ASxxxx Assemblers and ASLINK Relocating Linker Version 2.0 August 1998 Page 2 P R E F A C E The ASxxxx assemblers were written following the style of several cross assemblers found in the Digital Equipment Corpora- tion Users Society (DECUS) distribution of the C programming language. The DECUS code was provided with no documentation as to the input syntax or the output format. Study of the code revealed that the unknown author of the code had attempted to formulate an assembler with attributes similiar to those of the PDP-11 MACRO assembler (without macro's). The incomplete code from the DECUS C distribution has been largely rewritten, only the program structure, and C source file organization remains relatively unchanged. However, I wish to thank the author for his contribution to this set of assemblers. The ASLINK program was written as a companion to the ASxxxx assemblers, its design and implementation was not derived from any other work. The ASxxxx assemblers and the ASLINK relocating linker are placed in the Public Domain. Publication or distribution of these programs for non-commercial use is hereby granted with the stipulation that the copyright notice be included with all copies. I would greatly appreciate receiving the details of any changes, additions, or errors pertaining to these programs and will attempt to incorporate any fixes or generally useful changes in a future update to these programs. Alan R. Baldwin Kent State University Physics Department Kent, Ohio 44242 U.S.A. http://shop-pdp.kent.edu/ashtml/asxxxx.htm<EMAIL_ADDRESS>tel:<PHONE_NUMBER> fax:<PHONE_NUMBER> Page 3 C O N T R I B U T O R S Thanks to Marko Makela for his contribution of the AS6500 cross assembler. Marko Makela Sillitie 10 A 01480 Vantaa Finland Internet<EMAIL_ADDRESS>EARN/BitNet: msmakela@finuh Thanks to John Hartman for his contribution of the AS8051 cross assembler and updates to the ASxxxx and ASLINK internals. John L. Hartman<EMAIL_ADDRESS>http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jhartman/ Thanks to G. Osborn for his contributions to LKS19.C and LKIHX.C. G. Osborn<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Page 4 ASxxxx Cross Assemblers, Version 2.00, August 1998 Submitted by Alan R. Baldwin, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio Operating System: TSX+, RT-11, MS/DOS, PDOS or other supporting K&R C. Source Langauge: C Abstract: The ASxxxx assemblers are a series of microprocessor assem- blers written in the C programming language. This collection contains cross assemblers for the 6800(6802/6808), 6801(hd6303), 6804, 6805, 68HC08, 6809, 68HC11, 68HC12, 68HC16, 8051, 8085(8080), z80(hd64180), H8/3xx, and 6500 series microproces- sors. Each assembler has a device specific section which includes: (1) device description, byte order, and file exten- sion information, (2) a table of assembler general directives, special directives, assembler mnemonics and associated operation codes, (3) machine specific code for processing the device mnemonics, addressing modes, and special directives. The assemblers have a common device independent section which handles the details of file input/output, symbol table genera- tion, program/data areas, expression analysis, and assembler directive processing. The assemblers provide the following features: (1) alpha- betized, formatted symbol table listings, (2) relocatable object modules, (3) global symbols for linking object modules, (4) con- ditional assembly directives, (5) reusable local symbols, and (6) include-file processing. The companion program ASLINK is a relocating linker perform- ing the following functions: (1) bind multiple object modules into a single memory image, (2) resolve inter-module symbol references, (3) resolve undefined symbols from specified librarys of object modules, (4) process absolute, relative, con- catenated, and overlay attributes in data and program sections, (5) perform byte and word program-counter relative (pc or pcr) addressing calculations, (6) define absolute symbol values at link time, (7) define absolute area base address values at link time, (8) produce Intel Hex or Motorola S19 output file, (9) produce a map of the linked memory image, and (10) update the ASxxxx assembler listing files with the absolute linked ad- dresses and data. The assemblers and linker have been tested using DECUS C under TSX+ and RT-11, PDOS C V5.4b, and Symantec C/C++ V6.1/V7.2 under DOS/Windows 3.x/95. Complete source code and documenta- tion for the assemblers and linker is included with the distri- bution. Additionally, test code for each assembler and several microprocessor monitors ( ASSIST05 for the 6805, MONDEB and ASSIST09 for the 6809, and BUFFALO 2.5 for the 6811) are in- cluded as working examples of use of these assemblers.  Each assembler has a device specific section which includes: 1. device description, byte order, and file extension in- formation 2. a table of the assembler general directives, special device directives, assembler mnemonics and associated operation codes 3. machine specific code for processing the device mnemon- ics, addressing modes, and special directives The device specific information is detailed in the appendices. The assemblers have a common device independent section which handles the details of file input/output, symbol table genera- tion, program/data areas, expression analysis, and assembler directive processing. The assemblers provide the following features: 1. Command string control of assembly functions 2. Alphabetized, formatted symbol table listing 3. Relocatable object modules 4. Global symbols for linking object modules 5. Conditional assembly directives THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-2 THE ASXXXX ASSEMBLERS 6. Program sectioning directives ASxxxx assembles one or more source files into a single relo- catable ascii object file. The output of the ASxxxx assemblers consists of an ascii relocatable object file(*.rel), an assembly listing file(*.lst), and a symbol file(*.sym). 1.1.1 Assembly Pass 1 During pass 1, ASxxxx opens all source files and performs a rudimenatry assembly of each source statement. During this pro- cess all symbol tables are built, program sections defined, and number of bytes for each assembled source line is estimated. At the end of pass 1 all undefined symbols may be made global (external) using the ASxxxx switch -g, otherwise undefined sym- bols will be flagged as errors during succeeding passes. 1.1.2 Assembly Pass 2 During pass 2 the ASxxxx assembler resolves forward refer- ences and determines the number of bytes for each assembled line. The number of bytes used by a particular assembler in- struction may depend upon the addressing mode, whether the in- struction allows multiple forms based upon the relative distance to the addressed location, or other factors. Pass 2 resolves these cases and determines the address of all symbols. 1.1.3 Assembly Pass 3 Pass 3 by the assembler generates the listing file, the relo- catable output file, and the symbol tables. Also during pass 3 the errors will be reported. The relocatable object file is an ascii file containing sym- bol references and definitions, program area definitions, and the relocatable assembled code, the linker ASLINK will use this information to generate an absolute load file (Motorola or Intel formats). THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-3 SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT 1.2 SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT 1.2.1 Statement Format A source program is composed of assembly-language statements. Each statement must be completed on one line. A line may con- tain a maximum of 128 characters, longer lines are truncated and lost. An ASxxxx assembler statement may have as many as four fields. These fields are identified by their order within the statement and/or by separating characters between fields. The general format of the ASxxxx statement is: [label:] Operator Operand [;Comment(s)] The label and comment fields are optional. The operator and operand fields are interdependent. The operator field may be an assembler directive or an assembly mnemonic. The operand field may be optional or required as defined in the context of the operator. ASxxxx interprets and processes source statements one at a time. Each statement causes a particular operation to be per- formed. <IP_ADDRESS> Label Field - A label is a user-defined symbol which is assigned the value of the current location counter and entered into the user de- fined symbol table. The current location counter is used by ASxxxx to assign memory addresses to the source program state- ments as they are encountered during the assembly process. Thus a label is a means of symbolically referring to a specific statement. When a program section is absolute, the value of the current location counter is absolute; its value references an absolute memory address. Similarly, when a program section is relocat- able, the value of the current location counter is relocatable. A relocation bias calculated at link time is added to the ap- parent value of the current location counter to establish its effective absolute address at execution time. (The user can also force the linker to relocate sections defined as absolute. This may be required under special circumstances.) If present, a label must be the first field in a source statement and must be terminated by a colon (:). For example, THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-4 SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT if the value of the current location counter is absolute 01F0(H), the statement: abcd: nop assigns the value 01F0(H) to the label abcd. If the location counter value were relocatable, the final value of abcd would be 01F0(H)+K, where K represents the relocation bias of the program section, as calculated by the linker at link time. More than one label may appear within a single label field. Each label so specified is assigned the same address value. For example, if the value of the current location counter is 1FF0(H), the multiple labels in the following statement are each assigned the value 1FF0(H): abcd: aq: $abc: nop Multiple labels may also appear on successive lines. For ex- ample, the statements abcd: aq: $abc: nop likewise cause the same value to be assigned to all three la- bels. A double colon (::) defines the label as a global symbol. For example, the statement abcd:: nop establishes the label abcd as a global symbol. The distinguish- ing attribute of a global symbol is that it can be referenced from within an object module other than the module in which the symbol is defined. References to this label in other modules are resolved when the modules are linked as a composite execut- able image. The legal characters for defining labels are: A through Z a through z 0 through 9 . (Period) $ (Dollar sign) _ (underscore) A label may be any length, however only the first 79 characters are significant and, therefore must be unique among all labels in the source program (not necessarily among THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-5 SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT separately compiled modules). An error code(s) (m or p) will be generated in the assembly listing if the first 79 characters in two or more labels are the same. The m code is caused by the redeclaration of the symbol or its reference by another state- ment. The p code is generated because the symbols location is changing on each pass through the source file. The label must not start with the characters 0-9, as this designates a local symbol with special attributes described in a later section. The label must not start with the sequence $$, as this represents the temporary radix 16 for constants. <IP_ADDRESS> Operator Field - The operator field specifies the action to be performed. It may consist of an instruction mnemonic (op code) or an assembler directive. When the operator is an instruction mnemonic, a machine in- struction is generated and the assembler evaluates the addresses of the operands which follow. When the operator is a directive ASxxxx performs certain control actions or processing operations during assembly of the source program. Leading and trailing spaces or tabs in the operator field have no significance; such characters serve only to separate the operator field from the preceeding and following fields. An operator is terminated by a space, tab or end of line. <IP_ADDRESS> Operand Field - When the operator is an instruction mnemonic (op code), the operand field contains program variables that are to be evaluated/manipulated by the operator. Operands may be expressions or symbols, depending on the operator. Multiple expressions used in the operand fields may be separated by a comma. An operand should be preceeded by an operator field; if it is not, the statement will give an error (q or o). All operands following instruction mnemonics are treated as expressions. The operand field is terminated by a semicolon when the field is followed by a comment. For example, in the following statement: label: lda abcd,x ;Comment field THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-6 SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT the tab between lda and abcd terminates the operator field and defines the beginning of the operand field; a comma separates the operands abcd and x; and a semicolon terminates the operand field and defines the beginning of the comment field. When no comment field follows, the operand field is terminated by the end of the source line. <IP_ADDRESS> Comment Field - The comment field begins with a semicolon and extends through the end of the line. This field is optional and may contain any 7-bit ascii character except null. Comments do not affect assembly processing or program execu- tion. 1.3 SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS This section describes the generic components of the ASxxxx assemblers: the character set, the conventions observed in con- structing symbols, and the use of numbers, operators, and ex- pressions. 1.3.1 Character Set The following characters are legal in ASxxxx source programs: 1. The letters A through Z. Both upper- and lower-case letters are acceptable. The assemblers, by default, are not case sensitive, i.e. ABCD and abcd are the same symbols. (The assemblers can be made case sensi- tive by using the -z command line option.) 2. The digits 0 through 9 3. The characters . (period), $ (dollar sign), and _ (un- derscore). 4. The special characters listed in Tables 1 through 6. Tables 1 through 6 describe the various ASxxxx label and field terminators, assignment operators, operand separators, as- sembly, unary, binary, and radix operators. THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-7 SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS Table 1 Label Terminators and Assignment Operators ---------------------------------------------------------------- : Colon Label terminator. :: Double colon Label Terminator; defines the label as a global label. = Equal sign Direct assignment operator. == Double equal Direct assignment operator; sign defines the symbol as a global symbol. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Table 2 Field Terminators and Operand Separators ---------------------------------------------------------------- Tab Item or field terminator. Space Item or field terminator. , Comma Operand field separator. ; Semicolon Comment field indicator. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Table 3 Assembler Operators ---------------------------------------------------------------- # Number sign Immediate expression indicator. . Period Current location counter. ( Left parenthesis Expression delimiter. ) Right parenthesis Expression delimeter. ---------------------------------------------------------------- THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-8 SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS Table 4 Unary Operators ---------------------------------------------------------------- < Left bracket <FEDC Produces the lower byte value of the expression. (DC) > Right bracket >FEDC Produces the upper byte value of the expression. (FE) + Plus sign +A Positive value of A - Minus sign -A Produces the negative (2's complement) of A. ~ Tilde ~A Produces the 1's comple- ment of A. ' Single quote 'D Produces the value of the character D. " Double quote "AB Produces the double byte value for AB. \ Backslash '\n Unix style characters \b, \f, \n, \r, \t or '\001 or octal byte values. ---------------------------------------------------------------- THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-9 SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS Table 5 Binary Operators ---------------------------------------------------------------- << Double 0800 << 4 Produces the 4 bit Left bracket left-shifted value of 0800. (8000) >> Double 0800 >> 4 Produces the 4 bit Right bracket right-shifted value of 0800. (0080) + Plus sign A + B Arithmetic Addition operator. - Minus sign A - B Arithmetic Subtraction operator. * Asterisk A * B Arithmetic Multiplica- tion operator. (signed 16-bit) / Slash A / B Arithmetic Division operator. (signed 16-bit quotient) & Ampersand A & B Logical AND operator. | Bar A | B Logical OR operator. % Percent sign A % B Modulus operator. (16-bit value) ^ Up arrow or A ^ B EXCLUSIVE OR operator. circumflex ---------------------------------------------------------------- THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-10 SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS Table 6 Temporary Radix Operators ---------------------------------------------------------------- $%, 0b, 0B Binary radix operator. $&, 0o, 0O, 0q, 0Q Octal radix operator. $#, 0d, 0D Decimal radix operator. $$, 0h, 0H, 0x, 0X Hexidecimal radix operator. Potential ambiguities arising from the use of 0b and 0d as temporary radix operators may be circumvented by pre- ceding all non-prefixed hexidecimal numbers with 00. Leading 0's are required in any case where the first hexidecimal digit is abcdef as the assembler will treat the letter sequence as a label. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1.3.2 User-Defined Symbols User-defined symbols are those symbols that are equated to a specific value through a direct assignment statement or appear as labels. These symbols are added to the User Symbol Table as they are encountered during assembly. The following rules govern the creation of user-defined symbols: 1. Symbols can be composed of alphanumeric characters, dollar signs ($), periods (.), and underscores (_) only. 2. The first character of a symbol must not be a number (except in the case of local symbols). 3. The first 79 characters of a symbol must be unique. A symbol can be written with more than 79 legal characters, but the 80th and subsequent characters are ignored. 4. Spaces and Tabs must not be embedded within a symbol. THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-11 SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS 1.3.3 Local Symbols Local symbols are specially formatted symbols used as labels within a block of coding that has been delimited as a local sym- bol block. Local symbols are of the form n$, where n is a decimal integer from 0 to 255, inclusive. Examples of local symbols are: 1$ 27$ 138$ 244$ The range of a local symbol block consists of those state- ments between two normally constructed symbolic labels. Note that a statement of the form: ALPHA = EXPRESSION is a direct assignment statement but does not create a label and thus does not delimit the range of a local symbol block. Note that the range of a local symbol block may extend across program areas. Local symbols provide a convenient means of generating labels for branch instructions and other such references within local symbol blocks. Using local symbols reduces the possibility of symbols with multiple definitions appearing within a user pro- gram. In addition, the use of local symbols differentiates entry-point labels from local labels, since local labels cannot be referenced from outside their respective local symbol blocks. Thus, local symbols of the same name can appear in other local symbol blocks without conflict. Local symbols require less sym- bol table space than normal symbols. Their use is recommended. The use of the same local symbol within a local symbol block will generate one or both of the m or p errors. THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-12 SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS Example of local symbols: a: ldx #atable ;get table address lda #0d48 ;table length 1$: clr ,x+ ;clear deca bne 1$ b: ldx #btable ;get table address lda #0d48 ;table length 1$: clr ,x+ ;clear deca bne 1$ 1.3.4 Current Location Counter The period (.) is the symbol for the current location coun- ter. When used in the operand field of an instruction, the period represents the address of the first byte of the instruction: AS: ldx #. ;The period (.) refers to ;the address of the ldx ;instruction. When used in the operand field of an ASxxxx directive, it represents the address of the current byte or word: QK = 0 .word 0xFFFE,.+4,QK ;The operand .+4 in the .word ;directive represents a value ;stored in the second of the ;three words during assembly. If we assume the current value of the program counter is 0H0200, then during assembly, ASxxxx reserves three words of storage starting at location 0H0200. The first value, a hex- idecimal constant FFFE, will be stored at location 0H0200. The second value represented by .+4 will be stored at location 0H0202, its value will be 0H0206 ( = 0H0202 + 4). The third value defined by the symbol QK will be placed at location 0H0204. At the beginning of each assembly pass, ASxxxx resets the lo- cation counter. Normally, consecutive memory locations are as- signed to each byte of object code generated. However, the value of the location counter can be changed through a direct assignment statement of the following form: THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-13 SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS . = . + expression The new location counter can only be specified relative to the current location counter. Neglecting to specify the current program counter along with the expression on the right side of the assignment operator will generate the (.) error. (Absolute program areas may use the .org directive to specify the absolute location of the current program counter.) The following coding illustrates the use of the current location counter: .area CODE1 (ABS) ;program area CODE1 ;is ABSOLUTE .org 0H100 ;set location to ;0H100 absolute num1: ldx #.+0H10 ;The label num1 has ;the value 0H100. ;X is loaded with ;0H100 + 0H10 .org 0H130 ;location counter ;set to 0H130 num2: ldy #. ;The label num2 has ;the value 0H130. ;Y is loaded with ;value 0H130. .area CODE2 (REL) ;program area CODE2 ;is RELOCATABLE . = . + 0H20 ;Set location counter ;to relocatable 0H20 of ;the program section. num3: .word 0 ;The label num3 has ;the value ;of relocatable 0H20. . = . + 0H40 ;will reserve 0H40 ;bytes of storage as will .blkb 0H40 ;or .blkw 0H20 The .blkb and .blkw directives are the preferred methods of allocating space. THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-14 SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS 1.3.5 Numbers ASxxxx assumes that all numbers in the source program are to be interpreted in decimal radix unless otherwise specified. The .radix directive may be used to specify the default as octal, decimal, or hexidecimal. Individual numbers can be designated as binary, octal, decimal, or hexidecimal through the temporary radix prefixes shown in table 6. Negative numbers must be preceeded by a minus sign; ASxxxx translates such numbers into two's complement form. Positive numbers may (but need not) be preceeded by a plus sign. Numbers are always considered to be absolute values, therefor they are never relocatable. 1.3.6 Terms A term is a component of an expression and may be one of the following: 1. A number. 2. A symbol: 1. A period (.) specified in an expression causes the current location counter to be used. 2. A User-defined symbol. 3. An undefined symbol is assigned a value of zero and inserted in the User-Defined symbol table as an un- defined symbol. 3. A single quote followed by a single ascii character, or a double quote followed by two ascii characters. 4. An expression enclosed in parenthesis. Any expression so enclosed is evaluated and reduced to a single term before the remainder of the expression in which it ap- pears is evaluated. Parenthesis, for example, may be used to alter the left-to-right evaluation of expres- sions, (as in A*B+C versus A*(B+C)), or to apply a un- ary operator to an entire expression (as in -(A+B)). 5. A unary operator followed by a symbol or number. THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-15 SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS 1.3.7 Expressions Expressions are combinations of terms joined together by binary operators. Expressions reduce to a 16-bit value. The evaluation of an expression includes the determination of its attributes. A resultant expression value may be one of three types (as described later in this section): relocatable, ab- solute, and external. Expressions are evaluate with an operand hierarchy as follows: * / % multiplication, division, and modulus first. + - addition and subtraction second. << >> left shift and right shift third. ^ exclusive or fourth. & logical and fifth. | logical or last except that unary operators take precedence over binary operators. A missing or illegal operator terminates the expression analysis, causing error codes (o) and/or (q) to be generated depending upon the context of the expression itself. At assembly time the value of an external (global) expression is equal to the value of the absolute part of that expression. For example, the expression external+4, where 'external' is an external symbol, has the value of 4. This expression, however, when evaluated at link time takes on the resolved value of the symbol 'external', plus 4. Expressions, when evaluated by ASxxxx, are one of three types: relocatable, absolute, or external. The following dis- tinctions are important: 1. An expression is relocatable if its value is fixed re- lative to the base address of the program area in which it appears; it will have an offset value added at link time. Terms that contain labels defined in relocatable program areas will have a relocatable value; THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-16 SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS similarly, a period (.) in a relocatable program area, representing the value of the current program location counter, will also have a relocatable value. 2. An expression is absolute if its value is fixed. An expression whose terms are numbers and ascii characters will reduce to an absolute value. A relocatable ex- pression or term minus a relocatable term, where both elements being evaluated belong to the same program area, is an absolute expression. This is because every term in a program area has the same relocation bias. When one term is subtracted from the other the reloca- tion bias is zero. 3. An expression is external (or global) if it contains a single global reference (plus or minus an absolute ex- pression value) that is not defined within the current program. Thus, an external expression is only par- tially defined following assembly and must be resolved at link time. 1.4 GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES An ASxxxx directive is placed in the operator field of the source line. Only one directive is allowed per source line. Each directive may have a blank operand field or one or more operands. Legal operands differ with each directive. 1.4.1 .module Directive Format: .module string The .module directive causes the string to be included in the assemblers output file as an identifier for this particular ob- ject module. The string may be from 1 to 79 characters in length. Only one identifier is allowed per assembled module. The main use of this directive is to allow the linker to report a modules' use of undefined symbols. At link time all undefined symbols are reported and the modules referencing them are listed. THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-17 GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES 1.4.2 .title Directive Format: .title string The .title directive provides a character string to be placed on the second line of each page during listing. 1.4.3 .sbttl Directive Format: .sbttl string The .sbttl directive provides a character string to be placed on the third line of each page during listing. 1.4.4 .page Directive Format: .page The .page directive causes a page ejection with a new heading to be printed. The new page occurs after the next line of the source program is processed, this allows an immediately follow- ing .sbttl directive to appear on the new page. The .page source line will not appear in the file listing. Paging may be disabled by invoking the -p directive. 1.4.5 .byte and .db Directives Format: .byte exp ;Stores the binary value .db exp ;of the expression in the ;next byte. .byte exp1,exp2,expn ;Stores the binary values .db exp1,exp2,expn ;of the list of expressions ;in successive bytes. where: exp, represent expressions that will be exp1, truncated to 8-bits of data. . Each expression will be calculated . as a 16-bit word expression, . the high-order byte will be truncated. . Multiple expressions must be THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-18 GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES expn separated by commas. The .byte or .db directives are used to generate successive bytes of binary data in the object module. 1.4.6 .word and .dw Directives Format: .word exp ;Stores the binary value .dw exp ;of the expression in ;the next word. .word exp1,exp2,expn ;Stores the binary values .dw exp1,exp2,expn ;of the list of expressions ;in successive words. where: exp, represent expressions that will occupy two exp1, bytes of data. Each expression will be . calculated as a 16-bit word expression. . Multiple expressions must be expn separated by commas. The .word or .dw directives are used to generate successive words of binary data in the object module. 1.4.7 .blkb, .blkw, and .ds Directives Format: .blkb N ;reserve N bytes of space .blkw N ;reserve N words of space .ds N ;reserve N bytes of space The .blkb and .ds directives reserve byte blocks in the ob- ject module; the .blkw directive reserves word blocks. 1.4.8 .ascii Directive Format: .ascii /string/ where: string is a string of printable ascii characters. / / represent the delimiting characters. These delimiters may be any paired printing characters, as long as the characters are not contained within the string itself. If the THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-19 GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES delimiting characters do not match, the .ascii directive will give the (q) error. The .ascii directive places one binary byte of data for each character in the string into the object module. 1.4.9 .ascis Directive Format: .ascis /string/ where: string is a string of printable ascii characters. / / represent the delimiting characters. These delimiters may be any paired printing characters, as long as the characters are not contained within the string itself. If the delimiting characters do not match, the .ascis directive will give the (q) error. The .ascis directive places one binary byte of data for each character in the string into the object module. The last character in the string will have the high order bit set. 1.4.10 .asciz Directive Format: .asciz /string/ where: string is a string of printable ascii characters. / / represent the delimiting characters. These delimiters may be any paired printing characters, as long as the characters are not contained within the string itself. If the delimiting characters do not match, the .asciz directive will give the (q) error. The .asciz directive places one binary byte of data for each character in the string into the object module. Following all the character data a zero byte is inserted to terminate the character string. THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-20 GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES 1.4.11 .radix Directive Format: .radix character where: character represents a single character specifying the default radix to be used for succeeding numbers. The character may be any one of the following: B,b Binary O,o Octal Q,q D,d Decimal 'blank' H,h Hexidecimal X,x 1.4.12 .even Directive Format: .even The .even directive ensures that the current location counter contains an even boundary value by adding 1 if the current loca- tion is odd. 1.4.13 .odd Directive Format: .odd The .odd directive ensures that the current location counter contains an odd boundary value by adding one if the current lo- cation is even. THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-21 GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES 1.4.14 .area Directive Format: .area name [(options)] where: name represents the symbolic name of the program sec- tion. This name may be the same as any user-defined symbol as the area names are in- dependent of all symbols and labels. options specify the type of program or data area: ABS absolute (automatically invokes OVR) REL relocatable OVR overlay CON concatenate PAG paged area The .area directive provides a means of defining and separat- ing multiple programming and data sections. The name is the area label used by the assembler and the linker to collect code from various separately assembled modules into one section. The name may be from 1 to 79 characters in length. The options are specified within parenthesis and separated by commas as shown in the following example: .area TEST (REL,CON) ;This section is relocatable ;and concatenated with other ;sections of this program area. .area DATA (REL,OVR) ;This section is relocatable ;and overlays other sections ;of this program area. .area SYS (ABS,OVR) ;(CON not allowed with ABS) ;This section is defined as ;absolute. Absolute sections ;are always overlayed with ;other sections of this program ;area. .area PAGE (PAG) ;This is a paged section. The ;section must be on a 256 byte ;boundary and its length is ;checked by the linker to be ;no larger than 256 bytes. ;This is useful for direct page ;areas. THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-22 GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES The default area type is REL|CON; i.e. a relocatable sec- tion which is concatenated with other sections of code with the same area name. The ABS option indicates an absolute area. The OVR and CON options indicate if program sections of the same name will overlay each other (start at the same location) or be concatenated with each other (appended to each other). Multiple invocations of the .area directive with the same name must specify the same options or leave the options field blank, this defaults to the previously specified options for this program area. The ASxxxx assemblers automatically provide two program sections: '. .ABS.' This dumby section contains all absolute symbols and their values. '_CODE' This is the default program/data area. This program area is of type (REL,CON). The ASxxxx assemblers also automatically generate two symbols for each program area: 's_<area>' This is the starting address of the pro- gram area. indent -16 'l_<area>' This is the length of the program area. The .area names and options are never case sensitive. 1.4.15 .org Directive Format: .org exp where: exp is an absolute expression that becomes the cur- rent location counter. The .org directive is valid only in an absolute program section and will give a (q) error if used in a relocatable program area. The .org directive specifies that the current location counter is to become the specified absolute value. THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-23 GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES 1.4.16 .globl Directive Format: .globl sym1,sym2,...,symn where: sym1, represent legal symbolic names. When sym2,... When multiple symbols are specified, symn they are separated by commas. A .globl directive may also have a label field and/or a com- ment field. The .globl directive is provided to define (and thus provide linkage to) symbols not otherwise defined as global symbols within a module. In defining global symbols the directive .globl J is similar to: J == expression or J:: Because object modules are linked by global symbols, these symbols are vital to a program. All internal symbols appearing within a given program must be defined at the end of pass 1 or they will be considered undefined. The assembly directive (-g) can be be invoked to make all undefined symbols global at the end of pass 1. 1.4.17 .if, .else, and .endif Directives Format: .if expr . ;} . ;} range of true condition . ;} .else . ;} . ;} range of false condition . ;} .endif The conditional assembly directives allow you to include or exclude blocks of source code during the assembly process, based on the evaluation of the condition test. The range of true condition will be processed if the expres- sion 'expr' is not zero (i.e. true) and the range of false con- dition will be processed if the expression 'expr' is zero (i.e false). The range of true condition is optional as is the .else directive and the range of false condition. The following are all valid .if/.else/.endif constructions: THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-24 GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES .if A-4 ;evaluate A-4 .byte 1,2 ;insert bytes if A-4 is .endif ;not zero .if K+3 ;evaluate K+3 .else .byte 3,4 ;insert bytes if K+3 .endif ;is zero .if J&3 ;evaluate J masked by 3 .byte 12 ;insert this byte if J&3 .else ;is not zero .byte 13 ;insert this byte if J&3 .endif ;is zero The .if/.else/.endif directives may be nested upto 10 levels. The .page directive is processed within a false condition range to allow extended textual information to be incorporated in the source program with out the need to use the comment delimiter (;): .if 0 .page This text will be bypassed during assembly but appear in the listing file. . . . .endif 1.4.18 .include Directive Format: .include string where: string represents a delimited string that is the file specification of an ASxxxx source file. The .include directive is used to insert a source file within the source file currently being assembled. When this directive is encountered, an implicit .page directive is issued. When the end of the specified source file is reached, an implicit .page directive is issued and input continues from the previous source file. The maximum nesting level of source files specified by a .include directive is five. THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-25 GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES The total number of separately specified .include files is unlimited as each .include file is opened and then closed during each pass made by the assembler. 1.4.19 .setdp Directive Format: .setdp [base [,area]] The set direct page directive has a common format in all the AS68xx assemblers. The .setdp directive is used to inform the assembler of the current direct page region and the offset ad- dress within the selected area. The normal invocation methods are: .area DIRECT (PAG) .setdp or .setdp 0,DIRECT for all the 68xx microprocessors (the 6804 has only the paged ram area). The commands specify that the direct page is in area DIRECT and its offset address is 0 (the only valid value for all but the 6809 microprocessor). Be sure to place the DIRECT area at address 0 during linking. When the base address and area are not specified, then zero and the current area are the defaults. If a .setdp directive is not issued the assembler defaults the direct page to the area "_CODE" at offset 0. The assembler verifies that any local variable used in a direct variable reference is located in this area. Local vari- able and constant value direct access addresses are checked to be within the address range from 0 to 255. External direct references are assumed by the assembler to be in the correct area and have valid offsets. The linker will check all direct page relocations to verify that they are within the correct area. The 6809 microprocessor allows the selection of the direct page to be on any 256 byte boundary by loading the appropriate value into the dp register. Typically one would like to select the page boundary at link time, one method follows: THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-26 GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES .area DIRECT (PAG) ; define the direct page .setdp . . . .area PROGRAM . ldd #DIRECT ; load the direct page register tfr a,dp ; for access to the direct page At link time specify the base and global equates to locate the direct page: -b DIRECT = 0x1000 -g DIRECT = 0x1000 Both the area address and offset value must be specified (area and variable names are independent). The linker will verify that the relocated direct page accesses are within the direct page. The preceeding sequence could be repeated for multiple paged areas, however an alternate method is to define a non-paged area and use the .setdp directive to specify the offset value: .area DIRECT ; define non-paged area . . . .area PROGRAM . .setdp 0,DIRECT ; direct page area ldd #DIRECT ; load the direct page register tfr a,dp ; for access to the direct page . . .setdp 0x100,DIRECT ; direct page area ldd #DIRECT+0x100 ; load the direct page register tfr a,dp ; for access to the direct page The linker will verify that subsequent direct page references are in the specified area and offset address range. It is the programmers responsibility to load the dp register with the cor- rect page segment corresponding to the .setdp base address specified. For those cases where a single piece of code must access a defined data structure within a direct page and there are many pages, define a dumby direct page linked at address 0. This dumby page is used only to define the variable labels. Then load the dp register with the real base address but donot use a .setdp directive. This method is equivalent to indexed THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-27 GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES addressing, where the dp register is the index register and the direct addressing is the offset. 1.5 INVOKING ASXXXX The ASxxxx assemblers are command line oriented. The PC as- semblers are started with the appropriate option(s) and file(s) to assemble following the assembler name: as6809 [-dqxgalosff] file1 [file2 file3 ... file6] The options are: d decimal listing q octal listing x hex listing (default) The listing radix affects the .lst, .rel, and .sym files. g undefined symbols made global a all user symbols made global l create list output file1.lst o create object output file1.rel s create symbol output file1.sym p disable listing pagination w wide listing format for symbol table z enable case sensitivity for symbols relocatable reference flagging: f by ` in the listing file ff by mode in the listing file The file name for the .lst, .rel, and .sym files is the first file name specified in the command line. All output files are ascii text files which may be edited, copied, etc. The output files are the concatenation of all the input files, if files are to be assembled independently invoke the assembler for each file. The .rel file contains a radix directive so that the linker will use the proper conversion for this file. Linked files may have different radices. THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-28 INVOKING ASXXXX If the list (l) option is specified without the symbol table (s) option, the symbol table is placed at the end of the listing file. 1.6 ERRORS The ASxxxx assemblers provide limited diagnostic error codes during the assembly process, these errors will be noted in the listing file and printed on the stderr device. The assembler reports the errors on the stderr device as ?ASxxxx-Error-<*> in line nnn of filename where * is the error code, nnn is the line number, and filename is the source/include file. The errors are: (.) This error is caused by an absolute direct assign- ment of the current location counter . = expression (incorrect) rather than the correct . = . + expression (a) Indicates a machine specific addressing or address- ing mode error. (b) Indicates a direct page boundary error. (d) Indicates a direct page addressing error. (i) Caused by an .include file error or an .if/.endif mismatch. (m) Multiple definitions of the same label, multiple .module directives, or multiple conflicting attri- butes in an .area directive. (o) Directive or mnemonic error or the use of the .org directive in a relocatable area. (p) Phase error: label location changing between passes 2 and 3. Normally caused by having more than one level of forward referencing. (q) Questionable syntax: missing or improper operators, terminators, or delimiters. (r) Relocation error: logic operation attempted on a THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-29 ERRORS relocatable term, addition of two relocatable terms, subtraction of two relocatable terms not within the same programming area or external symbols. (u) Undefined symbol encountered during assembly. 1.7 LISTING FILE The (-l) option produces an ascii output listing file. Each page of output contains a four line header: 1. The ASxxxx program name and page number 2. Title from a .title directive (if any) 3. Subtitle from a .sbttl directive (if any) 4. Blank line Each succeeding line contains five fields: 1. Error field (first three characters of line) 2. Current location counter 3. Generated code in byte format 4. Source text line number 5. Source text The error field may contain upto 2 error flags indicating any errors encountered while assembling this line of source code. The current location counter field displays the 16-bit pro- gram position. This field will be in the selected radix. The generated code follows the program location. The listing radix determines the number of bytes that will be displayed in this field. Hexidecimal listing allows six bytes of data within the field, decimal and octal allow four bytes within the field. If more than one field of data is generated from the assembly of a single line of source code, then the data field is repeated on successive lines. THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-30 LISTING FILE The source text line number is printed in decimal and is fol- lowed by the source text. Two special cases will disable the listing of a line of source text: 1. Source line with a .page directive is never listed. 2. Source line with a .include file directive is not listed unless the .include file cannot be opened. Two data field options are available to flag those bytes which will be relocated by the linker. If the -f option is specified then each byte to be relocated will be preceeded by the '`' character. If the -ff option is specified then each byte to be relocated will be preceeded by one of the following characters: 1. * paged relocation 2. u low byte of unsigned word or unsigned byte 3. v high byte of unsigned word 4. p PCR low byte of word relocation or PCR byte 5. q PCR high byte of word relocation 6. r low byte relocation or byte relocation 7. s high byte relocation 1.8 SYMBOL TABLE FILE The symbol table has two parts: 1. The alphabetically sorted list of symbols and/or labels defined or referenced in the source program. 2. A list of the program areas defined during assembly of the source program. The sorted list of symbols and/or labels contains the follow- ing information: 1. Program area number (none if absolute value or exter- nal) THE ASSEMBLER PAGE 1-31 SYMBOL TABLE FILE 2. The symbol or label 3. Directly assigned symbol is denoted with an (=) sign 4. The value of a symbol, location of a label relative to the program area base address (=0), or a **** indicat- ing the symbol or label is undefined. 5. The characters: G - global, R - relocatable, and X - external. The list of program areas provides the correspondence between the program area numbers and the defined program areas, the size of the program areas, and the area flags (attributes). 1.9 OBJECT FILE The object file is an ascii file containing the information needed by the linker to bind multiple object modules into a com- plete loadable memory image. The object module contains the following designators: [XDQ][HL] X Hexidecimal radix D Decimal radix Q Octal radix H Most significant byte first L Least significant byte first H Header M Module A Area S Symbol T Object code R Relocation information P Paging information Refer to the linker for a detailed description of each of the designators and the format of the information contained in the object file. CHAPTER 2 THE LINKER 2.1 ASLINK RELOCATING LINKER ASLINK is the companion linker for the ASxxxx assemblers. The program ASLINK is a general relocating linker performing the following functions: 1. Bind multiple object modules into a single memory image 2. Resolve inter-module symbol references 3. Combine code belonging to the same area from multiple object files into a single contiguous memory region 4. Search and import object module libraries for undefined global variables 5. Perform byte and word program counter relative (pc or pcr) addressing calculations 6. Define absolute symbol values at link time 7. Define absolute area base address values at link time 8. Produce Intel Hex or Motorola S19 output file 9. Produce a map of the linked memory image 10. Produce an updated listing file with the relocated ad- dresses and data THE LINKER PAGE 2-2 INVOKING ASLINK 2.2 INVOKING ASLINK The linker may run in the command line mode or command file modes. The allowed startup linker commands are: -c/-f command line / command file modes -p/-n enable/disable echo file.lnk input to stdout If command line mode is selected, all linker commands come from stdin, if the command file mode is selected the commands are input from the specified file (extension must be .lnk). Most sytems require the initial options to be entered on the command line: ASLINK -[cfpn] Some systems may request the arguments after the linker is started at a system specific prompt: ASLINK argv: -[cfpn] After invoking the linker the valid options are: 1. -i/-s Intel Hex (file.ihx) or Motorola S19 (file.s19) image output file. 2. -z Specifies that symbol names are case sensitive. 3. -m Generate a map file (file.map). This file con- tains a list of the symbols (by area) with absolute ad- dresses, sizes of linked areas, and other linking information. 4. -w Specifies that a wide listing format be used for the map file. 5. -xdq Specifies the number radix for the map file (Hexidecimal, Decimal, or Octal). 6. -u Generate an updated listing file (file.rst) derived from the relocated addresses and data from the linker 7. fileN Files to be linked. Files may be on the same line as the above options or on a separate line(s) one file per line or multiple files separated by spaces or tabs. THE LINKER PAGE 2-3 INVOKING ASLINK 8. -b area = expression (one definition per line) This specifies an area base address where the expres- sion may contain constants and/or defined symbols from the linked files. 9. -g symbol = expression (one definition per line) This specifies the value for the symbol where the ex- pression may contain constants and/or defined symbols from the linked files. 10. -k library directory path (one definition per line) This specifies one possible path to an object library. More than one path is al- lowed. 11. -l library file specification (one definition per line) This specifies a possible library file. More than one file is allowed. 12. -e or null line, terminates input to the linker. 2.3 LIBRARY PATH(S) AND FILE(S) The process of resolving undefined symbols after scanning the input object files includes the scanning of object module libraries. The linker will search through all combinations of the library path specifications (input by the -k option) and the library file specifications (input by the -l option) that lead to an existing library file. Each library file contains a list (one file per line) of modules included in this particular library. Each existing object module is scanned for a match to the undefined symbol. The first module containing the symbol is then linked with the previous modules to resolve the symbol de- finition. The library object modules are rescanned until no more symbols can be resolved. The scanning algorithm allows resolution of back references. No errors are reported for non existant library files or object modules. The library file specification may be formed in one of two ways: 1. If the library file contained an absolute path/file specification then this is the object module's path/file. (i.e. C:\...) 2. If the library file contains a relative path/file specification then the concatenation of the path and THE LINKER PAGE 2-4 LIBRARY PATH(S) AND FILE(S) this file specification becomes the object module's path/file. (i.e. \...) As an example, assume there exists a library file termio.lib in the syslib directory specifying the following object modules: \6809\io_disk first object module d:\special\io_comm second object module and the following parameters were specified to the linker: -k c:\iosystem\ the first path -k c:\syslib\ the second path -l termio the first library file -l io the second library file (no such file) The linker will attempt to use the following object modules to resolve any undefined symbols: c:\syslib\6809\io_disk.rel (concatenated path/file) d:\special\io_comm.rel (absolute path/file) all other path(s)/file(s) don't exist. (No errors are reported for non existant path(s)/file(s).) 2.4 ASLINK PROCESSING The linker processes the files in the order they are presented. The first pass through the input files is used to define all program areas, the section area sizes, and symbols defined or referenced. Undefined symbols will initiate a search of any specified library file(s) and the importing of the module containing the symbol definition. After the first pass the -b (area base address) definitions, if any, are processed and the areas linked. The area linking proceeds by first examining the area types ABS, CON, REL, OVR and PAG. Absolute areas (ABS) from separate object modules are always overlayed and have been assembled at a specific address, these are not normally relocated (if a -b com- mand is used on an absolute area the area will be relocated). Relative areas (normally defined as REL|CON) have a base address of 0x0000 as read from the object files, the -b command speci- fies the beginning address of the area. All subsequent relative areas will be concatenated with proceeding relative areas. Where specific ordering is desired, the first linker input file should have the area definitions in the desired order. At the THE LINKER PAGE 2-5 ASLINK PROCESSING completion of the area linking all area addresses and lengths have been determined. The areas of type PAG are verified to be on a 256 byte boundary and that the length does not exceed 256 bytes. Any errors are noted on stderr and in the map file. Next the global symbol definitions (-g option), if any, are processed. The symbol definitions have been delayed until this point because the absolute addresses of all internal symbols are known and can be used in the expression calculations. Before continuing with the linking process the symbol table is scanned to determine if any symbols have been referenced but not defined. Undefined symbols are listed on the stderr device. if a .module directive was included in the assembled file the module making the reference to this undefined variable will be printed. Constants defined as global in more than one module will be flagged as multiple definitions if their values are not identi- cal. After the preceeding processes are complete the linker may output a map file (-m option). This file provides the following information: 1. Global symbol values and label absolute addresses 2. Defined areas and there lengths 3. Remaining undefined symbols 4. List of modules linked 5. List of library modules linked 6. List of -b and -g definitions The final step of the linking process is performed during the second pass of the input files. As the xxx.rel files are read the code is relocated by substituting the physical addresses for the referenced symbols and areas and may be output in Intel or Motorola formats. The number of files linked and symbols de- fined/referenced is limited by the processor space available to build the area/symbol lists. If the -u option is specified then the listing files (file.lst) associated with the relocation files (file.rel) are scanned and used to create a new file (file.rst) which has all addresses and data relocated to their final values. THE LINKER PAGE 2-6 LINKER INPUT FORMAT 2.5 LINKER INPUT FORMAT The linkers' input object file is an ascii file containing the information needed by the linker to bind multiple object modules into a complete loadable memory image. The object module contains the following designators: [XDQ][HL] X Hexidecimal radix D Decimal radix Q Octal radix H Most significant byte first L Least significant byte first H Header M Module A Area S Symbol T Object code R Relocation information P Paging information 2.5.1 Object Module Format The first line of an object module contains the [XDQ][HL] format specifier (i.e. XH indicates a hexidecimal file with most significant byte first) for the following designators. 2.5.2 Header Line H aa areas gg global symbols The header line specifies the number of areas(aa) and the number of global symbols(gg) defined or referenced in this ob- ject module segment. THE LINKER PAGE 2-7 LINKER INPUT FORMAT 2.5.3 Module Line M name The module line specifies the module name from which this header segment was assembled. The module line will not appear if the .module directive was not used in the source program. 2.5.4 Symbol Line S string Defnnnn or S string Refnnnn The symbol line defines (Def) or references (Ref) the symbol 'string' with the value nnnn. The defined value is relative to the current area base address. References to constants and ex- ternal global symbols will always appear before the first area definition. References to external symbols will have a value of zero. 2.5.5 Area Line A label size ss flags ff The area line defines the area label, the size (ss) of the area in bytes, and the area flags (ff). The area flags specify the ABS, REL, CON, OVR, and PAG parameters: OVR/CON (0x04/0x00 i.e. bit position 2) ABS/REL (0x08/0x00 i.e. bit position 3) PAG (0x10 i.e. bit position 4) 2.5.6 T Line T xx xx nn nn nn nn nn ... The T line contains the assembled code output by the assem- bler with xx xx being the offset address from the current area base address and nn being the assembled instructions and data in byte format. THE LINKER PAGE 2-8 LINKER INPUT FORMAT 2.5.7 R Line R 0 0 nn nn n1 n2 xx xx ... The R line provides the relocation information to the linker. The nn nn value is the current area index, i.e. which area the current values were assembled. Relocation information is en- coded in groups of 4 bytes: 1. n1 is the relocation mode and object format, for the adhoc extension modes refer to asxxxx.h or aslink.h 1. bit 0 word(0x00)/byte(0x01) 2. bit 1 relocatable area(0x00)/symbol(0x02) 3. bit 2 normal(0x00)/PC relative(0x04) relocation 4. bit 3 1-byte(0x00)/2-byte(0x08) object format for byte data 5. bit 4 signed(0x00)/unsigned(0x10) byte data 6. bit 5 normal(0x00)/page '0'(0x20) reference 7. bit 6 normal(0x00)/page 'nnn'(0x40) reference 8. bit 7 LSB byte(0x00)/MSB byte(0x80) with 2-byte mode 2. n2 is a byte index into the corresponding (i.e. pre- ceeding) T line data (i.e. a pointer to the data to be updated by the relocation). The T line data may be 1-byte or 2-byte byte data format or 2-byte word format. 3. xx xx is the area/symbol index for the area/symbol be- ing referenced. the corresponding area/symbol is found in the header area/symbol lists. The groups of 4 bytes are repeated for each item requiring relo- cation in the preceeding T line. 2.5.8 P Line P 0 0 nn nn n1 n2 xx xx The P line provides the paging information to the linker as specified by a .setdp directive. The format of the relocation information is identical to that of the R line. The correspond- ing T line has the following information: T xx xx aa aa bb bb Where aa aa is the area reference number which specifies the selected page area and bb bb is the base address of the page. bb bb will require relocation processing if the 'n1 n2 xx xx' is specified in the P line. The linker will verify that the base THE LINKER PAGE 2-9 LINKER INPUT FORMAT address is on a 256 byte boundary and that the page length of an area defined with the PAG type is not larger than 256 bytes. The linker defaults any direct page references to the first area defined in the input REL file. All ASxxxx assemblers will specify the _CODE area first, making this the default page area. 2.6 LINKER ERROR MESSAGES The linker provides detailed error messages allowing the pro- grammer to quickly find the errant code. As the linker com- pletes pass 1 over the input file(s) it reports any page boundary or page length errors as follows: ?ASlink-Warning-Paged Area PAGE0 Boundary Error and/or ?ASlink-Warning-Paged Area PAGE0 Length Error where PAGE0 is the paged area. During Pass two the linker reads the T, R, and P lines per- forming the necessary relocations and outputting the absolute code. Various errors may be reported during this process The P line processing can produce only one possible error: ?ASlink-Warning-Page Definition Boundary Error file module pgarea pgoffset PgDef t6809l t6809l PAGE0 0001 The error message specifies the file and module where the .setdp direct was issued and indicates the page area and the page offset value determined after relocation. The R line processing produces various errors: ?ASlink-Warning-Byte PCR relocation error for symbol bra2 file module area offset Refby t6809l t6809l TEST 00FE Defin tconst tconst . .ABS. 0080 ?ASlink-Warning-Unsigned Byte error for symbol two56 file module area offset Refby t6800l t6800l DIRECT 0015 Defin tconst tconst . .ABS. 0100 THE LINKER PAGE 2-10 LINKER ERROR MESSAGES ?ASlink-Warning-Page0 relocation error for symbol ltwo56 file module area offset Refby t6800l t6800l DIRECT 000D Defin tconst tconst DIRECT 0100 ?ASlink-Warning-Page Mode relocation error for symbol two56 file module area offset Refby t6809l t6809l DIRECT 0005 Defin tconst tconst . .ABS. 0100 ?ASlink-Warning-Page Mode relocation error file module area offset Refby t Pagetest PROGRAM 0006 Defin t Pagetest DIRECT 0100 These error messages specify the file, module, area, and offset within the area of the code referencing (Refby) and defining (Defin) the symbol. If the symbol is defined in the same module as the reference the linker is unable to report the symbol name. The assembler listing file(s) should be examined at the offset from the specified area to located the offending code. The errors are: 1. The byte PCR error is caused by exceeding the pc rela- tive byte branch range. 2. The Unsigned byte error indicates an indexing value was negative or larger than 255. 3. The Page0 error is generated if the direct page vari- able is not in the page0 range of 0 to 255. 4. The page mode error is generated if the direct variable is not within the current direct page (6809). THE LINKER Page 2-11 INTEL HEX OUTPUT FORMAT 2.7 INTEL HEX OUTPUT FORMAT Record Mark Field - This field signifies the start of a record, and consists of an ascii colon (:). Record Length Field - This field consists of two ascii characters which indicate the number of data bytes in this record. The characters are the result of converting the number of bytes in binary to two ascii characters, high digit first. An End of File record contains two ascii zeros in this field. Load Address Field - This field consists of the four ascii characters which result from converting the the binary value of the address in which to begin loading this record. The order is as follows: High digit of high byte of address. Low digit of high byte of address. High digit of low byte of address. Low digit of low byte of address. In an End of File record this field con- sists of either four ascii zeros or the program entry address. Currently the entry address option is not supported. Record Type Field - This field identifies the record type, which is either 0 for data records or 1 for an End of File record. It consists of two ascii characters, with the high digit of the record type first, followed by the low digit of the record type. Data Field - This field consists of the actual data, converted to two ascii characters, high digit first. There are no data bytes in the End of File record. Checksum Field - The checksum field is the 8 bit binary sum of the record length field, the load address field, the record type field, and the data field. This sum is then negated (2's complement) and converted to two ascii characters, high digit first. THE LINKER Page 2-12 MOTOROLA S1-S9 OUTPUT FORMAT 2.8 MOTORLA S1-S9 OUTPUT FORMAT Record Type Field - This field signifies the start of a record and identifies the the record type as follows: Ascii S1 - Data Record Ascii S9 - End of File Record Record Length Field - This field specifies the record length which includes the address, data, and checksum fields. The 8 bit record length value is converted to two ascii characters, high digit first. Load Address Field - This field consists of the four ascii characters which result from converting the the binary value of the address in which to begin loading this record. The order is as follows: High digit of high byte of address. Low digit of high byte of address. High digit of low byte of address. Low digit of low byte of address. In an End of File record this field con- sists of either four ascii zeros or the program entry address. Currently the entry address option is not supported. Data Field - This field consists of the actual data, converted to two ascii characters, high digit first. There are no data bytes in the End of File record. Checksum Field - The checksum field is the 8 bit binary sum of the record length field, the load address field, and the data field. This sum is then complemented (1's comple- ment) and converted to two ascii characters, high digit first. CHAPTER 3 BUILDING ASXXXX AND ASLINK The assemblers and linker have been successfully compiled us- ing the DECUS C (PDP-11) compiler (patch level 9) with RT-11/TSX+, Eyring Research Institute, Inc. PDOS (680x0) C V5.4b compiler, and Symantec C/C++ V6.1/V7.2. The device specific header file (i.e. m6800.h, m6801.h, etc.) contains the DECUS C 'BUILD' directives for generating a command file to compile, assemble, and link the necessary files to prepare an executable image for a particular assembler. 3.1 BUILDING AN ASSEMBLER The building of a typical assembler (6809 for example) re- quires the following files: 1. M6809.H 2. M09EXT.C 3. M09MCH.C 4. M09ADR.C 5. M09PST.C 6. ASXXXX.H 7. ASMAIN.C 8. ASLEX.C 9. ASSYM.C 10. ASSUBR.C 11. ASEXPR.C 12. ASDATA.C 13. ASLIST.C 14. ASOUT.C The first five files are the 6809 processor dependent sec- tions which contain the following: BUILDING ASXXXX AND ASLINK PAGE 3-2 BUILDING AN ASSEMBLER 1. m6809.h - header file containing the machine specific definitions of constants, variables, structures, and types 2. m09ext - device description, byte order, and file ex- tension information 3. m09pst - a table of the assembler general directives, special device directives, and assembler mnemonics with associated operation codes 4. m09mch / m09adr - machine specific code for processing the device mnemonics, addressing modes, and special directives The remaining nine files provide the device independent sec- tions which handle the details of file input/output, symbol table generation, program/data areas, expression analysis, and assembler directive processing. 3.2 BUILDING ASLINK The building of the linker requires the following files: 1. ASLINK.H 2. LKMAIN.C 3. LKLEX.C 4. LKAREA.C 5. LKHEAD.C 6. LKSYM.C 7. LKEVAL.C 8. LKDATA.C 9. LKLIST.C 10. LKRLOC.C 11. LKLIBR.C 12. LKS19.C 13. LKIHX.C APPENDIX A AS6800 ASSEMBLER A.1 6800 REGISTER SET The following is a list of the 6800 registers used by AS6800: a,b - 8-bit accumulators x - index register A.2 6800 INSTRUCTION SET The following tables list all 6800/6802/6808 mnemonics recog- nized by the AS6800 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6800: #data immediate data byte or word data *dir direct page addressing (see .setdp directive) 0 <= dir <= 255 ,x register indirect addressing zero offset offset,x register indirect addressing 0 <= offset <= 255 ext extended addressing label branch label The terms data, dir, offset, ext, and label may all be expres- sions. AS6800 ASSEMBLER PAGE A-2 6800 INSTRUCTION SET Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in- struction, refer to the 6800 technical data for valid modes. A.2.1 Inherent Instructions aba cba clc cli clv daa des dex ins inx nop rti rts sba sec sei sev swi tab tap tba tpa tsx txs wai psha pshb psh a psh b pula pulb pul a pul b A.2.2 Branch Instructions bra label bhi label bls label bcc label bhs label bcs label blo label bne label beq label bvc label bvs label bpl label bmi label bge label blt label bgt label ble label bsr label AS6800 ASSEMBLER PAGE A-3 6800 INSTRUCTION SET A.2.3 Single Operand Instructions asla aslb asl a asl b asl [] asra asrb asr a asr b asr [] clra clrb clr a clr b clr [] coma comb com a com b com [] deca decb dec a dec b dec [] inca incb inc a inc b inc [] lsla lslb lsl a lsl b lsl [] lsra lsrb lsr a lsr b lsr [] nega negb neg a neg b neg [] rola rolb rol a rol b rol [] rora rorb ror a ror b ror [] tsta tstb tst a tst b tst [] AS6800 ASSEMBLER PAGE A-4 6800 INSTRUCTION SET A.2.4 Double Operand Instructions adca [] adcb [] adc a [] adc b [] adda [] addb [] add a [] add b [] anda [] andb [] and a [] and b [] bita [] bitb [] bit a [] bit b [] cmpa [] cmpb [] cmp a [] cmp b [] eora [] eorb [] eor a [] eor b [] ldaa [] ldab [] lda a [] lda b [] oraa [] orab [] ora a [] ora b [] sbca [] sbcb [] sbc a [] sbc b [] staa [] stab [] sta a [] sta b [] suba [] subb [] sub a [] sub b [] A.2.5 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions jmp [] jsr [] AS6800 ASSEMBLER PAGE A-5 6800 INSTRUCTION SET A.2.6 Long Register Instructions cpx [] lds [] sts [] ldx [] stx [] APPENDIX B AS6801 ASSEMBLER B.1 .hd6303 DIRECTIVE Format: .hd6303 The .hd6303 directive enables processing of the HD6303 specific mnemonics not included in the 6801 instruction set. HD6303 mnemonics encountered without the .hd6303 directive will be flagged with an 'o' error. B.2 6801 REGISTER SET The following is a list of the 6801 registers used by AS6801: a,b - 8-bit accumulators d - 16-bit accumulator <a:b> x - index register B.3 6801 INSTRUCTION SET The following tables list all 6801/6303 mnemonics recognized by the AS6801 assembler. The designation [] refers to a re- quired addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6801: #data immediate data byte or word data *dir direct page addressing (see .setdp directive) 0 <= dir <= 255 AS6801 ASSEMBLER PAGE B-2 6801 INSTRUCTION SET ,x register indirect addressing zero offset offset,x register indirect addressing 0 <= offset <= 255 ext extended addressing label branch label The terms data, dir, offset, ext, and label may all be expres- sions. Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in- struction, refer to the 6801/6303 technical data for valid modes. B.3.1 Inherent Instructions aba abx cba clc cli clv daa des dex ins inx mul nop rti rts sba sec sei sev swi tab tap tba tpa tsx txs wai B.3.2 Branch Instructions bra label brn label bhi label bls label bcc label bhs label bcs label blo label bne label beq label bvc label bvs label bpl label bmi label bge label blt label bgt label ble label bsr label AS6801 ASSEMBLER PAGE B-3 6801 INSTRUCTION SET B.3.3 Single Operand Instructions asla aslb asld asl a asl b asl d asl [] asra asrb asr a asr b asr [] clra clrb clr a clr b clr [] coma comb com a com b com [] deca decb dec a dec b dec [] eora eorb eor a eor b eor [] inca incb inc a inc b inc [] lsla lslb lsld lsl a lsl b lsl d lsl [] lsra lsrb lsrd lsr a lsr b lsr d lsr [] nega negb neg a neg b neg [] psha pshb pshx psh a psh b psh x pula pulb pulx pul a pul b pul x rola rolb rol a rol b rol [] AS6801 ASSEMBLER PAGE B-4 6801 INSTRUCTION SET rora rorb ror a ror b ror [] tsta tstb tst a tst b tst [] B.3.4 Double Operand Instructions adca [] adcb [] adc a [] adc b [] adda [] addb [] addd [] add a [] add b [] add d [] anda [] andb [] and a [] and b [] bita [] bitb [] bit a [] bit b [] cmpa [] cmpb [] cmp a [] cmp b [] ldaa [] ldab [] lda a [] lda b [] oraa [] orab [] ora a [] ora b [] sbca [] sbcb [] sbc a [] sbc b [] staa [] stab [] sta a [] sta b [] suba [] subb [] subd [] sub a [] sub b [] sub d [] AS6801 ASSEMBLER PAGE B-5 6801 INSTRUCTION SET B.3.5 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions jmp [] jsr [] B.3.6 Long Register Instructions cpx [] ldd [] lds [] ldx [] std [] sts [] stx [] B.3.7 6303 Specific Instructions aim #data, [] eim #data, [] oim #data, [] tim #data, [] xgdx slp APPENDIX C AS6804 ASSEMBLER Requires the .setdp directive to specify the ram area. C.1 6804 REGISTER SET The following is a list of the 6804 registers used by AS6804: x,y - index registers C.2 6804 INSTRUCTION SET The following tables list all 6804 mnemonics recognized by the AS6804 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6804: #data immediate data byte or word data ,x register indirect addressing dir direct addressing (see .setdp directive) 0 <= dir <= 255 ext extended addressing label branch label The terms data, dir, and ext may be expressions. The label for the short branchs beq, bne, bcc, and bcs must not be external. Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in- struction, refer to the 6804 technical data for valid modes. AS6804 ASSEMBLER PAGE C-2 6804 INSTRUCTION SET C.2.1 Inherent Instructions coma decx decy incx incy rola rti rts stop tax tay txa tya wait C.2.2 Branch Instructions bne label beq label bcc label bcs label C.2.3 Single Operand Instructions add [] and [] cmp [] dec [] inc [] lda [] sta [] sub [] C.2.4 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions jsr [] jmp [] C.2.5 Bit Test Instructions brclr #data,[],label brset #data,[],label bclr #label,[] bset #label,[] AS6804 ASSEMBLER PAGE C-3 6804 INSTRUCTION SET C.2.6 Load Immediate data Instruction mvi [],#data C.2.7 6804 Derived Instructions asla bam label bap label bxmi label bxpl label bymi label bypl label clra clrx clry deca decx decy inca incx incy ldxi #data ldyi #data nop tax tay txa tya APPENDIX D AS6805 ASSEMBLER D.1 6805 REGISTER SET The following is a list of the 6805 registers used by AS6805: a - 8-bit accumulator x - index register D.2 6805 INSTRUCTION SET The following tables list all 6805 mnemonics recognized by the AS6805 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6805: #data immediate data byte or word data *dir direct page addressing (see .setdp directive) 0 <= dir <= 255 ,x register indirect addressing zero offset offset,x register indirect addressing 0 <= offset <= 255 --- byte mode 256 <= offset <= 65535 --- word mode (an externally defined offset uses the word mode) ext extended addressing label branch label AS6805 ASSEMBLER PAGE D-2 6805 INSTRUCTION SET The terms data, dir, offset, and ext may all be expressions. Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in- struction, refer to the 6805 technical data for valid modes. D.2.1 Control Instructions clc cli nop rsp rti rts sec sei stop swi tax txa wait D.2.2 Bit Manipulation Instructions brset #data,*dir,label brclr #data,*dir,label bset #data,*dir bclr #data,*dir D.2.3 Branch Instructions bra label brn label bhi label bls label bcc label bcs label bne label beq label bhcc label bhcs label bpl label bmi label bmc label bms label bil label bih label bsr label AS6805 ASSEMBLER PAGE D-3 6805 INSTRUCTION SET D.2.4 Read-Modify-Write Instructions nega negx neg [] coma comx com [] lsra lsrx lsr [] rora rorx ror [] asra asrx asr [] lsla lslx lsl [] rola rolx rol [] deca decx dec [] inca incx inc [] tsta tstx tst [] clra clrx clr [] D.2.5 Register\Memory Instructions sub [] cmp [] sbc [] cpx [] and [] bit [] lda [] sta [] eor [] adc [] ora [] add [] ldx [] stx [] AS6805 ASSEMBLER PAGE D-4 6805 INSTRUCTION SET D.2.6 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions jmp [] jsr [] APPENDIX E AS6808 ASSEMBLER E.1 68HC08 REGISTER SET The following is a list of the 68HC08 registers used by AS68HC08: a - 8-bit accumulator x - index register <H:X> s - stack pointer E.2 68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET The following tables list all 68HC08 mnemonics recognized by the AS6808 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6808: #data immediate data byte or word data *dir direct page addressing (see .setdp directive) 0 <= dir <= 255 ,x register indexed addressing zero offset offset,x register indexed addressing 0 <= offset <= 255 --- byte mode 256 <= offset <= 65535 --- word mode (an externally defined offset uses the word mode) ,x+ register indexed addressing zero offset with post increment AS6808 ASSEMBLER PAGE E-2 68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET offset,x+ register indexed addressing unsigned byte offset with post increment offset,s stack pointer indexed addressing 0 <= offset <= 255 --- byte mode 256 <= offset <= 65535 --- word mode (an externally defined offset uses the word mode) ext extended addressing label branch label The terms data, dir, offset, and ext may all be expressions. Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in- struction, refer to the 68HC08 technical data for valid modes. E.2.1 Control Instructions clc cli daa div mul nop nsa psha pshh pshx pula pulh pulx rsp rti rts sec sei stop swi tap tax tpa tsx txa txs wait E.2.2 Bit Manipulation Instructions brset #data,*dir,label brclr #data,*dir,label bset #data,*dir bclr #data,*dir AS6808 ASSEMBLER PAGE E-3 68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET E.2.3 Branch Instructions bra label brn label bhi label bls label bcc label bcs label bne label beq label bhcc label bhcs label bpl label bmi label bmc label bms label bil label bih label bsr label bge label blt label bgt label ble label E.2.4 Complex Branch Instructions cbeqa [],label cbeqx [],label cbeq [],label dbnza label dbnzx label dbnz [],label AS6808 ASSEMBLER PAGE E-4 68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET E.2.5 Read-Modify-Write Instructions nega negx neg [] coma comx com [] lsra lsrx lsr [] rora rorx ror [] asra asrx asr [] asla aslx asl [] lsla lslx lsl [] rola rolx rol [] deca decx dec [] inca incx inc [] tsta tstx tst [] clra clrx clr [] clrh aix #data ais #data AS6808 ASSEMBLER PAGE E-5 68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET E.2.6 Register\Memory Instructions sub [] cmp [] sbc [] cpx [] and [] bit [] lda [] sta [] eor [] adc [] ora [] add [] ldx [] stx [] E.2.7 Double Operand Move Instruction mov [],[] E.2.8 16-Bit <H:X> Index Register Instructions cphx [] ldhx [] sthx [] E.2.9 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions jmp [] jsr [] APPENDIX F AS6809 ASSEMBLER F.1 6809 REGISTER SET The following is a list of the 6809 registers used by AS6809: a,b - 8-bit accumulators d - 16-bit accumulator <a:b> x,y - index registers s,u - stack pointers pc - program counter cc - condition code dp - direct page F.2 6809 INSTRUCTION SET The following tables list all 6809 mnemonics recognized by the AS6809 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6809: #data immediate data byte or word data *dir direct page addressing (see .setdp directive) 0 <= dir <= 255 label branch label r,r1,r2 registers cc,a,b,d,dp,x,y,s,u,pc ,-x ,--x register indexed autodecrement AS6809 ASSEMBLER PAGE F-2 6809 INSTRUCTION SET ,x+ ,x++ register indexed autoincrement ,x register indexed addressing zero offset offset,x register indexed addressing -16 <= offset <= 15 --- 5-bit -128 <= offset <= -17 --- 8-bit 16 <= offset <= 127 --- 8-bit -32768 <= offset <= -129 --- 16-bit 128 <= offset <= 32767 --- 16-bit (external definition of offset uses 16-bit mode) a,x accumulator offset indexed addressing ext extended addressing ext,pc pc addressing ( pc <- pc + ext ) ext,pcr pc relative addressing [,--x] register indexed indirect autodecrement [,x++] register indexed indirect autoincrement [,x] register indexed indirect addressing zero offset [offset,x] register indexed indirect addressing -128 <= offset <= 127 --- 8-bit -32768 <= offset <= -129 --- 16-bit 128 <= offset <= 32767 --- 16-bit (external definition of offset uses 16-bit mode) [a,x] accumulator offset indexed indirect addressing [ext] extended indirect addressing [ext,pc] pc indirect addressing ( [pc <- pc + ext] ) [ext,pcr] pc relative indirect addressing The terms data, dir, label, offset, and ext may all be expres- sions. AS6809 ASSEMBLER PAGE F-3 6809 INSTRUCTION SET Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in- struction, refer to the 6809 technical data for valid modes. F.2.1 Inherent Instructions abx daa mul nop rti rts sex swi swi1 swi2 swi3 sync F.2.2 Short Branch Instructions bcc label bcs label beq label bge label bgt label bhi label bhis label bhs label ble label blo label blos label bls label blt label bmi label bne label bpl label bra label brn label bvc label bvs label bsr label F.2.3 Long Branch Instructions lbcc label lbcs label lbeq label lbge label lbgt label lbhi label lbhis label lbhs label lble label lblo label lblos label lbls label lblt label lbmi label lbne label lbpl label lbra label lbrn label lbvc label lbvs label lbsr label AS6809 ASSEMBLER PAGE F-4 6809 INSTRUCTION SET F.2.4 Single Operand Instructions asla aslb asl [] asra asrb asr [] clra clrb clr [] coma comb com [] deca decb dec [] inca incb inc [] lsla lslb lsl [] lsra lsrb lsr [] nega negb neg [] rola rolb rol [] rora rorb ror [] tsta tstb tst [] AS6809 ASSEMBLER PAGE F-5 6809 INSTRUCTION SET F.2.5 Double Operand Instructions adca [] adcb [] adda [] addb [] anda [] andb [] bita [] bitb [] cmpa [] cmpb [] eora [] eorb [] lda [] ldb [] ora [] orb [] sbca [] sbcb [] sta [] stb [] suba [] subb [] F.2.6 D-register Instructions addd [] subd [] cmpd [] ldd [] std [] F.2.7 Index/Stack Register Instructions cmps [] cmpu [] cmpx [] cmpy [] lds [] ldu [] ldx [] ldy [] leas [] leau [] leax [] leay [] sts [] stu [] stx [] sty [] pshs r pshu r puls r pulu r AS6809 ASSEMBLER PAGE F-6 6809 INSTRUCTION SET F.2.8 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions jmp [] jsr [] F.2.9 Register - Register Instructions exg r1,r2 tfr r1,r2 F.2.10 Condition Code Register Instructions andcc #data orcc #data cwai #data F.2.11 6800 Compatibility Instructions aba cba clc cli clv des dex ins inx ldaa [] ldab [] oraa [] orab [] psha pshb pula pulb sba sec sei sev staa [] stab [] tab tap tba tpa tsx txs wai APPENDIX G AS6811 ASSEMBLER G.1 68HC11 REGISTER SET The following is a list of the 68HC11 registers used by AS6811: a,b - 8-bit accumulators d - 16-bit accumulator <a:b> x,y - index registers G.2 68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET The following tables list all 68HC11 mnemonics recognized by the AS6811 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6811: #data immediate data byte or word data *dir direct page addressing (see .setdp directive) 0 <= dir <= 255 ,x register indirect addressing zero offset offset,x register indirect addressing 0 <= offset <= 255 ext extended addressing label branch label The terms data, dir, offset, and ext may all be expressions. AS6811 ASSEMBLER PAGE G-2 68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in- struction, refer to the 68HC11 technical data for valid modes. G.2.1 Inherent Instructions aba abx aby cba clc cli clv daa des dex dey fdiv idiv ins inx iny mul nop rti rts sba sec sei sev stop swi tab tap tba tpa tsx txs wai xgdx xgdy psha pshb psh a psh b pshx pshy psh x psh y pula pulb pul a pul b pulx puly pul x pul y G.2.2 Branch Instructions bra label brn label bhi label bls label bcc label bhs label bcs label blo label bne label beq label bvc label bvs label bpl label bmi label bge label blt label bgt label ble label bsr label AS6811 ASSEMBLER PAGE G-3 68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET G.2.3 Single Operand Instructions asla aslb asld asl a asl b asl d asl [] asra asrb asr a asr b asr [] clra clrb clr a clr b clr label coma comb com a com b com [] deca decb dec a dec b dec [] inca incb inc a inc b inc [] lsla lslb lsld lsl a lsl b lsl d lsl [] lsra lsrb lsrd lsr a lsr b lsr d lsr [] nega negb neg a neg b neg [] rola rolb rol a rol b rol [] rora rorb ror a ror b ror [] tsta tstb tst a tst b tst [] AS6811 ASSEMBLER PAGE G-4 68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET G.2.4 Double Operand Instructions adca [] adcb [] adc a [] adc b [] adda [] addb [] addd [] add a [] add b [] add d [] anda [] andb [] and a [] and b [] bita [] bitb [] bit a [] bit b [] cmpa [] cmpb [] cmp a [] cmp b [] eora [] eorb [] eor a [] eor b [] ldaa [] ldab [] lda a [] lda b [] oraa [] orab [] ora a [] ora b [] sbca [] sbcb [] sbc a [] sbc b [] staa [] stab [] sta a [] sta b [] suba [] subb [] subd [] sub a [] sub b [] sub d [] G.2.5 Bit Manupulation Instructions bclr [],#data bset [],#data brclr [],#data,label brset [],#data,label AS6811 ASSEMBLER PAGE G-5 68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET G.2.6 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions jmp [] jsr [] G.2.7 Long Register Instructions cpx [] cpy [] ldd [] lds [] ldx [] ldy [] std [] sts [] stx [] sty [] APPENDIX H AS6812 ASSEMBLER H.1 68HC12 REGISTER SET The following is a list of the 68HC12 registers used by AS6812: a,b - 8-bit accumulators d - 16-bit accumulator <a:b> x,y - index registers sp,s - stack pointer pc - program counter ccr,cc - condition code register H.2 68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET The following tables list all 68HC12 mnemonics recognized by the AS6812 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6812: #data immediate data byte or word data ext extended addressing pg memory page number *dir direct page addressing (see .setdp directive) 0 <= dir <= 255 label branch label r,r1,r2 registers ccr,a,b,d,x,y,sp,pc AS6812 ASSEMBLER PAGE H-2 68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET -x x- register indexed, pre or ,-x ,x- post autodecrement by 1 n,-x n,x- register indexed, pre or post autodecrement by 1 - 8 +x x+ register indexed, pre or ,+x ,x+ post autoincrement by 1 n,+x n,x+ register indexed, pre or post autoincrement by 1 - 8 offset,x register indexed addressing -16 <= offset <= 15 --- 5-bit -256 <= offset <= -17 --- 9-bit 16 <= offset <= 255 --- 9-bit -32768 <= offset <= -257 --- 16-bit 256 <= offset <= 32767 --- 16-bit (external definition of offset uses 16-bit mode) [offset,x] register indexed indirect addressing -32768 <= offset <= 32767 --- 16-bit [,x] register indexed indirect addressing zero offset a,x accumulator offset indexed addressing [d,x] d accumulator offset indexed indirect addressing The terms data, dir, label, offset, and ext may all be expres- sions. Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in- struction, refer to the 68HC12 technical data for valid modes. AS6812 ASSEMBLER PAGE H-3 68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET H.2.1 Inherent Instructions aba bgnd cba daa dex dey ediv edivs emul emuls fdiv idiv idivs inx iny mem mul nop psha pshb pshc pshd pshx pshy pula pulb pulc puld pulx puly rev revw rtc rti rts sba stop swi tab tba wai wav wavr H.2.2 Short Branch Instructions bcc label bcs label beq label bge label bgt label bhi label bhis label bhs label ble label blo label blos label bls label blt label bmi label bne label bpl label bra label brn label bvc label bvs label bsr label H.2.3 Long Branch Instructions lbcc label lbcs label lbeq label lbge label lbgt label lbhi label lbhis label lbhs label lble label lblo label lblos label lbls label lblt label lbmi label lbne label lbpl label lbra label lbrn label lbvc label lbvs label AS6812 ASSEMBLER PAGE H-4 68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET H.2.4 Branch on Decrement, Test, or Increment dbeq r,label dbne r,label ibeq r,label ibne r,label tbeq r,label tbne r,label H.2.5 Bit Clear and Set Instructions bclr [],#data bset [],#data H.2.6 Branch on Bit Clear or Set brclr [],#data,label brset [],#data,label AS6812 ASSEMBLER PAGE H-5 68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET H.2.7 Single Operand Instructions asla aslb asl [] asra asrb asr [] clra clrb clr [] coma comb com [] deca decb dec [] inca incb inc [] lsla lslb lsl [] lsra lsrb lsr [] nega negb neg [] rola rolb rol [] rora rorb ror [] tsta tstb tst [] AS6812 ASSEMBLER PAGE H-6 68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET H.2.8 Double Operand Instructions adca [] adcb [] adda [] addb [] anda [] andb [] bita [] bitb [] cmpa [] cmpb [] eora [] eorb [] ldaa [] <=> lda [] ldab [] <=> ldb [] oraa [] <=> ora [] orab [] <=> orb [] sbca [] sbcb [] staa [] <=> sta [] stab [] <=> stb [] suba [] subb [] H.2.9 Move Instructions movb [],[] movw [],[] H.2.10 D-register Instructions addd [] subd [] cpd [] <=> cmpd [] ldd [] std [] AS6812 ASSEMBLER PAGE H-7 68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET H.2.11 Index/Stack Register Instructions cps [] <=> cmps [] cpx [] <=> cmpx [] cpy [] <=> cmpy [] lds [] ldx [] ldy [] leas [] leax [] leay [] sts [] stx [] sty [] H.2.12 Jump and Jump/Call to Subroutine Instructions call [],pg jmp [] jsr [] H.2.13 Other Special Instructions emacs [] emaxd [] emaxm [] emind [] eminm [] etbl [] maxa [] maxm [] mina [] minm [] tbl [] trap #data H.2.14 Register - Register Instructions exg r1,r2 sex r1,r2 tfr r1,r2 H.2.15 Condition Code Register Instructions andcc #data orcc #data AS6812 ASSEMBLER PAGE H-8 68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET H.2.16 M68HC11 Compatibility Mode Instructions abx aby clc cli clv des ins sec sei sev tap tpa tsx tsy txs tys xgdx xgdy APPENDIX I AS6816 ASSEMBLER I.1 68HC16 REGISTER SET The following is a list of the 68HC16 registers used by AS6816: a,b - 8-bit accumulators d - 16-bit accumulator <a:b> e - 16-bit accumulator x,y,z - index registers k - address extension register s - stack pointer ccr - condition code I.2 68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET The following tables list all 68HC16 mnemonics recognized by the AS6816 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6816: #data immediate data byte or word data #xo,#yo local immediate data (mac / rmac) label branch label r register ccr,a,b,d,e,x,y,z,s ,x zero offset register indexed addressing ,x8 ,x16 offset,x register indexed addressing AS6816 ASSEMBLER PAGE I-2 68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET 0 <= offset <= 255 --- 8-bit -32768 <= offset <= -1 --- 16-bit 256 <= offset <= 32767 --- 16-bit (external definition of offset uses 16-bit mode) offset,x8 unsigned 8-bit offset indexed addressing offset,x16 signed 16-bit offset indexed addressing e,x accumulator offset indexed addressing ext extended addressing bank 64K bank number (jmp / jsr) The terms data, label, offset, bank, and ext may all be expres- sions. Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in- struction, refer to the 6816 technical data for valid modes. I.2.1 Inherent Instructions aba abx aby abz ace aced ade adx ady adz aex aey aez bgnd cba daa ediv edivs emul emuls fdiv fmuls idiv ldhi lpstop mul nop psha pshb pshmac pula pulb pulmac rtr rts sba sde sted swi sxt tab tap tba tbek tbsk tbxk tbyk tbzk tde tdmsk tdp ted tedm tekb tem tmer tmet tmxed tpa tpd tskb tsx tsy tsz txkb txs txy txz tykb tys tyx tyz tzkb tzs tzx tzy wai xgab xgde xgdx xgdy xgdz xgex xgey xgez AS6816 ASSEMBLER PAGE I-3 68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET I.2.2 Push/Pull Multiple Register Instructions pshm r,... pulm r,... I.2.3 Short Branch Instructions bcc label bcs label beq label bge label bgt label bhi label bhis label bhs label ble label blo label blos label bls label blt label bmi label bne label bpl label bra label brn label bvc label bvs label bsr label I.2.4 Long Branch Instructions lbcc label lbcs label lbeq label lbge label lbgt label lbhi label lbhis label lbhs label lble label lblo label lblos label lbls label lblt label lbmi label lbne label lbpl label lbra label lbrn label lbvc label lbvs label lbsr label I.2.5 Bit Manipulation Instructions bclr [],#data bset [],#data brclr [],#data,label brset [],#data,label AS6816 ASSEMBLER PAGE I-4 68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET I.2.6 Single Operand Instructions asla aslb asld asle aslm asl [] aslw [] asra asrb asrd asre asrm asr [] asrw [] clra clrb clrd clre clrm clr [] clrw [] coma comb comd come com [] comw [] deca decb dec [] decw [] inca incb inc [] incw [] lsla lslb lsld lsle lslm lsl [] lslw [] lsra lsrb lsrd lsre lsr [] lsrw [] nega negb negd nege neg [] negw [] rola rolb rold role rol [] rolw [] rora rorb rord rore ror [] rorw [] tsta tstb tsta tste tst [] tstw [] AS6816 ASSEMBLER PAGE I-5 68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET I.2.7 Double Operand Instructions adca [] adcb [] adcd [] adce [] adda [] addb [] addd [] adde [] anda [] andb [] andd [] ande [] bita [] bitb [] cmpa [] cmpb [] cpd [] cpe [] eora [] eorb [] eord [] eore [] ldaa [] ldab [] ldd [] lde [] oraa [] orab [] ord [] ore [] sbca [] sbcb [] sbcd [] sbce [] staa [] stab [] std [] ste [] suba [] subb [] subd [] sube [] I.2.8 Index/Stack Register Instructions cps [] cpx [] cpy [] cpz [] lds [] ldx [] ldy [] ldz [] sts [] stx [] sty [] stz [] AS6816 ASSEMBLER PAGE I-6 68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET I.2.9 Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions jmp bank,[] jsr bank,[] I.2.10 Condition Code Register Instructions andp #data orp #data I.2.11 Multiply and Accumulate Instructions mac #data rmac #data mac #xo,#yo rmac #xo,#yo APPENDIX J ASH8 ASSEMBLER J.1 H8/3XX REGISTER SET The following is a list of the H8 registers used by ASH8: r0 - r7,sp 16-bit accumulators r0L - r7L,spL 8-bit accumulators r0H - r7H,spH 8-bit accumulators spL,spH,sp stack pointers ccr condition code J.2 H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET The following tables list all H8/3xx mnemonics recognized by the ASH8 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required ad- dressing mode argument. The following list specifies the format for each addressing mode supported by ASH8: #xx:3 immediate data (3 bit) #xx:8 immediate data (8 bit) #xx:16 immediate data (16 bit) *dir direct page addressing (see .setdp directive) 0xFF00 <= dir <= 0xFFFF label branch label rn registers (16 bit) r0-r7,sp rnB registers (8 bit) r0H-r7H,r0L-r7L,spH,spL ASH8 ASSEMBLER PAGE J-2 H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET ccr condition code register @rn register indirect @-rn register indirect (auto pre-decrement) @rn+ register indirect (auto post-increment) @[offset,rn] register indirect, 16-bit displacement @@offset memory indirect, (8-bit address) ext extended addressing (16-bit) The terms data, dir, label, offset, and ext may all be expres- sions. Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in- struction, refer to the H8/3xx technical data for valid modes.  John L. Hartman<EMAIL_ADDRESS>K.2 8051 REGISTER SET The following is a list of the 8051 registers used by AS8051: a,b - 8-bit accumulators r0,r1,r2,r3 - 8-bit registers r4,r5,r6,r7 dptr - data pointer sp - stack pointer pc - program counter psw - status word c - carry (bit in status word) AS8051 ASSEMBLER PAGE K-2 8051 REGISTER SET K.3 8051 INSTRUCTION SET The following tables list all 8051 mnemonics recognized by the AS8051 assembler. The following list specifies the format for each addressing mode supported by AS8051: #data immediate data byte or word data r,r1,r2 register r0,r1,r2,r3,r4,r5,r6, or r7 @r indirect on register r0 or r1 @dptr indirect on data pointer @a+dptr indirect on accumulator plus data pointer @a+pc indirect on accumulator plus program counter addr direct memory address bitaddr bit address label call or jump label The terms data, addr, bitaddr, and label may all be expressions. Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in- struction. Refer to the 8051 technical data for valid modes.  Indicates Resident in 8052, not 8051 AS8051 ASSEMBLER PAGE K-6 8051 INSTRUCTION SET K.3.8 Predefined Symbols: SFR Bit Addresses ---------- 4 BITS ---------- ---- ---- ---- ---- FC FF F8 FB F4 B.4 B.5 B.6 B.7 F7 F0 B.0 B.1 B.2 B.3 F3 EC EF E8 EB E4 ACC.4 ACC.5 ACC.6 ACC.7 E7 E0 ACC.0 ACC.1 ACC.2 ACC.3 E3 DC DF D8 DB D4 PSW.4 PSW.5 PSW.6 PSW.7 D7 D0 PSW.0 PSW.1 PSW.2 PSW.3 D3 CC [ T2CON.4 T2CON.5 T2CON.6 T2CON.7 ] CF C8 [ T2CON.0 T2CON.1 T2CON.2 T2CON.3 ] CB C4 C7 C0 C3 BC IP.4 IP.5 IP.6 IP.7 BF B8 IP.0 IP.1 IP.2 IP.3 BB B4 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 B7 B0 P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 B3 AC IE.4 IE.5 EI.6 IE.7 AF A8 IE.0 IE.1 IE.2 IE.3 AB A4 P2.4 P2.5 P2.6 P2.7 A7 A0 P2.0 P2.1 P2.2 P2.3 A3 9C SCON.4 SCON.5 SCON.6 SCON.7 9F 98 SCON.0 SCON.1 SCON.2 SCON.3 9B 94 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 97 90 P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 93 8C TCON.4 TCON.5 TCON.6 TCON.7 8F 88 TCON.0 TCON.1 TCON.2 TCON.3 8B 84 P0.4 P0.5 P0.6 P0.7 87 80 P0.0 P0.1 P0.2 P0.3 83 [...] Indicates Resident in 8052, not 8051 AS8051 ASSEMBLER PAGE K-7 8051 INSTRUCTION SET K.3.9 Predefined Symbols: Control Bits ---------- 4 BITS ---------- ---- ---- ---- ---- FC FF F8 FB F4 F7 F0 F3 EC EF E8 EB E4 E7 E0 E3 DC DF D8 DB D4 RS1 F0 AC CY D7 D0 P OV RS0 D3 CC [ TLCK RCLK EXF2 TF2 ] CF C8 [ CPRL2 CT2 TR2 EXEN2 ] CB C4 C7 C0 C3 BC PS PT2 BF B8 PX0 PT0 PX1 PT1 BB B4 B7 B0 RXD TXD INT0 INT1 B3 AC ES ET2 EA AF A8 EX0 ET0 EX1 ET1 AB A4 A7 A0 A3 9C REN SM2 SM1 SM0 9F 98 RI TI RB8 TB8 9B 94 97 90 93 8C TR0 TF0 TR1 TF1 8F 88 IT0 IE0 IT1 IE1 8B 84 87 80 83 [...] Indicates Resident in 8052, not 8051 APPENDIX L AS8085 ASSEMBLER L.1 8085 REGISTER SET The following is a list of the 8080/8085 registers used by AS8085: a,b,c,d,e,h,l - 8-bit accumulators m - memory through (hl) sp - stack pointer psw - status word L.2 8085 INSTRUCTION SET The following tables list all 8080/8085 mnemonics recognized by the AS8085 assembler. The following list specifies the format for each addressing mode supported by AS8085: #data immediate data byte or word data r,r1,r2 register or register pair psw,a,b,c,d,e,h,l bc,de,hl,sp,pc m memory address using (hl) addr direct memory addressing label call or jump label The terms data, m, addr, and label may be expressions. Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in- struction, refer to the 8080/8085 technical data for valid modes.  HD64180 mnemonics encountered without the .hd64 directive will be flagged with an 'o' error. M.2 Z80 REGISTER SET AND CONDITIONS The following is a complete list of register designations and condition mnemonics: byte registers - a,b,c,d,e,h,l,i,r register pairs - af,af',bc,de,hl word registers - pc,sp,ix,iy C - carry bit set M - sign bit set NC - carry bit clear NZ - zero bit clear P - sign bit clear PE - parity even PO - parity odd Z - zero bit set ASZ80 ASSEMBLER PAGE M-2 Z80 INSTRUCTION SET M.3 Z80 INSTRUCTION SET The following tables list all Z80/HD64180 mnemonics recog- nized by the ASZ80 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the format for each addressing mode supported by ASZ80: #data immediate data byte or word data n byte value rg a byte register a,b,c,d,e,h,l rp a register pair bc,de,hl (hl) implied addressing or register indirect addressing (label) direct addressing offset(ix) indexed addressing with an offset label call/jmp/jr label The terms data, dir, offset, and ext may all be expressions. The terms dir and offset are not allowed to be external refer- ences. Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in- struction, refer to the Z80/HD64180 technical data for valid modes.  Marko Makela Sillitie 10 A 01480 Vantaa Finland Internet<EMAIL_ADDRESS>EARN/BitNet: msmakela@finuh Several additions and modifications were made to his code to support the following families of 6500 processors: (1) 650X and 651X processor family (2) 65F11 and 65F12 processor family (3) 65C00/21 and 65C29 processor family (4) 65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 processor family The instruction syntax of this cross assembler contains two peculiarities: (1) the addressing indirection is denoted by the square brackets [] and (2) the `bbrx' and `bbsx' instructions are written `bbr0 memory,label'. AS6500 ASSEMBLER PAGE N-2 6500 REGISTER SET N.2 6500 REGISTER SET The following is a list of the 6500 registers used by AS6500: a - 8-bit accumulator x,y - index registers N.3 6500 INSTRUCTION SET The following tables list all 6500 family mnemonics recog- nized by the AS6500 assembler. The designation [] refers to a required addressing mode argument. The following list specifies the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6500: #data immediate data byte or word data *dir direct page addressing (see .setdp directive) 0 <= dir <= 255 offset,x indexed addressing offset,y indexed addressing address = (offset + (x or y)) [offset,x] pre-indexed indirect addressing 0 <= offset <= 255 address = contents of location (offset + (x or y)) mod 256 [offset],y post-indexed indirect addressing address = contents of location at offset plus the value of the y register [address] indirect addressing ext extended addressing label branch label address,label direct page memory location branch label bbrx and bbsx instruction addressing The terms data, dir, offset, address, ext, and label may all be expressions. Note that not all addressing modes are valid with every in- struction, refer to the 65xx technical data for valid modes. AS6500 ASSEMBLER PAGE N-3 6500 INSTRUCTION SET N.3.1 Processor Specific Directives The AS6500 cross assembler has four (4) processor specific assembler directives which define the target 65xx processor family: .r6500 Core 650X and 651X family (default) .r65f11 Core plus 65F11 and 65F12 .r65c00 Core plus 65C00/21 and 65C29 .r65c02 Core plus 65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 N.3.2 65xx Core Inherent Instructions brk clc cld cli clv dex dey inx iny nop pha php pla plp rti rts sec sed sei tax tay tsx txa txs tya N.3.3 65xx Core Branch Instructions bcc label bhs label bcs label blo label beq label bmi label bne label bpl label bvc label bvs label N.3.4 65xx Core Single Operand Instructions asl [] dec [] inc [] lsr [] rol [] ror [] AS6500 ASSEMBLER PAGE N-4 6500 INSTRUCTION SET N.3.5 65xx Core Double Operand Instructions adc [] and [] bit [] cmp [] eor [] lda [] ora [] sbc [] sta [] N.3.6 65xx Core Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions jmp [] jsr [] N.3.7 65xx Core Miscellaneous X and Y Register Instructions cpx [] cpy [] ldx [] stx [] ldy [] sty [] AS6500 ASSEMBLER PAGE N-5 6500 INSTRUCTION SET N.3.8 65F11 and 65F12 Specific Instructions bbr0 [],label bbr1 [],label bbr2 [],label bbr3 [],label bbr4 [],label bbr5 [],label bbr6 [],label bbr7 [],label bbs0 [],label bbs1 [],label bbs2 [],label bbs3 [],label bbs4 [],label bbs5 [],label bbs6 [],label bbs7 [],label rmb0 [] rmb1 [] rmb2 [] rmb3 [] rmb4 [] rmb5 [] rmb6 [] rmb7 [] smb0 [] smb1 [] smb2 [] smb3 [] smb4 [] smb5 [] smb6 [] smb7 [] N.3.9 65C00/21 and 65C29 Specific Instructions bbr0 [],label bbr1 [],label bbr2 [],label bbr3 [],label bbr4 [],label bbr5 [],label bbr6 [],label bbr7 [],label bbs0 [],label bbs1 [],label bbs2 [],label bbs3 [],label bbs4 [],label bbs5 [],label bbs6 [],label bbs7 [],label bra label phx phy plx ply rmb0 [] rmb1 [] rmb2 [] rmb3 [] rmb4 [] rmb5 [] rmb6 [] rmb7 [] smb0 [] smb1 [] smb2 [] smb3 [] smb4 [] smb5 [] smb6 [] smb7 [] AS6500 ASSEMBLER PAGE N-6 6500 INSTRUCTION SET N.3.10 65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 Specific Instructions bbr0 [],label bbr1 [],label bbr2 [],label bbr3 [],label bbr4 [],label bbr5 [],label bbr6 [],label bbr7 [],label bbs0 [],label bbs1 [],label bbs2 [],label bbs3 [],label bbs4 [],label bbs5 [],label bbs6 [],label bbs7 [],label bra label phx phy plx ply rmb0 [] rmb1 [] rmb2 [] rmb3 [] rmb4 [] rmb5 [] rmb6 [] rmb7 [] smb0 [] smb1 [] smb2 [] smb3 [] smb4 [] smb5 [] smb6 [] smb7 [] stz [] trb [] tsb [] Additional addressing modes for the following core instruc- tions are also available with the 65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 pro- cessors. adc [] and [] cmp [] eor [] lda [] ora [] sbc [] sta [] bit [] jmp [] dec inc