Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0
W3C Note 6 November 2000
- This version:
-
http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/NOTE-WCAG10-TECHS-20001106/
- (plain text,
PostScript, PDF,
gzip tar file of HTML, zip archive of
HTML)
- Latest version:
-
http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10-TECHS/
- Previous version:
-
http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/NOTE-WCAG10-TECHS-20000920/
- Editors:
- Wendy Chisholm, W3C;
Gregg Vanderheiden, Trace R & D
Center, University of Wisconsin -- Madison;
Ian Jacobs, W3C
Copyright
©1999 - 2000 W3C® (MIT,
INRIA, Keio), All Rights
Reserved. W3C
liability,
trademark, document
use and software
licensing rules apply.
This document is the gateway to a series of related documents that provide
techniques for satisfying the requirements defined in "Web Content
Accessibility Guidelines 1.0" [WCAG10]. This series includes:
- "Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0", the
current document, which is the gateway to the other documents.
- "Core Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0"
([WCAG10-CORE-TECHNIQUES]),
which discusses the accessibility themes and general techniques that apply
across technologies (e.g., validation,
testing, etc.).
- "HTML Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0"
([WCAG10-HTML-TECHNIQUES]),
which provides examples and strategies for authoring accessible Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML) content.
- "CSS Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0"
([WCAG10-CSS-TECHNIQUES]),
which provides examples and strategies to help authors write Cascading Style
Sheets (CSS) as part of
accessible content design.
This version has been published to correct some broken links in the previous
version.
The 6 November 2000 version of this document is a Note in a series of Notes
produced and endorsed by the Web Content
Accessibility Guidelines Working Group. This Note has not been reviewed or
endorsed by W3C Members. The series of documents supersedes the 5 May 1999 W3C
Note "Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0". That single
document has been divided into technology-specific documents that may evolve
independently. Smaller technology-specific documents also allow authors to
focus on a particular technology.
While the "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0" Recommendation [WCAG10] is a
stable document, this series of companion documents is expected to evolve as
technologies change and content developers discover more effective techniques
for designing accessible Web sites and pages. In the near future, the Working
Group intends to incorporate techniques for the Synchronized Multimedia
Integration Language (SMIL) [SMIL] described in
"Accessibility Features of SMIL" ([SMIL-ACCESS]) and techniques
for Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) [SVG] described in "Accessibility
Features of SVG" ([SVG-ACCESS]). The Working
Group also intends to incorporate techniques for non-W3C technologies such as
ECMAScript, PDF and
Flash.
The
history of changes to the series of documents as well as the list of open and closed
issues are available. Readers are encouraged to comment on the document and
propose resolutions to current issues. Please send detailed comments on this
document to the Working Group at
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>public archives are
available.
The English version of this document is the only normative version. However,
for translations in other languages see
"http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/WAI-WEBCONTENT-TRANSLATIONS".
The list of known errors in this document is available at "Errata in Web Content
Accessibility Guidelines." Please report errors in this document to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) of the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) makes
available a variety of resources on
Web accessibility. WAI Accessibility Guidelines are produced as part of the
WAI Technical Activity.
The goals of the WCAG WG are described in the charter.
A list of current W3C Recommendations and
other technical documents is available.
Section 2 of this document reproduces the guidelines and checkpoints of the
"Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0" [WCAG10]. Each guideline
includes:
- The guideline number.
- The statement of the guideline.
- A list of checkpoint definitions. Checkpoints are ordered according to
their priority, e.g., Priority 1 before Priority
2.
Each checkpoint definition includes:
- The checkpoint number.
- The statement of the checkpoint.
- The priority of the checkpoint.
- A link back to the definition of the checkpoint in "Web Content
Accessibility Guidelines 1.0" [WCAG10]. Definitions may also
include informative notes, examples, cross references, and commentary to help
readers understand the scope of the checkpoint.
Each checkpoint is followed by one or more links to techniques in the
following documents:
- "Core Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0"
([WCAG10-CORE-TECHNIQUES]),
which discusses the accessibility themes and general techniques that apply
across technologies.
- "HTML Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0"
([WCAG10-HTML-TECHNIQUES]),
which provides examples and strategies for authoring accessible Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML) content.
- "CSS Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0"
([WCAG10-CSS-TECHNIQUES]),
which provides examples and strategies to help authors write Cascading Style
Sheets (CSS) as part of
accessible content design.
Each checkpoint has a priority level assigned by the Working Group based on
the checkpoint's impact on accessibility.
- [Priority 1]
- A Web content developer must satisfy this checkpoint.
Otherwise, one or more groups will find it impossible to access information in
the document. Satisfying this checkpoint is a basic requirement for some groups
to be able to use Web documents.
- [Priority 2]
- A Web content developer should satisfy this checkpoint.
Otherwise, one or more groups will find it difficult to access information in
the document. Satisfying this checkpoint will remove significant barriers to
accessing Web documents.
- [Priority 3]
- A Web content developer may address this checkpoint.
Otherwise, one or more groups will find it somewhat difficult to access
information in the document. Satisfying this checkpoint will improve access to
Web documents.
Some checkpoints specify a priority level that may change under certain
(indicated) conditions.
Checkpoints:
- 1.1 Provide a text equivalent for every
non-text element (e.g., via "alt", "longdesc", or in element content). This
includes: images, graphical representations of text (including symbols),
image map regions, animations (e.g., animated GIFs), applets and programmatic
objects,
ASCII art, frames, scripts, images used as list bullets, spacers,
graphical buttons, sounds (played with or without user interaction),
stand-alone audio files, audio tracks of video, and video. [Priority 1] (Checkpoint
1.1)
-
-
1.2 Provide redundant text links for each active region of a
server-side image map. [Priority 1] (Checkpoint
1.2)
- Refer also to checkpoint 1.5 and checkpoint 9.1.
-
-
1.3 Until user
agents can automatically read aloud the text equivalent of a visual track,
provide an auditory description of the important information of the visual
track of a multimedia presentation.
[Priority 1] (Checkpoint
1.3)
-
-
1.4 For any time-based multimedia presentation (e.g., a movie or
animation), synchronize equivalent alternatives (e.g., captions or auditory
descriptions of the visual track) with the presentation. [Priority 1] (Checkpoint
1.4)
-
-
1.5 Until user
agents render text equivalents for client-side image map links, provide
redundant text links for each active region of a client-side image map. [Priority 3] (Checkpoint
1.5)
- Refer also to checkpoint 1.2 and checkpoint 9.1.
-
Checkpoints:
- 2.1 Ensure that all information conveyed
with color is also available without color, for example from context or markup.
[Priority 1] (Checkpoint
2.1)
-
- 2.2 Ensure that foreground and background
color combinations provide sufficient contrast when viewed by someone having
color deficits or when viewed on a black and white screen. [Priority 2 for
images, Priority 3 for text]. (Checkpoint
2.2)
-
Checkpoints:
- 3.1 When an appropriate markup language
exists, use markup rather than images to convey information. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
3.1)
-
- 3.2 Create documents that validate to
published formal grammars. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
3.2)
-
- 3.3 Use style sheets to control layout and
presentation. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
3.3)
-
- 3.4 Use relative rather than absolute
units in markup language attribute values and style sheet property values.
[Priority 2] (Checkpoint
3.4)
-
- 3.5 Use header elements to convey
document structure and use them according to specification. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
3.5)
-
- 3.6 Mark up lists and list items
properly. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
3.6)
-
- 3.7 Mark up quotations. Do not use quotation
markup for formatting effects such as indentation.
[Priority 2] (Checkpoint 3.7)
-
Checkpoints:
- 4.1 Clearly identify changes in the
natural language of a document's text and any text equivalents (e.g.,
captions). [Priority 1] (Checkpoint
4.1)
-
- 4.2 Specify the expansion of each
abbreviation or acronym in a document where it first occurs. [Priority 3] (Checkpoint
4.2)
-
- 4.3 Identify the primary natural language
of a document. [Priority 3] (Checkpoint
4.3)
-
Checkpoints:
- For data tables, identify row and
column headers. [Priority 1] (Checkpoint
5.1)
-
- 5.2 For data tables that have two or
more logical levels of row or column headers, use markup to associate data
cells and header cells. [Priority 1] (Checkpoint
5.2)
-
-
5.3 Do not use tables for layout unless the table makes sense when
linearized. Otherwise, if the table does not make sense, provide an alternative
equivalent (which may be a
linearized version). [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
5.3)
-
- 5.4 If a table is used for layout, do not
use any structural markup for the purpose of visual formatting. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
5.4)
-
- 5.5 Provide summaries for tables. [Priority 3] (Checkpoint
5.5)
-
- 5.6 Provide abbreviations for header
labels. [Priority 3] (Checkpoint
5.6)
-
Refer also to checkpoint
10.3.
Checkpoints:
- 6.1 Organize documents so they may be
read without style sheets. For example, when an HTML document is rendered
without associated style sheets, it must still be possible to read the
document. [Priority 1] (Checkpoint
6.1)
-
- 6.2 Ensure that equivalents for dynamic
content are updated when the dynamic content changes.
[Priority 1] (Checkpoint
6.2)
-
- 6.3 Ensure that pages are usable when scripts,
applets, or other programmatic objects are turned off or not supported. If this
is not possible, provide equivalent information on an alternative accessible
page. [Priority 1] (Checkpoint 6.3)
-
-
6.4 For scripts and applets, ensure that event handlers are input
device-independent. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
6.4)
-
- 6.5 Ensure that dynamic content is
accessible or provide an alternative presentation or page. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
6.5)
-
Refer also to checkpoint
11.4.
Checkpoints:
- 7.1 Until user agents allow users
to control flickering, avoid causing the screen to flicker. [Priority 1] (Checkpoint
7.1)
-
- 7.2 Until user agents allow users
to control blinking, avoid causing content to blink (i.e., change presentation
at a regular rate, such as turning on and off).
[Priority 2] (Checkpoint
7.2)
-
- 7.3 Until user agents allow users
to freeze moving content, avoid movement in pages.
[Priority 2] (Checkpoint
7.3)
-
- 7.4 Until user agents provide the
ability to stop the refresh, do not create periodically auto-refreshing pages.
[Priority 2] (Checkpoint
7.4)
-
- 7.5 Until user agents provide the
ability to stop auto-redirect, do not use markup to redirect pages
automatically. Instead, configure the server to perform redirects. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
7.5)
-
Note. The BLINK and MARQUEE elements are not defined in any
W3C HTML specification and should not be used. Refer also to guideline 11.
Checkpoint:
- 8.1
Make programmatic elements such as scripts and applets directly accessible or
compatible with assistive technologies [Priority 1 if functionality is important and not presented
elsewhere, otherwise Priority 2.] (Checkpoint
8.1)
- Refer also
to guideline 6.
-
Checkpoints:
- 9.1 Provide client-side image maps
instead of server-side image maps except where the regions cannot be defined
with an available geometric shape.
[Priority 1] (Checkpoint
9.1)
- Refer also to checkpoint 1.1, checkpoint 1.2, and checkpoint 1.5.
-
- 9.2 Ensure that any element that has
its own interface can be operated in a device-independent manner. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
9.2)
- Refer to the definition of device
independence.
- Refer also to
guideline 8.
-
-
9.3 For scripts, specify logical event handlers rather than
device-dependent event handlers.
[Priority 2] (Checkpoint
9.3)
-
- 9.4 Create a logical tab order through links,
form controls, and objects. [Priority 3]
(Checkpoint
9.4)
-
- 9.5 Provide keyboard shortcuts to
important links (including those in
client-side image maps), form controls, and groups of form controls. [Priority 3] (Checkpoint
9.5)
-
Checkpoints:
- 10.1 Until user agents allow users
to turn off spawned windows, do not cause pop-ups or other windows to appear
and do not change the current window without informing the user. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
10.1)
-
- 10.2
Until user agents support
explicit associations between labels and form controls, for all form controls
with implicitly associated labels, ensure that the label is properly
positioned. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
10.2)
-
- 10.3 Until user agents (including
assistive technologies) render side-by-side text correctly, provide a linear
text alternative (on the current page or some other) for all tables
that lay out text in parallel, word-wrapped columns.
[Priority 3] (Checkpoint
10.3)
-
- 10.4 Until user agents handle
empty controls correctly, include default, place-holding characters in edit
boxes and text areas. [Priority 3] (Checkpoint
10.4)
-
- 10.5 Until user agents (including
assistive technologies) render adjacent links distinctly, include non-link,
printable characters (surrounded by spaces) between adjacent links. [Priority 3] (Checkpoint
10.5)
-
Checkpoints:
- 11.1 Use W3C technologies when they are
available and appropriate for a task and use the latest versions when
supported. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
11.1)
-
- 11.2 Avoid deprecated features of W3C
technologies. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
11.2)
-
- 11.3
Provide information so that users may receive documents according to their
preferences (e.g., language, content type, etc.)
[Priority 3] (Checkpoint
11.3)
- Note. Use content negotiation where
possible.
-
- 11.4 If, after best efforts, you cannot create
an accessible page, provide a
link to an alternative page that uses W3C technologies, is accessible, has equivalent information (or
functionality), and is updated as often as the inaccessible (original) page.
[Priority 1] (Checkpoint
11.4)
-
Note.
Content developers should only resort to alternative pages when other solutions
fail because alternative pages are generally updated less often than "primary"
pages. An out-of-date page may be as frustrating as one that is inaccessible
since, in both cases, the information presented on the original page is
unavailable. Automatically generating alternative pages may lead to more
frequent updates, but content developers must still be careful to ensure that
generated pages always make sense, and that users are able to navigate a site
by following links on primary pages, alternative pages, or both. Before
resorting to an alternative page, reconsider the design of the original page;
making it accessible is likely to improve it for all users.
Checkpoints:
- 12.1 Title each frame to facilitate frame
identification and navigation. [Priority 1]
(Checkpoint
12.1)
-
- 12.2 Describe the purpose of frames and
how frames relate to each other if it is not obvious by frame titles alone.
[Priority 2] (Checkpoint
12.2)
-
- 12.3 Divide large blocks of
information into more manageable groups where natural and appropriate. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
12.3)
-
- 12.4 Associate labels explicitly with
their controls. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
12.4)
-
Checkpoints:
- 13.1 Clearly identify the target of
each link. [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
13.1)
-
- 13.2 Provide metadata to add semantic
information to pages and sites.
[Priority 2] (Checkpoint
13.2)
-
- 13.3 Provide information about the
general layout of a site (e.g., a site map or table of contents). [Priority 2] (Checkpoint
13.3)
-
- 13.4
Use navigation mechanisms in a consistent manner.
[Priority 2] (Checkpoint
13.4)
-
- 13.5 Provide navigation bars to highlight and
give access to the navigation mechanism.
[Priority 3] (Checkpoint
13.5)
-
- 13.6 Group related links, identify the group
(for user agents), and, until
user agents do so, provide a way to bypass the group. [Priority 3] (Checkpoint
13.6)
-
- 13.7 If search functions are provided, enable
different types of searches for different skill levels and preferences. [Priority 3] (Checkpoint
13.7)
-
- 13.8 Place distinguishing information at
the beginning of headings, paragraphs, lists, etc.
[Priority 3] (Checkpoint
13.8)
-
- 13.9 Provide information about document
collections (i.e., documents comprising multiple pages.). [Priority 3] (Checkpoint
13.9)
- For example, in HTML specify document collections with
the LINK element and the "rel" and "rev" attributes. Another way to create a
collection is by building an archive (e.g., with zip, tar and gzip, stuffit,
etc.) of the multiple pages.
-
- 13.10 Provide a means to skip over
multi-line ASCII art. [Priority 3] (Checkpoint
13.10)
-
Checkpoints:
-
14.1 Use the clearest and simplest language appropriate for a site's
content. [Priority 1] (Checkpoint
14.1)
-
- 14.2 Supplement text with graphic or auditory
presentations where they will facilitate comprehension of the page. [Priority 3] (Checkpoint 14.2)
-
- 14.3 Create a style of presentation
that is consistent across pages.
[Priority 3] (Checkpoint
14.3)
-
-
Accessible
- Content is accessible when it may be used by someone with
a disability.
-
Applet
- A program inserted into a Web page.
-
Assistive technology
- Software or hardware that has been specifically designed
to assist people with disabilities in carrying out daily activities. Assistive
technology includes wheelchairs, reading machines, devices for grasping, etc.
In the area of Web Accessibility, common software-based assistive technologies
include screen readers, screen magnifiers, speech synthesizers, and voice input
software that operate in conjunction with graphical desktop browsers (among
other user
agents). Hardware assistive technologies include alternative
keyboards and pointing devices.
- ASCII
art
- ASCII art
refers to text characters and symbols that are combined to create an image. For
example ";-)" is the smiley emoticon. The
following is an ASCII figure showing the relationship between flash frequency
and photoconvulsive response in patients with eyes open and closed [skip over ASCII
figure or consult a description of chart]:
% __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
100 | * |
90 | * * |
80 | * * |
70 | @ * |
60 | @ * |
50 | * @ * |
40 | @ * |
30 | * @ @ @ * |
20 | |
10 | @ @ @ @ @ |
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Flash frequency (Hertz)
-
Authoring tool
- HTML
editors, document conversion tools, tools that generate Web content from
databases are all authoring tools. Refer to the "Authoring Tool Accessibility
Guidelines 1.0" ([ATAG10]) for information about
developing accessible tools.
- Backward compatible
- Design that continues to work with earlier versions of a
language, program, etc.
-
Braille
- Braille uses six raised dots in different patterns to
represent letters and numbers to be read by people who are blind with their
fingertips. The word "Accessible" in braille follows:
- A
braille display, commonly referred to as a "dynamic
braille display," raises or lowers dot patterns on command from an electronic
device, usually a computer. The result is a line of braille that can change
from moment to moment. Current dynamic braille displays range in size from one
cell (six or eight dots) to an eighty-cell line, most having between twelve and
twenty cells per line.
- Content developer
- Someone who authors Web pages or designs Web sites.
-
Deprecated
- A deprecated element or attribute is one that has been
outdated by newer constructs. Deprecated elements may become obsolete in future
versions of HTML. The index of HTML
elements and attributes in the Techniques Document indicates which elements
and attributes are deprecated in HTML 4.01.
- Authors should avoid using deprecated elements and
attributes. User agents should continue to support them for reasons of backward
compatibility.
- Device independent
- Users must be able to interact with a user agent (and the
document it renders) using the supported input and output devices of their
choice and according to their needs. Input devices may include pointing
devices, keyboards, braille devices, head wands, microphones, and others.
Output devices may include monitors, speech synthesizers, and braille
devices.
- Please note that "device-independent support" does not
mean that user agents must support every input or output device. User agents
should offer redundant input and output mechanisms for those devices that are
supported. For example, if a user agent supports keyboard and mouse input,
users should be able to interact with all features using either the keyboard or
the mouse.
- Document Content, Structure, and
Presentation
- The content of a document refers to what it says to the
user through natural language, images, sounds, movies, animations, etc. The
structure of a document is how it is organized logically (e.g., by chapter,
with an introduction and table of contents, etc.). An
element (e.g., P, STRONG, BLOCKQUOTE in HTML) that specifies
document structure is called a structural element. The
presentation of a document is how the document is rendered (e.g., as print, as
a two-dimensional graphical presentation, as an text-only presentation, as
synthesized speech, as braille, etc.) An element
that specifies document presentation (e.g., B, FONT, CENTER) is called a
presentation element.
- Consider a document heading, for example. The content of
the heading is what the heading says (e.g., "Sailboats"). In HTML, the heading
is a structural element marked up with, for example, an H2 element. Finally,
the presentation of the heading might be a bold block text in the margin, a
centered line of text, a title spoken with a certain voice style (like an aural
font), etc.
- Dynamic HTML
(DHTML)
- DHTML is the
marketing term applied to a mixture of standards including HTML, style sheets, the Document Object Model
[DOM1] and
scripting. However, there is no W3C specification that formally defines DHTML.
Most guidelines may be applicable to applications using DHTML, however the
following guidelines focus on issues related to scripting and style sheets: guideline 1, guideline 3, guideline 6, guideline 7, and guideline 9.
-
Element
- This document uses the term "element" both in the strict
SGML sense (an element is a syntactic construct) and more generally to mean a
type of content (such as video or sound) or a logical construct (such as a
heading or list). The second sense emphasizes that a guideline inspired by HTML
could easily apply to another markup language.
- Note that some (SGML) elements have content that is
rendered (e.g., the P, LI, or TABLE elements in HTML), some are replaced by
external content (e.g., IMG), and some affect processing (e.g., STYLE and
SCRIPT cause information to be processed by a style sheet or script engine). An
element that causes text characters to be part of the document is called a text
element.
-
Equivalent
- Content is "equivalent" to other content when both fulfill
essentially the same function or purpose upon presentation to the user. In the
context of this document, the equivalent must fulfill essentially the same
function for the person with a disability (at least insofar as is feasible,
given the nature of the disability and the state of technology), as the primary
content does for the person without any disability. For example, the text "The
Full Moon" might convey the same information as an image of a full moon when
presented to users. Note that equivalent information focuses on
fulfilling the same function. If the image is part of a link and
understanding the image is crucial to guessing the link target, an equivalent
must also give users an idea of the link target. Providing equivalent
information for inaccessible content is one of the primary ways authors can
make their documents accessible to people with disabilities.
- As part of fulfilling the same function of content an
equivalent may involve a description of that content (i.e., what the content
looks like or sounds like). For example, in order for users to understand the
information conveyed by a complex chart, authors should describe the visual
information in the chart.
- Since text content can be presented to the user as
synthesized speech, braille, and visually-displayed text, these guidelines
require text
equivalents for graphic and audio information. Text equivalents
must be written so that they convey all essential content. Non-text
equivalents (e.g., an auditory description of a visual
presentation, a video of a person telling a story using sign language as an
equivalent for a written story, etc.) also improve accessibility for people who
cannot access visual information or written text, including many individuals
with blindness, cognitive disabilities, learning disabilities, and
deafness.
- Equivalent information may be provided in a number of
ways, including through attributes (e.g., a text value for the "alt" attribute
in HTML and SMIL), as part of element content (e.g., the OBJECT in HTML), as
part of the document's prose, or via a linked document (e.g., designated by the
"longdesc" attribute in HTML or a
description link). Depending on the complexity of the equivalent,
it may be necessary to combine techniques (e.g., use "alt" for an abbreviated
equivalent, useful to familiar readers, in addition to "longdesc" for a link to
more complete information, useful to first-time readers).
- A
text transcript is a text equivalent of audio information
that includes spoken words and non-spoken sounds such as sound effects. A caption is a text
transcript for the audio track of a video presentation that is synchronized
with the video and audio tracks. Captions are generally rendered visually by
being superimposed over the video, which benefits people who are deaf and
hard-of-hearing, and anyone who cannot hear the audio (e.g., when in a crowded
room). A collated text
transcript combines (collates) captions with text descriptions of
video information (descriptions of the actions, body language, graphics, and
scene changes of the video track). These text equivalents make presentations
accessible to people who are deaf-blind and to people who cannot play movies,
animations, etc. It also makes the information available to search
engines.
- One example of a non-text equivalent is an auditory
description of the key visual elements of a presentation. The
description is either a prerecorded human voice or a synthesized voice
(recorded or generated on the fly). The auditory description is synchronized
with the audio track of the presentation, usually during natural pauses in the
audio track. Auditory descriptions include information about actions, body
language, graphics, and scene changes.
-
Image
- A graphical presentation.
- Image
map
- An image that has been divided into regions with
associated actions. Clicking on an active region causes an action to
occur.
-
When a user clicks on an active region of a client-side image
map, the user agent calculates in which region the click occurred
and follows the link associated with that region. Clicking on an active region of a
server-side image map causes the coordinates of the click to be
sent to a server, which then performs some action.
- Content developers can make client-side image maps
accessible by providing device-independent access to the same links associated
with the image map's regions. Client-side image maps allow the user agent to
provide immediate feedback as to whether or not the user's pointer is over an
active region.
-
Important
- Information in a document is important if understanding
that information is crucial to understanding the document.
-
Linearized table
- A table rendering process where the contents of the cells
become a series of paragraphs (e.g., down the page) one after another. The
paragraphs will occur in the same order as the cells are defined in the
document source. Cells should make sense when read in order and should include
structural
elements (that create paragraphs, headings, lists, etc.) so the page
makes sense after linearization.
- Link
text
- The rendered text content of a link.
-
Natural Language
- Spoken, written, or signed human languages such as French, Japanese,
American Sign Language, and braille. The natural language of content may be
indicated with the "lang" attribute in HTML ([HTML4], section 8.1) and the
"xml:lang" attribute in XML ([XML], section 2.12).
-
Navigation Mechanism
- A navigation mechanism is any means by which a user can
navigate a page or site. Some typical mechanisms include:
- navigation
bars
- A navigation bar is a collection of links to the most important parts of a
document or site.
- site
maps
- A site map provides a global view of the organization of a page or
site.
-
tables of contents
- A table of contents generally lists (and links to) the most important
sections of a document.
- Personal Digital
Assistant (PDA)
- A
PDA is a small, portable computing device. Most PDAs are used to
track personal data such as calendars, contacts, and electronic mail. A PDA is
generally a handheld device with a small screen that allows input from various
sources.
-
Screen magnifier
- A software program that magnifies a portion of the screen,
so that it can be more easily viewed. Screen magnifiers are used primarily by
individuals with low vision.
-
Screen reader
- A software program that reads the contents of the screen
aloud to a user. Screen readers are used primarily by individuals who are
blind. Screen readers can usually only read text that is printed, not painted,
to the screen.
-
Style sheets
- A style sheet is a set of statements that specify
presentation of a document. Style sheets may have three different origins: they
may be written by content providers, created by users, or built into user
agents. In CSS ([CSS2]), the interaction of content
provider, user, and user agent style sheets is called the
cascade.
- Presentation markup is
markup that achieves a stylistic (rather than structuring) effect such as the B
or I elements in HTML. Note that the STRONG and EM elements are not considered
presentation markup since they convey information that is independent of a
particular font style.
- Tabular information
- When tables are used to represent logical relationships among data -- text,
numbers, images, etc., that information is called "tabular information" and the
tables are called "data tables". The relationships expressed by a table may be
rendered visually (usually on a two-dimensional grid), aurally (often preceding
cells with header information), or in other formats.
- Until user agents ...
- In most of the checkpoints, content developers are asked
to ensure the accessibility of their pages and sites. However, there are
accessibility needs that would be more appropriately met by user agents (including assistive
technologies). As of the publication of this document, not all user
agents or assistive technologies provide the accessibility control users
require (e.g., some user agents may not allow users to turn off blinking
content, or some screen readers may not handle tables well). Checkpoints that
contain the phrase "until user agents ..." require content developers to
provide additional support for accessibility until most user agents readily
available to their audience include the necessary accessibility features.
- Note. The WAI Web site
(refer to [WAI-UA-SUPPORT]) provides
information about user agent support for accessibility features. Content
developers are encouraged to consult this page regularly for updated
information.
- User
agent
- Software to access Web content, including desktop
graphical browsers, text browsers, voice browsers, mobile phones, multimedia
players, plug-ins, and some software assistive technologies used in conjunction
with browsers such as screen readers, screen magnifiers, and voice recognition
software. Refer to the "User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0" ([UAAG10]) for
information about developing accessible tools.
For the latest version of any W3C specification please
consult the list of W3C Technical Reports.
- [ATAG10]
- "Authoring Tool
Accessibility Guidelines 1.0", J. Treviranus, C. McCathieNevile, I. Jacobs,
and J. Richards, eds., 3 February 2000. This ATAG 1.0
Recommendation is http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-ATAG10-20000203/.
- [CSS2]
- "CSS, level 2
Recommendation", B. Bos, H. Wium Lie, C. Lilley, and I. Jacobs, eds., 12
May 1998. This CSS2 Recommendation is
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512/. The latest version of CSS2 is available
at http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2.
- [DOM1]
- "Document
Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification", V. Apparao, S. Byrne, M.
Champion, S. Isaacs, I. Jacobs, A. Le Hors, G. Nicol, J. Robie, R. Sutor, C.
Wilson, and L. Wood, eds., 1 October 1998. This DOM Level 1 Recommendation is
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-DOM-Level-1-19981001. The latest version of DOM Level 1
is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1.
- [HTML4]
- "HTML 4.01
Recommendation", D. Raggett, A. Le Hors, and I. Jacobs, eds., 24 December
1999. This HTML 4.01 Recommendation is
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/.
- [SMIL]
- "Synchronized
Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) 1.0 Specification", P. Hoschka, ed.,
15 June 1998. This SMIL 1.0 Recommendation is
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-smil-19980615/. The latest version of SMIL 1.0 is
available at http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-smil.
-
[SMIL-ACCESS]
-
"Accessibility Features of SMIL", M. Koivunen and I. Jacobs, eds., 21
September 1999. This W3C Note is
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/NOTE-SMIL-access-19990921/.
- [SVG]
- "Scalable Vector
Graphics (SVG) 1.0 Specification", J. Ferraiolo, ed., 2 August 2000. This
W3C Candidate Recommendation is
http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-SVG-20000802/.
- [SVG-ACCESS]
-
"Accessibility Features of SVG", C. McCathieNevile and M. Koivunen, eds., 7
August 2000. This W3C Note is
http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/NOTE-SVG-access-20000807.
- [UAAG10]
- "User Agent Accessibility
Guidelines", J. Gunderson and I. Jacobs, eds. The latest version of the User Agent
Accessibility Guidelines is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/UAAG10/.
- [WCAG10]
- "Web Content
Accessibility Guidelines 1.0", W. Chisholm, G. Vanderheiden, and I. Jacobs,
eds., 5 May 1999. This WCAG 1.0 Recommendation is
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WAI-WEBCONTENT-19990505/.
-
[WCAG10-CORE-TECHNIQUES]
- "Core Techniques for Web
Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0", W. Chisholm, G. Vanderheiden, and I.
Jacobs, eds. The latest version of this document is available at
http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10-CORE-TECHS/.
-
[WCAG10-CSS-TECHNIQUES]
- "CSS Techniques for Web
Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0", W. Chisholm, G. Vanderheiden, and I.
Jacobs, eds. The latest version of this document is available at
http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10-CSS-TECHS/.
-
[WCAG10-HTML-TECHNIQUES]
- "HTML Techniques for Web
Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0", W. Chisholm, G. Vanderheiden, and I.
Jacobs, eds. The latest version of this document is available at
http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10-HTML-TECHS/.
- [XML]
- "Extensible Markup
Language (XML) 1.0.", T. Bray, J. Paoli, C.M. Sperberg-McQueen, eds., 10
February 1998. This XML 1.0 Recommendation is:
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210. The latest version of XML 1.0 is available
at http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml.
Note: W3C does not guarantee the stability of any of
the following references outside of its control. These references are included
for convenience. References to products are not endorsements of those
products.
- [UWSAG]
- "The
Unified Web Site Accessibility Guidelines", G. Vanderheiden, W. Chisholm,
eds. The Unified Web Site Guidelines were compiled by the Trace R & D Center at the University
of Wisconsin under funding from the National Institute on Disability and
Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR), U.S. Dept. of Education.
A list of alternative
Web browsers (assistive technologies and other user agents designed for
accessibility) is maintained at the WAI Web site.
-
[WAI-UA-SUPPORT]
- User Agent Support
for Accessibility
- Web Content Guidelines Working Group Co-Chairs:
- Jason White,
University of Melbourne
- Gregg Vanderheiden, Trace Research
and Development
- W3C Team contact:
- Wendy Chisholm
- We wish to thank the following people who have contributed their time and
valuable comments to shaping these guidelines:
- Harvey Bingham, Kevin Carey, Chetz Colwell, Neal Ewers, Geoff Freed, Al
Gilman, Larry Goldberg, Jon Gunderson, Eric Hansen, Phill Jenkins, Leonard
Kasday, George Kerscher, Marja-Riitta Koivunen, Josh Krieger, Chuck Letourneau,
Scott Luebking, William Loughborough, Murray Maloney, Charles McCathieNevile,
MegaZone (Livingston Enterprises), Masafumi Nakane, Mark Novak, Charles
Oppermann, Mike Paciello, David Pawson, Michael Pieper, Greg Rosmaita, Liam
Quinn, Dave Raggett, T.V. Raman, Robert Savellis, Jutta Treviranus, Steve
Tyler, and Jaap van Lelieveld


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[gecode-users] Heap memory exhausted when copying a model
kTorpi
ktorpi at gmail.com
Mon Sep 30 15:30:50 CEST 2013
I see, thank you very much. :)
Steve
2013/9/29 Guido Tack <tack at gecode.org>
> Please read MPG on cloning, stable spaces etc. You have to call status()
> before you can clone a space if you have posted propagators in the space.
> And you have to check if status returns failed, because then you cannot
> clone either (but in your case I would guess that the space can never be
> failed at that point).
>
> Cheers,
> Guido
>
> --
> Guido Tack
> http://www.csse.monash.edu/~guidot/
>
>
>
> On 29/09/2013, at 9:41 PM, kTorpi <ktorpi at gmail.com> wrote:
>
> Thank you very much.
> Now when I use the clone function I get another exception: "Space::clone:
> Attempt to invoke operation on not stable space" I've read in MPG that this
> is because the space is failed or not stable, but I don't know what this
> realy means. Why can my space be unstable? I can post constraints and I can
> get the solutions, so everything seems to be fine.
>
> Thanks in advance,
> Steve
>
>
> 2013/9/29 Guido Tack <tack at gecode.org>
>
>> Hi,
>>
>> you cannot call the copy constructor directly. Just change the line
>> where you're trying to make the copy into
>>
>> SendMoreMoney* m2 = static_cast<SendMoreMoney*>(m->clone(true));
>>
>> and it will work. (It's a little unfortunate that there is no better
>> error message, but if you call "internal" functionality in Gecode things
>> like this can happen.)
>>
>> Cheers,
>> Guido
>>
>> --
>> Guido Tack
>> http://www.csse.monash.edu/~guidot/
>>
>>
>>
>> On 29/09/2013, at 5:37 PM, kTorpi <ktorpi at gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>> Hello,
>>
>> In my application i'm building a model through a long process, and in the
>> middle of the process I'd like to make a copy of the actual model, post
>> some constraints to the copied and get the solution.
>> But when I make a copy of the model with is copy constructor and than I
>> create the DFS object I get a Gecode::MemoryExhausted exception.
>> Please, help me. I attached a small example that reproduces the error.
>>
>> Thanks you,
>> Steve
>> <send-more-money-de-mystified.cpp>
>> _______________________________________________
>> Gecode users mailing list
>> users at gecode.org
>> https://www.gecode.org/mailman/listinfo/gecode-users
>>
>>
>>
>
>
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How safe have Minerva students felt in other residence halls?
- Will try to find other data sources about crime rates in other
cities/neighborhoods
The Quest’s survey suggests that, for Minerva students, the other global
residence halls are much safer than San Francisco locations. Of 17 students who
told us they were victim of crime or harassment, 14 were near a San Francisco
res hall (9 of those near 16 Turk), 2 were in Buenos Aires, 1 was in Seoul. Note
that there are more locations reported than students who reported a crime
because a few students reported multiple crimes at different locations.
- Seoul:
- Students generally felt very safe
- One crime reported on our survey here: a sexual assault by another Minerva
student
- Highlights danger students can oppose to each other, as opposed to our focus
on crimes originating from the external neighborhood
- Hyderabad:
- Some issues with harassment and theft but students didn’t report many
serious concerns
- Hotel security:
- Some felt less safe because the main apartment doors did not lock and hotel
staff could come and go at any time
- Others felt more safe because of the security around the hotel, compared to
the lack of security at the Seoul Yongsan residence for instance
- Berlin:
- Some students felt safe because of locks on building and apartment unit
doors, yet burglary has been an issue in the past
- Some reported feeling unsafe because homeless people would enter the
apartment building and sleep in the stairwells
- Buenos Aires:
- Some problems with theft in the area
- Same hotel issues as Hyderabad: some felt less safe because of staff coming
and going, others felt more secure because of front desk guards
- London:
- Less data; generally seems to have been deemed safe by many students
- Taipei:
- Much less data, seems to have been generally safe in a crime sense
- But some students noted health and sanitation concerns, such as with black
mold in the residence hall
- Revisit point about bias and discomfort vs. safety
- Buenos Aires and Hyderabad were sometimes made to seem more unsafe than they
actually are because they are in less developed countries
- I remember some students being very concerned about theft and safety in
Buenos Aires and the local staff being somewhat frustrated that concerns were
blown out of proportion
- Something to ask about in interviews


The JavaScript-centric exploitation strategies discussed previously are an attractive target for attackers, but even in absence of complex scripts, markup injection may be leveraged to alter the state of the application. The disruption of HTML forms is one of the examples of a method independent of any client-side JavaScript: By injecting additional <input type='hidden'> fields in the vicinity of an existing state-changing form, the attacker may trivially change the way the server interprets the intent behind the eventual submission, e.g.:
<form action='/change_settings.php'>
<input type='hidden' name='invite_user'
value='fredmbogo'> ← Injected lines
<form action="/change_settings.php"> ← Existing form (ignored by the parser)
...
<input type="text" name="invite_user" value=""> ← Subverted field
...
<input type="hidden" name="xsrf_token" value="12345">
...
</form>
A vast majority of web frameworks will only interpret the first occurrence of invite_user in the submitted form, and will add the account of attacker's choice as a collaborator.
Further, because a significant number of frameworks also use XSRF tokens that are not scoped to individual forms, the attack proposed in section 2.6. may be combined with this approach in order to reuse an existing token and submit data to an unrelated state-changing form:
<form action='/change_settings.php'>
<input type='hidden' name='invite_user'
value='fredmbogo'> ← Injected lines
<form action="/update_status.php"> ← Existing form (ignored by the parser)
...
<input type="text" name="message" value=""> ← Existing field (ignored by /change_settings.php)
...
<input type="hidden" name="xsrf_token" value="12345">
...
</form>


The Nasdaq 100 company weights are listed from largest to smallest. The index is heavily concentrated with technology companies but also includes companies from other sectors. It is often used as a barometer of the health of the technology sector. Data is updated after each trading day.
| # | Company | Symbol | Weight | Price | Chg | % Chg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Apple Inc | AAPL | 11.999 | 131.76 | -0.29 | (-0.22%) |
| 2 | Microsoft Corp | MSFT | 8.874 | 219.75 | 0.13 | (0.06%) |
| 3 | Amazon.com Inc | AMZN | 8.535 | 3,179.50 | -3.20 | (-0.10%) |
| 4 | Tesla Inc | TSLA | 5.517 | 867.51 | -12.51 | (-1.42%) |
| 5 | Facebook Inc | FB | 3.438 | 267.45 | -0.12 | (-0.04%) |
| 6 | Alphabet Inc | GOOG | 3.186 | 1,807.50 | 0.29 | (0.02%) |
| 7 | Alphabet Inc | GOOGL | 2.889 | 1,794.69 | -3.14 | (-0.17%) |
| 8 | NVIDIA Corp | NVDA | 2.674 | 531.70 | 0.63 | (0.12%) |
| 9 | PayPal Holdings Inc | PYPL | 2.31 | 243.72 | 1.26 | (0.52%) |
| 10 | Comcast Corp | CMCSA | 1.914 | 51.60 | 0.06 | (0.12%) |
| 11 | Adobe Inc | ADBE | 1.893 | 485.99 | 0.89 | (0.18%) |
| 12 | Netflix Inc | NFLX | 1.834 | 509.73 | -0.67 | (-0.13%) |
| 13 | Intel Corp | INTC | 1.721 | 51.60 | -0.05 | (-0.10%) |
| 14 | PepsiCo Inc | PEP | 1.62 | 144.49 | 0.31 | (0.22%) |
| 15 | Cisco Systems Inc | CSCO | 1.549 | 45.15 | 0.09 | (0.20%) |
| 16 | Broadcom Inc | AVGO | 1.466 | 446.13 | 0.49 | (0.11%) |
| 17 | QUALCOMM Inc | QCOM | 1.441 | 156.99 | 0.35 | (0.22%) |
| 18 | T-Mobile US Inc | TMUS | 1.363 | 135.16 | 0.10 | (0.07%) |
| 19 | Costco Wholesale Corp | COST | 1.328 | 369.25 | -0.69 | (-0.19%) |
| 20 | Texas Instruments Inc | TXN | 1.278 | 172.80 | 1.64 | (0.96%) |
| 21 | Amgen Inc | AMGN | 1.129 | 238.60 | 0.11 | (0.05%) |
| 22 | Charter Communications Inc | CHTR | 1.031 | 634.38 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 23 | Starbucks Corp | SBUX | 1.009 | 105.70 | 0.03 | (0.03%) |
| 24 | Advanced Micro Devices Inc | AMD | 0.925 | 94.57 | -0.01 | (-0.01%) |
| 25 | Intuit Inc | INTU | 0.8 | 373.00 | -1.46 | (-0.39%) |
| 26 | Intuitive Surgical Inc | ISRG | 0.783 | 816.50 | -2.25 | (-0.27%) |
| 27 | Booking Holdings Inc | BKNG | 0.76 | 2,284.99 | 3.45 | (0.15%) |
| 28 | Applied Materials Inc | AMAT | 0.71 | 95.79 | 0.23 | (0.24%) |
| 29 | Micron Technology Inc | MU | 0.701 | 77.46 | 0.04 | (0.05%) |
| 30 | MercadoLibre Inc | MELI | 0.696 | 1,711.01 | -7.99 | (-0.46%) |
| 31 | Mondelez International Inc | MDLZ | 0.677 | 58.30 | 0.11 | (0.19%) |
| 32 | JD.com Inc ADR | JD | 0.649 | 91.16 | -0.38 | (-0.42%) |
| 33 | Gilead Sciences Inc | GILD | 0.643 | 63.00 | -0.04 | (-0.06%) |
| 34 | Fiserv Inc | FISV | 0.637 | 116.89 | 0.10 | (0.09%) |
| 35 | Automatic Data Processing Inc | ADP | 0.597 | 171.11 | 0.06 | (0.04%) |
| 36 | CSX Corp | CSX | 0.596 | 96.00 | 0.16 | (0.17%) |
| 37 | Lam Research Corp | LRCX | 0.588 | 502.00 | 0.37 | (0.07%) |
| 38 | Activision Blizzard Inc | ATVI | 0.574 | 91.35 | 0.05 | (0.05%) |
| 39 | Autodesk Inc | ADSK | 0.57 | 321.95 | 2.10 | (0.66%) |
| 40 | Zoom Video Communications Inc | ZM | 0.554 | 350.29 | 0.68 | (0.19%) |
| 41 | Baidu Inc ADR | BIDU | 0.54 | 239.00 | -1.25 | (-0.52%) |
| 42 | Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc | VRTX | 0.501 | 236.50 | -0.50 | (-0.21%) |
| 43 | Analog Devices Inc | ADI | 0.471 | 156.38 | -0.36 | (-0.23%) |
| 44 | Illumina Inc | ILMN | 0.451 | 382.69 | 3.08 | (0.81%) |
| 45 | Pinduoduo Inc ADR | PDD | 0.439 | 180.40 | -0.37 | (-0.20%) |
| 46 | Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc | REGN | 0.425 | 500.50 | 1.77 | (0.35%) |
| 47 | Monster Beverage Corp | MNST | 0.408 | 97.01 | 2.02 | (2.12%) |
| 48 | NXP Semiconductors NV | NXPI | 0.398 | 175.16 | 0.13 | (0.07%) |
| 49 | Lululemon Athletica Inc | LULU | 0.371 | 365.10 | -0.36 | (-0.10%) |
| 50 | DocuSign Inc | DOCU | 0.368 | 244.82 | 0.28 | (0.11%) |
| 51 | Keurig Dr Pepper Inc | KDP | 0.366 | 32.00 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 52 | Align Technology Inc | ALGN | 0.366 | 568.99 | -1.54 | (-0.27%) |
| 53 | Moderna Inc | MRNA | 0.363 | 113.42 | 0.67 | (0.59%) |
| 54 | Cognizant Technology Solutions Corp | CTSH | 0.356 | 81.95 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 55 | IDEXX Laboratories Inc | IDXX | 0.356 | 513.20 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 56 | KLA Corp | KLAC | 0.356 | 282.14 | -1.04 | (-0.37%) |
| 57 | Ross Stores Inc | ROST | 0.354 | 121.00 | -1.41 | (-1.15%) |
| 58 | Marriott International Inc/MD | MAR | 0.342 | 128.98 | -0.71 | (-0.55%) |
| 59 | Exelon Corp | EXC | 0.335 | 42.01 | -0.20 | (-0.47%) |
| 60 | Electronic Arts Inc | EA | 0.334 | 142.10 | 0.24 | (0.17%) |
| 61 | Kraft Heinz Co/The | KHC | 0.334 | 33.62 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 62 | Workday Inc | WDAY | 0.333 | 228.99 | 1.34 | (0.59%) |
| 63 | Peloton Interactive Inc | PTON | 0.33 | 157.82 | -1.06 | (-0.67%) |
| 64 | Match Group Inc | MTCH | 0.328 | 152.00 | 0.21 | (0.14%) |
| 65 | Synopsys Inc | SNPS | 0.324 | 262.91 | 0.11 | (0.04%) |
| 66 | American Electric Power Co Inc | AEP | 0.32 | 79.60 | 0.42 | (0.53%) |
| 67 | Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc | WBA | 0.318 | 45.21 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 68 | Biogen Inc | BIIB | 0.316 | 252.50 | -0.04 | (-0.02%) |
| 69 | ASML Holding NV | ASML | 0.313 | 508.74 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 70 | Microchip Technology Inc | MCHP | 0.312 | 147.54 | 0.14 | (0.09%) |
| 71 | Cadence Design Systems Inc | CDNS | 0.309 | 136.25 | 0.06 | (0.04%) |
| 72 | eBay Inc | EBAY | 0.305 | 54.64 | 0.16 | (0.29%) |
| 73 | NetEase Inc ADR | NTES | 0.305 | 114.57 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 74 | DexCom Inc | DXCM | 0.303 | 386.30 | -1.79 | (-0.46%) |
| 75 | Cintas Corp | CTAS | 0.298 | 352.00 | 1.85 | (0.53%) |
| 76 | Xilinx Inc | XLNX | 0.295 | 148.40 | 0.41 | (0.28%) |
| 77 | O'Reilly Automotive Inc | ORLY | 0.282 | 477.92 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 78 | Xcel Energy Inc | XEL | 0.281 | 65.76 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 79 | Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc | ALXN | 0.28 | 155.90 | -1.45 | (-0.92%) |
| 80 | Paychex Inc | PAYX | 0.269 | 92.02 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 81 | Marvell Technology Group Ltd | MRVL | 0.268 | 49.13 | 0.05 | (0.10%) |
| 82 | Verisk Analytics Inc | VRSK | 0.266 | 200.90 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 83 | ANSYS Inc | ANSS | 0.262 | 375.87 | 1.21 | (0.32%) |
| 84 | Seagen Inc | SGEN | 0.261 | 177.00 | -0.66 | (-0.37%) |
| 85 | Atlassian Corp PLC | TEAM | 0.253 | 235.50 | 0.02 | (0.01%) |
| 86 | PACCAR Inc | PCAR | 0.247 | 88.10 | 0.30 | (0.34%) |
| 87 | Okta Inc | OKTA | 0.247 | 253.00 | -0.12 | (-0.05%) |
| 88 | Fastenal Co | FAST | 0.237 | 50.82 | 0.07 | (0.14%) |
| 89 | Copart Inc | CPRT | 0.235 | 122.18 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 90 | Skyworks Solutions Inc | SWKS | 0.221 | 164.40 | 0.92 | (0.56%) |
| 91 | Dollar Tree Inc | DLTR | 0.216 | 113.49 | 0.52 | (0.46%) |
| 92 | Splunk Inc | SPLK | 0.216 | 165.80 | 0.40 | (0.24%) |
| 93 | Maxim Integrated Products Inc | MXIM | 0.205 | 94.80 | 0.39 | (0.41%) |
| 94 | Sirius XM Holdings Inc | SIRI | 0.204 | 5.96 | 0.05 | (0.85%) |
| 95 | Cerner Corp | CERN | 0.199 | 79.86 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 96 | VeriSign Inc | VRSN | 0.188 | 203.36 | 0.92 | (0.45%) |
| 97 | Incyte Corp | INCY | 0.167 | 94.50 | 0.67 | (0.71%) |
| 98 | CDW Corp/DE | CDW | 0.157 | 134.59 | 0.00 | (0.00%) |
| 99 | Check Point Software Technologies Ltd | CHKP | 0.15 | 131.50 | -0.46 | (-0.35%) |
| 100 | Trip.com Group Ltd ADR | TCOM | 0.144 | 33.60 | -0.15 | (-0.44%) |
| 101 | Fox Corp | FOXA | 0.083 | 31.59 | 1.50 | (4.99%) |
| 102 | Fox Corp | FOX | 0.062 | 29.94 | 0.32 | (1.08%) |
There are 102 symbols due to several companies with two share classes. For example, Google's parent company Alphabet has Class A (GOOGL) and Class C (GOOG) shares in the index.
When companies are removed and added to the index the membership list may temporarily show both the removed company and added company.
Data as of 01/08/2021.


mixed variant_or ( mixed $left , mixed $right )
Performs a bitwise OR operation. Note that this is slightly different from a regular OR operation.
Variant OR Rules If left is If right is then the result is


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October 01, 2002
The drop zone of pain
Zwire | Submitted by: Son of Benway
"A woman coming in for a parachute landing about 3:53 p.m Sunday at
North Central Airport suffered severe injuries to her right arm when she
drifted into the whirring propeller of a plane readying for takeoff
with about 16 other jumpers... "I was screaming for her to turn, turn,"
said Donna Gamache, who was getting ready for her own jump. "She panicked,"
and failed to attempt any maneuvers that could have moved her
out of harm's way, Gamache said."
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Read article...
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Bungee jumper hits cruise ship
Vancouver Sun | Submitted by: Gorg
Man tries to land on a cruise ship via unorthodox means:
"He could have been killed," Detective Scott Driemel said Monday of the
incident, in which the jumper hit the boat's tennis court, bounced,
and struck the stern railing. He was left dangling in midair before
being picked up by a water taxi and taken into custody by the
Vancouver police marine squad."
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Read article...
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Was mom asphyxiated by her own boobies?
Sun | Submitted by: chompson
"The theory was put to a Home Office pathologist after 17st Yvette
Dow, 24, was found face down on her floor, her head enveloped by "her
very large breasts". Professor Guy Rutty admitted it was possible
the mum of two may have collapsed from a fit, and smothered herself."
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Read article...
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Sharks pull surfers off boards
WKMG-TV 6 Orlando | Submitted by: Rio
"Two surfers were pulled off their boards in separate shark attacks off
the Central Florida coast, according to Local 6 News. Dr. Dave Fogelberg
was surfing with a friend Sunday morning in Sebastian Inlet in Brevard
County, Fla., when an 8-foot shark grabbed his hand and pulled him into the
water. "I remember him coming out of the water," Fogelberg said. "I saw him come out. I saw his nose peel back and his teeth come out."
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South Africa's freeze dried corpses
Independent Online | Submitted by: Alaska Freegold
"The new method, invented by Swedish biologist Susanne Wiigh-Masak,
involves freeze drying bodies and then shattering them into powder with
ultrasonic sound waves. With the new freeze-drying method, the body is
frozen hundreds of degrees below freezing point in liquid nitrogen
before it is hit by ultrasonic waves, shattering the body into a
few kilograms of odourless powder."
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Read article...
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Museum mistakenly sells visitor human skull
WKMG-TV 6 Orlando | Submitted by: Rio
"Staff at the York Dungeon museum of horrors said Tuesday they are
trying to trace a visitor who was accidentally sold a human skull in
the museum shop, where the grisly item was used as a prop. Spence
said the skull has been at the museum for as long as anyone can remember
and no one is sure where it came from. York Dungeon owns another
human skull that is believed to have come from a pit where victims
of the medieval plague were buried."
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Read article...
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Suicide capital of the world
Mainichi Daily News | Submitted by: LucrezaBorgia
"Suicide has long been an honorable form of death in Japan. Lovers' suicide
pacts are as old as the country itself. Ancient samurai would commit seppuku,
or hara-kiri as it's more widely known, to atone for failures perceived or as
an ultimate display of loyalty to their liege lords.During the war, the
kamikaze fighter fighters who slammed their planes into enemy ships were one of
only a series of suicide attackers hurled at the Allies, all of which are still
widely and romantically regarded as heroic defenders of the nation. Since the
war, desperate Japanese have made jumping from high buildings or in front of
speeding trains almost an art form. Even now, more than 30,000 Japanese take
their lives yearly."
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Pot factory offers guided tours
Canadian Press | Submitted by: Gorg
"There are many houses in British Columbia home to marijuana grow
operations. Few of them offer media tours. But the people behind the
Marijuana Factory, which officially opened Monday on a quiet suburban
Vancouver street, say they are doing nothing wrong growing
marijuana and processing it into potent pot pellets." No word if they
have a gift shop or not.
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Read article...
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Bank robber may have shot self, then hit by van
South Florida Sun-Sentinel | Submitted by: LucrezaBorgia
"A bank robber may have shot himself as he put his gun away, then was
struck by a van in a hit-and-run as he fled with his bag of cash, The man
needed help getting out from under the van, then hopped into a getaway
car with a woman driver and escaped, said FBI spokeswoman Judy Orihuela.
No one else was injured."
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Kids beat man to brain death, police say
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel | Submitted by: info-milwaukee
"A mob of nearly 20 kids beat a man brain dead Sunday night after he
confronted them for throwing an egg at him and punched one teen in the
mouth, police said. Blood remains splattered Monday afternoon on the
front porch of the duplex at 2021 N. 21st Lane, where Young was chased
by a mob of youths and severely beaten with bats, shovels and
boards, police said."
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Why you should NEVER become a DEA informant
US News and World Report | Submitted by: Paul Sanders
"Since Mena first testified, five members of his family have been murdered,
execution style, and three more have been the targets of murder attempts.
In 1994, according to court documents, Mena's uncle was shot 20 times by
unknown assailants. A month later, his aunt was shot in the head while she
walked near her home. And the following year, Mena's 77-year-old father was
killed by five gunshots to the head." These are all innocents who were not
involved in the drug trade. The DEA has turned a blind eye to requests to
have them included in a protection program, contradicting earlier promises.
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Yuppie crashes new Harley in 10 seconds
Minneapolis Star Tribune | Submitted by: Bammer
"It was a mid-age crisis thing... I'd see these dudes with women and
thought a motorcycle would put me in like Flynn. I didn't look at the
obvious, that I hadn't been on a bike in 30 years and probably didn't
remember much about it. It was so fast, and I didn't think fast enough.
I probably panicked and throttled the gas in a death grip."
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The 82nd Airborne fucks things up royally
MSNBC | Submitted by: Son of Benway
"Then on Aug. 19, American commanders sent some 600 action hungry members
of the Army’s 82d Airborne Division, Third Battalion, charging into Zormat
and the Shahikot area. "Those guys were crazy," said one Special Forces
NCO who was there. "We just couldn’t believe they were acting that way.
 We’d be
like, 'HOLY SHIT look at that! Can you believe this!’" Another said:
"They were acting like bin Laden was hiding behind every door."
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Russian gangster knocked up Miss Universe
Pravda | Submitted by: optional
"Tabloids have stirred up rumors about Oxana’s boyfriend. He is
reportedly a dark-haired man involved in the construction business
in St. Petersburg and very rich. His last name has definitely not
been exposed, but everyone is certain that the beauty queen of
the Universe got knocked up by that mysterious builder."
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Holy man looking fabulous, but still dead
New York Times | Submitted by: Son of Benway
"In Moscow, Vladislav L. Kozeltsev, an expert at the Center for
Biomedical Technologies, the institute that keeps the body of Lenin,
who died in 1924, in state on Red Square, said the salt in the
coffin might have slowed the decay but could not alone explain the
preservation of the lama's body... Hambo Lama Ayusheyev says the
body was preserved because Itigilov achieved a heightened state of
existence through meditation known as shunyata, or emptiness."
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Read article...
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Mom's body found packed in cat litter
WKMG-TV 6 Orlando | Submitted by: Rio
"A man was charged Monday with receiving stolen property and 16 counts
of forgery after the decomposed body of his mother was found in her home.
The charges, as well as one of abandoning a corpse, were filed against
Max Weller, 46, of Lexington. Lafayette County prosecutors said the
alleged scam dated back to as early as February 2001, the apparent time
that Mildred Weller died. They said her body, covered with a tarp and
packed with cat litter, lay in her home since then."
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Read article...
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Record companies settle price-fixing suit
USA Today | Submitted by: meatload
We can express nothing but shock, simply shock, that record
companies would be out to cheat us:
"The five largest music companies and three of the USA's largest
music retailers agreed Monday to pay $67.4 million and distribute
$75.7 million in CDs to public and non-profit groups to settle a
lawsuit led by New York and Florida over alleged price fixing in
the late 1990s." Thirty-nine other states joined suit, saying that
"the industry kept consumer CD prices artificially high between
1995 and 2000." Is there really any doubt that P2P file-sharing is
a symptom, not a cause, of the recording industry's problems?
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Kamping for Krispy Kreme
San Antonio Express-News | Submitted by: metaman
People who otherwise have busy, fullfilling lives take time to kamp out
overnight for what has be the highlight of their life: the grand opening
of a Krispy Kreme store. Even sadder, it made the front page.
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Insane lepidopterist at war with spiders
Wooster Daily Record | Submitted by: Son of Benway
"As she drives along the highways, Rochester said she watches for
butterflies that may be on the pavement after being struck by
vehicles. "If I see one," Rochester said, "I always pull over and
go back to look at it. If it's too far gone, I'll euthanize it to
put it out of its misery. If it's not too badly hurt, I'll take
it along and try to nurse it back to health." In addition, Rochester
said she is on a crusade against a variety of spiders that are a
natural enemy of butterflies."
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Examining Whitey
Wire Services | Submitted by: Son of Benway
"This semester, Newman, who has taught in the college's Humanities and
Human Sciences department for 35 years, began teaching the class "Wealthy
White Males," which focuses on a group that scholars don't often study...
'It's a minority that doesn't view itself as a minority, and that will
be one of the curious things we will examine,' she said."
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The perfect definition of DUH!
 "I'll stick my
neck out and say that if Mr. Shumway had been wearing orange blaze
clothing, it might have saved his life," [Sheriff] Wampler said."
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Read article...
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Local cops fall for Onion story
Battle Creek Enquirer | Submitted by: f00f
"In the course of this investigation, it was learned that this is going
on throughout the United States and some of these telemarketing programs
are believed to be operated by Al-Qaeda. The CIA has announced that
they acquired a videotape showing Al-Qaeda members making phone
solicitations for vacation home rentals, long distance telephone service,
magazine subscriptions and other products."
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Read article...
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Ads are good for kids, says think tank
Independent | Submitted by: Ann Onymous
Right wingers claim to be anti-drug, but this makes one wonder what
some of their think tanks are smoking: "Items such as Spiderman cereal,
Barbie dolls who work at McDonald's and battery operated sweets that
spin in the mouth are contributing to a global epidemic of obesity,
eating disorders and emotional problems, claims research in the medical
journal The Lancet. But the Social Affairs Unit, an independent right
wing think tank, argues in a pamphlet published today that learning to
handle advertisements is part of a child's education."
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A New World Religion?
The New American | Submitted by: Crazy Quagga
This is from a nutball John Birch Society source:
"The venerated [UN Earth] Charter is housed and transported in
the Ark of Hope, a blasphemous mimicry of the biblical Ark of the
Covenant, which held the two tablets containing the Ten Commandments
that God gave to Moses. The Ark of Hope is actually designed to
look like the Ark of the Covenant and its devotees carry it around
with worshipful solemnity."
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Ozone layer smaller, cleaves in two
Detroit Free Press | Submitted by: Crazy Quagga
"The smaller size of this year's ozone hole is caused by unexpectedly
large weather patterns in the stratosphere, the atmospheric layer roughly
6 miles to 30 miles above Earth's surface where the ozone layer is found."
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Read article...
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Unicorn guru returns for trial
Philadelphia Inquirer | Submitted by: Penfold
The murder case of "counterculture guru" (what makes someone a guru,
by the way?) Ira Einhorn promises to be a doozy: a mummified girl found
in a trunk, an ex-hippie living in a Windmill in France for 20 years,
secret government plots for mind control, and much much more! Einhorn
claims he was on the lam for more than 20 years because he didn't kill
his girlfriend. See, the CIA or FBI did it because he knew about the
government's plans for "psychotronic mind-control weaponry."
Keep the VCR on standby for this one, kids.
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Australian censorship regime continues
Australian | Submitted by: Soylent
Australia is censoring what their people can read on the Internet, and
attempts by the down-under version of EFF, EFA, to find out exactly what
is being censored have been illegally declined. And now the government
wants to set in law what they've been doing, so nobody will have any recourse
to determine what Australia doesn't want their people to see.
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God makes sech nights, all white an' still
Fur 'z you can look or listen,
Moonshine an' snow on field an' hill,
All silence an' all glisten.
Zekle crep' up quite unbeknown
An' peeked in thru' the winder,
An' there sot Huldy all alone,
'ith no one nigh to hender.
A fireplace filled the room's one side
With half a cord o' wood in —
There war n't no stoves (tell comfort died)
To bake ye to a puddin'.
The wa'nut logs shot sparkles out
Towards the pootiest, bless her,
An' leetle flames danced all about
The chiny on the dresser.
Agin the chimbley crook-necks hung,
An' in amongst 'em rusted
The ole queen's-arm thet gran'ther Young
Fetched back f'om Concord busted.
The very room, coz she was in,
Seemed warm f'om floor to ceilin',
An' she looked full ez rosy agin
Ez the apples she was peelin'.
'Twas kin' o' kingdom-come to look
On sech a blessed cretur,
A dogrose blushin' to a brook
Ain't modester nor sweeter.
He was six foot o' man, A 1,
Clear grit an' human natur',
None couldn't quicker pitch a ton
Nor dror a furrer straighter.
He'd sparked it with full twenty gals,
Hed squired 'em, danced 'em, druv 'em,
Fust this one, an' then thet, by spells —
All is, he couldn't love 'em.
But long o' her his veins 'ould run
All crinkly like curled maple,
The side she breshed felt full o' sun
Ez a south slope in Ap'il.
She thought no v'ice hed sech a swing
Ez hisn in the choir;
My! when he made Ole Hunderd ring,
She knowed the Lord was nigher.
An' she'd blush scarlit, right in prayer,
When her new meetin'-bunnet
Felt somehow thru' its crown a pair
O' blue eyes sot upun it.
Thet night, I tell ye, she looked some!
She seemed to 've gut a new soul,
For she felt sartin-sure he'd come,
Down to her very shoe-sole.
She heered a foot, an' knowed it tu,
A-raspin' on the scraper, —
All ways to once her feelins flew
Like sparks in burnt-up paper.
He kin' o' l'itered on the mat,
Some doubtfle o' the sekle,
His heart kep' goin' pity-pat,
But hern went pity Zekle.

'You want to see my Pa, I s'pose?'
'Wal ... no ... I come dasignin'' -
'To see my Ma? She's sprinklin' clo'es
Agin to-morror's i'nin'.'
To say why gals acts so or so,
Or don't, 'ould be persumin';
Mebby to mean yes an' say no
Comes nateral to women.
He stood a spell on one foot fust,
Then stood a spell on t'other,
An' on which one he felt the wust
He couldn't ha' told ye nuther.
 Wal, he up an' kist her.
When Ma bimeby upon 'em slips,
Huldy sot pale ez ashes,
All kin' o' smily roun' the lips
An' teary roun' the lashes.
For she was jes' the quiet kind
Whose naturs never vary,
Like streams that keep a summer mind
Snowhid in Jenooary.
The blood clost roun' her heart felt glued
Too tight for all expressin',
Tell mother see how metters stood,
An' gin 'em both her blessin'.
Then her red come back like the tide
Down to the Bay o' Fundy,
An' all I know is they was cried
In meetin' come nex' Sunday.


Google's Domination
Authored By: Eric Johnson
2016 - In 2016 Google just ran away with the lead for the most viewers finishing the year with 48 billion monthly visits, Facebook and Youtube had about half of that
2017 - The beginning of 2017 Google hit 50 billion visitors, but by the end they had reached 60 billion
2018 - More of the same for Google in 2018 gaining another 10 million monthly visitors for a total of 70 billion. 40 billion over any other site.
2019 - By the end of 2019, Google finished with 77 billion monthly visitors, 50 billion over Youtube who finished the year in second with 27 billion. Facebook finished in 3rd with 23.5 billion monthly viewers.
2015-2019


|
libcoap 4.3.1
|
structure for CoAP PDUs More...
#include <coap_pdu_internal.h>
Data Fields | |
| coap_pdu_type_t | type |
| message type More... | |
| coap_pdu_code_t | code |
| request method (value 1–31) or response code (value 64-255) More... | |
| coap_mid_t | mid |
| message id, if any, in regular host byte order More... | |
| uint8_t | max_hdr_size |
| space reserved for protocol-specific header More... | |
| uint8_t | hdr_size |
| actual size used for protocol-specific header (0 until header is encoded) More... | |
| uint8_t | token_length |
| length of Token More... | |
| uint8_t | crit_opt |
| Set if unknown critical option for proxy. More... | |
| uint16_t | max_opt |
| highest option number in PDU More... | |
| size_t | alloc_size |
| allocated storage for token, options and payload More... | |
| size_t | used_size |
| used bytes of storage for token, options and payload More... | |
| size_t | max_size |
| maximum size for token, options and payload, or zero for variable size pdu More... | |
| uint8_t * | token |
| first byte of token, if any, or options More... | |
| uint8_t * | data |
| first byte of payload, if any More... | |
| const uint8_t * | body_data |
| Holds ptr to re-assembled data or NULL. More... | |
| size_t | body_length |
| Holds body data length. More... | |
| size_t | body_offset |
| Holds body data offset. More... | |
| size_t | body_total |
| Holds body data total size. More... | |
| coap_lg_xmit_t * | lg_xmit |
| Holds ptr to lg_xmit if sending a set of blocks. More... | |
structure for CoAP PDUs
Separate COAP_PDU_BUF is allocated with offsets held in coap_pdu_t.
token, if any, follows the fixed size header, then optional options until payload marker (0xff) (if paylooad), then the optional payload.
Memory layout is: <—header—>|<—token—><—options—>0xff<—payload—>
header is addressed with a negative offset to token, its maximum size is max_hdr_size.
allocated buffer always starts max_hdr_size before token.
options starts at token + token_length. payload starts at data, its length is used_size - (data - token).
alloc_size, used_size and max_size are the offsets from token.
Definition at line 106 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| size_t coap_pdu_t::alloc_size |
allocated storage for token, options and payload
Definition at line 118 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| const uint8_t* coap_pdu_t::body_data |
Holds ptr to re-assembled data or NULL.
Definition at line 136 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| size_t coap_pdu_t::body_length |
Holds body data length.
Definition at line 137 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| size_t coap_pdu_t::body_offset |
Holds body data offset.
Definition at line 138 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| size_t coap_pdu_t::body_total |
Holds body data total size.
Definition at line 139 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| coap_pdu_code_t coap_pdu_t::code |
request method (value 1–31) or response code (value 64-255)
Definition at line 108 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| uint8_t coap_pdu_t::crit_opt |
Set if unknown critical option for proxy.
Definition at line 116 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| uint8_t* coap_pdu_t::data |
first byte of payload, if any
Definition at line 125 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| uint8_t coap_pdu_t::hdr_size |
actual size used for protocol-specific header (0 until header is encoded)
Definition at line 113 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| coap_lg_xmit_t* coap_pdu_t::lg_xmit |
Holds ptr to lg_xmit if sending a set of blocks.
Definition at line 140 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| uint8_t coap_pdu_t::max_hdr_size |
space reserved for protocol-specific header
Definition at line 112 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| uint16_t coap_pdu_t::max_opt |
highest option number in PDU
Definition at line 117 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| size_t coap_pdu_t::max_size |
maximum size for token, options and payload, or zero for variable size pdu
Definition at line 122 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| coap_mid_t coap_pdu_t::mid |
message id, if any, in regular host byte order
Definition at line 110 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| uint8_t* coap_pdu_t::token |
first byte of token, if any, or options
Definition at line 124 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| uint8_t coap_pdu_t::token_length |
length of Token
Definition at line 115 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| coap_pdu_type_t coap_pdu_t::type |
message type
Definition at line 107 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.
| size_t coap_pdu_t::used_size |
used bytes of storage for token, options and payload
Definition at line 120 of file coap_pdu_internal.h.


I recently discovered JD Pace’s PDFKit in the search for better ways to do things. It’s a great solution for generating PDF files from html sources. It is basically a wrapper for the open source executable wkhtmltopdf.
The idea behind wkhtmltopdf
is simple: use the rendering engine of browser without the GUI to generate PDFs and you’ll have pages that look exactly like they render on the web and get updated when the browsers do!
That in mind, I set forth to tackle a new requirement for a task at hand: turning an HTML page into a JPG. With my PDFKit hammer at my side, I quickly strung together a processing pipeline that used PDFKit to transform my html to a PDF and then RMagick to transmogrify the PDF into JPG. I looked something like this:
pdf = PDFKit.new(html, :page_size => 'Letter').to_pdf
gif = Magick::Image.from_blob(pdf)
Simple, for sure. But it looked like SHIT. Back to the drawing board. A big problem was all the fine text was illegible. Imagemagick seemed to be doing a bad job of rasterizing the text getting produced in the PDF. I reasoned that perhaps I could find a flag in wkhtmltopdf to rasterize the text. Instead, I found something better. Something much better…
It turns out wkhtmltoimage does for JPGs what wkthmltopdf does for PDFs. Woot! Like any good hacker, I first decided to try to screw around with the PDFKit gem, swapping out the call to wkhtmltopdf with one to wkhtmltoimage.
As that broke, it lead me to try to just call the command on my own, which eventually lead to discovering this little gem of Ruby in PDFKit:
pdf = Kernel.open('|-', "w+")
exec(*command) if pdf.nil?
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>if @source.html?
pdf.close_write
result = pdf.gets(nil)
pdf.close_read
that you can read and write to like a file! Moments like this make me really appreciate the power of the ‘file’ abstraction.
If you pass Kernel#open
'|<cmdname>'
, you will have a pipe to that command that you can read and write to with normal IO
methods, such as #gets
, #puts
, and my favorite #<<
.
If you pass Kernel#open
the special string '|-'
, not only do you get back a pipe, but the process forks, returning nil to the child and the file-like pipe IO
Object to the parent. That’s a pretty elegant way to wrap a process and that’s how the exec(*command) if pdf.nil?
line works.
The command we are wrapping is wkhtmltoimage
, which takes two inputs: the source and ouptut destination. It can take a url, file location, or stdin as input if you pass the special parameter ‘-‘. Output can either be a file or standard out if you use the same ‘-‘. In this situation, we’re always reading from standard out, which is accomplished via the call to result = pdf.gets(nil)
.
This may make it more clear:
pipe = Kernel.open('|-', "w+")
exec(*command) if pipe.nil?
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>if @source.html?
pipe.close_write
result = pipe.gets(nil)
pipe.close_read
So I got to quick work writing my own script that just called wkhtmltoimage with this bit of code. However, I quickly found out wkthmltoimage
does not support the --quiet
flag, which leads to a leaky standard error printing out the the console. This is something that is very noticable during unit testing and is just a bad form and practice to not manage right.
PDFKit is able to pass the --quiet
flag to wkhtmltopdf
to silence standard error; wkhtmltoimage
has no such flag. Using redirection is one way out and works fine when passing the command as a string to exec, a la "wkhtmltoimage - - 2&/dev/null"
. However, this fails when using the splat operator on an array of built up parameters (ie: exec(*command)
). It turns out Ruby has another way to call a process that, while not as terse as the above, does the job:
result = nil
Open3.popen3(*command) do |stdin,stdout,stderr|
stdin << (@source.to_s) if @source.html?
stdin.close
result = stdout.gets(nil)
stdout.close
stderr.close
end
Open3#open3
allows you to explicitly manage standard input, output, and error of the child process command. Since we’re not really interested in what it has to say, we just close it when we’re done reading the jpg on stdout
. The call to exec in the Kernel#open
method does not provide a way to manage the output of standard error in the child process, so it winds up connected to the parent’s standard error.
Eventually I made enough changes to PDFKit to warrant creating my own library I am calling IMGKit, which I am proud to announce is available via:
gem install imgkit
You can then create JPGs from HTML files with:
require 'imgkit'
kit = IMGKit.new(html, :quality => 50)
# Get the image BLOB
img = kit.to_img
# Save to a file
file = kit.to_file('/path/to/save/file2.jpg')
# or
File.open('/path/to/save/file1.jpg') { |f| f << kit.to_img }
# send to browser (Rails - use with #caches_page)
send_data(kit.to_img, :type => "image/jpeg", :disposition => 'inline')
Code is available on github.
Oh, and this is my first gem! Enjoy!!
c2


I downloaded a theme for BBLOG, and it's a .css file, which I have no idea what to do with. I've looked around and found absolutely no tutorials or help of any kind about how to install these. Any and all help would be appreciated.
Post edited 2 x times, last by
Brady_The
Brady_The
Kilerbomb wrote:
I downloaded a theme for BBLOG, and it's a .css file, which I have no idea what to do with. I've looked around and found absolutely no tutorials or help of any kind about how to install these. Any and all help would be appreciated.
BBLOG Options -> General Improvements -> Theme Switcher -> Copy the URL to the .css file into the Input box below the list of default themes -> Press Enter -> Reload the page :-)
ORFK
Global Moderator
or you just select the theme which you want to load in the list
BBLOG Options -> General Improvements -> Theme Switcher
but: you have to enable "Theme Switcher". on the left side of the yellow button "Theme Switcher" you have to set a checkmark


jsPlumb Community edition provides a means for a developer to visually connect elements on their web pages, using SVG.
jsPlumb has no external dependencies.
The 1.7.x line of releases were the last ones to support IE8. From version 2.0.0, the Community edition works only in modern browsers that support SVG.
It is a good idea to read this entire page. There are a few things you need to know about integrating jsPlumb with your UI.
jsPlumb 1.7.x runs on everything from IE6 up. jsPlumb 2.x runs on everything from IE9 up.
If you're serving your pages with content type text/html
, as most people are, then you should use this doctype:
<!doctype html>
This gives you Standards mode in all browsers and access to HTML5.
No required imports.
<script src="PATH_TO/jsplumb.min.js "></script>
You should not start making calls to jsPlumb until the DOM has been initialized - perhaps no surprises there. To handle
this, you should bind to the ready
event on jsPlumb (or the instance of jsPlumb you are working with):
jsPlumb.bind("ready", function() {
...
// your jsPlumb related init code goes here
...
});
There's a helper method that can save you a few precious characters:
jsPlumb.ready(function() {
...
// your jsPlumb related init code goes here
...
});
If you bind to the ready
event after jsPlumb has already been initialized, your callback will be executed immediately.
jsPlumb is registered on the browser's window by default, providing one static instance for the whole page to use. You
can also instantiate independent instances of jsPlumb, using the getInstance
method, for example:
var firstInstance = jsPlumb.getInstance();
The variable firstInstance
can now be treated exactly as you would treat the jsPlumb
variable - you can set defaults,
call the connect
method, whatever:
firstInstance.importDefaults({
Connector : [ "Bezier", { curviness: 150 } ],
Anchors : [ "TopCenter", "BottomCenter" ]
});
firstInstance.connect({
source:"element1",
target:"element2",
scope:"someScope"
});
getInstance
optionally takes an object that provides the defaults:
var secondInstance = jsPlumb.getInstance({
PaintStyle:{
strokeWidth:6,
stroke:"#567567",
outlineStroke:"black",
outlineWidth:1
},
Connector:[ "Bezier", { curviness: 30 } ],
Endpoint:[ "Dot", { radius:5 } ],
EndpointStyle : { fill: "#567567" },
Anchor : [ 0.5, 0.5, 1, 1 ]
});
secondInstance.connect({
source:"element4",
target:"element3",
scope:"someScope"
});
It is recommended to use separate instances of jsPlumb wherever possible.
jsPlumb uses the id
attribute of any element with which it interacts. If id
is not set, jsPlumb will create an id
for the element. It is recommended that you set appropriate ids for the elements in your UI yourself.
Because of the fact that jsPlumb uses element ids, you need to tell jsPlumb if an element id changes. There are two methods to help you do this:
jsPlumb.setId(el, newId)
Use this if you want jsPlumb to take care of changing the id in the DOM. It will do so,
and then update its references accordingly.
jsPlumb.setIdChanged(oldId, newId)
Use this if you have already changed the element's ID, and you just want
jsPlumb to update its references.
Almost every method in jsPlumb that operates on elements supports multiple formats for specifying the element(s) on which to operate.
In the jsPlumb documentation you will see references to the concept of a selector
. This is a list of elements that match
some CSS spec. In modern browsers you can get one of these via a call like:
someElement.querySelectorAll('.someSelector')
The native element that querySelectorAll
returns is a NodeList
.
Although jsPlumb has no dependency on jQuery, it also supports jQuery selectors as arguments for elements (vanilla jsPlumb
because jQuery's selector object is list-like, ie. it has a length
property and indexed accessors). So this will
also work, if you happen to be using jQuery in your page:
$(someElement).find(".someSelector")
Passing a single string as argument will cause jsPlumb to treat that string as an element id.
You can pass DOM elements as arguments. This will probably not surprise you.
You can also pass an array of any or all of the types we just listed. The contents of the array can be mixed - they do not have to be all one type.
You need to pay attention to the z-indices of the various parts of your UI when using jsPlumb, in particular to ensure that the elements that jsPlumb adds to the DOM do not overlay other parts of the interface.
jsPlumb adds an element to the DOM for each Endpoint, Connector and Overlay. So for a Connection having visible Endpoints at each end and a label in the middle, jsPlumb adds four elements to the DOM.
To help you organise z-indices correctly, jsPlumb adds a CSS class to each type of element it adds. They are as follows:
| Component | Class |
| Endpoint | jtk-endpoint |
| Connector | jtk-connector |
| Overlay | jtk-overlay |
In addition, whenever the mouse is hovering over an Endpoint or Connection, that component is assigned the class jtk-hover
.
For more information about styling jsPlumb with CSS, see this page.
It's important to understand where in the DOM jsPlumb will add any elements it creates. If you want a TL;DR version, then it boils down to this:
offsetParent
of the first
element on which you call addEndpoint
, makeSource
or makeTarget
, or the offsetParent
of the source element in
the first connect
call - whichever happens first.Let's discuss this in more detail.
Early versions of jsPlumb added everything to the body element. This has the advantage of being the most flexible arrangement in terms of supporting which elements can be connected, but in certain use cases produced unexpected results.
Consider the arrangement where you have some connected elements in a tab: you would expect jsPlumb to add elements inside the tab, so that when the user switches tabs and the current one is hidden, all the jsPlumb stuff is hidden too. But when the elements are on the body, this does not happen!
It is also quite common for jsPlumb to be used in a page in which the diagram is contained within some element that should show scrollbars when its content overflows. Appending elements to the document body prevents this from occurring automatically.
You can - and should - instruct jsPlumb to use some element as the parent of everything jsPlumb adds to the UI
through usage of the setContainer
method in jsPlumb, or by providing the Container in the parameters to a jsPlumb.getInstance
call.
Important This is a change from versions of jsPlumb prior to 1.6.2. In versions prior to 1.6.2 you could assign the
Container directly via the jsPlumb.Defaults.Container
property. You can still do this - we're in Javascript here of
course, it's a free-for-all - but it will be ignored.
Also Important If you happen to be using jsPlumb's draggable
method to make other parts of your UI draggable (ie.
not just things you're plumbing together), be careful not to call draggable
on the element that is acting as the
Container
for the current instance, or you will see some odd situations occur when dragging. It is suggested that
the best thing to do if you wish to use jsPlumb to enable dragging on non-plumbed elements is to create a new instance:
var nonPlumbing = jsPlumb.getInstance();
nonPlumbing.draggable("some element");
jsPlumb.setContainer(document.getElementById("foo"));
...
jsPlumb.addEndpoint(someDiv, { endpoint options });
jsPlumb.setContainer("containerId");
...
jsPlumb.connect({ source:someDiv, target:someOtherDiv });
var j = jsPlumb.getInstance({
Container:"foo"
});
...
jsPlumb.addEndpoint(someDiv, { endpoint:options });
The container you choose should have position:relative
set on it, because it is the origin of that element that jsPlumb
will use to compute the placement of the artefacts it adds to the DOM, and jsPlumb uses absolute positioning.
A common feature of interfaces using jsPlumb is that the elements are draggable. You should use jsPlumbInstance.draggable
to configure this:
myInstanceOfJsPlumb.draggable("elementId");
...because if you don't, jsPlumb won't know that an element has been dragged, and it won't repaint the element.
Dragging is covered in detail on this page.
The speed at which jsPlumb executes, and the practical limit to the number of manageable connections, is greatly affected by the browser upon which it is being run. At the time of writing, it will probably not surprise you to learn that jsPlumb runs fastest in Chrome, followed by Safari/Firefox, and then IE browsers in descending version number order.
Every connect
or addEndpoint
call in jsPlumb ordinarily causes a repaint of the associated element, which for many
cases is what you want. But if you are performing some kind of "bulk" operation - like loading data on page load
perhaps - it is recommended that you suspend drawing before doing so:
jsPlumb.setSuspendDrawing(true);
...
- load up all your data here -
...
jsPlumb.setSuspendDrawing(false, true);
Notice the second argument in the last call to setSuspendDrawing
: it instructs jsPlumb to immediately perform a full
repaint (by calling, internally, repaintEverything
).
I said above it is recommended that you do this. It really is. It makes an enormous difference to the load time when you're dealing with a lot of Connections on slower browsers.
This function abstracts out the pattern of suspending drawing, doing something, and then re-enabling drawing:
jsPlumb.batch(fn, [doNotRepaintAfterwards]);
Example usage:
jsPlumb.batch(function() {
// import here
for (var i = 0, j = connections.length; i < j; i++) {
jsPlumb.connect(connections[i]);
}
});
Here, we've assumed that connections
is an array of objects that would be suitable to pass to the connect
method, for example:
{ source:"someElement", target:"someOtherElement" }
By default, this will run a repaint at the end. But you can suppress that, should you want to:
jsPlumb.batch(function() {
// import here
}, true);
Note this method used to be called doWhileSuspended
and was renamed in version 1.7.3.
Continuous anchors are the type that require the most maths, because they have to calculate their position every time a paint cycle occurs.
Dynamic and Perimeter anchors are the next slowest (with Perimeter being slower than most Dynamic Anchors as they are actually Dynamic Anchors that have, by default, 60 locations to choose from).
Static anchors like Top
, Bottom
etc are the fastest.


What happened between Caitlyn Jenner and the Kardashians?
Kim Kardashian and co, sorry, ko, have their fair share of drama pretty much 24/7 – be it alleged family feuds or husbands wanting to change their names to, er, Christian Genius Billionaire.
But the entrepreneurial clan could be in for drama on another level if Caitlyn Jenner decides to spill the tea on I’m a Celebrity 2019.
Do the Kardashians get along with step-father Caitlyn Jenner now and what went down between them?
As Caitlyn prepares to make her jungle debut, here’s what you need to know…
Where do Caitlyn Jenner and the Kardashians stand now?
It’s hard to keep up – pun intended – with this lot, but here’s what we know about how the family ties are looking lately.
Caitlyn Jenner and Kim Kardashian
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As seen on the show, Keeping Up with the Kardashians, the two went through a rocky patch after Caitlyn released her memoir where it was perceived that Caitlyn was making digs at Kris, and the Kardashian lifestyle.
In the book, Caitlyn wrote ‘that anytime a Kardashian is on television, many in the public tend to think it is a publicity stunt to make money’.
Caitlyn acknowledged that the two lost touch, remarking that it was a ‘big loss in her life’.
However, it looks like Kim, 39, and Caitlyn have reconnected lately.
Kim was spotted at Caitlyn’s 70th birthday celebrations earlier in October this year.
Caitlyn Jenner and Kourtney Kardashian
Kourtney, 40, the oldest of the Kardashians, appears to have fixed her relationship with Caitlyn.
Kourtney revealed that she saw Caitlyn on Christmas Day, during a sit-down with Andy Cohen on Watch What Happens Live this January.
Caitlyn Jenner and Khloe Kardashian
It would appear these two have the most strained relationship of all.
Khloe, 35, wasn’t at Caitlyn’s 70th celebrations, and Caitlyn left Khloe out of a social media post celebrating all the ‘amazing’ mothers in her life – despite Khloe being mother to one-year-old daughterTrue.
When asked if having a daughter might heal her relationship, Khloe’s response was quite telling.
On the Lorraine Show, Ross King asked: ‘Will having a child affect anything between you and Caitlyn?’
‘I don’t think it affects anything with Caitlyn. Things are just as they are,’ Khloe responded.
Caitlyn Jenner and Kris Jenner
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The exes seem to be on good terms, with Kris showing up for Caitlyn’s birthday bash.
In a recent episode of Keeping Up it’s also Kris who insists on Caitlyn being invited to the family Christmas bash.
Talk about a healthy break-up.
Caitlyn Jenner and Kylie Jenner
Kylie, 22, and Kendall, 24, are Caitlyn’s biological children – whereas she helped to raise Kim, Khloe, Kourtney and Rob as a step-parent.
Her and Kylie remain close, with Caitlyn heaping praise on her daughter ahead of her time in the jungle.
Even if she does confuse one daughter with the other, even on her birthday…
Caitlyn Jenner and Kendall Jenner
Supermodel daughter Kendall and Caitlyn were spotted having some quality time recently.
The two were rumoured to have clashed over a patent for a skincare line – a problem every family faces, no? – but it would appear that’s all dealt with now.
I’m a Celebrity… Get Me Out Of Here! Starts tonight on ITV.


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“If you always put limits on everything you do, physical or anything else, it will spread into your work and into your life. There are no limits. There are only plateaus, and you must not stay there, you must go beyond them.”
- Bruce Lee
Do you want to become a new and improved version of yourself?
Read below!
Supplies oxygen to muscles & increases energy levels as well as make your body more functional and efficient.
The amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximal effort. Muscle strength is measured during muscular contraction
Helps prevent injuries and relieves tight muscles that maybe causing pain in certain areas.
- Bruce Lee


QUESTIONS ATTEMPTED
15
SCORE
CORRECT RESPONSES
8
REVERSE CODING
Reverse Coding is a game which tests your logic and speed of developing algorithms of various mathematical phenomena. In this game you have to find answers of integer type questions using C/C++ code.
©PICT IEEE STUDENT BRANCH