In this section I will explain more about interaction with the DOM (Known as Events), and some other important and useful objects in JavaScript. Events gives more interaction for the user in which makes things happen on the web page. In this section I will cover: Math, Timers, Date, and page events.
Along with the Array, Numbers, Strings, and Booleans Objects. JavaScript has some other built-in objects that are very useful. The Math object is used to to a number of mathematical operations: roots, rounding, random numbers, powers, trigonometry, and more! Unlike other objects we do not need to create and instance as there is an already defined objects called "Math", so we would do Math.method or Math.property . Here are some of the commonly used ones:
Methods:
Properties: Which are all mathematical constants (constants are often capitalized)
Math.floor( Math.random()*10 + 1 ); // => Random number from [1,10] Math.sin( Math.PI ); // => 0 Math.cos( Math.PI ); // => -1 Math.floor(2.99); // => 2 Math.ceil(2.01); // => 3 Math.sqrt( Math.pow(x2-x1, 2) + Math.pow(y1-y2, 2) ); // Distance between (x1,y1) and (x2,y2)
Another one is the Date objects, which is used to get the Date and Time based on your system's clock. Unlike the Math object we do need to create an instance of the Date Class:
var date = new Date(); // There are more ways to create a date but this is the most common.
Common Methods:
Here is an example of getting the current day of the week:
var weekdays = ["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"]; var date = new Date(); var day = date.getDay(); alert("Today is "+weekdays[day]);
We can execute JavaScript with the interactions of DOM elements on the page, such as: clicking, on focus, mouse over, key stroke, webpage as loaded, etc (known as event handlers). In this way we can make our webpage a bit more interesting then just a static webpage.
The onclick events happens when we click an element.
Events can be applied to objects in two ways, either within the HTML or within your JavaScript:
In HTML
<element onclick="myFunction()"> ... </element>
In JavaScript
document.getElementById("myElement").onclick = function(){ ... }
This same syntax goes for all DOM events. In fact all the buttons you have seen have the onclick event on them. Here is an example: Let's assume that we have a button with the id="myButton", we want to alert "Hello World" when it's clicked. Here is how you would do it:
document.getElementById("myButton").onclick = function(){ alert("Hello World") }
Or we could do it in the HTML ( although generally it a better idea to do it in JavaScript ):
<button onclick="alert('Hello World')"> Run </button>
Some other commonly used events are:
Here is an example of onmouseout and onmouseover
document.getElementById("block2").onmouseover = function(){ this.innerHTML = "Mouse Over"; } document.getElementById("block2").onmouseout = function(){ this.innerHTML = "Mouse Out"; }
In some languages timers can be quite complex or hard to use, although in JavaScript timers are quite simple and easy to use. The two timing events in JavaScript are:
setInterval() Keeps executing the the given function at a time interval based on the milliseconds given. Note that it will keep executing the function, over and over, until we tell it to stop.
var count = 0; var myTimer = setInterval(function(){ counter() },1000); function counter(){ count++; document.getElementById("counter").innerHTML = count; }
We can use the clearInterval( timer ) function to stop the timer from going on forever. In this case the Stop button does this:
clearInterval(myTimer);
Note: You will need to make your timer variables such as "myTimer" global variables.
The setTimeout() function will wait a specified number of milliseconds, then execute a function once. Here is an example of an alert that will wait 5 seconds before executing:
myTimer2 = setTimeout(function(){ alert("Hello World") }, 5000);
We can use clearTimerout( timer ) to stop the function from calling. This is what the stop button does in this case:
clearTimeout(myTimer2);
I'm sure you noticed that I disabled my Run buttons when you clicked them. It's very important not to create a setInterval() or setTimeout() on the same variable before the first one is finished or cleared. Because it will only be possible to stop the last call and not the runs before, which can lead to serious problems with infinite timers. Here is the modified code for the last event that disables the run button:
var myTimer2; function outFunction(){ // Called when Run button is clicked myTimer2 = setTimeout(function(){ alert("Hello World"); document.getElementById("run2").disabled = false; }, 5000); document.getElementById("run2").disabled = true; } function stopTime(){ // Called when Stop button is clicked clearTimeout(myTimer2); document.getElementById("run2").disabled = false; }
In that past we normally used cookies as storage on the clients machine, although cookies were small and not too secure. With HTML 5 becoming the standard there is a new way to store client-side information known as Web Storage or DOM Storage, there are two JavaScript objects that support HTML5 storage:
Currently we can store up to 5 Megabytes of information, much more than what cookies could store. HTML5 storage is also more secure that cookie storage.
Here is how to create a variable that uses localStorage:
localStorage.myVariable = ... ;
Here is how to create a variable that uses sessionStorage:
sessionStorage.myVariable = ... ;
And here is how you can check if a particular localStorage or sessionStorage variable exist or not:
if(localStorage.myVariable){ // It exist, change it. } else { // It doesn't exist, make it. }
Now for a simple example I will store button clicks in both session and local storage:
And here is the code below:
function localStore(){ if(localStorage.clicks){ localStorage.clicks++; } else { localStorage.clicks = 1; } document.getElementById("localStore").innerHTML = "Local Clicks : " + localStorage.clicks; } function sessionStore(){ if(sessionStorage.clicks){ sessionStorage.clicks++; } else { sessionStorage.clicks = 1; } document.getElementById("sessionStore").innerHTML = "Session Clicks : " + sessionStorage.clicks; } document.getElementById("localStore").onclick = function(){ localStore(); } document.getElementById("sessionStore").onclick = function(){ sessionStore(); }
Here are some important points we went over:
JS Objects : Built-in JS objects that we can use.
DOM Events : Even triggers that provides interaction with the web page.
Timers: Events used for timing with JavaScript.
Storage : Used to store information cliently.
Thank you for reading my introduction to Programing with JavaScript tutorial! If you have any (questions/comments/criticism) you can e-mail me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.


https://github.com/RusPosevkin/Moodle-Legibility
https://github.com/RusPosevkin/film-search
https://github.com/RusPosevkin/Marionette.Modal


AWAIC - Atomic Weights and Isotope Compositions¶
Developers and Contributors:¶
J. S. Coursey, D. J. Schwab, J. J. Tsai, and R. A. Dragoset NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory
The atomic weights are available for elements 1 through 118 and isotopic compositions or abundances are given when appropriate. The atomic weights data were published by J. Meija et al in Atomic Weights of the Elements 2013, and the isotopic compositions data were published by M. Berglund and M.E. Wieser in Isotopic Compositions of the Elements 2009. The relative atomic masses of the isotopes data were published by M. Wang, G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, F.G. Kondev, M. MacCormick, X. Xu1, and B. Pfeiffer in The AME2012 Atomic Mass Evaluation.
These data have been compiled from the above sources for the user’s convenience and does not represent a critical evaluation by the NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory.
Get up-to-date data file from NIST¶
Goto NIST and select (Search the Database):
Output Type: Linearized ASCII Output
Isotopes: All isotopes
--> Get Data
Then save
the output as a text file and remove the heading and trailing
lines.
Atomic Number = 1
Atomic Symbol = H
Mass Number = 1
Relative Atomic Mass = 1.00782503223(9)
Isotopic Composition = 0.999885(70)
Standard Atomic Weight = [1.00784,1.00811]
Notes = m
...
Atomic Number = 118
Atomic Symbol = Og
Mass Number = 295
Relative Atomic Mass = 295.21624(69#)
Isotopic Composition =
Standard Atomic Weight =
Notes =
There is already a file awaic.txt
in awaic/src/
, however, it is
recommended to fetch the latest version if th``last update`` on the NIST
page is newer.
Load the AWAIC package¶
In FriCAS do
(3) -> quickLoad "awaic"
Compiling function quickLoad with type String -> Void
Value = T
To load "awaic":
Load 1 ASDF system:
awaic
; Loading "awaic"
AtomicWeights is now explicitly exposed in frame initial
AtomicWeights will be automatically loaded when needed from
/Users/kfp/quicklisp/local-projects/spadlib/awaic/lib/AWAIC.NRLIB/AWAIC
Value = ("awaic")
Type: Void
(4) -> )sh AWAIC
AtomicWeights is a package constructor
Abbreviation for AtomicWeights is AWAIC
This constructor is exposed in this frame.
------------------------------- Operations --------------------------------
readDataAsInput : String -> Void str2float : String -> Float
atomicMass : (String, StringTable(List(String))) -> Float
atomicMassUnc : (String, StringTable(List(String))) -> Float
atomicNumber : (String, StringTable(List(String))) -> Integer
atomicSymbol : (String, StringTable(List(String))) -> Symbol
elements : StringTable(List(String)) -> List(String)
isotopeSymbol : (String, StringTable(List(String))) -> Symbol
massNumber : (String, StringTable(List(String))) -> Integer
readDefault : () -> StringTable(List(String))
readRawDataFile : String -> StringTable(List(String))
str2floatUncertainty : String -> Float
Read the data file into FriCAS¶
First of all tell FriCAS where your data file can be found (e.g.):
data:= "C:/Users/kfp/quicklisp/local-projects/spadlib/awaic/src/awaic.txt"
Then we can read it by:
(2) -> aw:=readRawDataFile data;
Type: StringTable(List(String))
Now aw
is a string table:
(14) -> )sh StringTable
StringTable(Entry: Type) is a domain constructor
Abbreviation for StringTable is STRTBL
This constructor is not exposed in this frame.
------------------------------- Operations --------------
copy : % -> % dictionary : () -> %
elt : (%, String, Entry) -> Entry ?.? : (%, String) -> Entry
empty : () -> % empty? : % -> Boolean
entries : % -> List(Entry)
...
The size is (for instance)
(15) -> #aw
(15) 3352
Type: PositiveInteger
To get the keys:
(16) -> keys aw
(16)
["Og295", "Og294", "Og293", "Uus294", "Ts293", "Ts292", "Ts291", "Lv293",
"Lv292", "Lv291", "Lv290", "Lv289", "Uup291", "Mc290", "Mc289", "Mc288",
"Mc287", "Fl289", "Fl288", "Fl287", "Fl286", "Fl285", "Nh287", "Nh286",
"Nh285", "Nh284", "Nh283", "Nh282", "Nh281", "Nh280", "Nh279", "Nh278",
"Cn285", "Cn284", "Cn283", "Cn282", "Cn281", "Cn280", "Cn279", "Cn278",
"Cn277", "Cn276", "Rg283", "Rg282", "Rg281", "Rg280", "Rg279", "Rg278",
"Rg277", "Rg276", "Rg275", "Rg274", "Rg273", "Rg272", "Ds281", "Ds280",
"Ds279", "Ds278", "Ds277", "Ds276", "Ds275", "Ds274", "Ds273", "Ds272",
"Ds271", "Ds270", "Ds269", "Ds268", "Ds267", "Mt279", "Mt278", "Mt277",
"Mt276", "Mt275", "Mt274", "Mt273", "Mt272", "Mt271", "Mt270", "Mt269",
"Mt268", ....
To obtain a record to a key (Symbol):
(17) -> aw "Og295"
(17) ["118", "Og", "295", "295.21624(69#)", "", "", ""]
Type: List(String)
One may use the specific accessor functions, e.g.
(18) -> atomicNumber("Og295",aw)
(18) 118
Type: PositiveInteger
(19) -> atomicSymbol("Og295",aw)
(19) Og
Type: Symbol
(20) -> atomicMass("Og295",aw)
(20) 295.21624
Type: Float
(21) -> atomicMassUnc("H1",aw)
(21) 0.9 E -10
Type: Float
(22) -> isotopeSymbol("He4",aw)
4
(22) He
2
Type: Symbol
and so on.
The correspondence is as follows:
Atomic Number = 1 ......................... atomicNumber -> 1
Atomic Symbol = H ......................... atomicSymbol -> H
Mass Number = 1 ........................... massNumber -> 1
Relative Atomic Mass 1.00782503223(9) ..... atomicMass -> 1.00782503223
..... atomicMassUnc -> 0.9 E -10


ImageMask class¶
The ImageMask class contains all the information about how the sample is distributed on the sky. The basic functions are to create the mask object, to generate random samples for the mask, and to manipulate the mask in various ways.
-
class
ImageMask_class.
ImageMask
(mask, wcs_instance, wcs_moveable=True)[source]¶ This is a class that handles the arrangement of the observations on the sky. The default constructor is probably not what you will want to access directly. There are more user-friendly class methods that allow mask definition from various sources.
Class methods are ImageMask.from_FITS_weight_file, ImageMask.from_array, ImageMask.from_ranges
Parameters: mask : 2D array
This is an array describing completeness as a function of position on the sky
wcs_instance : astropy.wcs.WCS instance
Encodes the information about how large the field is and where it is on the sky.
wcs_moveable : bool
True if the WCS instance can be moved on the sky. False if it can’t. The WCS instances that are created froms scratch by the class methods from_ranges and from_array cannot be moved. This is a bug that will be fixed later. Default is True
Methods
-
classmethod
from_FITS_weight_file
(weight_file)[source]¶ Class method to generate an image mask from a weight file in FITS format. If the FITS file is large, this routine can take some time.
Syntax
immask = ImageMask.from_FITS_weight_file(weight_file)
Parameters: weight_file : string
The file name including the path from / that contains the FITS file to mask with
Returns: new_mask : ImageMask instance
An image mask that corresponds to the FITS file specified
-
classmethod
from_array
(mask, ra_range, dec_range)[source]¶ Used to create an image mask from an array and RA and Dec ranges. The RA and Dec ranges should be the ranges covered by the entire mask, not just the part that has galaxies on it. The main purpose of this class method is to create a WCS instance for you when you don’t have one already.
The mask orientation is important. The [0, 0] corner corresponds to the minimum of both RA and Dec. The first index increasing corresponds to increasing the declination. The second index increasing corresponds to increasing the RA.
WARNING: This routine assumes that the region of the sky the mask covers is small enough that things like pixel scale in RA is the same over the whole image. This will break for very large masks.
Parameters: mask : 2D array
An array of completenesses as a function of position on the sky. 0 means that nothing in that pixel will be used for CFs. 1 means that everything will be. Numbers between are partially complete.
ra_range : array-like, length 2
The RAs of the left and right sides of the mask. (In degrees.)
dec_range : array-like, length 2
The Decs of the top and bottom of the mask. (In degrees.)
Returns: new_mask : ImageMask instance
An image mask that has the mask provided and the corresponding WCS instance.
-
classmethod
from_ranges
(ra_range, dec_range)[source]¶ Used to create an image mask from RA and Dec ranges. This is useful for things like mock catalogs that are rectangular (in the spherical coordinate sense)
WARNING: This routine assumes that the region of the sky the mask covers is small enough that things like pixel scale in RA is the same over the whole image. This will break for very large masks.
Parameters: ra_range : array-like, length 2
The min and max RAs to be covered. (In degrees.)
dec_range : array-like, length 2
The min and max Decs to be covered. (In degrees.)
Returns: new_mask : ImageMask instance
An image mask that is a rectangle that spans the RA and Dec ranges specified
-
generate_random_sample
(number_to_make)[source]¶ Generate a given number of random points within the mask.
Parameters: number_to_make : scalar
Number of randomly placed objects within the mask area returned.
Returns: ra : numpy ndarray
The RAs of the randomly placed objects within the mask. Unit is degrees. The array shape is (number_to_make,)
dec : numpy ndarray
The Decs of the randomly placed objects within the mask. Unit is degrees. The array shape is (number_to_make,)
-
masked_area_solid_angle
()[source]¶ Returns the solid angle subtended by the masked region- just the part where data is allowed.
Method
The WCS instance is queried to get the RA and Dec coordinates of the image. Those are converted to X and Y coordinates- note that this involves some distortion. If the number of coordinates at the bottom and top are different, a warning is printed but the routine proceeds. The area is treated as a trapezoid to get the total number of effective pixels. This is compared to the number of pixels on the mask where the mask value is greater than 0, returning the fraction of the image that is to be considered.
Then, a solid angle integral is performed over the ranges in RA and Dec and multiplied by the fraction of the image to be considered. This is returned as the solid angle covered.
Returns: solid_angle : scalar
The solid angle in steradians covered by the nonzero elements of the mask array.
-
move_mask_on_sky
(delta_ra=0, delta_dec=0, theta_degrees=0, preview=False)[source]¶ Move the mask around on the sky by changing the parameters in the WCS instance. If preview=True, the calling instance won’t be changed and a copy with the altered WCS instance will be returned. Otherwise, the ImageMask calling this function will be changed and nothing is returned.
Parameters: delta_ra : scalar (optional)
Amount to change the central RA. Defaults to 0
delta_dec : scalar (optional)
Amount to change the central Dec. Defaults to 0
theta_degrees : scalar (optional)
Amount to rotate the WCS instance in degrees. Defaults to 0
preview : boolean (optional)
Default it False. If True, returns an ImageMask instance with the same mask as the ImageMask that generated it but with the WCS instance altered. The calling instance won’t be changed. If False, the calling instance’s WCS instance will be changed and nothing will be returned.
Returns: altered_mask : ImageMask instance
This is only returned if preview==False. It is a copy of the calling ImageMask instance with a changed WCS instance.
-
ra_dec_to_xy
(ra, dec)[source]¶ Given a list of RA and Dec, returns the XY position on the image.
Parameters: ra : array-like
A list of RA coordinates to transform. (In degrees.)
dec : array-like
A list of Dec coordinates to transform. (In degrees.)
Returns: x : 1D np.ndarray
X positions of the input coordinates
y : 1D np.ndarray
Y positions of the input coordinates
-
return_completenesses
(ra_list, dec_list)[source]¶ Takes a list of RAs and Decs and returns the completenesses for each point. This version only supports completeness with no dependence on object properties.
Parameters: ra_list : 1D array-like
A list of the RAs in degrees for the objects to query for completeness.
dec_list : 1D array-like
A list of the Decs in degrees for the objects to query for completeness.
Returns: completeness : 1D numpy array
A list of completenesses for the objects in the input lists. Completenesses are between 0 and 1 (inclusive). To see if the object should be used, draw a random uniform number on [0,1] if that number is less than or equal to the completeness, include the object.
-
return_subregions
(ra, dec, theta=None, rot_xedges=None, rot_yedges=None)[source]¶ Returns the subregion number for each pair of RA and Dec given the parameters either stored or given as function parameters.
Parameters: ra : array-like
A list of RAs to get subregion numbers for (in degrees)
dec : array-like
A list of Decs to get subregion numbers for (in degrees)
theta : scalar (optional)
Rotation angle that the mask’s bounding box will be defined at with respect to the XY coordinate system of the mask. If not given, the routine will look for a stored theta. Units are degrees
rot_xedges : array-like (optional)
The x coordinates of the cell boundaries in the rotated coordinate system. If not given, the routine will look for a stored theta.
rot_yedges : array-like (optional)
The x coordinates of the cell boundaries in the rotated coordinate system. If not given, the routine will look for a stored theta.
Returns: subregions : numpy ndarray
The subregion number for each of the points input. The array shape is (len(ra),). The subregion -1 is outside the bounding box (this only happens if you’ve set negative padding somewhere or have asked for things outside the mask).
-
set_subregions
(theta, xedges, yedges)[source]¶ Set subregion information. Theta is the rotation of the enclosing rectangle and the x and y edges are the locations in the rotated coordinate system of the rectangle. This is mainly useful if you calculated these quantities with subdivide_mask previously and would prefer to just set these by hand instead of replicating the subdivide_mask call.
Parameters: theta : scalar
The angle in radians of the bounding box rotation
xedges : array-like
The x coordinates in the rotated coordinate system of the cell boundaries
yedges : array-like
The y coordinates in the rotated coordinate system of the cell boundaries
-
subdivide_mask
(n_shortside=3, n_longside=4, preview=False, rotation_angle=None, padding=None, only_show=None, save_plot=None)[source]¶ Subdivide mask takes the image mask, draws a rectangle around the valid region of the mask, rotated to be as small as possible, and subdivides that rectangle. The rotation angle of the box can be set manually and space can be trimmed or added from the sides of the box.
Parameters: n_shortside : integer (optional)
The number of cells along the short side of the rectangle. Default is 3.
n_longside : integer (optional)
The number of cells along the long side of the rectangle. Default is 4.
preview : bool (optional)
Should the mask show you what this set of parameters looks like but not store the results? If preview == True, either a plot will be shown on your screen (no value given for save_plot) or saved to a file (save_plot specified). The image mask object will not keep the division information. If preview == False, which is the default, the values will be stored and a plot will only be made if save_plot is specified.
rotation_angle : scalar (optional)
Fixes the rotation angle that the mask’s bounding box will be defined at with respect to the XY coordinate system of the mask. By default, the routine will choose the integer angle in degrees which minimizes the area of the bounding box.
padding : 4 element array-like (optional)
How many pixels extra to allow in the rotated coordinates of the bounding box. The order is [bottom, top, left, right]. Positive padding corresponds to moving the edges outwards and leaving extra room. Negative padding will move the bounding box inward and cut off part of the mask.
only_show : integer (optional)
If you only want to see the random points that fall into one of the cells in the subdivided mask, you set only_show to that cell number. This will only matter if you have preview=True or have specified save_plot.
save_plot : string (optional)
Name with path from ‘/’ of the file where you would like the plot of the subdivided mask saved. If only_show is set to an integer that corresponds to a cell number, only the points in that cell will be shown.
-
unmasked_random_sample
(number_to_make, ra_range, dec_range)[source]¶ Generates a given number of randomly placed points in a specified RA and Dec range. This is really just an intermediary for a call to correlations.uniform_sphere(RAlim, DEClim, size=1). This routine does not allow for the RA and Dec ranges to be completely outside the mask. If you want that, go to the function in correlations.
Parameters: number_to_make : scalar
The number of random objects to place in the RA and Dec range
ra_range : array-like
Randoms will be placed between ra_range[0] and ra_range[1]. Units are degrees.
dec_range : array-like
Randoms will be placed between dec_range[0] and dec_range[1]. Units are degrees.
Returns: ra : numpy ndarray
RA coords of the randomly placed objects. Array shape is (number_to_make,)
dec : numpy ndarray
Dec coords of the randomly placed objects. Array shape is (number_to_make,)
-
xy_to_ra_dec
(x, y)[source]¶ Given a list of X and Y coordinates, returns the RA and Dec.
Parameters: x : array-like
X positions of the input coordinates
y : array-like
Y positions of the input coordinates
Returns: ra : np.ndarray
RAs of the input coordinates in degrees
dec : array-like
Decs of the input coordinates in degrees
-
classmethod


|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
public interface Node
A Node is an element in a GraphSceneManager
. The scene manager can
contain several nodes. There are two different types, the Group
and
Leaf
. Every group can contain several child nodes. Every leaf should
contain some element that can be used in rendering the scene manager.
Not all the methods defined in this interface are necessarily implemented in
every class that implement it. Some of the methods only make sense for groups
and other for leaves. Some are only needed if a physics engine is active.
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
void |
addChild(Node child)
Adds a child to the node. |
void |
enablePhysicsProperties(Box2DWorld world)
Enables the physics properties for this node. |
BoundingBox |
getBoundingBox()
Gets the bounding box of the node. |
javax.vecmath.Vector3f |
getCenter()
Gets the center of the individual node. |
java.util.List<Node> |
getChildren()
Gets all the children of a node. |
javax.vecmath.Matrix4f |
getCompleteTransformationMatrix()
Gets the complete transformation matrix that is calculated by multiplying all the transformation matrices you get when traveling the graph from the root to the current node. |
Material |
getMaterial()
Gets the Material associated to a node. |
Node |
getParent()
Gets the parent of the node. |
Box2DBody |
getPhysicsProperties()
Gets the physics properties of this node. |
javax.vecmath.Matrix4f |
getRotationMatrix()
Gets the rotation matrix of the individual node. |
float |
getScale()
Gets the scale of the individual node. |
Shape |
getShape()
Gets the Shape associated to a node. |
javax.vecmath.Matrix4f |
getTransformationMatrix()
Gets the transformation matrix of the individual node. |
javax.vecmath.Matrix4f |
getTranslationMatrix()
Gets the translation matrix of the individual node. |
RayShapeIntersection |
intersect(Ray ray)
Intersect a node with a given ray. |
void |
move(javax.vecmath.Vector3f v)
Moves an individual node by a 3D vector. |
boolean |
removeChild(Node child)
Removes a child to the node. |
void |
setActiveState(boolean b)
Sets a flag indicating whether this node should be activated for user interaction. |
void |
setMaterial(Material material)
Sets the Material associated to a node. |
void |
setParent(Node parent)
Sets the parent of the node. |
void |
setRotationMatrix(javax.vecmath.Matrix4f t)
Sets the rotation matrix of the individual node. |
void |
setScale(float f)
Sets the scale of the individual node. |
void |
setShape(Shape shape)
Sets the Shape associated to a node. |
void |
setTranslationMatrix(javax.vecmath.Matrix4f t)
Sets the translation matrix of the individual node. |
void |
updatePositionFromPhysic()
Reflects the position change of the node back from the physics world. |
| Method Detail |
|---|
javax.vecmath.Matrix4f getCompleteTransformationMatrix()
javax.vecmath.Matrix4f getTranslationMatrix()
void setTranslationMatrix(javax.vecmath.Matrix4f t)
t
- the new translation matrixjavax.vecmath.Matrix4f getRotationMatrix()
void setRotationMatrix(javax.vecmath.Matrix4f t)
t
- the new rotation matrixfloat getScale()
void setScale(float f)
f
- the new scalevoid move(javax.vecmath.Vector3f v)
v
- the vector indicating how the node will be moved.javax.vecmath.Matrix4f getTransformationMatrix()
javax.vecmath.Vector3f getCenter()
void setActiveState(boolean b)
b
- the active stateBoundingBox getBoundingBox()
Group
, it
will create a bounding box that contains all the children.
Shape getShape()
Shape
associated to a node. This method is only used in
classes extending Leaf
.
void setShape(Shape shape)
Shape
associated to a node. This method is only used in
classes extending Leaf
.
shape
- the new shapeMaterial getMaterial()
Material
associated to a node. This method is only used
in classes extending Leaf
.
void setMaterial(Material material)
Material
associated to a node. This method is only used
in classes extending Leaf
.
material
- the new materialjava.util.List<Node> getChildren()
Group
.
void addChild(Node child)
Group
.
child
- the child to be addedboolean removeChild(Node child)
Group
.
child
- the child to be removed
Node getParent()
void setParent(Node parent)
parent
- the new parent nodeRayShapeIntersection intersect(Ray ray)
ray
- the ray that needs to be intersected
RayShapeIntersection
that contains information about
if and where a hit between the node and the ray occurredvoid enablePhysicsProperties(Box2DWorld world)
world
- the object that represents the physics world.void updatePositionFromPhysic()
Box2DBody getPhysicsProperties()
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Meeting Hadley!
Last Monday, I had the pleasure of attending a talk given by Hadley Wickham at LondonR, which was held at one of their usual venues at the UCL Darwin Lecture Theatre.
For most readers of this blog, Hadley needs no introduction: it is a running joke amongst R users that if tidyverse hadn’t been rebranded, it would’ve been known as the hadleyverse - and this says it all. If it weren’t for his contributions to all these packages (tidyr, dplyr, and gplot2 - to name a few), I probably wouldn’t even be using R today.
I had really looked forward to this event, as it’s always an interesting experience to meet in real life these people you seem to know so well or have heard so much about virtually. Another occasion I could recall was Hilary Parker’s keynote address at EARL, which I know her through her brilliant data science podcast (co-hosted with Roger Peng), Not So Standard Deviations. Do check it out - I highly recommend it.
In this post, I’m going to briefly summarize()
(sorry 😆) what Hadley covered in his talk, and some of my thoughts on his points.
Tidyverse: the greatest hits
This was perhaps the busiest LondonR sessions I’ve ever been to, but understandably so! The lecture hall usually has a fair number of free seats left, but on this occasion late-comers struggled to find free seats. Speaking to a couple of other attendees around me, nobody seemed to know in advance what Hadley’s talk was going to be about - this was kept somewhat mysterious when the event opened for registration. Matt Aldridge (CEO of Mango Solutions) introduced the event, and apparently this is a brand new talk by Hadley: Tidyverse: the greatest hits.
Interestingly, this turned out to be one of those attention-catching titles - what Hadley really planned to talk about was the greatest mistakes of the tidyverse. As he claims, whilst the intuitive expectation of good developers and R coders may be that they make fewer mistakes, it’s more the case for him that he makes many mistakes as fast as possible - which, I imagine, is partly responsible for his prolific body of work in R. Unfortunately, some of these “mistakes” have become “permanent” within tidyverse, which in his talk he explained some of these oddities in the tidyverse that most users probably have questioned about at some point.
Hadley mentioned a number of these “permanent mistakes”, and probably two of those which tidyverse users resonated the most with are:
- the conflicting function names with
stats::filter()
andstats::lag()
- the use of the
+
operator rather than%>%
in ggplot2
Most regular tidyverse users would probably have wondered on at least one occasion about the first case: why are there always function conflicts when we run library(tidyverse)
, and how do we get rid of it? The function conflict happens because dplyr::filter()
and the base stats::filter()
have the same name, so it will always conflict if you load tidyverse. It is the classic programming problem of naming variables and functions: you may think a variable name is intuitive or sensible initially, but not thinking it through thoroughly enough can sometimes come back and bite you in the future.
Hadley’s argument for choosing filter()
as the dplyr verb for filtering rows despite the existence of stats::filter()
is because of the relatively niche applications of the latter function.
This is what the documentation of stats::filter()
says about the function:
Applies linear filtering to a univariate time series or to each series separately of a multivariate time series.
I’ve never used stats::filter()
myself and personally find filter()
to be quite an intuitive verb, so I’m not too much bothered by this one.
Another similar function-naming “mistake” that Hadley talked about is the lack of intuitiveness of gather()
and spread()
, where the criticism is that it isn’t immediately clear to an unfamiliar tidyr user which of those functions converts data from long to wide format, and vice versa. Unlike dplyr::filter()
where there are no plans for a new filtering or subsetting function, in the development version of tidyr there will be two new functions for pivoting data frames, pivot_wide()
and pivot_long()
, which remove the ambiguity you get in spread()
and gather()
. Note that there isn’t any intent to deprecate spread()
and gather()
, but I think you simply get two new alternatives which make the code easier to read and use.
The other interesting mistake that Hadley talked about is the +
operator in ggplot2. To put it simply, this refers to the problem that whilst the rest of the tidyverse uses the pipe operator %>%
to chain analysis steps together, ggplot2 alone uses a different operator. Here’s a simple illustration of the problem:
iris %>% # You can pipe
select(Species, Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width) %>% # Still piping
ggplot(aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width, colour = Species)) + # You cannot use pipe here
geom_point()
If you use the %>%
operator instead of +
once you start to use the ggplot functions, you get the following error message:
Error:
mapping
must be created byaes()
Did you use %>% instead of +?
This is very much a mistake of legacy, because the magrittr pipe %>%
was not in use when ggplot2 was written. Again, this feels like a quirk or inconvenience that tidyverse users will need to live with, but from a macro perspective ggplot2 is still a fantastic package with powerful functionalities that played a significant role in popularising the use of R.
Hannah Frick lists a couple more points that Hadley mentioned during his talk:
The greatest tidyverse mistakes:
— Hannah Frick (@hfcfrick) August 19, 2019
💥 no pipe in ggplot2
💥 overwriting filter and lag
💥 using the . in arg names
💥 tidyeval pushed too early
💥 tidyverse as a name made some people think it's meant to be used in isolation - nah, use it with whatever in #rstats is useful for you!
Conclusions
Ultimately, what Hadley wanted to get across for talking about the “mistakes of tidyverse” is perhaps this slide:
Quote on slide:
“The cost of never making a mistake is very often never making a change. It’s just too incredibly hard to be sure.” - GeePaw Hill
Here’s a link to the GeePaw Hill blog Hadley referred to.
Are these mistakes “necessary evil”? It’s something to debate about, really. My own view is that these slight quirks and inconveniences are a small price to pay, if they are unavoidable in developing these highly effective R packages in such a short space of time. I do have to say, I am also both impressed and humbled to see Hadley being so open (if not apologetic) about these mistakes in the tidyverse.
In the Q&As, there were also a couple of questions that you’d almost expect: what is the future of R, given Python? Hadley’s view is that whilst Python is a great programming language, there are certain peculiarities about R - such as non-standard evaluation - which make it highly effective for doing data science. This enables R to achieve a certain level of fluency for doing data science that Python, without non-standard evaluation, is unlikely to do so. He didn’t go into a huge amount of detail on this controversial debate (raising the Python vs R question amongst this audience is probably no less controversial than Brexit amongst the Brits). However, I did find it intriguing that for someone who did so much for the R language, he sees Python and R as complementary rather than competitive.
Hadley also made it very clear that the intent isn’t for tidyverse to be used on its own (without other packages), but as a starting point. It doesn’t matter, for instance, if you use data.table and tidyverse together.
This was a great LondonR session, even though the content was much more about programming than data science. A big thank you to Hadley Wickham and the Mango Solutions team for organising this!


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Chemistry
Units
Unit 1=
Compositions of Matter
Matter is anything that takes up space and possess a certain mass.
Matter can have different properties, either physical (observed) or chemical (take place after chemical reactions).
There are two types of physical properties: intensive and extensive.
Extensive properties are dependent on the amount of matter in the sample, such as mass.
Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter, such as temperature and color.
Atomic Theory
Let's play name that scientist (who contributed to the atomic theory)!
Who was the first to challenge Aristotle's beliefs in regards to the composition of matter?
He even coined the term "atom".
→ Democritus
Who expanded upon Democritus' theories with modern knowledge?
Unlike his predecessor, his ideas were taken seriously.
→ Dalton
Who created the "plum pudding model" and discovered that there were negative and positive portions of the atom?
→ J.J. Thomson
Who discovered that atoms were made mostly of empty space with his gold foil experiment?
→ Rutherford
Who discovered the neutron?
→ Chadwick
What nerd spent months trying to discover the charge of the electron with his oil drop experiment?
→ Millikan
Who greatly expanded the realms of physics and quantum mechanics?
→ Bohr
Unit 2=
Periodic Trends
• Ionization Energy: the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an atom
◦ increases across the period, decreases as the period number increases
• Atomic Radius: the radius of the atom
◦ decreases across the period, increases as the period number increases
• Electronegativity: desire to gain an electron
◦ increases across the period, decreases as the period number increases
Quantum Numbers
What are quantum numbers?
Quantum numbers are used to identify the location of electrons.
• the principle quantum number (n): indicates the energy level occupied by the electron
• the angular quantum number (l): indicates which orbital the electron is in
◦ s-orbital: holds 2 electrons per energy level [l = 0]
◦ p-orbital: holds 6 electrons per energy level [l = 1]
◦ d-orbital: holds 10 electrons per energy level [l = 2]
◦ f-orbital: holds 14 electrons per energy level [l = 3]
• the magnetic quantum number (ml): indicates the orientation within an orbital
◦ Imagine the orbital is an array of electrons, where each location holds two electrons.
Each orbital has 2l + 1 locations (e.g. d-block has 5 locations for 10 total electrons with l = 2).
◦ The middle location is considered ml = 0. Each location to the left decreases by 1,
and increases by 1 to the right.
• the fourth quantum number indicates the spin of the electron, which is either -½ or ½
◦ Electrons in each location of the orbital must spin in opposite directions,
which accounts for the repulsion of the electrons.
◦ Each location is filled with positive-spin electrons first,
then is filled with negative-spin electrons.
Aufbau Principle:
in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest available
energy levels before occupying higher levels (few exceptions)
Hund's Rule:
every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied,
and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin
Pauli Exclusion Principle
two or more identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle:
you can never simultaneously know the exact position and the exact speed of an object
Electron Configuration
Ever heard of spdf?
Well, there's an easier way to notate the configurations.
It is known as noble gas notation.
Noble gas notation starts with the noble gas from the previous period
(i.e. start with neon for sodium).
Then, finish the spdf configuration (i.e. [Ne]3s1 for sodium).
The following are examples:
• Titanium: [Ar]4s23d2
• Selenium: [Ar]4s23d104p4
Speed / Frequency / Wavelength
◦ c (m/s) = ν × λ
◦ ν (Hz [s-1]) = c ÷ λ
◦ λ (m) = c ÷ ν
c is the speed of light,
ν is wave frequency,
and λ is wavelength
E (Joules) = h × ν
E is energy, and h is Planck's Constant (6.626 × 10-34)
Unit 3=
Ionic Compounds
What are they?
Ionic compounds are compounds that are formed from a positively charged ion bonding with a negatively charged ion.
Naming?
To name an ionic compound, you take the name of the cation (positive [+] ion) and add the name of the anion (negative [-] ion).
Cation names are the same as the original element, and anion names are the root of the element with the suffix -ide.
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
Ionic compounds have high melting points and can conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
When they are dissolved in water, the cation(s) and anion(s) dissociate, separating into its components.
This forms electrolytes, which are the charged ions that are dissolved in solvent.
Polyatomic Ions
What are they?
Polyatomic ions are charged molecules that are covalently bonded.
When a hydrogen ion (H+), also known as a PROTON bonds with a negative anion,
it forms an acid.
When the anion ends with -ide, the acid is named using HYDRO-[root of anion]-IC ACID.
When the anion ends with -ite, the acid is named using [root of anion]-OUS ACID.
When the anion ends with -ate, the acid is named using [root of anion]-IC ACID.
Covalent Bonds
What are covalent bonds? Covalent bonds are bonds that form when two nonmetals (possibly metals) share electrons, usually to attain the configuration of noble gases.
Water, or H2O is a molecular compound that forms when two hydrogen atoms bond with oxygen. When each hydrogen atom bonds with one electron of oxygen, they acquire the electron configuration of helium (2 valence). The oxygen atom gains two electrons, and before had six valence electrons. This gives oxygen the electron configuration of neon (8 valence).
There are different types of covalent bonds: single, double, and triple.
An example of a single bond is H2, in which the hydrogen atoms share ONE electron EACH.
An example of a double bond is O2, in which the oxygen atoms share TWO electrons EACH.
An example of a triple bond is N2, in which the nitrogen atoms share THREE electrons EACH.
What are lone pairs? Lone pairs are pairs of electrons that stay unbonded on the central atom.
For example, water, or H2O, is made up of two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms. Oxygen has six valence electrons, and hydrogen has one.
6 − 2(1) = 6 − 2 = 4 → 2.
Since there are four left over electrons on oxygen, there are two lone pairs.
VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion)
What is an electron group? An electron group is either a covalent bond (whether it be single, double, or triple, it is still one group) or a lone pair on the central atom.
| # Molecular Bonds | # Lone Pairs | # Electron Groups | Electron Geometry | Molecular Geometry | Bond Angles | Example | Image of Example | Polarity of Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 0 | 2 | linear | linear | 180° | O2 | nonpolar | |
| 3 | 0 | 3 | trigonal planar | trigonal planar | 120° | BF3 | nonpolar | |
| 2 | 1 | 3 | trigonal planar | bent | 120° | SO2 | polar | |
| 4 | 0 | 4 | tetrahedral | tetrahedral | 109.5° | CH4 | nonpolar | |
| 3 | 1 | 4 | tetrahedral | trigonal pyramidal | 109.5° | NH3 | polar | |
| 2 | 2 | 4 | tetrahedral | bent | 109.5° | H2O | polar | |
| 5 | 0 | 5 | trigonal bipyramidal | trigonal bipyramidal | Equatorial: 120° Axial: 90° |
AsF5 | nonpolar | |
| 4 | 1 | 5 | trigonal bipyramidal | seesaw | Equatorial: 120° Axial: 90° |
SF4 | polar | |
| 3 | 2 | 5 | trigonal bipyramidal | T-shape | 90° | ClF3 | polar | |
| 2 | 3 | 5 | trigonal bipyramidal | linear | 180° | XeF2 | nonpolar | |
| 6 | 0 | 6 | octahedral | octahedral | 90° | SF6 | nonpolar | |
| 5 | 1 | 6 | octahedral | square pyramidal | 90° | BrF5 | polar | |
| 4 | 2 | 6 | octahedral | square planar | 90° | XeF4 | nonpolar |
Van der Waals Forces
What are the two van der Waals forces? The two van der Waals forces are: dipole interactions and London dispersion forces.
Dipole interactions are the stronger of the two forces, in which polar molecules are attracted to those of opposite charge.
London dispersion forces are caused by the motion of electrons where instantaneous dipoles form on molecules (even nonpolar ones). This forces compounds that should normally be gas to be a liquid (e.g. gasoline). Furthermore, larger atoms have larger dispersion forces (F and Cl are gases, Br is a liquid, and I is a solid).
Hydrogen bonds are a special kind of force. They are the strongest molecular force (still weaker than ionic bonds and 5% the strength of covalent bonds). This force makes water a liquid when it should be a solid, due to hydrogen loses volume.
Unit 5=
Moles
What is a mole? A mole is a unit of number. It is the number of Carbon-12 atoms in 12 grams, and can be applied to any pure substance.
1 mol = 6.022 × 1023 ← Avagadro's Number
1 mol of gas = 22.4 L
Molar mass of an atom can be found through taking the atomic mass of an atom and changing the units from amu to g/mol.
Molar mass of a compound can be found by doing the steps above, multiplying each elemental molar mass by the subscript following that atom, and adding the results together.
Example: AlPO4: Al[27 g/mol] + P[31 g/mol] + O[4×(16 g/mol)] = 27 g/mol + 31 g/mol + 64 g/mol = 122 g/mol
How do I find the amount of moles of a substance when given its quantity (in grams)?
Simple. Use dimensional analysis.
Example: 61 grams of AlPO4: 61 g⁄1 × 1 mol⁄122 g = 61
How do I find the mass of collection of a certain substance given the quantity (in mol)?
Simple again. Use dimensional analysis. You'll get it eventually.
Example: 0.5 mol of AlPO4: 0.5 mol⁄1 × 122 g⁄1 mol = 0.5(122)
How do I find the number of atoms/molecules in a collection of a certain substance given the quantity (in grams)?
Okay, this one's not as simple as the others, but it's still pretty easy.
Example:
61 grams of AlPO4: 61 g⁄1 × 1 mol⁄122 g = 61
How do I find the number of atoms/molecules in a collection of a certain substance given the quantity (in mol)?
Even easier. Get a grip.
Example:
0.5 mol of AlPO4: 0.5 mol⁄1 × 6.022 × 10^23 molecules⁄1 mol = 0.5
Do you understand what I'm trying to say? Dimensional analysis is key to finding numbers when dealing with moles.
Chemical Reactions
There are FIVE types of chemical reactions: synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single-replacement, and double-replacement.
QUIZ
1. Which reaction is the following equation?
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)
A) Synthesis
B) Decomposition
C) Combustion
D) Single-Replacement
E) Double-Replacement
2. Which reaction is the following equation?
CuCO3(s) → CuO(s) + CO2(g)
A) Synthesis
B) Decomposition
C) Combustion
D) Single-Replacement
E) Double-Replacement
3. Which reaction is the following equation?
MgSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
A) Synthesis
B) Decomposition
C) Combustion
D) Single-Replacement
E) Double-Replacement
4. Which reaction is the following equation?
C4H8(s) + 6O2(g) → 4H2O(l) + 4CO2(g)
A) Synthesis
B) Decomposition
C) Combustion
D) Single-Replacement
E) Double-Replacement
5. Which reaction is the following equation?
2Cu(s) + O2(g) → 2CuO(s)
A) Synthesis
B) Decomposition
C) Combustion
D) Single-Replacement
E) Double-Replacement
6. Which reaction is the following equation?
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
A) Synthesis
B) Decomposition
C) Combustion
D) Single-Replacement
E) Double-Replacement
How do I balance a given equation?
Seriously? Okay, I admit that it's difficult in some situations. However, it is relatively simple when it comes to balancing MOST equations.
H2O + O2 → H2O2
Step 1: Count the number of each element's occurrence in each compound
H[2]O[1] O[2] → H[2]O[2]
Step 2: Find a way to make the numbers the same, but elements of the same compound must be multiplied by the same factor
H[4]O[2] O[2] → H[4]O[4]
Step 3: Factor the multiplier out
2H2O + O2 → 2H2O2
REMEMBER: Br2 I2 N2 Cl2 H2 O2 F2
These elements ALWAYS, ALWAYS, ALWAYS (times infinity) appear as diatomic molecules when they are not bonded to another substance.
QUIZ
Balance the following equations:
1. C4H8(s) + O2(g) → H2O(l) + CO2(g)
2. Fe(s) + Cl2(g) → FeCl3(s)
3. Fe(s) + O2(g) → Fe2O3(s)
4. FeBr3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Fe2(SO4)3(s) + HBr(aq)
5. C4H6O3(s) + H2O(l) → C2H4O2(s)
6. H2SiCl2(aq) + H2O(l) → H8Si4O4(s) + HCl(aq)
How do I write a fully-balanced equation when given a word problem?
Let me say this slowly: that's... a... great question! Follow the steps below:
Step 1: Create a skeleton equation (unbalanced w/o products)
Step 2: Determine the type of reaction and predict products
Step 3: Balance the equation
Step 4: Determine the states of matter of the products
Example:
I take a solution of dissolved copper (II) sulfate. I then drop zinc metal into the solution. Create an equation for this scenario.
Step 1: CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) → ???
Step 2: Single-Replacement (AB + C → CB + A); therefore, products are ZnSO4 + Cu
Step 3: CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4 + Cu
Step 4: CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
RULE: To determine the precipitate of a double-replacement reaction that takes place in solution (aqueous), use the solubility rules (can be found online).
A complete ionic equation is a chemical equation with every element coverted into its ionic counterpart.
Example:
MgSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq) becomes
Mg2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) → Mg2+(s) 2OH-(s) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
A spectator ion is an ion that does not change states from changing from a reactant into a product (in the complete ionic equation).
Example:
Mg2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Mg2+(s) 2OH-(s) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq), where the spectator ions are 2Na+(aq) and SO42-(aq).
Therefore, the net ionic equation is: Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s)
Empirical and Molecular Formulae
How do I find the empirical formula of a compound given its compositional ratio?
You're going to have to pay reaaaaal close attention for this one. Take the percentages and convert them to grams (literally just change the sign), and multiply them by their molar mass (can determine from steps above). Then, take the smallest number and divide each result by that number. Those results (to the nearest whole number) are the numbers of each element in the compound.
If you are still confused, an example is below:
Example:
The percentage composition of acetic acid is found to be 39.9% C, 6.7% H, and 53.4% O. Determine the empirical formula of acetic acid.
C: 39.9 g × 1 mol⁄12 g = 39.9 mol•
H: 6.7 g × 1 mol⁄1 g = 6.7 mol•
O: 53.4 g × 1 mol⁄16 g = 53.4 mol•
ANSWER: CH2O
How can I determine the molecular formula from the empirical formula?
If you can divide using a calculator, then you can solve this problem. You must take the given molar mass of the molecular compound and divide from it the molar mass of the empirical compound. Then multiply each subscript number by the result.
If you still don't understand, slap yourself in the face for me. Oh, and then look below for an example.
Example:
The molar mass of acetic acid was determined by experiment to be 60.0 g/mol. What is the molecular formula?
The mass of the empirical formula (CH2O) is 30 g/mol, which was determined by taking the sum of 1(12 g/mol) + 2(1 g/mol) + 1(16 g/mol).
60
C1×2H2×2O1×2
ANSWER: C2H4O2
Are you ready for the test? If not, take this practice test.
Unit 6=
Stoichiometry
What is stoichiometry? Stoichiometry is the use of mole ratios to determine cetrain quantities.
Mole to Mole Calculations:
Converting from moles of one compound in an equation to another only takes one step with stoichiometry. First, take the given moles of the given compound. Then, multiply it by the mole ratio of the other compound to the given compound.
Here's an example:
The balanced chemical equation: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe3O3
Here's the question: How many moles of iron (III) oxide can be produced from 2.3 moles of oxygen?
ANSWER: 2.3
Mole to Mass Calculations:
Converting from moles of one compound to grams of another takes two steps using stoichiometry. First, take the given moles of the given compound. Then, multiply it by the mole ratio of the other compound to the given compound. Finally, multiply it by the molar mass of the requested compound.
Here's an example:
The balanced chemical equation: N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Here's the question: How many grams of ammonia can be made from 5 moles of hydrogen?
ANSWER: 5
Mass to Mole Calculations:
Converting from grams of one compound to moles of another is the inverse of moles → mass. First, take the given mass of the given compound. Then, multiply it by the inverse of the molar mass of the given compound. Finally, multiply it by the mole ratio of the other compound to the given compound.
Here's an example:
The balanced chemical equation: 3CuSO4 + 2Al → Al2(SO4)3 + 3Cu
Here's the question: How many moles of aluminum sulfate can be produced from consuming 13.76 grams of aluminum?
ANSWER: 13.76
Mass to Mass Calculations:
The most complicated stoichiometry process is mass-to-mass conversion, which requires three steps. First, take the given mass of the given compound. Next, multiply it by the inverse of the molar mass of the given compound. Then, multiply it by the mole ratio of the other compound to the given compound. Finally, multiply it by the molar mass of the requested compound.
Here's an example:
The balanced chemical equation: 2FeCl3 + H2S → 2FeCl2 + 2HCl + S
Here's the question: If 6 grams of sulfur were produced, how many grams of hydrosulfuric acid were consumed?
ANSWER: 6
REMEMBER: At STP (standard temperature and pressure), 1 mol of gas = 22.4 L
Limiting Reagents
What is a limiting reagent? A limiting reagent is a reactant that is consumed entirely before the other reactants.
Consider the following reaction: SiO2(s) + 4HF(g) → SiF4(g) + 2H2O(P)
Now, answer this question: If 2.0 mol of HF is combined with 4.5 mol of SiO2, which is the limiting reagent?
The first step to solving this problem is to find the number of moles of SiO2 needed to react with 2.0 mol of HF. Through stoichiometry of mol → mol calculations, one can determine that ½ mol of SiO2 are needed to react with 2.0 mol of HF. Therefore, there is an excess of SiO2, which means HF is the limiting reagent.
Unit 7=
Intermolecular Forces
In Unit 4, we brielfy discussed the two van der Waals forces: dispersion forces and dipole interactions. However, there is more to learn regarding these intermolecular forces (known as IMFs).
There are several differences in the IMFs of the three states of matter.
Solids have the strongest interparticle attractions, whereas gases have weak interparticle attractions. Interestingly enough, some gases with hydrogen bonds (such as water vapor) can have their particles clump together, which allows the gas phase to be somewhat visible. This is why clouds are visible.
Dispersion forces are the weakest intermolecular attractions.
In nonpolar, symmetrical molecules or singular atoms, it is the predominant IMF.
However, all substances exhibit dispersion forces.
Here is a more scientific explanation:
The London dispersion force is a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary/instantaneous dipoles.
Dipole interactions result when two dipolar molecules interact with each other through space.
When this occurs, the partially negative portion of one of the polar molecules is attracted to the partially positive portion of the second polar molecule.
A special type of dipole interaction is the hydrogen bond, which only occurs between hydrogen and certain elements (N, F, and elements from Group 6A). Hydrogen bonds are the strongest IMFs, but they are still signifcantly weaker than covalent or ionic bonds.
Phase Changes
Phase changes of matter involve energy and can be either endothermic or exothermic. Phase changes are physical changes because only intermolecular forces are involved.
According to kinetic theory, there are no attractions between the particles in a gas. The particles in a liquid, however, are attracted to each other.
• IMFs keep particles in a liquid close together, which is why liquids have a definite volume.
Evaporation only occurs at the surface of a liquid and is an endothermic reaction:
• Liquid ⇌ Vapor (gas)
Volatile means it has a high vapor pressure.
The vapor pressure, or pressure of a vapor in contact with its liquid or solid form, of a liquid can be determined with a device called a manometer.
Units of vapor pressure:
- Atmospheres (atm)
- Pascals (Pa)
- Torr (torr)
- milimeters of Mercury (mm Hg)
Boiling is when vapor pressure meets atmospheric pressure (pressure of the surrounding/external environment).
• PL = PA
There are several factors that influence gas pressure and boiling point.
Pressure can be represented in terms of volume and temperature: P = V⁄T.
Elevation can impact boiling point.
As elevation rises, the atmospheric pressure decreases, making a liquid able to reach boiling point faster. Therefore, we conclude that as elevation rises, boiling point lowers.
Unit 8=
The kinetic theory explains the behavior of gases. Gases can also be compressed because they have no definite volume.
Gas pressure is determined by collisions between molecules of gases and the walls of its container. The factors that affect the gas pressure of an enclosed gas are its temperature, volume (of container), and the number of molecules.
Boyle, Charles, and Gay-Lussac
Boyle's Law deals with the relationship between pressure and volume.
It states: "For a given mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume of the gas varies inversely with pressure."
→ P1 × V1 = P2 × V2
Charles's Law deals with the proportionate relationship between volume and temperature
It may be written as V1/T1 = V2/T2 at constant mass and pressure if the temperatures are in Kelvin (°C + 273).
Gay-Lussac's Law deals with the proportionate relationship between pressure and temperature
It may be written as P1/T1 = P2/T2 at constant mass and volume if the temperatures are in Kelvin.
The Combined Gas Law is a single mathematical expression derived from the combination of Boyle's, Charles's, and Gay-Lussac's gas laws.
→ P1V1 = P2V2
→ —— = ——
→ T1 = T2
Ideal Gases
The Ideal Gas Law is PV = nRT
• n: moles of gas
• R: ideal gas constant
The ideal gas constant, R, is determined at STP. At STP, the volume is 22.4 L per 1 mol of gas, the temperature is 273 K, the pressure is 1 atm.
First, we must determine the value of R from the ideal gas law:
R = PV ÷ nT
Next, insert all known values into the expression.
R = (1 atm × 22.4 L) ÷ (1 mol × 273 K)
Finally, simplify.
R = 22.4 Latm ÷ 273 molK ≈ 0.08206 Latm⁄molK
There is no real gas that conforms to the kinetic theory under all conditions of temperature and pressure.
At many conditions of temperature and pressure, real gases behave very much like ideal gases.
If a gas were truly an ideal gas, it would be impossible to liquify or solidify it by cooling or by applying pressure. Real gases differ from an ideal gas at low temperatures and high pressures.
Graham's Law
Graham's Law states that the rates of effusion of two gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of their molar masses.
→ RateA ÷ RateB = √( molar massB ÷ molar massA )
Gases of lower mass diffuse and effuse faster than gases of higher mass.
Unit 9=
In thermodynamics, the study of heat and energy as it relates to kinetics, heat (the movement of thermal energy) always flows from an area or object with more to an area or object with less, and this will continue until both areas or objects have the same average kinetic energy (temperature).
You should know the units of energy. The SI unit is the Joule (J). Another unit of energy is the calorie (cal). The energy of food is measured in Calories (C).
1 C = 1000 cal → 1 cal = 4.184 J
Energy can be represented by the equation ΔE = w (work) + q (flow of heat)
Enthalpy
ΔH = ΔE + Δ(PV)
Enthalpy, represented ΔH, is often called the heat of reaction. At constant pressure, change in enthalpy is equal to heat lost or gained by a system during a reaction (ΔH = qp
When ΔH is positive, the reaction is endothermic. If it is negative, the reaction is exothermic.
Heat Curves
Specific Heat Capacity: the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount
Germain Henri Hess, in 1840, discovered a very useful principle which is named for him:
The enhalpy of a given chemical reaction is constant, regardless of the reaction happening in
one step or many steps.
If a chemical equation can be written as the sum of several other chemical equations, the
enthalpy change of the first chemical equation equals the sum of the enthalpy changes of the
other chemical equations.
Calculate the enthalpy of the following chemical reaction:
CS2(l) + 3O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)
Given:
1. C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ/mol
2. S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g) ΔH = -296.8 kJ/mol
3. C(s) + 2S(s) → CS2(l) ΔH = +87.9 kJ/mol
ANSWER:
1)) Change reactions so that they result in the given chemical reaction
- leave eq. 1 untouched because we want CO2 as a product
- multiply second eq. by 2 because we want to cancel 2S and 2SO2 on the product side
- flip 3rd equation because we want CS2 as a reactant
- C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ/mol
- S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g) ΔH = -593.6 kJ/mol ← note multiply 2 on the ΔH
- C(s) + 2S(s) → CS2(l) ΔH = -87.9 kJ/mol ← note sign change on the ΔH
Unit 10=
You guys remember solutions from 8th grade, right? No? Too bad, I'm not re-explaining it.
Dissociation is when an ionic substance dissolves in water, and the solvent pulls the individual ions from the crystal and solvates them.
An electrolyte is a substance that dissociates completely into ions when dissolved in water.
A nonelectrolyte is a substance that may dissolve in water, but doesn't dissociate into ions when it does so.
A substance is more likely to dissolve in another when they share similar IMFs.
Solubility Curves
Know 'em. There's an example of one ↑
Determining Concentration
-
Mole Fraction (X)
Assume a solute, A, is dissolved in a solvent, B:
XA = moles of A ÷ total moles (A + B) in solution -
Molarity (M)
Since volume is temperature-dependent, molarity can change with temperature.
M = moles of solute ÷ volume of solution (L) -
Molality (m)
Since both moles and mass do not change with temperature, molality is not temperature-dependent.
m = moles of solute ÷ mass of solvent (kg) -
% Solute in Solution
Mass % of solute A = mass of A in solution ÷ total mass of solution × 100%
Volume % of solute A = volume of A in solution ÷ total volume of solution × 100%
Colligative properties depend only on the number of solute particles present, not on the identity of the solute particles.
The three colligative properties are:
-
Vapor pressure lowering
-
Because of solute-solvent intermolecular attraction, higher concentrations
of nonvolatile solutes make it harder for solvent to escape to the vapor phase. - Therefore, the vapor pressure of a solution is lower than that of pure solvent.
-
Because of solute-solvent intermolecular attraction, higher concentrations
-
Boiling point elevation
-
Nonvolatile solute-solvent interactions also cause solutions to have
higher boiling points than the pure solvent. - The boiling point elevation depends on the number of solute particles in the solution.
-
Nonvolatile solute-solvent interactions also cause solutions to have
-
Freezing point depression
-
Nonvolatile solute-solvent interactions also cause solutions to have
lower freezing points than the pure solvent. - The freezing point depression depends on the number of solute particles in the solution.
-
Nonvolatile solute-solvent interactions also cause solutions to have
number of solute particles present, not on the identity of the
solute particles.
However, it's important to note that it's the number of particles
in solution, not the number of particles before they are
dissolved.
If a solute ionizes, you can get more particles in solution than
you started with, depending on the substance. Unit 11=
→ Do you have a pH of 14? Because you're basic! ←
Arrhenius and Brønsted‐Lowry Models
Arrhenius defines an acid as a compound that produces H+ ions in water, and a base is a compound that produces OH- ions in water.
Brønsted‐Lowry defines an acid as a proton donor, whereas a base is a proton acceptor (H+ ions are actually protons).
Brønsted‐Lowry acids and bases are the models that we will be using. There's a more accurate model known as a Lewis model, but let's not worry about that.
Standard acid chemical formula: Hn– A
There are n protons that can be donated by this acid. A is the anion (PO43-, NO3-). An acid with multiple protons is referred to as polyprotic.
Bases must have a lone pair of electrons so that they can accept the proton. Thus, bases are represented as :B.
H–A + :B → HB+ + A-
Acid/Base Reactions
Acids and bases form conjugate pairs. Consider the following reaction:
HNO3 + H2 ⇌ NO3- + H3O+
HNO3 is the acid in the forward reaction, and H2O is the base. Water is the base because it is accepting the proton from nitric acid. The products are hydronium (H3O+) and nitrate.
Do you remember how complex numbers always have conugate pairs (Alg. II, Geo. B)? Well, so do acids and bases. Hydronium is the conjugate acid, and nitrate is the conjugate base. In the reverse reaction (from right to left), hydronium donates a proton to the nitrate ion, which accepts it. Hence, I rest my case.
Water is considered amphoteric, because it can serve as both an acid and a base. It has lone pairs, so it can accept protons, and it has protons that can be donated.
Acids/Bases, and pH
A strong acid/base is an acid/base that completely dissociates into ions, making it a product-favored reaction (single-yield arrow).
Weak acids/basses do not completely dissociate, making the reaction reactant-favored (unequal double arrows).
Strong acids have weak conjugate bases, while weak acids have strong conjugate bases.
The acid dissociation constant is Ka. In chemistry, there are a lot of constants represented by K.
It is calculated via the following formula: Ka = [ H+ ][ A- ] ÷ [ H–A ]. [ ... ] means molar concentration.
For Ka, { strong acid > 1, H3 = 1, 1 > weak acid }
The pH (potential of Hydrogen) of an acid/base is determined using -log[ H+ ]. Thusly, you can determine the concentration of an acid using 10-pH.
pOH (potential of Hydroxide) is the same as 14 − pH or -log[ OH- ]. Thusly, you can determine the concentration of a base using 10-pOH.
Titration find the molar concentration of an unkown substance. This unknown substance is referred to as an analyte because we analyze it.
The titrant is the substance with the given concentration. We use the titrant to discover the molar concentration of the analyte.
Since mol OH- = mol H+ at the equivalence point, we can determine the concentration of the analyte if the titrant can neutralize the analyte (i.e. acid → base w/ equal strength).
Consider the following reaction: NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
Here's the question:
What is the pH of HCl if 4 mL are needed to neutralize 36.2 mL of NaOH with a pH of 13?
ANSWER:
1)) The pOH of NaOH is 1, so [ NaOH ] = 10-1 = 0.1 M NaOH.
2)) Next, we must find the number of moles of OH-. Since [ NaOH ] = [ OH- ] because it is a strong base, we can assume [ OH- ] is 0.1 M.
0.1 mol OH-⁄
3)) Then, using the equivalence point, we can determine the concentration of HCl since [ H+ ] = [ HCl ]. We use the volume of the analyte to determine this concentration (4 mL or 0.004 L).
3.62 × 10-3 mol H+ ÷ 0.004 L ≈ 0.91 M HCl
4)) The pH of 0.91 M HCl is: -log(0.91) ≈ 0.041
Consider the following reaction: 2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O
Here's the question:
If it takes 50 mL of 0.5 M KOH solution to completely neutralize 125 mL of sulfuric acid solution, what is the concentration of the H2SO4 solution?
ANSWER:
1)) 0.5 M KOH = 0.5 M OH-
2)) 0.5 M OH- = 0.5 mol OH-⁄
3)) 0.025 mol H+ ÷ 0.125 L = 0.2 M H+
4)) 0.2
Unit 13=
Before we begin this unit, let's review some background kinetic theory. In kinetics, we study the rate at which a chemical process occurs. Therefore, we focus mainly on the speed of the reaction and the reaction mechanism.
Reaction Rates
A reaction rate is the speed at which a reaction takes place over an interval of time. Some factors that influence the reaction rate include the following:
- molecules must collide with physical contact
- concentration: increased concentration increases speed of reaction
- temperatures: more collisions with higher temperature ( ↑ Kinetic Energy )
-
catalysts: lower activation energy ( Ea )
- not consumed in a reaction
- NOT spectators
-
surface area: more surface area of reactant means increased reaction rate
- allows for more interaction between particles
average rate = ΔM⁄Δt
The concentration of reactants goes ↓ while the concentration of products goes ↑
The best indicator of the rate of a reaction is the instantaneous rate near the beginning of the reaction.
If the molar ratio is 1:1, their consumation and production rates are the same.
The rates always follow this pattern.
Rate Laws
Molar concentration also affects the rate. The rate of the reaction can be represented as seen below:
rate = k[ A ]a[ B ]b
k is the reaction constant, [ A ] and [ B ] are the concentrations of the reactants.
a and b are known as reaction orders, which represents the exponent in the rate factor:
rate factor = f order
f is the concentration factor, or the change in concentration by quotient (division).
The total order of the reaction is the sum of all of the orders of the reactants. Order is also not determined by coefficients, it is determined by data.
Consider the following chemical equation: H2(g) + CO2(g) → H2O(g) + CO(g)
Here's the question: If the concentration of carbon dioxide is tripled, and the reaction in relation to carbon dioxide is second order, what is the rate factor?
ANSWER: f = 3 and order = 2. Therefore, the rate factor is 9.
Using the same chemical equation from number one, what would the rate law be if the reaction is zero order in relation to hydrogen gas? Assume carbon dioxide is still second order.
ANSWER: k[ CO2 ]2
Using the same rate law from number two, what is the value of k if the concentration of carbon dioxide is 0.6 M and the reaction rate is 1.8 M⁄s.
ANSWER: k = 1.8
Potential Energy Diagrams
Activation enegry is the energy that is used to activate the reaction.
It is the minimum amount needed to break bonds.
The transition state or actiavted complex is the peak of the potential energy diagram.
It is very unstable. The reactants become products and bonds are broken at this point.
Multstep Reactions
In a multistep reaction, one of the steps will be slower than all the others.
The overall reaction cannot occur faster than the shortest step.
The sum of all the steps givest the resultant equation that conforms with the determined rate law.
An intermediate is a compound that is created and then used up completely. It is not included in either initial reaction nor the final product.
A catalyst is in both the initial reaction and final product.
Consider the following multistep reaction:
1. H2SO4 + 2IO3- → 2H+ + SO42- + 2IO3-
2. 4H+ + SO42- + 2IO3- → 2HIO3 + H2SO4
When added together, the resultant equation is:
2H+ + 2IO3- → 2HIO3
From this reaction, we can determine that the catalyst is sulfuric acid and the intermediate is sulfate ions.
Reversible Reactions
A reversible reaction has equal forward and backward reaction rates.
Chemical reactions have dynamic equilibrium, where the reaction rates are the same. The concentrations can be different.
There are two types of dynamic equilibria:
• product-favored
• reactant-favored
If you stress the dynamic equilibrium, it will shift as to relieve the stress. The stress can be changes in concentration, temperature, and pressure.
The following is an endothermic reaction: H2CO3 ⇌ CO2 + H2O
If we were to increase the concentration of carbonic acid, the reaction would shift towards the products. Whenever you increase the concentration or temperature, the reaction shifts in the opposite direction. The opposite is true for the reverse.
If we were to increase the pressure of the reaction, the reaction would shift towards the reactant. This is because increasing the pressure (or decreasing volume) shifts the reaction in the direction of less moles. The opposite is true for the reverse.
Tthe equilibrium constant is normally represented by Keq. Pure liquids and solids are not taken into account when concerning the equilibrium constant. Furthermore, the equilibrium constant can only change with temperature.
Consider the following chemical equation:
aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD
In this case, Keq = [ C ]c[ D ]d ÷ [ A ]a[ B ]b
Because of this, if Keq > 1, the products predominate (irreversible reaction). If 1 > Keq, the reactants predominate (not happening).
Spontaneous Reactions
Gibbs free energy equation: ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
-
ΔG is the free energy
- if it is negative, the reaction is spontaneous
- if it is positive, the reaction is nonspontaneous
- ΔS is entropy, which measures the disorder of a reaction


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These images come from satellites which remain above a fixed point on the Earth
(ie. they are "geostationary").  The infrared picture shows
the same view but looking at a part of the spectrum which our eyes do not detect.
The infrared pictures allow us to measure the temperature of the cloud tops, which can be
used to determine their height, and also are available thoughout the day and night.
Visible pictures are only available during daylight hours.
These images are in JPEG format and occupy about 75 KBytes. The Infrared image should be updated with the 00:00, 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00 GMT pictures at about 30 mins. past the hour and the Visible updated once per day at about 12:30 GMT with the 12:00 GMT picture.
Latest Infrared Satellite Picture
Latest Visible Satellite Picture


In 2014, I completed a 3-course Graduate Certificate in Serious Game Design and Research through Michigan State University’s College of Communication Arts and Sciences. Here I offer a bit of my experience in each course.
The “TC” before the course number stands for “Telecommunications,” the old department name in the College of Communication Arts and Sciences before they changed it to “Media and Information.”
TC 831: Theories of Games and Interaction for Design
Fall 2012
Instructors: Patrick Shaw, Dr. Carrie Heeter
In TC 831, I learned a broad overview of theories for learning and theories for research-driven serious game design. Learning theories covered included behaviorism, constructivism, multiple intelligences, experiential learning, socially constructed knowledge, distributed cognition, systems thinking, and gamification. I learned game-based learning design principles such as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, theories of persuasion, scaffolding, feedback and assessment, zone of proximal development, competition and cooperation, pedagogical agents, embodied learning, situated learning, models of fun, and media effects. For the final project of this course I wrote a proposal for a research-driven serious game, complete with a literature review of background research, description of core game mechanics, and development budget.
TC 841: Understanding Users
Fall 2013
Instructors: Dr. Carrie Heeter, Patrick Shaw
In TC 841, I learned about designing serious games with players at the center. The course followed the phases of an emergent design process, in which the early Research phase is broad and scattered, the Concept phase begins to narrow focus somewhat, and finally the Design phase produces something specific to test. I practiced implementing user experience (UX) research tools including literature review, competitive analysis, listening tours, strategy workshops, sampling strategies, observation heuristics, user observation methods, surveys, interviews, focus group research, persona creation, and budgeting. I also learned UX design tools such as design briefs, sketching and wireframes, paper prototypes, and usability testing. For the final project of this course I wrote an ethnographic research report covering my use of these many tools and a proposal for a serious game to aid low-income grocery shoppers make healthier food choices.
TC 830: Foundations of Serious Games
Spring 2014
Instructors: Patrick Shaw, Dr. Carrie Heeter
In TC 830, I learned a broad overview of serious-game genres and a deep look at the game design process. Genres of serious games studied included games for health, games for learning, corporate games, persuasive games, newsgames, and military games. I completed short projects working on adaptations of commercial off-the-shelf games, new game concepts, game mechanics, playtesting and iteration, and gamification principles. For the final project of this course I worked with a partner to research, define mechanics, playtest, and pitch a card game to teach college freshmen about making healthy eating choices in their dining hall.


An Angular Application that lets us insert the github user name and then it gives the username and the repositories of the user on github


Trollwood [ap20], forest, in Mandoria, peasants: 1000
Last updated Turn #140
Trollwood [ap20], forest, in Mandoria, peasants: 1000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
7: Stack of savages [fn0e], savages, number: 14, went south.
30: Overcrowding causes zero peasant deaths.
Routes leaving Trollwood:
North, swamp, to Barren Bogs [ao20], 14 days
East, mountain, to Mandor Mountains [ap21], 10 days
Garrison [ag6y], garrison, uncontrolled, with ten peasants
South, forest, to Trollwood [aq20], 8 days
West, forest, to Trollwood [ap19], 8 days
Garrison [ip3x], garrison, uncontrolled, with six peasants
Inner locations:
Fawlty Tower [m25], tower, defense 20
Hall of Dreams [r20], tower, defense 20
Uruk 5 [w77], tower, defense 20


My dear friend, I am DR. Yetunde Bassey, Bank Manager of Diamond Bank of Nigeria,Lagos Branch. I have urgent and very confidential business proposition for you. On June 6, 1999, a FOREIGN Oil consultant/contractor with the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Mr. Roger Scott made a numbered time (Fixed) Deposit for twelve calendar months, valued at US$25,000,000.00 (Twenty- five Million Dollars) in my branch. Upon maturity, I sent a routine notification to his forwarding address but got no reply. After a month, we sent a reminder and finally we discovered from his contract employers, the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation that Mr. Roger Scott died from an automobile accident. On further investigation, I found out that he died without making a WILL, and all attempts to trace his next of kin was fruitless. I therefore made further investigation and discovered that Mr. Roger Scott did not declare any kin or relations in all his official documents, including his Bank Deposit paperwork in my Bank. This sum of US$25,000,000.00 is still sitting in my Bank and the interest is being rolled over with the principal sum at the end of each year. No one will ever come forward to claim it. According to Nigerian Law, at the expiration of 5 (five) years, the money will revert to the ownership of the Nigerian Government if nobody applies to claim the fund. Consequently, my proposal is that I will like you as an Foreigner to stand in as the next of kin to Mr. Roger Scott that the fruits of this old man’s labor will not get into the hands of some corrupt government officials. This is simple, I will like you to provide immediately your full names and address so that the Attorney will prepare the necessary documents and affidavits, which will put you in place as the next of kin. We shall employ the service of an Attorney for drafting and notarization of the WILL and to obtain the necessary documents and letter of probate/administration in your favor for the transfer. A bank account in any part of the world, which you will provide, will then facilitate the transfer of this money to you as the beneficiary/next of kin. The money will be paid into your account for us to share in the ratio of 65% for me, 30% for you and 5% would be for settling expenses on my part and yours also for tax when the funds arrive your country. There is no risk at all as all the paperwork for this transaction will be done by the Attorney and my position as the Branch Manager guarantees the successful execution of this transaction. If you are interested, please reply immediately ONLY via any of my alternate private email addresses below otherwise I would not respond to you. Upon your response, I shall then provide you with more details and relevant documents that will help you understand the transaction. Please observe utmost confidentiality, and rest assured that this transaction would be most profitable for both of us because I shall require your assistance to invest my share in your country. I look forward to hearing from you soonest. Thanks and regards. DR. Yetunde Bassey NOTE: Get back to me ONLY on any of these email addresses<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>____________________________________________________________ Charle con sus amigos online usando CHAT 123 http://www.123.com/sp/chat/section.php?id_section=329 ____________________________________________________________ Charle con sus amigos online usando CHAT 123 http://www.123.com/sp/chat/section.php?id_section=329


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Diablo 4 impressions: Soaking in dark atmosphere and feel-good combat
The atmosphere of Diablo 2 meets the tight action of Diablo 3.
by Samuel AxonANAHEIM, Calif.—This year's BlizzCon was a big one in many ways, but among them was the presence of playable demos for Diablo 4, World of Warcraft: Shadowlands, and Overwatch 2. I attended the show this year and played all three.
While there was some tension in the media coverage and social conversation around this BlizzCon after the company's decision to temporarily suspend a pro Hearthstone player for making a political statement during an official stream, it was not the dominant mood on the ground. From the keynote through the community events, it was clear most people were a lot more concerned about the games than anything else.
And there were a lot of games. I've been to many a BlizzCon, but this was by far the most eventful in terms of announcements. There was the long-awaited Diablo 4, a new World of Warcraft expansion called Shadowlands, a sequel-of-sorts to Overwatch, and a new Hearthstone mode that marks Blizzard's entry into the popular auto-battler genre.
I actually started my career as a writer writing for a World of Warcraft news site called WoW Insider (now titled Blizzard Watch). For years, though, I had mixed feelings about Blizzard games. I often felt like every Blizzard game had a more sophisticated, more compelling, more hardcore alternative. But as I grew older, and especially as I experienced games through the eyes of my then-girlfriend (now wife) who was new to gaming, I began to appreciate Blizzard's focus on accessibility, onboarding, and polish.
Based on how it's designed, it's much easier to keep up with Diablo 3 if you work full time and have a family than it is to follow Path of Exile. The same goes for modern World of Warcraft compared to many other MMOs. Also, Blizzard games became a regularly shared activity between my wife and I over time. We leveled WoW characters together, each on our own desktops; we gathered Diablo 3 sets in the couch co-op PS4 version; we formed Overwatch teams with my brother-in-law and secured many, many plays-of-the-game; we cheered for our favorite players in Hearthstone esports.
So I went to BlizzCon 2019 as a fan with deep, deep history in these games. And these are my (largely positive) impressions of arguably the biggest new game at the show: Diablo 4.
Atmosphere and vibe
Let's get this out of the way first: despite modern game design concepts and very modern rendering tech, Diablo 4 looks a lot more like Diablo 2 than it does Diablo 3. It's not cartoon-ish or colorful; it's dark, grim, muted, and painterly. If you're in the cadre of players who were disappointed by Diablo 3's lighter, campier tone, you'll be pleased to see a return to form here.
Every asset in the area I played was created to convey a sense of decay, despair, and violence. And Blizzard has implemented cinematic transitions between areas. Instead of simply clicking on a dungeon entrance and teleporting to a starting point for that dungeon as in previous titles, your character will do something like get on their hands and knees to push vines aside and crawl through a cramped crawlspace, emerging on the other side. The game goes into a Tomb Raider-like cinematic camera view to depict these transitions, then it returns to the standard top-down view once the transition is complete.
There are a lot of bells and whistles like that intended to give the game a bit more gravity and counter the cartoony floaty-ness (for lack of a better term) of Diablo 3. We interviewed two members of the art team at the show, and they enthusiastically listed the major graphical improvements and engine features they've introduced this time around. For one thing, Diablo 4 employs physically-based rendering. It also has environments with slopes and hills in a way that even Diablo 3 didn't, and player characters seamlessly transition between animations in more realistic ways. (Prior iterations simply canceled the current animation when starting a new one, but Diablo 4 follows a model represented by a lot of more modern triple-A games).
It all looks great, but as is usually the case with Blizzard titles, it's the art that really sells the experience. The technical stuff is in a supporting role.
The look of Diablo 4 was what struck me most about it, but it's also the hardest thing to convey in writing—so you'll just have to go off of screenshots, concept art, and videos.
How it plays
There's no question that it feels a bit like Diablo 3 to play. Class skills have a similar cadence, similar effects, and fall into similar categories to those in 3; which is a good thing, because Diablo 3 feels great to play.
I played as a Druid—a class that shapeshifts at will. The left mouse button attacked in one form (a werewolf of sorts), the right mouse button in the other (a bear). In addition to that, there was an action bar of other abilities—standard Diablo stuff. Like Diablo 3, many abilities involve very clear movement like leaps or charges; it even brings the dodge mechanic over to the PC from the console version of Diablo 3.
It's tight and fast to play, but fundamentally, if you've played any other Diablo-like action RPG, you've played this one to some degree. It's worth noting that there are public events and that it phases players in around you at relevant moments similar to Destiny and its ilk. I fought one large world boss and participated in one random event—both were very similar to what you'd see in modern MMOs.
While the demo was too short for me to really sink my teeth into progression systems, I was able to confirm that it's something of a hybrid of Diablo 3 and earlier titles. One panel has you picking between options for each ability slot, much like Diablo 3, but the other is a more oldschool talent tree with each point giving marginal advantages like +X% to the crit rating of some ability, or what have you. It seems like it should appeal to oldschool and newschool fans alike.
That said, it's very clear that this is an early demo. Reports indicated that Blizzard rebooted its work on Diablo 4 back in 2016, and knowing the way the company normally works, having a playable demo only three years into this iteration is quite surprising. You'd be forgiven for suspecting Blizzard rushed to this point to alleviate fan anxiety over the lack of an announcement last year. Because it's clearly a demo pushed out for having-a-demo's sake, we can't be sure much of anything we saw here will stick all the way to launch two or more years from now.
But, what's here now is already fantastic—a perfect blend of Diablo 2 and Diablo 3 with modern nu-MMO (Destiny, The Division, Path of Exile) sensibilities.
Improving on Diablo 3
When Diablo 3 first launched, I played the campaign but stopped there. It just didn't grab me; the itemization seemed all out of whack, and the idea of repeating story chapters to grind for legendaries didn't appeal to me. However, all that changed with the launch of Reaper of Souls, and later, the console version. I began playing Diablo 3 with my wife (then girlfriend) in co-op splitscreen (which Blizzard confirmed to be will also be a feature in the console versions of Diablo 4) for hours a week, and the redesigned endgame (including Adventure Mode, Greater Rifts, and all that good stuff) had us seriously hooked.
Between the two of us, we ended up building every class to max level, reaching embarrassingly high Greater Rift levels, and securing every set for every class. Ultimately, I played Diablo 3 more than I ever played Diablo 2. It became one of my favorite games of all time. But I didn't love everything about it.
For one, the game didn't have the same sense of atmosphere that Diablo 2 did. For another, I felt the over-reliance on set-based builds made the endgame a little bland. Sure, seasons could mix it up a bit, but it really meant there was a relatively limited set of viable builds, as there were usually one or two set builds per class that were way better than the others for running rifts, and the majority of your equipment slots were unmovable since it was all about sets.
So does Diablo 4 address both of those concerns? It seems like the answer to both is tentatively "yes."
While my demo time wasn't long enough to give me a real sense of what min-maxing in the endgame would be like, Blizzard designers said during Diablo 4's BlizzCon panels that this game will de-emphasize sets in favor of legendaries to some degree. They also mentioned that there will be a ton of legendaries, but at a somewhat lower drop rate than modern Diablo 3. That said, legendary drop rates were too low at Diablo 3's launch, but the game ended up being a legendary piñata with too-high drop rates later in its life. So it stands to reason that Diablo 4 will evolve too.
As for atmosphere, as noted above, the game has that in spades—in fact, in this very early build, that right there is my main takeaway. It's dripping, oozing, soaking with weary, hazy, gothic, horrific atmosphere. In that respect, it borrows a great deal more from Diablo 2 than it does from Diablo 3. And while I enjoyed Diablo 3 more than some series die-hards, on that point I believe Diablo 2 has more to offer, so this is a welcome development.
All of this is to say that my short time with Diablo 4 made the game seem promising—but things are so early, it's hard to say much with certainty. Nevertheless, I'll be watching this one closely until it releases "Blizzard soon."
Listing image by Blizzard


import streamlit as st
with st.echo():
say_hello = st.button("Click me")
if say_hello:
st.write("Why hello there")
import streamlit as st
if st.button("Say hello"):
st.write("Why hello there")
else:
st.write("Goodbye")


Loading Data Panel
Load the data file you wish to work on. You can download the default data set and upload it as well.
Note:
Loading process may take up to few seconds...
How to use the system:
-
Upload the data file (includes the source and reaction words in a list in each line separate by ",".
-
You will see the source word and response words (source in the box and the response in a list). Each one will have index next to it.
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Add the indexes of the words of the same group into the "Group words indexes" input box with "," between each index.
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You may add the group to exsiting group using the "add to group" button and feeling the group index. You can add as new group using the "add to new group" button.
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You can go to the next set or previous set each time. A mark saying on which set you are at will be shown on the top of the window.
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Make sure to save the working process from time to time and when you done. The saving will keep your currnet location and groups and be used next time you need to upload your work.
-
Note:
Your work will be auto saved each 5 minutes to make sure you do not lost too much work in case you forget to save it yourself.


The goal of checkpoint is to solve the problem of package reproducibility in R. Specifically, checkpoint allows you to install packages as they existed on CRAN on a specific snapshot date as if you had a CRAN time machine. To achieve reproducibility, the checkpoint() function installs the packages required or called by your project and scripts to a local library exactly as they existed at the specified point in time. Only those packages are available to your project, thereby avoiding any package updates that came later and may have altered your results. In this way, anyone using checkpoint's checkpoint() can ensure the reproducibility of your scripts or projects at any time. To create the snapshot archives, once a day (at midnight UTC) Microsoft refreshes the Austria CRAN mirror on the "Microsoft R Archived Network" server (<https://mran.microsoft.com/>). Immediately after completion of the rsync mirror process, the process takes a snapshot, thus creating the archive. Snapshot archives exist starting from 2014-09-17.
| Version: | 0.4.5 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.0.0) |
| Imports: | utils |
| Suggests: | knitr, rmarkdown, testthat (≥ 0.9), MASS, darts, mockery, cli |
| Published: | 2018-09-10 |
| Author: | Microsoft Corporation |
| Maintainer: | Rich Calaway <richcala at microsoft.com> |
| BugReports: | https://www.github.com/RevolutionAnalytics/checkpoint/issues |
| License: | GPL-2 |
| Copyright: | Microsoft |
| URL: | https://github.com/RevolutionAnalytics/checkpoint |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| In views: | ReproducibleResearch |
| CRAN checks: | checkpoint results |
| Reference manual: | checkpoint.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Using checkpoint for reproducible research Managing checkpoint snapshot archives |
| Package source: | checkpoint_0.4.5.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: checkpoint_0.4.5.zip, r-release: checkpoint_0.4.5.zip, r-oldrel: checkpoint_0.4.5.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: checkpoint_0.4.5.tgz, r-oldrel: checkpoint_0.4.5.tgz |
| Old sources: | checkpoint archive |
| Reverse suggests: | rccmisc |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=checkpoint to link to this page.