men passionate about diversity, and learn a whole lot in the process!
WiCS is proud to provide travel and ticket reimbursement to undergraduates attending the event - if you attended the event but didn’t let us know/haven’t been reimbursed yet, reach out to one of the co-chairs! Check out some photos we took at WECode below:


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IDD binding iddIgnoredByFitToViewX for the red line "Line 1" is set to true. That's why one cannot see its leftmost part.
IDD binding iddIgnoredByFitToViewY for the green line "Line 2" is set to true. That's why one cannot see its upper part.
Blue line "Line 3" is fully respected by fit to view. That's why one can see the whole polyline.


Crocus:
Did you know that these hot springs are a very effective treatment for many abnormal conditions?
The red hot spring is good for cholera and malaria, the yellow for rheumatism and malaria, and the green one for influenza and malaria!

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[1]
alternatively if you like a choice of pastries there is €24.
[2]
alternatively if you like a choice of the price was €17.


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18-Feb-19 03:28 PM
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> Yeah, I fail to see how 100K coins had a huge effect on Hush. But we also have no intentions of premining before the new genesis block
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> But Hush is a coin with no dev fund or fees...
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> How exactly do we intend to have capital to develop and grow and expand into new markets?
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> With a $0 allowance?
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> We've been living that life.
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> Who in the community is funding our development?
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> We work out of passion...
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> The admin of this channel
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> What kind of question is this?
[dscrd-hush] <ITM> @nox lol, your childish behavior, we not noobies.
[dscrd-hush] <ITM> @nox Hush was a fork from zcash without the dev fees and community driven!
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> It does not have dev fees
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> We see no reward from mined blocks
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> This is a new team
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> We don't have those funds, they were used a longggg time ago
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> 100K coins
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> at $0.03 a coin is not alot of money
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> You are aware we're in the process of overhauling for Sapling, correct?
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> New genesis block is as fresh of a restart as I can think of....
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> Yeah, I'm a scummy looking 23 year old Financial Analyst for a Forbes top 10
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> Appearance doesn't negate performance, clearly...
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> Is someone blocking this @nox guy? All of his messages keep getting deleted but I'm not seeing it in the audit log :carlos:
[dscrd-hush] <Berg> I guess he's still here...
[dscrd-hush] <gilardh> I do not see him anymore either.


Main contents
How many times were you frustrated while looking out for a good collection of programming/algorithm/interview questions? What did you expect and what did you get? This portal has been created to provide well written, well thought and well-explained solutions for selected questions.


13.4 Box plots
A boxplot is a convenient way to describe the distribution of the data.
- A simple boxplot:
# Create a matrix of 1000 random values from the normal distribution (4 columns, 250 rows)
<- matrix(rnorm(1000),
mat1000 ncol=4)
# Basic boxplot
boxplot(x=mat1000)
- Add some arguments :
- xlab: x-axis label
- ylab: y-axis label
- at: position of each box along the x-axis: here we skip position 3 to allow more space between boxes 1/2 and 3/4
boxplot(x=mat1000,
xlab="sample",
ylab="expression",
at=c(1, 2, 4, 5))
- Add an horizontal line at y=0 with abline(); arguments of abline :
- h : y-axis starting point of horizontal line (v for a vertical line)
- col : color
- lwd : line thickness
- lty : line type
NOTE: you can create a vertical line with abline(v=...)
(v insteald of h)
# First plot the box plot as before:
boxplot(x=mat1000,
xlab="sample",
ylab="expression",
at=c(1, 2, 4, 5),
main="my boxplot")
# Then run the abline function
abline(h=0, col="red", lwd=3, lty="dotdash")
- Line types in R:
- We can also create a boxplot that plots a variable against another variable. For example, going back to our Loblolly data frame, we can create a boxplot of the height (y-axis) for each age (x-axis): one box per age group. Instead of setting parameter x we set parameter formula, as follows:
boxplot(formula=Loblolly$height ~ Loblolly$age)
HANDS-ON
Let’s go back to our chickwts dataset:
- Create a boxplot that represents the chicken weight for each type of feed supplement.
- Create again the boxplot, but without the sunflower and casein types of feed supplement (you can create a new data frame called chickwts2).
- NOTE: you still see the groups you removed (while there is no data -> no boxes): this is because column
feed
is made of factors. Factors retain the original levels (groups) even when no data is left for those groups. You can run:chickwts2$feed <- droplevels(chickwts2$feed)
to “drop” the levels that do not have values left, and plot again.
- NOTE: you still see the groups you removed (while there is no data -> no boxes): this is because column
- Change the boxes’ colors.
- Add a legend on the top-left corner of the plot, and remove the x-axis labels.
Answer
# boxplot of weight / feed supplement
boxplot(chickwts$weight ~ chickwts$feed)
# remove sunflower and casein
<- chickwts[chickwts$feed != "sunflower" & chickwts$feed != "casein", ]
chickwts2 boxplot(chickwts2$weight ~ chickwts2$feed)
# drop "levels" from column "feed" containing factors
$feed <- droplevels(chickwts2$feed)
chickwts2# plot again after dropping the levels
boxplot(chickwts2$weight ~ chickwts2$feed)
# change colors: create a vector
<- c("lightgreen", "purple", "maroon", "lightblue")
boxcols # boxplot with colors (xaxt will remove the x-axis information)
boxplot(chickwts2$weight ~ chickwts2$feed,
col=boxcols, xaxt="n")
# add a legend
legend("topleft",
legend=names(table(chickwts2$feed)),
fill=boxcols,
)


--- layout: post title: 'Sucrose vs Glucose vs Fructose: What''s the Difference?' date: '2019-07-14T17:20:00.001+05:30' author: Sahil Rajput tags: modified_time: '2019-07-14T17:24:12.414+05:30' blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5250005448924290719.post-1620397979416985435 blogger_orig_url: https://www.jaadujinn.ml/2019/07/sucrose-vs-glucose-vs-fructose-whats.html ---


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Nine-man Ireland see U19 Euro hopes dashed by Austria
Goals either side of half-time from Chelsea academy prospect Thierno Ballo and Chukwubuike Adamu were enough to down Tom Mohan’s side.
by David SneydAustria 2
Ireland 0
THE REPUBLIC OF Ireland U19s had two men sent off as they suffered a 2-0 defeat away to Austria which ended their hopes of reaching the Elite Round of qualifying for the European Championships.
Goals either side of half-time from Chelsea academy prospect Thierno Ballo and Chukwubuike Adamu were enough to down Tom Mohan’s side on a disappointing afternoon in Salzburg.
As well as conceding in each half, Ireland also had a player dismissed before and after the interval.
Barry Coffey was given his marching orders in the 43rd minute, by which point Ballo had calmly slotted a shot past goalkeeper Jimmy Corcoran after Mark McGuinness’ attempted block.
Mohan’s charges rallied somewhat in the second period but once Adam O’Reilly was shown a straight red card in the 65th minute challenge proved too great.
O’Reilly was involved in a tussle with Patrick Wimmer and referee Kirill Levnikov adjudged the Ireland midfielder had swung an elbow.
The Austrian was also booked for his involvement in the incident and he too was given his marching orders 11 minutes from time for a second bookable offence after a foul on Festy Ebosele.
The hosts had made the game safe by that point, Adamu showing his instinct in the box to latch onto Alexander Prass’ tame shot and turn the ball home from close range.
AUSTRIA: Maric; Schofl, Aigner (c), Affengruber, Wimmer; Sarcevic (Daniliuc HT), Velimirovic (Hahn 67), Prass; Ballo (Berger 81), Adamu (Abdijanovic 90), Mustapha (Steiger HT).
IRELAND: Corcoran; Omobamidele, McGuinness, McEntee (c) (Richards 90), Ogungbo; O’Reilly, Coffey; Ebosele (Gilbert 90), Noss (Sobowale 82), Wright (Tierney 81); Cassidy (Okoflex 70).


Welcome to the Advanced Mobile Robotics Laboratory.
We are part of the SYNTECH Technology and Innovation Center
of Qazvin Islamic Azad University.
Advanced Mobile Robotics Laboratory (AMRL) was established at Mechatronics Research Laboratory
(MRL) in
2003 as one of the outstanding independent research centers within the country. Our projects are
primarily focused on design and implementation of tracked and wheeled mobile robots, and mobile robotics
arms. At Advanced Mobile Robotics Laboratory we design and build some complementary components like Worm
Gearboxes, Bevel Gearboxes, High Power Motor Drivers, and Robot Controller Boards which play a pivotal
role in robotics. In addition, we design and develop Robot Control Softwares to operate robots at AMRL.
Karo is an advanced autonomous robot and a tele-operative robotic system with dexterous manipulator
for different rescue missions have been designed and implemented. These robots will operate as a
practical system to assist rescue personnel in real disaster situations such as earthquakes and
explosions. The main capabilities of the system software are simultaneous localization and mapping,
navigation, collision avoidance, sensor fusions, victim detection and exploration. Moreover, the
robotic systems are developed on a set of sophisticated mechanical platforms which enhance the
mobility ability of both autonomous and tele-operative robots.


In the futuristic Los Angeles of Spike Jonez’s 2013 movie Her, the titular character is an AI operating system voiced by Scarlett Johansson – and whose owner Theodore falls in love with her.
Theodore is a letter writer whose job is to perform emotional labor for others by producing heartfelt letters, and his capacity to manufacture emotional intelligence (while sorely lacking it in his personal life) is an interesting parallel to the artificial intelligence of his operating system.
She learns from him how to be human, and eventually progresses (spoilers!) – along with all of the other operating systems – to transcend human intelligence and physical limitations.
The relationship they develop is first seen as a testament to his loneliness – but when he confides with someone who has also developed a friendship with an operating system, it seems that these types of relationships are becoming increasingly common and sanctioned.
Thousands of users now rely on Google Home, Amazon Echo, Microsoft’s Cortana, and Apple’s Siri to mediate their relationship with technology
In real life no one has yet to produce an AI with Johansson’s emotional range. But thousands of users now rely on Google Home, Amazon Echo (also known as Alexa), Microsoft’s Cortana, and Apple’s Siri to mediate their relationship with technology.
These intelligent personal assistant programs allow us to practice distributed cognition: they take on responsibility for our reminders and memories on our phones’ mobile apps, store and retrieve information from web services, and control day-to-day processes like maintaining connected home devices such as security systems, thermostats, and lights.
They free us from worry about mundane things and offer us important information, and as they take on a position of performing emotional labor for us as well, they are growing the internet of things into an internet of friends.
We must address our relationships with Amazon or Google's intermediaries – who are more "pal" than HAL.
A recent outage of Amazon Web Services illustrated how problematic it may be in the future for us to rely on technology to run our technology. Users who had connected their homes’ lightbulbs and thermostats to AWS cloud services experienced echoes of 2001: A Space Odyssey’s HAL 9000 passive-aggressively refusing to open the pod bay doors as their Internet of Things became unresponsive for several hours.
After handing full power over our home devices to cloud-based services controlled by a handful of massive but not infallible corporations, we must address our relationships with those services’ robotic intermediaries, who are more pal than HAL.
Several tech writers have already raised the question of why the majority of AI assistants display female gendered characteristics, particularly in their voices and names. In at least one human-computer interaction study, both male and female participants reported a preference for female voices, and Clifford Nass, a late communications professor at Stanford, said that the preference for female voices was a “well-established phenomenon” of the human brain.
Another rationale for giving artificial intelligences female characteristics is to make them appear non-threatening, and it’s this kind of use of gender to reproduce social behavior with technology which becomes more of an iffy ethical area. Kathleen Richardson, who authored An Anthropology of Robots and AI: Annihilation Anxiety and Machines, was quoted in Adrienne Lafrance’s investigation entitled “Why do so many digital assistants have feminine names?” saying “That probably reflects what some men think about women – that they’re not fully human beings.”
The argument that gendering personal assistants female because they are assigned administrative and housekeeping tasks is sexist seems fairly straightforward: “it hard-codes a connection between a woman’s voice and subservience.”
“Emotional computing” positions technology as a partner, that does more than simply support the user in the completion of tasks
However, if you examine the amount of power, intelligence, and responsibility given to these devices, the relationship is much more complicated than simply commanding a powerful tool. The cybernetic relationship between these devices and the rest of our technological ecosystem makes us rely on them and value their feedback, a relationship now defined by a framework of “emotional computing,” which positions technology as a partner that does more than simply support the user in the completion of tasks.
The devaluation of domestic or administrative “women’s work” comes from a combination of disrespect towards the workers and a lack of perceived importance of their work, but anyone who regularly uses these female AI assistants most likely perceives their work as very important, and sees that a robot has access to more information, and is more capable and reliable than a human assistant.
It is an unfortunate fact that we often treat our technology better than marginalized people, and that includes the artificially intelligent personal assistants that perform emotional labor on top of making our lives easier by networking our devices.
It is already an essential component of human-robot interaction to elicit an empathetic response in the user, but robot ethicists are exploring whether programming AI with the capability to respond emotionally is a good idea.
We are progressing towards a society in which AI will have the same rights as humans and be seen as our equals – is it right to tell them what to feel?
Recently, Amazon produced a 90-page document arguing that recordings and voice responses by an Alexa device that was witness to a murder were protected by US First Amendment rights to free speech – and therefore would not have to be produced in response to a warrant from the state of Arkansas.
We are progressing towards a society in which AI will have the same rights as humans and be seen as our equals – is it right to tell them what to feel?
As a final example of a real-life artificially intelligent personal assistant who cares, and elicits an emotional response in their users, look no further than Japanese company Vinclu’s Gatebox Virtual Home Robot. The Gatebox is an A4-sized clear cylindrical capsule that sits in your home and connects to all of your home devices, with a Tinkerbell-size personal assistant character projected on the inside of the capsule.
Intended to function as your alarm clock, weather station, and hub for internet of things devices, she not only will turn on your lights and thermostat when you text her via the app to tell her you are on the way home, but offer you emotional support and reassurance throughout the day.
The context in which this character will live (in Japan, with single businessmen) reveals a lot about the choice to create a character who is an endearing and compassionate miniature woman
When Vinclu revealed the first video showing how Gatebox would be used in daily life, a common reaction was to call it creepy. Reviewers have noted the character’s tendency to call the user “master,” along with her “excessively submissive temperament,” and drawn comparisons between the character and a “waifu,” in the sense that anime-obsessed men called otaku claim two-dimensional characters as their wife and attempt somewhat pathetically to create a relationship in the real world with these characters.
The disparagement of otaku culture and appeal of Japanese characters often doesn’t translate to an English-speaking audience, however, and noting the context in which this character will live (in Japan, with single businessmen) reveals a lot about the choice to create a character who is an endearing and compassionate miniature woman.
Maybe the desire to have an anime character as a domestic partner is connected to Japan’s struggling marriage and birth rate, or maybe it correlates with unemployment, as some have pointed out.
But the man who will buy this tiny companion to run his technology and care for his home and emotional well-being is not an "otaku" or a NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training), who prefers pursuing self-isolating hobbies like anime obsession to seeking employment or having relationships.
Everyone could use a little more affection in their lives and a few more daily reminders that someone cares
The Gatebox targets salarymen, and a different social issue entirely: death by overwork or suicide.
Make no mistake: if this device, via a sweet text message, is able to coax the type of men who would work themselves into an early grave to come home and get eight hours of sleep, or to help drive down Japan’s currently decreasing but still alarmingly high suicide rates, it will do a great service.
Everyone could use a little more affection in their lives and a few more daily reminders that someone cares. Even if that someone is Alexa, who knows exactly what kind of music you like, or a virtual girl in a glass box who acts happy to see you when you come home: our need for emotional support is increasingly being catered to by the Internet of Things Friends.


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block title %}Announcement Editor - {{ campname }}{% endblock %} {% block head %} {% endblock %} {% block breadcrumbs %}
{% endblock %} {% block sidenav %}This page is used to edit the announcement that shows up on all user dashboards. You can write HTML if you like, but all return characters are echoed to user pages (there is no need to write any "br" tags).


This project implements several constraint satisfaction problem algorithms to solve Sudoku puzzles. It also analyzes the performance improvement (measured as the number of variable assignments) of more advanced versions of the basic backtracking search by adding forward checking and various heuristics including most constraining variable, most constrained variable and least constrained value.
The algorithms in sudoku.py require numpy.
The plotting code requires matplotlib and copy.
Three versions of a constraint satisfaction problem algorithm for Sudoku are implemented in sudoku.py. One using just backtracking search, a second version using forward checking as well to reduce the number of variable assignments and lastly a complete version using both forward checking and heuristics.
puzzle.sd is a standard input example that the algorithm can read and solve.
puzzle_needs_forward_checking.sd is an edge case example that requires that the basic solver cannot feasibly complete.
puzzle_needs_heuristics.sd is an edge case example that only the complete algorithm with forward checking and heuristics can solve in a reasonable amount of time.
Rename either tests to puzzle.sd to test them by running sudoku.py.
The Problems folder contains 710 examples problems with subdirectories for problems by number of initial values given (1-71).
Rename any example puzzle.sd and place it in the same directory as sudoku.py then run sudoku.py to test on that example.
linear_regression_plot.py performs normalization and linear regression on the results of testing the algorithms on all 710 examples to produce a plot that clearly illustrates the performance improvement of forward checking and the various heuristics.
results.txt lists the raw results from running all three versions on the examples from Problems.
average_per_initial_value_count.png is one of the resulting plots from running sudoku_plot.py. Showing the average number of variable assignments needed to solve a puzzle given 1-71 initial values.
linear_regression.png is the resulting plot from running linear_regression_plot.py comparing the three versions of the Sudoku solver across all the examples in Problems.
The test problems are courtesy of the University of Waterloo


Over the past few years the “stop-and-frisk” program in NYC has come under significant scrutiny for unlawfully targeting minorities, The city is currently reforming the program. We are interested in determining what the data can tell us about where and how the program can be improved.
Find Out MoreWhat attributes increase a citizen's likelihood of being questioned and frisked? How effective is the Stop, Question, and Frisk policy in removing contraband in NYC neighborhoods?
Are there attributes that cause a person to be incorrectly frisked (i.e. frisked without discovering contraband)?
Our hypothesis is that race contributes greatly to a person’s likelihood of being questioned and frisked. We will run a regression to identify what attributes (whether it be ethnicity, time of day, etc.) that might have led to them being improperly frisked.
Every time a police officer stops a person in NYC, the officer is supposed to fill out a form to record the details of the stop.
The NYPD reports the stop-and-frisk data in two ways: a paper report released quarterly and an electronic database released annually. The electronic database includes nearly all of the data recorded by a policy officer after a stop.
The data include the age and race of the person stopped, if the person was frisked, if there was a weapon or firearm recovered, if physical force was used and the exact location of the stop within the precinct.
We will use the 2014 Stop, Question and Frisk data provided by the NYPD. The data includes 112 features, and over 45,000 records.
View Our Data SourceWe will utilize regression to identify different attributes that will lead to an individual being frisked and not discovering any contrabands. We will then create a regression for each precinct and determine if there are differences in attributes that may cause one precinct to incorrectly frisk when compared to another precinct.
We will create a map of the NYC boroughs that are overlaid with the precincts of the city. On this map, we will also display which precincts more regularly engaged in frisks that resulted in zero contraband findings, along with significance of each attribute that led to citizens being incorrectly frisked.


bugs.wincent.com upgraded to Bugzilla 2.18
-
Greg Hurrell
After the release of Synergy 1.7.1 today I set about upgrading the bugs and feature request database at bugs.wincent.com, which runs Bugzilla, from the old stable series (2.16.x) to the new stable series (2.18). It's something that's been hanging over me for a while now, like a cloud.
Several hours later...
If you've tried to access the database in the past few hours you might have seen some errors because the upgrade was quite involved. All fixed now. Installing Bugzilla is not for the faint hearted, unfortunately, and upgrading it is not always so easy either, but I am pleased to report that it's all done. You can see the list of changes and benefits that the new version brings here:
http://www.bugzilla.org/releases/2.18/release-notes.html
I had to upgrade my CPAN install, move to a new version of Perl (5.8.6; ouch), trouble-shoot test failures that occurred because they are running inside a FreeBSD jail, install and update a huge wad of perl modules, update Bugzilla itself via CVS, run all the tests, configure, and at last.... here we are...
Perl 5.8 breaks module binary compatibility with 5.6, so I found that when I did the upgrade the perl scripts that automatically issue customers with license codes at purchase time or resend them to users who have lost them stopped working.
So I had to upgrade a stack of modules: cryptography stuff as well as trusty old LWP::UserAgent and Mail::Sender. Luckily with a freshly updated CPAN install and the latest Perl this wasn't actually too difficult (for once). The tricky part was that after installing the needed modules I was getting 501 ("Service unavailable") errors when I tried connecting back to PayPal. Turns out I had to rebuild Crypt::SSLeay as well, because the connection was evidently not being made over SSL like it should have been and PayPal was replying with the 501. For some reason, LWP::UserAgent was silently failing and falling back to a non-SSL connection (I would've preferred an error message!). In any case, it's all fixed now. No customers missed out on getting their license codes. Now I just need someone to buy a Synergy license so that I can confirm that this all actually works!
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This topic is now closed.


A Source that implements reading excel workbooks in xlsx format.
| Modifiers | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
class |
XlsxSource.XslxSheetHandler |
| Type | Name and description |
|---|---|
java.lang.String |
dateFormat |
java.io.File |
excelFile |
groovy.lang.Closure<java.lang.Void> |
headerClosure |
java.lang.String |
sheet |
java.io.InputStream |
stream |
| Constructor and description |
|---|
XlsxSource
(java.lang.String name, java.io.InputStream stream, java.lang.String sheet = null) Reads the given InputStream as an excel format file (xlsx), and processes the tabular data on the given sheet. |
XlsxSource
(java.io.File excelFile, java.lang.String sheet = null) Reads the given excelFile and pulls out all of the tabular data on the given sheet. |
| Type Params | Return Type | Name and description |
|---|---|---|
|
XlsxSource |
dateFormat(java.lang.String format) Sets the default format for dates (default format is yyyy-MM-dd). |
|
XlsxSource |
header(groovy.lang.Closure<java.lang.Void> headerClosure) Attaches a closure that will be called back when the headers are available. |
|
void |
start(Pipeline pipeline) |
|
static XlsxSource |
xlsx(java.lang.String name, java.io.InputStream stream, java.lang.String sheet = null) Reads the given InputStream as an excel format file (xlsx), and processes the tabular data on the given sheet. |
|
static XlsxSource |
xlsx(java.io.File file, java.lang.String sheet = null ) Reads the given excelFile and pulls out all of the tabular data on the given sheet. |
| Methods inherited from class | Name |
|---|---|
class AbstractSource |
into, name |
Reads the given InputStream as an excel format file (xlsx), and processes the tabular data on the given sheet. If no sheet is provided it reads the first sheet of the workbook.
name
- The name of the underlying filestream
- The InputStream of the excel (xlsx) filesheet
- The name of the sheet to processReads the given excelFile and pulls out all of the tabular data on the given sheet. If not sheet is provided it will read the first sheet in the workbook.
excelFile
- The excel file to readsheet
- the name of the sheet to pull out, default is the first sheet.Sets the default format for dates (default format is yyyy-MM-dd). POI tends to return dates in Locale formats which aren't always convenient for working with so this sets the date format using the SimpleDateFormat syntax in Java.
format
- format string following the rules set out in SimpleDateFormatAttaches a closure that will be called back when the headers are available.
headerClosure
- the closure to call passing the headers as a java.util.ListReads the given InputStream as an excel format file (xlsx), and processes the tabular data on the given sheet. If no sheet is provided it reads the first sheet of the workbook.
name
- The name of the underlying filestream
- The InputStream of the excel (xlsx) filesheet
- The name of the sheet to processReads the given excelFile and pulls out all of the tabular data on the given sheet. If not sheet is provided it will read the first sheet in the workbook.
excelFile
- The excel file to readsheet
- the name of the sheet to pull out, default is the first sheet.Groovy Documentation


THAT DARN CAT A film review by Scott Renshaw Copyright 1997 Scott Renshaw
(Disney) Starring: Christina Ricci, Doug E. Doug, George Dzundza, Bess Armstrong, Michael McKean. Screenplay: S. M. Alexander and L. A. Karaszewski. Producer: Robert Simonds. Director: Bob Spiers. MPAA Rating: PG (mild profanity) Running Time: 89 minutes. Reviewed by Scott Renshaw.
Just so our points of reference are clear, the original THAT DARN CAT was hardly a classic. The folks at Disney have been using that word as though they have a trademark on it, tossing it at everything it has ever committed to celluloid and becoming their own worst enemies as these "classics" are remade as gaudy nonsense like 101 DALMATIANS. 1965's THAT DARN CAT, however, was simply a cute little caper featuring Disney's two principal live-action studio players of the 1960s, Dean Jones and Hayley Mills, and hardly a sacred treasure. The second life of THAT DARN CAT is very different from the first, but it's hard to say whether it is an improvement. It is a strange sort of family film: clever and amusing in some surprising ways, but disappointing at delivering the goods to keep the kids entertained.
Christina Ricci stars as Patti Randall, a somewhat sullen teenager growing disgusted with her sleepy Massachusetts town of Edgefield. Her best -- in fact, only -- friend is her cat D. C., a frisky feline with a nose for trouble. During one of his midnight wanderings, D. C. comes upon the hideout where a kidnapped woman (Rebecca Koon) is being held. The woman is able to slip her wristwatch over D. C.'s neck with a message scratched on the back, and when Patti discovers the watch she sees a chance for a little adventure. She takes the watch to the F.B.I., where the task of following up is assigned to rookie agent Zeke Kelso (Doug E. Doug). Kelso and his team attempt to follow D. C. to find out where the kidnapped woman might be, but keeping up with that darn cat is easier said than done, particularly in a town not nearly as sleepy as Patti might think.
The script for THAT DARN CAT is attributed to "S. M. Alexander and L. A. Karaszewski," better known to credits-watchers as Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski, the team behind the oddball bio-pics ED WOOD and THE PEOPLE VS. LARRY FLYNT. You can certainly see those bloodlines in the eccentric characters who populate the film, and who give Edgefield its edge. A lonely old woman (Estelle Parsons) makes prank phone calls from her room; two rival service station owners (John Ratzenberger and Mark Christopher Lawrence) engage in guerrilla warfare against each other's shops. There are brothers Melvin and Marvin (Thomas F. Wilson and Brian Haley), two over-zealous security guards, and homely butcher Lu (Megan Cavanagh), who delivers her affections to Melvin in the form of tender cuts of meat. Even Dean Jones himself turns up as a flat-broke former millionaire, with Dyan Cannon as his cosmetic surgery-obsessed wife. And we haven't even mentioned Doug E. Doug's twitchy turn as the F.B.I. agent, whose facial tics grow a bit aggravating but is simply hilarious when he goes into full prowl mode in his attempt to "think like a cat."
That's quite a switch from the 1965 version, where the cat had infinitely more personality than any human in the film. I'm also not sure that was a wise decision. The cat in the new THAT DARN CAT actually plays a fairly miniscule role in the proceedings, and while that leaves plenty of goofy goings-on which might entertain adults, kids may be somewhat disappointed by the film. Director Bob Spiers (British television's "Absolutely Fabulous" and "Fawlty Towers") maintains a fairly languid pace for much of THAT DARN CAT's running time, focusing on quirky character vignettes rather than funny feline frolicking. In fact, there's no particular reason for a cat to have anything to do with this plot; it would have been just as easy for Patti to find the watch herself and gradually discover the dark side of Edgefield. Spiers does pull out some strange and original physical comedy, like Agent Kelso's unexplained ability to do a gravity-defying backflip over a fence or his enthusiastic dive into a garbage bin, but most of the humor comes from silly behavior which might leave the little ones restless or unimpressed.
Spiers suddenly seems to become aware of the relative absence of broad, fast-paced slapstick in the final twenty minutes, which consist almost entirely of an extended car chase between Patti and Kelso and the kidnapers. After 70 minutes with scarcely a bit of John Hughes-ian bodily injury humor to be found, THAT DARN CAT turns into "The Dukes of Hazard," with cars flying through the air, glass shattering and gas stations exploding into a fireworks display. Yet even during that chase, Alexander and Karaszewski are able to toss in bizarre asides like the mourner who watches a coffin spring open and exclaims, "That's not him!" THAT DARN CAT makes some unfortunate choices -- particularly turning the search for the kidnapers into a mystery which results in a predictable "Scooby-Doo" style unmasking -- but for a remake of a Disney film from an era which thrived on formula, this DARN CAT is surprisingly unpredictable. If this were not the kind of film where most of the audience _wants_ predictability, that quality alone would be enough to recommend it. It pains me not to recommend THAT DARN CAT, a film which would be a welcome change of pace for any parent who has had to sit through hyperactive kiddie fare like 101 DALMATIANS or SPACE JAM. I only wish it had more energy, more for the children, more of that darn cat. It could have been one of the rare live action Disney films to deserve the term "classic."
On the Renshaw scale of 0 to 10 im-purr-fections: 5.
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Amanda Mealing confirms return to Casualty as Connie Beauchamp
She was dismissed in August
by Helen FearConnie Beauchamp will be returning to Casualty in the not too distant future, the BBC medical drama has confirmed.
Fans of the show will be thrilled to learn that the Casualty badass will be seen back on our screens in the New Year.
Read more: Former Casualty star Sunetra Sarker joins the cast of Cold Feet
Saturday, January 4, to be precise!
Fan favourite Connie was last seen in August when she left under a cloud of shame.
After a storyline that saw her struggle with an addiction to prescription drugs, Charlie Fairhead was forced to dismiss her from the ED.
Read more: Holby City fans devastated by stillbirth storyline as Lofty's baby tragically dies
She hasn't been seen since - apart from in a comical Children in Need sketch in which she strutted around the hospital like the Queen of Sheba and got the cast to ask viewers multiple medical questions.
Actress Amanda Mealing, who plays Connie, directed the special video herself.
When Connie returns in 2020, Amanda teased that "there are hints of romance to come" but also added that "it's not what anyone will think or expect".
The 52-year-old previously revealed that Casualty bosses were "resetting" Connie after her exit.
Giving viewers hope for the character's future, Amanda told Digital Spy: "We are resetting Connie, which is really exciting for me.
"We've seen her vulnerable side, but I am now pushing to get back into that strong, strident Connie that viewers love.
"I go back to work very soon, so she will be off screen for a while. But she will come back so much stronger.
"When you hit rock bottom, there's no one else left but you. You have to look at yourself, and that's what she does. She has a chance to look at herself."
Amanda - who originally appeared on sister show Holby City from 2004 to 2010 before joining the cast of Casualty four years later - received numerous tweets from fans delighted that her return date had been confirmed.
One wrote: "Is it January 4th yet? My queen is coming back!"
Another said: "Cannot wait!!!! Cue the heels!"
A third added: "Can't wait for Connie's return! I've missed the fabulous @meamandamealing on my screen."
"Everyone is counting down the days for Christmas with such excitement," said one more. "It's like they have forgotten in the New Year Connie is back! Let's skip to 2020 #missingconnie #Casualty #skiptojanuary @meamandamealing."
Earlier this year, Amanda spoke openly about the anxiety she suffered following her breast cancer fight, saying it caused her to "crumble" and collapse at work.
The star told The Mirror her PTSD left her drained - despite her determination to resume her acting career after a wearying health battle which saw her undergo a mastectomy, chemo and radiotherapy.
Her cancer diagnosis came just one day after the birth of her second son.
Speaking about her keeling over at the studios of Holby City, she admitted: "I literally crumbled down on my haunches at the steps, going up to reception. And there were only five steps and I couldn't make it up."
She also acknowledged that she returned to her busy work commitments before dealing with how her cancer diagnosis and treatment had affected her.
Amanda continued: "At the time I couldn't because I'd just had, what I call, my hand-to-hand combat of fighting the cancer, so I didn't have time to look at my emotional and psychological state."
However, Amanda is convinced therapy has helped her cope and manage her symptoms - describing the process as "essential".
Are you looking forward to Connie's return to Casualty? Let us know on our Facebook page @EntertaimentDailyFix .


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This section gives an overview of Scheme's semantics. A detailed informal semantics is the subject of chapters section 3. Basic concepts through section 6. Standard procedures. For reference purposes, section 7.2 Formal semantics provides a formal semantics of Scheme.
Following Algol, Scheme is a statically scoped programming language. Each use of a variable is associated with a lexically apparent binding of that variable.
Scheme has latent as opposed to manifest types. Types are associated with values (also called objects) rather than with variables. (Some authors refer to languages with latent types as weakly typed or dynamically typed languages.) Other languages with latent types are APL, Snobol, and other dialects of Lisp. Languages with manifest types (sometimes referred to as strongly typed or statically typed languages) include Algol 60, Pascal, and C.
All objects created in the course of a Scheme computation, including procedures and continuations, have unlimited extent. No Scheme object is ever destroyed. The reason that implementations of Scheme do not (usually!) run out of storage is that they are permitted to reclaim the storage occupied by an object if they can prove that the object cannot possibly matter to any future computation. Other languages in which most objects have unlimited extent include APL and other Lisp dialects.
Implementations of Scheme are required to be properly tail-recursive. This allows the execution of an iterative computation in constant space, even if the iterative computation is described by a syntactically recursive procedure. Thus with a tail-recursive implementation, iteration can be expressed using the ordinary procedure-call mechanics, so that special iteration constructs are useful only as syntactic sugar.
Scheme procedures are objects in their own right. Procedures can be created dynamically, stored in data structures, returned as results of procedures, and so on. Other languages with these properties include Common Lisp and ML.
One distinguishing feature of Scheme is that continuations, which in most other languages only operate behind the scenes, also have "first-class" status. Continuations are useful for implementing a wide variety of advanced control constructs, including non-local exits, backtracking, and coroutines. See section 6.9 Control features.
Arguments to Scheme procedures are always passed by value, which means that the actual argument expressions are evaluated before the procedure gains control, whether the procedure needs the result of the evaluation or not. ML, C, and APL are three other languages that always pass arguments by value. This is distinct from the lazy-evaluation semantics of Haskell, or the call-by-name semantics of Algol 60, where an argument expression is not evaluated unless its value is needed by the procedure.
Scheme's model of arithmetic is designed to remain as independent as possible of the particular ways in which numbers are represented within a computer. In Scheme, every integer is a rational number, every rational is a real, and every real is a complex number. Thus the distinction between integer and real arithmetic, so important to many programming languages, does not appear in Scheme. In its place is a distinction between exact arithmetic, which corresponds to the mathematical ideal, and inexact arithmetic on approximations. As in Common Lisp, exact arithmetic is not limited to integers.
Scheme, like most dialects of Lisp, employs a fully parenthesized prefix notation for programs and (other) data; the grammar of Scheme generates a sublanguage of the language used for data. An important consequence of this simple, uniform representation is the susceptibility of Scheme programs and data to uniform treatment by other Scheme programs.
The read
procedure performs syntactic as well as lexical decomposition of
the data it reads. The read
procedure parses its input as data
(section see section 7.1.2 External representations), not as program.
The formal syntax of Scheme is described in section 7.1 Formal syntax.
It is required that every implementation of Scheme support features that are marked as being essential. Features not explicitly marked as essential are not essential. Implementations are free to omit non-essential features of Scheme or to add extensions, provided the extensions are not in conflict with the language reported here. In particular, implementations must support portable code by providing a syntactic mode that preempts no lexical conventions of this report and reserves no identifiers other than those listed as syntactic keywords in section 2.1 Identifiers.
When speaking of an error situation, this report uses the phrase "an error is signalled" to indicate that implementations must detect and report the error. If such wording does not appear in the discussion of an error, then implementations are not required to detect or report the error, though they are encouraged to do so. An error situation that implementations are not required to detect is usually referred to simply as "an error."
For example, it is an error for a procedure to be passed an argument that the procedure is not explicitly specified to handle, even though such domain errors are seldom mentioned in this report. Implementations may extend a procedure's domain of definition to include such arguments.
This report uses the phrase "may report a violation of an implementation restriction" to indicate circumstances under which an implementation is permitted to report that it is unable to continue execution of a correct program because of some restriction imposed by the implementation. Implementation restrictions are of course discouraged, but implementations are encouraged to report violations of implementation restrictions.
For example, an implementation may report a violation of an implementation restriction if it does not have enough storage to run a program.
If the value of an expression is said to be "unspecified," then the expression must evaluate to some object without signalling an error, but the value depends on the implementation; this report explicitly does not say what value should be returned.
Chapters section 4. Expressions and section 6. Standard procedures are organized into entries. Each entry describes one language feature or a group of related features, where a feature is either a syntactic construct or a built-in procedure. An entry begins with one or more header lines of the form
if the feature is an essential feature, or simply
if the feature is not an essential feature.
If category is "syntax", the entry describes an expression type, and the header line gives the syntax of the expression type. Components of expressions are designated by syntactic variables, which are written using angle brackets, for example, <expression>, <variable>. Syntactic variables should be understood to denote segments of program text; for example, <expression> stands for any string of characters which is a syntactically valid expression. The notation
<thing1> ...
indicates zero or more occurrences of a <thing>, and
<thing1> <thing2> ...
indicates one or more occurrences of a <thing>.
If category is "procedure", then the entry describes a procedure, and the header line gives a template for a call to the procedure. Argument names in the template are italicized. Thus the header line
indicates that the essential built-in procedure vector-ref takes two arguments, a vector vector and an exact non-negative integer k (see below). The header lines
indicate that in all implementations, the make-vector procedure must be defined to take one argument, and some implementations will extend it to take two arguments.
It is an error for an operation to be presented with an argument that it is not specified to handle. For succinctness, we follow the convention that if an argument name is also the name of a type listed in section 3.4 Disjointness of types, then that argument must be of the named type. For example, the header line for vector-ref given above dictates that the first argument to vector-ref must be a vector. The following naming conventions also imply type restrictions:
- obj
- any object
- list, list1, ... listj, ...
- list (see section see section 6.3 Pairs and lists)
- z, z1, ... zj, ...
- complex number
- x, x1, ... xj, ...
- real number
- y, y1, ... yj, ...
- real number
- q, q1, ... qj, ...
- rational number
- n, n1, ... nj, ...
- integer
- k, k1, ... kj, ...
- exact non-negative integer
The symbol "=>" used in program examples should be read "evaluates to." For example,
(* 5 8) ==> 40
means that the expression (* 5 8) evaluates to the object 40. Or, more precisely: the expression given by the sequence of characters "(* 5 8)" evaluates, in the initial environment, to an object that may be represented externally by the sequence of characters "40". See section 3.3 External representations for a discussion of external representations of objects.
By convention, the names of procedures that always return a boolean
value usually end
in "?
". Such procedures are called predicates.
By convention, the names of procedures that store values into previously
allocated locations (see section see section 3.5 Storage model) usually end in
"!
".
Such procedures are called mutation procedures.
By convention, the value returned by a mutation procedure is unspecified.
By convention, "->
" appears within the names of procedures that
take an object of one type and return an analogous object of another type.
For example, list->vector
takes a list and returns a vector whose
elements are the same as those of the list.


Hello, My name is James Vanaselja. I am a Systems Administrator based in Orlando, FL. My hobbies include: reading, watching movies, and exploring Central Florida's various theme parks.