Before I begin, I want to say that I noticed many people are aware of the negative side effects of amphetamines from reading other experience reports. Although I will focus on that, this is not like the other reports. None of the other reports mentioned taking a drug that forces you to do things when your locked inside a place where there's nothing to do. Yeah, jail.
About 2 weeks before I was incarcerated I was prescribed adderall XR from the same doctor who perscribed it to me three years earlier. I had not touched it in those years. I started at about 10 or 15 mg a day and he worked me up to 60 mg a day over time. I hardly remember if it worked on me or not, I was in a horrible crisis at that time in my life. But that's beside the point.
I wanted to get an edge on college because I just started 2 weeks prior to my doctor visit, and also I remember the decreased appetite effect it has on me. I wanted to lose some weight from a very long summer of drinking and partying. He perscribed me 60mg a day starting the following day. The same doseage I worked myself up to over several months. I thought about it, but was not concerned.
The next day I was eager to do it. I like speedy drugs and everyone here calls adderall 'Poor Man's Coke' or 'Poor Man's Yayo'. I popped the two orange capsules and then laid down to be lazy like usual. My girlfriend got up and started to get dressed and ready. I went for a short drive to a liquor store for something to drink, and slightly started to feel the affects after about an hour. It's hard to notice unless I'm really paying attention, but it gradually came to full effect and I started to feel the typical symptoms, which were awesome to me: I felt good, confident (but not the 'take over the world' feeling), motivated, not hungry, energetic, and ideas and tasks were interesting and all seemed to be productive.
 I had told her what it would do, so she analyzed me for awhile and voiced any changed in me she noticed. She said I couldnt sit there and do nothing, I was always cleaning, re-arranging something, talking to someone, writing, or asking questions. I felt as if all this time I've not been on adderall, I've been so lazy and now I had to accomplish all the things I should have or never did.
I called my dad and corrected all the problems I was having with him at the time.  I cleaned. I shopped. I organized. I talked. I was finally a productive citizen.
5 days after this day I was arrested at the local court house for a probation violation that occured before my adderall perscription. I would be in jail for the next 18 days. I thought 'at least I have my adderall here.' But I didn't make the connection that this drug makes me want to do things and I am in a place where I can do nothing. I was in small 6-man cell for all those days. It was about 15 feet by 20 feet. I shared it with 5 other fellow criminals. I was completely unaware of the side effects adderall can cause. But these side effects are extremely amplified when I am forced to be seperated from the world. And let me tell you, it was terrifying.
My parents were in Mexico for several months on vacation and could not visit me, call me, or send money. My brother came to visit me to tell me I had lost my car, job, all my money, all my belongings from my dorm room, my bank account got closed, my parents want to disown me, and when I am released at 4:00 AM into the cold snowy night on my release date I will be homeless and only have a T-shirt.
This is true, all those things were happening on the outside. But adderall can cause anxiety and paranoia. Sometimes terrifying a person of social interaction or cause them to dread things they normally would not obsess over. Well what happens when your already anxious, paranoid, depressed, and terrified of the 'what if'. Disaster. When I was told this, I started to shake. harder and harder as I stood in the visiting booth. My mouth went dry. I mean, completely devoid of all moisture. I felt as if my stomach was tied into knots and that all hope was lost. I had a yearning to start putting everything back together, but I was trapped in jail.
Back in my cell I obsessed over that day's visit. With so much spare time and nothing to do besides write, draw, or watch shitty TV I had plenty of time to overanalyze a situation. Is my girlfriend gone? She must be cheating on me! Everything is gone. I'll starve to death with no money or home. My parents never loved me. Everyone forgot about me! I'll never be able to go to college again! I believed all of that. I even had a day where I was terrified the computers at the jail would be wrong and show that I had to serve a year instead of 18 days. It was insane.
One night I was dizzy and felt very strange. Especially when I stood up. I was resting, yet noticed my heart was unbelievably fast. I ended up blacking out and collapsing. My cell mates pushed the panic button and I was taken to see a corrections officer as there was no nurse on duty. My blood pressure was completely fucked. My heart rate was 180 beats per minute. The C.O. freaks out but is unable to send me to the hospital unless I am in the act of dying. Or so they say. I am placed in medical watch for several hours.
Following that day I saw a doctor and they told me I was in trouble. I had lost 20 pounds in 12 days. I weighed 178.5 pounds before incarceration. I was then at 158.5 exactly. After some tests, I was lacking nutrients, vitamins, and other healthy protein levels. I was malnurished. My skin was red, dry, and scaly. I already have a skin condition, but it made it worse. Then it spread all over my body. And jail doesn't help that either. My heart rate was still too high, but not bad. She said I could have gone into cardiac arrest or had a stroke.
From that day until my release things got really bad but sometimes they were okay. A letter from my girlfriend (who had not left me, my brother assumed she did) helped to ease the anxiety attacks and depression. I was released and it took 2 days of my girlfriend nursing me back to normal for me to see reality. When she picked me up from jail I was shaking and my heart raced when I spoke to her. I felt nervous around her, as if she was judging me or looking at me funny. And I still believed my world was crashing down around me.
It has been 17 days since I have been released from jail. I have fixed my problems but I still notice things are differant since I've taken the drug. There are times when I feel slight social anxiety and since I've been on the drug I've had more problems with my girlfriend than usual. But that may or may not be from using the drug.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


I am a Ph.D. student in the
LUNAR (Language Understanding and Representation) lab at Brown University advised by
Ellie Pavlick, researching natural language processing within the computer science department. I currently study codeswitching and endangered language usage in social media settings.


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Finally an Android App¶
About the idea¶
After a couple of years after writing android apps, I chose to write an android app again. I had used Android Studio before but never tired serious android development after the very first time I tried it in Eclipse (the old times when there was not android studio).
I chose a very old idea that I had before for voting. I thought I will make an app that accepts votes from people. This had to be something different from the regular apps. The main difference being that people should not have to install an app and/or should not have to open to a website to cast a vote. Hence, people should use the platform they are already using. Therefore I chose to go in for some messaging platform. The most popular platform out there is Whatsapp but again the problem with Whatsapp is that they don’t have any open APIs and moreover it’s illegal to reverse engineer the Whatsapp APIs. The other option is Telegram who have their APIs completely open. But the problem with doing it with Telegram is that they have very few users compared to Whatsapp. I had to settle somewhere in between the two choices. That’s the reason I chose traditional SMS over Telegram or Whatsapp.
Concept and design choices¶
Now it was time to design the app for voting but directly jumping for voting was a bit too much for processing and adding too much to the design and in addition to that some extra time in the development of the project. I thought of making it very simple and just storing the SMSes. So I finalised with the idea of writing an app that will accept registrations through the means of SMSes. Hence the name SMServer, a Short Message Server, the server with which people can accept SMSes from the user and store them.
How the app worksː¶
The basic idea is to accept the SMSes in a particular format . Suppose you are accepting the applications for a party that you are hosting it will be as follows. For example, let’s say I’m hosting an event and I want to accept the people’s names via SMS. So I will create a new form for accepting the people who are willing to join the event. Suppose the event is some music show, I will accept the applications in the following format.
MUSIC<space>NAME<space>AGE
Suppose John Doe is registering for an event, his message will be as follows:
MUSIC John 27
All the words that I’m accepting via the app are case insensitive. The reason being that there should be no mismatch between the words being just because of the case. At least the first word has to be kept case insensitive.
A screen to screen working for the app¶
The name for the new form is the name that you want to give to the form which will accept registrations, the form name will be for your own reference
The starting date and time are the date and time when the form should start accepting the entries
Same goes for the ending time and date
The first word is the first word that you have to enter to enter to accept the entry as an entry for this particular form
The fields are the remaining words from the SMS that you will be accepting as fields in the form
The form will be saved when you click the save button

It will also list the phone numbers and date and time of the people who have just registered

Now that you have seen how the app works, you can download the app by clicking here Also, do test it on your own and report any bugs to me. You are also free to suggest any features to me if you want.


Interface collections.Comparator
All Packages Class Hierarchy This Package Previous Next Index
Interface collections.Comparator
- public interface Comparator
- extends Object
Comparator is an interface for any class possessing an element
comparison method.
-
compare(Object, Object)
- Compare two Objects with respect to ordering.
compare
public abstract int compare(Object fst,
Object snd)
- Compare two Objects with respect to ordering. Typical
implementations first cast their arguments to particular
types in order to perform comparison
- Parameters:
- fst - first argument
- snd - second argument
- Returns:
- a negative number if fst is less than snd; a
positive number if fst is greater than snd; else 0
All Packages Class Hierarchy This Package Previous Next Index


Groupon
One of my favorite website is Groupon. Groupon is a group buying website for people who want to buy goods at a discount rate. One of the main reasons why I love this website is the amount of deals it has to offer for the community. I love saving money and Groupon helps a lot.
The User Experience is wonderful. Most deals have the timer countdown which makes me feel the urgency and the need to buy right away. The deals are great because I'm able to try out a lot of new things for a portion of the price. The way I would describe this website is that it is simple, straight forward, effective, great design. When navigating the site I'm able to find any category I want easily. Being on this site makes me happy!
Reddit is a very old school site that have been around since 2005.  I love how most of the subreddits have a huge community targeted for that specific niche. For example, when I was running a side business I use to read about the stories of other entrepreneurs on Reddit's entrepreneur subreddit. For marketing I found the marketing subreddit to be extremely useful.
The site has a very old school and minimal look to it. There really isn't a strong design to the site, but I love it because it is simple. Some of the newer sites have really great design, but lack the simple feeling. Reddit is simple. One of the problems that I do find with the site is that a person who has never been on reddit might not know how to explore the site. I would describe this site as very practical, knowledgable, resourceful, entertaining, and motivational.
Lastly, my ultimate favorite site would have to be Google. Why? Mainly because Google is what I'm always on. When I need to find an answer to something I use google. When I need a new image I use google. When I need anything like maps, I use Google. Google has taken over our lives and has solved almost every major painpoint in people's lives. Everyone that have been on the web before have used Google. Most importantly Google is what is helping me get past Phase 0!!
Google's design does not stand out at all. Matter of fact it is as plain as it can get, but yet very simple. Just a search bar when you land on the site. The search bar is extremely powerful and can help you find answers to anything. The way I would describe google is that it is simple, effective, knowledgable, quick, and dare I say wolr dchanging. I always feel extremely knowledgable after being on Google. Most of the time I'm on Google to find an answer, and after a quick search I usually find what I need. The first thing that I'm drawn to is that search bar and I'm always leaving the site happy.


We wanted to design the bot around the user, optimizing it around the needs of the user and how they would use the bot.
We created personas to represent users that might be using the chatbot.
Click to view larger.


This is an example layout found on MDN.
We try to avoid reinventing the wheel. As a rule, most of the layouts you need have been created by someone else. Find where they are done right, and use them.
In this layout, we display the areas in source order for any screen less that 500 pixels wide. We go to a two column layout, and then to a three column layout by redefining the grid, and the placement of items on the grid.


Visitor Counter
Eyes are organs of the visual system. They provide animals with vision, the ability to receive and process visual detail, as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision. Eyes detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. In higher organisms, the eye is a complex optical system which collects light from the surrounding environment, regulates its intensity through a diaphragm, focuses it through an adjustable assembly of lenses to form an image, converts this image into a set of electrical signals, and transmits these signals to the brain through complex neural pathways that connect the eye via the optic nerve to the visual cortex and other areas of the brain.


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All side projects can be found here
Loader:
"Rainbow-Eclipse"
Pong Game:
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title: Lean Prover Zulip Chat Archive
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---
layout: page
title: "About"
description: ""
header-img: "img/bjorn.png"
---
I enjoy doing things well and consider myself to be a lifelong learner. Minimum effort to get by is not what I am about. I believe there is always more to know, and that excellence is a goal worth reaching for. I want to be involved in a pursuit that always leaves me room to grow.
I want to be creative while also being invested in an endeavor that is progressive and technology oriented. I have always been interested in science fiction, because it shows us what the world could be, rather than what it currently is. I see the world around me changing and growing, and things that seemed impossible are now becoming reality. But I don't just want to see it happen, I want to make it happen. This is what drew me to web development.
Being involved in a web related line of work provides plenty of opportunity to be constantly learning, working on things that matter to people and making a difference. As I move forward, I aim to better understand how the web works and to learn how to take advantage of this technology to create things that are both interesting and useful.
For the past several months, I have been completing the full stack web development program at the Flatiron School. I have been focused on developing a competency with various web technologies in an effort to jumpstart a career in web development.
I own a cat. His name is Bjorn.


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I'm a software engineer and web developer. I make things like Android applications, websites, and lots more. If you like what I do or want to work with me on something, get in touch.
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Select a time:
Frequency:
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This tab page of the Change Site Contents dialog allows you to edit the stacks of unit and effect entities placed on a map site – that is, any entity stack other than the terrain stack.
This tab page is only present when editing the contents of a single map site, but not when editing the default terrain stack.
This box allows you to select the entity category of the Entity Stack you wish to edit.
Use the Unit Owner (Alt+O) drop-down box to select the owner of the unit stack. This box contains the unique internal identifiers of all factions currently defined on the Factions Page; plus any additional identifiers currently defined by the Areas section; and a default entry, “(same as site owner)”, indicating that the unit stack belongs to the faction that owns the Selected Site.
1. The Unit Owner setting will revert to its default value of “(same as site owner)” when explicitly set to the site owner, or if the unit stack is empty.
2. You must select a specific Unit Owner when adding units to an unowned site. Units always require a valid owner.
This box shows a preview of the current stack of overlaid images, as defined by the entity stack of the selected Category, or an “invalid” icon (red circle with a slash) if the stack is empty.
Like the Map View, the preview only shows the topmost stack entry if the Unit category is selected. Moreover, the preview does not include any entity stacks for other categories.
This list shows all entities in the current entity stack of the selected Category, as a list of entity class identifiers.
This list shows the identifiers of all entity classes in the selected Category currently defined on the Entities Page. These classes may be used to create the Entity Stack for the same category.


set zlog
set zlog
on
|
off
Sets log scaling of the Z dimension
on
or
off
. Sticks until
reset
.
Usage Notes
Examples


I am a
I'm an active Open Source Contributor I have contributed at Winter of Code, GirlScript Summer of Code I had also contributed in many projects which is of my college See More


Date fields on format dd/MM-yyyy HH:mm (timezone UTC+2 (norwegian summer time))
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The clusterconf
package extends the config
package to provide a proposed standard for obtaining hadoop cluster configurations from R. This allows configuration details to be handled separately from functionality and alleviates the burden on end users to provide details (assuming one person per cluster bites the bullet for the greater good) when loading a feature package.
The gist of how this is done is by combining YAML configuration details (read by config
) with R’s built-in dependency management (i.e., install.packages
). So long as child packages (e.g., clusterconf.mycluster
) follow certain rules, then feature packages can build declare a dependency on clusterconf
and then work with any cluster. The functional interface to ask for configuration values is exposed in the clusterconf
packages and the actual configurations and java dependencies are provided via the child, cluster-specific, package.
It is unlikely than many (any) implementing packages will be publicly available since they contain information on particular hadoop clusters. Therefore we sketch out here what components are necessary.
Only one R function is required. The child package must implement get_cluster_name
, which returns a string and that the return value of that function, once spaces are removed and all letters converted to lower-case, match the portion of the package name after the period. For example if get_cluster_name
returns "My Cluster"
then the R package name needs to be clusterconf.mycluster
. The reason for the strict package naming convention is so that clusterconf::list_available_clusters
can search both installed packages and packages in any configured repositories (i.e., return of getOption("repos")
) for child packages.
The configuration package essentially just has a configuration YAML similar to the one above. When developing this file should be placed in ./inst/configs
and any java dependencies should go in ./inst/java
.
A YAML configuration file is the main component of the cluster-specific package. It should be placed in <package root>/inst/configs
and may be named anything so long as it is a *.yaml
file. Though it is unlikely that any one feature package will require all of the information in a configuration file it is good practice to include as much as possible so that a variety of feature packages all work. The configurations are accessed lazily, so errors will only result when a feature package attempts to use a missing configuration.
Below is a sample configuration file with notes (instead of values) about what is expected in each field.
default:
cluster:
home: path to hadoop install on edge node e.g., "/usr/hdp/hadoop"
ha_node: name of high availability node, eg, "mycluster-ha"
name_node: names of name nodes, e.g., ["mycluster-nn1", "mycluster-nn2"]
edge_node: name of edge node, e.g., "mycluster-gw"
edge_port: port to use to connect to edge node, e.g., 22
yarn:
conf_dir: path to yarn configurations on edge node, e.g., "/etc/hadoop/conf"
spark:
home: path to spark installation on edge node, e.g., "/usr/hdp/hadoop/spark"
conf_dir: path to spark configurations on edge node, e.g., "/etc/spark/conf"
packages: default spark packages to include on the path when starting a session, e.g., ["com.databricks:spark-avro_2.10:2.0.1", "com.databricks:spark-csv_2.10:1.5.0"]
spark_sql:
host: e.g., "mycluster-rm1"
port: e.g., "10001"
driver: driver class name, e.g., "org.apache.hive.jdbc.HiveDriver"
classpath: driver classpath, e.g., ["hive-jdbc.jar", "hadoop-common-<IP_ADDRESS>.2.4.2-2.jar"]
hive:
pw_required: default authentication required setting, e.g., false
host: e.g., "mycluster-rm2"
port: e.g., "10010"
driver: driver class name, e.g., "org.apache.hive.jdbc.HiveDriver"
classpath: driver classpath, e.g., ["hive-jdbc.jar", "hadoop-common-<IP_ADDRESS>.2.4.2-2.jar"]
drill:
storage: default storage name (from drill UI), e.g., "dfs"
hive_storage: name of hive storage plugin (for querying Hive metastore)
url: connection URL (equivalent to host + port for hive but generally more complicated for drill)
driver: driver class name, e.g., "org.apache.drill.jdbc.Driver"
classpath: driver classpath, e.g., "drill-jdbc-all-1.6.0.jar"
webhdfs:
port: connection port, e.g., "50070"
suffix: the part of the webhdfs URL after the port, e.g., "webhdfs/v1"
tools:
avro: path to avro-tools on edge node, e.g., "/lib/avro-tools-1.7.7.jar"
parquet: path to parquet-tools on edge node, e.g., "/lib/parquet-tools-1.8.1.jar"
resources:
package: package containing java resources, e.g., "clusterconf.myothercluster"
directory: a directory containing java resources
A few notes:
Not all configurations are required to make a given connection. This configuration file is also used by other HDFS-integration packages. For example, the entire spark
and yarn
sections could be omitted if SQL on hadoop is the only use case.
The resources
section needs an entry in either the package
or directory
field. Not both.
The package
option in the resources
section enables less duplication of java dependencies. Thus, for example, if your organization has several hadoop clusters then clusterconf.cluster2
can declare a dependency (in the imports
section of the DESCRIPTION file) on clusterconf.cluster1
and the cluster 1 package can be the only one that is bloated with driver jars and other such dependencies.
The package
option in the resources
section may be self referential. Extending the example from above, the line in the YAML file may read: package: clusterconf.cluster1
for both the cluster 1 package and the cluster 2 package.
Make sure that there is a line break to end the file. If the file ends on a line with text it will not break things, but a warning will be printed every time it is parsed.
Java dependencies should be placed in <package root>/inst/java
. It is expected that exact name matches should be found. Using the above YAML configuration as an example, if the package reference was self referential then clusterconf
will expect that hive-jdbc.jar
will exactly be found in the aforementioned directory.


& up & up & up & up She turns—latched in the seat Of a hurricane. You let Your girl what? You let Your girl what? I did so she do I did so she do so— Girl, you can ride A hurricane & she do & she do & she do & she do


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- TIBBY:
Pet form of English Theobald,
meaning "people-bold." Compare with feminine Tibby.
- TIERNAN:
Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Tighearnán,
meaning "little lord."
- TIERNEY:
Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Tighearnach,
meaning "lord."
- TIKVA:
Variant spelling of English
unisex Tikvah, meaning "hope."
- TIKVAH:
Anglicized form of Hebrew unisex Tiqvah, meaning "hope." In the bible, this is strictly a
masculine name, the name of the father of Shallum.
- TIM:
Short form of English Timothy,
meaning "to honor God."
- TIMMY:
Pet form of English Timothy, meaning "to honor
God."
- TIMO:
Short form of English Timothy, meaning "to honor
God." Compare with other forms of Timo.
- TIMOTHY:
English form of Greek Timotheos, meaning "to
honor God." In the bible, this is the name of a companion of Paul.
He was martyred at Ephesus.
- TIRAS:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Tiyrac, meaning "desire." In the bible, this is the name of a grandson of
Noah.
- TOAL:
Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Tuathal, meaning
"ruler of the people."
- TOBIAH:
Anglicized
form of Hebrew Towbiyah, meaning "God is good." In the bible, this is
the name of several characters, including a Babylonian exile returnee.
- TOBIN:
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from a pet form of Greek
Tobias,
meaning "God is good."
- TOBY:
Pet form of English Tobiah and Greek Tobias,
meaning "God is
good."
- TOD:
Variant spelling of English Todd, meaning "fox."
- TODD:
English surname transferred to forename use, from a byname for a cunning
person or someone with red hair, from Middle English todde,
meaning "fox."
- TOLBERT:
English name of Germanic origin, probably composed of the elements tal "destroy"
and bod "message, tidings," hence "messenger of
destruction."
- TOLLY:
Pet form of English Bartholomew, meaning
"son of Talmai."
- TOM:
Short form of English Thomas, meaning "twin."
- TOMMI: Variant spelling of English Tommy, meaning "twin."
Compare with another form of Tommi.
- TOMMIE:
Variant spelling of English Tommy, meaning "twin."
- TOMMY:
Pet form of English Thomas, meaning "twin."
- TONE:
Pet form of English Anthony, possibly
meaning "invaluable."
- TONEY:
Pet form of English Anthony, possibly
meaning "invaluable."
- TONY:
English unisex pet form of Anthony
and Antonia,
possibly meaning "invaluable."
- TOPHER:
Short form of English Christopher,
meaning "Christ-bearer."
- TRACE:
Short form of
English unisex Tracy, meaning "place of Thracius."
- TRACEY:
Variant spelling of
English unisex Tracy, meaning "place of Thracius."
- TRACY:
English surname transferred to unisex forename use, from a Norman baronial name meaning "place of
Thracius."
- TRAFFORD:
English surname transferred to
forename use, from the name of various places composed of the Old English
elements træppe "fish-trap" and ford
"ford," hence "fish-trap ford."
- TRAHERNE:
Anglicized form of Welsh Trahaearn, meaning "very
iron-like."
- TRANTER:
English occupational surname transferred to forename use, from a name for a "peddler, hawker," who drove a wagon, derived from
the Middle English word traunter, meaning "to convey."
- TRAVERS:
English occupational surname transferred to forename use, derived from the
Norman French word traverser, meaning "to cross," a name
used for someone who was a "collector of bridge or road tolls."
Compare with Travis.
- TRAVIS:
English occupational surname transferred to forename use, derived from the
Middle English word travis, meaning "crossing," a
derivative of Old French traverser "to cross," a name used for
someone who was a "collector of bridge or road tolls."
- TRENT:
English topographic surname transferred to forename use, meaning "lives
on the river-bank."
- TRENTON:
English surname transferred to forename use, meaning "Trent's
settlement."
- TREV:
Short form of English Trevor, meaning "large
settlement."
- TREVELYAN:
English surname of Cornish origin, transferred to forename use, derived from a
place name meaning "settlement of Elian."
- TREVOR:
Anglicized form of Welsh Trefor, meaning "large settlement."
- TREY:
English name meaning "three."
- TRISTEN:
English variant spelling of French Tristan, probably meaning
"riot, tumult."
- TRISTIN:
English variant spelling of French Tristan, probably meaning
"riot, tumult."
- TRISTON:
English variant spelling of French Tristan, probably meaning
"riot, tumult."
- TROY:
English surname of French origin, transferred to forename use, meaning "from
Troyes."
- TRUEMAN:
Variant spelling of English Truman, meaning "true man."
- TRUMAN: English surname transferred to forename use,
composed of the Old English elements treowe
"true, trustworthy" and mann "man," hence
"true man."
- TUBAL
(תּוּבַל):
Anglicized form of Hebrew Tuwbal, meaning "thou shall be brought."
In the bible, this is the name of a son of Japheth,
and may also have been an ancestor
of the Basques (see Aitor).
- TUBAL-CAIN:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Tuwbal Qayin, meaning "thou shall be brought of
Cain."
In the bible, this is the name of a son of Lamech, said
to be an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron.
- TUCKER:
English occupational surname transferred to forename use, meaning
"cloth fuller."
- TUCSON:
Modern English name derived from the name of a city in Arizona, from the Spanish form of O'odham Cuk Son, meaning "black base."
- TUDOR:
Anglicized form of Welsh Tudur, meaning
"first of the people; king of nations."
- TURLOUGH:
Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Toirdhealbhach,
meaning "instigator."
- TY:
Short form of English names beginning with Ty-.
- TYBALT:
Medieval form of English Theobald,
meaning "people-bold."
- TYE:
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Middle English
word tye, meaning "pasture."
- TYLAR:
Variant spelling of
English Tyler, meaning "roof-tiler."
- TYLER:
English occupational surname transferred to forename use, meaning
"roof-tiler."
- TYLOR:
Variant spelling of
English Tyler, meaning "roof-tiler."
- TYRELL:
Variant spelling of
English Tyrrell, possibly meaning
"stubborn."
- TYRON:
Variant spelling of
English Tyrone, meaning "land of Owen."
- TYRONE:
English name derived from an Irish county name, from Gaelic Tir
Eoghain, meaning "land of Owen."
- TYRRELL:
English surname transferred to forename use, possibly derived from a Norman
byname for a "stubborn" person.
- TYSON:
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from a byname for a person who
is "fiery tempered," from the Old French word tison,
meaning "firebrand."
- UEL:
Short form of English Samuel, meaning
"heard of God,"
"his name is El," or "name
of God."
- ULICK:
-
Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Uilleag, meaning
"will-helmet."
- Possibly a Middle English form of Old
High German Willerich, meaning
"will-power."
- ULRIC:
Middle English form of Anglo-Saxon Wulfric,
meaning "wolf power."
- ULRICK:
Variant spelling of English Ulric, meaning "wolf
power."
- ULTAN:
Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Ultán, meaning "of Ulster."
- UNI:
Variant spelling of English Unni, meaning
"afflicted, depressed."
- UNNI:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Unniy, meaning "afflicted,
depressed." In the bible, this
is the name of two Levites.
- UPTON:
English surname transferred to forename use, composed of the Old
English elements up "upper" and tun "enclosure,
settlement," hence "upper settlement."
- UR:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Uwr,
meaning "flame or light of fire," also possibly
"revelation." In the bible, this is the native place of Abraham,
the city of the Chaldeans, and a center of moon worship. Compare with
other forms of Ur.
- URBAN:
English form of Latin Urbane, meaning
"of the city."
- URI:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Uwriy,
meaning "fiery" or "my
flame, my light." In the bible, this is the name of several characters,
including a prince of Judah.
- URIA:
Variant spelling of English Uriah, meaning "flame of
Jehovah"
or "God
is my light."
- URIAH:
Anglicized form of Greek Ourias
(Hebrew Uwriyah), meaning "flame of
Jehovah"
or "God
is my light." In the bible, this is the name of several characters,
including the husband of Bathsheba.
- URIAN:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Uryan,
meaning "light."
- URIEL
(אוּרִיאֵל):
Anglicized form of Hebrew Uwriyel, meaning "flame
of God" or "light of the Lord." In the bible, this is the name of a
Levite, and the maternal grandfather of Abijah.
It is also the name
of one of the seven archangels whose names were removed from the Church's
list of recognized angels in 145 A.D. He was said to have been one of the angels
stationed at God's throne. He was considered the wisest of the archangels because
his light was not merely of the physical kind, but rather the ultra-spiritual
kind, making him highly intellectually illuminated. Some think Uriel was the angel who
warned Noah of the coming flood, and helped the prophet
Ezra interpret a
prediction concerning the coming Messiah. He is also said to be the angel of divine magic,
alchemy, writing, earthquakes, floods, and other kinds of cataclysms.
- URIJAH:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Uwriyah, meaning
"flame of Jehovah" or "God
is my light." In the bible, this is the name of several characters,
including and a prophet slain by Jehoiakim.
- UTAI:
Variant spelling of English Uthai,
meaning "whom Jehovah helps."
- UTHAI:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Uwthay, meaning "whom
Jehovah helps." In the bible, this is the
name of a son of Ammihud and a son
of Bigvai.
- UZ:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Uwts, meaning
"soft and sandy earth" or "to consult."
- UZAL:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Uwzal, of uncertain
derivation, possibly meaning "to depart, to leave," "to be
flooded," or "to be
exhausted." In the bible, this is the name of a descendant of Joktan.
- UZIA: Variant spelling of
English Uzzia, meaning "power of Jehovah."
- UZIAH: Variant spelling of
English Uzzia, meaning "power of Jehovah."
- UZIEL:
Variant spelling of English Uzziel, meaning "God is my strength."
- UZZIA:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Uzziya, meaning "power
of Jehovah." In the bible, this is
the name of one of David's warriors.
- UZZIAH:
Variant spelling of English Uzzia, meaning "power
of Jehovah."
- UZZIEL:
Anglicized form of Hebrew Uzziyel, meaning "God is my strength." In the bible, this is
the name of many characters, including a grandson of Levi.
- VAL:
Unisex short form of English Valentine
and Latin Valentina,
both meaning "healthy, strong."
- VALENTINE:
English form of Latin Valentinus,
meaning "healthy, strong." Compare with
feminine Valentine.
- VAN: Short form of
English Vance, meaning
"lives by a fen/marsh."
- VANCE:
English topographic surname transferred to forename use,
derived from the Old English word fenn
"fen," hence "lives by a fen/marsh."
- VERE:
English surname transferred to forename use, from a Norman baronial name meaning
"alder."
- VERGIL: Variant spelling of English
Virgil,
possibly meaning "flourishing." Compare with
another form of Vergil.
- VERN:
Short form of English Vernon, meaning
"place of alder trees."
- VERNE:
Variant spelling
of English Vern, meaning "place
of alder trees."
- VERNON:
English surname transferred to forename use, from a Norman
French baronial name meaning "place of
alder trees."
- VESTER:
Short form of English Sylvester,
meaning "from the forest."
- VIC:
English unisex short form of Latin Victor
"conqueror" and Victoria
"conqueror"
or "victory."
- VICK:
English short form of Roman Latin Victor, meaning
"conqueror."
- VICTOR:
Roman Latin name meaning "conqueror."
- VIN:
Short form of English Vincent,
meaning "conquering."
- VINCE:
Short form of English Vincent, meaning
"conquering." Compare with another form of
Vince.
- VINCENT:
English name derived from Latin Vincentius, meaning
"conquering."
- VIRGIL:
English name derived from Latin Virgilius,
possibly meaning "flourishing."
- VORTIGERN:
Anglicized form of Old Welsh Guorthigern,
meaning "high lord" or "overlord." In Arthurian legend,
this is the name of the king who allowed
the Saxons to settle in Britain in return for the hand
of Hengist's
daughter. Because his castle, Dinas
Emrys, kept collapsing, Vortigern consulted Aurelius
Ambrosianus,
whom Geoffrey of
Monmouth identified with Merlin
in his retelling of the story.
- WADE:
-
English topographical surname transferred to forename use, meaning "lives
near the river crossing."
- Middle English form of Anglo-Saxon Wada
(the name of a sea giant), meaning "to
go," in the sense of going forward, proceeding.
- WAINAMOINEN:
Anglicized form of Finnish Väinämöinen,
meaning "wide and slow-flowing river."
- WALKER:
- English name derived from the
Scandinavian habitational surname Walkyr, from kiarr,
meaning "from the wall by the marsh."
-
English occupational surname transferred to
forename use, derived from Middle English walkere from Old English wealcere ("to walk, tread"),
hence "cloth fuller."
- WALLACE:
English surname transferred to forename use, from an ethnic byname, from Old French waleis,
meaning "foreigner, stranger," especially Celtic or Roman.
- WALLIS:
Variant spelling of English Wallace,
meaning "foreigner, stranger," especially Celtic or Roman.
- WALLY:
Pet form of English Wallace "foreigner,
stranger," especially Celtic or Roman, and Walter "ruler of the
army."
- WALT:
Short form of English Walter, meaning "ruler of the
army."
- WALTER: English
form of German Walther, meaning "ruler of the
army."
- WALTON:
English habitational surname transferred to forename use,
composed of the Old English elements wæll "spring" and tun
"enclosure, settlement," hence "spring settlement."
- WARD: English
occupational surname transferred to forename use, derived from Old English weard, meaning
"guard, watchman."
- WARNER:
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the German
personal name Werner, meaning "Warin warrior,"
i.e. "covered warrior."
- WARREN: English
surname of Norman French origin, transferred to forename use, from a
place called La Varenne, meaning "game-park."
- WARWICK:
English habitational surname
transferred to forename use, composed of the Old English elements wær
"dam" and wic "dairy farm," hence "lives by
the dam near the dairy farm."
- WASHINGTON: English
surname transferred to forename use, from the village of Washington
in Co. Durham, named from Old English Wassingtun, meaning
"Wassa's settlement."
- WAT:
Old pet form of English Walter, meaning "ruler of
the army."
- WATKIN:
Old Pet form of English Walter, meaning "ruler of the
army."
- WAYLAND: English form of German
Wieland, meaning "war territory" or "battlefield."
- WAYNE: English occupational
surname transferred to forename use, meaning "cartwright;
wagon-maker."
- WEAVER:
- English habitational surname
transferred to forename use, from the name of a place in Cheshire named
after the river Weaver which got its name form Old English wefer,
meaning "winding."
- English occupational surname
transferred to forename use, from Middle English weven, meaning
"to weave," hence "weaver."
- WEBSTER: English
occupational surname transferred to forename use, from early Middle English webber,
meaning
"weaver."
- WELDON:
English habitational surname transferred to forename use,
composed of the Old English elements wella "spring, stream" and dun
"hill," hence "spring hill."
- WENDEL:
Old
High German name meaning
"a Wend; a wanderer," a term used to
refer to migrant Slavs in the sixth century.
- WESLEY:
English habitational surname transferred to forename use, from a contracted
form of Westley, meaning "western meadow."
- WESTLEY:
English habitational surname transferred to forename use, from the name of
various places called Westley, composed of the Old English elements west
"west" and leah "meadow, pasture," hence
"western meadow."
- WESTON:
English habitational surname transferred to
forename use, composed of the Old English elements west
"west" and tun "enclosure, settlement," hence
"western settlement."
- WHITAKER:
English habitational surname transferred to forename use,
from various place names composed of the Old English elements hwit
"white" and æcer "cultivated land," hence
"white acres."
- WHITNEY: English
habitational
surname transferred to unisex forename use, from the name of various
places derived from the Middle English phrase atten whiten ey ("by the white island"), hence "white island."
- WIL:
Short form of Old English names beginning with Wil-, meaning
"will."
- WILBER:
English surname transferred to forename use, composed of the Middle English
elements wild "wild" and bor "boar," hence
"wild boar."
- WILBUR:
Variant spelling of Middle English Wilber, meaning
"wild boar."
- WILBURN:
English habitational surname transferred to forename use,
probably from the name of a lost place composed of the Old English elements wella "well,
spring" and burn "boiling, bubbling, running water,"
hence "bubbling stream" or perhaps "boiling spring."
- WILEY: Old English name meaning "water
meadow." Compare with another form of Wiley.
- WILF:
Short form of Middle English Wilfred, meaning "desires
peace."
- WILFORD:
English habitational surname transferred to forename
use, composed of the name Will and the word ford
"ford," hence "Will's river
crossing."
- WILFRED: Variant
spelling of Middle English Wilfrid, meaning "desires
peace."
- WILFRID:
Middle English form of Anglo-Saxon Wilfrið, meaning "desires
peace."
- WILL:
Short form of English William, meaning
"will-helmet."
- WILLARD: English
surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Anglo-Saxon personal
name Wilheard, meaning "strong-willed."
- WILLIAM: English
form of Norman French Willelm, meaning
"will-helmet."
- WILLIE: Pet form of English William,
meaning "will-helmet." Compare with another form of Willie.
- WILLIS:
English surname transferred to forename use, meaning "son of Will."
- WILLOUGHBY:
English surname transferred to forename use,
composed of Old English wilig "willow" and Old Norse býr
"settlement," hence "willow settlement."
- WILLY:
Pet form of English Will, meaning
"will-helmet."
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The first pond is called POSTAGE STAMP POND not, as one might think, due to its tininess - for it is indeed a tiny pond! - but because it was the scene of the 1898 Postage Stamp Riots. You will recall from your schoolbooks that the introduction of a new machine at the sorting office led to unrest.
The second pond is named MEE JAWR POND which is thought to be a corruption of the name Midge Ure. Mr Ure was a balladeer & minstrel of the last century, now largely forgotten, although there exists a dwindling band of devotees who gather together underneath railway bridges and viaducts to sing extempore versions of his profound meditation upon vapidity, Vienna - it means nothing to me. Appropriately enough, this pond is unfathomably deep.
The third pond, everybody's favourite, is called POND O' CAKES. It was in this pond, on a teeming day in April in the year of the Munich Air Disaster, that a canister of protoplasmic goo from another dimension was found in the fishing-net of a little tike named Chevenix Perkins. Young Perkins was the only-begotten son of the disgraced insecticide merchant Slawkenbergius Perkins, late, not of this parish, but of another parish entirely, where eldritch groans and wailings would often be heard emerging from dilapidated barnyards and abandoned bomb shelters, the like of which - the groans and wailings, that is - no human ear ought ever be suffered to hear in this brief mortal existence. (That sentence is a translation from the original Hungarian.) Little Chevenix gave his find to the Museum At-or-Near-the-Gruesome-Copse at Ack, from where it has since disappeared.
Pond number four was for a long time nameless, but has recently been dubbed BIRDS' POND because of the masonry pillar just to the north, on which is inscribed this sentence from John Burroughs' Birds And Poets (1877) : "The defiant scream of the hawk circling aloft, the wild whinny of the loon, the whooping of the crane, the booming of the bittern, the vulpine bark of the eagle, the loud trumpeting of the migratory geese sounding down out of the midnight sky; or by the seashore, the coast of New Jersey or Long Island, the wild crooning of the flocks of gulls, repeated, continued by the hour, swirling sharp and shrill, rising and falling like the wind in a storm, as they circle above the beach or dip to the dash of the waves, - are much more welcome in certain moods than any and all mere bird-melodies, in keeping as they are with the shaggy and untamed features of ocean and woods, and suggesting something like the Richard Wagner music in the ornithological orchestra."
The fifth pond, WORSE-THINGS-HAPPEN-AT-SEA POND is barely what you would call a pond at all. It has been called a puddle. Some have dubbed it a mere. One authority on landlocked pools of water has called it a tarn, albeit inaccurately, as it is at (or at least near) sea level. It would appear that the appellation "authority" is thus equally inaccurate, although few have questioned it, as the pond-boffin concerned is none other than Cloris Preen, niece of the notorious Lothar, and ex-wife of the beetle-browed turps magnate Hengist Shad. Cloris Preen's Universal Gazetteer of Ponds, Meres & Similar Bodies of Water Across The Globe, Indexed By Depth, Hue & Mean Temperature, With Thousands of Diagrams & Lots & Lots of Exciting Maps is reputedly the longest single-volume book ever published, although most scholars hold it in contempt. Worse-Things-Happen-At-Sea Pond is notable for the weird iridescent glow it emits on certain saints' feast days, usually those of St Bartholomew (24th August), often invoked against nervous diseases and twitching, St Ambrose (7th December), patron saint of beekeepers and wax refiners, and St Rita of Cascia (22nd May) patron saint of desperate cases. Should Cloris Preen be classed as a desperate case?
We come now to FIENDISH POND, home to a bewildering array of aquatic life forms which I am afraid I have not had time to catalogue. Some of them look like monsters from H P Lovecraft - and those are the less frightening ones! Terrorised infants can often be seen running away screaming from this pond, only to become entangled in a nearby thicket of nettles and bindweed, the poor mites.
Shuddering, let us attempt to push the tentacled and sucker-festooned denizens of Fiendish Pond to the backs of our minds and consider instead MARY MOONMAN POND, named after one of the key witnesses to the assassination of John F Kennedy on 22nd November 1963. Her name is (was?) in fact Mary Moorman, but the blond, swashbuckling ne'er-do-well who painted the signboard affixed to a wooden post stuck in the mud to the southwest of the pond was hard of hearing, and his error has never been corrected. In any case, Mary Moorman, or Moonman, ought better be known as Marymoon Man, thus more appropriately named alongside her fellow witnesses Badge Man, Umbrella Man, Black Dog Man, and far too many more Men than we have space for here. This seems as good a time as any to throw in the little-known fact that alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald was interred under the name William Bobo.
From Mary Moonman Pond, strike east, tread carefully around the Place of Strewn Grotesque Pebbles, and you will find yourself within spitting distance of PARACELSUS POND named, of course, for the 16th century alchemist Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim, the man whom all abecedarians hold in high honour, as among his coinages were both alcohol and zinc. Of more concern to us here is the way in which faint yet compelling links and patterns can be traced across the centuries. Mention has already been made of the turps tycoon Hengist Shad, whose fortune was based on the oleoresins exuded from coniferous trees consisting of more or less viscid solutions of resin in a volatile oil, and lo! we find that the very same turpentine was an essential constituent of Paracelsus' celebrated weapon-salve, the recipe for which was as follows: Take of moss growing on the head of a thief who has been hanged and left in the air; of real mummy; of human blood, still warm - of each, one ounce; of human suet, two ounces; of linseed oil, turpentine, and Armenian bole -of each, two drachms. Mix all well in a mortar, and keep the salve in an oblong, narrow urn. [My emphasis.] The supposed linkage may seem tenuous, if it were not for the fact that the very next pond we stumble upon is called ..
HUMAN SUET POND. Reads like an anagram, doesn't it? And indeed it is, for this is an artificial pond - obvious from its perfectly ellipsoid shape - which was dug in 1962 by one Thomas Pundune (anag.) to mark the publication of Richard Milhous Nixon's book Six Crises. Careful study of the pond reveals half a dozen partly submerged plastic baubles, each of which is designed to represent one of the then future president's half-dozen formative events, the most exciting of which - I refer to both bauble and crisis - is the "goodwill" tour of South America in 1958, when Nixon and his wife, the saintly Pat, were attacked and nearly killed by pro-Communist mobs in Venezuela. Pundune was a great admirer of the only Quaker ever to order the bombing of Cambodia, although he underwent his own "crisis" in 1971 - the details are blurry, but it had something to do with a yeast infection - disavowed Nixon, pond and baubles, and retired to a Bewilderment Home on a bleak hillside. He may still be there, haunted, ancient and drooling, for all I know. But his pond remains a very lovely thing, and has always been popular with the picnicking element.
Next on our fascinating tour is Pangfabuloquislinguette Pond, known colloquially as MUCH-DRAGGED POND as it has the distinction of being the most frequently dragged pond in the land. The police forces of this bailiwick - and there are at least seven different so-called Law Platoons who claim it as their own - all have a perplexing mania for sending frogmen equipped with forensically-approved nets into the pond at the least opportunity. Sometimes they do not even wait for a crime to be committed. Scarcely a week goes by without a nylon fence being erected around this splendid pond, a team of yellow-jacketed walkie-talkie-wielding myrmidons materialising out of the blue, and then a series of faint splashes as the dashing frogmen set about their task. Their trawls have even been productive, on occasion. The grim - or perhaps grimy - poisoner Gervase Tanquod was convicted on the basis of a phial of smee riddled with his fingerprints which he had tossed into the pond while pursued by bloodhounds. It proved to be the only evidence against him, yet it was - as the trial judge put it - "the hinge on which the case swings".  Tanquod he sent to the jug for forty years, which amounted to a death sentence, as the fiend was already in his eighties when he was at last apprehended. Much-Dragged Pond has also been noteworthy as a popular location for film-makers, no doubt because as morning mists hang over its still surface (on those rare days it is not being dragged) it has a magical atmosphere, like one imagines Avalon, say, or Narnia, or the Blister Lane Bypass. Note too the solitary heron standing vigil at the edge of the pond.
Of CLYTEMNESTRA! POND we need say nothing.
VON PIGFLASK POND is named for Horst Helmut Von Pigflask, the noted percussionist, who created his own sonic universe using just a couple of biscuit tins, a thermos flask half-full of milk, and a few odds and ends scavenged from a rusting ship. "The milk," he famously declared, "must be sour, at least four days sour, or it has no ton, no timbre." At one time an habitué of the same Marseilles dockyard drinking dens as that scallywag Lothar Preen, Von Pigflask had a huge falling-out with his mentor on 12th October 1959. Despite both protagonists keeping voluminous - if not to say obsessive - diaries, neither of them has a word to say about this incident. Preen's journal entry for the day is the usual vain, self-serving hyperbole, while Von Pigflask writes a long list of farm implements annotated with pencil-drawn symbols in some indecipherable private code. What can it all mean? The sad thing is that no one, then or now, ever really cared. On the following day, Von Pigflask hired a dinghy from one of his disreputable acquaintances, put out to sea, and vanished. Perhaps because his police files had been mislaid, his absence went unremarked; certainly there is no trace of him whatsoever until at some point in the late 1960s when reports began to circulate that he was a founder member of the blues-rock pioneers Blodwyn Pig. To this day the other original members, Mick Abrahams, Jack Lancaster, Andy Pyle and Ron Berg deny ever having heard of the great percussionist, let alone giving him free rein with his tins, flask and rusty flotsam on their debut album Ahead Rings Out. There is no doubt, however, that it was Von Pigflask himself who appeared unannounced on stage at the 1974 Jazz Festival in Ülm, where he performed a 16-second untitled improvisation before scuttling away into the tenebrous German twilight. Two more years passed before his triumphant return to the world stage, the patching up of differences with Preen, and the ear-splitting genius of his late work. In 1996, by now aged and suffering increasingly from the bindings, he retired and settled in Winnipeg. His final years were spent on the upper floors of a gleaming skyscraper, where he took great pleasure in his pet tortoise and worked for hours every day on a seemingly endless list of anagrams of Pol Pot, Ayn Rand, U Thant and Yoko Ono.
STAGNANT INKY-BLACK FATHOMLESS SPOOKY POND is the thirteenth and final pond in this survey. How ill-named it is! Tiny ones may well flee screaming from Fiendish Pond, as we have seen, but not from here. On the contrary; it is not uncommon for beadles and matrons from the Parish Home for Poor Wretched Mud-Splattered Orphans to bring their charges here for an afternoon of gambol and frolic. O how the air rings with the joyous cries of the tots as they play pin-the-paper-to-the-cardboard, sitting at the edge of the pond with their grubby little feet splashing in the water! How they gobble down their small tin bowls of custard and watercress with toothsome relish! If you, as an adult, dear reader, need to have your heart's cockles warmed, why not join one of the regular charabanc excursions which leave from Haemoglobin Towers at noon every Thursday, and witness this scene for yourself? The cost is reasonable - not "criminally expensive" as one curmudgeon wrote in a letter to the Hooting Yard Bee - and if you bring your own packed lunch you can even join in the antics! Pray heaven that you do not give credence to that other Bee correspondent who wrote a farrago of nonsense about getting bats entangled in his hair! Nor ought you listen to malicious gossip about the pond being riddled with vivid blue poisonous toads. A brisk walk around the pond will soon diffuse the diesel fumes from the charabanc, and you will no longer have a headache.


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Changelog1.0
my main aim is to specify on programming after finishing from zetech
Technologies i have worked with
| Languages | Frameworks | Databases |
|---|---|---|
| c/c++ | Crow app | Microsoft Access |
| HTML/CSS | Bootstrap | SQL |
| Javascript | React | mongoDB |
| PHP | Laravel | post grress |
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Find out everything about me
my main aim is to specify on programming after finishing from zetech
| Languages | Frameworks | Databases |
|---|---|---|
| c/c++ | Crow app | Microsoft Access |
| HTML/CSS | Bootstrap | SQL |
| Javascript | React | mongoDB |
| PHP | Laravel | post grress |


programming
Git for Computer Scientists
A memorizable description of git commands.
If you ever worked with a version-control system, you will probably get nervous about any file not under the shelter of the perpetual possibility to undo changes. I have been using git for quite some time now, mostly for my solitary work (dissertation, papers, some code). Since it is decentralized, it is easy to backup, and I am quite happy with it.
One feature of git, however, I carefully avoided is branching. Of course, I tried it once when I read the git manual, and I can work with existing branches, but I always felt a bit insecure of what the commands I typed were really doing.
I have some hope that this will change now. There is a nice post titled Git for computer scientists that explains concisely and (for me) memorizably how git branches work: namely, in terms of the underlying data structures. I can only recommend investing 15 calm minutes in reading the article.
Unfortunately, the article stops short when it comes to the meaning of git’s various commands. I’m missing a concise specification in terms of git’s data structures, so I’ll start my own here. (I do not attempt to make it comprehensive, but rather memorizably concise).
git branch <name>
Create a new namedref
pointing at the commit currently checked out in working area.
A thorough understanding of (an abstract view of) the inner workings makes me feel comfortable to make more use of one of git’s most celebrated features.


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A channel to discuss trading. For useful links and more info click the pinned messages to the right.
100 messages
Before 05-Dec-19 12:00 AM
Tek07-Sep-19 06:55 PM
frens
is it time ?
Andersen07-Sep-19 07:03 PM
Chart calculated in USD by tradingwiew from ALL exchanges. As i remember MM bots push price using $ correlations.
https://i.postimg.cc/7LPSCj3T/usd.png@Markus
A handy market depth tool for quick on-the-go cryptanalysis
actionslacks07-Sep-19 08:05 PM
Binance is about to close US trading, It's biggest market. the neet's who cant vpn are going need to dump their chainlink or whatever somewhere. This is the opportunity.
FlyingDutchman07-Sep-19 08:14 PM
is kmd going to be on binanceUS or do i have to switch exchanges
Patrick Friggens07-Sep-19 08:14 PM
maybe btc need huge altseason like 2017 to get to new ath. And second altseason little bit later like winter 2018. Drying up everything might not be good for btc in long run. Btc might need alts more than anyone realizes at this point. Btc propaganda is so boring and maximalists look so arrogant that it takes away all interest in blochchain tech.
but what do I know.
4
Cryptoon07-Sep-19 08:16 PM
I understand what you mean
You need the allure of 100x alts to get the general public fomo’ing into crypto in general
As it did end 2017
Patrick Friggens07-Sep-19 08:17 PM
yep, that's why
Cryptoon07-Sep-19 08:17 PM
But those kind of pumps arent sustainable
Patrick Friggens07-Sep-19 08:18 PM
not sustainable levels of course, but alts end up 5-10x higher than currently for long time.
FlyingDutchman07-Sep-19 08:19 PM
anybody know if changelly is any good
can i buy kmd directly with usd on changelly or do i have to exchange btc for it
tolken07-Sep-19 08:21 PM
STOs might light the alt-season fire.
 Too many people got burned after the 2017 bull market. The next alt season will probably rely heavily on alts with actual products/usage.
Yes, if KMD could get its products (i.e. AtomicDEX) at or near full potential by the time the market shifts to alts... then it'll probably explode
Patrick Friggens07-Sep-19 08:29 PM
btc is commiting suicide without altseason.
actionslacks07-Sep-19 08:31 PM
considering the glut of vaporware out there with zero revenue generation plan besides "the power of decentralization", kmd is a bit of a unicorn in the current field.
richardt07-Sep-19 08:36 PM
Whitepaper pump days are over. In general, people have grown weary of crypto due to lack of real products/utility, I think.
1
PTYX07-Sep-19 08:39 PM
In the coming years there will be a culling of the vapor projects
Some will linger for some time though
Patrick Friggens07-Sep-19 08:39 PM
I agree. Exchanges doing shitty ieo's weekly make sure that you need to have good product already, if you're going to make it.
Bitcoin Tweets per day vs. Average price, per day, USD chart
Patrick Friggens07-Sep-19 09:03 PM
imho, heart of the problem is this: Only promoting btc probably looks bad for general public. Max Keiser with his tear up fiat money antics don't look good either. 10k btc price might be too high for npc's to get interested in crypto. Nobody is telling npc's that there are other cryptos too.
btc has become too elitist.
Andersen07-Sep-19 09:07 PM
There are people who are far from the crypto - they don't even know they can buy a fractional part of BTC. They are not ready to buy full BTC for 10K. That's the answer.
Patrick Friggens07-Sep-19 09:12 PM
I agree, nobody is not telling that you can buy fractional part of btc too.
Alright07-Sep-19 09:56 PM
I hear that misconception with "normies" constantly
"I can't spend $10k on a bitcoin" (edited)
actionslacks07-Sep-19 10:28 PM
It's struggle not to overestimate the intellect of even the average person, much less the moon lambo kids.
blackjok3r07-Sep-19 10:36 PM
if we are of average Intelligence, then there is 3.5billion people stupider than us how crazy is that (edited)
The 2008 banker bailouts were too long ago now. We need another crash, and subsequent bailout to educate the masses. I thought maybe nirp would be enough. But it appears most of europe is going right along with it.


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Why Virtual Learning is Important?
We are probably all getting sick of reading about how ‘because of the recent coronavirus pandemic’ many businesses are using virtual meeting software to keep their companies running.
To those that have this option, it was an absolute no brainer, why are we still talking about it?
Because STILL not everyone is on board.
The bottom line is that virtual learning can work as well, if not better than, traditional classroom training and we at the Virtual Training Team reckon it will quickly become the norm even beyond the current pandemic.
So, for those few of you who are still on the fence about learning virtually, here are 6 benefits which show why it’s worth doing right.
Are you interested in taking virtual learning more seriously?
Check out our workshop on Growth learning mindset.
1. Better inclusivity
We’ve all been on those training sessions that are dominated by one loud, opinionated participant who seems to commandeer the discussions with their own voice.
With virtual learning and virtual training sessions, this is less of a problem. The coach has the ability to better control their participants contributions and ensure that everyone has their turn to speak. It also provides those less comfortable with shouting over others, alternative channels in which to communicate, such as chat and emojis.
2. Better accessibility
Provided that employees have access to a computer and stable wifi (which you would hope they would have for work anyway), they can take part in virtual training. This makes it a hugely accessible option for all employees no matter where they are based.
Traveling is a no-go area at the moment anyway, so being able to schedule and hold training remotely, for everyone who requires it, is a great boon. Why wouldn’t you use it?
3. It’s great for relationship building
Virtual training is fantastic at cultivating new relationships. It lets employees liaise and collaborate with others on projects and talk through ideas easily. It allows them to interact with those colleagues that, in a physical face-to-face setting, they might not know so well.
This can be great for building more intimate, internal relationships and useful for sparking new ideas by bringing different sets of people together.
4. Less cost
It is a common fact that virtual training is cheaper overall than traditional classroom training. There’s no need for travel, no need for venue costs, less lost productivity, no additional sustenance or accommodation costs.
Not to mention the lessened impact on the environment! Good for the coffers, good for the planet. It’s a win-win situation.
Learn How to Deliver Feedback that Grows People
5. Get feedback immediately
Most online virtual classrooms provide the participants with the opportunity for immediate feedback as opposed to the more traditional classroom learning environment where it might have to wait until after the session has concluded.
The live and interactive nature of virtual allows participants to receive feedback from their coach and even peers as the session progresses, granting greater applicability and immediacy to their situations. It also encourages participants to apply the feedback into their daily lives much quicker, sometimes even as soon as the workshop ends.
6. Enjoy greater flexibility and comfort
Who doesn’t enjoy the ability to attend useful and engaging virtual training sessions from the comfort of their own home? It certainly beats traveling to a wide open conference space, with its plastic tables and chairs and cheap but free coffee. Instead, full training benefits can be sought and enjoyed from the participants’ own home, allowing them to bend their schedules to fit around it.
No longer do life commitments need to be put on hold, or work to suffer due to extended time out to attend training sessions. Simply log on and get going. It’s that simple.
And as long as you wear something businessy on top, no one cares if you’ve got pyjama bottoms on underneath. What the camera can’t see won’t hurt it.
Are you interested in taking virtual learning more seriously? Contact us to get started.


Traffic Sign Classification with Convolutional Neural Networks in Python
Implementing Traffic Sign Classification in Python for Computer Vision tasks in Autonomous Vehicles.
Test online here
Content
Short description of the content. Full codes you can find inside the course by link above:
- Loading Data
- Preprocessing Data
- Model 1
- Predicting with image from test dataset
- Predicting with user’s image
- Traffic Sign Classification in Real Time
Loading Data
Data used for this task is German Traffic Sign Benchmarks (GTSRB).
Initially datasets consist of images in PPM format with different sizes.
For current task datasets were organized as it was done for CIFAR-10 Image Classification:
- x_train, x_validation, x_test - 4D tensors as numpy.ndarray type with shapes (12345, 3, 32, 32)
- y_train, y_validation, y_test - 1D tensors as numpy.ndarray type with shapes (12345, )
Here,
12345 - number of images / labels,
3, 32, 32 - image with 3 channels and size of 32x32 (height and width).
All tensors were put in a dictionary and were written in a pickle file:
d = {'x_train': x_train, 'y_train': y_train,
'x_validation': x_validation, 'y_validation': y_validation,
'x_test': x_test, 'y_test': y_test}
Unique Training Examples
Examples of Unique Traffic Signs for every class from training dataset are shown on the figure below.
Histogram of Training Examples
Histogram of 43 classes for training dataset with their number of examples for Traffic Signs Classification before and after equalization by adding transformated images from original dataset is shown on the figure below. After equalization, training dataset has increased up to 86989 examples.
Good Quality Examples
Examples of Good Quality Traffic Signs for every class to show in GUI for driver are shown on the figure below.
Table of Labels
Following tabel represents number of class and its corresponding label (description).
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| 0 | Speed limit (20km/h) |
| 1 | Speed limit (30km/h) |
| 2 | Speed limit (50km/h) |
| 3 | Speed limit (60km/h) |
| 4 | Speed limit (70km/h) |
| 5 | Speed limit (80km/h) |
| 6 | End of speed limit (80km/h) |
| 7 | Speed limit (100km/h) |
| 8 | Speed limit (120km/h) |
| 9 | No passing |
| 10 | No passing for vehicles over 3.5 metric tons |
| 11 | Right-of-way at the next intersection |
| 12 | Priority road |
| 13 | Yield |
| 14 | Stop |
| 15 | No vehicles |
| 16 | Vehicles over 3.5 metric tons prohibited |
| 17 | No entry |
| 18 | General caution |
| 19 | Dangerous curve to the left |
| 20 | Dangerous curve to the right |
| 21 | Double curve |
| 22 | Bumpy road |
| 23 | Slippery road |
| 24 | Road narrows on the right |
| 25 | Road work |
| 26 | Traffic signals |
| 27 | Pedestrians |
| 28 | Children crossing |
| 29 | Bicycles crossing |
| 30 | Beware of ice/snow |
| 31 | Wild animals crossing |
| 32 | End of all speed and passing limits |
| 33 | Turn right ahead |
| 34 | Turn left ahead |
| 35 | Ahead only |
| 36 | Go straight or right |
| 37 | Go straight or left |
| 38 | Keep right |
| 39 | Keep left |
| 40 | Roundabout mandatory |
| 41 | End of no passing |
| 42 | End of no passing by vehicles over 3.5 metric tons |
Preprocessing Data
Prepared data is preprocessed in variety of ways and appropriate datasets are written into ‘pickle’ files.
Datasets data0 - data3 have RGB images and datasets data4 - data8 have Gray images.
- data0.pickle - Shuffling
- data1.pickle - Shuffling, /255.0 Normalization
- data2.pickle - Shuffling, /255.0 + Mean Normalization
- data3.pickle - Shuffling, /255.0 + Mean + STD Normalization
- data4.pickle - Grayscale, Shuffling
- data5.pickle - Grayscale, Shuffling, Local Histogram Equalization
- data6.pickle - Grayscale, Shuffling, Local Histogram Equalization, /255.0 Normalization
- data7.pickle - Grayscale, Shuffling, Local Histogram Equalization, /255.0 + Mean Normalization
- data8.pickle - Grayscale, Shuffling, Local Histogram Equalization, /255.0 + Mean + STD Normalization
Shapes of data0 - data3 are as following (RGB):
- x_train: (86989, 3, 32, 32)
- y_train: (86989,)
- x_validation: (4410, 3, 32, 32)
- y_validation: (4410,)
- x_test: (12630, 3, 32, 32)
- y_test: (12630,)
Shapes of data4 - data8 are as following (Gray):
- x_train: (86989, 1, 32, 32)
- y_train: (86989,)
- x_validation: (4410, 1, 32, 32)
- y_validation: (4410,)
- x_test: (12630, 1, 32, 32)
- y_test: (12630,)
Examples of some of them (RGB
, Gray
, Local Histogram Equalization
) are shown on the figure below:
Model 1
For Model 1 architecture will be used as it was done for CIFAR-10 Image Classification:
Input
–> Conv
–> ReLU
–> Pool
–> Affine
–> ReLU
–> Affine
–> Softmax
For Model 1 following parameters will be used:
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Weights Initialization | HE Normal |
| Weights Update Policy | Adam |
| Activation Functions | ReLU |
| Regularization | L2 |
| Pooling | Max |
| Loss Functions | Softmax |
Overfitting Small Data for Model 1
For Overfitting Small Data of Model 1 dataset ‘data8.pickle’ was chosen.
Overfitting Small Data with 10 training examples and 100 epochs is shown on the figure below.
Training of Model 1
For training Model 1 dataset ‘data8.pickle’ was chosen as it reached the best accuracy over all datasets.
Model 1 with ‘data8.pickle’ dataset reached 0.989 training accuracy.
Training process of Model 1 with 17 500 iterations is shown on the figure below.
Visualizing Filters
Initialized and Trained filters for CNN Layer are shown on the figure below.
Visualizing Feature Maps
Feature maps of trained network for CNN Layer are shown on the figure below.
Predicting with image from test dataset
Prediction with image from test dataset ‘data8.pickle’ is shown on the figure below.
Classified as Speed limit (60km/h).
Predicting with user’s image
Prediction with user’s image is shown on the figure below.
Classified as Keep right.
Traffic Sign Classification in Real Time
Traffic Sign Classification with Convolutional Neural Network. Left: original frame with detected Sign. Upper Right: cut frame with detected Sign. Lower Right: classified frame by ConvNet according to the detected Sign.
MIT License
Copyright (c) 2019 Valentyn N Sichkar
github.com/sichkar-valentyn
Reference to:
Valentyn N Sichkar. Neural Networks for computer vision in autonomous vehicles and robotics // GitHub platform. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1317904


This is the person in your household with the largest income. If your income is equal to others in your family/household, or you are living in shared/rented accommodation, consider yourself the Chief Income Earner.
If more than one option is applicable, e.g. employed part-time and student, just pick the activity that takes up the most of your time.


Cosmic Inflation, the most favoured scenario of the early Universe, implies that all forms of matter and radiation observed today are the outcome of quantum fluctuations occurring around the event horizon of a exponentially fast accelerating space-time. Clearing the ground for the incoming spatial and ground based cosmological observations, Pierre and Christophe have derived, at an unprecedented level of precision, the shape of the expected power spectra of both the quantum-generated gravitational waves and curvature perturbations.
Cosmic Inflation is an hypothetical early phase of accelerated expansion that has occurred before the first billionth of a second of existence of our Universe. It provides a natural mechanism to explain the observed flatness of our Universe today and naturally solves the so-called horizon problems of the Big-Bang model.
In a spectacular way, the quantum fluctuations that are inherently sourced during the inflationary era are exactly what is needed to explain the origin of the cosmological perturbations: the seeds of the galaxies of today.
These quantum fluctuations are deeply rooted in gravity and appear as both primordial gravitational waves \(h_{ij}\) and curvature perturbations \(\zeta\), with very peculiar correlation functions. In Ref. [1], we have pushed to third order the calculation of these correlation functions. They are completely determined by the Hubble parameter during inflation \(H(N)\) and its logarithmic derivatives, \(\epsilon_i(N) \equiv \mathrm{d}\ln H / \mathrm{d} \ln N\) (the so-called Hubble flow functions). Here \(N=\ln a\) is the logarithm of the scale factor \(a\).
Slow-roll inflation predicts the correlation functions to be given by these spectra:
They are expanded around an observable wavenumber \(k_*=0.05\,\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}\) and readily testable with the incoming cosmological observations from the Euclid and LiteBird space telescopes, but also from the ground based CMB-S4 telescopes and Simons Observatory. Are we going to detect a non-vanishing \(\epsilon_{3*}\)?


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sending code
Ok! It looks like this sending pipeline is working.
The standard hosting paradigm for github.io
sites appears to be sites that are built for project pages. This means that sites are hosted off the gh-pages
branch of the repository. And, this makes sense for a lot of reasons. If you’re developing a project where the core codebase does something different than make a webpage, you might want to keep all the ruby
nonsense off the main branch. After all, the webpage is mostly going to be dedicated to the important task of documenting the code – a relatively more static process – than the code development per se.
Because this is the more common flow, most of the deploy scripts that were around were built toward branch switching for hosting. Generally, these scripts were building the ruby site, moving the files from ./_site/
back to the project root, and then in a really surprising move vaporizing all the ruby files. I killed my sites at least four times trying to figure out what was happening in these scripts; let me document this for you here.
When branch switching – say from master
to gh-pages
– changes and deletions are sandboxed to the branch that you’re on. So, if you develop your _pages
and _posts
in the master
branch, then so long as you build on the gh-pages
branch, you can do a lot of cleaning to bring the site onto GitHub.
This is important because if you serve your site using anything that isn’t the most vanilla version of ruby
, the GitHub servers are not going to build your site. The problem that I ran into was that am using a page that has a bibliography
liquid tag – which is not tag that is supported on the GitHub servers. So, to make compile the page, I have to compile using ruby on my local machine and serve only the files that are public facing on the github.io site.
Here’s how I did that.
I created two separate remote repos to serve this project. Certainly this is incorrect, but for the life of me, the branching on this still escapes me for a username.github.io
page. In one of the remote repos – I called it d-alex-hughes/website/
I host all the files that go into the back end and development of the page. These include the _post
folders, the _news
folders the _pages
, and all the other folder that exist and are the backbone of the ruby build (mine?) side of the process.
This is a full representation of the entire project, and includes the compiled/built files.
This repository has everything (Stephan from SNL?) including the back-end and front end files. As such, when I make changes, I commit everything up to the d-alex-hughes/website/
remote repo. If I’m doing development work that I’m not sure will stick, I checkout branches and merge appropriately, but since most of the time changes will be limited to blog content rather than blog structure, this seems a bit of overkill.
The other repository is a repository that is dedicated to the service of the username.github.io
site. For me, this is the site that you’re on currently. In this site go only the files that are going to be served – the .html
files and .css
files that form the website. This repository has an entirely separate history as far as GitHub is concerned. Which means that I have two separate remote::local relationships: One (website
) that holds all the work, and another (username.github.io
) that contains only the public files.
Moving the files
How to move the files from one to the other? Because these are independent stacks with independent commits and history, I had to move the files locally between the folders.
To standardize this movement, and the supporting commits, I created a folder _bin
in the top-level of the website
folder, and wrote a bash script send
that “sends” the content to the public folder and commits+pushes this to the username.github.io
site.
#!/usr/bin/env sh
echo "starting to build site"
# build site files in website
bundle exec jekyll build
git add -A
git commit -m 'updating site'
git push origin master
# copy files into serving site folder
cp -r _site/* ../d-alex-hughes.github.io
# move to serving folder
cd ../d-alex-hughes.github.io
git add -A
git commit -m 'updating site'
git push origin master
echo "finished building site"
When calling bundle exec jekyll build
I’m compiling the site in the website
directory, and then adding all the files (including this post, if not already committed), committing with a message ‘updating site’ and then pushing to the master branch on the website
remote. (As I noted earlier, website
and username.github.io
have separate remotes set up.)
In the next paragraph, I copy all the files (recursively) from the built _site
folder (calling cp -r ./_site/*
) up a directory level and into the public facing username.github.io
directory. This moves only the files which are going to build the site into the public folder.
Finally, in the next paragraph, I navigate to the public folder, add and commit all changes, and the push to this folders’ remote master branch.
Flow in practice
In practice?
- Write some things.
- Check on the development server using
bundle exec jekyll serve
. - Save and commit the new post in the normal Git flow.
- Execute
_bin/send
- Make coffee.


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Chinese New Year and Spring Festival
##
What’s up fellow Steemians! For some of you out there, the coming big day might be Valentine’s Day, while for Chinese people worldwide, the fast approaching important holiday is the Chinese New Year. February 16th is the day Chinese New Year falls on in 2018. And the Spring Festival will last to March 2nd, about 15 days in total.
In China, most working people will have a week holiday around the New Year, starting from New Year’s Eve or a bit earlier. This holiday is normally called Golden Week Holiday of Spring Festival. Just like the Christmas holiday for westerners, Spring Festival is of great importance for Chinese family reunions.
The Lunar Calendar
##
So why does the 2018 Chinese New Year land on February 16th instead of January 1st? It is because the Spring Festival in China is based on the lunar calendar, which is decided by the monthly cycles of the Moon’s phases, also known as synodic months. As a result, the Chinese New Year has no exact date each year, but it mostly falls on a day in January or February in Gregorian calendar, roughly the same dates of Aquarius sign in the Western Zodiac.
Actually, there’s also a Chinese Valentine’s Day(Qixi/Qiqiao Festival) originated from a beautiful romantic legend, which falls on the 7th day of the 7th month on the Chinese lunar calendar, so it’s usually some day in July or August in Gregorian Calendar.
And a fun fact here: my birthday is February 7th, which fell on the Chinese New Year’s Eve of my birth year. Imagine when other Chinese were wolfing down the grand meal on New Year’s Eve, my mom was struggling hard to give birth to me. What a great mom! :D Last week on my birthday, I got birthday wishes from some friends, but not from my mom. After I told her about this “news”, she was quite surprised, saying “Oh really? I only remember it’s on New Year’s Eve, so it will be on February 15th this year.” I guess I can’t blame her, since some older generations in China are more used to the dates on traditional lunar calendar.
㊗各位同胞春节快乐，狗年大吉！因为这些年客居海外，最近几年是在南美和澳洲过的春节，周围没有喜庆年味的拍照内容，所以下面是我用最近在澳洲拍的一张照片做的贺卡，希望你们喜欢！=)
照片上的景点是澳大利亚大洋路上有名的十二门徒岩，由于长期的海水海风侵蚀，现在只剩八根石灰岩柱了。这里通常风大浪急，雾气弥漫，我在冷风中凭栏远眺了一会儿，正好看到这群黑色的海鸟飞过，于是定格瞬间。
The Twelve Apostles in Australia
##
Since I haven’t lived in China for years, I don’t have any new-year themed pictures at hand for my blog images. I can imagine all the red dog-themed decorations all over China now. In fact, I spent the Chinese New Year in hot summers of the Southern Hemisphere (South America and Australia) for the past few years. So please excuse me and enjoy this view of The Twelve Apostles from Victoria, Australia. I made 2 greeting cards out of the photo that I took last month.
This is the star sight on the star route - the Great Ocean Road. What makes my shot a bit special is the flock of black birds flying by. =) Originally there were twelve limestone stacks off the shore, but due to the gradual erosion caused by the sea and wind, now only eight Apostles left.
Have you been to the eight apostles on the Great Ocean Road? And which greeting card do you prefer? The first portrait one or the second landscape one? :D
I mentioned above red dog-themed decorations, since 2018 is the Year of the Dog according to the ancient zodiac animal signs in Chinese culture. I will talk about this old tradition in my next post about Chinese New Year. =)
What do you know about the Spring Festival in China? Tell me your thoughts and experiences in the comments below! Stay tuned and see you soon!
Thank you for reading. Check out my recent posts , and follow me for more! =)
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Monitored Undo Framework
Monitored Undo is an Undo / Redo framework that makes it simple for .NET developers to add Undo capabilities to an application. The framework "monitors" changes to the model, keeps a history of undo / redo operations, and assists with applying an undo back
to the model.
Quick Start...
To get a quick idea of how it works, check out the
unit tests and the sample model classes.
Reference Application...
For a more complete example application, please check out my Photo Tagger app. I created this for a .NET Special Interest Group presentation. It covers my "WPF Tales from the Trenches", including Undo. You can find the
Photo Tagger reference app on my
blog.
Now on NuGet...
MUF is available on NuGet. You can view details on the
NuGet Gallery or search for it in the Add Library Reference... dialog via Visual Studio. For you command line types, it's on NuGet as "MUF". PM> Install-Package MUF
Design
Design Goals
The implementation has the following design attributes:
Change Monitoring vs. Command Model
“Change Monitoring” is an approach that captures the changes that result from a given action. This is kind of like putting a net under the tree, shaking it, and catching what falls out. The benefit to this approach is simplicity. It requires relatively straight forward changes to the codebase, minimal up-front design impact, and robust change handling.
The “Command Model” is the more traditional model for undo, which prescribes that all actions against a system should be done via an object that knows how to perform the action. The assumption is that this object can also include a method that would undo the action. While this is a better approach from a theoretical perspective, it requires up-front design consideration, and careful implementation. The challenges are:
- Creating command objects that fully understand the downstream consequences of an action, and how to undo them. In a “reactive” system, this can be challenging to implement since one action could result in a domino-effect of changes throughout the system.
- Using command objects for all changes to a system prevents usage of other patterns, like WPF’s binding system for two-way bindings. A pure command based implementation would only be able to use one-way bindings, preferring to push updates through a command rather than a binding.
The above discussion provides the background for the decision to use “change monitoring” in this implementation.
Classes
UndoService
UndoService is the top level of the undo / redo system. It contains one or more UndoRoots, accessible via the indexer on the UndoService.
UndoService.Current property will return the singleton instance of the UndoService. Use this when interacting with the undo service.
UndoService.Current[modelRoot] will return an instance of UndoRoot for the specified modelRoot.
UndoRoot
UndoRoot collects changes related to a specific document or instance of a model. This allows an application to track multiple, distinct undo stacks. This class has most of the public API methods that you’ll use to undo, redo, and add changes.
Contains FIFO stacks of ChangeSets for undo and redo actions. Includes the logic to manage the undo and redo stacks. For example, the redo stack is cleared whenever a new undo ChangeSet is added.
UndoRoot.Undo() will undo the last operation. (Overloads available)
UndoRoot.Redo() will redo the last operation. (Overloads available)
UndoRoot.AddChange() will add a new Change to the system. ChangeSets are automatically created as needed.
UndoRoot.Clear() will clear the undo and redo stacks.
ChangeSet
ChangeSet has a collection of Change instances. It represents a unit of undo or redo work.
Change
Change is an individual action to perform when undoing or redoing a ChangeSet. The Change class contains Action() delegates (or lambdas) that perform the undo and redo operations.
UndoBatch
Is a "scope based" helper that can group changes into a single ChangeSet. It detects new Changes that occur and automatically groups them into a single ChangeSet.
UndoBatch is designed similarly to the TransactionScope class in the .NET framework. It is most useful via a using block that contains a set of changes. UndoBatch will start a new batch at the start of the using block and then close that batch at the end of the using statement, when the Dispose method is called.
UndoBatch supports nested usage, but will only ever start a single ChangeSet. This means that the top-most UndoBatch controls the batching boundary.
DefaultChangeFactory
DefaultChangeFactory is a static utility class that helps populate the undo system with ChangeSet and Change instances. The default implementation uses reflection to access the properties of a class.
If implemented, the DefaultChangeFactory will take advantage of the interfaces (mentioned below) to allow more control over the undo / redo process.
Interfaces
The following are used by the DefaultChangeFactory and other change factories. The interfaces make it simple for these factories to create the undo / redo actions and provide the class a way to intercept or influence this process.
ISupportsUndo
Should be implemented on classes that want to participate in undo / redo operations.
ISupportsUndo.GetUndoRoot() should be implemented and return a reference to the “model root” or “document root” that represents the undo boundary.
This is not required to use the undo system, but is required by the DefaultChangeFactory.
ISupportsUndoNotification
An optional interface that helps classes react to undo and redo operations.
This is not required to use the undo system, but is required by the DefaultChangeFactory.
IUndoMetadata
Allows a class to influence whether a given property or collection change should be tracked for undo.
This is not required to use the undo system, but is required by the DefaultChangeFactory.
Class Diagram
Notes and Common Issues
Step Zero… Review the Unit Tests!
The unit tests for the Undo system is a great place to start. It will show you the way that the classes are supposed to be used, and you can even step through them in debug to understand how things work.
“Undo doesn’t seem to work…”
If you are hitting “Undo”, but your user interface isn’t changing, then the problem might be with your INotifyPropertyChanged (aka INPC) implementation. Often times, the Undo service is actually undoing the changes by updating the model and/or view models. However, if your UI is bound to a property that doesn’t raise the PropertyChanged or CollectionChanged event when the underlying model changes, then the UI won’t update.
One way to check this is to undo some actions, save the model, and then re-open the model. If the values are undone, then there is an “INotifyPropertyChanged” gap between the UI’s bound property and the underlying model.
“I need to group a set of changes together…”
In some cases, you want to click “Undo” and have it undo a set of changes, not just one change. To do this, you’ll need to use the UndoBatch class to group these changes.
Example:
[TestMethod]
public void UndoRoot_Supports_Starting_a_Batch_Of_Changes()
{
var orig = Document1.A.Name;
var firstChange = "First Change";
var secondChange = "Second Change";
var root = UndoService.Current[Document1];
using (new UndoBatch(Document1,
"Change Name", false))
{
Document1.A.Name = firstChange;
Document1.A.Name = secondChange;
}
Assert.AreEqual(1, root.UndoStack.Count());
Assert.AreEqual(0, root.RedoStack.Count());
root.Undo();
Assert.AreEqual(orig, Document1.A.Name);
Assert.AreEqual(0, root.UndoStack.Count());
Assert.AreEqual(1, root.RedoStack.Count());
root.Redo();
Assert.AreEqual(secondChange, Document1.A.Name);
Assert.AreEqual(1, root.UndoStack.Count());
Assert.AreEqual(0, root.RedoStack.Count());
}
“I’m doing a mouse operation or a calculation that is changing the same field multiple times within the same undo batch. I only need the last value.”
If you have a mouse based operation, then your model or view model might be changing repeatedly as the user drags the mouse around. This can result in one Change for each discrete position of the mouse.
Typically, the system and the undo service only need to remember the last value. Undoing the operation reverts to the original value before dragging the mouse. Redoing applies the value from when they stopped dragging the mouse. All intermediate values are irrelevant.
To handle this scenario, the top level UndoBatch constructor takes the bool consolidateChangesForSameInstance parameter. This parameter will tell the undo system that it should only keep the last value for each changed property within the batch.
Note:
This functionality takes a little more processing time, but reduces the memory used.
Note:
This functionality requires that the Change instance have a reliable “token” to uniquely identify the property that it is for. The built-in
DefaultChangeFactory class handles this automatically, but if you are manually creating
Change instances, you’ll need to ensure that you have a unique “token” for the property. A simple implementation is to use the
Tuple<> class with a sufficient number of parameters to uniquely identify the object instance, and the property on that instance. See the
DefaultChangeFactory for an example of this.


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The files used in this project are:
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